Valid Names Results
Duplachionaspis divergens (Green, 1899) (Diaspididae: Duplachionaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Chionaspis graminis divergens Green 1899a: 123. Type data: SRI LANKA: on Andropogon nardus. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Chionaspis graminis var. near divergens Green 1916e: 58. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Darwin, on grasses. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Green1937, 316).
- Duplachionaspis divergens (Green, 1899); MacGillivray 1921: 334. change of combination
- Chionaspis miscantheae Kuwana 1928: 10-11. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Yokaichi, on Miscanthus sinensis, 02/09/1923, by K. Tanaka. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Takagi1970, 39-41). Illustr.
- Greenaspis graminis divergens (Green, 1899); Ferris 1952a: 7. change of combination
- Duplachionaspis miscanthi (Kuwana, 1928); Takahashi & Tachikawa 1956: 10. misspelling of species epithet
- Duplachionaspis miscantheae (Kuwana, 1928); Takagi 1961: 17. change of combination
- Greenaspis divergens (Green, 1899); Borchsenius 1966: 108. change of combination
Common Names
- bunchgrass scale AbdRabEv2021
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 1 | Genera: 19
- Poaceae
- Andropogon | Borchs1966
- Arundo donax | Hall1923
- Arundo formosana | Takagi1970
- Arundo plinii | Balach1927
- Bambusa | Tao1999
- Bothriochloa pertusa | Stocks2013a
- Chrysopogon zizanioides | Green1899a Hall1923 | (= Agrostis verticillata) ( Andropogon nardus)
- Cymbopogon | DanzigPe1998 Suh2016
- Cymbopogon citratus | Stocks2013a
- Eustachys | Stocks2013a
- Imperata cylindrica | TakahaTa1956
- Miscanthus | Takagi1961
- Miscanthus sinensis | Kuwana1928
- Paspalum notatum | EvansHo2007
- Paspalum scrobiculatum | Hoffma1927
- Pennisetum | Stocks2013a
- Pennisetum purpureum | TorresVaSa2021
- Poa nemoralis | Hall1922 | (= Agrostis alba)
- Saccharum | MonteiWoPe2019 PruthiRa1942
- Saccharum officinarum | CaballRaRa2020
- Sorghum bicolor | Fletch1919 | (= Andropogon sorghum)
- Spinifex littoreus | Takaha1929
- Stenotaphrum secundatum | EvansHo2007
- Tripsacum dactyloides | Stocks2013a
- Tripsacum floridanum | Stocks2013a
- Urochloa | TorresVaSa2021
- Zoysia matrella | Takagi1970
Foes:
Families: 2 | Genera: 5
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis | Sankar1984
- Aphytis lingnanensis | EvansHo2007
- Encarsia | Sankar1984
- Encarsia citrina | EvansHo2007
- Encyrtidae
- Adelencyrtus moderatus | Sankar1984 | (= Adelencyrtus mysorensis)
- Manicnemus indicus | ShafeeAlAg1975 | (= Parablastothrix indicus)
- Thomsonisca amathus | Sankar1984
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 18
- Algeria | Trabut1910
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | Malump2018
- Australia
- Northern Territory | Green1916e
- Brazil
- Mato Grosso do Sul | TorresVaSa2021
- Sao Paulo | MonteiWoPe2019
- China | Hoffma1927 | FangWuXu2001
- Colombia | EvansHo2007
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Hall1922
- India
- Himachal Pradesh | Green1908a
- Karnataka | ShafeeAlAg1975
- Punjab | Green1908a
- Tamil Nadu | PruthiRa1942
- Japan
- Honshu | Kuwana1928
- Kyushu | TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | TakahaTa1956
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | Suh2016
- Saint Lucia | Malump2014a
- South Korea | YuSu2012
- Sri Lanka | Green1899a
- Taiwan | Takaha1929
- Thailand | Takaha1942b
- United States
- Alabama | EvansHo2007
- Florida | Hodges2003 Miller2005
- Texas | EvansHo2007
- Venezuela | EvansHo2007
- Vietnam | Suh2016
Keys
- CaballRaKo2017: pp.498 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccomorpha of sugarcane from Colombia]
- YuSu2012: pp.66 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Duplachionaspis from East Palaearctic Region ]
- Chen1983: pp.59 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Duplachionaspis]
- Chou1982: pp.75 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Duplachionaspis]
- Kuwana1928: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis] Key as: Chionaspis miscantheae
- MacGil1921: pp.334 ( ) [Key to species of Duplachionaspis]
Remarks
- Systematics: GenBank accession numbers DQ145338 and DQ145450 were previously determined to be Haliaspis asymmetrica, but Normark, et al., 2019, referred these numbers to Duplachionaspis divergens. Duplachionaspis divergens is easily diagnosed by its divergent median lobes (Takagi, 1961). The scale cover of the adult female resembles that of false oleander scale (Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli Cooley)in that they appear as small white "tear drops" that are about 3 mm long. Male covers are much smaller and appear as white tricarinate tubes. (Evans & Hodges, 2007)
- Structure: Adult female body elongate, fusiform, 1.46 mm long and 0.64 mm wide. Free segments each slightly produced laterally; pygidium nearly triangular, weakly sclerotized (Takagi, 1961). Adult female cover flat, broadly oyster-shell shaped; skins marginal, yellow to brown. Male cover elongate, white, felted with 3 faint, logitudinal ridges; shed skins light yellow (Yu & Su 2013)
