Giliomee, J.H. 1990 1.1.2.2 The adult male.. Armored Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Series title: World Crop Pests, Vol. 4A]. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 384 pp.

Notes: The general characteristics, head, setae, antennae, thorax, prothorax, mesothorax, megathorax, wings and wing articulation, legs and abdomen are discussed and illustrated. Species mentioned include Chionaspis kosztarabi, C. salicis, Comstockiella sabalis and Parlatoria blanchardii.