Family Stictococcidae
Hockiana RichardNOMENCLATURE:
Hockiana Richard, 1976: 661. Type species: Hockiana insolitus Richard, by original designation. Notes: Although Richard did not specifically give a gender to the genus Hockiana, the choice of specific epithets indicates she regarded it as masculine (D.J. Williams, personal communication, November 15, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Hockiana is similar to Parastictococcus in being without clusters of pentaloculars on body margin, anal opening with 2 plates, genital opening without spicules and spiracular atria with pentaloculars. The first instar female is similar to Parastictococcus by having large legs and by the tibia which is about the same length as the tarsus. The first instar female differs from Parastictococcus by the number and structure of the glands on the dorsal integument (Richard, 1976).
KEYS: Williams et al. 2010: 11 (female, adult) [Key to the genera of the family Stictococcidae (adult females)]; Richard 1976: 667 [Key to genera of Stictococcidae].
CITATIONS: Richar1976 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 661, 667]; WilliaMaMi2010 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 1-27].
Hockiana hirsutus RichardNOMENCLATURE:
Hockiana hirsutus Richard, 1976: 663-667. Type data: TANZANIA: Ardai, on Acacia drepanolobium, 20/05/1961, by B. Hocking. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in BMNH and MNHN.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia drepanolobium [Richar1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Richar1976].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Richard (1976).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body not convex, 2.3-3.0 mm long and 2.3-2.9 mm wide. Dorsal surface covered with a number of denticulated and rigid spines (Richard, 1976).
SYSTEMATICS: Hockiana hirsutus differs from H. insolitus by not being convex and in having the dorsal surface covered with numerous rigid spines (Richard, 1976).
KEYS: Richard 1976: 669 (female) [Key to species of Hockiana].
CITATIONS: Richar1976 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 663-667, 669].
Hockiana insolitus RichardNOMENCLATURE:
Hockiana insolitus Richard, 1976: 663. Type data: TANZANIA: Ardai, on Acacia drepanolobium, 09/11/1966, by B. Hocking. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in BMNH and MNHN.
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Crematogaster mimosae [Richar1976].
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia drepanolobium [Richar1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Richar1976].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Richard (1976).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body globulous, half-spherical, strongly convex, generally as long as broad. Dorsal surface covered with many well-developed geminated glands, smaller pores with convex tubercules and short scattered silks (Richard, 1976).
SYSTEMATICS: Hockiana insolitus can be told from other stictococcid species by the absence of pentalocular glands on its dorsal surface. It also has many geminated glands (Richard, 1976).
KEYS: Richard 1976: 669 (female) [Key to species of Hockiana].
CITATIONS: CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 445]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 173]; Richar1976 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 663-665, 669].
Parastictococcus RichardNOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus (Parastictococcus) Richard, 1971: 657-659. Type species: Stictococcus multispinosus Newstead, by original designation.
Parastictococcus; Richard, 1976: 657. Change of status.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Richard (1971 & 1976).
KEYS: Williams et al. 2010: 11 (adult, female) [Key to the genera of the family Stictococcidae (adult females)]; Richard 1976: 667 [Key to genera of Stictococcidae]; Richard 1971: 583 (male) [Key males of Stictococcinae].
CITATIONS: Richar1976 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 657-659].
Parastictococcus acaciae (De Lotto)NOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus acaciae De Lotto, 1961a: 315-317. Type data: KENYA: Kisumu, on Acacia sp., 06/06/1958, by G. De Lotto. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in USNM.
Stictococcus acaziae; Buchner, 1965: 285. Misspelling of species name.
Parastictococcus acaciae; Richard, 1976: 668. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia etbaica [DeLottNa1955], Acacia sp. [DeLott1961a]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by De Lotto (1961a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female rounded or slightly elongate, strongly convex, evenly dark brown. Mounted specimens 1.8-2.6 mm long and 1.6-2.3 mm wide. Dorsal setae short and stout, cylindrical or very slightly swollen at their apices; all are variously curved or bent, with several minute spiracles near the apex. Setae tend to be crowded into bands forming a very irregular reticulate pattern. Scattered on the dorsum are a few long, finely pointed, slender setae and some highly convex, strongly chitinized, small, tubercle-like pores (De Lotto, 1961a).
KEYS: Richard 1976: 668 (female) [Key to species of Parastictococcus].
CITATIONS: Buchne1965 [taxonomy: 285]; DeLott1961a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 315-317]; Richar1976 [taxonomy: 659, 668].
Parastictococcus anonae (Green & Laing)NOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus anonae Green & Laing, 1924: 415. Type data: TANZANIA: Amani, on Annona muricata, by A.H. Ritchie. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Stictococcus (Parastictococcus) anonae; Richard, 1971: 592-593. Change of combination.
Parastictococcus anonae; Richard, 1976: 659. Change of combination.
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Oecophylla longinoda [Way1954].
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [GreenLa1924], Cananga odorata [CouturMaRi1985]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [CouturMaRi1985], Nephelium sp. [CouturMaRi1985]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Richar1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Richar1971]; Nigeria [Medler1980]; Tanzania [GreenLa1924]; Zanzibar [Way1954].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Green & Laing (1924).
STRUCTURE: Adult female brown, more or less spherical, sparsely covered with long slender hairs. Potashed specimens show the dorsum with very long slender hairs interspersed with hairs about 1/5th as long; marginal fringe consisting of an outer row of strong spines slightly serrated on margin towards tip, on strong squarish bases and an inner row of similar spines, but only about half the length of those on the outer row. Scattered at intervals are long slender spines similar to those on the dorsum together with several of the smaller and more slender spines. Venter scattered with very short, sharp spines (Green & Laing, 1924).
SYSTEMATICS: Parastictococcus anonae is close to P. multispinosus but differs in the much longer and more slender spines on the dorsum and in the absence from the dorsum of the shorter and more robust spines which in P. anonae are confined to the marginal fringe (Green & Laing, 1924).
KEYS: Richard 1976: 668 (female) [Key to species of Parastictococcus].
