Valid Names Results

Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink, 2007 (Pseudococcidae: Phenacoccus)

Nomenclatural History

Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink 2007: 89. Type data: PERU: Lima, on Alternathera sp.; collected O. Oliveiras, vii.1975.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name

Common Names

bougainvillea mealybug MalumpEy2011
Cochinilla harinosa de la bougainvillea KondoWaTa2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 38 | Genera: 58

Bambusoideae

Bamboo | VonEllKiWa2020

Acanthaceae

Dicliptera sericea | BeltraSoGe2010 StathaKaDa2015 | (= Dicliptera suberecta),(= Dicliptera squarrosa),(= Justicia suberecta)
Hypoestes phyllostachya | PachecKaBa2020

Adoxaceae

Viburnum | VonEllKiWa2020

Amaranthaceae

Alternanthera | GranarSz2007

Annonaceae

Annona cherimola | VonEllKiWa2020

Apiaceae

Angelica keiskei | VonEllKiWa2020

Apocynaceae

Araujia sericifera | BeltraSoGe2010
Mandevilla | VonEllKiWa2020
Plumeria | VonEllKiWa2020
Trachelospermum jasminoides | VonEllKiWa2020

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex aquifolium | SzitaFeBe2017

Araliaceae

Schefflera | VonEllKiWa2020

Asteraceae

Baccharis | GranarSz2007
Baccharis pilularis | VonEllKiWa2020
Eupatorium | GranarSz2007

Berberidaceae

Nandina domestica | VonEllKiWa2020

Bignoniaceae

Distictis buccinatoria | VonEllKiWa2020

Cannaceae

Canna | VonEllKiWa2020

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera ciliosa | VonEllKiWa2020

Cucurbitaceae

Melothria scabra | VonEllKiWa2020

Cycadaceae

Cycas revoluta | VonEllKiWa2020

Ericaceae

Rhododendron | VonEllKiWa2020

Garryaceae

Aucuba japonica | BeltraSoGe2010

Haemodoraceae

Anigozanthos | VonEllKiWa2020

Lamiaceae

Clerodendrum thomsoniae | VonEllKiWa2020
Coleus scutellarioides | PencheYo2016 | (= Coleus scutellarioides)
Lamium | VonEllKiWa2020
Leonotis leonurus | VonEllKiWa2020
Salvia | VonEllKiWa2020
Stachys byzantina | VonEllKiWa2020

Lauraceae

Persea | VonEllKiWa2020

Lythraceae

Lagerstroemia | VonEllKiWa2020

Malvaceae

Abutilon | VonEllKiWa2020
Grewia occidentalis | VonEllKiWa2020
Hibiscus | VonEllKiWa2020

Moraceae

Ficus | VonEllKiWa2020

Musaceae

Musa | VonEllKiWa2020

Myrtaceae

Psidium cattleyanum | VonEllKiWa2020
Psidium guajava | VonEllKiWa2020

Nyctaginaceae

Bougainvillea | BeltraSoGe2010
Bougainvillea glabra | BeltraSoGe2010
Bougainvillea spectabilis | VonEllKiWa2020

Oleaceae

Jasminum | VonEllKiWa2020

Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum | VonEllKiWa2020

Ranunculaceae

Aquilegia vulgaris | VonEllKiWa2020

Rosaceae

Prunus | VonEllKiWa2020

Sapindaceae

Dodonaea | VonEllKiWa2020
Dodonaea viscosa | VonEllKiWa2020
Dodonea viscosa | VonEllKiWa2020

Sapotaceae

Manilkara zapota | VonEllKiWa2020

Scrophulariaceae

Buddleja | PencheYo2016
Buddleja davidii | VonEllKiWa2020
Myoporum laetum | BeltraSoGe2010

