Valid Names Results
Pseudoparlatoria ostreata Cockerell, 1892 (Diaspididae: Pseudoparlatoria)Nomenclatural History
- Pseudoparlatoria ostreata Cockerell 1892d: 136-137. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Acalypha and Solanum, by T.D.A. Cockerell. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name
- Diaspis tricuspidata Leonardi 1914: 192-193. Type data: NIGERIA: Olokemeji, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 258). Illustr.
- Pseudoparlatorea tricuspidata (Leonardi, 1914); Lindinger 1928: 107. change of combination
- Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides; Ferris 1937: SI-117. misidentification (discovered by Ferris1942, SIV-416).
Common Names
- acalypha scale Cocker1897g Merril1953
- gray scale Borchs1966
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 34 | Genera: 53
- Acanthaceae
- Eranthemum pulchellum | Laing1929a | (= Eranthemum bicolor)
- Amaranthaceae
- Iresine diffusa | ColonFMe1998
- Suaeda divaricata | Wolff2008
- Apocynaceae
- Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco | Wolff2008
- Araceae
- Dieffenbachia | MillerDa2005
- Arecaceae
- Cocos | MillerDa2005
- Asparagaceae
- Agave | MillerDa2005
- Agave ghiesbreghtii | MalumpRe2012
- Agave lechuguilla | MalumpRe2012
- Agave striata | MalumpRe2012 | (= Agave echinoides)
- Asparagus | MillerDa2005
- Asteraceae
- Senecio | MillerDa2005
- Bromeliaceae
- Tillandsia | Wolff2008
- Cactaceae
- Opuntia | ColonFMe1998 MillerDa2005
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera | MillerDa2005
- Caricaceae
- Carica | MillerDa2005
- Carica papaya | Balach1954e CockerRo1909aWW ColonFMe1998
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus | MillerDa2005
- Chrysobalanaceae
- Chrysobalanus | MillerDa2005
- Convolvulaceae
- Ipomoea tiliacea | ColonFMe1998
- Crassulaceae
- Kalanchoe | MillerDa2005 | (= Bryophyllum)
- Kalanchoe pinnata | ColonFMe1998 NakahaMi1981 | (= Bryophyllum pinnatum)
- Cucurbitaceae
- Sechium edule | ColonFMe1998
- Dioscoreaceae
- Dioscorea | MillerDa2005
- Ephedraceae
- Ephedra chilensis | Wolff2008 | (= Ephedra andina)
- Ericaceae
- Ceratiola ericoides | FDACSB1983
- Euphorbiaceae
- Acalypha | Cocker1897g MillerDa2005
- Acalypha integrifolia | Cocker1892d | ssp. marginata (= Acalypha marginata)
- Acalypha wilkesiana | Ballou1926
- Fabaceae
- Bauhinia | Schmut1959
- Cajanus cajan | Nakaha1983
- Cercidium | Wolff2008
- Cercidium praecox | Wolff2008
- Chamaecrista glandulosa | Wolff2008 | (= Cassia stricta)
- Parkinsonia aculeata | Wolff2008
- Prosopis alba | Wolff2008
- Senna aphylla | Wolff2008 | (= Cassia aphylla)
- Geraniaceae
- Pelargonium | Cocker1893gg MillerDa2005 Schmut1959
- Lauraceae
- Persea | MillerDa2005
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | MillerDa2005
- Orchidaceae
- Barkeria | MillerDa2005
- Catasetum | MillerDa2005
- Cattleya | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Cycnoches | MillerDa2005
- Epidendrum | Borchs1966
- Guarianthe bowringiana | Wolff2008 | (= Cattleya bowringiana)
- Ionopsis | MillerDa2005
- Laelia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Oncidium | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Paphiopedilum bellatulum | Schmut1959 | (= Cordula bellatula)
- Passifloraceae
- Passiflora laurifolia | ColonFMe1998
- Pinaceae
- Pinus | FDACSB1983
- Piperaceae
- Piper amalago | Wolff2008 | (= Piper medium)
- Piper nigrum | Wolff2008
- Piper umbellatum | ColonFMe1998 | (= Lepianthes umbellatum)
- Poaceae
- Merostachys | Wolff2008
- Polygonaceae
- Antigonon | MillerDa2005
- Rubiaceae
- Pentas | Merril1953
- Psychotria | MillerDa2005
- Solanaceae
- Cestrum | MillerDa2005
- Cestrum nocturnum | Ballou1926
- Solanum | Cocker1892d MillerDa2005
- Solanum seaforthianum | Wolff2008
- Solanum torvum | ColonFMe1998
- Solanum wendlandii | Balach1954e
- Verbenaceae
- Verbena | MillerDa2005
- Vitaceae
- Vitis | MillerDa2005
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 5
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus cacti | ColonFMe1998 HertinSi1972
- Pentilia castanea | HertinSi1972
- Scymnillodes | BrunerScOt1945
- Eupelmidae
- Lecaniobius cockerellii | Balach1954e Fulmek1943
- Tineidae
- Erechthias minuscula | BrunerScOt1945 | (= Ereunetis minuscula)
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 23
- Argentina
- Catamarca | Wolff2008
- La Rioja | Wolff2008
- Neuquen | Wolff2008
- Santiago del Estero | Wolff2008
- Tucuman | Wolff2008
- Cameroon | Balach1954e Nakaha1982
- Chile
- Santiago | Wolff2008
- Cuba | Ballou1926 CockerRo1909aWW Merril1953
- Dominican Republic | GomezM1941 Nakaha1982
- Ecuador | Nakaha1982 Yust1958
- France | Nakaha1982
- Germany | Schmut1959
- Guadeloupe | Nakaha1982
- Guatemala | McKenz1935 Merril1953
- Guinea | Nakaha1982
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Bodkin1922 Nakaha1982
- Haiti | Nakaha1982
- Jamaica | Cocker1892d
- Mexico | Balach1954e
- Nigeria | Leonar1914
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | Ferris1942 NakahaMi1981
- Saint Croix | MiskimBo1970 Nakaha1982
- Senegal | Balach1954e Nakaha1982
- Sierra Leone | Hargre1937 Nakaha1982
- United Kingdom
- England | MalumpRe2012
- United States
- Florida | Dekle1965c
- Texas | Wolff2008
- Venezuela | Merril1953
Keys
- Wolff2008: pp.292-293 ( Adult (F) ) [Chave para identificação das espécies de Pseudoparlatoria, baseada nos caracteres de fêmeas adultas. (A key to species of Pseudoparlatoria, based on the characters of adult females)]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-32 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- ColonFMe1998: pp.126 ( ) [Key to species of Pseudoparlatoria of Puerto Rico]
- Danzig1993: pp.392 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudoparlatoria]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:62 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudoparlatoria]
Remarks
- Systematics: Pseudoparlatoria ostreata and P. parlatorioides have been confused. Ferris (1937) considered P. ostreata to be a junior synonym of P. parlatorioides. P. ostreata is separable from P. parlatorioides by the much greater number of dorsal macroducts and by the fact that these ducts extend forward as far as the 2nd abdominal segment in ostreata, while in parlatorioides they are few and confined to the pygidium. It is also similar to P. serrulata (Ferris, 1942).
