Valid Names Results
Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskell, 1895) (Diaspididae: Lepidosaphes)Nomenclatural History
- Mytilaspis pallida var ? Maskell 1895b: 46. Type data: JAPAN: taken in Honolulu Hawaii, on Podocarpus sp., by Mr. Koebele. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; accepted valid name
- Mytilaspis pallida maskelli Cockerell 1897q: 704. replacement name that is unjustified (discovered by Borchs1937a, 77). Replacement name for Mytilaspis pallida Maskell 1895b Notes: Cockerell (1897q) realized that Maskell's Mytilaspis pallida was different from Green's M. pallida and proposed M. pallida maskelli as a replacement name for the Maskell species. However, since the Maskell species is the senior name, Cockerell's replacement name is unnecessary.
- Lepidosaphes pallida maskelli (Cockerell, 1897); Fernald 1903b: 312. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes newsteadi; Ferris 1938a: SII-146. misidentification (discovered by McKenz1956, 123).
- Lepidosaphes pallida (Cockerell, 1897); Zimmerman 1948: 418. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes maskelli (Cockerell, 1897); Balachowsky 1954e: 87. change in status (level)
- Insulaspis maskelli (Cockerell, 1897); Borchsenius 1963: 1172. change of combination
- Jnsulaspis mackelli Hadzibejli 1965: 7. misspelling of both genus and species names
- Insulaspis pallida (Cockerell, 1897); Williams 1969b: 60. change of combination Notes: Balachowsky (1954e): synonymized the genus Insulaspis Mamet with Lepidosaphes Shimer creating the combination Lepidosaphes pallida.
Common Names
- Maskell scale McKenz1956
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 15 | Genera: 28
- Acanthaceae
- Avicennia marina | WatsonKo2022a
- Avicennia officinalis | Moghad2013a
- Apocynaceae
- Nerium | Moghad2013a
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex integra | Muraka1970
- Araucariaceae
- Araucaria | Nakaha1981a
- Cephalotaxaceae
- Cephalotaxus | Kuwana1925a
- Cephalotaxus nana | Muraka1970 | (= Cephalotaxus drupacea var. koreana)
- Cephalotaxus fortunei | Borchs1937a
- Cephalotaxus harringtonii | Borchs1937a Kuwana1925a Takagi1960 | (= Cephalotaxus harringtonia, Cephalotaxus fastigiata, Cephalotaxus drupacea.)
- Cupressaceae
- Callitris | PowellZeMi2024
- Cryptomeria | Moghad2013a
- Cryptomeria japonica | Kuwana1925a
- Cupressus sempervirens | PowellZeMi2024
- Juniperus | Takagi1960
- Juniperus barbadensis | PowellZeMi2024
- Juniperus bermudiana | WilliaEd1985
- Juniperus chinensis | Takagi1960 | var. sargentii
- Juniperus communis | Moghad2013a
- Juniperus conferta | BesheaTiHo1973
- Juniperus excelsa | PowellZeMi2024
- Juniperus horizontalis | PowellZeMi2024
- Juniperus procumbens | Muraka1970
- Juniperus rigida | Muraka1970
- Juniperus sabina | PowellZeMi2024
- Juniperus virginiana | PowellZeMi2024
- Microbiota decussata | Skvarl2020
- Platycladus orientalis | PowellZeMi2024
- Sequoia sempervirens | McKenz1956
- Taxodium distichum | PowellZeMi2024
- Thuja | PowellZeMi2024
- x Hesperotropsis x leylandii | PowellZeMi2024
- Fagaceae
- Quercus glauca | Kuwana1925a
- Pinaceae
- Abies firma | Muraka1970
- Cedrus | PowellZeMi2024
- Cedrus deodara | PowellZeMi2024
- Picea | McKenz1956
- Pinus | Seghat1977
- Podocarpaceae
- Podocarpus | Maskel1895b
- Podocarpus chinensis | Muraka1970
- Podocarpus macrophyllus | Borchs1937a Muraka1970
- Rhizophoraceae
- Kandelia candel | Tao1999 | (= Kandelia rheedii)
- Rosaceae
- Mespilus germanica | Moghad2013a
- Rutaceae
- Citrus aurantiifolia | Green1914c | (= Citrus acida)
- Salicaceae
- Salix koriyanagi | Muraka1970
- Sciadopityaceae
- Sciadopitys verticillata | Kuwana1925a
- Taxaceae
- Taxus cuspidata | Muraka1970
- Taxus globosa | Kuwana1925a
- Torreya nucifera | Kuwana1925a
Foes:
Families: 1 | Genera: 2
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis hispanicus | RosenDe1979
- Encarsia citrina | WatsonKo2022a
- Encarsia perniciosi | WatsonKo2022a
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 17
- Bermuda | MillerDa2005 WilliaEd1985
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | TakahaTa1956
- China | MillerDa2005
- Fujian (=Fukien) | Tao1999
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Hua2000
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
- Hainan | Tao1999
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Tao1999
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Tao1999
- Colombia | WatsonKo2022a
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017
- Hawaiian Islands | Kirkal1904b MillerDa2005
- Oahu | Nishid2002
- Iran | KozarFoZa1996 Seghat1977
- Japan | Maskel1895b MillerDa2005
- Honshu | Shinji1936b
- Kyushu | TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | TakahaTa1956
