Family Rhizoecidae
Subfamily Rhizoecinae
Benedictycoccina Kozár & FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Benedictycoccina Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 134. Type species: Ripersiella ornata Hambleton, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Kozár & Foldi (2004).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczne Benedicty 2007: 82 (female) [Genera of subtribe Rjizoecina]; Kozár & Konczne Benedicty 2007: 83 (female) [Species of the genus Benedictycoccina]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 162 (female) [Species of the genus]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 180-191 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecini].
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, description: 154-162,180-181]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy: 146-147]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 83].
Benedictycoccina baloghi Kozár & FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Benedictycoccina baloghi Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 155. Type data: CHILE: locality and host plant not indicated; collected by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [KozarFo2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Foldi (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-156,162]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-86].
Benedictycoccina ethiopiana Foldi & Kozár {in}: Kozár & FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Benedictycoccina ethiopiana Foldi & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 156. Type data: ETHIOPIA: Addis Abeba; collected 28.ix.1980 by A. Demeter. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ethiopia [KozarFo2004]; Tanzania [KozarFo2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Foldi & Kozár (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Foldi 2004: 162 (female) [Species of the genus].
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy: 156-159,162]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-88].
Benedictycoccina ornata (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella ornata Hambleton, 1946: 70. Type data: TRINIDAD: Non Pareil Estate, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus ornatus; Hambleton, 1976: 41. Change of combination.
Benedictycoccina ornata; Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 159. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Foldi 2004: 162 (female) [Species of Benedictycoccina]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1946: 60 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 464]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-71]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-42, 80-81]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy: 159,162]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-91]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 559, 561, 562].
Benedictycoccina tanzaniana Kozár & FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Benedictycoccina tanzaniana Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 159. Type data: TANZANIA: locality and host plant not indicated; collected 1987, by S. Mahunika. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. 3402. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [KozarFo2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Foldi (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Foldi 2004: 162 (female) [Species of Benedictycoccina].
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-162]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-93].
Brevicoccus HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Brevicoccus Hambleton, 1946: 10. Type species: Brevicoccus clavisetosus Hambleton, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hambleton (1946), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (1998) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: The relationships of Brevicoccus Hambleton (1946) and Leptorhizoecus Williams (1998) are unclear. No males of Brevicoccus are known but the adult female has been redescribed recently by Williams and Granara de Willink (1992) and, although it shares with Capitisetella the presence of capitate setae, it appears otherwise to be a fairly typical non-hypogaeic mealybug. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 360 (female) [Genera of subtribe Ripersiellina]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 180-181 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecini]; Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2002a: 217 (female) [genera of Rhizoecini]; Williams 1998: 30 (female) [World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 39, 42 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 66]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description: 10]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy: 180-181]; KozarKo2002a [taxonomy: 217]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy: 146-147]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 360,361]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 25]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description: 26]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 68].
Brevicoccus clavisetosus HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Brevicoccus clavisetosus Hambleton, 1946: 11. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Guaruja, on Axonopus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Heleocharis capitata [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Axonopus [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 66, 67]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-13]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 361-363]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68, 70, 71].
Capitisetella HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Capitisetella Hambleton, 1977: 40. Type species: Pseudorhizoecus migrans Green, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hambleton (1977), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (1998) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of Capitisetella is clearly structurally similar to that of Pseudorhizoecus, only really differing in: (i) the type of dermal setae (capitate on apitisetella, small setose on Pseutorhizoecus), (ii) the presence/absence of tibial spurs (absent on C. migrans, present on Ps. proximus), (iii) the distribution of the loculate pores (segmental amongst the setae on Capitisetella and intersegmental on Pseudorhizoecus), and (iv) the number of antennal segments (3 on Capitisetella and 5 or 6 on Pseudorhizoecus. The adult females of these two species are rather similar: capitate setae on Capitisetella, small setose on Pseudorhizoecus; 3 antennal segments on Capitisetella, and 5 on Pseudorhizoecus; differently structured trilocular pores; and an anal ring with 6 setae and a few obscure pores on Capitisetella but that of Pseudorhizoecus with 2-5 short seta and with >20 small protuberances. Whether these differences aresufficient to justify keeping the two separate genera is unclear. Both Capitisetella and Pseudorhizoecus are monotypic and the discovery of further species in either genus might make their status clear. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 360 (female) [Genera of subtribe Ripersiellina]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 180-181 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecini]; Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2002a: 217 (female) [genera of Rhizoecini]; Williams 1998: 30 (female) [World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 39 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 68-69]; Hamble1977 [taxonomy, description: 49]; Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 11-13]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy: 180-181]; KozarKo2002a [taxonomy: 217]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy: 146-147]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 360,364]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 55-56]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description: 26]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 71].
Capitisetella migrans (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudorhizoecus migrans Green, 1933: 56. Type data: SURINAM: on roots of Coffea sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 71. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Capitisetella migrans; Hambleton, 1977: 40. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Axonopus compressus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Panicum maximum [Hamble1977, BenDov1994], Panicum mexicanum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Paspalum [Green1933, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [WilliaGr1992], Coffea liberica [Hamble1977, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Hamble1977, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Guyana [Hamble1977, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Suriname [Green1933, Bunzli1935, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1933), Hambleton (1977), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of C. migrans is clearly structurally similar to that of Pseudorhizoecus proximus only really differing in: (i) the type of dermal setae (capitate on C. migrans, small setose on Ps. proximus), (ii) the presence/absence of tibial spurs (absent on C. migrans, present on Ps. proximus), (iii) the distribution of the loculate pores (segmental amongst the setae on C. migrans and intersegmental on Ps. proximus), and (iv) the number of antennal segments (3 on C. migrans and 5 or 6 on Ps. proximus). The adult females of these two species are rather similar: capitate setae on C. migrans, small setose on Ps. proximus; 3 antennal segments on C. migrans and 5 on Ps. proximus; differently structured trilocular pores; and an anal ring with 6 setae and a few obscure pores on C. migrans but that of Ps. proximus with 2-5 short seta and with >20 small protuberances. Hodgson (2012) questions whether these differences are sufficient to justify keeping the two species in separate genera. Both Capitisetella and Pseudorhizoecus are monotypic and the discovery of further species in either genus might make their status clear. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 69]; Bunzli1935 [host, distribution: 453]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56, 57]; Hamble1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40, 41]; Hodgso2012 [description, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 11-13]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 364-366]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-73].
Coccidella HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella Hambleton, 1946: 16. Type species: Morrisonella poensis Hambleton, by original designation. Homonym of Morrisonella Bartsch, 1945.
Coccidella Hambleton, 1946a: 177. Replacement name for Morrisonella Hambleton, 1946.
Morrisoniella; Russo & Mazzeo, 1992: 216. Misspelling of genus name.
Coccidella; Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 163. Revived status.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and description by Hambleton (1946a), Kozár & Foldi (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 95 (female) [Species of Coccidella]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 175-177 (female) [Species of Coccidella]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 180-181 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecini].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy: 441-442]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description: 16-18]; Hamble1946a [taxonomy: 177]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, description: 163-177,180-181]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy: 146-147]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 94-95]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 40,125].
Coccidella boliviana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Coccidella boliviana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 163. Type data: BOLIVIA: Locality and host plant not indicated; collected 1966 by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [KozarFo2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Foldi (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Foldi 2004: 175-177 (female) [Coccidella species].
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-97].
Coccidella ecuadorina Konczné Benedicty & Foldi {in}: Kozár & FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Coccidella ecuadorina Konczné Benedicty & Foldi {in}: Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 165. Type data: ECUADOR: Guayaguil-Riobamba trans; collected 1973, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. EC37. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [KozarFo2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Foldi (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Foldi 2004: 175-177 (female) [Coccidella species].
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-100].
Coccidella globocula (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella globocula Hambleton, 1946: 25. Type data: TRINIDAD: Non Pareil Estate, on roots of Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus globoculus; Hambleton, 1976: 27. Change of combination.
Coccidella globocula; Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 167. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Foldi 2004: 175-177 (female) [Coccidella species]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 499 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1946: 17 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 456]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-28]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-28, 70-71]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, illustration: 167-168]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-102]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 532, 534, 535].
Coccidella kissbalazsi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Coccidella kissbalazsi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 167. Type data: BRAZIL: Locality and host plant not indicated; collected 1995 by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [KozarFo2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Foldi (2004) and by Kozár & Kinczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Foldi 2004: 175-177 (female) [Coccidella species].
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-170]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-105].
Coccidella multipora Kozár & FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Coccidella multipora Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 170. Type data: ECUADOR: Quito, host plant not indicated; collected by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. QBB57. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [KozarFo2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Foldi (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Foldi 2004: 175-177 (female) [Coccidella species].
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-172]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-107].
Coccidella peruviana Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {In}: Kozár & FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Coccidella peruviana Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {In}: Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 172. Type data: PERU: Iquitos, host plant not indicated; collected 01.12.1971 by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. IQ B16. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [KozarFo2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Foldi (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Foldi 2004: 175-177 (female) [Coccidella species].
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-175]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-110].
Coccidella poensis (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella poensis Hambleton, 1946: 35. Type data: COLOMBIA: Bogota, on Poa annua. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Coccidella poensis; Hambleton, 1946a: 177. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus poensis; Hambleton, 1976: 44. Change of combination.
Coccidella poensis; Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 175. Revived combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Poa annua [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). Description of adult female by Hambleton (1946).
KEYS: Kozár & Foldi 2004: 175-177 (female) [Coccidella species]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 499 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1946: 17 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 466]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 35-36]; Hamble1946a [taxonomy: 177]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44, 82]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, illustration: 174-175]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-112]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 564, 566, 567].
Coccidella theobromae (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella theobromae Hambleton, 1946: 39. Type data: ECUADOR: Pichilingue, on Theobroma cacao. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus theobromae; Hambleton, 1976: 52. Change of combination.
Coccidella theobromae; Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 175. Change of combination.
HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). Illustration of adult female by Kozár & Foldi (2004).
KEYS: Kozár & Foldi 2004: 175-177 (female) [Coccidella species]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 499 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1946: 17 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 471]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37, 39-40]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53, 87-88]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, illustration: 175-176]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-115]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 577-579].
Electromyrmococcus Williams in Johnson et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Electromyrmococcus Williams in Johnson et al., 2001: 16. Type species: Electromyrmococcus abductus Williams, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: A genus which contains three species of fossil mealybugs, all found in Dominicam amber (Johnso et al., 2001).
CITATIONS: JohnsoAgDe2001 [taxonomy, description: 1-18].
Electromyrmococcus abductus Williams in Johnson et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Electromyrmococcus abductus Williams in Johnson et al., 2001: 17. Type data: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Provincia de Puerto Plata, mine La Toca, near La Cumbre, in mandibles of Acropyga sp.; coll. M. von Tschirnhaus. Holotype female. Type depository: SENC. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Dominican Republic [JohnsoAgDe2001, PerezG2008].
BIOLOGY: A fossil mealybug described from a female, in mandibles of Acropyga sp, found in Dominican amber; mid- to lowe-middle Miocene (15-20 Ma) (Johnosn et al., 2001).
CITATIONS: JohnsoAgDe2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 17]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216].
Electromyrmococcus inclusus Williams & Agosti in Johnson et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Electromyrmococcus inclusus Williams & Agosti in Johnson et al., 2001: 17. Type data: ccccccc.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Dominican Republic [JohnsoAgDe2001, PerezG2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: A fossil mealybug described from a female found in Dominican amber; mid- to lowe-middle Miocene (15-20 Ma) (Johnosn et al., 2001).
CITATIONS: JohnsoAgDe2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 17-18]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216].
Electromyrmococcus reginae Williams in Johnson et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Electromyrmococcus reginae Williams in Johnson et al., 2001: 18. Type data: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: in mandibles of a queen Acropyga sp. Holotype female. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA; type no. RL no.. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Dominican Republic [JohnsoAgDe2001, PerezG2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: A fossil mealybug described from a female, in mandibles of queen Acropyga sp, found in Dominican amber; mid- to lowe-middle Miocene (15-20 Ma) (Johnosn et al., 2001).
CITATIONS: JohnsoAgDe2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 18]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216].
Geococcus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus Green, 1902b: 262. Type species: Geococcus radicum Green, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), De Lotto (1964), Williams (1969e, 1985), Paik (1978), Kawai (1980), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tang (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (1998), Williams (2004a) and by Kozar & Konczne Benedicty (2007). Williams (1969e) and Kozar & Konczne Benedicty (2007) revised the genus.
KEYS: Kianek et al. 2007: 45-47 (female) [world]; Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2007: 37-38 (female) [Geococcus species of the world]; Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae]; Kozar & Foldi 2004: 180-181 (female) [Genera od Rhizoecini]; Williams 2004a: 318-319 (female) [Geococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 40 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2002a: 217 (female) [genera of Rhizoecini]; Williams 1998: 30 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 44 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 187 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 38 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 17 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 4 (female) [India]; Williams 1985: 35 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 19 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 121 (female) [species Japan]; Paik 1978 (female) [South Korea]; Williams 1969e: 516-517 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 44 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 404 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Hambleton 1946: 12 (female) [species World]; Kuwana 1923b: 50-51 (female) [species Japan].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy: 415]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 171]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 353]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 115]; Ferris1922b [taxonomy: 247]; Green1902b [taxonomy: 262]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 121]; KianekKoKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 39-49]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy: 180-181]; KozarKo2002a [taxonomy: 217]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy: 146-147]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 37-39]; Kuwana1932b [taxonomy, description: 50]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy: 121]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 55-56]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 44]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 84]; Paik1978 [taxonomy]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 45]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 15]; Willia1969e [taxonomy, description: 505-517]; Willia1985 [taxonomy: 35, 168]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description: 26]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 317-319]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 186-187]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 85]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 148, 158].
