Willoughby, P.A., & Kosztarab, M.P. 1974 Morphological and biological studies on two species of Chionaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae).. Bulletin of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Research Division 92: 1-83 pp.

Notes: C. americana and C. kosztarabi; detailed description of adult female, first instar nymphs, second instar male and female; male prepupa and pupa, adult male; hosts and distribution; natural enemies.