CITATIONS: CouturMaRi1985 [distribution, host: 281]; GreenLa1924 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 415]; Medler1980 [distribution: 85]; Richar1971 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 592-593]; Richar1976 [taxonomy: 659, 668]; Vayssi1936 [taxonomy: 287]; Vayssi1936a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 349]; Way1954 [distribution, ecology, host: 96].
Parastictococcus brachystegiae (Hall)NOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus brachystegiae Hall, 1935a: 222-226. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, on Brachystegia sp., 08/10/1927; Theydon, on Brachystegia sp., 04/12/1927; Theydon, on Berlinia globiflora, 19/11/1928. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Stictococcus (Parastictococcus) brachystegiae; Richard, 1971: 593. Change of combination.
Parastictococcus brachystegiae; Richard, 1976: 659. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Berlinia globiflora [Hall1935a], Brachystegia sp. [Hall1935a]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration of both sexes of adults, first and second stage females, male larva, prepupa and pupa by Hall (1935a). Hodgson (2002) used this species in a phylogenetic analysis of non-margarodid Coccoidea.
STRUCTURE: Adult female hemispherical with a deep median transverse depression just in front of the anal orifice. Integument smooth and very highly polished, brown to reddish brown to black. Margin with narrow fringe of closely set pale orange-yellow spines. Ventral surface with a thin film of white secretionary matter which extends beyond the margin under the fringe. A series of short vertical bands of similar white secretion around the margin, associated with short vertical bands of spines, can be seen in some specimens; they are frequently missing or obscure in old individuals. Male with head broader than long with a few bristles in the frontal region. No median longitudinal suture obvious, but an ocellus close to each eye (Hall, 1935a).
SYSTEMATICS: Parastictococcus brachystegiae is at first glance similar to P. gowdeyi but differs in the following ways: P. brachystegiae is about twice as large as P. gowdeyi, the narrow vertical bands of white secretion are not confined to the anterior stigmatic clefts as in P. gowdeyi. Several bands are present but are obscure in all but the early adult female. There are usually 6 segments to the antennae whereas P. gowdeyi has 5. The marginal fringe in P. gowdeyi is more regular and uniform since there is not the same variation in length of the setae as is found in P. brachystegiae. P. brachystegiae has many more hairs around the anal orifice and the setae on the ventral dermis are somewhat different (Hall, 1935a).
KEYS: Richard 1976: 668 (female) [Key to species of Parastictococcus].
CITATIONS: DeLott1967a [distribution, host: 119]; Hall1935a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 222-226]; Hodgso2002 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 135]; Richar1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 593-594]; Richar1976 [taxonomy: 659, 668]; Vayssi1936 [taxonomy: 283, 287].
Parastictococcus delottoi RichardNOMENCLATURE:
Parastictococcus delottoi Richard, 1976: 659-660. Type data: ERITREA: Debarroa, at 2000m in altitude, on Acacia etbaica, 15/07/1948 by G. De Lotto. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in BMNH and MNHN.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia etbaica [Richar1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Eritrea [Richar1976].
BIOLOGY: Parastictococcus delottoi was collected with Fulaspis monoloba (Diaspididae) (Richard, 1976).
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Richard (1976).
STRUCTURE: Dorsal surface of adult female completely covered with spines (Richard, 1976).
SYSTEMATICS: Parastictococcus delottoi is similar to P. multispinosus (Richard, 1976).
KEYS: Richard 1976: 668 (female) [Key to species of Parastictococcus].
CITATIONS: Richar1976 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 659-650].
Parastictococcus gowdeyi (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus gowdeyi Newstead, 1913: 70-72. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on Harungana madagascariensis, 10/08/1911, by C.C. Gowdey. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Stictococcus (Parastictococcus) gowdeyi; Richard, 1971: 593. Change of combination.
Parastictococcus gowdeyi; Richard, 1976: 659. Change of combination.
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Oecophylla sp. [Newste1917a].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus comperei [Gowdey1917], Coccophagus cowperi [Comper1931], Coccophagus lecanii [Fulmek1943], Coccophagus lycimnia [Garcia1931], Coccophagus nubes [LePell1968], Eriaporus congolius [Richar1971]. Encyrtidae: Cheiloneurus carinatus [Richar1971], Coccidoxenus sp. [Richar1971], Epitetrastichus ugandensis [Gowdey1917]. LEPIDOPTERA Eulophidae: Tetrastichus ugandensis [LePell1968].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Anisotes zenkeri [Richar1971]. Anacardiaceae: Lannea kerstingii [Richar1971]. Annonaceae: Annona sp. [Richar1971]. Apocynaceae: Baissea sp. [Richar1971]. Euphorbiaceae: Alchornea cordifolia [Richar1971]. Fabaceae: Cajanus cajan [Richar1971], Pterocarpus soyauxii [Richar1971]. Guttiferae: Harungana madagascariensis [Newste1913]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [Richar1971]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus owariensis [Richar1971]. Passifloraceae: Barteria nigritiana [Richar1971]. Rubiaceae: Coffea canephora [Schmut1969], Coffea sp. [CouturMaRi1985], Nauclea diderrichii [Richar1971]. Sterculiaceae: Cola nitida [Richar1971], Cola sp. [Richar1971], Theobroma cacao [CouturMaRi1985]. Ulmaceae: Celtis zenkeri [Richar1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [LePell1968]; Central African Republic [Richar1971]; Congo [Richar1971]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985]; Gabon [Richar1971]; Ghana [Campbe1983]; Guinea [CouturMaRi1985]; Kenya [LePell1968]; Nigeria [Newste1917a]; Togo [CouturMaRi1985]; Uganda [Newste1913]; Zaire [CouturMaRi1985].
BIOLOGY: Parastictococcus gowdeyi is always attended by ants (Schmutterer, 1969).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Richard (1976). Hodgson (2002) used this species in a phylogenetic analysis of non-margarodid Coccoidea.
STRUCTURE: Adult female hemispherical, with a deep subcentral transverse depression in front of the anal orifice. Integument smooth and so polished as to appear glass-like, rich dark castaneous to piceous. Margin with narrow fringe of closely set pale orange-yellow spines; narrow vertical band of white secretion over the anterior stigmatic clefts. Ventral surface of fringe covered with white secretion. Female larva ellipsoidal, male larva more elongated (Newstead, 1913).
