Valid Names Results
Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner, 1778) (Diaspididae: Diaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus bromeliae Kerner 1778: 1-56. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo; EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA; MEXICO; on Bromelia pinguin, Hibiscus sp., Canna sp., Billbergia zebrina, Olea fragrans. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Types presumed lost.
- Aspidiotus bromeliae (Kerner, 1778); Curtis 1843d: 588. change of combination
- Aspidiotes Bromeliae Bouché 1844: 295. Type data: WEST INDIES: on Ananas sativus. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Eberswalde: Institut fur Pflanzenschutzforschung, Germany; synonym and homonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 169). Notes: This is also a misspelling of the generic epithet Aspidiotus.
- Chermes bromeliae (Kerner, 1778); Boisduval 1868: 281. change of combination
- Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner, 1778); Signoret 1869d: 434. change of combination
- Aulacaspis bromeliae (Kerner, 1778); Cockerell 1894: 33. change of combination
- Diaspis tillandsiae; Del Guercio 1894: 156. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 169).
Common Names
- pineapple scale Blicke1965 Fuller1907
- Ananasu-shiro-kaigaramushi KondoWa2022b
- حشرة االناناس القشرية AbdRab2012
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 14 | Genera: 36
- Araliaceae
- Hedera helix | Lepage1938
- Arecaceae
- Areca | Watson2002a | (= Palmae)
- Chamaerops | Borchs1966
- Chamaerops humilis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Howea forsteriana | GhabboMo1996 LepineMi1931 | (= Kentia)
- Hydriastele | KondoWa2022b
- Lytocaryum weddellianum | LepineMi1931 | (= Cocos weddelliana)
- Phoenix paludosa | Balach1954e
- Rhapis excelsa | LepineMi1931 | (= Trachycarpus excelsus)
- Syagrus campestris | LepineMi1931 | (= Cocos campestris)
- Syagrus flexuosa | LepineMi1931
- Asparagaceae
- Agave vivipara | Hall1925
- Anthericum | Borchs1966
- Dracaena | GhabboMo1996
- Bromeliaceae
- Aechmea | MillerDa2005 | (= Chevalieria)
- Aechmea fasciata | KozarzRe1975
- Ananas | MillerDa2005 Brimbl1956b
- Ananas comosus | Bouche1844 CulikMaVe2008 Takaha1931b | (= Ananas sativus)
- Billbergia | MillerDa2005
- Billbergia amoena | DelGue1894 | (= Tillandsia amoena)
- Billbergia zebrina | Comsto1883 Kerner1778
- Bromelia | MillerDa2005
- Bromelia pinguin | Cocker1899n Kerner1778
- Guzmania | MillerDa2005
- Hohenbergia | JansenAl2023
- Lutheria splendens | JansenAl2023
- Neoregelia | MillerDa2005 | (= Aregelia)
- Nidularium | MillerDa2005
- Nidularium fulgens | JansenAl2023
- Nidularium innocentii | KozarHi1996
- Tillandsia | MillerDa2005
- Cactaceae
- Cannaceae
- Canna | Essig1910a Kerner1778
- Euphorbiaceae
- Codiaeum variegatum | JansenAl2023
- Lauraceae
- Ocotea | Watson2002a
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus | Balach1954e Kerner1778
- Myrtaceae
- Plinia cauliflora | MartinWoCu2022
- Oleaceae
- Osmanthus | Borchs1966
- Osmanthus fragrans | Essig1910a Kerner1778 | var. aurantiacus (= Olea fragans)
- Orchidaceae
- Brassia | Borchs1966
- Cattleya | MillerDa2005
- Gomesa bifolia | Lizery1939 | (= Oncidium bifolium)
- Orchis | UlgentErYa2022
- Poaceae
- Saccharum officinarum | Lepage1938
- Santalaceae
- Jodina | Watson2002a
- Jodina rhombifolia | Lizery1939
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 7
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis chrysomphali | Balach1954e
- Aphytis proclia | Balach1954e
- Encarsia citrina | Balach1954e HuangPo1998 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus nigritus | HertinSi1972
- Chilocorus politus | HertinSi1972
- Orcus | HertinSi1972
- Rhyzobius | HertinSi1972
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | HertinSi1972 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Encyrtidae
- Coccidencyrtus malloi | PanisPi2001
- Coccidencyrtus ochraceipes | Watson2002a
- Plagiomerus | PanisPi2001a
- Plagiomerus hospes | DeSant1979
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 81
- Antigua and Barbuda | Watson2002a
- Argentina | Lizery1939
- Buenos Aires | Watson2002a
- Cordoba | Watson2002a
- Salta | Watson2002a
- Tucuman | Watson2002a
- Australia
- Queensland | Frogga1914
- Austria | Malump2011a Watson2002a
- Azores | Balach1954e
- Bahamas | Merril1953
- Belgium | Balach1954e
- Belize | Watson2002a
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Watson2002a
- Brazil | CostaL1936
- Bahia | MartinWoCu2022 Watson2002a
- Espirito Santo | MartinWoCu2022
- Minas Gerais | Watson2002a
- Rio Grande do Sul | Watson2002a
- Rio de Janeiro | Lepage1938
- Sao Paulo | Lepage1938
- Bulgaria | Tsalev1964 Tsalev1968
- Burma (=Myanmar) | Tao1999
- Canada | JansenAl2023
- Canary Islands | CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001
- China | DanzigPe1998 Tao1999
- Colombia | JansenAl2023