Geococcus anthocomus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus anthocomus Williams, 2004a: 319. Type data: NALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak, on roots of Macaranga sp., assciated with Pseudolasius sp. ants; collected A.K.F. Malsch, 18.ii.2000. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].
BIOLOGY: This species is associated with Pseudolasius sp. ants (Williams, 2004a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Descrption and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozar & Konczne Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2007: 37-38 (female) [Species of Geococcus]; Williams 2004a: 318-319 (female) [Geococcus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-41]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319-321].
Geococcus associatus LitNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus associatus Lit, 1992: 1164. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon: Forestry, Mount Makiling, Laguna, on roots of Beaucarnea recurvata. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: associated root mealybug [LitCa1994a].
HOST: Agavaceae: Beaucarnea recurvata [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a, Willia2004a]).
BIOLOGY: Found on roots of the host plant (Lit, 1992).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Lit (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Kozar & Konczne Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2007: 37-38 (female) [Geococcus species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 318-319 (female) [Geococcus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 172]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43]; Lit1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1164-1165,1177]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 391]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 321-323].
Geococcus baloghi Kianek & Konczne Benedicty, {in}: Kianek {et al.}NOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus baloghi Kianek & Konczne Benedicty, {in}: Kianek {et al.}, 2007: 40. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Wau, from litter; collected J. Balogh, 19.08.1968. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [KianekKoKo2007]; Papua New Guinea [KianekKoKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, first and secnd instar nymphs by Kianek et al. (2007) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kianek et al. 2007: 45-47 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KianekKoKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-49]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-49].
Geococcus citrinus KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus citrinus Kuwana, 1923b: 51. Type data: JAPAN: Izu peninsula, Shizuoka-Ken, on roots of satsuma or onshiu orange. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.
HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [Kuwana1923b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Kuwana1923b, Hamble1946, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1969e), Yang (1982), Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczneé Benedicty (2007). Varshney (1992) recorded the species from India, but no material from India has been studied by Williams (1969e).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 318-319 (female) [Geococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 45 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kawai 1980: 121 (female) [Japan]; Kuwana 1923b: 50 (female) [Japan].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 172]; GuoAnLu1994 [host, distribution, life history, control: 56-60]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 7]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy: 121]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-51]; Kuwana1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51, 52]; MuthukNaSu1958 [host, distribution: 363-364]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 46]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 62]; Willia1969e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 507-508]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 323-325]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration ,host, distribution: 40, 41].
Geococcus coffeae GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus coffeae Green, 1933: 54. Type data: SURINAM: on roots of Coffea liberica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 168. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
COMMON NAMES: Coffee root mealybug; coffee root mealybug [LitCa1994a].
ASSOCIATE: BACTERIA Blattabacteriaceae: Candidatus Brownia rhizoecola [RosenbSaSa2012].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Eranthemum variegatum [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Strobilanthes [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Beards1966b, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Araceae: Caladium bicolor [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Dieffenbachia [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Dieffenbachia leopoldii [Willia2004a, KozarKo2007], Philodendron selloum [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Scindapsus [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Syngonium [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Xanthosoma helleborifolium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Xanthosoma violaceum [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Araliaceae: Hedera [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Schefflera [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Araucariaceae: Agathis [WilliaWa1988a, KozarKo2007]. Arecaceae: Chamaedorea [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Ptychosperma elegans [DownieGu2004], Trachycarpus fortunei [LitCaLa2006]. Asteraceae: Eupatorium [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Gnaphalium [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Bromeliaceae: Aechma miniata [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Ananas comosus [Beards1966b, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Billbergia nutans [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, Willia2004a, KozarKo2007]. Commelinaceae: Dichorisandra [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, Willia2004a, KozarKo2007]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Cyperus tonerrimus [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [MatileEt2006]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Croton [Willia1969e, BenDov1994], Diasperus montanus [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Fabaceae: Acacia koa [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Caesalpinia pulcheriana [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Glycine max [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Indigofera anil [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994, Willia2004a, KozarKo2007]. Malvaceae: Sida acuta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [Foldi2000, KozarKo2007], Ficus religiosa [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Musaceae: Musa [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, KozarKo2007]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia caryophyllata [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Syzygium aromaticum [WilliaMa2005a]. Oleaceae: Osmanthus [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Peperomiaceae: Peperomia [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Poaceae: Eleusine indica [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Paspalum virgatum [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Willia1969e, KozarzRe1975, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Coffea liberica [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Diodia polymorpha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Serissa [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Severinia buxifolia [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annua [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Nicotiana tabacum [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Physalis edulis [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Solanum [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007], Solanum melongena [Willia2004a, KozarKo2007]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Tiliaceae: Desplatsia dewevrei [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Urticaceae: Pilea [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Willia1985, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber zerumbet [MatileEt2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [KozarKo2007]; Comoros [KozarKo2007]; Ghana [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]; Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Madagascar [KozarKo2007]; Nigeria [Willia1969e, BenDov1994]; Seychelles [KozarKo2007]; Tanzania [CABI1971, BenDov1994]; Uganda [Willia1969e, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]. Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [CABI1971, BenDov1994], Kosrae (=Kusaie) [Beards1966], Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1959, Beards1966b, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia1969e, BenDov1994], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]). Australasian: New Caledonia [KozarKo2007]; New Zealand (Kermadec Islands [Willia2013]); Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [CABI1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] [KozarKo2007]; United States of America (Florida [Dekle1965b, Willia1969e, BenDov1994] (G. coffeae was erroneously recorded from California based on an interception record from specimens that originated in Florida. However, it may have been eradicated from Florida since no records of its occurrence there have been recorded since 2002.)). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]); Brazil (Paraiba [CABI1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sao Paulo [Hamble1946, CABI1971, BenDov1994]); Chile [KozarKo2007]; Colombia [Gonzal1956, CABI1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KozarKo2007]; Costa Rica [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]; Cuba [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]; Dominican Republic [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [KozarKo2007]; El Salvador [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]; Galapagos Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Panama [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [Willia1969e, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Willia1969e, Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Suriname [Green1933, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: India [Willia1969e, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Kerala [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [MuthukNaSu1958], West Bengal [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Maldives [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia1969e, BenDov1994] (Luzon [LitCa1994a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a, LitCaLa2006]); Sri Lanka [Willia1969e, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975, KozarzRe1977, BenDov1994, KozarKo2007]; France [Foldi2000]; Tunisia [KozarKo2007]; United Kingdom (England [MalumpBa2012] (Established on indoor plantings.)).
BIOLOGY: Biology and ecology discussed by Kozarzhevskaya (1992). Occurring on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1958), Williams & Watson (1988a), Kozarzhevskaya (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). Description and illustration of first and second-instar nymph by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) elucidated the intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters, and provided two diagramatic illustrations of the adult female. Williams (1969c) discussed the misidentication of this species as Geococcus radicum Green by various authors.
KEYS: Tang 1992: 45 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 85 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966b: 151 (female) [Hawaiian islands].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 415-416]; Beards1966b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 152]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 172, 173]; CABI1971 [distribution: 1, 2]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; Dekle1965b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 1, 2]; DeLott1964 [host, distribution: 353]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gonzal1956 [host, distribution, economic importance: 125-126]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 361, 362]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54, 55]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14, 15]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 28]; JohnsoAgDe2001 [life history, distribution: 1-18]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-59]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 10]; KozarzRe1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 375]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 391]; LitCaLa2006 [host, distribution: 11]; Malump2012b [distribution: 211]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 30]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 39]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 178]; McKenz1967 [host, distribution: 44]; MuthukNaSu1958 [host, distribution: 364]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 502]; Takaha1938a [host, distribution: 263]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 46-48]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 62]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-228]; Willia1969e [taxonomy, host, distribution: 508-509]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 168]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 325-328]; Willia2013 [distribution, host: 189]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 91]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187-189]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 146]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83, 86]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-87]; Zimmer1948 [host, distribution: 158].
Geococcus detonsus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus detonsus Williams, 2004a: 328. Type data: THAILAND: Kaeng Krachan (Petchaburi), Kaeng Krachan National park, on roots; collected S. Mahunka & Mahunka Papp, 6.ii.1994. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].
BIOLOGY: Collected from roots (Williams, 2004a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozar & Konczne Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 318-319 (female) [Geococcus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-62]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 328-330].
Geococcus eliquatus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus eliquatus Williams, 2004a: 330. Type data: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province, Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao, Ban Na Lao track, in forest soil, extracted by Berlese funnel apparatus; collected L. Deharveng, 4.vii.1985. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].
BIOLOGY: Collected from forest soil (Williams, 2004a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczneé Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 318-319 (female) [Geococcus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-64]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 330-332].
Geococcus hauseri WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus hauseri Williams, 2004a: 332. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Sandakan, Sepilok, Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve, in soil, extracted by Berlese funnell aparatus; collected B. hauser, 12.iii.1983. Holotype female. Type depository: Geneva: Museum d'Historie Naturelle, Switzerland. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).
BIOLOGY: This species was collected from forest soil (Williams, 2004a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) elucidated the intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters, and provided two diagramatic illustrations of the adult female.
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 318-319 (female) [Geococcus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-66]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 332-335].
Geococcus johorensis WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus johorensis Williams, 1969e: 511. Type data: MALAYSIA: Johore, on oil palm, Elaeis guineensis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Paspalum conjugatum [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia1969e, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant (Williams, 2004a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given Williams (1969e), Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 318-319 (female) [Geococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 46 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 173]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-69]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 48-49]; Willia1969e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 510-511]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 335-337].
Geococcus latens WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus latens Williams, 2004a: 337. Type data: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province, Chiang Dao, near Tham Chiang dao, extracted by Berlese funnel apparatus from forest soil; collected L. Deharveng, 4.vii.1985. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected from forest soil (Williams, 2004a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Knczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 318-319 (female) [Geococcus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-70]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 337-339].
Geococcus lawrencei WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus lawrencei Williams, 1969e: 511. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: San Cristobal, among litter associated with the roots of Asplenium nidus (Aspleniaceae) growing above ground level on a palm (Palmae). Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Geococcus lawreneei; Tang, 1992: 49. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum variegatum [MartinLa2011].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Willia1969e, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring in litter.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1969e), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Kozar & Konczne Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 85 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 173]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-73]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 49]; Willia1969e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 511-513]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86, 87].
Geococcus oryzae (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersia oryzae Kuwana, 1907: 186. Type data: JAPAN: on roots of rice and other plants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Geococcus oryzae; Kuwana, 1923b: 52. Change of combination.
Geococcus unimaculatus Borchsenius, 1956b: 671. Type data: NORTH KOREA: Province of N. Pyongyang, on the underground stems of grasses. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1969e: 513.
HOSTS: Poaceae [Borchs1956b], Oryza sativa [Kuwana1923b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1907, BenDov1994]; North Korea [Borchs1956b, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1969e) and by Kozar & Konczne Banedicty (2007).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 45 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kawai 1980: 121 (female) [Japan]; Williams D. J. 1970: 114 (female) [World]; Kuwana 1923b: 51 (female) [Japan].
CITATIONS: AnantaAb1957 [host, distribution, control: 47-54]; Banerj1964 [host, distribution: 92-98]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 173]; Borchs1956b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 671, 672]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-76]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186, 187]; Kuwana1917a [taxonomy: 169]; Kuwana1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-54]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 122]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Shinji1935b [host, distribution: 768]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 50]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; Willia1969e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 513-515].
Geococcus radicum GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus radicum Green, 1902b: 262. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on grasses. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Ripersiella rhizophilla Fullaway & Kotinsky, 1910: 49. Nomen nudum; discovered by Fullaway, 1910: 108.
Rhizoecus radicum; Lindinger, 1935: 146. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae [Green1902b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1902b, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1969e), Williams (2004a) and by Kozar & Konczne Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Williams (1958a, 1969, 2004a) noted that published records of this species from various parts of the world were based on misidentifications.
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 318-319 (female) [geococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 45 (female) [China]; Kuwana 1923b: 51 (female) [Japan].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 173-174]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94, 95]; Green1902b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262, 263]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 361-363]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-78]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 146]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 65]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 50-51]; Willia1969e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 515-516]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-340]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 158].
Geococcus satellitum WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Geococcus satellitum Williams, 2004a: 339. Type data: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province, on roots of Borreria latifolia in orchard of Dimocarpus longan; collected 27.vi.2000. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Mimosa pigra [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Borreria latifolia [Willia2004a]. FUNGI Boletaceae: Boletus dimocarpicola [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Willia2004a]); Thailand [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozar & Konczne Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 318-319 (female) [Geococcus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-81]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-342].
Hambletonrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Hambletonia Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 177. Type species: Hanbletonia bitubularis Kozár & Foldi, by monotypy and original designation. Homonym of Hambletonia Compere, 1936 in Hymenoptera.
Hambletonrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2005: 146. Replacement name for Hambletonia Kozár & Foldi, 2004.
Hambletonrhizoecus; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 367. Notes: Incorrect citation of Kozár & Foldi as authors.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Kozár & Foldi (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 360 (female) [Genera of subtribe Ripersiellina]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 180-181 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecini].
