Valid Names Results
Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink, 2007 (Pseudococcidae: Phenacoccus)Nomenclatural History
- Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink 2007: 89. Type data: PERU: Lima, on Alternathera sp.; collected O. Oliveiras, vii.1975.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
Common Names
- bougainvillea mealybug MalumpEy2011
- Cochinilla harinosa de la bougainvillea KondoWaTa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 38 | Genera: 58
- Bambusoideae
- Bamboo | VonEllKiWa2020
- Acanthaceae
- Dicliptera sericea | BeltraSoGe2010 StathaKaDa2015 | (= Dicliptera suberecta),(= Dicliptera squarrosa),(= Justicia suberecta)
- Hypoestes phyllostachya | PachecKaBa2020
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum | VonEllKiWa2020
- Amaranthaceae
- Alternanthera | GranarSz2007
- Annonaceae
- Annona cherimola | VonEllKiWa2020
- Apiaceae
- Angelica keiskei | VonEllKiWa2020
- Apocynaceae
- Araujia sericifera | BeltraSoGe2010
- Mandevilla | VonEllKiWa2020
- Plumeria | VonEllKiWa2020
- Trachelospermum jasminoides | VonEllKiWa2020
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex aquifolium | SzitaFeBe2017
- Araliaceae
- Schefflera | VonEllKiWa2020
- Asteraceae
- Baccharis | GranarSz2007
- Baccharis pilularis | VonEllKiWa2020
- Eupatorium | GranarSz2007
- Berberidaceae
- Nandina domestica | VonEllKiWa2020
- Bignoniaceae
- Distictis buccinatoria | VonEllKiWa2020
- Cannaceae
- Canna | VonEllKiWa2020
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera ciliosa | VonEllKiWa2020
- Cucurbitaceae
- Melothria scabra | VonEllKiWa2020
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas revoluta | VonEllKiWa2020
- Ericaceae
- Rhododendron | VonEllKiWa2020
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba japonica | BeltraSoGe2010
- Haemodoraceae
- Anigozanthos | VonEllKiWa2020
- Lamiaceae
- Clerodendrum thomsoniae | VonEllKiWa2020
- Coleus scutellarioides | PencheYo2016 | (= Coleus scutellarioides)
- Lamium | VonEllKiWa2020
- Leonotis leonurus | VonEllKiWa2020
- Salvia | VonEllKiWa2020
- Stachys byzantina | VonEllKiWa2020
- Lauraceae
- Persea | VonEllKiWa2020
- Lythraceae
- Lagerstroemia | VonEllKiWa2020
- Malvaceae
- Abutilon | VonEllKiWa2020
- Grewia occidentalis | VonEllKiWa2020
- Hibiscus | VonEllKiWa2020
- Moraceae
- Ficus | VonEllKiWa2020
- Musaceae
- Musa | VonEllKiWa2020
- Myrtaceae
- Psidium cattleyanum | VonEllKiWa2020
- Psidium guajava | VonEllKiWa2020
- Nyctaginaceae
- Bougainvillea | BeltraSoGe2010
- Bougainvillea glabra | BeltraSoGe2010
- Bougainvillea spectabilis | VonEllKiWa2020
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | VonEllKiWa2020
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | VonEllKiWa2020
- Ranunculaceae
- Aquilegia vulgaris | VonEllKiWa2020
- Rosaceae
- Prunus | VonEllKiWa2020
- Sapindaceae
- Dodonaea | VonEllKiWa2020
- Dodonaea viscosa | VonEllKiWa2020
- Dodonea viscosa | VonEllKiWa2020
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara zapota | VonEllKiWa2020