- Cook Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Costa Rica | Merril1953
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | JansenAl2023
- Cuba | Merril1953
- Czech Republic | KondoWa2022b
- Czechoslovakia | KozarzRe1975
- Denmark | KozarzRe1975
- Dominican Republic | Merril1953
- Egypt | Hall1925 Watson2002a
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | Watson2002a
- Pohnpei Island | Beards1966
- Fiji | Hinckl1963
- France | Balach1954e Foldi2001
- French Polynesia
- Society Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Tahiti | Watson2002a WilliaWa1988
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017
- Germany | Balach1954e
- Guadeloupe | Watson2002a
- Guatemala | Watson2002a
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Watson2002a
- Haiti | Watson2002a
- Hawaiian Islands | Fullaw1932 MillerDa2005
- Hawaii | Heu2002
- Kauai | Heu2002
- Lanai | Heu2002
- Maui | Heu2002
- Molokai | Heu2002
- Oahu | Heu2002 Kirkal1904b
- Hungary | FogaraKo1977 KozarKoFe2013
- India | Watson2002a
- Indonesia | Suh2016
- Iran | JansenAl2023
- Italy | Balach1954e LongoMaPe1995
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995
- Jamaica | Giliom1966
- Japan | Watson2002a
- Honshu | Kuwana1926
- Okinawa | KondoWa2022b
- Kenya | DeLott1967a
- Madeira Islands | Balach1954e
- Malaysia | Watson2002a
- Malta | Watson2002a
- Martinique | Watson2002a
- Mauritius | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988
- Mexico | Balach1954e | Watson2002a
- Veracruz | Cocker1899n
- Morocco | LepineMi1931 | Watson2002a
- Mozambique | Almeid1971
- Netherlands | Watson2002a
- New Caledonia | Watson2002a | Watson2002a
- Philippines | Watson2002a
- Pitcairn Island | Watson2002a
- Poland | Watson2002a
- Portugal | DanzigPe1998
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | Merril1953
- Romania | FetykoKoDa2010 Teodor2018
- Russia | Archan1929
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | Watson2002a
- Saint Lucia | Watson2002a
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Watson2002a
- Seychelles | Merril1953
- Sierra Leone | Giliom1966
- South Africa | Brain1919
- South Korea | DanzigPe1998
- Spain | Watson2002a
- Sweden | KozarzRe1975
- Switzerland | KozarHi1996
- Taiwan | Tao1999
- Thailand | Suh2026
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | DeSant1979
- Turkey | DanzigPe1998 | Watson2002a
- United Kingdom
- England | Balach1954e
- United States
- Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
- California | Carnes1907 MillerDa2005
- Connecticut | Britto1923
- District of Columbia | Merril1953 MillerDa2005
- Florida | Cocker1897j MillerDa2005
- Illinois | Merril1953 MillerDa2005
- Louisiana | Miller2005
- Massachusetts | King1899c
- Missouri | MillerDa2005
- New Jersey | MillerDa2005
- New York | Felt1901 MillerDa2005
- Ohio | MillerDa2005 WebsteBu1902
- Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005
- Texas | MillerDa2005
- Virginia | MillerDa2005
- Wyoming | MillerDa2005
- Uzbekistan
- Tashkent Oblast | YakhyoKiMu2021
- Venezuela | Watson2002a
- Vietnam | Suh2026
- Western Samoa | WilliaWa1988 | KondoWa2022b
Keys
- CaballKoRa2023: pp.25 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Diaspis Costa, 1828 recorded in Colombia]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-30 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- ColonFMe1998: pp.91 ( ) [Key to species of Diaspis of Puerto Rico]
- Gill1997: pp.125 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Diaspis]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.100 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis in the tropical South Pacific Region]
- Chou1982: pp.118 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Diaspis]
- Danzig1971d: pp.844 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]
- Beards1966: pp.531 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to known Micronesian species of Diaspis]
- Schmut1959: pp.178 ( Adult (F) ) [Bestimmungstabelle der deutschen Diaspis-Arten]
- McKenz1956: pp.31 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Diaspis Costa]
- Balach1954e: pp.177 ( Adult (F) ) [Tableau d'indentification des espèces du Diaspis Costa]
- Hall1946a: pp.515 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:52 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
- Archan1937: pp.82 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to sepcies of Diaspis]
- Fullaw1932: pp.95 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Hawaiian Diaspinae]
- MacGil1921: pp.321 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
- Newste1901b: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
Remarks
- Systematics: Diaspis bromeliae is similar to D. boisduvalii, but differs in easily distinguishable characters. In D. boisduvalii the large submarginal macroducts number 2 on each side just anterior to the second and third lobes, in D. bromeliae they number 6 or more (Williams & Watson, 1988).
