Valid Names Results

Antecerococcus indicus (Maskell, 1897) (Cerococcidae: Antecerococcus)

Nomenclatural History

Eriococcus paradoxus indica Maskell 1897: 318. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Saharanpur, on Helicteres isora. Syntypes, female, by subsequent designation Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name Notes: Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) state that topotype material was examined. Lectotype adf (designated in Hodgson & Williams, 2016). USNM: data as for for holotype but with indica crossed out and with ‘Maskell coll. No.’ WMM’]: 1/1 paralectotype adf (g—paper envelope for slide also with ‘Maskell No. 508’ (relabelled C. paradoxus by Lambdin but Hodgson & Willliams state that this is a mistake).
Cerococcus hibisci Green 1908a: 19. Type data: INDIA: Maharashtra, Bombay, on Hibiscus sp.; Bengal, Pusa, on Gossypium, by H.M. Lefroy. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by LambdiKo1977a, 120). Illustr.
Cerococcus indicus Green, 1910; Green 1910: 5. change of combination and rank Notes: This species was transferred from Eriococcidae to the Cerococcidae.
Ceriococcus hibisci; Mahdihassan 1946a: 197. misspelling of genus name
Phenacobryum indicus (Green, 1910); Borchsenius 1960d: 111. change of combination
Antecerococcus indicus (Green, 1910); Hodgson & Williams 2016: 58-62. change of combination
Antecerococus indicus (Green, 1910); Watson 2021: 521. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

spiny brown coccid Ghosh1940
yellow cotton scale Ramakr1930
yellow scale Ali1982
Escama cerosa espinosa amarilla LambdiWa2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 11 | Genera: 19

Achariaceae

Acharia | LambdiKo1977a

Apocynaceae

Holarrhena pubescens | LambdiWa2022 | (= Holarrhena antidysenterica)

Boraginaceae

Cordia | LambdiKo1977a

Cochlospermaceae

Cochlospermum vitifolium | LambdiKo1977a

Fabaceae

Cajanus cajan | LambdiKo1977a | (= Cajanus indicus)
Tephrosia candida | Ramakr1930
Vachellia nilotica | Ramakr1919 | (= Acacia arabica) (= Acacia nilotica)

Malvaceae

Abelmoschus esculentus | LambdiKo1977a | (= Hibiscus esculentus)
Corchorus | KozarDr1998c
Corchorus capsularis | LambdiKo1977a
Gossypium | LambdiKo1977a
Gossypium herbaceum | LambdiKo1977a
Grewia biloba | XuHeLi1996
Helicteres isora | Green1910
Hibiscus | Green1937 LambdiKo1977a
Hibiscus cannabinus | LambdiKo1977a
Hibiscus liliiflorus | LambdiKo1977a
Hibiscus mutabilis | LambdiKo1977a
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | Ramakr1930
Hibiscus syriacus | AhmadGh1972
Thespesia populnea | GhaniMu1974

Myrtaceae

Psidium guajava | LambdiKo1977a

Poaceae

Zea mays | LambdiKo1977a

Rubiaceae

Coffea arabica | Lambdi1977a

Solanaceae

Solanum melongena | Fletch1919

Vitaceae

Vitis | LambdiKo2022

Foes:

Families: 10 | Genera: 26

Diptera | AhmadGh1972 | (= Muscidea)

Aphelinidae

Coccobius reticulatus | AvasthSh1977a | (= Physcus reticulatus)
Coccophagus | Ali1982
Eriaphytis orientalis | AvasthSh1977a
Marietta leopardina | Ali1982 AvasthSh1977a | (= Marietta exitiosa, Marietta javensis)

Coccinellidae

Ghanius karachiensis | AhmadGh1972

Encyrtidae

Aphycus | AhmadGh1972
Cheiloneurus latiscapus | AhmadGh1972
Encyrtus | AhmadGh1972
Homalotylus ferrierei | AvasthSh1977a
Lakshaphagus cerococci | XuHeZh1996
Lakshaphagus fusiscapus | AvasthSh1977a | (= Cheiloneurus fusiscapus)
Metaphycus cerococci | AvasthSh1977a | (= Euaphycus cerococci )
Microterys kerrichi | AvasthSh1977
Neastymachus angustifrons | AvasthSh1977
Neastymachus cerococci | AvasthSh1977a