- Structure: Female scale thin, papery, dark grey, exuviae subcentral. Male scale similar in color and texture, but elongate and with exuviae at one end. Slide-mounted adult female 1.2 mm long. Pygidium with 2nd lobes small, but distinctly developed, flattened and bilobulate. 3rd lobes consisting merely of a very small, flattened single lobule. margin beyond the 3rd lobe very slightly sclerotized. Dorsal ducts numerous, occupying a broad submarginal zone that extends from the 7th to the 2nd abdominal segments, the ducts slightly smaller than those of the margin (Ferris, 1942).
- Biology: We have been unable to find a published account detailing the life cycle of the gray scale. Brown (1965) reported that this species has the diaspidid (sexual) chromosome system. The material he examined was from Jamaica and Brazil. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. Dekle (1977) noted that gray scale occasionally was a serious pest on copperleaf (Acalypha wilkesiana) in Florida. It also has been reported as an important pest of papaya (Carica papaya) in Puerto Rico (Wolcott 1937, Martorell 1945). Wolcott and Martorell (1943, 1944) indicated that the scale was under reasonable control with the lady beetle Chilocorus cacti (Linnaeus). It is an occasional pest of avocado (McKenzie 1935a). (Miller & Davidson, 2005). Malumphy & Redstone (2012) published a record of P. ostreata breeding in Britain, but stated that the population was controlled. They state that it is a sub-tropical species that is unlikely to be able to naturalise in Britain but can clearly establish in glasshouse botanical collections. It is a successful coloniser and has been introduced to North and South America, Africa and Europe (on indoor plantings only).
- General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by Balachowsky (1954e). Photographs in Malumphy & Readstone, 2012.
Illustrations
Citations
- Balach1954e: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 256, 258-261
- Ballou1926: catalog, distribution, host, 36
- Bodkin1922: distribution, host, 59
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 163
- Brown1965: chemistry, 232
- BrunerScOt1945: biological control, catalog, distribution, host, 30
- Cocker1892d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 136-137
- Cocker1893cc: distribution, host, 103
- Cocker1893gg: distribution, host, 373
- Cocker1893j: distribution, 256
- Cocker1897g: distribution, 109
- CockerRo1909aWW: distribution, host, 105
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 126-127
- Danzig1993: distribution, taxonomy, 392
- DeSant1979: biological control, 179
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 14, 122
- Ebelin1959: distribution, economic importance, host, 318
- FDACSB1983: distribution, host, 7, 8
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 301
- Ferris1936a: taxonomy, 23, 80
- Ferris1937: taxonomy, SI-117
- Ferris1942: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SIV-416, SIV-446:62
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 69
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 243
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- GomezM1941: distribution, host, 140
- Gowdey1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 33
- Gowdey1926: distribution, host, 49
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 631
- Hall1946a: distribution, taxonomy, 530, 552
- Hargre1937: distribution, host, 516
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 190
- Jones1917: distribution, host, 13
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 19
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 87
- Kozarz1974: distribution, host, 24
- Laing1929a: distribution, host, illustration, 499-500
- Leonar1914: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 192-193
- Leonar1932: distribution, host, 135
- Leonar1933: distribution, host, 120
- Lindin1914: taxonomy, 116
- Lindin1928: taxonomy, 107
- Lindin1931a: taxonomy, 114
- Lindin1937: taxonomy, 194
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 304
- MalumpRe2012: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 107-114
- Martor1945: distribution, host, 273, 412
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 4, 54, 193, 243, 268
- Maxwel1902: distribution, 248
- McKenz1935: distribution, 39
- Merril1953: distribution, host, taxonomy, 78
- Meurge2011: distribution, 81
- Miller2005: distribution, 488
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 305
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 370
- MiskimBo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 31
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 76
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 15
- NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 36
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 504
- PerezG2008: distribution, 215
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 352
- RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 469
- Sassce1918: economic importance, 127
- Schmut1957b: taxonomy, 150
- Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 210-211
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, host, 180
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 228
- Wolcot1933: distribution, economic importance, host, 496
- Wolcot1958: biological control, distribution, 512
- Wolff2008: description, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy, 293, 299-300
- Yust1958: distribution, host, 151
- YustCe1956: distribution, 431