- Structure: Female scale circular, flat, thin, white, exuviae subcentral. Male scale white, elongate, definitely tricarinate (Ferris, 1937). Female scale cover semitranslucent, white or dirty white or light brown, circular, 1.5–2.5 mm in diameter, slightly convex, with subcentral yellowish or tan exuviae. Male scale cover white, tricarinate, with single terminal exuviae yellowish to light brown. (Kondo & Watson, 2022b)
- Biology: Little information is available on this species. Brimblecombe (1956) states that development from the egg to adult takes about two months in the summer in Australia; several generations occur each year. Males are common. The preferred feeding site seems to be at the bases of the leaves. Heavy infestations also occur on the fruit and the leaf blade. Dziedzicka (1989) indicates that the "...species produces few generations per year." According to Murray (1980, 1982), in Australia the pineapple scale lays eggs that hatch in about 7 days, and development from the egg to the adult takes about 2 months. Reproduction is continuous with eggs present at all times of the year although there are several periods when adult females are most abundant. Adult males are common. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. D. bromeliae is a pest of pineapples (Williams & Watson, 1988). The pineapple scale occasionally builds to severe infestations in pineapple plantations in Australia, but the populations usually are very localized and apparently are brought under control relatively rapidly by natural enemies. According to Brimblecombe (1956) dense colonies give the leaves a gray appearance and cause a lack of vigor in the plant. Heavily infested plants produce small fruit and numerous suckers. On many hosts the area surrounding the scale cover turns chlorotic. Ornamental bromeliads subjected to heavy infestations become unsightly with abundant yellow spotting. Murray (1980) states that heavily infested plants become weak and stunted, show conspicuous dying back of the foliage, and produce undersized, pinched-looking fruit in pineapple fields in Australia. Williams and Watson (1988) mention this species as a pest of pineapple. Beardsley and González (1975) consider this scale to be one of 43 serious armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Microscopy images by Caballero, et al. (2023).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRab2012: list, 609
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 34
- AbuAllOmRa2025: natural enemies, 42
- Almeid1971: distribution, host, 10
- Archan1929: distribution, host, 190
- Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82, 84-85
- Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
- Balach1938a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 154
- Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 177, 182-185
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 258
- Beards1966: distribution, host, 531
- BenDovSoBo2012: distribution, 67
- Blicke1965: taxonomy, 297, 307
- Bodenh1953: taxonomy, 2
- Boisdu1868: host, taxonomy, 281
- Boraty1968a: taxonomy, 33-34
- Borchs1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 104, 105
- Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 116
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 207
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 169
- Borchs1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 277
- Bouche1844: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 295-296
- Brain1919: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 222-223
- Brain1929: distribution, host, 142
- Brick1909a: dispersal, list, 6
- Brimbl1956b: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, 217-218
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 366, 367
- Brown1965: chemistry, distribution, host, taxonomy, 105-108
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 299
- CaballKoRa2023: distribution, illustration, key, morphology, record, survey, taxonomy, 24-25
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 36-37
- Carnes1907: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 199-200
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 118, 120-121
- Chou1986: illustration, 523
- Cocker1894: taxonomy, 33
- Cocker1895x: distribution, host, 260
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 335
- Cocker1897g: taxonomy, 107
- Cocker1897j: distribution, host, 4
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 29
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 92
- Comsto1883: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 86, 89-91
- Comsto1916: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 547, 550-552
- CostaL1936: distribution, host, 191
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- Curtis1843: 588
- Curtis1843d: taxonomy, 588
- Danzig1964: description, taxonomy, 650
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 844
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 245
- DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 116
- DeSant1979: biological control, distribution, 233
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 10, 54
- DelGue1894: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 152-158
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
- Essig1910a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 213-214
- Ezzat1958: distribution, host, 245
- FDACSB1982: distribution, host, 10
- Felt1901: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 359
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-33
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 41
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:52
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 296
- FogaraKo1977: 389-391
- FogaraKo1977: distribution, 388, 390, 392
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 11,23
- Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 880
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 53
- Fullaw1932: distribution, taxonomy, 95, 102
- Fuller1907: taxonomy, 1035
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, 129-135
- GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 345
- Giliom1966: catalog, distribution, host, 423
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
- Gill1997: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 125, 126, 130
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 630
