Valid Names Results
Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock, 1883) (Diaspididae: Pseudoparlatoria)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus parlatorioides Comstock 1883: 64-65. Type data: UNITED STATES: Florida, Fort George, on Persea carolinensis. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock, 1883); Cockerell 1897s: 383. change of combination
- Pseudoparlatorea parlatoreoides Lindinger 1907a: 20. misspelling of both genus and species names
- Pseudoparlatoria pusilla Green 1922a: 1010-1011. Type data: SRI LANKA: Peradeniya, on Theobroma cacao. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1942, SIV-417). Illustr.
Common Names
- false parlatoria scale McKenz1956
- parlatoria-like scale Borchs1966
- escama amarilla de las hojas KondoGu2022a
- ran-usu-maru-kaigaramushi KondoGu2022a
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 60 | Genera: 153
- Acanthaceae
- Justicia | Borchs1966 | (= Jacobinia)
- Adoxaceae
- Amaranthaceae
- Alternanthera bettzickiana | Wolff2008
- Celosia floribunda | Ferris1921
- Suaeda divaricata | Wolff2008
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera | MillerDa2005
- Schinus | Wolff2008
- Schinus polygama | Lizery1942c | (= Schinus dependens)
- Schinus terebinthifolia | Wolff2008
- Annonaceae
- Annona | Wolff2008
- Apocynaceae
- Asclepias subulata | Ferris1921
- Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco | Wolff2008
- Nerium | Borchs1966
- Nerium oleander | Wolff2008
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex vomitoria | BesheaTiHo1973
- Araceae
- Aglaonema | JansenAl2023
- Anthurium | MillerDa2005
- Nephthytis | MillerDa2005
- Philodendron | MillerDa2005
- Araliaceae
- Hedera | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Hedera helix | Wolff2008
- Arecaceae
- Butia capitata | Wolff2008
- Chamaedorea | MillerDa2005
- Chamaerops | Wolff2008
- Cocos | MillerDa2005
- Cocos nucifera | Wolff2008
- Dypsis lutescens | Wolff2008 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Howeia | Wolff2008
- Phoenix | MillerDa2005 Wolff2008
- Phoenix canariensis | Wolff2008
- Phoenix roebelenii | JansenAl2023
- Ptychosperma | Wilson1917 Wolff2008 | (= Seaforthia)
- Reinhardtia | MillerDa2005
- Roystonea | Wolff2008
- Sabal | Wolff2008
- Sabal palmetto | BesheaTiHo1973
- Serenoa repens | Wolff2008
- Thrinax | Wolff2008
- Trachycarpus | MillerDa2005
- Washingtonia | MillerDa2005 Wolff2008
- Washingtonia robusta | Wilson1917
- Aristolochiaceae
- Aristolochia | Lindin1910b
- Aristolochia leuconeura | Schmut1959
- Asparagaceae
- Chlorophytum macrophyllum | Schmut1959
- Dracaena | MillerDa2005
- Yucca | Wolff2008
- Asteraceae
- Gerbera | MillerDa2005
- Begoniaceae
- Begonia | MillerDa2005
- Bignoniaceae
- Bignonia | MerrilCh1923
- Kigelia africana | Wolff2008 | (= Kigelia pinnata)
- Pyrostegia venusta | Wolff2008 Wolff2008 | (= Pyrostegia ignea),
- Tecoma capensis | Simmon1957
- Bromeliaceae
- Tillandsia | MillerDa2005
- Burseraceae
- Bursera microphylla | MerrilCh1923 Wolff2008 | (= Elaphrium microphyllum)
- Cactaceae
- Cephalocereus | MillerDa2005
- Rhipsalis | Borchs1966
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera | Wolff2008
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | Ballou1926
- Caryophyllaceae
- Dianthus | Borchs1966
- Dianthus caryophyllus | Wolff2008
- Celastraceae
- Crossopetalum ilicifolium | Wolff2008 | (= Rhacoma ilicifolia)
- Elaeodendron | MillerDa2005
- Euonymus | Wolff2008
- Maytenus | Wolff2008
- Combretaceae
- Laguncularia racemosa | ColonFMe1998
- Ericaceae
- Chimaphila maculata | BesheaTiHo1973
- Gaylussacia | Borchs1966
- Vaccinium | Wolff2008
- Euphorbiaceae
- Acalypha | MerrilCh1923
- Acalypha wilkesiana | Ballou1926
- Jatropha | MillerDa2005
