Valid Names Results

Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskell, 1895) (Diaspididae: Lepidosaphes)

Nomenclatural History

Mytilaspis pallida var ? Maskell 1895b: 46. Type data: JAPAN: taken in Honolulu Hawaii, on Podocarpus sp., by Mr. Koebele. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; accepted valid name
Mytilaspis pallida maskelli Cockerell 1897q: 704. replacement name that is unjustified (discovered by Borchs1937a, 77). Replacement name for Mytilaspis pallida Maskell 1895b Notes: Cockerell (1897q) realized that Maskell's Mytilaspis pallida was different from Green's M. pallida and proposed M. pallida maskelli as a replacement name for the Maskell species. However, since the Maskell species is the senior name, Cockerell's replacement name is unnecessary.
Lepidosaphes pallida maskelli (Cockerell, 1897); Fernald 1903b: 312. change of combination
Lepidosaphes newsteadi; Ferris 1938a: SII-146. misidentification (discovered by McKenz1956, 123).
Lepidosaphes pallida (Cockerell, 1897); Zimmerman 1948: 418. change of combination
Lepidosaphes maskelli (Cockerell, 1897); Balachowsky 1954e: 87. change in status (level)
Insulaspis maskelli (Cockerell, 1897); Borchsenius 1963: 1172. change of combination
Jnsulaspis mackelli Hadzibejli 1965: 7. misspelling of both genus and species names
Insulaspis pallida (Cockerell, 1897); Williams 1969b: 60. change of combination Notes: Balachowsky (1954e): synonymized the genus Insulaspis Mamet with Lepidosaphes Shimer creating the combination Lepidosaphes pallida.

Common Names

Maskell scale McKenz1956

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 15 | Genera: 21

Acanthaceae

Avicennia officinalis | Moghad2013a

Apocynaceae

Nerium | Moghad2013a

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex integra | Muraka1970

Araucariaceae

Araucaria | Nakaha1981a

Cephalotaxaceae

Cephalotaxus | Kuwana1925a
Cephalotaxus nana | Muraka1970 | (= Cephalotaxus drupacea var. koreana)
Cephalotaxus fortunei | Borchs1937a
Cephalotaxus harringtonii | Borchs1937a Kuwana1925a Takagi1960 | (= Cephalotaxus harringtonia, Cephalotaxus fastigiata, Cephalotaxus drupacea.)

Cupressaceae

Cryptomeria | Moghad2013a
Cryptomeria japonica | Kuwana1925a
Juniperus | Takagi1960
Juniperus bermudiana | WilliaEd1985
Juniperus chinensis | Takagi1960 | var. sargentii
Juniperus communis | Moghad2013a
Juniperus conferta | BesheaTiHo1973
Juniperus procumbens | Muraka1970
Juniperus rigida | Muraka1970
Microbiota decussata | Skvarl2020
Sequoia sempervirens | McKenz1956

Fagaceae

Quercus glauca | Kuwana1925a

Pinaceae

Abies firma | Muraka1970
Picea | McKenz1956
Pinus | Seghat1977

Podocarpaceae

Podocarpus | Maskel1895b
Podocarpus chinensis | Muraka1970
Podocarpus macrophyllus | Borchs1937a Muraka1970

Rhizophoraceae

Kandelia candel | Tao1999 | (= Kandelia rheedii)

Rosaceae

Mespilus germanica | Moghad2013a

Rutaceae

Citrus aurantiifolia | Green1914c | (= Citrus acida)

Salicaceae

Salix koriyanagi | Muraka1970

Sciadopityaceae

Sciadopitys verticillata | Kuwana1925a

Taxaceae

Taxus cuspidata | Muraka1970
Taxus globosa | Kuwana1925a
Torreya nucifera | Kuwana1925a

Foes:

Families: 1 | Genera: 1

Aphelinidae

Aphytis hispanicus | RosenDe1979

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 15

Bermuda | MillerDa2005 WilliaEd1985

Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | TakahaTa1956

China | MillerDa2005

Fujian (=Fukien) | Tao1999
Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Hua2000
Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
Hainan | Tao1999
Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Tao1999
Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Tao1999

