Valid Names Results

Icerya samaraia (Morrison, 1927) (Monophlebidae: Icerya)

Nomenclatural History

Steatococcus samaraius Morrison 1927: 109. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Samarai, on unstated host; collected by George Compere.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
Icerya samaraia (Morrison, 1927); Unruh & Gullan 2008: 42. change of combination
Steatococcus samaraius Morrison, 1927; Gavrilov-Zimin 2018: 175. revived combination (previously published) Notes: Gavrilov-Zimin rejected the genetic basis for separation of genera. Based on his morphological definition of genera, he considered Steatococcus a separate genus and reassigned several species to this revived genus.

Common Names

Cochinilla acanalada Samaraia KondoWa2022b

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 25 | Genera: 39

Anacardiaceae

Mangifera indica | WilliaWa1990
Schinus terebinthifolia | WilliaWa1990

Annonaceae

Annona muricata | WilliaWa1990

Araceae

Araceae | WilliaWa1990
Colocasia esculenta | WilliaWa1990

Arecaceae

Arecaceae | WilliaWa1990
Cocos nucifera | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990

Asteraceae

Asteraceae | WilliaWa1990
Mikania cordata | WilliaMi2010

Calophyllaceae

Calophyllum | WilliaWa1990
Calophyllum inophyllum | WilliaWa1990

Caricaceae

Carica papaya | WilliaWa1990

Casuarinaceae

Casuarina | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990
Casuarina equisetifolia | WilliaMi2010
Casuarina oligodon | WilliaWa1990

Dilleniaceae

Tetracera | WilliaWa1990

Dipterocarpaceae

Anisoptera thurifera | WilliaWa1990 | ssp.. polyandra

Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha | Beards1966
Macaranga | WilliaMi2010
Macaranga aleuritoides | WilliaWa1990

Fabaceae

Acacia | Beards1966
Cajanus cajan | WilliaWa1990
Erythrina | Beards1966
Mimosa pigra | WatsonMuSh2014
Tephrosia | WilliaWa1990

Gentianaceae

Fagraea | WilliaWa1990

Goodeniaceae

Scaevola sericea | WilliaWa1990

Malvaceae

Commersonia bartramia | WilliaWa1990
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | WilliaWa1990
Hibiscus tiliaceus | Beards1966 WilliaMi2010
Ochroma | WilliaWa1990
Theobroma cacao | WilliaWa1990

Moraceae

Ficus | WilliaWa1990
Ficus ampelas | WilliaMi2010

Musaceae

Musa | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus deglupta | WilliaWa1990
Psidium guajava | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990

Pinaceae

Pinus caribaea | WilliaWa1990
Pinus merkusii | WilliaWa1990

Proteaceae

Finschia | WilliaWa1990
Grevillea papuana | WilliaWa1990

Rosaceae

Rosa | Beards1966

Rubiaceae

Coffea | Reyne1965c
Neonauclea calycina | WilliaMi2010
Timonius | WilliaWa1990

Rutaceae

Citrus | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990

Urticaceae

Pipturus argenteus | WilliaWa1990

Zingiberaceae

Elettaria cardamomum | WilliaWa1990

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 9

Federated States of Micronesia

Caroline Islands | Beards1966
Yap | Beards1966

Guam | KondoWa2022b

Indonesia

Bali | Gavril2017b
Irian Jaya | Gavril2013 WilliaWa1990
Java | Reyne1965c
Kalimantan (=Borneo) | Gavril2020
Sulawesi (=Celebes) | Gavril2013 WatsonMuSh2014

Malaysia | Gavril2020

New Caledonia | WilliaWa1990

Northern Mariana Islands | KondoWa2022b

Palau | Beards1966

Papua New Guinea | Morris1927 WilliaWa1990

Solomon Islands | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990

Keys

Gavril2018: pp.176,178 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Steatococcus] Key as: Steatococcus samaraius
UnruhGu2008b: pp.72-73 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Icerya]
Morris1928: pp.218 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Steatococcus]

Remarks

Structure: The adult female of I. samaraia is about 3–5 mm long, has yellow body contents and is coated in thick, flocculent white wax, or sulfur-yellow wax tinged with white; no external ovisac is produced, because the eggs are laid into an internal marsupium opening in the middle of the abdominal venter. In contrast, adult I. aegyptiaca, I. purchasi and I. seychellarum all secrete an external white wax ovisac from the abdominal margins. (Kondo & Watson in T. Kondo & G.W. Watson, 2022b)
Biology: Reporductive system is described as hermaphroditisml by Gavrilov-Zimin (2020): the studied female-like ultimolarvae contain sperm bundles in the ovo-testicles. The presence of ovo-testicles in female-like diploid insects also has been shown for Icerya bimaculata De Lotto, 1959, I. multicicatrices (Kondo & Unruh, 2009) and I. purchasi Maskell, 1879. (Gavrilov-Zimin, 2020)
Economic Importance: Icerya samaraia is a minor pest of citrus, banana, coconut, guava, papaya, cacao, pigeon pea and other plants, including forest and ornamental trees. In Singapore, serious infestations on i>Phyllanthus sp. were reported in 2013. In 2017 the scale became an extensive problem in Fiji, possibly due to ecological disruption of natural control agents by a cyclone and the activities of attendant ants. (Kondo & Watson in T. Kondo & G.W. Watson, 2022b)
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1927) and by Williams & Watson (1990). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).

Illustrations

Citations

Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 401
BenDov2005a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 274
Foldi2001a: taxonomy, 216
Gavril2013: distribution, 69
Gavril2017b: distribution, 142
Gavril2018: illustration, key, reproduction, taxonomy, 175,177,178,190
Gavril2020: distribution, host, illustration, reproduction, 340-343
Gavril2021b: reproduction, 244
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 22
KondoWa2022b: control, description, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 99-100
MilleHeCa2016: ant association, distribution, economic importance, host, 146
Morris1927: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 109
Morris1928: taxonomy, 214,218,226
Reyne1965c: distribution, host, 212-213
Sweetm1958: biological control, economic importance, 449-458
UnruhGu2008: phylogeny, taxonomy, 8-50
UnruhGu2008b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 95
WatsonMuSh2014: distribution, host, 1595
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 243
WilliaMi2010: distribution, host, 46
WilliaWa1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 30-35
ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 175