KEYS: Richard 1976: 668 (female) [Key to species of Parastictococcus].
CITATIONS: Campbe1983 [distribution, host: 140]; Comper1931 [biological control, distribution: 57]; CouturMaRi1985 [distribution, host: 281]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 78]; Garcia1931 [biological control: 401]; GomezM1942 [taxonomy: 140]; Gowdey1913 [distribution, host: 249]; Gowdey1917 [biological control, distribution, host: 188]; Hall1935a [taxonomy: 226]; Hargre1948 [distribution, host: 37]; Hodgso2002 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 135]; LePell1968 [biological control, distribution, host: 377]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 373]; Mallam1954 [distribution, economic importance, host: 51]; MatileNo1984 [distribution: 70]; MayneGh1934 [distribution, host: 38]; Medler1980 [distribution: 85]; Morsta1936 [distribution, host: 102]; Newste1913 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 70-72]; Newste1917a [description, distribution, host: 13]; Richar1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 593-595]; Richar1976 [taxonomy: 659, 668]; Roba1935 [distribution, host: 334]; Schmut1969 [distribution, ecology, economic importance, host: 104]; Strick1947a [biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host: 501]; Trjapi1984 [biological control: 295]; Tuncyu1970 [biological control, distribution: 32]; Vayssi1936a [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 350, 354, 355].
Parastictococcus hargreavesi (Vayssière)NOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus hargreavesi Vayssière, 1936: 283-285. Type data: SIERRA LEONE: on Cola vera, 24/12/1928, by M.E. Hargreaves. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Stictococcus (Parastictococcus) hargreavesi; Richard, 1971: 595. Change of combination.
Parastictococcus hargreavesi; Richard, 1976: 659. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [CouturMaRi1985]. Connaraceae: Agelaea subobliqua [CouturMaRi1985]. Medusandraceae: Soyauxia grandiflora [CouturMaRi1985]. Olacaceae: Cola edulis [CouturMaRi1985]. Sterculiaceae: Cola gabonensis [Richar1976], Cola nitida [CouturMaRi1985], Cola vera [Vayssi1936], Theobroma cacao [CouturMaRi1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Central African Republic [CouturMaRi1985]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985]; Gabon [CouturMaRi1985]; Ghana [Campbe1983]; Guinea [Richar1976]; Senegal [CouturMaRi1985]; Sierra Leone [Vayssi1936]; Togo [CouturMaRi1985]; Zaire [CouturMaRi1985].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Vayssière (1936).
STRUCTURE: Adult female hemispherical, brown, 2 mm in diameter. Female larva oval and very long, nearly circular (Vayssière, 1936).
KEYS: Richard 1976: 668 (female) [Key to species of Parastictococcus].
CITATIONS: Brun1992 [pp. 16, 31]; Campbe1983 [distribution, host: 139, 140, 142, 148]; CouturMaRi1985 [distribution, host: 281]; Richar1971 [taxonomy: 595]; Richar1976 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 657, 659, 668, 657]; Vayssi1936 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 283-285].
Parastictococcus multispinosus (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus multispinosus Newstead, 1908c: 6-7. Type data: TANZANIA: Kilimanjaro, Kibonoto, 25/07/1905, by Dr. Sjostedt. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Stictococcus dimorphus Newstead, 1910a: 63-66. Type data: UGANDA: Langenburg, on Cacao sp., ?/12/1909, by C.C. Gowdey. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Richard, 1971: 595.
Stictococcus dimorphus Newstead, 1910c: 195. Nomen nudum; discovered by Newstead, 1910a: 63-66.
Stictococcus diversiseta Silvestri, 1915a: 379-388. Type data: GHANA: Aburi, on Annona sp.; BENIN: Cotonou, on undetermined host. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Richard, 1971: 595.
Stictococcus aliberti Vayssière, 1936: 282-283. Type data: TOGO: Daye, on unknown host, ?/01/1934, by M. Alibert. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Richard, 1971: 595.
Stictococcus olivaceus Vayssière, 1936: 285-287. Type data: SIERRA LEONE: on Cola vera, 24/12/1928, by E.E. Green. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Richard, 1971: 595.
Stictococcus (Parastictococcus) multispinosus; Richard, 1971: 595. Change of combination.
Parastictococcus multispinosus; Richard, 1976: 659. Change of combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aethognathus afer [Fulmek1943], Aethognathus cavilabris [Fulmek1943]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus stictococci [Fulmek1943]. LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Eublemma costimacula [Gowdey1913], Eublemma scitula [Lambor1915].
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Gowdey1913], Annona sp. [Silves1915a], Xylopia quintasii [CouturMaRi1985]. Bignoniaceae: Dolichandron platycalyx [Gowdey1917], Markhamia platycalyx [Gowdey1913]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton tiglium [Gowdey1913]. Fabaceae: Cajanus indicus [Gowdey1913, Lambor1915], Cassia sp. [Hargre1937], Leptoderris sp. [CouturMaRi1985]. Malvaceae: Gossypium sp. [DeLott1967a], Hibiscus sp. [Gowdey1917]. Moraceae: Artocarpus integrifolia [Gowdey1917]. Piperaceae: Piper umbellatum [Strick1947a]. Sterculiaceae: Cola lateritia [Hargre1937], Cola nitida [Hargre1937], Cola sp. [Newste1917b], Cola vera [Vayssi1936], Theobroma cacao [CouturMaRi1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973a]; Benin [Silves1915a, GermaiVaMa2010]; Cameroon [CouturMaRi1985]; Central African Republic [CouturMaRi1985]; Congo [CouturMaRi1985]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985]; Eritrea [DeLottNa1955]; Gabon [CouturMaRi1985]; Ghana [Silves1915a]; Guinea [CouturMaRi1985]; Kenya [DeLott1967a]; Nigeria [Newste1917a]; Sierra Leone [Vayssi1936]; Tanzania [Newste1910]; Togo [Vayssi1936a]; Uganda [Newste1910c]; Zaire [CouturMaRi1985].