- Biology: It is reported that females lay an average of 130 eggs and that 9 generations/year occur with an average generation time of 39 days. (Evans & Hodges, 2007).
- Economic Importance: D. divergens has been reported as a minor pest of sugarcane in India and Columbia. Sugarcane growers usually implement natural control strategies and seldom use pesticides. (Evans & Hodges, 2007) In regions where sugarcane is grown, it has caused minor economic impact, but parasitoids appear to suppress the scale to below economic levels. (Stocks, 2013a) D. divergens has only recently been found in pastures, and the losses have still to be determined. The damage, however, was visibly significant, making this insect a serious threat to meat and milk production systems. (Torres, et al., 2021)
- General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Kuwana (1928) and Takagi (1970).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 34
- Ali1969a: distribution, host, 49
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 181
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 505
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 130
- CaballRaKo2017: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, key, 495
- CaballRaRa2020: host, 169
- Chen1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 14, 59-60
- ChirinAnCa2021: natural enemies, 18
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 75, 77-78
- Chou1986: illustration, 468
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 248
- EvansHo2007: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 392-393
- FangWuXu2001: distribution, host, 107
- Ferris1952a: taxonomy, 7
- Fletch1919: distribution, host, 296
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 238
- Green1899a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 123
- Green1908a: distribution, host, 37
- Green1916e: distribution, host, 58
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 316
- GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173, 175, 176
- Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 28-29
- Hall1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20-21, 44
- Hall1927b: taxonomy, 167
- Hoffma1927: distribution, host, 74
- HowellTi1975a: taxonomy, 433
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 149
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 151
- Hua2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 151
- Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 286-287
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 16
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 84
- Kuwana1928: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 3, 10-11
- Lindin1936: taxonomy, 154
- Lindin1943b: taxonomy, 224
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 548
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 334
- Malump2012c: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 23-30
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 75
- Malump2018: distribution, 56
- Mamet1959a: taxonomy, 439
- Miller2005: distribution, 487
- MonteiWoPe2019: distribution, host, illustration,
- Muntin1977: taxonomy, 22
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 89
- NiuCaWe2023: genebank, phylogeny, 304, 310
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, genebank, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 20, 40, 74
- PruthiRa1942: distribution, economic importance, host, 87
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 352
- RaoSa1969: distribution, economic importance, host, 338
- Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, 23
- ShafeeAlAg1975: biological control, distribution, host, 105
- ShuklaTr1979: distribution, economic importance, 535
- Stocks2013a: distribution, economic importance, host, 243, 354
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 318, 326
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 13
- Tachik1955: distribution, 58
- Takagi1961: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 17-18
- Takagi1969a: distribution, 24
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 39-41
- Takagi1971: distribution, host, 130
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, 16, 26, 73
- Takaha1942b: distribution, host, 31
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 10
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 3
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 99
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 89
- TorresVaSa2021: biology, distribution, host, illustration,
- Trabut1910: distribution, host, 46
- Trabut1911: distribution, host, 60
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 63
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 63
- Varshn2005: distribution, host, 163
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 224
- Wu1935: distribution, 200
- Yang1982: taxonomy, 230, 239
- YuSu2012: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 63-67