- Sapium | Wolff2008
- Fabaceae
- Calliandra haematocephala | Wolff2008
- Cercidium | Ferris1921 Wolff2008
- Cercidium praecox | Lizery1942c
- Cercis canadensis | Wolff2008
- Cynometra | Wolff2008
- Cynometra oaxacana | Wolff2008
- Erythrina | Borchs1966 Wolff2008
- Inga | MillerDa2005 Wolff2008
- Inga uraguensis | Haywar1941
- Lablab purpureus | ColonFMe1998
- Prosopis kuntzei | Wolff2008
- Lamiaceae
- Coleus | Borchs1966
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Persea | MillerDa2005
- Persea americana | KondoMu2016 Wolff2008
- Persea borbonia | Cocker1897s Lepage1938 McDani1973 SilvadGoGa1968
- Persea carolinensis | Comsto1883
- Persea palustris | Wolff2008
- Lythraceae
- Punica | MillerDa2005
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | Lepage1938 MillerDa2005 SilvadGoGa1968
- Magnolia grandiflora | Borchs1937a SilvadGoGa1968
- Magnolia obovata | Wolff2008
- Magnolia virginiana | Wolff2008
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus | Borchs1966
- Theobroma | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Theobroma cacao | Green1922a Wolff2008
- Melastomataceae
- Tibouchina | Wolff2008
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus | MillerDa2005
- Dorstenia | Schmut1959
- Ficus | Borchs1966
- Ficus rubiginosa | Wolff2008
- Poulsenia armata | NormarMoKr2014
- Musaceae
- Musa | Lepage1938 MillerDa2005
- Myristicaceae
- Virola sebifera | NormarMoKr2014
- Myrtaceae
- Eugenia uruguayensis | CorseuSi1971 | (= Eugenia guabiju)
- Myrcianthes pungens | Wolff2008 | (= Eugenia pungens)
- Myrciaria | Wolff2008
- Pimenta | MillerDa2005
- Plinia cauliflora | CulikMaVe2008 Wolff2008 | (= Myrcia jaboticaba) (= Myrciaria jaboticaba)
- Plinia edulis | Lizery1942c Wolff2008 | (= Myrciaria edulis)
- Psidium | Hempel1900a MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Psidium guajava | Wolff2008
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | Borchs1966
- Ligustrum | BesheaTiHo1973
- Olea | Borchs1966 Wolff2008
- Olea europaea | Wolff2008
- Osmanthus fragrans | Wolff2008
- Orchidaceae
- Batemannia | MillerDa2005
- Brassavola | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Broughtonia | MillerDa2005
- Cattleya | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005 Wolff2008
- Cattleya mossiae | Wolff2008
- Comparettia | MillerDa2005
- Cymbidium | Borchs1966
- Cypripedium | Schmut1959 MillerDa2005
- Cyrtopodium punctatum | Wolff2008
- Encyclia tampensis | Wolff2008
- Epidendrum | MillerDa2005
- Gomesa varicosa | Cocker1897s MerrilCh1923 SilvadGoGa1968 | (= Oncidium varicosum)
- Grandiphyllum divaricatum | Schmut1959 | (= Oncidium pulvinatum)
- Huntleya | MillerDa2005
- Laelia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Lycaste | MillerDa2005
- Lycaste virginalis | Schmut1959 | (= Lycaste skinneri)
- Maxillaria | MillerDa2005
- Odontoglossum | MillerDa2005
- Oncidium | Borchs1937a MillerDa2005
- Orchis | Lupo1947
- Paphiopedilum callosum | Schmut1959
- Paphiopedilum fairrieanum | VieiraCaPi1983
- Paphiopedilum insigne | Schmut1959 | (= Cordula insignis)
- Papilionanthe hookeriana | Wolff2008 | (= Vanda hookeriana)
- Papilionanthe teres | Wolff2008 | (= Vanda teres)
- Peristeria | MillerDa2005
- Schomburgkia | MillerDa2005
- Sobralia | MillerDa2005
- Spiranthes | MillerDa2005
- Stanhopea hernandezii | Schmut1959 | (= Stanhopea devoniensis)
- Stanhopea tigrina | Schmut1959
- Trichocentrum cavendishianum | Schmut1959 | (= Oncidium cavendishianum)
- Vanilla | MillerDa2005 Schmut1959
- Zygopetalum | MillerDa2005
- Phytolaccaceae
- Trichostigma | Merril1953
- Pinaceae
- Pinus | BesheaTiHo1973
- Pinus taeda | BesheaTiHo1973
- Piperaceae
- Peperomia | MillerDa2005
- Piper chaba | Schmut1959
- Polygalaceae
- Polygala rugelii | Wolff2008