Eulophidae

Aprostocetus longicorpus | KhanSh1981 | (= Tetrastichus longicorpus)
Dzhanokmenia kozlovi | AhmadGh1972
Oomyzus cerococci | KhanSh1981 | (= Syntomosphyrum cerococci)
Quadrastichus longicorpus | KhanSh1981
Tetrastichus | AhmadGh1972

Heliodinidae

Stathmopoda | Ali1982

Mycetophagidae

Berginus | AhmadGh1972

Noctuidae

Eublemma | AhmadGh1972
Eublemma scitula | Ramakr1919

Pteromalidae

Cephaleta australiensis | SinhaDi1984
Cephaleta brunniventris | Ali1982 | (= Anysis alcocki)
Promuscidea unfasciativentris | AvasthSh1977a
Scutellista | AvasthSh1977a

Signiphoridae

Chartocerus kerrichi | AvasthSh1977a

Associates:

Families: 1 | Genera: 1

Formicidae

Camponotus compressus | Ramakr1919

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 17

Andaman Islands | HodgsoWi2016

Bangladesh | HodgsoWi2016 Varshn1992

Burma (=Myanmar) | Fletch1919 Varshn1992

China

Shandong (=Shantung) | XuHeLi1996
Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | LambdiWa2022

Christmas Island | NeumanODGu2016

Fiji | TulsyaPr1985

India

Andhra Pradesh | Ramakr1930
Bihar | TulsyaPr1985
Gujarat | LambdiWa2022
Jharkhand | LambdiWa2022
Karnataka | LambdiKo1977a
Kerala | Ramakr1930
Madhya Pradesh | LambdiKo1977a
Maharashtra | Fletch1919
Odisha (=Orissa) | LambdiWa2022 VarshnMo1987
Punjab | LambdiWa2022
Rajasthan | LambdiWa2022
Tamil Nadu | Ramakr1930
Tripura | GangulGh1964
Uttar Pradesh | Green1910
Uttarakhand | LambdiWa2022
West Bengal | LambdiKo1977a
West Bengal | LambdiWa2022

Japan | LambdiWa2022

Hokkaido | LambdiWa2022
Honshu | LambdiWa2022
Kyushu | LambdiWa2022
Shikoku | LambdiWa2022

Kenya | Hargre1948

Malaysia | Matile1984c

North Korea | LambdiKo2022

Oman | HodgsoWi2016

Pakistan | AhmadGh1972

Saudi Arabia | Matile1984c

South Korea | LambdiWa2022

Sri Lanka | DoAC1923

Tanzania | Ritchi1936

Keys

Hodgso2020: pp.170 ( Adult (M) ) [Cerococcidae]
HodgsoWi2016: pp.20-23 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Antecerococcus]
TangHa1995: pp.235 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Phenacobryum] Key as: Phenacobryum indicum
HamonKo1979: pp.17 ( First instar ) [Cerococcus first instars] Key as: Cerococcus indicus
LambdiKo1977a: pp.44 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Cerococcus] Key as: Cerococcus indicus