BIOLOGY: Buchner (1955) discussed the endosymbiosis of this species.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Vayssière (1936) and Almeida (1973a). Hodgson (2002) used this species in a phylogenetic analysis of non-margarodid Coccoidea.
STRUCTURE: Adult female hemispherical with distinct broad V-shaped depression on the dorsum immediately in front of the anal orifice; integument covered with short, stout, fulvescent spines, between which are one broad marginal and two subdorsal bands of white granular secretion (Newstead, 1910a). Male scale white, felted, elongated sac and very brittle. Male prepupa turned to dull crimson in cold KOH, very robust. Adult male with head slightly longer than broad; ventral surface with two divergent narrow sclerites and 4 pairs of bristles, which are separated by a median longitudinal suture, the distal pair on the frontal margin. Male larva with marginal spines of two forms, minute club-shaped ones, alternating with immensely long, stout, curved and barbed ones (Newstead, 1917a).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Lamborn (1915) listed Eublemma scitula as greatly checking this species.
KEYS: Richard 1976: 668 (female) [Key to species of Parastictococcus].
CITATIONS: Almeid1973a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 19-26]; Balduf1939 [biological control: 10]; Bigger1975 [distribution, host: 189, 190]; BrownDe1959 [physiology: 378]; Buchne1955 [ecology: 397-424]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy: 278, 284-285]; Campbe1983 [distribution, host: 139, 140, 142, 144]; CouturMaRi1985 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 281]; DeLott1967a [distribution, host: 119]; DeLottNa1955 [distribution, host: 54]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 77-78]; GermaiVaMa2010 [distribution: 127]; GomezM1942 [taxonomy: 140]; Gowdey1913 [biological control, distribution, host: 249]; Gowdey1917 [biological control, distribution, host: 188]; Green1910a [description, taxonomy: 201]; GreenLa1924 [taxonomy: 415]; Hall1935a [taxonomy: 226]; Hargre1937 [distribution, host: 517]; HertinSi1972 [biological control, distribution: 111]; Hodgso2002 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 135]; Komosi1974 [taxonomy: 345]; Lamb1974 [distribution, host: 44]; Lambor1915 [biological control, distribution, economic importance: 206, 213, Plate XXII]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 330]; Lindin1913 [description, distribution, host: 91]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 373]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 75]; Mahdih1964 [taxonomy: 347]; Mallam1954 [distribution, economic importance, host: 38, 51]; MatileNo1984 [distribution: 70]; Medler1980 [distribution: 85]; Newste1908a [distribution, taxonomy: 150]; Newste1908c [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 6-7]; Newste1910 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1, 6-7]; Newste1910a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 63-66]; Newste1910c [distribution: 195]; Newste1911a [distribution: 161]; Newste1913 [physiology: 72]; Newste1917a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 14-15]; Newste1917b [biological control, distribution, host: 126]; Rao1952 [taxonomy: 180]; Richar1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 595-596]; Richar1976 [taxonomy: 659, 668]; Silves1915a [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 379-388]; Silves1939 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 705-706]; Stickn1934 [illustration, structure: 151]; Strick1947a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 500, 501]; Trjapi1984 [biological control: 295]; Vayssi1936 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 282-283, 285-287]; Vayssi1936a [distribution, host: 349]; Weber1930 [taxonomy: 376].
Parastictococcus mutatus RichardNOMENCLATURE:
Parastictococcus mutatus Richard, 1976: 660-661. Type data: NIGERIA: Idiayunre, on Theobroma cacao, 17/04/1963, by R.G. Donald; Agege, same host, 22/02/1912, by A.D. Peacock. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in MNHN and BMNH. Richard (1976) does not specify from which locality or on which date the holotype was collected.
HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Richar1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Richar1976].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Richard (1976).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body longer than wide. Submarginal region of dorsal surface with a crown of denticulate spines mixed with hair-like spines of various lengths (Richard, 1976).
SYSTEMATICS: Parastictococcus mutatus is an intermediate species between P. gowdeyi and P. hargreavesi, but it is closer to the latter in the fringe of spines on the circumference (Richard, 1976).
KEYS: Richard 1976: 668 (female) [Key to species of Parastictococcus].
CITATIONS: Richar1976 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 659, 660].
Stictococcus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus Cockerell, 1903c: 64. Type species: Stictococcus sjostedti Cockerell.
BIOLOGY: Root feeding is unusual in the genus Stictococcus, and is found only in S. vayssierei and in S. subterreus, both of which have been found on cassava. All species are apparently attended by ants. (Williams, et al., 2010)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of adult female segmentation in Williams, et al., 2010)
STRUCTURE: Stictococcus has the anal orifice in the middle of the back, not connected with the hind margin by a slit or groove. Anal plates so modified in adults as to be unrecognizable (Cockerell, 1903c).
SYSTEMATICS: When the adult female develops to maturity, the dorsum becomes scleotized and slightly convex, while the lateral areas of the venter form a narrow rim, pushing the dorsum upwards. Thus when flattened on microscope slides, parts of the venter overlap to the dorsum. Often the dorsal surface is completely naked and becomes smooth and appears to be highly polished. (Williams, et al., 2010) Slide-mounted specimens often show variation in the numbers and shapes of the dorsal setae and in the ventral marginal setae rendering them easier to separate than in the field. (Williams, et al., 2010)
KEYS: Williams et al. 2010: 11 (adult, female) [Key to the genera of the family Stictococcidae (adult females)]; Richard 1976: 667 [Key to genera of Stictococcidae]; Richard 1971: 583 (male) [Key to males of Stictococcinae].
CITATIONS: Balach1948b [distribution, taxonomy: 254]; Balduf1938 [taxonomy: 368]; Brown1959SW [taxonomy: 293, 295]; Clause1940 [taxonomy: 495]; Cocker1903c [description, distribution, taxonomy: 64]; Ferris1921b [taxonomy: 59]; Ferris1957b [taxonomy: 67]; GomezM1942 [description, taxonomy: 139-140]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy: 92]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy: 60, 91]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 196]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 71, 75]; Newste1908a [description, distribution, taxonomy: 150-151]; Richar1971 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 583-584]; Richar1976 [description, taxonomy: 656-657]; Silves1915a [description, illustration, taxonomy: 379-388]; Silves1939 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 704-705]; TremblPo2001 [taxonomy: 160]; Vayssi1936a [taxonomy: 355].