- Primulaceae
- Jacquinia | Wolff2008
- Rhamnaceae
- Reynosia | MillerDa2005
- Rosaceae
- Prunus | Wolff2008
- Prunus caroliniana | Simmon1957 | (= Laurocerasus caroliniana)
- Prunus persica | Lepage1938
- Rosa | MillerDa2005
- Rubus | Wolff2008
- Rubiaceae
- Cinchona | MillerDa2005
- Genipa | Wolff2008
- Hamelia patens | Wolff2008
- Ixora | Borchs1966
- Spermacoce | MillerDa2005
- Spermacoce laevis | Simmon1957 | (= Borreria laevis)
- Rutaceae
- Amyris | MillerDa2005
- Amyris elemifera | ColonFMe1998
- Amyris texana | Bibby1931 McDani1973 | (= Amyris parvifolia)
- Citrus | MillerDa2005
- Ruta chalepensis | Ballou1926
- Zanthoxylum fagara | NormarOkMo2019
- Salicaceae
- Casearia aculeata | MestreHaEv2011
- Santalaceae
- Jodina rhombifolia | Wolff2008
- Sapindaceae
- Melicoccus | MillerDa2005
- Schisandraceae
- Illicium floridanum | BesheaTiHo1973
- Scrophulariaceae
- Buddleja davidii | Ballou1926
- Smilacaceae
- Smilax | BesheaTiHo1973 Wolff2008
- Solanaceae
- Cestrum | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Cestrum diurnum | Wolff2008
- Cestrum nocturnum | Wolff2008
- Stixaceae
- Forchhammeria watsonii | Ferris1921 MerrilCh1923
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarix | Wolff2008
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Borchs1966
- Camellia japonica | Wolff2008
- Winteraceae
- Drimys | MerrilCh1923
- Zamiaceae
- Zamia integrifolia | Wolff2008
- Zygophyllaceae
- Guaiacum angustifolium | Bibby1931 | (= Porlieria angustifolia)
Foes:
Families: 2 | Genera: 3
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis lepidosaphes | LazaroGoRo2023
- Aphytis lingnanensis | LazaroGoRo2023
- Aphytis melinus | LazaroGoRo2023
- Encarsia citrina | Schmut1959 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encyrtidae
- Cheiloneurus | LazaroGoRo2023
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 35
- Argentina | Haywar1941
- Catamarca | Wolff2008
- Chaco | Wolff2008
- Formosa | Wolff2008
- La Rioja | Wolff2008
- Tucuman | Wolff2008
- Bahamas | MerrilCh1923
- Belgium | Nakaha1982
- Bermuda | Simmon1957
- Brazil | Cocker1897s Leonar1920
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Minas Gerais | SilvadGoGa1968 Wolff2008
- Rio Grande do Sul | SilvadGoGa1968
- Rio de Janeiro | Hempel1900a Lepage1938 SilvadGoGa1968
- Sao Paulo | Hempel1900a Lepage1938
- Colombia | Figuer1952
- Costa Rica | JansenAl2023
- Cuba | MerrilCh1923 MestreHaEv2011
- Czech Republic | KondoGu2022a
- Czechoslovakia | Nakaha1982
- Ecuador | YustCe1956
- France | Nakaha1982
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017
- Germany | Leonar1920
- Guatemala | Wolff2008
- Hawaiian Islands
- Oahu | Nakaha1981a
- Honduras | Merril1953
- India | Green1937
- Italy | Leonar1918
- Jamaica | Merril1953 NormarOkMo2019
- Madeira Islands | VieiraCaPi1983
- Mexico | Leonar1920
- Baja California Sur | MerrilCh1923 Wolff2008
- Coahuila | Wolff2008
- Guanajuato | Cocker1899n LazaroGoRo2023
- Guerrero | Cocker1897p
- Jalisco | Cocker1899n
- Michoacan | LazaroGoRo2023
- Nayarit | LazaroGoRo2023 Wolff2008
- Queretaro | LazaroGoRo2023
- Sonora | Cocker1899d
- Netherlands | Nakaha1982
- New Zealand
- North Island | CharleHe2002 Ward1968
- Panama | Ferris1942 NormarMoKr2014
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | NakahaMi1981
- Russia | KondoGu2022a
- Slovakia | KondoGu2022a
- Spain | GomezM1957 Martin1983
- Sri Lanka | Green1922a Wolff2008
- Sweden | Ossian1959
- Tanzania | Lindin1910b
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Merril1953
- United Kingdom
- England | Nakaha1982
- United States
- Alabama | Koszta1996 McComb1986
- California | Ferris1942
- District of Columbia | Cocker1897s
- Florida | BesheaTiHo1973 Cocker1897s Leonar1920
- Georgia | TippinBe1970