Remarks

Systematics: There are only two type slides of Eriococcus paradoxus indica, each with a single specimen. Both were considered to refer to Cerococcus paradoxus by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977) and both had labels added to the slide as follows: ‘Cerococcus paradoxus (Maskell) det. Lambdin’, with one being made the lectotype and the other a paralectotype. According to Hodgson & Williams, 2016, they represent A. indicus not A. paradoxus. The designation of one of these specimens as the lectotype by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977) is therefore revoked. The code states: 74.2. Lectotype found not to have been a syntype. If it is demonstrated that a specimen designated as a lectotype was not a syntype, it loses its status of lectotype. As these slides are clearly not syntype specimens of E. paradoxus, Hodgson & Williams have put a line put through the label referring to them as Cerococcus paradoxus and each has had a further label added to the back of the slide stating that the specimen is now the lectotype/paralectotype of Eriococcus paradoxus indica Maskell. Le Pelley (1968) states that "the numerous references to Cerococcus hibisci Green in Africa are doubtless misidentifications of C. coffeae, a junior synonym of C. theydoni. Cerococcus hibisci Green was synonymised with C. indicus by Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977). Specimens of these two morphs are very easy to separate in most cases and appeared to be separate species, with C. hibisci having no cribriform plates on abdominal segment III and A. indicus always having two groups: a submedial plate on each side of III plus those on segment IV. However, an exhaustive search eventually found populations with both morphs on a single slide. Therefore, Hodgson & Williams, 2016 accepted the synonomy of C. hibisci with E. paradoxus indica. The adult female of A. indicus is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) dorsum with three sizes of 8-shaped pores; (ii) large and intermediate-sized 8-shaped pores in fairly dense swirls throughout most of dorsum; (iii) intermediate-sized pores rather elongate, with slightly pointed outer margins; (iv) apex of each stigmatic band with 1–4 small 8-shaped pores; (v) posterior abdominal segments with a band of 9–15 largest 8-shaped pores along each margin; (vi) cribriform plates in a submedial group of 1–3 on each side of abdominal segment IV and (more rarely) 0–2 on each side of segment III; (vii) fleshy setae on dorsal surface of each anal lobe long; (viii) leg stubs large; (ix) posterior stigmatic pore band bifurcated; (x) multilocular disc-pores very few, restricted to submargins of most abdominal segments and also sometimes metathorax; (xi) a few ventral 8-shaped pores present near clypeolabral shield, (xii) median anal plate usually with a slightly serrate apex, and (xiii) antennae possibly with a shallow setal cavity but no cone-like apex. (Hodgson & Williams, 2016) The adult male is the male is similar to that of Cerococcus artemisiae, but differs in: head: (i) lacking small pores on median crest; (ii) ventral mid-cranial ridge present; (iii) presence of a preoccipital ridge; (iv) in having many more ventral head setae, particularly laterad to each ventral eye; (v) absence of a ridge between ventral eyes; (vi) fleshy setae on antennae much shorter than width of antennal segments, and (vii) bristles on antennae reasonably clear. Thorax: (i) legs with many more setae, but trochanter without a long trochanter seta; (ii) with many more tegular setae, and (iii) presence of a pair of hs on membranous area of scutum (the elongate shape of the prescutum might also be another difference, but the damage to the thorax might have modified its shape and that on C. artemisiae was folded and could be much longer than the measurements suggest). Abdomen: (i) presence of glandular pouches and glandular pouch setae, (ii) presence of caudal extensions on segment VIII; (iii) presence of a long ventropleural seta on each caudal extension of abdominal segment VIII; (iv) a greater number of ventral abdominal setae on segment VII; (v) penial sheath rather shorter; (vi) a different distribution of setae on penial sheath, including (vii) absence of short setae laterally on style. A. indicus is more similar to Antecerococcus ornatus, except on the metathorax. (Hodgson, 2020)
Structure: Female insect is covered by a compact test which varies considerably in color and texture. Some are thickly coated with pinkish tomentum from which many coarse glassy filaments project. Others have a more compact globular test of a dull brown color with a superimposed scurfy covering of yellow secretion. Adult female is broadly pyriform, abdominal segments narrowed and tapering to posterior extremity (Green, 1908a).
Biology: Antecerococcus indicus is bisexual and has one protracted generation annually, overwintering as eggs protected beneath the female’s protective test. (Lambdin & Watson, 2022) The test of this species consists of a leathery product, insoluble in all fat solvents, quite unlike wax (Mahdihassan, 1946a). Tulsyan & Prasad (1993) state that this species "occurs from March to November."
Economic Importance: This species is commonly known as the yellow scale of cotton, (however, it is not an important pest of cotton) though isolated plants are often badly covered (Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930). Ramakrishna (1919) states that this species is a serious pest of Acacia arabica and that young trees severely infested appear white because of the high number of scales.
General Remarks: Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) provide a detailed description and illustration of this species. Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar. The literature record of Antecerococus indicus from Kenya in Hargreaves (1948) is likely to have been a misidentification (Hodgson & Williams 2016).

