Valid Names Results
Allokermes galliformis (Riley, 1881) (Kermesidae: Allokermes)Nomenclatural History
- Kermes galliformis Riley 1881: 482. Type data: UNITED STATES: Missouri, Iron Mountain, on Quercus palustris, by Warder. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name Notes: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) refer to paralectotypes of this species, but no lectotype was designated making the type material syntypes. Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) also mention some topotypes, but the collection data of these specimens does not match with the type series.
- Kermes waldeni King 1914: 150-151. Type data: UNITED STATES: Connecticut, Portland, on Quercus sp., 12/08/1913, by B.H. Walden. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Blacksburg: Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by BullinKo1985, 45).
- Coccus galliformis (Riley, 1881); Cockerell 1929b: 150. change of combination
- Talla galliformis (Riley, 1881); Lindinger 1933a: 143. change of combination
- Talla waldeni (King, 1914); Lindinger 1933a: 143. change of combination
- Kermes emoryi Ferris 1955a: 197-198. Type data: UNITED STATES: Arizona, near Prescott, on Quercus emoryi. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; junior synonym (discovered by BullinKo1985, 45).
- Kermococcus galliformis (Riley, 1881); Kawai 1972: 4. change of combination
- Allokermes galliformis (Riley, 1881); Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 45. change of combination Illustr.
- Allokermes gallinocolus (Riley, 1881); Lambdin & Grant 1999: B-61. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- gall-like kermes Gill1993
- pin-oak kermes BullinKo1985
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 1 | Genera: 2
- Fagaceae
- Chrysolepis | BaerKo1985
- Quercus | BullinKo1985
- Quercus agrifolia | BaerKo1985
- Quercus alba | Amos1933
- Quercus arizonica | BullinKo1985
- Quercus chrysolepis | Gill1993
- Quercus coccinea | BaerKo1985
- Quercus douglasii | BullinKo1985
- Quercus durata | BullinKo1985
- Quercus emoryi | BullinKo1985
- Quercus falcata | BullinKo1985
- Quercus gambelii | BaerKo1985
- Quercus garryana | Cocker1895p
- Quercus gravesii | BullinKo1985
- Quercus grisea | BaerKo1985
- Quercus havardii | BullinKo1985
- Quercus hypoleucoides | BaerKo1985
- Quercus ilicifolia | King1899b
- Quercus imbricaria | BaerKo1985
- Quercus incana | BaerKo1985
- Quercus kelloggii | King1913
- Quercus laevis | BullinKo1985
- Quercus laurifolia | BullinKo1985
- Quercus lobata | BullinKo1985
- Quercus macrocarpa | BullinKo1985
- Quercus marilandica | BullinKo1985
- Quercus michauxii | BaerKo1985 | (= Quercus prinus)
- Quercus neotharpii | BaerKo1985
- Quercus nigra | BullinKo1985
- Quercus oblongifolia | BullinKo1985
- Quercus palustris | BullinKo1985
- Quercus petraea | BullinKo1985 | (= Quercus borealis)
- Quercus phellos | BullinKo1985
- Quercus phillyreoides | Cocker1896m | (= Quercus wrightii)
- Quercus pungens | BaerKo1985
- Quercus robur | BaerKo1985
- Quercus rubra | SitzCr2018
- Quercus stellata | BullinKo1985
- Quercus texana | BaerKo1985 | (= Quercus shumardii texana)
- Quercus undulata | GilletBa1895
- Quercus velutina | BullinKo1985
- Quercus virginiana | BullinKo1985
- Quercus wislizeni | BaerKo1985
Foes:
Families: 4 | Genera: 5
- Cosmopterigidae
- Euclemensia bassettella | Fulmek1943 King1899b
- Encyrtidae
- Encyrtus | King1899b
- Metaphycus kermicola | Fulmek1943 | (= Aenasioidea kermicola)
- Mymaridae
- Polynema howardii | Comsto1883 | (= Cosmocoma elegans)
- Scelionidae
- Telenomus | Comsto1883
Associates:
Families: 2 | Genera: 5
- Enterobacteriaceae
- Lonsdalea quercina | PerezRMiSe2019 SitzCr2018 | ssp. quercina
- Formicidae
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 4
- Canada
- Ontario | Jarvis1908TD
- Japan | Kawai1980
- Mexico | BullinKo1985
- Baja California Sur | BaerKo1985
- Oaxaca | Miller1996
- United States
- Alabama | BullinKo1985
- Arizona | BullinKo1985
- Arkansas | BaerKo1985
- California | BullinKo1985
- Colorado | BaerKo1985
- Connecticut | Britto1930
- Delaware | BaerKo1985
- District of Columbia | Fernal1903b
- Florida | BullinKo1985
- Georgia | BaerKo1981
- Indiana | BaerKo1985
- Iowa | Osborn1898
- Kansas | BullinKo1985
- Louisiana | BullinKo1985
- Maryland | BullinKo1985
- Massachusetts | King1899b
- Michigan | BaerKo1985
- Minnesota | BaerKo1985
- Mississippi | BullinKo1985
- Missouri | Riley1881