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, description: 153-182]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy: 146-147]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 360,367].
Hambletonrhizoecus bitubularis (Kozár & Foldi)NOMENCLATURE:
Hambletonia bitubularis Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 178. Type data: PERU: Oxypampa, host plant not indicated; collected 01.11.2000, by G. Szoventyi. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. 6189. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [KozarFo2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Foldi (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-180]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-370].
Kissrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Kissrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2005: 142. Type species: Kissrhizoecues hungaricus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2005, 2007).
SYSTEMATICS: This genus differs from all other genera of the Rhizoecinae by the presence of quinquelocular pores. The adult male of Kissrhizoecus appears to be a typical apterous rhizoecine male but differs from the other apterous species in having the following combination of character states: (i) few setae on each antennal segment, with fs and hs hard to separate; (ii) body setae short and very sparse; (iii) absence of loculate and simple pores; (iv) possible absence of tarsal campaniform pores; (v) tarsal segmentation rather unclear, particularly on anterior legs; (vi) tarsal digitules with either blunt or small capitate apices, and (vii) claws short, with claw digitules equal to or longer than claw.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae].
CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 13-16]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy, description: 141-150]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 116].
Kissrhizoecus hungaricus Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Kissrhizoecus hungaricus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2005: 142. Type data: HUNGARY: Kadarta, from soil of various host plants; collected Balazs Kiss. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 7369. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KozarKo2005].
BIOLOGY: Material of this species was collected soil of various plants. The actual host plant is unknown (F. Kozar, unpublished information).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2005, 2007).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of K. hungaricus appears to be a typical apterous rhizoecine male but differs from the other apterous species in having the following combination of character states: (i) few setae on each antennal segment, with fs and hs hard to separate; (ii) body setae short and very sparse; (iii) absence of loculate and simple pores; (iv) possible absence of tarsal campaniform pores; (v) tarsal segmentation rather unclear, particularly on anterior legs; (vi) tarsal digitules with either blunt or small capitate apices, and (vii) claws short, with claw digitules equal to or longer than claw. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:].
CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [description, description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 13-16]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution,: 142-145]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-119].
Leptorhizoecus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Leptorhizoecus Williams, 1998DJ: 27. Type species: Leptorhizoecus deharvengi Williams.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (1998), Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: The relationships of Brevicoccus Hambleton (1946) and Leptorhizoecus Williams (1998) are unclear. No males of Leptorhizoecus are known, but the adult female somewhat resembles Eumyrmococcus in having a dilated cephalothorax but differs in having 6-segmented antennae, placed close together, and in having ostioles and trilocular pores. Kozár and Konczné Benedicty (2007) include Leptorhizoecus in their Ripersiellina although Williams (1998, p. 27) suggests that it is "probably intermediate between the Rhizoecus and Eumyrmococcus groups". As the adult females of Leptorhizoecus possess ostioles and trilocular pores, it seems most likely that this is a member of the Rhizoecinae but placement will have to await further study. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 360 (female) [Genera of subtribe Ripersiellina]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 180-181 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecini]; Williams 2004a: 41 (female) [southern Asia]; Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2002a: 217 (female) [genera of Rhizoecini]; Williams 1998: 30 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy: 180-181]; KozarKo2002a [taxonomy: 217]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy: 146-147]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 360,371]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description: 27]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 404].
Leptorhizoecus deharvengi WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Leptorhizoecus deharvengi Williams, 1998DJ: 27. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Rantau Pandan, in soil of Hevea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Hevea [Willia1998DJ, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia1998DJ, Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1998), Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 371-373]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27, 61]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 403-404].
Marottarhizoecus Kozar & Konczne BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Marottarhizoecus Kozar & Konczne Benedicty, 2002a: 214. Type species: Marottarhizoecus issisi Kozar & Konczne Benedicty, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Kozar & Konczne Benedicty (2002a; 2007).
SYSTEMATICS: This genus is distinct from other genera in the Rhizoecidae by having groupings of multilocular pores surrounding the tritubular cerores. (Kozar & Konczne Benedicty, 2002a)
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 120 (female) [Species of Marottarhizoecus]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 180-181 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecini]; Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2002a: 217 (female) [Genera of the tribe Rhizoecini].
CITATIONS: KozarFo2004 [taxonomy: 180-181]; KozarKo2002a [taxonomy, description: 213-218]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy: 146-147]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 120].
Marottarhizoecus foldi Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Marottarhizoecus foldi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 121. Type data: TANZANIA: Uluguru, collected in soil of karstic forest; collected S. Mahunka, 5.xi.1970. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: escription and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 120 (female) [Species of Marottarhizoecus].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121-123].
Marottarhizoecus issisi Kozar & Konczne BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Marottarhizoecus issisi Kozar & Konczne Benedicty, 2002a: 214. Type data: TANZANIA: Morongoro region, Mikumi National Park (East boundary of the park), from soil by Berlese funnel; collected S. Mahunka, 4.2.1987. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 527. Described: female.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [KozarKo2002a, KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozar & Konczne Benedicty (2002a; 2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Marottarhizoecus issisi is similar to Rhizoecus ornatus, but differs by the presence of multilocular pores instead of trilocular pores in the pore groups. (Kozar & Konszne Benedicty, 2002a)
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 120 (female) [Species of Marottarhizoecus].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2002a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-218]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-125].
Pseudorhizoecus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudorhizoecus Green, 1933: 55. Type species: Pseudorhizoecus proximus Green, by original designation.
Pseudorrhizoecus; Lindinger, 1937: 194. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definiton and characters by Green (1933), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (1998) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of Capitisetella is clearly structurally similar to that of Pseudorhizoecus, only really differing in: (i) the type of dermal setae (capitate on apitisetella, small setose on Pseutorhizoecus), (ii) the presence/absence of tibial spurs (absent on C. migrans, present on Ps. proximus), (iii) the distribution of the loculate pores (segmental amongst the setae on Capitisetella and intersegmental on Pseudorhizoecus), and (iv) the number of antennal segments (3 on Capitisetella and 5 or 6 on Pseudorhizoecus. The adult females of these two species are rather similar: capitate setae on Capitisetella, small setose on Pseudorhizoecus; 3 antennal segments on Capitisetella, and 5 on Pseudorhizoecus; differently structured trilocular pores; and an anal ring with 6 setae and a few obscure pores on Capitisetella but that of Pseudorhizoecus with 2-5 short seta and with >20 small protuberances. Whether these differences aresufficient to justify keeping the two separate genera is unclear. Both Capitisetella and Pseudorhizoecus are monotypic and the discovery of further species in either genus might make their status clear. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 360 (female) [Genera of subtribe Ripersiellina]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 180-181 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecini]; Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2002a: 217 (female) [genera of Rhizoecini]; Williams 1998: 30 (female) [World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 40 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 415]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description: 55]; Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 16-18]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy: 180-181]; KozarKo2002a [taxonomy: 217]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy: 146-147]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 360,374]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 55-56]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 167, 168]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description: 28]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 463, 465].
Pseudorhizoecus proximus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudorhizoecus proximus Green, 1933: 55. Type data: SURINAM: on coffee. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hambleton, 1977: 39. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Musaceae: Musa paradisiaca sapientum [Hamble1977, BenDov1994], Musa sapientum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Hamble1977, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Coffea liberica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Hamble1977, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Hamble1977, WilliaGr1992]; Costa Rica [Hamble1977, WilliaGr1992]; Ecuador [Hamble1977, WilliaGr1992]; Guatemala [Hamble1977, WilliaGr1992]; Suriname [Green1933, WilliaGr1992].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1933), Hambleton (1977), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of C. migrans is clearly structurally similar to that of Pseudorhizoecus proximus only really differing in: (i) the type of dermal setae (capitate on C. migrans, small setose on Ps. proximus), (ii) the presence/absence of tibial spurs (absent on C. migrans, present on Ps. proximus), (iii) the distribution of the loculate pores (segmental amongst the setae on C. migrans and intersegmental on Ps. proximus), and (iv) the number of antennal segments (3 on C. migrans and 5 or 6 on Ps. proximus). The adult females of these two species are rather similar: capitate setae on C. migrans, small setose on Ps. proximus; 3 antennal segments on C. migrans and 5 on Ps. proximus; differently structured trilocular pores; and an anal ring with 6 setae and a few obscure pores on C. migrans but that of Ps. proximus with 2-5 short seta and with >20 small protuberances. Hodgson (2012) questions whether these differences are sufficient to justify keeping the two species in separate genera. Both Capitisetella and Pseudorhizoecus are monotypic and the discovery of further species in either genus might make their status clear. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 415-416]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-56]; Hamble1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-40]; Hodgso2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 16-18]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-376]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 464-465].
Pygmaeococcus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Pygmaeococcus McKenzie, 1960: 741. Type species: Pygmaeococcus morrisoni McKenzie, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by McKenzie (1960, 1967), Williams (1998) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 360 (female) [Genera of subtribe Ripersiellina]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 180-181 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecini]; Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2002a: 217 (female) [genera of Rhizoecini]; Williams 1998: 30 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 433]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy: 180-181]; KozarKo2002a [taxonomy: 217]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy: 146-147]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 360,377]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description: 741]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 366]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 171]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description: 28].
Pygmaeococcus morrisoni McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Pygmaeococcus morrisoni McKenzie, 1960: 741. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Fresno County, Coalinga, in juniper leaf mold. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Morrison pygmy mealybug [McKenz1960, McKenz1967].
HOST: Poaceae [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Found in leaf mold and in soil on roots of grass.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by McKenzie (1960, 1967) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 433]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377-379]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 740-742]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 366-368].
Rhizoecus Kunckel d'HerculaisNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus Kunckel d'Herculais, 1878: 163. Type species: Rhizoecus falcifer Kunckel d'Herculais, by monotypy.
Rhyzaecus; Signoret, 1882a: xxxv. Misspelling of genus name.
Rhizaecus; Cockerell, 1899j: 265. Misspelling of genus name.
Rhizoecus (Pararhizoecus) Goux, 1941b: 197. Type species: Rhizoecus (Pararhizoecus) petiti Goux, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 147. Notes: A subjective synonym of Rhizoecus.
Pararhizoecus; Goux, 1943: 41. Change of status.
Neorhizoecus Hambleton, 1946: 40. Type species: Rhizoecus coffeae Laing, by original designation. Synonymy by Hambleton, 1977a: 367. Notes: A subjective synonym of Rhizoecus.
Neorhyzoecus; Hambleton, 1946: 2. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: A mis-spelling of Neorhizoecus.
Radicoccus Hambleton, 1946: 47. Type species: Rhizoecus globosus James, by original designation. Synonymy by Williams, 1998: 29.
Radiococcus; Hambleton, 1946: 10. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hambleton (1946, 1973, 1974, 1976), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Tang (1992), Kosztarab (1996), Williams (1998), Williams (2004a) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009). The genus was revised on a world-wide basis by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007)
SYSTEMATICS: The genus Coccidella Morrison (1946a) was regarded a subjective synonym of Rhizoecus by Hambleton (1946a), Ferris (1953a), Williams (2004a) and by Ben-Dov (1994). Kozár & Foldi (2004) resurrected the genus and described described in it several new species. Ripersiella are regarded as subjective synonyms of Rhizoecus. Neorhizoecus Hambleton, 1946, because he did not find tritubular pores (cerores) on the specimens. Latter in 1977 in a new study he found typical tritubular cerores and he was right synonymizing the Neorhizoecus with Rhizoecus. I studied topotype slides in USDA, so its OK. C.J. Hodgson, 2012, concluded that the rhizoecine mealybugs form a separate family from the Pseudococcidae, Rhizoecidae Williams. He bases this on a study of male physiology and on phylogenetic data. We have decided not to separate the families at this time, but to wait for further studies to analyse his conclusions.
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 8 (female) [Key to separate known adult males of Pseudococcidae and Rhizoecidae]; González 2011: 70 (female) [Key to the genera of Pseudococcidae of primary importance to export fruit.]; Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [Species of Rhizoecus of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 180-181 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecini]; Williams 2004a: 41 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia]; Jansen 2003: 300 (female) [Species in Netherlands]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Williams 1998: 30 (female) [World]; Kosztarab 1996: 194-195 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Williams 1996a: 1394 (female) [species with large tubular ducts]; Marotta 1995: 120 (female) [species Italy]; Tang 1992: 44 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 39 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 495-499 (female) [Central and South America]; Danzig 1988: 696 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Danzig 1988: 706 (female) [species Far East of the USSR]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 141 (female) [species Central Europe]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 17 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 4 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 85 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1987a: 191-192 (female) [species Australia ]; Williams 1985: 353 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 38 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985d: 234 (female) [species India]; Williams 1985i: 624 (female) [species occurring on African violet]; Danzig 1980b: 196 (female) [Far East Russia]; Kawai 1980: 118 (female) [species Japan]; Hambleton 1979: 148-149 (female) [species U.S.A., Florida]; Hambleton 1978: 39-40 (female) [species America]; Hambleton 1976: 6-10 (female) [species World]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Tereznikova 1975: 246 (female) [Ukraine]; Hambleton 1974: 148 (female) [species New Zealand]; Hambleton 1973: 63-64 (female) [species U.S.A., Florida]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 10 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 371-372 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 404 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1962: 640 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 671-673 (female) [species North America]; Williams 1962: 41 (female) [Britain]; McKenzie 1961: 41-42 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1960: 692 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 742-743 (female) [species North America]; Ferris 1953a: 283 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 174-175 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 87 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Hambleton 1946: 16-18, 41, 47-48, 51 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy: 467]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 441-442]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 174-175]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 265]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 84-85]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110, 196]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, diagnosis: 224-245]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 113, 115]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 386,424,426]; GomezM1957 [taxonomy, description: 68]; Gonzal2011 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 70, 159-162]; Goux1941b [taxonomy, description: 197]; Goux1943 [taxonomy: 41]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description: 47-48]; Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 19-21]; HodgsoFo2005 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 35-48]; Jansen2003 [taxonomy: 297-300]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 9]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 76, 191-192]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 140-141]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy: 153-182]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy: 146-147]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 126-137]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 55-56]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 368, 370-372]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195]; Moghad2013 [taxonomy: 96]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 125, 132, 147, 172]; RussoMa1992 [taxonomy: 216]; Signor1882a [taxonomy: xxxv]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 51-52, 53, 64]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 246]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 89-90]; Willia1962 [taxonomy: 7, 41]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 352-353]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description: 28-29]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 746-750]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 492, 494-499]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68]; WilliaLa2004 [taxonomy, distribution: 106]; WilliaMa1995 [taxonomy: 1391-1394]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 213, 215]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 149, 158].