- Scrophulariaceae
- Buddleja | PencheYo2016
- Buddleja davidii | VonEllKiWa2020
- Myoporum laetum | BeltraSoGe2010
- Solanaceae
- Brugmansia | VonEllKiWa2020
- Capsicum | VonEllKiWa2020
- Capsicum annuum | VonEllKiWa2020
- Cestrum | GranarSz2007
- Cestrum nocturnum | StathaKaDa2015
- Lycianthes | VonEllKiWa2020
- Lycianthes rantonnetii | VonEllKiWa2020
- Solandra grandiflora | VonEllKiWa2020
- Solandra maxima | VonEllKiWa2020
- Solanum | VonEllKiWa2020
- Solanum laxum | VonEllKiWa2020
- Solanum tuberosum | VonEllKiWa2020
- Solanum vespertilio | BeltraSoGe2010
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia | VonEllKiWa2020
- Theaceae
- Camellia | VonEllKiWa2020
- Verbenaceae
- Citharexylum spinosum | AbbesHaWa2023 | (= Citharexylum quadrangulare)
- Lantana | VonEllKiWa2020
- Lantana camara | VonEllKiWa2020
- Lantana montevidensis | VonEllKiWa2020
Foes:
Families: 5 | Genera: 11
- Anthocoridae
- Orius laevigatus | BeltraTeSo2013
- Chamaemyiidae
- Leucopis | BeltraTeSo2013
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysoperla carnea | BeltraTeSo2013
- Coccinellidae
- Cryptolaemus montrouzieri | BeltraTeSo2013
- Oenopia lyncea | KondoWaTa2022
- Propylea quatuordecimpunctata | BeltraTeSo2013
- Scymnus | BeltraTeSo2013
- Encyrtidae
- Acerophagus | BeltraTeSo2013
- Aenasius arizonensis | JaposhYeKa2023
- Anagyrus pseudococci | BeltraTeSo2013
- Leptomastix baspinari | JaposhYeKa2023
- Leptomastix epona | BeltraTeSo2013
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 20
- Argentina
- Santiago del Estero | GranarSz2007
- Tucuman | GranarSz2007
- Austria | KondoWaTa2022
- Balearic Islands | KondoWaTa2022
- Majorca | BeltraSoGe2010 PellizPo2014
- Bulgaria | PencheYo2016
- Corsica | BeltraSoGe2010
- Croatia | MastenSiMa2015
- France | BeltraSoGe2010
- Greece | GkountMi2013 SzitaFeBe2017
- Italy | BeltraSoGe2010 MazzeoLoPe2014
- Sicily | MalumpEy2011
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011
- Malta | MifsudMaRu2014
- Monaco | BeltraSoGe2010
- Peru | GranarSz2007
- Portugal | BeltraSoGe2010
- Spain | BeltraSoGe2010
- Tunisia | HalimaGeMd2015
- Turkey | YerlikBaKa2023
- United Kingdom
- England | BeltraSoGe2010
- United States
- California | VonEllKiWa2020
- Uruguay | PachecKaBa2020
Keys
- PachecKaBa2020: pp.504-505 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae in Uruguay]
- ZhaoWaSu2014: pp.116-117 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus in China]
- GranarSz2007: pp.41-43 ( Adult (F) ) [Phencoccus species of South America]
Remarks
- Systematics: Based on molecular data, Beltra, et al., 2012 stated that Ph. pervianus appears to be more closely related to P. parvus than P. solani and P. madeirensis. However, Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007) placed Ph. peruvianus closer to P. madeirensis. The molecular phylogeny in Von Ellenrieder, et al. (2020) appears to confirm Beltra's analysis. Their preliminary phylogenetic tree was constructed for the COI marker and shows that Ph. pervianus nests with P. parvus and P. multicerarii.