Solanaceae

Brugmansia | VonEllKiWa2020
Capsicum | VonEllKiWa2020
Capsicum annuum | VonEllKiWa2020
Capsicum frutescens | MdelleAdZo2019
Cestrum | GranarSz2007
Cestrum nocturnum | StathaKaDa2015
Lycianthes | VonEllKiWa2020
Lycianthes rantonnetii | VonEllKiWa2020
Solandra grandiflora | VonEllKiWa2020
Solandra maxima | VonEllKiWa2020
Solanum | VonEllKiWa2020
Solanum laxum | VonEllKiWa2020
Solanum tuberosum | VonEllKiWa2020
Solanum vespertilio | BeltraSoGe2010

Strelitziaceae

Strelitzia | VonEllKiWa2020

Theaceae

Camellia | VonEllKiWa2020

Verbenaceae

Citharexylum affine | MdelleAdZo2019 | (=Citharexylum quadrangulare)
Citharexylum spinosum | AbbesHaWa2023 | (= Citharexylum quadrangulare)
Lantana | VonEllKiWa2020
Lantana camara | VonEllKiWa2020
Lantana montevidensis | VonEllKiWa2020

Foes:

Families: 5 | Genera: 11

Anthocoridae

Orius laevigatus | BeltraTeSo2013

Chamaemyiidae

Leucopis | BeltraTeSo2013

Chrysopidae

Chrysoperla carnea | BeltraTeSo2013

Coccinellidae

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri | BeltraTeSo2013
Oenopia lyncea | KondoWaTa2022
Propylea quatuordecimpunctata | BeltraTeSo2013
Scymnus | BeltraTeSo2013

Encyrtidae

Acerophagus | BeltraTeSo2013
Aenasius arizonensis | JaposhYeKa2023
Anagyrus pseudococci | BeltraTeSo2013
Leptomastix baspinari | JaposhYeKa2023
Leptomastix epona | BeltraTeSo2013

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 20

Argentina

Santiago del Estero | GranarSz2007
Tucuman | GranarSz2007

Austria | KondoWaTa2022

Balearic Islands | KondoWaTa2022

Majorca | BeltraSoGe2010 PellizPo2014

Bulgaria | PencheYo2016

Corsica | BeltraSoGe2010

Croatia | MastenSiMa2015

France | BeltraSoGe2010

Greece | GkountMi2013 SzitaFeBe2017

Italy | BeltraSoGe2010 MazzeoLoPe2014

Sicily | MalumpEy2011

Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011

Malta | MifsudMaRu2014

Monaco | BeltraSoGe2010

Peru | GranarSz2007

Portugal | BeltraSoGe2010

Spain | BeltraSoGe2010

Tunisia | HalimaGeMd2015

Turkey | YerlikBaKa2023

United Kingdom

England | BeltraSoGe2010

United States

California | VonEllKiWa2020

Uruguay | PachecKaBa2020

Keys

PachecKaBa2020: pp.504-505 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae in Uruguay]
ZhaoWaSu2014: pp.116-117 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus in China]
GranarSz2007: pp.41-43 ( Adult (F) ) [Phencoccus species of South America]