Rhizoecus advenoides Takagi & KawaiNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus advenoides Takagi & Kawai, 1971: 374. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Tatikawa (Tachikawa), on Artemisia lavendulaefolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia lavandulaefolia [TakagiKa1971, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [TakagiKa1971, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takagi & Kawai (1971) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Tang 1992: 54 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 442]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-139]; TakagiKa1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-377]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55].
Rhizoecus albidus GouxNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus (Pararhizoecus) albidus Goux, 1942: 40. Type data: FRANCE: Bessenay (Rhone), on Festuca sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus uniporus Borchsenius & Tereznikova, 1959: 323. Type data: UKRAINE: Mukachovo, on roots of Festuca sulcata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Tereznikova, 1975: 248.
Rhizoecus gentianae Panis, 1968: 550. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Commune de Valdeblore, La Colmianae, on roots of Gentiana sp. and Bellis sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Antibes: Collection de Lutte Biologique de l'I.N.R.A., France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov, 2009: 232.
COMMON NAME: white root-mealybug [KozarKo2007].
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anomalicornia tenuicornis Mercet [Schmut1955b, Trjapi1989].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Achillea [MatilePe2002], Bellis [Panis1968, BenDov1994], Gazania [Marott1992, BenDov1994], Helichrysum arenarium [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Gymnocalycium baldianium [Moghad2013a], Gymnocalycium sp. [Moghad2013], Schlumbergera truncata [SuhPaCh2013]. Crassulaceae: Echeveria sp. [Moghad2013]. Cyperaceae: Carex [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Calluna vulgaris [Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Gentianaceae: Gentiana [Panis1968, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago alpina [MatilePe2002]. Poaceae [MatilePe2002], Agrostis vulgaris [Terezn1975, BenDov1994], Arrhenatherum elatius [Schmut1952, BenDov1994], Atropis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Corynephorus canescens [Schmut1952, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Marott1992, BenDov1994], Deschampsia flexuosa [Schmut1952, Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Festuca arundinacea [Moghad2013], Festuca ovina [Schmut1952, BenDov1994], Festuca sulcata [BorchsTe1959, BenDov1994], Holcus lanatus [Schmut1952, BenDov1994, Foldi2000], Stipa lessingiana [Mateso1968, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Crete [Kozar1985, BenDov1994, PellizPoSe2011]; France [Goux1942, Panis1968, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKoSc1999, KozarKo2002b, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [Moghad2009]; Italy [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Sweden [Gertss2000]; Ukraine [BorchsTe1959, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of grasses. Life history, natural enemies and associated ants discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). Biology and ecology discussed by Kozarzhevskaya (1992).Living on roots of its host plant. Females are ovoviviparous and all stages overwinter, except first instars; males do occur in this species. There are two generations per year (Jansen, 2009).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Goux (1942), Schmutterer (1952), Williams (1962), Panis (1968), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009).
STRUCTURE: Field characters: Adults and nymphs oval elongate, white, 1.2-1.5 mm long. Slide-mounted characters: Anal lobes poorly developed on dorsum, each lobe bearing 1(2) long ventral seta and 1(2) long dorsal apical setae. Antennae 6-segmented. Circulus present on abdominal segment III; sclerotized truncate-cone shaped, with distal circular plate containing 7 circular cells. Eye small. Cephalic plate present at anterior to clypeus; a quadrate sclerotized area containing 4 marginal setae. Multilocular disc pores absent. Tritubular cerores present each with truncate-conical tubes; on dorsum, not numerous, less than 3 on abdominal and thoracic segments; a few scattered on head; on venter, a single marginal pore on some of posterior abdominal segments; one on thorax and one between antennal base. Anal ring pores with numerous spiculae, tritubular cerores situated on margins somewhat larger than other areas and length of labium. (Suh, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: This species has spiculae on the anal ring and tritubular cerores which are 3-4 times longer than wide. (Suh, et al., 2013)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Has been recorded as causing extensive damage (Williams, 1962).
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Jansen 2003: 300 (female) [Netherlands]; Marotta 1995: 120 (female) [Italy]; Tang 1992: 54 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 706 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 141 (female) [Central Europe]; Danzig 1980b: 196 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Tereznikova 1975: 246 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 90 (female) [Armenia]; Williams 1962: 41 (female).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 442,456]; BorchsTe1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323-324]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-199]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228,231-232]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 300]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 150]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1942 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-45]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Jansen2003 [taxonomy, key: 300]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 142-143]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 375]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-142, 220-221]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 97,98]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 107]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 352]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 29]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 96-98, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 75]; Panis1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 550-552]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 296]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-395]; Schmut1955b [biological control: 512]; SuhPaCh2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 257-259]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55-56]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-250]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-94]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 160]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-43]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85].
Rhizoecus albus JamesNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus albus James, 1936: 212. Type data: KENYA: Mombasa, on Panicum maximum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella alba; Hambleton, 1946: 61. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Panicum maximum [James1936, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1936, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and underground parts of the host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by James (1936), De Lotto (1957b), Williams (1970DJ) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1946: 60 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 442-443]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-202]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-213]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-144]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 169-171].
Rhizoecus americanus (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella americana Hambleton, 1946: 18. Type data: COLOMBIA: Villavicencio, on Eragrostis maypurensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Rhizoecus americanus; Ferris, 1953a: 428. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Hemigraphis replans [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Caladium [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia amoena [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia maculata [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia picta [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Nephthytis [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Pothos [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Dizygotheca elegantissima [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Araucariaceae: Araucaria excelsa [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Areca [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Arecastrum romanzoffianum [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Chamaedorea elegans [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Chrysalidocarpus lutescens [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Coccothrinax argentata [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Collinia [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Kentia [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Phoenix loureirii [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gnaphalium [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Aechmea fasciata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cryptanthus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Neoregelia carolinae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Neoregelia perfecta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Conocarpus errecta [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Chamaecyparis [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia milii [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Euphorbia splendens [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Calliandra haematocephala [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Gesneriaceae: Kohleria [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Saintpaulia [RussoMa1992, BenDov1994], Saintpaulia ionantha [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus sprengeri [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Chlorophytum [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Liriope [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia coccigera [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus nitida [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon viminalis [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Melaleuca leucadendron [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Peperomiaceae: Peperomia pellucida [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Eragrostis maypurensis [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Paspalum conjugatum [Hamble1946, BenDov1994], Paspalum fimbriatum [Hamble1946, BenDov1994]. Pteridophyta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Persica vulgaris [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pyracantha coccinea [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Rhapiolepsis [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ernodea angusta [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Gardenia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Guettarda [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Lycopersicon esculentum [Germai2013], Physalis pubescens [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia reginaee [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Lantana [Hamble1973, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [Germai2013, GermaiMiPa2014]. Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Florida [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Colombia [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, RamosPCaKo2014]; Costa Rica [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Honduras [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Panama [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Sicily [RussoMa1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Ferris (1953a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of the adult female given by Russo & Mazzeo (1992).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of considerable importance in Florida nurseries (Hambleton, 1976).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia]; Jansen 2003: 300 (female) [Netherlands]; Marotta 1995: 120 (female) [Italy]; Russo & Mazzeo 1992: 218 (female) [Italy]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 498 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1979: 148 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1973: 64 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; McKenzie 1967: 372 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 18 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 443]; CABI2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-2]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 428-429]; Germai2013 [distribution, host: 510]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution, host: 25]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-20, 27]; Hamble1973 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64-65]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 10-12, 59]; Jansen2003 [taxonomy, key: 300]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-147]; Malump2012b [distribution: 211]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 183]; PoeShDe1973 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 20-26]; RamosPCaKo2014 [economic importance, distribution: 27, 29]; RussoMa1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 216-218]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 750-752]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 499-501].
Rhizoecus amorphophalli BetremNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus amorphophalli Betrem, 1940: 267. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Buitenzorg (now Bogor), on Amorphophallus variabilis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hambleton, 1979b: 64. Type depository: Bogar: Agricultural Experiment Station, India. Described: female.
Rhizoecus amorphophalli; Hambleton, 1946: 61. Notes: Author's name mis-spelled "Betram".
Ripersiella amorphophalli; Hambleton, 1946: 61. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus advenus Beardsley, 1966: 468. Type data: HAWAII: Honolulu, on Cordyline terminalis. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hambleton, 1979b: 63.
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Cordyline terminalis [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Amorphophallus [Willia2004a], Amorphophallus variabilis [Betrem1940, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Colocasia esculenta [Hamble1979b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [Willia2004a]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea elephantipes [Willia1985d, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Zingiberaceae: Curcuma domestica [Willia1985d, BenDov1994], Curcuma longa [Hamble1979b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Kaempferia galanga [Hamble1979b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Zingiber officinale [Willia1985d, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Zingiber zerumber [MatileEt2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1966, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1940, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]). Neotropical: Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]. Oriental: India [Willia1985d, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Goa [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a]); Indonesia [Willia2004a] (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2004a], Sabah [Willia2004a]); Philippines [Hamble1979b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [WilliaMa2012]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants. Mealybugs are seen in clusters on the stem, petiole and leaf, particularly on the lower side. This pest thrives in hot and humid conditions. mealybugs enter soil cracks and holes formed after pseudostem drying and infest the corms.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Beardsley (1966), Hambleton (1979b), Williams (1985d), Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). See Hambleton (1977b) and Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) for information on type material.
STRUCTURE: Prepupae and pupae of are without any covering. Adult males of Rhizoecidae are either wingless, brachypterous or alate (Williams & Hodgson, 2013).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: When the temperature is more than 30°C its infestation is severe, and increases with rising temperature and humidity. During storage, when temperature and humidity are high, it can infest an entire batch of corms of the host plant. During storage, when temperature and humidity are high, it can infest an entire batch of corms. Severely infested corms shrivel which adversely affects their quality and marketability. Infestation also affects the corms ability to sprout which then affects subsequent production and productivity. An aqueous salt solution was found to be very effective in controlling the mealybug and retaining the quality of the corms, with subsequent benefits to corm sprouting and vigour of the following crop. Only a weak dilution (1000 ppm, about 1 teaspoon of salt in 10 litres of water) is required and treating the corms is easy. Common salt is both cheap and widely available
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia]; Jansen 2003: 300 (female) [Netherlands]; Tang 1992: 54 (female) [China]; Williams 1985d: 234 (female) [India]; Beardsley 1966: 468 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1966b: 151 (female) [Hawaiian islands]; Hambleton 1946: 60 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 468-470]; Beards1966b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-153]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 443-444]; Betrem1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267-270]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61]; Hamble1979b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-64]; Jansen2003 [taxonomy, key: 300]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-137]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 183-184]; NeduncJaRa2011 [behaviour, chemical control, economic importance, host, life history: 717-728]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 56-57]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 63]; Willia1985d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 234-236]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 752-754]; WilliaHo1913 [structure: 21]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 85, 87].
Rhizoecus angustus JamesNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus angustus James, 1935: 381. Type data: KENYA: Murea, Ruiru, on Leonotis nepetaefolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Morrisonella angusta; Hambleton, 1946: 20. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Crassulaceae: Kalanchoe glaucescens [James1935, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Leonotis nepetaefolia [James1935, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Themeda triandra [James1935, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1935, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Dscription and illustration of adult female by James (1935), De Lotto (1957b) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1946: 17 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 444]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-204]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20]; James1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 381-382]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-152].
Rhizoecus apizacos HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus apizacos Hambleton, 1976: 12. Type data: MEXICO: Tlaxcala State, 26 km N. of Apizacos, no host given. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Bouteloua [Hamble1979a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Texas [Hamble1979a, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 497 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 444]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12, 60]; Hamble1979a [host, distribution: 650]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 503-504].
Rhizoecus arabicus HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus eloti Giard, 1897: 585. Type data: GUADELOUPE: on roots of coffee. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Matile-Ferrero, Williams & Etienne, 2006: 70. Notes: Matile-Ferrero et al. (2006) regarded this species as nomen oblitum. Type material probably lost. D. Matile-Ferrero (1993) personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.