- Structure: Adult females are elongate oval, greyish with a green tinge, covered in a thin layer of mealy white wax, and attain a length of 3 mm. First instars are a pale-orange colour. (Malumphy & Eyre, 2011) Microscopically, adult females can be diagnosed by the presence of: (i) one circulus lacking an intersegmental line; (ii) absence of dorsal multilocular pores except for a few occasional ones on abdomen; (iii) presence of ventral quinquelocular pores on head, medial and sublateral areas of thorax, and on abdomen anteriorly to SV; (iv) dorsal oral tubular ducts abundant and widespread over the body; (v) presence of 17 to 18 marginal cerarii; and (vi) absence of dorsal cerarii. (Von Ellenrieder, et al., 2020} Adult Male in life, body pink and winged, developing from a pupa enclosed within an elongate-oval, white, waxy cocoon (Von Ellenrieder, et al., 2020). Slide mounted adult male elongate oval, 1397 ± 36 (1358–1445) μm long, maximum width of mesothorax 398 ± 14 (388–427) μm. Male macropterous, with wings each 0.77 ± 0.04 (0.72–0.81) times as long as total body length and 0.4 ± 0.02 (0.36–0.42) as wide as long (n = 5). Antenna approximately as long as two-thirds (0.57–0.68) of body length. Hair-like setae (hs) present throughout, fleshy setae (fs) restricted to antennae and legs; discoidal pores and multilocular pores present, the latter mostly each with 4 loculi, but a few with 5. Abdomen with paired glandular pouches containing glandular pouch setae on SVII and SVIII. Penial sheath with a distinct constriction towards apex. (Von Ellenrieder, et al., 2020).
- Biology: Adult and nymph bougainvillea mealybugs mainly feed on the lower surfaces of the foliage, but are also found on the growing shoots, bark, and occasionally the upper leaf surfaces. The mealybug completed multiple overlapping generations within a year with intense ßuctuations in abundance. Mealybug density increased in spring and reached its peak at the end of this season or in early summer (June and July). Afterwards, populations decreased and the presence of the insect was almost undetectable in autumn and winter. There were no seasonal migrations between plant strata and the location of the mealybugs remained stable along the spring and summer. P. peruvianus shows a preference for settling on bracts. This distribution could play a significant role in its survival, because bracts offer good protection against climatic fluctuations and the action of contact pesticides.(Beltrá, et al., 2013)
- Economic Importance: Phenacoccus peruvianus has caused significant damage to ornamental bougainvillea plants, ruining their aesthetic appearance and reducing their market value. Large mealybug populations cause necrosis of the foliage, leaf loss, die back and molds grow on the excreted honeydew. (Malumphy & Eyre, 2011)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007). Colour photographs in Malumphy & Eyre, 2011.
Illustrations
Citations
- AbbateToAr2018: chemical ecology, host,
- BeltraGaSo2013: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 1486-1494
- BeltraSoGe2010: distribution, host, 137-143
- BeltraSoMa2012: molecular data, phylogenetics, 167-171
- BeltraSoTe2015: ant association, distribution, natural enemies,
- BeltraTeSo2013: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 309.317
- BeltraTeSo2013a: natural enemies, 253–259
- BugilaFrSi2014: behavior, biological control, evolution, 439–453
- CABI2014: distribution, Map 783
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, list, 12
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, host, 19.25
- GkountMi2013: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 16-18
- GranarSz2007: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
- HalimaGeMd2014: distribution, 1
- HalimaGeMd2015: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 140-141
- JaposhYeKa2023: natural enemies, 577, 580
- KaydanCaUl2013: distribution, 169
- KaydanErUl2012: distribution, 68
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 24
- KondoWaTa2022: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, taxonomy, 169-170
- LopezMBeRe2014: endosymbionts,
- MalumpEy2011: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure, 1-4
- MastenSiMa2015: description, distribution, host, 318-320
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, host, 57
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 515
- PachecBeBl2014: molecular data, 6
- PachecKaBa2020: distribution, host, key, phylogeny, 505, 506, 512
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 64,72
- PellizPo2014: distribution, 1
- PencheYo2016: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, list of species, 19, 23
- RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 4, 6
- SpodekBeMo2018: dispersal, 1
- StathaKaDa2015: distribution, host,
- SumaLo2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 104-106
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 463, 473
- VonEllKiWa2020: DNA, description, description of male, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, phylogeny,
- WatsonMi2017: dispersal, 34
- WatsonWiVo2017: distribution, genebank, 118-119
- WilliaMa2012: distribution, 85. 86
- YerlikBaKa2023: distribution, host, illustration, list, 6, 8