- Maryland | Koszta1996 McComb1986
- New Jersey | Koszta1996 McComb1986
- South Carolina | MerrilCh1923
- Texas | Bibby1931 Ferris1942 Koszta1996
Keys
- LazaroGoRo2023: pp.247-248 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored scale species on avocado in central Mexico]
- Wolff2008: pp.292-293 ( Adult (F) ) [Chave para identificação das espécies de Pseudoparlatoria, baseada nos caracteres de fêmeas adultas. (A key to species of Pseudoparlatoria, based on the characters of adult females)]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-32 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- ColonFMe1998: pp.126 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudoparlatoria of Puerto Rico]
- Koszta1996: pp.409 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the genera of the subfamily Diaspidinae]
- Danzig1971d: pp.845 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:62 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudoparlatoria]
- MacGil1921: pp.314 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Carulaspis] Key as: Carulaspis parlatoroides
Remarks
- Systematics: Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides may be confused with P. ostreata in tropical regions (Balachowsky, 1954e). Ferris (1937) considered P. ostreata to be a junior synonym of P. parlatorioides, however, P. ostreata is separable from P. parlatorioides by the much greater number of dorsal macroducts and by the fact that these ducts extend forward as far as the 2nd abdominal segment in ostreata, while in parlatorioides they are few and confined to the pygidium (Ferris, 1942).
- Structure: Female scale flat, thin, papery, yellow or yellowish brown, circular or oval, exuviae submarginal. Male scale similar in color and texture, somewhat elongate, exuviae at one end. Slide-mounted adult female 0.75 mm long. Median pygidial lobes somewhat variable in size and prominence, separated by a distance greater than the width of one of them and with the usual forked gland spine between. 2nd and 3rd lobes small, but definitely developed, both bilobulate, flattened and not sclerotic (Ferris, 1942).
- Biology: We could find no definitive life history study of this species. Brown (1965) noted that specimens from São Paulo, Brazil on Eugenia jaboticaba had a haploid compliment of 5 chromosomes and found both male and female embryos. Schmutterer (1952b) indicated that both sexes occurred in populations in greenhouses in Germany, but because of the paucity of males he believed that the species might be at least partially parthenogenetic. Under greenhouse conditions in middle Europe adult females lay 30 130 eggs, and the larvae apparently hatch in about 10 days. (Miller & Davidson, 2005) Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides was found mainly on leaves, also on branches, in large groups or individually; on leaves it was observed on both adaxial and/or abaxial surfaces, and on some occasions, it was the most abundant species on such substrates. (Lazaro et al., 2023)
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. Strickland (1947a) lists Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides as a pest of Cacao. This species was considered to be a serious pest in a small area of the world by Miller and Davidson (1990) and Arnett (1985). Merrill and Chaffin (1923) reported false parlatoria scale in Florida as an occasionally very serious pest, especially on Acalypha and palms. Steinweden (1945) listed P. parlatorioides as one of the more important orchid pests in California; it has since been eradicated from this state. These reports are possibly misidentifications of P. ostreata. (Miller & Davidson, 2005). Color photograph in Kondo & Gullan (2022a).
