Valid Names Results
Icerya samaraia (Morrison, 1927) (Monophlebidae: Icerya)Nomenclatural History
- Steatococcus samaraius Morrison 1927: 109. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Samarai, on unstated host; collected by George Compere.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
- Icerya samaraia (Morrison, 1927); Unruh & Gullan 2008: 42. change of combination
- Steatococcus samaraius Morrison, 1927; Gavrilov-Zimin 2018: 175. revived combination (previously published) Notes: Gavrilov-Zimin rejected the genetic basis for separation of genera. Based on his morphological definition of genera, he considered Steatococcus a separate genus and reassigned several species to this revived genus.
Common Names
- Cochinilla acanalada Samaraia KondoWa2022b
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 25 | Genera: 39
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | WilliaWa1990
- Schinus terebinthifolia | WilliaWa1990
- Annonaceae
- Annona muricata | WilliaWa1990
- Araceae
- Araceae | WilliaWa1990
- Colocasia esculenta | WilliaWa1990
- Arecaceae
- Arecaceae | WilliaWa1990
- Cocos nucifera | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990
- Asteraceae
- Asteraceae | WilliaWa1990
- Mikania cordata | WilliaMi2010
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum | WilliaWa1990
- Calophyllum inophyllum | WilliaWa1990
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | WilliaWa1990
- Casuarinaceae
- Casuarina | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990
- Casuarina equisetifolia | WilliaMi2010
- Casuarina oligodon | WilliaWa1990
- Dilleniaceae
- Tetracera | WilliaWa1990
- Dipterocarpaceae
- Anisoptera thurifera | WilliaWa1990 | ssp.. polyandra
- Euphorbiaceae
- Acalypha | Beards1966
- Macaranga | WilliaMi2010
- Macaranga aleuritoides | WilliaWa1990
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | Beards1966
- Cajanus cajan | WilliaWa1990
- Erythrina | Beards1966
- Mimosa pigra | WatsonMuSh2014
- Tephrosia | WilliaWa1990
- Gentianaceae
- Fagraea | WilliaWa1990
- Goodeniaceae
- Scaevola sericea | WilliaWa1990
- Malvaceae
- Commersonia bartramia | WilliaWa1990
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | WilliaWa1990
- Hibiscus tiliaceus | Beards1966 WilliaMi2010
- Ochroma | WilliaWa1990
- Theobroma cacao | WilliaWa1990
- Moraceae
- Ficus | WilliaWa1990
- Ficus ampelas | WilliaMi2010
- Musaceae
- Musa | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990
- Myrtaceae
- Eucalyptus deglupta | WilliaWa1990
- Psidium guajava | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990
- Pinaceae
- Pinus caribaea | WilliaWa1990
- Pinus merkusii | WilliaWa1990
- Proteaceae
- Finschia | WilliaWa1990
- Grevillea papuana | WilliaWa1990
- Rosaceae
- Rosa | Beards1966
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea | Reyne1965c
- Neonauclea calycina | WilliaMi2010
- Timonius | WilliaWa1990
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990
- Urticaceae
- Pipturus argenteus | WilliaWa1990
- Zingiberaceae
- Elettaria cardamomum | WilliaWa1990
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 9
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | Beards1966
- Yap | Beards1966
- Guam | KondoWa2022b
- Indonesia
- Bali | Gavril2017b
- Irian Jaya | Gavril2013 WilliaWa1990
- Java | Reyne1965c
- Kalimantan (=Borneo) | Gavril2020
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | Gavril2013 WatsonMuSh2014
- Malaysia | Gavril2020
- New Caledonia | WilliaWa1990
- Northern Mariana Islands | KondoWa2022b
- Palau | Beards1966
- Papua New Guinea | Morris1927 WilliaWa1990
- Solomon Islands | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990
Keys
- Gavril2018: pp.176,178 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Steatococcus] Key as: Steatococcus samaraius
- UnruhGu2008b: pp.72-73 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Icerya]
- Morris1928: pp.218 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Steatococcus]
Remarks
- Structure: The adult female of I. samaraia is about 3–5 mm long, has yellow body contents and is coated in thick, flocculent white wax, or sulfur-yellow wax tinged with white; no external ovisac is produced, because the eggs are laid into an internal marsupium opening in the middle of the abdominal venter. In contrast, adult I. aegyptiaca, I. purchasi and I. seychellarum all secrete an external white wax ovisac from the abdominal margins. (Kondo & Watson in T. Kondo & G.W. Watson, 2022b)
- Biology: Reporductive system is described as hermaphroditisml by Gavrilov-Zimin (2020): the studied female-like ultimolarvae contain sperm bundles in the ovo-testicles. The presence of ovo-testicles in female-like diploid insects also has been shown for Icerya bimaculata De Lotto, 1959, I. multicicatrices (Kondo & Unruh, 2009) and I. purchasi Maskell, 1879. (Gavrilov-Zimin, 2020)
- Economic Importance: Icerya samaraia is a minor pest of citrus, banana, coconut, guava, papaya, cacao, pigeon pea and other plants, including forest and ornamental trees. In Singapore, serious infestations on i>Phyllanthus sp. were reported in 2013. In 2017 the scale became an extensive problem in Fiji, possibly due to ecological disruption of natural control agents by a cyclone and the activities of attendant ants. (Kondo & Watson in T. Kondo & G.W. Watson, 2022b)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1927) and by Williams & Watson (1990). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
Illustrations
Citations
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 401
- BenDov2005a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 274
- Foldi2001a: taxonomy, 216
- Gavril2013: distribution, 69
- Gavril2017b: distribution, 142
- Gavril2018: illustration, key, reproduction, taxonomy, 175,177,178,190
- Gavril2020: distribution, host, illustration, reproduction, 340-343
- Gavril2021b: reproduction, 244
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 22
- KondoWa2022b: control, description, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 99-100
- KondoWa2024: distribution, 2
- MilleHeCa2016: ant association, distribution, economic importance, host, 146
- Morris1927: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 109
- Morris1928: taxonomy, 214,218,226
- Reyne1965c: distribution, host, 212-213
- Sweetm1958: biological control, economic importance, 449-458
- UnruhGu2008: phylogeny, taxonomy, 8-50
- UnruhGu2008b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 95
- WatsonMuSh2014: distribution, host, 1595
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 243
- WilliaMi2010: distribution, host, 46
- WilliaWa1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 30-35
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 175
