Valid Names Results
Chionaspis americana Johnson, 1896 (Diaspididae: Chionaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Chionaspis americana Johnson 1896: 150-151. Type data: UNITED STATES: Illinois, on Ulmus americana. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Mississippi State (Starkeville): Mississippi Entomological Museum, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA.; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
- Chionaspis furfurus ulmi Cockerell 1897m: 766. Type data: UNITED STATES: Texas, Brownsville, on elm, by C.H.T. Townsend. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Takagi1985, 50). Notes: We have been unable to locate type material of this species either in the USNM or the BMNH. Illustr.
- Chionaspis furfura ulmi Cockerell, 1897; Fernald 1903b: 219. misspelling of species epithet
- Fundaspis americana (Johnson, 1896); MacGillivray 1921: 338. change of combination
- Jaapia americana (Johnson, 1896); Lindinger 1932f: 200. change of combination
- Chionaspis ulmi Cockerell, 1897; Borchsenius 1966: 101. change in status (level)
- Chionaspis americana Johnson, 1896; Takagi 1985: 5. revived combination (previously published)
Common Names
- Elm chionaspis Johnso1896
- elm scurfy scale Blicke1965 Borchs1966
- elm tree white scale MerrilCh1923
- white elm scale Britto1920
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 10 | Genera: 12
- Betulaceae
- Carpinus | MillerDa2005
- Carpinus caroliniana | LambdiWa1980
- Cannabaceae
- Celtis | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Fagaceae
- Quercus | MillerDa2005
- Malvaceae
- Tilia | MillerDa2005 Takagi1985
- Moraceae
- Morus | MillerDa2005 Borchs1966
- Oleaceae
- Ligustrum | MillerDa2005 Takagi1985
- Syringa | MillerDa2005
- Platanaceae
- Platanus | MillerDa2005
- Platanus occidentalis | Koszta1963
- Rosaceae
- Crataegus | MillerDa2005
- Crataegus coccinea | DietzMo1916a
- Prunus | MillerDa2005 Takagi1985
- Salicaceae
- Salix | MillerDa2005
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
- Ulmus americana | Johnso1896
- Ulmus rubra | LambdiWa1980
Foes:
Families: 14 | Genera: 22
- Acaridae
- Thyreophagus entomophagus | WillouKo1974
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis diaspidis | Koszta1963
- Aphytis proclia | RosenDe1979
- Coccobius varicornis | Giraul1911a Morley1909 | (= Physcus varicornis)
- Coccophagus lycimnia | WillouKo1974
- Encarsia brimblecombei | WillouKo1974 | (= Prospaltella elongata)
- Encarsia citrina | WillouKo1974 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia herndoni | WillouKo1974
- Marietta pulchella | WillouKo1974 | (= Perissopterus pulchellus)
- Chamaemyiidae
- Leucopis minor | Fulmek1943 | (= Leucopis nigricornis)
- Cheyletidae
- Cheyletia pyriformis | WillouKo1974
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus stigma | WillouKo1974 | (= Chilocorus bivulnerus)
- Cymbaeremaeidae
- Scapheremaeus | WillouKo1974
- Encyrtidae
- Aphycus | WillouKo1974
- Blastothrix longipennis | WillouKo1974
- Metaphycus lounsburyi | WillouKo1974 | (= Aphycus lounsburyi)
- Metaphycus pulvinariae | WillouKo1974 | (= Aphycus pulvinariae)
- Plagiomerus diaspidis | WillouKo1974
- Zaomma lambinus | WillouKo1974 | (= Apterencyrtus microphagus)
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes malus | WillouKo1974
- Nothridae
- Nothrus | WillouKo1974
- Phytoseiidae
- Typhlodromus longipilis | WillouKo1974
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora pulcher | Giraul1913 WillouKo1974 | (= Thysanus pulcher)
- Tarsonemidae
- Tarsonemus smithi | WillouKo1974
- Tydeidae
- Tydeus | WillouKo1974
- Winterschmidtiidae
- Czenspinskia transversostriata | WillouKo1974 | (= Czenspinskia lordi)
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 1
- United States
- Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
- California | MillerDa2005 Takagi1985
- Colorado | MillerDa2005
- Connecticut | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- Delaware | MillerDa2005
- District of Columbia | MillerDa2005
- Florida | MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Georgia | MillerDa2005 Scott1900
- Illinois | Johnso1896 MillerDa2005
- Indiana | DietzMo1916a MillerDa2005
- Iowa | DrakeGu1931 MillerDa2005
- Kansas | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- Louisiana | MillerDa2005
- Maryland | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
- Massachusetts | Fernal1903b MillerDa2005
- Michigan | MillerDa2005
- Minnesota | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- Mississippi | Herric1911 MillerDa2005
- Missouri | Hollin1923 MillerDa2005
- Nebraska | MillerDa2005
- New Jersey | MillerDa2005
- New York | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- North Carolina | MillerDa2005
- North Carolina | MillerDa2005