- General Remarks: Detailed description by Balachowsky (1954e) and description and illustration by Ferris (1942).
Illustrations
Citations
- AmunCl2015: distribution, host, 7
- Arnett1985: taxonomy, 242
- Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 256-258
- Ballou1926: catalog, distribution, host, 36
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 261
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 13
- Bibby1931: distribution, host, 193
- Boraty1968a: taxonomy, 33, 36
- Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 106, 114
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, structure, 210
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 164
- Brick1912: distribution, host, 7
- Brown1965: chemistry, 232
- BrunerScOt1945: catalog, distribution, host, 8
- Charle2011: distribution, 589
- CharleHe2002: distribution, host, taxonomy, 589-595,607-608
- Cocker1892d: taxonomy, 136
- Cocker1897i: taxonomy, 9, 10
- Cocker1897p: distribution, host, 591
- Cocker1897s: distribution, host, 383
- Cocker1898w: distribution, host, taxonomy, 503
- Cocker1899d: distribution, host, 167
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 31
- Cocker1899s: distribution, host, 258
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 127-128
- Comsto1883: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 57, 64-65
- Comsto1916: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 519, 525-526
- CorseuSi1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 111
- CostaL1928: distribution, host, 126
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 392-393
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 14, 123
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 301
- Ferris1921: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 108-109
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-117
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 46
- Ferris1942: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SIV-415, SIV-417
- Figuer1952: distribution, 210
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- Gill1997: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 242-243
- GomezM1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 54-58
- Gowdey1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 33
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 631
- Green1922a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1010-1011
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 341
- Hall1946a: distribution, taxonomy, 530, 551, 552
- Hartma1916: distribution, host, 108
- Haywar1941: distribution, host, 85
- Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 511
- Hempel1920: description, distribution, host, 142-143
- Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 8,13,182-183,237,258
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 4
- Houser1918: distribution, host, 169
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 28,34
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 263
- KondoGu2022g: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 535
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 19
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 573-574
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 87
- Lashin1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 134
- LazaroGoRo2023: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, natural enemies, nymph, symbionts, taxonomy, 248, 262
- Leonar1918: distribution, host, taxonomy, 193
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 176-178
- Lepage1938: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 419
- LepageFi1947: chemical control, economic importance, 43
- Lindin1905a: taxonomy, 131
- Lindin1907a: taxonomy, 20
- Lindin1910b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 46
- Lindin1911: taxonomy, 12
- Lindin1913: taxonomy, 79, 92
- Lizery1942c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 234
- LondonKoCa2014: distribution, host, illustration, 265, 266-267
- Lupo1947: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34-39
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 314
- MacGre1974: economic importance, taxonomy, 82
- Marlat1921a: distribution, host, 4
- Martin1983: distribution, host, 57
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 8
- Martor1945: distribution, host, 412
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 10, 154
- McComb1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 72
- McCombDa1969: distribution, 3
- McDani1973: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 395, 396
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 35, 154-155
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18, 78-79
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 251-252
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 14
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 305
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 374
- Mosque1976: distribution, host, taxonomy, 68, 97
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 404
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 76
- NakahaMi1981: distribution, 36
- Newell1927: distribution, host, 74, 88
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 32, 56, S6
- Ogilvi1928: distribution, host, 28
- Ossian1959: distribution, host, 200
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 504
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 352
- Ramakr1926: distribution, host, 457
- Ruther1915: distribution, host, 112
- Saakya1954: distribution, host, 31
- Schmut1952: distribution, host, 580
- Schmut1957b: taxonomy, 150
- Schmut1959: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 207-209
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, host, 180
- Simmon1957: catalog, distribution, host, 6
- Strick1947a: distribution, economic importance, host, 521
- Terezn1975: taxonomy, 75
- TippinBe1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 11
- VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 134
- VitoriZaMa2013: description, distribution, host, 176-179
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Ward1968: distribution, host, 50
- Waters1941: distribution, host, 10
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 229, 230
- Wilson1917: description, distribution, taxonomy, 46-47
- Wise1977: distribution, taxonomy, 110
- Wolff2008: description, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy, 292, 300-302
- Wunn1925b: taxonomy, 296
- Wunn1925c: taxonomy, 438, 440, 449
- Yust1958: distribution, host, 108
- YustCe1956: distribution, host, 432