Rhizoecus arabicus Hambleton, 1976: 13. Type data: COLOMBIA: Chinchina, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Poaceae [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Chloris radiata [MatileEt2006]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Giard1897], Coffea arabica [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Pliea microphylla [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [KozarKo2007]; United States of America (Florida [KozarKo2007]). Neotropical: Bolivia [KozarKo2007]; Colombia [Hamble1976, Hamon1982, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [Hamble1976, Hamon1982, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [Giard1897, MatileEt2006]; Peru [KozarKo2007]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). This is the only described species of Rhizoecus from the Neotropical Region that has not been avialable for study. The original specimens have never been traced, but specimens from Guadelupe on coffee roots are probably known under a later name, which will have to be synonymized with R. eloti if Giard's material is eventualy found (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992).
SYSTEMATICS: Matile-Ferrero et al. (2006) regarded R. arabicus Hambleton, 1976 as a nomen protectum and assigned R. eloti Giard, 1897 nomen oblitum as a junior subjective synonym of the former.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 497 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1978: 157 (female) [America]; Hambleton 1976: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 444-445, 453]; Giard1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 585]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13, 60]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-156]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy: 206-207]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 184]; MatileWiEt2006 [taxonomy: 69-70]; RamosPCaKo2014 [distribution: 29]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 503, 505]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 527].
Rhizoecus associatus (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella associata Hambleton, 1946: 20. Type data: GUATEMALA: at the road between Quetzaltenango and Totonicapan, on Alchemilla orbiculata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Rhizoecus associatus; Ferris, 1953a: 430. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: associated mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Poaceae [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Alchemilla orbiculata [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Feeding on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 498 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 372 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 17 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 445]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 430-431]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-14, 61]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-159]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 372-374]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 506, 507].
Rhizoecus atlanticus (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella atlantica Hambleton, 1946: 62. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Guaruja, on Axonopus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Rhizoecus atlanticus; Hambleton, 1976: 14. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Axonopus [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 498 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 10 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1946: 60 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 445]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-64]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-15, 62]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-161]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 506, 508, 509].
Rhizoecus bicirculus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus bicirculus McKenzie, 1967: 374. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Trinity County, near Weaverville, on Ceanothus pumilus. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: trinity ground mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Jatropha dioica [Hamble1979a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lotus scoparius [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus pumilus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Texas [Hamble1979a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by McKenzie (1967), Hambleton (1976) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 445]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15, 63]; Hamble1979a [host, distribution: 650]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-163]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-375].
Rhizoecus boliviensis Konczné Benedicty, {in}: Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus boliviensis Konczné Benedicty, {in}: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 164. Type data: BOLIVIA: Guayaramerin, host plant unknown; collected J. Balogh, 1966. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Bolivian mealybug [KozarKo2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-166].
Rhizoecus brevirostris HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus brevirostris Hambleton, 1979a: 650. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Brewster County, Big Bend National Park, on Gutierrezia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Gutierrezia [Hamble1979a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Texas [Hamble1979a, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1979a).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 446]; Hamble1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 650-652]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-167].
Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella cacticans Hambleton, 1946: 64. Type data: ECUADOR: Cayambe, on Holcus lanatus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Rhizoecus cacticans; Ferris, 1953a: 432. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus epiphylli Ferris, 1953a: 442. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Ontario, on Epiphyllum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1960: 745.
Rhizoecus leucosomus; Gonzalez & Charlin, 1968: 112. Misidentification.
COMMON NAME: cacticans mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Aizoaceae: Aloinopsis schooneesii [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Mesembryanthemum [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Huernia leachii Lavranos [GoszczGo2011], Stapelia grandiflora L. [GoszczGo2011]. Asteraceae: Kleinia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Senecio [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994, MazzeoSuRu2008], Senecio mikanioides. Bromeliaceae: Vriesea splendens [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Binghamia humboldtii [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994], Echinocactus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Epiphyllum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hamatocactus setispinus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Lobivia shaferi [Hamble1946, McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mammilaria multiceps [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Mammillaria [Hamble1946, Willia1962, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Notocactus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Opuntia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Phyllocactus [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Trichocereus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Zygocactus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Aconium arborea [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994], Dudleya farinosa [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Echeveria [McKenz1967, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Kalanchoe tomentosa, Sempervivum tectorum. Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Caesalpinia pulcherrima [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium. Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia ionantha [Willia1985i, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Salvia personata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Aloe [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Haworthia. Myrtaceae: Hexachlamys edulis [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]. Peperomiaceae: Peperomia stolonifera [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Bromus catharticus [Hamble1946, McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Bromus unioloides, Distichlis spicata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eleusine indica, Festuca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Holcus lanatus [Hamble1946, BenDov1994], Lolium perenne [Hamble1946, McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Fragaria [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]). Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Florida [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Argentina [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Chile [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Ecuador [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Honduras [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]; Peru [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1990, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975, KozarzRe1977, BenDov1994]; France [KozarKo2007]; Germany [Hamble1946, BenDov1994]; Greece [KozarKo2007]; Hungary [KozarKo2007]; Italy [MazzeoSuRu2008]; Netherlands; Norway [KozarKo2007]; Poland [Dziedz1990, Granar1991, BenDov1994]; Russia (Moscow Oblast [DanzigGa2009], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [DanzigGa2009]); Sicily [TranfaPeMa1985, Marott1987a, LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994, RussoMa1997]; United Kingdom (England [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Wales).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Hambleton (1976), Zahradník (1990), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967). SEM micrograph of wax secretion given by Foldi (1991). The adult males of Rh. cacticans are typical rhizoecine males, differing from those of other species seen here in having the following combination of character states: (i) tarsal digitules probably capitate, (ii) antennae long, with some segments bottle-shaped and most setae appearing to be in whorls, (iii) trochanter with 3 pairs of campaniform pores; (iv) trochanter with strong Y-shaped sclerotisations; (v) aedeagus broadening at apex, and (vi) shape and structure of the penial sheath, particularly the ventral internal extension.
SYSTEMATICS: The adult males of Rh. cacticans are typical rhizoecine males, differing from those of other species seen here in having the following combination of character states: (i) tarsal digitules probably capitate, (ii) antennae long, with some segments bottle-shaped and most setae appearing to be in whorls, (iii) trochanter with 3 pairs of campaniform pores; (iv) trochanter with strong Y-shaped sclerotisations; (v) aedeagus broadening at apex, and (vi) shape and structure of the penial sheath, particularly the ventral internal extension. (Hodgson, 2012)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species may cause extensive damage in greenhouses at temperate regions (Dziedzicka, 1990; Zahradník, 1990).
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:]; Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Jansen 2003: 300 (female) [Netherlands]; Marotta 1995: 120 (female) [Italy]; Russo & Mazzeo 1992: 218 (female) [Italy]; Tang 1992: 54 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 498 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987a: 191 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 353 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985i: 624 (female) [species of Rhizoecus on Saintpaulia spp.]; Hambleton 1979: 149 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; Hambleton 1976: 10 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1973: 64 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 671 (female) [North America]; Williams 1962: 43 (female); McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 742 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 61 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 446-447]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 60]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-228]; DarvasVi1983 [chemical control: 455-463]; Dziedz1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 432-433, 442-443]; Foldi1991 [structure: 163-188]; GoszczGo2011 [distribution, host: 111-112]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-66]; Hamble1973 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 17-18, 65]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hodgso2012 [description, host, structure, taxonomy: 18-21]; Jansen2003 [taxonomy, key: 300]; JaszaiDa1983 [chemical control: 198-202]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-170]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 13-14]; KozarzRe1977 [host, distribution: 377]; LongoMaRu1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 173]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 112]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 196]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 745-]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 379-381]; Montan2010 [chemical control, host, illustration: 232-234]; RamosPCaKo2014 [distribution: 29]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 57]; TranfaPeMa1985 [host, distribution: 123-124]; Willia1962 [host, distribution: 43]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 353]; Willia1985i [host, distribution: 622]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 509-511]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, illustration: 84, 85, 87]; Zahrad1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-42].
Rhizoecus caladii GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus dianthi; Costa Lima, 1930a: 87. Misidentification.
Rhizoecus caladii Green, 1933: 53. Type data: SURINAM: on Caladium bicolor. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 511. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Araceae: Caladium bicolor [Green1933, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia [Beards1982, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus elegans [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Scleria pratensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Juncaceae: Juncus maritimus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Andropogon [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Axonopus compressus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Brachiaria [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Paspalum melanospermum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Poa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1982, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Bermuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Suriname [Green1933, Bunzli1935, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1933), Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 499 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Beards1982; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 447]; CostaL1930a [taxonomy: 87]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-54]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-19, 65]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-173]; RamosPCaKo2014 [distribution: 29]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 511-513].
Rhizoecus californicus FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus californicus Ferris, 1953a: 434. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Alameda County, Berkeley, in soil under chaparal. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hambleton, 1976: 19. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus plantaginis Hambleton, 1974: 152. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Ruby Bay, on Plantago media. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1978: 624.
COMMON NAME: California ground mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Rhopalostrys sapida [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Artemisia douglasiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Helianthus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Hypochoeris glabra [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Salicornia australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Sonchus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Suaeda novae-zelandiae [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Dichondra repens [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Dipsacaceae: Dipsacus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lupinus angustifolius [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Juncaceae: Juncus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago media [Hamble1974, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Festuca rubra [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Holcus lanatus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Lolium perenne [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus cuneatus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Fragaria chiloensis [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Rosaseae: Fragaria [Cox1987, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Hamble1974, Cox1987, BenDov1994]; New Zealand (Kermadec Islands [Willia2013]). Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Hambleton (1974, 1976), Cox (1978, 1987) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Cox 1987: 85 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1978: 623 (female) [New Zealand]; Hambleton 1978: 156 (female) [America]; Hambleton 1976: 6 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1974: 147 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1974: 148 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 671 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 742 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 447-448]; Cox1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 624-627]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86, 208]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 434-435]; Hamble1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-20, 65]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-176]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 381-383]; Willia2013 [distribution, host: 189].
Rhizoecus chilensis HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus leucosomus; Gonzalez & Charlin, 1968: 112. Misidentification.
Rhizoecus chilensis Hambleton, 1976: 20. Type data: CHILE: Valparaiso Province, Olume, El Granizo, from soil. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 497 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 10 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 448]; GonzalCh1968 [taxonomy: 112]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21, 67]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-178]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 513, 515, 516].
Rhizoecus cocois WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus cocois Williams, 1985d: 235. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Kazhakootam, on roots of Cocos nucifera. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Radicoccus cocois; Tang, 1992: 52. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus cocois; Ben-Dov, 1994: 449. Revived combination.
HOST: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Willia1985d, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Willia1985d, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustation of adult female by Williams (1985d), Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Cause discolouring of the roots at the point of feeding, these roots eventually drying up, the infested young plants showing yellowing and loss of vigour (Williams, 1985d).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1985d: 234 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 449]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-180]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 63]; Willia1985d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-238]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 763-764].
Rhizoecus coffeae LaingNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus coffeae Laing, 1925: 384. Type data: SURINAM: Paramaribo, on roots of coffee. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus lendea Pickel, 1927: 24. Type data: BRAZIL: Parahyba State, Bananeiras, on roots of coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Tapera: Ecola Superior de Agricultura, Brazil, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Pickel, 1928: 369.
Ripersia lendea; Schmidt, 1940: 220. Change of combination.
Neorhizoecus coffeae; Hambleton, 1946: 42. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus coffeae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 449. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Araceae: Caladium bicolor [Hamble1977a, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus chalaranthus [Hamble1977a, BenDov1994], Cyperus elegans [Hamble1977a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cyperus luzulae [Hamble1977a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Scleria pratensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Axonopus compressus [Hamble1977a, BenDov1994], Poa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Coffea liberica [Hamble1977a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Pickel1927, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [Gonzal1956, BenDov1994, RamosPCaKo2014]; Costa Rica [Hamble1977a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Suriname [Laing1925, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [Hamble1977a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Laing (1925), Ferris (1953a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). Althought no holotype was designated by Laing (1925), there is only one specimen bearing the appropriate data in BMNH. Hambleton (1977a) and Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) referred to this specimen as the holotype.
STRUCTURE: Although both wings were missing from the male described in Hodgson (2012), he considered that the males of Rh. coffeae are probably brachypterous (rather than macropterous) because: (a) the body shape and structure are very similar to the brachypterous Rh. dianthi Green, described below; (b) the mesothorax appears to be poorly sclerotised, suggesting weak or absent wing muscles, and (c) the structure of metathorax dorsally is very similar to abdominal segments. The homology of the "nipple-like" structure present ventrally between the procoxae is uncertain; it might represent the position of the labium but it seems unlikely that this would have a group of such robust setae; or perhaps it is related to the "mammillate organ" present at the anterior end of the prosternum of some Phenacoleachia species (Theron, 1962; Hodgson & Foldi, 2006).
SYSTEMATICS: The male of Rh. coffeae differs from those of the other species in having the following combination of character states: (i) body highly hirsute; (ii) presence of the "nipple-like" structure on the venter of the prothorax, and (iii) 5- to 7-segmented antennae. (Hodgson, 2012) Although both wings are missing, Hodgson (2012) considered that the males of Rh. coffeae are probably brachypterous (rather than macropterous) because: (a) the body shape and structure are very similar to the brachypterous Rh. dianthiGreen, (b) the mesothorax appears to be poorly sclerotised, suggesting weak or absent wing muscles, and (c) the structure of metathorax dorsally is very similar to abdominal segments.