- Hall1925: description, distribution, host, 14-15
- Hall1946a: distribution, taxonomy, 515, 548
- Hender2011: distribution, structure, 92
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 179-180
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 21
- Hinckl1963: distribution, host, 39
- HodgesHo2002a: taxonomy, 118
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 23
- Howell1975a: description, taxonomy, 414
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 150
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1859
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 25,33
- Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 262
- Kerner1778: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-56
- King1899c: distribution, host, 227
- Kirkal1904b: distribution, host, 157
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 15
- KondoWa2022g: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 470-471
- Kotins1906a: distribution, host, 136
- KozarHi1996: distribution, host, 95
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 83
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, 33
- Kuwana1926: description, distribution, taxonomy, 15, 17-18
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
- Lamb1974: distribution, economic importance, 42
- Lashin1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 133-134
- Leonar1901a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 576
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 183, 190-192
- Lepage1938: catalog, distribution, host, 403-404
- LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 250
- Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 66
- Lindin1924: taxonomy, 175
- Lindin1932: taxonomy, 26
- Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 181, 182
- Lindin1934e: taxonomy, 160
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 133
- Lindin1938: taxonomy, 9
- LiuBoVi2025: phylogenetics, 6
- Lizery1939: catalog, distribution, host, 198-199
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 126
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 149
- Lupo1938: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 122, 134-138
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 321
- Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 56-58
- Malump2012b: distribution, 210
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 74-75
- MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 57,58
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 159
- MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
- McKenz1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 31, 105
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 44-45
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 229
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 509
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 138
- Miller2005: distribution, 487
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 302
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 182
- MonteiWoPe2019: distribution, host, 393
- MoutiaMa1946: biological control, 460
- MoutiaMa1947: distribution, host, 9
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 89
- Murray1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 125-130
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 30
- Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 228
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 199, 261
- Nishid2002: catalog, 141
- PanisPi2001: biological control, 419
- PanisPi2001a: biological control, distribution, 423
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, economic importance, host, 477,499
- PerezG2008: distribution, 215
- PerezGCa1985: distribution, 316
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 348
- RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 468
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, 758
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Saakya1954: distribution, host, 29
- Samway1984: biological control, distribution, host, 99
- Schmut1952: distribution, host, taxonomy, 575
- Schmut1957b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 149
- Schmut1959: distribution, host, 178, 183
- SchneiPo2026: distribution, economic importance, list, 12
- Scott1952: distribution, host, 35
- Signor1869d: description, distribution, taxonomy, 434
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 173
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 320, 326
- Suh2026: dispersal, distribution, economic control, host, list, 6, 11
- Takagi1969a: distribution, taxonomy, 23
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 34
- Takaha1931b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 377-378
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 3
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 98
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 83
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 42
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
- Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 213
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S119
- VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, 120
- VonEll2025: distribution, 24
- WalkerDe1979: distribution, 76
- WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, host, 24
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2002a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
- Watson2021: distribution, 523
- WebsteBu1902: distribution, host, 112
- Westco1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 415
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 578
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 219
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, 12
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 102-103
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, 64
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, 47
- WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 22, 63
- YakhyoKiMu2021: distribution, economic importance, survey, taxonomy, 7
- Yang1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 267
- YunusHo1980: biological control, distribution, 33, 214
- Zahrad1957: distribution, taxonomy, 50
- Zahrad1990c: distribution, host, 16
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 163
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 412, 415