- Ohio | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
- Oklahoma | Cooley1899 MillerDa2005
- Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005 Sleesm1945
- Rhode Island | Nakaha1982
- South Carolina | MillerDa2005
- South Dakota | MillerDa2005 Severi1920
- Tennessee | LambdiWa1980 MillerDa2005
- Texas | Cocker1897m MillerDa2005
- Virginia | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- West Virginia | MillerDa2005
- Wisconsin | Nakaha1982
Keys
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-31 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-21 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.75 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Chionaspis]
- Koszta1996: pp.439 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- BullinKoJi1989: pp.134 ( Adult (M) ) [Key to 17 adult male morphs of 12 species of North American Chionaspis]
- LiuKoRh1989: pp.15 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Chionaspis in North America]
- McDani1971: pp.280 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the Texas species of the genus Chionaspis Signoret]
- Koszta1963: pp.62 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- McKenz1956: pp.30 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Ferris1942: pp.49 ( ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Britto1923: pp.362 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
- Hollin1923: pp.19 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Chionaspis known to occur in Missouri]
- Lawson1917: pp.260 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis in Kansas]
- DietzMo1916a: pp.263 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chionaspis species of Indiana]
- Sander1904a: pp.43 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chionaspis species of Ohio]
- Cooley1899: pp.10 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis]
Remarks
- Systematics: Prominent characters of Chionaspis americana include: male scale distinctly tricarinate; median lobes projecting; fused along most of their inner margins; apex rounded; with two notches on outer margin midway of its length; inner lobule of second pair of lobules notched on outer margin midway of its length; anal opening about central in pygidium; circumgenital gland pores with limits of variations as follows: anterior median (7 to 38), anterior lateral (8 to 42), posterior lateral (7 to 30)(Hollinger, 1923).
- Structure: Scale of female oystershell shaped, white or grayish white, 1.5-2.5 mm in length. Female is spindle shaped, segments deeply lobed, reddish brown, length on slide1.0-1.3 mm. Eggs are ovoid and yellowish red (Kosztarab, 1963).
- Biology: In Missouri, Chionaspis americana is thought to have three broods (Hollinger, 1923). C. americana overwinters in the egg stage and the eggs hatch in May. An average of 57 eggs per female were counted (Kosztarab, 1963). This species has 2 generations a year and overwinters in the egg stage. Crawlers have been reported in May in Delaware, Illinois, and Ohio, and late April to May in Virginia. In Virginia, Willoughby and Kosztarab (1974) report that first instars molt to second instars in late May and early June. Adults appear in June and July. Females lay eggs in July. Crawlers of the second generation hatch in July and develop into adults in late August and early September. Overwintering eggs are laid in October and November. Females occur mainly on the bark while males prefer the undersides of leaves. Adult males are predominantly apterous in the fall generation and apterous and brachypterous in the spring. Hollinger (1923) indicated that the species may have 3 "broods" in Missouri. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Chionaspis americana is considered to be of economic importance in Missouri as it is a great pest to the American elm. It can yellow and destroy the host leaves, causing whole branches to die (Hollinger, 1923). Miller & Davidson (1990) also list this insect as a pest. The elm scurfy scale has been treated as a pest in Connecticut (Britton and Friend 1935), Iowa (Drake 1934), Michigan (Pettit 1928), Minnesota (Lugger 1900), Ohio (Houser 1908), and Pennsylvania (Dodge and Rickett 1943, Trimble 1929). In Missouri it has been reported to kill elm twigs, branches, and sometimes small trees. Large trees are weakened by heavy infestations. The feeding of second instar males on leaves causes small chlorotic spots (Hollinger 1923). Miller and Davidson (1990) treat this species as an occasional economic pest. Note that most records of damage are older than the 1950's. The species has not been reported as a pest in recent years. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by Kosztarab (1963) and by Willoughby & Kosztarab (1974). Detailed treatment of male morphs by Bullington et al. (1989).