- New Jersey | BullinKo1985
- New Mexico | King1900a
- New York | Lintne1896
- North Carolina | BaerKo1985
- Ohio | BullinKo1985
- Oklahoma | BaerKo1985
- Pennsylvania | BullinKo1985
- South Carolina | BullinKo1985
- Tennessee | Amos1933
- Texas | BullinKo1985
- Utah | Timber1916
- Virginia | BullinKo1985
- Wisconsin | BaerKo1985
Keys
- Hodgso2020: pp.153-154 ( Adult (M) ) [Kermesidae]
- Koszta1996: pp.269 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Allokermes]
- Gill1993: pp.131 ( Adult (F) ) [California Kermesidae]
- BaerKo1985: pp.140 ( First instar ) [First instars of Nearctic Allokermes]
- BaerKo1985: pp.142 ( Adult (M) ) [Second instar males of Nearctic Allokermes and Kermes]
- BaerKo1985: pp.143 ( Adult (F) ) [Second instar females of Nearctic Kermesidae]
- BullinKo1985: pp.30 ( Adult (F) ) [Adult females of Allokermes]
- Baer1980: pp.24 ( First instar ) [First instars of the Kermes galliformis group]
- Britto1923: pp.350 ( Adult (F) ) [Kermes species] Key as: Kermes galliformis
- Hollin1923: pp.43 ( Adult (F) ) [Kermes species of Missouri] Key as: Kermes gallifornis
- MacGil1921: pp.197 ( Adult (F) ) [Kermes species] Key as: Kermes waldeni
- Lawson1917: pp.183 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Kermes species of Kansas]
- DietzMo1916a: pp.233 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Kermes] Key as: Kermes galliformis
- Sander1904a: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Ohio Kermes]
- Cocker1900c: pp.44 ( Adult (F) ) [North American Kermes] Key as: Kermes galliformis
Remarks
- Systematics: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) state that "It is possible that Allokermes galliformis contains a complex of several undescribed species or subspecies. A thorough study of the adult males undoubtedly will clarify this question." A. galliformis male is similar to A. kingi, however in A. galliformis, the head is approximately subtriangular (it is rounded in A. kingii); the body is substantially more robust at the scutum and more tapered posteriorly in A. galliformis than in A. kingi; furthermore, the genital segment is more abruptly narrowed in A. galliformis than in A. kingii. Allokermes galliformis also lacks the dorsal abdominal setae that are present in A. kingii. (Krutil and Hall et al., 2019) The description by Krutil et al. (2019) of the the adult male of A. galliformis. differs from that given by Hodgson (2020). Their description of the thorax makes no mention of the membranous area medially on the dorsum of the scutum (even though it is shown in their Fig.10!). They also considered that the dorsal and ventral simple eyes had a granular structure but their photomicrograph of a dorsal simple eyes (their Fig. 6) shows that the granulations are also present on structures next to the simple eye, suggesting that the granulations are an aberration introduced during mounting. However, their photomicrographs of the head (their Figs 3-5) suggest that polygonal reticulation might be widespread than noted here, with reticulation present on the dorsal mid-cranial ridge and also on the genae. (Hodgson, 2020)
- Structure: Adult female is subspherical, polished, smooth and pale yellow (Riley, 1881). In life, adult males are orange to brown with clear to iridescent wings. Excluding the head, the body shape is robust, subtriangular with long, distinct legs, and an elongated genital segment. (Krutil and Hall et al., 2019)
- Biology: Adult males typically congregated on large branches and trunks of host trees and surrounding debris. (Krutil and Hall et al., 2019)
- Economic Importance: In Colorado, it is also associated with development of drippy blight disease of red oaks. Feeding wounds are entry and exit courts for a pathogenic bacterium, Lonsdalea quercina subsp. quercina. The combination of scale feeding and the bacterial infection exacerbates the impact of typical kermes scale infestations, producing intensified symptoms involving extensive branch dieback and tree decline. For example, in one community experiencing drippy blight disease, approximately 25% of the public red oak tree plantings have been removed in the last decade. (Sitz & Cranshaw, 2018)
- General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985). Baer & Kosztarab (1985) give detailed description and illustration of first instar, second instar male and females. Detailed description, illustration and SEM photographs of adult male in Krutil and Hall et al., 2019.