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1946: 41 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 449]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 386-387]; Gonzal1956 [host, distribution, economic importance: 125-126]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-52]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42-43]; Hamble1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-372]; Hodgso2012 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 21-24]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-183]; Laing1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 384]; RamosPCaKo2014 [distribution: 29]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 516-518].
Rhizoecus compotor Williams & Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus compotor Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 520. Type data: COLOMBIA: Chinchina, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and distribution of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 450]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-185]; RamosPCaKo2014 [distribution: 29]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 520, 521].
Rhizoecus congolensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné BenNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus congolensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Ben, 2007: 185. Type data: CONGO: Versdant Forest, host plant unknown; collected N. Leleup, 01.1959. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-187].
Rhizoecus costaricensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozar {in} Kozár & Konczné BenNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus costaricensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozar {in} Kozár & Konczné Ben, 2007: 187. Type data: COSTA RICA: La Selva National Park, host plant unknown; collected J. Balogh, 14.i.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [KozarKo2007]; Costa Rica [KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187-189].
Rhizoecus cyperalis (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella cyperalis Hambleton, 1946: 22. Type data: EL SALVADOR: Santiago de Maria, on Cyperus tenerrimus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Coccidella cyperalis; Hambleton, 1946a: 177. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus cyperalis; Ferris, 1953a: 438. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: viviparous ground mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus tenerrimus [Hamble1946, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Thimus vulgaris [RamosPCaKo2014]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Colombia [RamosPCaKo2014]; El Salvador [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: A viviparous species, that occurs on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 499 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 372 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 17 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 450]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 438-439]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13, 22-23]; Hamble1946a [taxonomy: 177]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-22, 67]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-192]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383-385]; RamosPCaKo2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 28-29]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 522, 523].
Rhizoecus demerarae Williams & Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus demerarae Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 522. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, on Panicum laxum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Panicum laxum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [KozarKo2007]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 497 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 451]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192-194]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 522, 524, 525].
Rhizoecus dianthi GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus dianthi Green, 1926a: 175. Type data: ENGLAND: Wisley, on Dianthus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Nakahara, 1980: 337. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Morrisonella dianthi; Hambleton, 1946: 23. Change of combination.
Coccidella dianthi; Hambleton, 1946a: 177. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus eluminatus McKenzie, 1960: 747. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Humboldt County, Bayside, on Gloxinia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hambleton, 1976: 45.
Rhizoecus pritchardi McKenzie, 1960: 749. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Mateo County, Colma, on Adiantum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Nakahara, 1980: 336.
Rhizoecus cyperalis; McKenzie, 1967: 383. Misidentification; discovered by Hambleton, 1976: 21.
COMMON NAMES: blind mealybug [McKenz1967]; Pritchard mealybug [McKenz1960]; pritchard mealybug [McKenz1960].
HOSTS: Adiantaceae: Adiantum [McKenz1960, Willia1962, BenDov1994]. Agavaceae: Yucca afoifolia [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]. Aizoaceae: Disphyma crassifolium [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Achillea ageratifolia [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Chrysanthemum [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Senecio articulata [Zahrad1965, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus barbatus [Green1926a, BenDov1994], Dianthus plumarius [Green1926a, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Aeonium spraegeri [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia longifolia [DziedzMa1999]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Pelargonium odoratissimum [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994], Pelargonium quercifolia [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]. Gesneriaceae: Gloxinia, Saintpaulia [Marott1995], Saintpaulia ionantha [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Sinningia speciosa [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Aloe humilis [Zahrad1965, BenDov1994], Chlorophytum capansa [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994], Chlorophytum comosum [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]. Polygalaceae: Polygala capitata [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Polygala crotalariodes [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Geum borisi [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Geum coccineum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum sodomaeum [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994], Withania somnifera [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Lantana [Hamble1976, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Canada [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Florida [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Illinois [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Maryland [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Massachusetts [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], New York [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Pennsylvania [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Czech Republic [Zahrad1965, Zahrad1990, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]; France [GermaiMaPi2002, MatileGePi2004]; Netherlands [KozarKo2007]; Poland [DziedzMa1999]; Russia (Moscow Oblast [DanzigGa2009], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [DanzigGaTr2008]); Sicily [Marott1995]; United Kingdom (England [Green1926a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants. In California it develops up to six generations per year. Females are ovoviviparous and reproduce parthenogenetically (McKenzie, 1967; Snetsinger, 1966).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1926a), Williams (1962), McKenzie (1960, 1967), Cox (1978, 1987), Zahradník (1990), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of the adult female by McKenzie (1967) and by Matile-Ferrero et al. (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Rh. dianthi and probably Rh. coffeae are brachypterous. Rh. dianthi are easily separated because the latter species is extremely hirsute and has 5- to 7-segmented antennae, whereas the Rh. dianthi only has sparse setae and 10-segmented antennae.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A serious pest of African violet in greenhouses in California (Snetsinger, 1966). A major pest of greenhouse plants in Europe (Zahradník, 1990).
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:]; Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Jansen 2003: 300 (female) [Netherlands]; Marotta 1995: 120 (female) [Italy]; Tang 1992: 54 (female) [China]; Williams 1987a: 192 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 353 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985i: 624 (female) [species of Rhizoecus on Saintpaulia spp.]; Hambleton 1979: 148 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; Cox 1978: 624 (female) [New Zealand]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1973: 64 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; McKenzie 1967: 372 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America]; Williams 1962: 41 (female); McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 17 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 451-452]; Cox1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 631, 635-636]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-87, 210]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-226]; DanzigGaTr2008 [host, distribution: 600-603]; DziedzMa1999 [host, distribution: 16-17]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 256]; Green1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-177]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23-24]; Hamble1946a [taxonomy: 177]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-46, 83-84]; Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 24-26]; Jansen2003 [taxonomy, key: 300]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-199]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 14]; KozarzRe1977 [host, distribution: 377-378]; MalumpHa2012 [distribution, host: 195]; Marott1995 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 118-119]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 746-749]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 387, 388, 400-402]; RamosPCaKo2014 [economic importance: 27]; Snetsi1966 [life history, economic importance: 1077-1078]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 58-59]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 353]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85, 87]; WilliaNa1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 336-337]; Zahrad1965 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 304-305]; Zahrad1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-44].
Rhizoecus distinctus (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella distincta Hambleton, 1946: 24. Type data: U.S.A.: Virginia, Falls Church, on moss in Berlese trap. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Rhizoecus distinctus; Ferris, 1953a: 440. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Koszta1996], Artemisia vulgaris [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Aster [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Solidago [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lespedeza [Koszta1996], Lespedeza cuneata [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Koszta1996], Quercus coccinea [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Andropogon [Hamble1946, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Dactylis glomerata [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Tridens [Koszta1996], Tridens flavus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Malus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Malus [Koszta1996], Rubus [Koszta1996], Rubus argutus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum [Koszta1996], Verbascum thapsus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Maryland [Hamble1976, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Tennessee [Koszta1996], Virginia [Hamble1946, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Ferris (1953a), Kosztarab (1996) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Kosztarab 1996: 195 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 372 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 17 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 452]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 440-441]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13, 24-25]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23, 68]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distibution: 195, 197, 198]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-201].
Rhizoecus divaricatus HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus divaricatus Hambleton, 1978: 157. Type data: NICARAGUA: Granada, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Hamble1978, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Nicaragua [Hamble1978, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1978), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1978: 156 (female) [America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 452]; Hamble1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-159]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-203]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 527, 528].
Rhizoecus elongatus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus elongatus Green, 1926a: 174. Type data: ENGLAND: Hampshire, Bournemouth, on Phyllocactus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus mesembryanthemi Green, 1931a: 103. Type data: ENGLAND: Surrey, Oxted, on Mesembryanthemum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1962: 45.
Morrisonella elongata; Hambleton, 1946: 25. Change of combination.
Morrisonella mesembryanthemi; Hambleton, 1946: 33. Change of combination.
Coccidella elongata; Hambleton, 1946a: 177. Change of combination.
Coccidella mesembryanthemi; Hambleton, 1946a: 177. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus elongatus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 453. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum [Green1931a, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Epiphyllum, Phyllocactus [Green1926a, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Aloe variegata [Willia1962, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Netherlands [Willia1962, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Green1926a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1926a), Williams (1962) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). Williams (1962) have shown that R. mesembryanthemi is a synomym of R. elongatus, however, Tang (1992) listed the former as a valid species.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Jansen 2003: 300 (female) [Netherlands]; Tang 1992: 54 (female) [China]; Williams 1962: 41 (female); Hambleton 1946: 16 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 453]; Green1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-175]; Green1931a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 103]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25]; Hamble1946a [taxonomy: 177]; Jansen2003 [taxonomy, key: 300]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-206]; Montan2010 [chemical control, host: 232]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 59, 62]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85].
Rhizoecus erikae Konczné Benedicty & Kozár, in: Kozár & Konczné BenNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus erikae Konczné Benedicty & Kozár, in: Kozár & Konczné Ben, 2007: 207. Type data: BRAZIL: Amazonas, Manaus, host plant unkown; collected J. Balogh, 20.ix.1967. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas [KozarKo2007]).
BIOLOGY: The type series was collected from Berlese funnel (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-209].
Rhizoecus falcifer Kunckel d'HerculaisNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus falcifer Kunckel d'Herculais, 1878: 164. Type data: FRANCE: Paris (in greenhouses), on roots of Seaforthia (Ptychosperma) elegans. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost. D. Matile-Ferrero (1989) personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.
Ripersia terrestris Newstead, 1895a: 213. Type data: ENGLAND: London, on roots of Stephanotis (under glass). Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 354. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1935a: 145.
Rhizaecus (?) terrestris; Cockerell, 1899j: 265. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus africanus Brain, 1915: 89. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Capetown. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hambleton, 1946: 53.
Rhizoecus decoratus Green, 1926: 177. Type data: ENGLAND: Yorkshire, Eastringham, on roots of Abutilon sp. (under glass). Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 354. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hambleton, 1946: 53.
COMMON NAME: ground mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Adiantaceae: Adiantum [Willia1962, BenDov1994]. Agavaceae: Agave [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Dracaena [Willia1962, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Phormium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Alliaceae: Agapanthus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Zantedeschia aethiopica [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Araucariaceae: Araucaria [GomezM1957, Martin1985]. Arecaceae: Chamaerops humilis [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994], Chamerops [GomezM1957], Howeia belmoreana [GomezM1957, Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Howeia forsteriana [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Kentia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Phoenix canariensis [Rungs1948, BenDov1994], Phoenix robelenii [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ptychosperma alexandrae, Ptychosperma elegans, Sabal blackburniana. Asclepiadaceae: Stephanotis [Newste1895a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Anthemis tinctoria [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Chrysanthemum frutescens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Senecio pendula [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Matthiola [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cistaceae: Cistus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [GomezM1957], Convolvulus arvensis [Leonar1920, McKenz1967, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Aeonium balsamiferum [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Cupressus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Carex [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cyperus elegans [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cyperus luzulae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Scleria pratensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Kalmia [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Escalloniaceae: Escallonia rubra [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Lotus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Erodium moschatum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Geranium [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Pelargonium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Iris [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Watsonia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Ajuga [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Thymus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Ophiopogon [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [Green1926a, BenDov1994], Hibiscus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Hibiscus siriacus [Marott1992, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ligustrum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Syringa vulgaris [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Picea abies [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Piper [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agrostis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Poa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Anemone hupehensis [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Aquilegia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Delphinium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Fragaria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Prunus persica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Coffea liberica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Gardenia intermedia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Luculia grandiflora [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus sinensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Saxifragaceae: Ribes [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Cestrum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Lycopersicon esculentum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Petunia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Tropaeolaceae: Tropaeolum majus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis [Balach1927, BenDov1994], Vitis vinifera [GomezM1957, Marott1987a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Saint Helena [Matile1976, BenDov1994]; South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Hamble1976, Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Florida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Missouri [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], New Jersey [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], New York [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Suriname [Green1933, Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1927, BenDov1994]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1990, BenDov1994]; France [Kuncke1878, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Ireland [Willia1962, BenDov1994]; Italy [Leonar1920, Marott1987a, LongoMaRu1989, Marott1992, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Morocco [Rungs1948, BenDov1994]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; Spain [Martin1985]; United Kingdom (England [Newste1903, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Hambleton (1976), Cox (1978, 1987), Zahradník (1990), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). Description and illustration of adult male by Beardsley (1962).
STRUCTURE: McKenzie (1967) provided a colour illustration of the adult female and its habitat.
SYSTEMATICS: Rh. falcifer and Ripersiella hibisci were the only macropterous species seen during the study in Hodgson (2012). However, in many other respects Rh. falcifer and R. hibisci differ markedly (character-states on R. hibisci in brackets): (i) antennae almost as long as body (about half as long); (ii) antennal segments of several distinct shapes (antennal segments mainly barrel-shaped); (iii) head behind scapes without a constriction (constricted); (iv) head with a pair of loculate pores (lp absent on head); (v) without an obvious constriction between pro- and mesothorax (constriction distinct); (vi) prosternum possibly absent (present as a thin transverse line with 2 apophyses); (vii) lateral arms of mesofurca almost parallel (diverging strongly); (viii) loculate pores on abdomen present on segments I and VIII and mainly in pleural region (present dorsally on all segments); (ix) penial sheath more or less narrowing gradually (ps with a strong constriction about half-way along length). (Hodgson, 2012)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of ornamental plants in various parts of the world (Cox, 1987; Zahradník, 1990).