Stictococcus coccineus Gowdey nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus coccineus Gowdey, 1917: 188. Nomen nudum.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia sp. [Gowdey1917]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Medler1980]; Uganda [Gowdey1917].
SYSTEMATICS: Gowdey (1917) named Stictococcus coccineus and gave the host Acacia sp. and he attributed this species to Newstead, but it was never described (Vayssière, 1936a).
CITATIONS: Gowdey1917 [distribution, host: 188]; Hall1935a [taxonomy: 226]; Medler1980 [distribution: 85]; Vayssi1936a [host, taxonomy: 349].
Stictococcus formicarius NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus formicarius Newstead, 1910b: 19-22. Type data: ZAIRE: Stanleyville (now Kisangani), on Barteria fistulosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Crematogaster africana laurentis [Strick1947a], Oecophylla sp. [LePell1968], Pachysima aethiops [Newste1910b], Sima spininoda [Strick1947a].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus sp. [HertinSi1972], Eriaporus comperellus [HertinSi1972], Eriaporus congolius [HertinSi1972], Eriaporus laticeps [HertinSi1972]. LEPIDOPTERA Arctiidae: Nolinae sp. [MatileNo1984].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Whitfieldia elongata [Richar1971]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Laing1932], Annona reticulata [Vayssi1936a], Hexalobus crispiflorus [Richar1971]. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens dichroa [Richar1971]. Cecropiaceae: Musanga cecropioides [Richar1971]. Connaraceae: Roureopsis obliquifoliolata [Richar1971]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros crassiflora [Richar1971]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha sp. [Richar1971], Alchornea floribunda [Richar1971], Croton mayumbensis [Richar1971], Croton sp. [Richar1971], Macaranga sp. [Richar1971], Phyllanthus discoideus [Richar1971], Tetrorchidium didymostemon [Richar1971]. Fabaceae: Berlinia acuminata [Laing1932], Pterocarpus soyauxii [Richar1971], Pueraria sp. [Richar1971]. Guttiferae: Harungana madagascariensis [Richar1971]. Lamiaceae: Tectona grandis [Richar1971]. Moraceae: Ficus sp. [Gowdey1917]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia sp. [Richar1971]. Passifloraceae: Barteria fistulosa [Newste1910b]. Rubiaceae: Camptopus le-testui [Richar1971], Coffea arabica [DeLott1967a], Coffea sp. [Richar1971], Cuveria angolensis [Vayssi1936a], Nauclea diderrichii [Richar1971], Porterandia cladantha [Richar1971]. Rutaceae: Oricia sp. [Richar1971]. Sapotaceae: Mimusops africana [Richar1971], Synsepalum subcordatum [Richar1971]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Liegeo1944, Richar1971]. Tiliaceae: Grewia subargentea [Vayssi1936a]. Urticaceae: Urera cameroonensis [Richar1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [Richar1971]; Central African Republic [Richar1971]; Congo [Ghesqu1932, LePell1968]; Ethiopia [Abebe1987]; Gabon [Richar1971]; Ghana [HertinSi1972]; Kenya [DeLott1967a]; Uganda [Gowdey1917]; Zaire [Newste1910b, Liegeo1944].
BIOLOGY: Buchner (1963) discusses the endosymbionts of this species.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Richard (1971). Redescription and illustration in Williams, et al., 2010.
STRUCTURE: Adult female pale castaneous, usually oval, dorsum flat or slightly concave with deep gland pits and irregular transverse grooves becoming more pronounced at the bluntly but strongly crenulated margin (Newstead, 1910b).
SYSTEMATICS: Stictococcus formicarius resembles S. sjostedti in the absence of glands in the plural zone, but differs in the simple processes, unilobed and strong denticulated spines (Richard, 1971). The important distinguishing characters of this species are the combination of maily bullet-shaped setae around the ventral margins and flower-shaped dorsal setae. (Williams, et al., 2010)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Liegeois (1944) comments on the economic importance of this species in Zaire on cocoa.
KEYS: Williams et al. 2010: 11 (female) [Key to adult females of Stictococcus species (except S. tuberculatus)]; Richard 1976: 667 (female) [Key to species of Stictococcus].
CITATIONS: Abebe1987 [distribution: 977-980]; Buchne1963 [chemistry, life history: 437-443]; DeLott1967a [distribution, host: 119]; Ghesqu1932 [distribution, host: 59]; GomezM1942 [distribution, host: 140]; Gowdey1917 [distribution, host: 188]; Hall1935a [taxonomy: 226]; HertinSi1972 [biological control, distribution: 111]; Laing1932 [distribution, host: 61]; Lambor1913 [taxonomy: 522]; LePell1968 [distribution, ecology, economic importance: 378]; Liegeo1944 [distribution, economic importance, host: 165]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 373]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 75]; Mann1922 [distribution, taxonomy: 630]; MatileNo1984 [distribution, host: 70]; MayneGh1934 [distribution, host: 38]; Newste1910b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 19-22]; Newste1917b [distribution, host: 126]; Richar1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 589-590]; Roba1935 [distribution, host: 334]; Strick1947a [distribution, ecology, host: 501]; Vayssi1936a [distribution, host, illustration: 350, 353, 354, 355]; WilliaMaMi2010 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 2,11-13].
