Valid Names Results
Dactylopius tomentosus (Lamarck, 1801) (Dactylopiidae: Dactylopius)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus silvestris Lancry 1791: 486. Type data: SOUTH AMERICA: on Cactaceae. , female, by subsequent designation nomen oblitum (discovered by DeLott1974a, 188). Illustr.
- Coccus tomentosus Lamarck 1801: 299. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse of the Museum of Natural History, on Cactaceae.. Syntypes, female, by subsequent designation Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; accepted valid name Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Illustr.
- Coccus cacti silvestris Meunier 1884: 19. junior synonym (discovered by WilliaBe2009, 13). Illustr.
- Acanthococcus tomentosus (Lamarck, 1801); Cockerell 1893dd: 1042. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; change of combination Illustr.
- Pseudococcus tomentosus (Lamarck, 1801); Cockerell 1899n: 5. change of combination Illustr.
- Dactylopius tomentosus (Lamarck, 1801); Cockerell 1902k: 454. change of combination Illustr.
- Dactylopius silvestris (Lancry, 1791); Lindinger 1943c: 250. change of combination Illustr.
Common Names
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 1 | Genera: 3
- Cactaceae
- Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa | PerezGKo1992 Rao1951
- Cylindropuntia fulgida | MacGreSa1984
- Cylindropuntia imbricata | PerezGKo1992
- Cylindropuntia leptocaulis | Ghesqu1943 PerezGKo1992
- Nopalea cochenillifera | Varshn1992
- Opuntia dillenii | Varshn1992
- Opuntia ficus-indica | MacGreSa1984 MacGreSa1984 Menon1942
- Opuntia humifusa | Cadahi1984 MacGreSa1984
- Opuntia monacantha | Hutson1926
- Opuntia stricta | Hutson1926
- Opuntia tomentosa | MacGreSa1984
Foes:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Coccinellidae
- Cryptolaemus montrouzieri | BaskarLaUt1999 BaskarSrMu2002 Green1922 PuttarCh1957 TirumaDa1958
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 12
- Argentina
- Buenos Aires | BenDov1994 Lizery1922 Miller1996 WilliaGr1992
- Australia
- New South Wales | McKenz1967 Miller1996 PerezGKo1992
- Colombia | BenDov1994 Kondo2001 McKenz1967
- Ethiopia | DeLott1959
- India
- Karnataka | Varshn1992
- Maharashtra | Varshn1992
- NCT Delhi | Varshn1992
- Odisha (=Orissa) | Varshn1992
- Tamil Nadu | Varshn1992
- Madagascar | FoldiKo2006 Frappa1932
- Mauritius | BenDov1994 Leonar1911 Mamet1943a Morris1919 WilliaGr1992
- Mexico
- Baja California Norte | BenDov1994 GomezM1946 GomezM1960O MacGreSa1984 Martin1985 Miller1996
- Chihuahua | BenDov1994 MacGreSa1984 WilliaGr1992
- Chihuahua | BenDov1994 ChavezTeCa2011 DeLott1957b James1936
- Ciudad de México | MacGreSa1984 Pelliz2010
- Coahuila | Balach1932d Balach1933e BenDov1994 Boyerd1834 Foldi2000 Goux1931 Goux1933 MacGreSa1984
- Guanajuato | BenDov1994 Borchs1962a MacGreSa1984
- Jalisco | Brain1915 ChavezTeCa2011
- Nuevo Leon | BenDov1994 MacGreSa1984 McKenz1964 McKenz1967
- Oaxaca | BenDov1994 DownieGu2004 Ferris1925 Ferris1950b McKenz1967 Miller1996
- Reunion | BenDov1994 Frogga1904 GermaiMiPa2014 Green1904c HendriKo1999 Mamet1952 Willia1985 YangKo1967
- South Africa | BenDov1994 Miller1996 Wang1976TC
- Sri Lanka | Varshn1992
- United States
- Arizona | BenDov1994 Coquil1889 Essig1909a Essig1915a Fernal1903b Ferris1919a Ferris1950b McKenz1967 Miller1996
- California | BenDov1994 Ferris1919a Ferris1950b Gill1993 McKenz1967 Miller1996
- Nevada | BenDov1994 Essig1909a Fernal1903b Ferris1950b McKenz1967 Miller1996
- New Mexico | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b McKenz1967 Miller1996
- Texas | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 Miller1996
- Utah | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b McKenz1967 Miller1996
Keys
- VanDamMa2012: pp.35 ( Adult (F) ) [Additional couplet to the key to Dactylopius by Guerra & Koszatarab (1992)]
- DeHaroCl1995: pp.16-17 ( Adult (F) ) [world]
- Gill1993: pp.148 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, California]
- PerezGKo1992: pp.35-36 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Dactylopius]
- DeLott1974a: pp.173-174 ( Adult (F) ) [world]
- Ferris1955a: pp.86 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Remarks
- Systematics: Lindinger (1943c) disclosed that Coccus silvestris Lancry, 1791 predated Coccus tomentosus Lamarck, 1801. De Lotto (1974a) discussed Lindinger's findings, but remarked that Lindinger's (1943c) changes were undesirable, and regarded Coccus silvestris Lancry, 1791 a nomen oblitum. The adult male of D. tomentosus differs from that of D. coccus in having: (i) an interrupted interocular ridge; (ii) many fewer hs on each antennal segment and few capitate setae; (iii) nodulations apparent on prescutum and scutum; (iv) more scutal setae; (v) alar setae present, and (vi) fewer setae across each abdominal segment, both dorsally and ventrally. It also had a loculate structure on the head associated with the dorsal mid-cranial ridge although its homologies are uncertain. (Hodgson, 2020)
- Structure: Colour photograph given by Gill (1993).