- Lebanon | MillerDa2005
- New Zealand | CharleHe2002
- Russia | WatsonKo2022a
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | TakahaTa1956
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 MillerDa2005
- Taiwan | ChenWo1936 MillerDa2005
- Turkey | MillerDa2005
- USSR | MillerDa2005
- United States
- Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
- California | McKenz1956 MillerDa2005
- Delaware | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- District of Columbia | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Florida | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973
- Louisiana | Miller2005
- Maryland | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Mississippi | Ferris1938a MillerDa2005
- New Jersey | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- New York | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Pennsylvania | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Virginia | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
Keys
- PowellZeMi2024: pp.21 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to slide-mounted Lepidosaphes]
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- MoghadWa2021: pp.139 ( Adult (F) ) [Lepidosaphes in Iran]
- Hender2011: pp.105 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Lepidosaphes adult females in New Zealand]
- MillerWiDa2006: pp.35-37 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the conifer infesting species of Lepidosaphes]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.169 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Lepidosaphes]
- Koszta1996: pp.517 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Northeastern North American Lepidosaphes]
- Danzig1993: pp.247 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Chou1982: pp.156 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Lepidosaphes]
- Paik1978: pp.337 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Willia1971: pp.449 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Insulaspis on Coniferae]
- Takagi1960: pp.92 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- McKenz1956: pp.33 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Takaha1955e: pp.70 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Balach1954e: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Tableau de détermination des espèces du g. Lepidosaphes]
- Borchs1950b: pp.184 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Zimmer1948: pp.418 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes reported in Hawaii] Key as: Lepidosaphes maskelli
- Kuwana1925a: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Green1896e: pp.77 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Mytilaspis of Ceylon] Key as: Mytilaspis pallida
Remarks
- Systematics: Maskell (1895b) described Mytilaspis pallida imported into Honolulu, from Japan on Podocarpus sp., but credited the species to Green. This record preceded the description of Mytilaspis pallida by Green (1896). It is clear that Maskell's species was not the same as Green's. Cockerell (1897q) proposed the replacement name Mytilaspis pallida var. maskelli for Maskell's species. However, since Maskell's description was valid, his species has precedence over Green's. Thus, Cockerell's name is a junior synonym of Lepidosaphes pallida Maskell. Williams (1969b) proposed the replacement name pallidula for Green's species. Since the two species have been confused, it is impossible to be sure that all references actually apply to the named species. Lepidosaphes pallida can be told from L. gloverii in lacking the spur on each side of the penultimate and 2 preceding segments of the body, while L. gloverii has a sharp spur on the corresponding segments (Kuwana, 1925a). It is also close to L. newsteadi and L. juniperi, differing chiefly in the presence of a single submarginal dorsal pygidial macroduct on the 5th abdominal segment as compared to 3 or 4 in the other species (McKenzie, 1956). Balachowsky (1954e) gives good characters to separate Lepidosaphes newsteadi from L. maskelli (=L. pallida (Maskell)).
- Structure: Adult female body slender, with the metathorax and basal 4 abdominal segments gently lobed laterally and with the pygidium rather of the shape of a trapezoid. Median lobes as long as wide, with the apical margin convex, and with a slight notch on each side (Takagi, 1970). Female scale cover light yellow-brown or tan, with pale, slender, terminal exuvia lying further forward from position of female body, which is pale, eggs pale (Henderson, 2011). Male scale cover same colour and texture but shorter and narrower than that of female; exuviae terminal, yellow (Watson & Kondo 2022).