Stictococcus intermedius NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus intermedius Newstead, 1917a: 13-14. Type data: GHANA: Aburi, on Cacao sp., 1913, by W.H. Patterson. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Stictococcus guineensis Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1942: 131-141. Type data: EQUATORIAL GUINEA: on Coffea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spain. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Richard, 1971: 591.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Pteromalidae: Pediobius sp. [Richar1971], Tetrastichus sp. [Richar1971]. LEPIDOPTERA Tortricidae: Polemograptis sp. [MatileNo1984].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Whitfieldia elongata [Richar1971]. Annonaceae: Xylopia staudtii [DejeanMcGi2000]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton mayumbensis [Richar1971], Macaranga barteri [CouturMaRi1985], Macaranga sp. [Richar1971]. Fabaceae: Dialium aubrevillei [CouturMaRi1985]. Guttiferae: Harungana madagascariensis [Richar1971]. Medusandraceae: Soyauxia grandiflora [CouturMaRi1985]. Moraceae: Ficus sp. [CouturMaRi1985]. Olacaceae: Coula edulis [DejeanMcGi2000]. Piperaceae: Piper umbellatum [Richar1971]. Rubiaceae: Canthium vulgare [Richar1971], Coffea robusta [Richar1971], Coffea sp. [GomezM1942]. Scytopetalaceae: Scytopetalum thieghemii [CouturMaRi1985]. Sterculiaceae: Cola acuminata [Richar1971], Cola ballayi [Richar1971], Cola lateritia [Hargre1937], Cola nitida [Hargre1937], Cola sp. [Richar1971], Theobroma cacao [Newste1917a]. Verbenaceae: Vitex sp. [Richar1971]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [Richar1971]; Central African Republic [Richar1971]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Vayssi1936a]; Equatorial Guinea [GomezM1942] (Bioko (=Fernando Po) [Richar1971]); Ghana [Newste1917a]; Guinea [LePell1968]; Nigeria [Medler1980]; Sierra Leone [Hargre1937]; Togo [LePell1968]; Zaire [CouturMaRi1985].
BIOLOGY: Buchner (1963) discusses the endosymbionts of this species.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription and illustration by Richard (1971).
STRUCTURE: Adult female with pseudomargin with a regular series of short, deep, sharply defined and slightly radial grooves, giving the extreme edge a finely crenulated appearance, as if marked by a roulette wheel. Midway between the median line and the roulette border is an irregular row of deep, clearly defined pits, 7-8 on either side (Newstead, 1917a).
SYSTEMATICS: Stictococcus intermedius can be separated from S. sjostedti by the form of the marginal spines (in all stages) and by the sculpturing of the dorsum in the adult female (Newstead, 1917a). S. intermedius differs form S. pujoli in lacking the dense covering of dorsal barbed setae. (Williams, et al., 2010)
KEYS: Williams et al. 2010: 11 (female) [Key to adult females of Stictococcus species (except S. tuberculatus)]; Richard 1976: 668 (female) [Key to species of Stictococcus].
CITATIONS: Buchne1963 [chemistry, illustration, life history: 430-437]; CouturMaRi1985 [distribution, host: 281]; DejeanMcGi2000 [distribution, host: 415]; GomezM1942 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 131-141]; Hargre1937 [distribution, host: 517]; LePell1968 [distribution, host: 378]; Mallam1954 [distribution, economic importance, host: 51, 55]; MatileNo1984 [distribution, host: 70]; Medler1980 [distribution: 85]; Newste1917a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 13-14]; Richar1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 590-591]; Richar1976 [taxonomy: 657, 668]; Strick1947a [distribution, host: 501]; Vayssi1936a [distribution, host: 350]; WilliaMaMi2010 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 2,11,14-16].
Stictococcus pujoli RichardNOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus pujoli Richard, 1976: 657. Type data: GUINEA: Sérédou, on Cola gabonensis, 28/02/1958, by R. Pujol. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype in BMNH.
HOST: Sterculiaceae: Cola gabonensis [Richar1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Guinea [Richar1976].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Richard (1976).
STRUCTURE: Dorsal surface of adult female covered with many spines (Richard, 1976).
SYSTEMATICS: Stictococcus pujoli can be told from S. intermedius by the many lobed marginal processes (Richard, 1976). The anal complex was described as the smallest of any species of Stictococcus. (Williams, et al., 2010)
KEYS: Williams et al. 2010: 11 (female) [Key to adult females of Stictococcus species (except S. tuberculatus)]; Richard 1976: 668 (female) [Key to species of Stictococcus].
CITATIONS: Richar1976 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 657-658]; WilliaMaMi2010 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 2,11, 16-17].
Stictococcus sjostedti Cockerell & Cockerell in CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus sjostedti Cockerell & Cockerell in Cockerell, 1903c: 64-65. Type data: CAMEROON: Itoki; Eskundu; Bonze; ?/02/1891, from undetermined host, by Y. Sjostedt. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Camponotus acvapimensis [AdenugAd1987], Crematogaster buchneri winkleri [Lambor1913], Crematogaster clariventris [Campbe1994a], Crematogaster sp. [Strick1947a], Crematogaster striatula [Bigger1972], Oecophylla haematodus [EvansLe1971], Oecophylla smaragdina [Strick1947a], Oecophylla sp. [Lambor1915], Pheidole sp. [Strick1947a].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron sp. [HertinSi1972]. LEPIDOPTERA Lycaenidae: Spalgis sp. [HertinSi1972]. Noctuidae: Eublemma ochrochroa [Lambor1915, Balduf1939, Lambor1913], Eublemma scitula [MatileNo1984], Eublemma sp. [HertinSi1972]. Tortricidae: Tortrix callopista [Lambor1915, Fulmek1943].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Vernonia colorata [CouturMaRi1985]. Cecropiaceae: Musanga smithii [Strick1947a]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga barteri [CouturMaRi1985], Uapaca esculenta [CouturMaRi1985]. Guttiferae: Calophyllum inophyllum [Strick1947a]. Ixonanthaceae: Ochthocosmus mirabilis [CouturMaRi1985]. Lecythidaceae: Napoleona sp. [Lambor1915]. Loganiaceae: Anthocleista nobilis [CouturMaRi1985], Anthocleista sp. [CouturMaRi1985]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus bangwensis [Strick1947a]. Moraceae: Ficus sp. [CouturMaRi1985]. Musaceae: Musa paradisiaca [Strick1947a]. Olacaceae: Coula edulis [CouturMaRi1985]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [CouturMaRi1985], Citrus sp. [CouturMaRi1985]. Sterculiaceae: Cola nitida [Hargre1937], Sterculia macrocarpa [Vayssi1936a], Theobroma cacao [AdenugAd1987]. Tiliaceae: Glyphaea lateriflora [Strick1947a]. LEPIDOPTERA Tortricidae: Polemograptis callopista [MatileNo1984].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [Vayssi1936a, GermaiVaMa2010]; Cameroon [Cocker1903c]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Vayssi1936a]; Gabon [Vayssi1936a]; Ghana [Newste1917b]; Guinea [CouturMaRi1985]; Nigeria [Green1915b, Lambor1915]; Sierra Leone [Hargre1937]; Togo [CouturMaRi1985]; Uganda [Morsta1936]; Zaire [MayneGh1934].