Illustrations

Citations

Ahmad1973: biological control, distribution, host, 449
AhmadGh1972: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 76
Ali1967: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 29-30
Ali1970a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 149
Ali1981: biological control, distribution, host, 97, 98, 99
Ali1982: biological control, description, distribution, host, 126-130
Anders1926: distribution, host, 140
AvasthSh1977a: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 374-376
BaTe1939: distribution, host, 2
Balach1932d: distribution, 34
Borchs1960d: distribution, taxonomy, 111
ChackoDeRa1978: biological control, host, ill
ChowdhUl1984: distribution, host, 41
DeitzTo1980: taxonomy, 26
DoAC1923: distribution, host, 64
DoAM1954: distribution, host, 1056
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 77
Fletch1914: distribution, 508
Fletch1917a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 117-119
Fletch1919: distribution, host, taxonomy, 287
Fletch1921: taxonomy, 14
GangulGh1964: distribution, host, 359
GhaniMu1974: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 41
Ghesqu1946a: distribution, taxonomy, 374
Ghosh1940: chemical control, description, distribution, illustration, 112
Green1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 41
Green1908a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 19
Green1910: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 5-6
Green1918: host, 235, 237
Green1919: host, 265
Green1922: distribution, host, 465
Green1937: catalog, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 287
HamonKo1979: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 61-64
Hargre1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 36
Hedaye1941: biological control, distribution, host, 16
Hodgso2020: description of male, diagnosis, illustration, key, taxonomy, 170, 173-176
HodgsoMi2002IMa: phylogeny, 511
HodgsoWi2016: description, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, morphology, structure, taxonomy, 5, 8–9, 10, 23, 25, 58-62, 110, 130, 134, 166
KhanSh1981: biological control, distribution, host, 346
Khoo1974: host, illustration, 125
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 9
KosztaVe1966: taxonomy, 374
KozarDr1998c: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39-40
KozarWa1985: catalog, taxonomy, 76
Lambdi1986a: taxonomy, 371
LambdiKo1977a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 120-125
LambdiWa2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 382-383
LePell1932: distribution, 226
LePell1968: taxonomy, 377
LiMa1935: distribution, 266
Lindin1910: taxonomy, 151
Lindin1958: taxonomy, 366
Mahdih1933: taxonomy, 562
Mahdih1946a: behavior, description, distribution, taxonomy, 197
Mahdih1951: taxonomy, 108-110
Mahdih1957: ecology, 266-271
Mahdih1979: description, distribution, taxonomy, 226
Mani1976: biological control, 62
Maskel1897: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 318
Matile1984c: distribution, host, 220
Maxwel1908: distribution, host, taxonomy, 122, 135
MillerGi2000: catalog, taxonomy, 473
Misra1920: taxonomy, 561
Misra1924CS: distribution, host, 346
MorrisMo1927: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18-19
Morsta1936: distribution, 100
Nangpa1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 50
NeumanODGu2016: dispersal, distribution, host, 159-166
Newste1917b: distribution, host, 127
Notley1937: host, taxonomy, 114, 133
ParidaMo1982: chemistry, taxonomy, 19
Ramakr1919: description, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy, 627
Ramakr1919a: biological control, distribution, host, 45
Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 341, 342
Ramakr1924: distribution, host, 344
Ramakr1926: taxonomy, 452
Ramakr1930: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 53
Ramakr1940: taxonomy, 248-249
Ritchi1926: taxonomy, 35
Roba1935: taxonomy, 304
Ruther1914a: distribution, host, 321
Sander1909a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 36
Sassce1911: distribution, host, taxonomy, 63
Sassce1913: taxonomy, 106, 107
ShafeeAlAg1975: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21, 76, 78
Shroff1920: distribution, host, 562
SinhaDi1984: biological control, description, distribution, host, 112
Sohi1964: distribution, host, 144
TangHa1995: description, 235, 239-240
Trench1926: distribution, host, 157
TulsyaPr1985: distribution, taxonomy, 10-11
TulsyaPr1993: distribution, host, 10-11
Varshn1984a: taxonomy, 138, 139
Varshn1984b: taxonomy, 371
Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 74-75
VarshnMo1987: distribution, host, 170
Vayssi1930: taxonomy, 404
Vayssi1946: taxonomy, 379
Wang2001: taxonomy, 513, 516
Wardle1929: distribution, host, 418
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 206
WilliaWa1990: distribution, 177
XuHeLi1996: biological control, distribution, host, 304-306
ZeyaHa1993: biological control, taxonomy,