- Biology: Lepidosaphes pallida is now accepted as a Holarctic species on conifers (Williams, 1969b). The life history of this species is poorly known. According to Waterston (1949), in Bermuda the winter is spent as adult females. Eggs are laid beginning in late March. Crawlers are present between July and November and probably occur earlier in the year. Males are reported. In Europe, Schmutterer (1951) found that it had 1 generation each year and overwintered as fertilized females. Crawlers begin hatching in June. Adult males and females appeared in mid-August. In Maryland adult males are present in late September to early October along with all other stages, i.e., eggs, crawlers, second instars and adult females. (Miller & Davidson, 2005). In New Zealand, it is found on leaves or base of leaves of its conferous hosts. (Henderson, 2011)
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. Dekle (1977) reports that Maskell scale is occasionally a serious pest of juniper in Florida. In concert with minute cypress scale, Maskell scale nearly eliminated the Bermuda cedar on Bermuda. The foliage of heavily infested trees turns pale yellow, and entire trees may be killed if remedial action is not taken. Hodgson and Hilburn (1991) indicated that Maskell scale is uncommon on Bermuda, being replaced by Carulaspis minima. The authors have seen die back due to this pest on Cryptomeria in Maryland. Miller and Davidson (1990) consider this species to be a serious pest in a small area of the world. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Kuwana (1925a), Balachowsky (1954e) and Takagi (1970). Table of taxanomic characters distinguishing conifer infesting species of Lepidosaphes in Miller, Williams & Davidson (2006). Color photograph in Watson & Kondo (2022a).
Illustrations
Citations
- Ali1969a: taxonomy, 53
- Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34, 87-91
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 259
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 12
- Borchs1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 105
- Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 72, 77
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 184
- Borchs1958a: taxonomy, 168
- Borchs1963: taxonomy, 1172, 1173
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 64
- CharleHe2002: distribution, host, taxonomy, 589-575,602-603
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 156, 181-182
- Cocker1897j: distribution, host, 5
- Cocker1897q: distribution, host, taxonomy, 704
- Cocker1898r: taxonomy, 239-240
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 247, 265, 268-269
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 288
- DaoBeWa2023: key, 1029
- DeitzTo1980: distribution, host, 40
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 103
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
- Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 246
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 312
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SII-146
- Fullaw1932: distribution, taxonomy, 96, 100
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 240
- Gill1997: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 169, 174-175, 185
- Hadzib1965: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7-9
- Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 8,13,33,105,109,112,
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 12
- Hua2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 153, 154
- Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 239, 241
- KawaiMaUm1971: taxonomy, 23
- Kirkal1902: distribution, taxonomy, 111
- Kirkal1904b: distribution, 158
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 17
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 517, 521-523
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 67
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 84
- Kuwana1925a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9-11
- Kuznet1967: taxonomy, 256
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, illustration, 54-60
- Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 373
- Maskel1895b: description, distribution, host, 46
- Maskel1897a: distribution, host, 241
- Matile1978: taxonomy, 55
- McKenz1955: distribution, taxonomy, 187, 190
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33, 123, 125-126
- Miller2005: distribution, illustration, 487
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 303
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 256
- MillerWiDa2006: description, taxonomy, 25, 36, 40-42
- Miyosh1926: distribution, 306
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 26
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 38
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 11, 139, 152-153, 246
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 83
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, 400
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 24,59
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 347-348
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 349
- PowellZeMi2024: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, 3, 5, 9, 13, 21
- RosenDe1979: biological control, 760
- Seghat1977: distribution, host, 13
- ShahbaHoHa2022: natural enemies,
- Shinji1936b: distribution, taxonomy, 93-94
- Shirak1913: distribution, taxonomy, 100
- Skvarl2020: host, illustration,
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 11, 20, 21
- Takagi1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 76, 92
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 4, 6
- Takaha1955e: distribution, host, taxonomy, 70, 75-76
- Takaha1957b: taxonomy, 111
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 12
- Tang1977: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 218
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 92, 93
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 48
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Willia1969b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 60-61
- Willia1969f: taxonomy, 114
- Willia1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 449
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 228
- WilliaEd1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
- Yang1982: taxonomy, 220
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, 418, 422, 426
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 418