BIOLOGY: First instars are sexually dimorphic (Lamborn 1913).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription and illustration by Richard (1971).
STRUCTURE: Adult female oval, flattish, about 4 mm long, 3 mm wide; smooth and shiny, ferruginous to olive-brown. Female larva broad oval, with a similar anal orifice, but it is surrounded by the 6 long bristles of the anal ring (Cockerell, 1903c).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is easily distinguishable from all other species of Stictococcus in possessing dorsal pores all about the same size. In other known species, the marginal pores are noticeably larger than the other dorsal pores. (Williams, et al., 2010)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of cacao in Western Africa, Eublemma ochrochroa and Tortrix callopisia are recorded as natural enemies (Lamborn 1915).
KEYS: Williams et al. 2010: 11 (female) [Key to adult females of Stictococcus species (except S. tuberculatus)]; Richard 1976: 667 (female) [Key to species of Stictococcus].
CITATIONS: AdenugAd1987 [ecology, host: 240]; Almeid1973a [taxonomy: 20]; Balduf1939 [biological control, taxonomy: 11, 17, 47]; Bigger1972 [distribution, host, illustration: 67]; Bigger1981 [distribution, host: 114]; BrownDe1959 [physiology: 378]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy: 277-283]; Campbe1983 [distribution, host: 139, 140, 142, 143]; Campbe1994 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 166, 167, 168, 169]; Campbe1994a [distribution, ecology, host: 315, 316, 317]; Cocker1903c [description, distribution, taxonomy: 64-65]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 445]; CouturMaRi1985 [distribution, host: 281]; EvansLe1971 [distribution, ecology: 358, 360, 361]; FoldiCa1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 34]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 78]; GermaiVaMa2010 [distribution: 127]; GomezM1942 [description, taxonomy: 138]; Green1915b [distribution, host: 43]; GwiazdVaDe2006 [phylogenetics: 16]; Hall1935a [taxonomy: 226]; Hanfor1974 [distribution, host: 15]; Hargre1937 [distribution, host: 517]; HertinSi1972 [biological control, distribution: 111]; Lamb1974 [distribution, host: 44]; Lambor1913 [ecology: 442,444,447,448,453]; Lambor1915 [biological control, distribution, economic importance, host: 205]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 325]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 196]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 373]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 75]; Mallam1954 [distribution, economic importance, host: 51]; Marcha1909d [distribution, host: 182]; MatileNo1984 [biological control, distribution: 70]; MayneGh1934 [distribution, host: 38]; Medler1980 [distribution: 85]; Morsta1936 [distribution, host: 102]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 173]; Newste1906a [distribution, host: 74]; Newste1908a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 149-150]; Newste1908b [distribution, host: 40-41]; Newste1908c [distribution: 1]; Newste1910 [taxonomy: 1, 7]; Newste1913 [physiology: 72]; Newste1914a [distribution, host: 520-524]; Newste1917b [distribution, host: 126]; Richar1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 591-592]; Richar1976 [taxonomy: 657, 667]; Silves1915a [taxonomy: 379]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 704, 706]; Strick1947a [distribution, host: 501-502]; Vayssi1913 [distribution, host: 429]; Vayssi1936a [distribution, host: 349, 350]; WilliaMaMi2010 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 2,11,18-20].
Stictococcus subterreus Williams et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus subterreus Williams et al., 2010: 11,20-23. Type data: NIGERIA: Bakoko Village, 13 km N. of Calabar, on cassava, 9/9/1978, by J.C. Reid. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Also collected at Cross River State, Ikot Oken at the base of cassava (Manihot esculenta), Colocasia sp. (Araceae), Xanthosoma sp. and Costus afer (Zingiberaceae), underground, ant attended.
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Anoplolepsis tenella [WilliaMaMi2010].
HOSTS: Araceae: Colocasia sp. [WilliaMaMi2010], Xanthosoma sp. [WilliaMaMi2010]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [WilliaMaMi2010]. Zingiberaceae: Costus afer [WilliaMaMi2010].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [WilliaMaMi2010].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Williams, et al., 2010.
STRUCTURE: Body on microscope slide, broadly oval to almost round. Antennae, gently tapering, 6-segmented. Legs well developed. (Williams, et al., 2010
SYSTEMATICS: There is some variation in the shapes of the ventral marginal setae, but this new species differs from other species in having slender and tapering marginal ventral setae. S. subterreus lacks long marginal flagellate setae, but sometimes there are a few marginal setae that are longer than the others but are quite thick. (Williams, et al., 2010)
KEYS: Williams et al. 2010: 11 (female) [Key to adult females of Stictococcus species (except S. tuberculatus)].
CITATIONS: WilliaMaMi2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 11,20-23].
Stictococcus tuberculatus LaingNOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus formicarius tuberculata Laing, 1932: 61-62. Type data: ZAIRE: Stanleyville (now Kisangani), on Sterculia tragacantha, 1925. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Stictococcus tuberculatus; Williams et al., 2010: 23. Change of status.
FOE: LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Eublemma sp. [MayneGh1934].
HOST: Sterculiaceae: Sterculia tragacantha [Laing1932].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire [Laing1932].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and elevation in rank given in Williams, et al., 2010,
STRUCTURE: The dorsal marginal pores are larger than other dorsal pores and the ventral marginal setae are mostly bullet-shaped, as in S. formicarius and S. vayssierei. There do not appear to be any flower-shaped setae on the dorsum, a major character of S. formicarius, and there is an enlarged seta widely fringed at the distal end situated near the anus. Such setae are not present in S. vayssierei. In addition, Laing described Stictococcus formicarius var. tuberculata as living on twigs, but S. vayssierei is always subterranean. S. tuberculatus Laing was given full specific rank in Williams, et al., 2010.