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017

Hawaiian Islands | Kirkal1904b MillerDa2005

Oahu | Nishid2002

Iran | KozarFoZa1996 Seghat1977

Japan | Maskel1895b MillerDa2005

Honshu | Shinji1936b
Kyushu | TakahaTa1956
Shikoku | TakahaTa1956

Lebanon | MillerDa2005

New Zealand | CharleHe2002

Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | TakahaTa1956

South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 MillerDa2005

Taiwan | ChenWo1936 MillerDa2005

Turkey | MillerDa2005

USSR | MillerDa2005

United States

Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
California | McKenz1956 MillerDa2005
Delaware | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
District of Columbia | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
Florida | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973
Louisiana | Miller2005
Maryland | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
Mississippi | Ferris1938a MillerDa2005
New Jersey | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
New York | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
Pennsylvania | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
Virginia | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005

Keys

DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
MoghadWa2021: pp.139 ( Adult (F) ) [Lepidosaphes in Iran]
Hender2011: pp.105 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Lepidosaphes adult females in New Zealand]
MillerWiDa2006: pp.35-37 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the conifer infesting species of Lepidosaphes]
MillerDa2005: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
Gill1997: pp.169 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Lepidosaphes]
Koszta1996: pp.517 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Northeastern North American Lepidosaphes]
Danzig1993: pp.247 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Chou1982: pp.156 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Lepidosaphes]
Paik1978: pp.337 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Willia1971: pp.449 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Insulaspis on Coniferae]
Takagi1960: pp.92 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
McKenz1956: pp.33 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Takaha1955e: pp.70 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Balach1954e: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Tableau de détermination des espèces du g. Lepidosaphes]
Borchs1950b: pp.184 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Zimmer1948: pp.418 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes reported in Hawaii] Key as: Lepidosaphes maskelli
Kuwana1925a: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
Green1896e: pp.77 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Mytilaspis of Ceylon] Key as: Mytilaspis pallida

Remarks

Systematics: Maskell (1895b) described Mytilaspis pallida imported into Honolulu, from Japan on Podocarpus sp., but credited the species to Green. This record preceded the description of Mytilaspis pallida by Green (1896). It is clear that Maskell's species was not the same as Green's. Cockerell (1897q) proposed the replacement name Mytilaspis pallida var. maskelli for Maskell's species. However, since Maskell's description was valid, his species has precedence over Green's. Thus, Cockerell's name is a junior synonym of Lepidosaphes pallida Maskell. Williams (1969b) proposed the replacement name pallidula for Green's species. Since the two species have been confused, it is impossible to be sure that all references actually apply to the named species. Lepidosaphes pallida can be told from L. gloverii in lacking the spur on each side of the penultimate and 2 preceding segments of the body, while L. gloverii has a sharp spur on the corresponding segments (Kuwana, 1925a). It is also close to L. newsteadi and L. juniperi, differing chiefly in the presence of a single submarginal dorsal pygidial macroduct on the 5th abdominal segment as compared to 3 or 4 in the other species (McKenzie, 1956). Balachowsky (1954e) gives good characters to separate Lepidosaphes newsteadi from L. maskelli (=L. pallida (Maskell)).
Structure: Adult female body slender, with the metathorax and basal 4 abdominal segments gently lobed laterally and with the pygidium rather of the shape of a trapezoid. Median lobes as long as wide, with the apical margin convex, and with a slight notch on each side (Takagi, 1970). Female scale cover light yellow-brown or tan, with pale, slender, terminal exuvia lying further forward from position of female body, which is pale, eggs pale. (Henderson, 2011)
Biology: Lepidosaphes pallida is now accepted as a Holarctic species on conifers (Williams, 1969b). The life history of this species is poorly known. According to Waterston (1949), in Bermuda the winter is spent as adult females. Eggs are laid beginning in late March. Crawlers are present between July and November and probably occur earlier in the year. Males are reported. In Europe, Schmutterer (1951) found that it had 1 generation each year and overwintered as fertilized females. Crawlers begin hatching in June. Adult males and females appeared in mid-August. In Maryland adult males are present in late September to early October along with all other stages, i.e., eggs, crawlers, second instars and adult females. (Miller & Davidson, 2005). In New Zealand, it is found on leaves or base of leaves of its conferous hosts. (Henderson, 2011)
Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. Dekle (1977) reports that Maskell scale is occasionally a serious pest of juniper in Florida. In concert with minute cypress scale, Maskell scale nearly eliminated the Bermuda cedar on Bermuda. The foliage of heavily infested trees turns pale yellow, and entire trees may be killed if remedial action is not taken. Hodgson and Hilburn (1991) indicated that Maskell scale is uncommon on Bermuda, being replaced by Carulaspis minima. The authors have seen die back due to this pest on Cryptomeria in Maryland. Miller and Davidson (1990) consider this species to be a serious pest in a small area of the world. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Kuwana (1925a), Balachowsky (1954e) and Takagi (1970). Table of taxanomic characters distinguishing conifer infesting species of Lepidosaphes in Miller, Williams & Davidson (2006).