Illustrations
Citations
- Amos1933: distribution, host, 206
- Baer1980: taxonomy, 24
- BaerKo1981: taxonomy, 227
- BaerKo1985: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 150-164
- Baker1972: distribution, host, 97
- Balach1950c: distribution, 344
- Barber1911: distribution, host, 449, 450
- Bogue1898: taxonomy, 172
- Bogue1900: taxonomy, 206
- Britto1920: taxonomy, 63
- Britto1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 350
- Britto1930: distribution, host, 497
- BullinKo1977: taxonomy, 169
- BullinKo1977a: taxonomy, 61
- BullinKo1985: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 45-53
- Carnes1907: description, distribution, host, 169
- Cocker1894: taxonomy, 31
- Cocker1895f: taxonomy, 101
- Cocker1895p: distribution, 244
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 327
- Cocker1896m: distribution, host, 226
- Cocker1897e: taxonomy, 95
- Cocker1898c: distribution, host, 65
- Cocker1898j: taxonomy, 431
- Cocker1900c: taxonomy, 44
- Cocker1905b: taxonomy, 192
- Cocker1929b: taxonomy, 150
- Comsto1881a: taxonomy, 337
- Comsto1883: biological control, host, 132
- Dean1909: distribution, host, taxonomy, 265
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, 235
- DoaneVaCh1936: distribution, 383
- Ehrhor1898a: taxonomy, 186
- Ehrhor1899a: taxonomy, 104
- Essig1915a: description, distribution, host, illustration, 116-117
- Essig1926: biological control, 833
- Felt1901: distribution, host, 356
- FeltMo1928: distribution, host, 194
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 61
- Ferris1955a: description, host, 204
- Friend1930: taxonomy, 615
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 38
- Gibson1913: taxonomy, 19
- Gill1993: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 131, 133
- GilletBa1895: distribution, 126
- Hamon1977: distribution, 1
- Hamon1980f: taxonomy, 40
- HamonLaKo1976: taxonomy, 1
- Hartma1916: distribution, host, 94
- Hodgso2020: description of male, diagnosis, illustration, key, taxonomy, 153, 154-157
- Hollin1923: distribution, taxonomy, 43-44
- HollinPa1919: biological control, distribution, 92
- Howard1919: biological control, distribution, host, 256, 257
- Hoy1963: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 144, 164
- Jarvis1911: distribution, host, 68, 76
- Kawai1972: distribution, 4
- Kawai1977: distribution, host, 154, 158
- Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 134
- King1899b: biological control, distribution, 139
- King1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 78, 79, 81, 84
- King1903: taxonomy, 21
- King1913a: taxonomy, 206
- King1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 150-151
- King1914d: taxonomy, 100
- King1914e: taxonomy, 133
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 20
- Koszta1977a: host, 185
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 271-273
- KozarDr1998h: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 405-406
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 75
- KrutilHaCr2019: SEM, description, disease transmission, host, illustration, morphology,
- LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 79
- Lawson1917: distribution, taxonomy, 183, 185
- Lindin1910: taxonomy, 324
- Lindin1933a: taxonomy, 143
- Lintne1896: host, 60
- MacGil1921: taxonomy, 197
- Maskel1892: taxonomy, 21
- Maskel1894: taxonomy, 93
- MawFoHa2000: distribution, 46
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 196, 284
- Miller1985b: distribution, taxonomy, 101
- Miller1996: catalog, distribution, 79
- NewellRo1908: distribution, host, 154
- Newste1903: taxonomy, 138
- Osborn1898: distribution, host, 226
- Peck1963: biological control, 934
- PerezRMiSe2019: bacteria, description of male, disease transmission, distribution,
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 359
- Riley1881: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 482
- Riley1894: distribution, host, 70
- Ruhl1917b: taxonomy, 50
- Ruhl1923: biological control, 4
- Sander1904a: description, distribution, taxonomy, 35-36
- SitzCr2018: bacteria, disease transmission, economic importance, illustration, life history,
- SitzZeSn2018: bacteria, biological importance, illustration,
- Sleesm1945: distribution, host, taxonomy, 44, 45
- Smith1910: distribution, host, 122
- Timber1916: biological control, distribution, host, 584
- Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 43
- Turner2004: taxonomy, 2,4
- WebsteBu1902: distribution, host, 110
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 239
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, 23
- Wilson1917: description, distribution, host, 32, 33