- Biology: The insects develop exclusively on the cladodes of their hosts and their tiny size makes them almost imperceptible. They do not damage or promote changes in the plant and develop in a desert habitat where xerophilous thickets predominate, on vertisol and arenosol. The presence of spiders was frequently observed with this species. (Chavez, et al., 2011)
- Economic Importance: Goeden (1978) discussed the use of this species in biological control of Opuntia spp. Mathenge et al. (2009) studied and evaluated the use of this species for biological control of Cylindropuntia fulga in South Africa. Mathenge et al. (2009, 2009a, 2009b, 2010) discussed various apsects of the application of this scale insects in biological control of cactus weeds. Biological control of some Cylindropuntia spp. using biotypes of Dactylopius tomentosus has been successful in Australia and the Republic of South Africa (RSA). C. imbricata has been successfully controlled by the ‘imbricata’ biotype while in South Africa, the ‘cholla’ biotype of D. tomentosus is controlling both C. fulgida var. fulgida and C. fulgida var. mamillata. (Jones, et al., 2016) Jones, et al (2016) confirmed that different biotypes can be used to effectively control different species within the Cylindropuntia in Australia. Most Cylindropuntia species in Australia appear to be attacked by at least one of the four biotypes. However, a suitable biotype to control C. spinosior has not yet been found.
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1955a), De Lotto (1974a), Perez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992) and by Gill (1993). Portillo (1995) distinguished between the fine cochineal species Dactylopius coccus and a group of wild cochineal species comprising D. austrinus, D. ceylonicus, D. confertus, D. confusus, D. opuntiae, D. salmianus, D. tomentosus and D. zimmermani. Illustration of the male in Hodgson, 2020.
Illustrations
Citations
- Alexan1931: biological control, distribution, host, 226
- BaskarLaUt1999: biological control, 605-606
- BaskarSrMu2002: biological control, 54-56
- BenDov2006b: catalog, taxonomy, 223-224
- ChavezTeCa2011: distribution, host, 68-69
- ChavezTeCa2011: distribution, 68-69
- ChavezTeFr2010: chemistry, 671-679
- Cocker1893dd: description, taxonomy, 1041-1049
- Cocker1898v: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 675
- Cocker1899n: taxonomy, 5
- Cocker1902k: taxonomy, 454
- Dass1934: biological control, distribution, host, 342-345
- DeHaroCl1995: taxonomy, 16-17
- DeLott1959: distribution, taxonomy, 153
- Dodd1927: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-44
- DongiMaCh2018: host,
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 114
- Drea1973: biological control, 49-55
- Ferris1919a: distribution, host, 20
- Ferris1955a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 92-93
- Frappa1932: biological control, distribution, host, 48-55
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 22
- Gill1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 149, 152
- Goeden1978: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 362
- Graham1960: biological control, distribution, host, 40
- Green1912a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 79, 87-89
- Hamlin1924: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 60-64
- Hamlin1926: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 97-105
- Hamlin1932: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 89-120
- HenderZi2003: biological control, distribution, host, 46-47
- Hodgso2020: diagnosis, illustration, 71-72
- Hutson1926: biological control, economic importance, host, 290-292
- Imms1931: biological control, 124-127
- Jepson1930: biological control, 63-72
- JonesDaMc2023: biological control,
- JonesHoDa2016: biological control, 033–1047
- KleinZiXi2020: biological control, economic importance, natural enemies,
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 40
- KondoGu2022: economic importance, illustration, 1,2
- KondoGu2022: economic importance, illustration, 1,2,3
- KozarDr1998f: catalog, 171
- Lamarc1801: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 299
- Lancry1791: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 486
- LeelaDMu1953: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 219-224
- Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 147
- Lindin1943c: taxonomy, 250
- Lizery1922: distribution, host, taxonomy, 110
- MacGreSa1984: distribution, host, taxonomy, 222-223
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host,
- Mamet1949: catalog, 7-8
- MathenHoHo2009: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 551-559
- MathenHoHo2009a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 619-627
- MathenHoHo2009b: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-12
- MathenHoHo2010: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-8
- MazzeoNuRu2019: distribution, taxonomy, 4
- Miller1996: catalog, distribution, 71
- MoranZi1991: biological control, distribution, host, 37-55
- MoutiaMa1946: distribution, economic importance, host, 462
- NanDeWu2013: phylogenetics, 173
- Painte1951: control,
- PerezGKo1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 68-72
- Portil1995: distribution, host, 2-65
- PortilVi2006: biological control, distribution, host, 249-255
- PuttarCh1957: biological control, 7
- Ramach1931: biological control, distribution, host, 14-15
- Reddy1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 465
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 426
- Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 873
- Taylor1984: chemistry, economic importance, 22-25
- TirumaDa1958: biological control, 545-552
- Tooke1930: biological control, host, 386-393
- UsmanPu1955: distribution, host, 47
- VanDamMa2012: taxonomy, 35
- VanStePaEd2021: DNA, biological control,
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 37
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 217
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 13,43,44,46
- WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 167
- ZimmerMoHo1986: biological control, 269-275