Illustrations
Citations
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
- Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
- Baker1972: distribution, economic importance, host, 108
- Balach1954e: taxonomy, 326
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 9
- Blicke1965: taxonomy, 292, 305
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 101
- Britto1905: distribution, host, 10
- Britto1920: taxonomy, 64
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 362-363
- BullinKoJi1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 136-140
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 337
- Cocker1897m: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 766
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 398
- Cooley1899: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 10, 41-43
- DeSant1940: biological control, 35
- Dean1909: distribution, host, 269
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9, 32
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 263, 264-265
- Dougla1912: distribution, host, illustration, 185-187
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
- DrakeGu1931: 29
- DrakeGu1931: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 13
- Essig1926: biological control, 828
- Felt1901: distribution, host, 360
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 213-214, 219
- Ferris1936a: illustration, taxonomy, 21, 54
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-15
- Ferris1942: description, taxonomy, SIV-446:49
- Ferris1955d: taxonomy, 42
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, 23, 34
- Garcia1912: biological control, distribution, 131
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 77
- GillMiDa1982: description, taxonomy, 11, 13, 14, 17
- Giraul1909: distribution, host, life history, 355
- Giraul1911a: biological control, distribution, host, 183
- Giraul1913: biological control, distribution, 197, 217
- Hamilt1936: economic importance, host, 155
- Harned1928: taxonomy, 24
- Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 23-24
- Herric1935: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 101-102
- Hollin1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 19, 21-22, 69
- Houser1918a: distribution, host, 290-291
- HowellTi1976: taxonomy, 179
- Hunter1900: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 102-103
- Hunter1902: distribution, host, 118, 139-140
- Johnso1896: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 150-151
- Johnso1896a: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 390-393
- JohnsoLy1976: distribution, host, illustration, 322
- King1900c: distribution, host, 117
- King1902b: distribution, host, 62
- KnipscMiDa1976: taxonomy, 5-12
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 14
- Koszta1963: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 63-65
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 443-445
- LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 80
- Lawson1917: distribution, host, 260
- Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 200
- Lindin1937: taxonomy, 185
- Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 146
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 366
- LiuKoRh1989: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 22-23
- Lugger1900: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 238
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 307, 338
- Mani1976: biological control, 63
- McAtee1926: ecology, 87
- McCombDa1969: distribution, 1
- McDani1971: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 282, 284-285
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 30, 93
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29-30
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 212-213
- Miller2005: distribution, 485
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 301
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 102
- Morley1909: biological control, 277
- Nakaha1975: taxonomy, 201
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 17
- Newell1899a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 152-154
- NiuCaWe2023: genebank, phylogeny, 304, 310
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 15, 74
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 347
- Rao1953: taxonomy, 64
- Robiso1977: structure, 45, 47
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, 756
- Ruhl1914: taxonomy, 39
- Ryan1946: distribution, economic importance, 124
- Ryan1946: distribution, 124
- Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 43-44
- Schuma1919a: taxonomy, 305
- Scott1900: distribution, host, 52
- Severi1920: distribution, 10
- Sleesm1945: distribution, host, 44
- Stoetz1976: description, taxonomy, 323
- SwanPa1972: taxonomy, 165
- Takagi1969: distribution, host, taxonomy, 269
- Takagi1970: taxonomy, 69
- Takagi1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 23, 38
- Takagi2020: diagnosis, illustration, 26, 56
- TakagiKa1967: distribution, host, taxonomy, 30, 37
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- WebsteBu1902: distribution, host, 113
- Westco1973: distribution, host, 398
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 217
- WillouKo1974: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 5-9, 14-53