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Marotta 1995: 120 (female) [Italy]; Russo & Mazzeo 1992: 218 (female) [Italy]; Tang 1992: 54 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1987: 85 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1987a: 191 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 353 (female) [Australia]; Hambleton 1979: 148 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; Cox 1978: 624 (female) [New Zealand]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1974: 148 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1973: 64 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America]; Williams 1962: 41 (female); McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 51 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Balach1927 [host, distribution: 188]; Beards1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-92]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 453-454]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-90]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 60]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 265]; Cox1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 625, 628, 634]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-88, 211]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 444-445]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; GomezM1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-72]; Green1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-179]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-56]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-25, 69]; Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 26-29]; IPMS1994 [host, distribution, control: 1-2]; KosztaKo1988F [host, distribution: 60]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-212]; Kuncke1878 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 164]; LaflinGuPa2004 [host, distribution: 475-477]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 424-425]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 145-146]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; LongoMaRu1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 174]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 112]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 97-98]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 98]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 196]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-392]; Millar2002 [illustration: 207]; Newste1895a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 213]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; RamosPCaKo2014 [economic importance: 27]; Rungs1948 [host, distribution: 116]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 59-60]; Willia1961a [taxonomy: 93]; Willia1962 [host, distribution: 47]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 353-354]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 530-532]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85, 87]; Zahrad1990 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 44-45].
Rhizoecus favacirculus HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus favacirculus Hambleton, 1976: 25. Type data: COSTA RICA: Coto, in soil. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [KozarKo2007]; Chile [KozarKo2007]; Costa Rica [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: The host plant is unknown, but the mealybug was taken in Costa Rica in soil under Coffea arabica (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 498 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 455]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25, 69]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-137]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 532, 533].
Rhizoecus floridanus HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus floridanus Hambleton, 1973: 67. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Broward County, Pembroke, on Dracaena marginata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: Florida ground mealybug [Koszta1996]; florida ground mealybug [Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Dracaena marginata [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Amaranthaceae: Philoxerus vermicularis [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Carissa grandiflora [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex cornuta [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Ilex opaca [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Ilex rotunda [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Ilex vomitoria [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Dieffenbachia [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Philodendron selloum [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Dizygotheca elegantissima [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Araucariaceae: Araucaria excelsa [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Arecastrum romanzoffianum [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Chrysalidocarpus lutescens [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Phoenix canariensis [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Anthemis [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Pluchea [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Aechmea chantinii [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Aechmea orlandiana [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Billbergia [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Buxaceae: Buxus carissa [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum suspensum [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Conocarpus erecta [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Calliandra [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Haemodoraceae: Lachnanthes tinctorum [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Cuphea [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Sida [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon rigidus [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Eugenia [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Andropogon virginicus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Bambusa [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Cortaderia selloana [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Eremochloa ophiuroides [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Panicum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Prunus angustifolia [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Pyracantha [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia thunbergia [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Ixora [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus mitis [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Leucophyllum frutescens [Hamble1973, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Hamble1973, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Georgia [Hamble1973, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Indiana [Hamble1976, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Maryland [Hamble1976, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1973, 1976), Kozarzevskaya (1992), Kosztarab (1996) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Kosztarab 1996: 198 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Hambleton 1979: 148 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; Hambleton 1978: 156 (female) [America]; Hambleton 1976: 9 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1973: 63 (female) [U.S.A., Florida].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 455]; Hamble1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-68]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-27]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 198, 199]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-216]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228-229]; RamosPCaKo2014 [economic importance: 27].
Rhizoecus franconiae SchmuttererNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus franconiae Schmutterer, 1956a: 519. Type data: GERMANY: near Erlangen and near Berchtesgaden, on Hieracium pilosella, Achillea millefolium, Tanacetum vulgare and Corynephorus canescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Wetlenberg: The Schmutterer Collection, Germany. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: Franconian root mealybug [KosztaKo1988F]; franconian root mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium [Schmut1956a, BenDov1994], Hieracium pilosella [Schmut1956a, BenDov1994], Tanacetum vulgare [Schmut1956a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Corynephorus canescens [Schmut1956a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Germany [Schmut1956a, Schmut1980, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Schmutterer (1956a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). Schmutterer (1956a) selected a holotype, but did not indicate from which of the two localities, nor from which of the four host plants.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Tang 1992: 54 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 141 (female) [Central Europe].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 455]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 144]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-219]; Schmut1956a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 519-521]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 60].
Rhizoecus globosus JamesNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus globosus James, 1935: 382. Type data: KENYA: Kitale, on Themeda triandra. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Radicoccus globosus; Hambleton, 1946: 48. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus globosus; Williams, 1998: 29. Revived combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Themeda triandra [James1935, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1935, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots and rhizomes of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by James (1935), De Lotto (1957b) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1946: 47 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy: 433-434]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-207]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 48]; James1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 382-383]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-224]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy: 29].
Rhizoecus graminis (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella graminis Hambleton, 1946: 28. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Alameda County, Oakland, on Agrostis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Coccidella graminis; Hambleton, 1946a: 177. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus graminis; Ferris, 1953a: 446. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus perprocerus De Lotto, 1961: 228. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Hexriver, on roots of unknown plant. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1978: 634.
Rhizoecus graminis Ramos-Portilla, 2014: 9. Synonymy reestablished.
COMMON NAME: graminis ground mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Convolvulaceae: Dichondra repens [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agrostis tenuis [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Festuca rubra [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Lolium perenne [Cox1987, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1961] [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [KozarKo2007]. Australasian: New Zealand [Hamble1974, Cox1978, Cox1987, BenDov1994]; New Zealand (Kermadec Islands [Willia2013]). Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Cox (1978, 1987) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1961) and by Kozár & Konczné Benecicty (2007). Illustration and description of genetalia in Ramon-Portilla (2014).
SYSTEMATICS: Cox (1978: 634) synonymized Rhizoecus perprocerus De Lotto, 1961 with Rhizoecues graminis Hambleton, 1946. However, Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) studied type material of both species and concluded that the above are two distinct species and re-established Rhizoecus perprocerus De Lotto, 1961. Upon further examination by Ramos-Portilla (2014), R. perprocerus was once more synonymized with R. graminis after reexamination of the morphology of the type material. After studying the variation in the number and distribution of rows of ventral tritubular ducts on the abdomen in a number of specimens, including type material of both species, it was found that this character state is variable and the shape of the genitalia in both species are very similar.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Cox 1987: 85 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1978: 623 (female) [New Zealand]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1974: 148 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 372 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 17 (female) [Hambleton].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 457]; Cox1978 [taxonomy: 634]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88, 212]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-230]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 446-447]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-29]; Hamble1946a [taxonomy: 177]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-30]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224-226]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 300-302]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-395]; RamosP2014 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 7-11]; Willia2013 [distribution, host: 189].
Rhizoecus hawaiiensis (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Radiococcus hawaiiensis Hambleton, 1946: 48. Type data: HAWAII: Honolulu, Manoa Valley, on Coleus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus hawaiiensis; Beardsley, 1966b: 152. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [Beards1966b, BenDov1994], Sonchus oleraceus [Beards1966b, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium oahuense [Beards1966b, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [Hamble1946, BenDov1994]. Peperomiaceae: Peperomia leptostachya [Beards1966b, BenDov1994]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca lutea [Beards1966b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Hamble1946, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946), Beardsley (1966b) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Beardsley 1966b: 151 (female) [Hawaiian islands]; Hambleton 1946: 48 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Beards1966b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-155]; Beards1966c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 163]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 458]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-49]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-228]; Zimmer1948 [host, distribution: 158].
Rhizoecus immsi JamesNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus immsi James, 1935: 383. Type data: UGANDA: Jinja-Tororo Rd, on Mariscus magnus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Morrisonella immsi; Hambleton, 1946: 29. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Mariscus magnus [James1935, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Sporobolus filipes [James1935, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [James1935, BenDov1994]; Uganda [James1935, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by James (1935), De Lotto (1957b) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1946: 17 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 458]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-211]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29-30]; James1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383-384]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-231].
Rhizoecus inconspicuus DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus inconspicuus Danzig, 1971: 372. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Vladivostok, on Artemisia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1971, 1980b), Kozarzhevskaya (1992), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009).
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Tang 1992: 55 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 706 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Danzig 1980b: 196 (female) [Far East of the USSR].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 459]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 371-372]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-197]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228,230]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230-233]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 234-235]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 60-61].
Rhizoecus incrassatus JamesNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus incrassatus James, 1935: 383. Type data: KENYA: Nyeri, on Pennisetum clandestinum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Radicoccus incrassatus; Hambleton, 1946: 49. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Pennisetum clandestinum [James1935, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1935, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by James (1935), De Lotto (1957b) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 232-235 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1946: 47 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 459]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-212]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; James1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-235].
Rhizoecus insularis HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus insularis Hambleton, 1976: 30. Type data: ECUADOR: Galapagos Islands, Darwin Research Station, on Hippomane mancinella. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Hippomane mancinella [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Galapagos Islands [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, LincanHoCa2010].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 498 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 459]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30, 72]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 234-237]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 539, 540].
Rhizoecus iquitosi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus iquitosi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Benedicty, 2007: 236. Type data: PERU: Iquitos, Lacuna Quistocha, host plant unknown; collected J. Balogh, 1.xii.1971,. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236-239].
Rhizoecus kazachstanus MatesovaNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus kazachstanus Matesova, 1980a: 110. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Martuk, near Irek, on Tanacetum vulgaris. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Tanacetum vulgaris [Mateso1980a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [DanzigGa2009]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1980a, BenDov1994, DanzigGa2009].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matesova (1980a), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of Rh. kazachstanus appears to be a typical apterous rhizoecine male but differs from the other apterous species seen here in having the following combination of character states: (i) few setae on body; (ii) only hs setae on basal 4 antennal segments; (iii) absence of loculate pores dorsally on thorax; (iv) trochanter with 2 campaniform pores; (v) trochanter with strong Y-shaped sclerotisations; (vi) tarsal digitules with blunt or slightly capitate apices, (vii) 10-segmented antennae, each flagellate segment broadest at distal end, and (viii) a transverse new-moon-shaped anal opening. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:]; Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Tang 1992: 54 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 459]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228-229]; Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 29-32]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-242]; Mateso1980a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-112]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61-62].
Rhizoecus keysensis HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus keysensis Hambleton, 1979: 140. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Middle Torch Key, on Erithalis fruticosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eugenia myrtoides [Hamble1979, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Erithalis fruticosa [Hamble1979, BenDov1994], Morinda roioc [Hamble1979, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Hamble1979, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1979) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1979: 149 (female) [U.S.A., Florida].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 459]; Hamble1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-142]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242-244].
Rhizoecus ladoniae HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus ladoniae Hambleton, 1979: 141. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Citrus County, near Ozello, on Gramineae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae [Hamble1979, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Hamble1979, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1979) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1979: 148 (female) [U.S.A., Florida].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 460]; Hamble1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-143]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 244-245].
Rhizoecus latus (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella lata Hambleton, 1946: 30. Type data: ECUADOR: Pichilingue, on grass roots. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus latus; Hambleton, 1976: 32. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Hippomane mancinella [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Marott1995]. Poaceae [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Ecuador [Hamble1946, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, LincanHoCa2010]. Palaearctic: Sicily [Marott1995].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of dult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Marotta 1995: 120 (female) [Italy]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 499 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1946: 18 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 460]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 30-31]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32, 73]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-248]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; Marott1995 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 119-120]; RamosPCaKo2014 [distribution: 29]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 542-544].
Rhizoecus leucosomus (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella leucosoma Cockerell, 1901j: 165. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, San Miguel County, Las Vegas, under rocks with Lasius americanus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hambleton, 1976: 33. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Rhizoecus leucosomus; Ferris, 1953a: 450. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: white ground mealybug [McKenz1967, Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Bahia dissecta [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Escobaria tuberculosa [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Mammillaria [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Sempervivum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus esculentus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Psoralea tenuiflora [Hamble1946, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]. Juncaceae: Juncus [Hamble1979, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Distichlis [Hamble1979, BenDov1994], Muhlenbergia [Hamble1979, BenDov1994], Phleum pratense [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Poa [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Sorghum halepense [Hamble1979a, BenDov1994], Spartina patens [Hamble1979, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Colorado [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], District of Columbia [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Florida [Hamble1979, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Cocker1901j, BenDov1994], Ohio [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Texas [Hamble1979a, BenDov1994], Virginia [Hamble1976, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Originally found under rocks with ants, Lasius americanus. Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967) Hambleton (1976), Kozarzhevskaya (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Kosztarab 1996: 200 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 498 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1979: 149 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; Hambleton 1976: 10 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 398 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 671 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 742 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 61 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 461]; Cocker1901j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 165-166]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 450-451]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-33, 74]; Hamble1979 [host, distribution: 143]; Hamble1979a [host, distribution: 652]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 200, 202, 203]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-250]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-400]; Montan2010 [chemical control, host, illustration: 232-234]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 544, 545, 547].
Rhizoecus macgregori HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus macgregori Hambleton, 1976: 34. Type data: MEXICO: Michoacan, Apatzingan, on Gossypium hirsutum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Malvaceae: Gossypium hirsutum [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 498 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 461]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34, 74-75]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-253]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 544, 546, 547].
Rhizoecus madecassus MametNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus madecassus Mamet, 1962: 182. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ankaratra, in soil. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus madacassus; Mamet, 1962: 183. Misspelling of species name.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1962) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 461]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 252-255]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182-183].