Illustrations

Citations

Ali1969a: taxonomy, 53
Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34, 87-91
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 259
BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 12
Borchs1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 105
Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 72, 77
Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 184
Borchs1958a: taxonomy, 168
Borchs1963: taxonomy, 1172, 1173
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 64
CharleHe2002: distribution, host, taxonomy, 589-575,602-603
Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 156, 181-182
Cocker1897j: distribution, host, 5
Cocker1897q: distribution, host, taxonomy, 704
Cocker1898r: taxonomy, 239-240
CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 247, 265, 268-269
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 288
DaoBeWa2023: key, 1029
DeitzTo1980: distribution, host, 40
Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 103
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 246
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 312
Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SII-146
Fullaw1932: distribution, taxonomy, 96, 100
Gavril2018: reproduction, 240
Gill1997: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 169, 174-175, 185
Hadzib1965: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7-9
Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 8,13,33,105,109,112,
HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 12
Hua2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 153, 154
Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 239, 241
KawaiMaUm1971: taxonomy, 23
Kirkal1902: distribution, taxonomy, 111
Kirkal1904b: distribution, 158
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 17
Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 517, 521-523
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 67
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 84
Kuwana1925a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9-11
Kuznet1967: taxonomy, 256
KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, illustration, 54-60
Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 373
Maskel1895b: description, distribution, host, 46
Maskel1897a: distribution, host, 241
Matile1978: taxonomy, 55
McKenz1955: distribution, taxonomy, 187, 190
McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33, 123, 125-126
Miller2005: distribution, illustration, 487
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 303
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 256
MillerWiDa2006: description, taxonomy, 25, 36, 40-42
Miyosh1926: distribution, 306
Moghad2004: distribution, host, 26
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 38
MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 11, 139, 152-153, 246
Muraka1970: distribution, host, 83
Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, 400
Nishid2002: catalog, 142
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 24,59
Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 347-348
PooleGe1997: distribution, 349
RosenDe1979: biological control, 760
Seghat1977: distribution, host, 13
ShahbaHoHa2022: natural enemies,
Shinji1936b: distribution, taxonomy, 93-94
Shirak1913: distribution, taxonomy, 100
Skvarl2020: host, illustration,
Suh2020: distribution, host, 11, 20, 21
Takagi1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 76, 92
Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 4, 6
Takaha1955e: distribution, host, taxonomy, 70, 75-76
Takaha1957b: taxonomy, 111
TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 12
Tang1977: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 218
Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
Tao1999: distribution, host, 92, 93
Varshn2002: distribution, host, 48
WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
Willia1969b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 60-61
Willia1969f: taxonomy, 114
Willia1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 449
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 228
WilliaEd1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
Yang1982: taxonomy, 220
Zimmer1948: distribution, host, 418, 422, 426
Zimmer1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 418