Remarks

Systematics: Based on molecular data, Beltra, et al., 2012 stated that Ph. pervianus appears to be more closely related to P. parvus than P. solani and P. madeirensis. However, Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007) placed Ph. peruvianus closer to P. madeirensis. The molecular phylogeny in Von Ellenrieder, et al. (2020) appears to confirm Beltra's analysis. Their preliminary phylogenetic tree was constructed for the COI marker and shows that Ph. pervianus nests with P. parvus and P. multicerarii.
Structure: Adult females are elongate oval, greyish with a green tinge, covered in a thin layer of mealy white wax, and attain a length of 3 mm. First instars are a pale-orange colour. (Malumphy & Eyre, 2011) Microscopically, adult females can be diagnosed by the presence of: (i) one circulus lacking an intersegmental line; (ii) absence of dorsal multilocular pores except for a few occasional ones on abdomen; (iii) presence of ventral quinquelocular pores on head, medial and sublateral areas of thorax, and on abdomen anteriorly to SV; (iv) dorsal oral tubular ducts abundant and widespread over the body; (v) presence of 17 to 18 marginal cerarii; and (vi) absence of dorsal cerarii. (Von Ellenrieder, et al., 2020} Adult Male in life, body pink and winged, developing from a pupa enclosed within an elongate-oval, white, waxy cocoon (Von Ellenrieder, et al., 2020). Slide mounted adult male elongate oval, 1397 ± 36 (1358–1445) μm long, maximum width of mesothorax 398 ± 14 (388–427) μm. Male macropterous, with wings each 0.77 ± 0.04 (0.72–0.81) times as long as total body length and 0.4 ± 0.02 (0.36–0.42) as wide as long (n = 5). Antenna approximately as long as two-thirds (0.57–0.68) of body length. Hair-like setae (hs) present throughout, fleshy setae (fs) restricted to antennae and legs; discoidal pores and multilocular pores present, the latter mostly each with 4 loculi, but a few with 5. Abdomen with paired glandular pouches containing glandular pouch setae on SVII and SVIII. Penial sheath with a distinct constriction towards apex. (Von Ellenrieder, et al., 2020).
Biology: Adult and nymph bougainvillea mealybugs mainly feed on the lower surfaces of the foliage, but are also found on the growing shoots, bark, and occasionally the upper leaf surfaces. The mealybug completed multiple overlapping generations within a year with intense ßuctuations in abundance. Mealybug density increased in spring and reached its peak at the end of this season or in early summer (June and July). Afterwards, populations decreased and the presence of the insect was almost undetectable in autumn and winter. There were no seasonal migrations between plant strata and the location of the mealybugs remained stable along the spring and summer. P. peruvianus shows a preference for settling on bracts. This distribution could play a significant role in its survival, because bracts offer good protection against climatic fluctuations and the action of contact pesticides.(Beltrá, et al., 2013)
Economic Importance: Phenacoccus peruvianus has caused significant damage to ornamental bougainvillea plants, ruining their aesthetic appearance and reducing their market value. Large mealybug populations cause necrosis of the foliage, leaf loss, die back and molds grow on the excreted honeydew. (Malumphy & Eyre, 2011)
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007). Colour photographs in Malumphy & Eyre, 2011.

Illustrations

MdelleAdZo2019

Citations

AbbateToAr2018: chemical ecology, host,
BeltraGaSo2013: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 1486-1494
BeltraSoGe2010: distribution, host, 137-143
BeltraSoMa2012: molecular data, phylogenetics, 167-171
BeltraSoTe2015: ant association, distribution, natural enemies,
BeltraTeSo2013: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 309.317
BeltraTeSo2013a: natural enemies, 253–259
BugilaFrSi2014: behavior, biological control, evolution, 439–453
CABI2014: distribution, Map 783
FoldiGe2018: distribution, list, 12
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, host, 19.25
GkountMi2013: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 16-18
GranarSz2007: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
HalimaGeMd2014: distribution, 1
HalimaGeMd2015: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 140-141
JaposhYeKa2023: natural enemies, 577, 580
KaydanCaUl2013: distribution, 169
KaydanErUl2012: distribution, 68
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 24
KondoWaTa2022: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, taxonomy, 169-170
LopezMBeRe2014: endosymbionts,
MalumpEy2011: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure, 1-4
MastenSiMa2015: description, distribution, host, 318-320
MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, host, 57
MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
MdelleAdZo2019: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, phenology,
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 515
PachecBeBl2014: molecular data, 6
PachecKaBa2020: distribution, host, key, phylogeny, 505, 506, 512
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 64,72
PellizPo2014: distribution, 1
PencheYo2016: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, list of species, 19, 23
RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 4, 6
RizzoMoCa2024: DNA, 44
SpodekBeMo2018: dispersal, 1
StathaKaDa2015: distribution, host,
SumaLo2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 104-106
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 463, 473
VonEllKiWa2020: DNA, description, description of male, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, phylogeny,
WatsonMi2017: dispersal, 34
WatsonWiVo2017: distribution, genebank, 118-119
WilliaMa2012: distribution, 85. 86
YerlikBaKa2023: distribution, host, illustration, list, 6, 8