SYSTEMATICS: Stictococcus formicarius tuberculata differs from S. formicarius formicarius by being much darker in color, brownish black and not light castaneous, the dorsum is distinctly convex, not flat or slightly concave; the crenulations on the rim are not so pronounced, there is an absence of wax and most importantly, there are two tubercles on the rim at the posterior end which stand out most conspicuously (Laing, 1932).
CITATIONS: Buchne1965 [taxonomy: 285]; Ghesqu1932 [p. 59]; Laing1932 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 61-62]; MayneGh1934 [distribution, host: 38]; Strick1947a [distribution, host: 501]; Vayssi1936a [distribution, host: 350]; WilliaMaMi2010 [description, distribution, structure, taxonomy: 23].
Stictococcus vayssierei RichardNOMENCLATURE:
Stictococcus vayssierei Richard, 1971: 592. Type data: CAMEROON: Yaoundé, on Manihot esculenta, 13/12/1969. Holotype first instar. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: 1 adult male allotype, 10 paratypes (first instars and females) in MNHM.
COMMON NAMES: cassava brown root scale [TchuanHuLe2000]; cassava root scale [AmbeNtAw1999].
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Anoplolepis tenella Santchi [TindoHaGo2009, DejeanMa1996].
HOSTS: Araceae: Colocasia esculenta Schott [TindoHaGo2009], Cyrtospermi senegalense Eng. [TindoHaGo2009], Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott [TindoHaGo2009], Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott [TindoHaGo2009]. Arecaceae: Elacis guineensis Jacq. [TindoHaGo2009]. Costaceae: Costus afer Ker Gawi [TindoHaGo2009]. Discoreaceae: Dioscorea ssp. [TindoHaGo2009]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [Richar1971]. Fabaceae: Arachis hypogea L. [TindoHaGo2009]. Marantaceae: Trachyphriniom sp. [TindoHaGo2009]. Musaceae: Musa sp. [TindoHaGo2009]. Smilacaceae: Smilax anceps Willd. [TindoHaGo2009]. Zingiberaceae: Aframomum daniellii K. Schum [TindoHaGo2009], Zingiber officinale Rose [TindoHaGo2009].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [Richar1971]; Central African Republic [Richar1971]; Congo [BaniDiNz2003]; Equatorial Guinea (Bioko (=Fernando Po) [WilliaMaMi2010]); Zaire [LuteteTaKa1997].
BIOLOGY: Females are viviparous (Ambe et al., 1999). Ants, specifically Anoplolepis tenella Santschi, are the principal agents for the dispersal of S. vayssierei in southern Cameroon. (Dejean & Matile-Ferrero, 1996)
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Richard (1971). Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the 3 developmental stages in Tindo, et al. (2006).
STRUCTURE: Males of Stictococcus vayssierei are apterous and difficult to see with the naked eye (Ambe et al., 1999). Live adult females are usually brown except black in older adults. Individuals all sessile. Sclerotization of anal ring and median line well marked. Waxy secretion present on both margin and on dorsum and appearing as whitish dots. Slide-mounted adult females: The main differences between the adult and the other developmental stages were the presence of four opercula surrounding the anal orifice, the number of long setae on the posterior and the anterior opercula, and the appearance of the genital cleft. Live second instar nymphs are usually purple-red (94%), but occasionally yellow (6%). Individuals change feeding site after moulting. Sclerotization of anal ring and the median line marked. When present, whitish waxy secretion concentrated near the margin and in contact with the substrate. Slide mounted second instar: The main difference between the second instar and the first and third instars is the number of long setae on the anterior and posterior opercula surrounding the anal orifice. Live first instar nymphs are usually purple-red, but occasionally yellow. Very mobile individuals. Sclerotization of the anal ring and the median line weakly developed. Slide mounted first instar: The main difference between the first and the other two instars is the presence of a row of setae in the internal surface of anterior operculum and the absence of setae on the posterior operculum
SYSTEMATICS: Stictococcus vayssierei is close to S. sjostedti, but can be differentiated by the bidentate marginal processes less broad, thicker marginal spines; spines of dorsal integument differently formed; many glands in the pleural zone; a spine bifid in segments 3 and 4 of the antenna and on the dorsal face of the tibia; the tarsus longer than the tibia; digitules of the less thick tarsus (Richard, 1971). The ventral marginal setae of this species are bullet-shaped as in S. formicarius but the latter species possesses flower-shaped dorsal setae and these are absent from S. vayssierei. Furthermore, the dorsal depressions are very shallow and sometimes difficult to locate in S. vayssierei, whereas in all other species the dorsal depressions are much more conspicuous. (Williams, et al., 2010)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Ngeve (2003) indicated that pest frequency was only 12.5% in 1990, but increased to 87.5% by 1994. Attacks were more severe when sassava was planted on the flat rather than on ridges, and more severe when intercropped with other plants such as maize and groundnuts than when planted alone.
KEYS: Williams et al. 2010: 11 (female) [Key to adult females of Stictococcus species (except S. tuberculatus)]; Tindo et al. 2006: 130-131 (adult, 1st & 2nd instars) [Key to deveolopmental stages of S. Vayssierei]; Richard 1976: 668 (female) [Key to species of Stictococcus].
CITATIONS: AmbeNtAw1999 [distribution, economic importance, host, life history: 125-130]; BaniDiNz2003 [distribution: 529]; DejeanMa1996 [distribution, ecology, host: 183]; HannaTiGo2008 [ecology: 229-230]; LuteteTaKa1997 [distribution, economic importance, host: 71-73]; MatileNo1984 [distribution: 70]; Ngeve2003 [economic importance, life history: 327-333]; Richar1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 592]; Richar1976 [taxonomy: 657, 668]; TchuanHuLe2000 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy: 20-24]; TindoDoGo2006 [description, structure: 126-133]; TindoHaGo2009 [biological control, host: 339-345]; WilliaMaMi2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 1,23-26].