Rhizoecus mammillariae (Targioni Tozzetti)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius mammillariae Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 402. Type data: ITALY: on Mammillaria sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Dactylopius mammillariae Targioni Tozzetti, 1884 was a junior homonym of Dactylopius mammillariae Bouche, 1844. Type material probably lost according to G. Pellizzari-Scaltriti, 1990 personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.
Westwoodia sp. n. Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 402. Unavailable name.
Rhizaecus mammilariae; Cockerell, 1899j: 265. Misspelling of genus name.
Rhizaecus mammillariae; Cockerell, 1899j: 265. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus (?) targionii Cockerell in Fernald, 1903: 114. Replacement name for Dactylopius mammillariae Targioni-Tozzetti; synonymy by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 254.
Rhizoecus mamillariae; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 254. Misspelling of species name.
Rhizoecus mamillariae; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 254. Revived status.
HOST: Cactaceae: Mammillaria [Targio1884, Marott1987a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Targio1884, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].
BIOLOGY: Occurring in the soil on roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Targioni Tozzetti (1885) again described this species referring to it as sp. n., however the 1884 description is the valid one.
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 471]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 265]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy: 114]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, illustration: 254-256]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 112]; Montan2010 [chemical control, host: 232]; Targio1884 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 402-403]; Targio1885 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-117].
Rhizoecus maritimus (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersia maritima Cockerell, 1894p: 42. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Long Island, on Spartina. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hambleton, 1976: 35. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Ripersiella maritima; Cockerell, 1899m: 278. Change of combination.
Morrisonella maritima; Hambleton, 1946: 31. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus maritimus; Ferris, 1953a: 452. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: sea-coast ground mealybug [Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Faucaria tigrina [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Iva frutescens [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Spartina alterniflora [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Spartina patens [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mangle [Hamble1973, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], New Jersey [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], New York [Cocker1894p, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant, between tide marks.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), Hambleton (1976) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Kosztarab 1996: 203 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Hambleton 1979: 149 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; Hambleton 1978: 157 (female) [America]; Hambleton 1976: 9 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1973: 63 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 671 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 742 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 16 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 461-462]; Cocker1894p [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 42]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 278]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 452-453]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 31]; Hamble1973 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 68]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35, 75-76]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203, 204]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-259].
Rhizoecus martini Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in} Kozár & Konczné BenNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus martini Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in} Kozár & Konczné Ben, 2007: 258. Type data: MADEIRA ISLANDS: Pico Ruivo (altitude 1800 meters), on grass roots; collected J.H. Martin, 15.v.1997. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae [KozarKo2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [KozarKo2007, FrancoRuMa2011].
BIOLOGY: Collected from grass roots (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 21,25]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 258-261].
Rhizoecus mayanus (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella mayana Hambleton, 1946: 32. Type data: GUATEMALA: Puerto Barrios, on Echinochloa colonum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus mayanus; Ferris, 1953a: 454. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Araceae: Xanthosoma robustum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Xanthosoma roseum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Lactuca sativa [MatileEt2006]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [MatileEt2006]. Fabaceae: Phaseolus vulgaris [MatileEt2006]. Lamiaceae [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus esculentus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa [KondoRaVe2008], Musa paradisiaca sapientum [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Cymbopogon citratus [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cymbopogon nardus [Hamble1946, BenDov1994], Echinochloa colonum [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eleusine indica [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Panicum maximum [Hamble1946, BenDov1994], Paspalum conjugatum [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Paspalum maxicum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Setaria geniculata [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [KondoRaVe2008]. Solanaceae: Lycopersicon esculentum [MatileEt2006], Solanum nigrum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [KondoRaVe2008]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Honduras [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Ferris (1953a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 498 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 372 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 18 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy: 462]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 454-455]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 32-33]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36, 76]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 44]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distributionm: 262-264]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 184]; RamosPCaKo2014 [distribution: 29]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 547-549].
Rhizoecus microtubularis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné BeneNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus microtubularis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Bene, 2007: 264. Type data: COSTA RICA: Sierra de la Muerta, La Gloria, altitude 1800 meters; collected J. Balogh, 24.i.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Mahunka hypogeic mealybug [KozarKo2007].
HOST: Gleicheniaceae: Sticherus underwoodianus [KozarKo2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [KozarKo2007]. Neotropical: Costa Rica [KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 264-266].
Rhizoecus microtubulatus Gavrilove & Danzig {in}: Danzig & GavrilovNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus microtubulatus Gavrilove & Danzig {in}: Danzig & Gavrilov, 2009: 238. Type data: RUSSIA: Astrakhan, semi desert near Tinaki Lake, on thin roots of Artemisia vulgaris; collected I.A. Gavrilov, 13 May 2004. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. K 407. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia vulgaris [DanzigGa2009].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Astrakhan' Oblast [DanzigGa2009]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009).
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia].
CITATIONS: DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238,241].
Rhizoecus moruliferus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus moruliferus Green, 1933: 52. Type data: SURINAM: on roots of Coffea liberica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 354. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Rhizoecus moruliferus Green, 1933: 52. Type data: SURINAM: on roots of Coffea liberica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 354. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1961a: 93.
Rhizoecus moruliferus; Williams, 1961a: 93. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 268. Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Rhizoecus falcifer Künckel d'Herculais
Rhizoecus moruliferus; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 267. Revived status.
HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea liberica [Green1933, KozarKo2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Suriname [Green1933, KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1933) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Williams (1961a: 93) synonymized Rhizoecus moruliferus with Rhizoecus falcifer, however, Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) resurrected the former from synonymy.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue, taxonomy: 453-454]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267-268]; Willia1961a [taxonomy: 93].
Rhizoecus nakaharai HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus nakaharai Hambleton, 1976: 38. Type data: U.S.A.: Washington, Jefferson County, Discovery Bay, no host given. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Lithospermum ruderale [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Dudleya greenei [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Carex [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Cyperus rotundus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Juncaceae: Juncus balticus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agropyron [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Distichlis spicata [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum heracleoides [Hamble1976, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Idaho [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Missouri [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Oregon [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Washington [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1976) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1976: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 462]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 269-270].
Rhizoecus nemoralis (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella nemoralis Hambleton, 1946: 33. Type data: GUATEMALA: at the road between Quetzaltenango and Tototicapan, on Alchemilla orbiculata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus nemoralis; Ferris, 1953a: 456. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Rosaceae: Alchemilla orbiculata [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus sinensis [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [KozarKo2007]. Neotropical: El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 499 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 372 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 17 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 463]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 456-457]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 33-35]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-79]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 271-273]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 552-554].
Rhizoecus neomexicanus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus neomexicanus McKenzie, 1962: 674. Type data: MEXICO: Veracruz State, Tuxpan, in soil. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1962, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). Hambleton (1976) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 499 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 372 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 463]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-40, 79]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 272-275]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 674-676]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 554, 555].
Rhizoecus neostangei Miller & McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus neostangei Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 588. Type data: MEXICO: Vera Cruz, Jalapa (Rio Cedeno), on Rhus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: new Stange mealybug [MillerMc1971].
HOST: Anacardiaceae: Rhus [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the rootlets of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Miller & McKenzie (1971), Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 499 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 463]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-41, 79]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274-277]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 588-590]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 554, 556, 557].
Rhizoecus nguruensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár In: Kozár & Konczné BeneNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus nguruensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár In: Kozár & Konczné Bene, 2007: 278. Type data: TANZANIA: Ya, Ndege, 1000 meters altitude, host plant unknwn; collected Pocs-Mwanjabe iv.1987. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 278-280].
Rhizoecus nitidalis HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus nitidalis Hambleton, 1946: 57. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Guaruja, on Axonopus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Axonopus [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cenchrus echinatus [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Paspalum vaginatum [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of dult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1946: 51 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 463]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55, 57-59, 63]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41, 80]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-282]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 557-559].
Rhizoecus olmuensis HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus olmuensis Hambleton, 1978: 159. Type data: CHILE: Valpariso Province, El Granizo, Olmue, on unknown host. Holotype female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [Hamble1978, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1978), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 497 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1978: 156 (female) [America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 464]; Hamble1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 282-284]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 559, 560].
Rhizoecus omphalius WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus omphalius Williams, 2004a: 781. Type data: VIETNAM: Cuc-phuhong, Bong forest, on roots of Asplenium nidus; collected T. Pocs, 15.xii.1965. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asplenaiaceae: Asplenium nidus [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 284-286]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 780-781].
Rhizoecus opulentus Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné BeneNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus opulentus Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Bene, 2007: 287. Type data: COMORO ISLANDS: Anjouan Island, Nt. Niringi, Mossy elfin forest, at 1200-1593 meters altitude; collected T. Pocs, R.E. Magil and A. Rupf, 17.viii.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 287-289].
Rhizoecus ornatus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus ornatus Borchsenius, 1949: 176. Type data: ARMENIA: under a stone. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.
Rhizoecus ornatoides Tang, 1992: 62. Replacement name for Rhizoecus ornatus Borchsenius; synonymy by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 288.
Rhizoecus ornatus; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 288. Revived status. Notes: Re-established name
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, DanzigGa2009].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Tang (1992) and by Kozarzhevskaya (1992).
SYSTEMATICS: Tang (1992, p. 62) introduced Rhizoecus ornatoides as a Replacement Name for Rh. ornatus Borchsenius, 1949, which was a junior homonym of Rhizoecus ornatus Hambleton, 1946a. However, Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007, p. 288) placed R. ornatus Hambleton in Benedictycoccina, thus the homonymy case was settled. Therefore, Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) re-established the name Rhizoecus ornatus Borchsenius, 1949.
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Tang 1992: 54 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 90 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 175 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 464]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 176-177]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-239]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 288-290]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 240]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 62-63]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-91].
Rhizoecus ovatus HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus ovatus Hambleton, 1976: 42. Type data: MEXICO: intercepted at Bellflower, California, U.S.A., on Mammillaria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Cactaceae: Mammillaria [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1976) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1978: 157 (female) [America]; Hambleton 1976: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 464]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43, 81]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 291-293]; Montan2010 [chemical control, host: 232]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 562, 563].
Rhizoecus pauciporus HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus pauciporus Hambleton, 1976: 43. Type data: MEXICO: Chiapas, Sumidero del gamino, near Comitan, on unknown plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Found in surface debris.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1976) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 499 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 465-466]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43, 82]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 294-297]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 564, 565].
Rhizoecus pauper Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Koncznß BeneNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus pauper Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Koncznß Bene, 2007: 296. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Andasibe Forest Reserve, altitude 950-1000 meters, host plant uknown; collected T. Pocs, 3.x.1994. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [KozarKo2007].
BIOLOGY: Collected from Berlese funnell (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 296-299].
Rhizoecus pignerator WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus pignerator Williams, 2004a: 783. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Barat Province, near Lake Maninjau, Kotomalintang, extracted from soil by Berlese apparatus; collected L. Deharveng & A. Bedos, 19.vii.1994. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 302-304]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 783-785].
Rhizoecus pocsi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár & Konczné BenedNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus pocsi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár & Konczné Bened, 2007: 304. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Andasibe Forest Reserve, altitude 950-1000 meters, host plant unknown; collected T. Pocs, 9.xi.1994. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Pocs hypogeic mealybug [KozarKo2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [KozarKo2007].
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 304-306].
Rhizoecus polyporus HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus polyporus Hambleton, 1976: 44. Type data: MEXICO: State of Sonora, intercepted at Nogales, Arizona, U.S.A., in cactus debris. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Found in cacti debris.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1976) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 10 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 467]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-45, 83]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 307-309]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 567-569].
Rhizoecus pseudoangustus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in: Kozár & Konczné BeneNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus pseudoangustus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in: Kozár & Konczné Bene, 2007: 308. Type data: ANGOLA: gallery forest de la R. Luchio, altitude 850 meters; collected A. de Barros Machado. Holotype. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [KozarKo2007].
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 308-311].
Rhizoecus pseudocacticans HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus cacticans; Hambleton, 1976: 18. Misidentification.
Rhizoecus pseudocacticans Hambleton, 1979: 144. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Alachua County, Gainsville, on Crassula sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Crassulaceae: Crassula [Hamble1979, BenDov1994], Kalanchoe tomentosa [Hamble1979, BenDov1994], Sedum [Hamble1979, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Aloe [Hamble1979, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Hamble1979, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1979).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1979: 149 (female) [U.S.A., Florida ].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 476]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy: 18]; Hamble1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-146]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 312-313].
Rhizoecus pseudolasii WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus pseudolasii Williams, 2004a: 787. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak, on roots of Macaranga sp., associated with Pseudolasius sp. ants; collected A.K.F. Malsch, 1.viii.1999. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 314-315]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 787-789].
Rhizoecus pseudoperprocerus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné BeNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus pseudoperprocerus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2007: 316. Type data: TANZANIA: Kilimanjaro; collected George Salt, 16.xi.1948. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [KozarKo2007].
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-318].
Rhizoecus relativus HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus relativus Hambleton, 1976: 46. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Cruz County, near Nogales Station, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1976).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1978: 157 (female) [America]; Hambleton 1976: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 467]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-47, 84]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 318-319].
Rhizoecus setosus (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Neorhizoecus setosus Hambleton, 1946: 46. Type data: ECUADOR: Pichilingue, on Piperaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus setosus; Hambleton, 1977a: 375. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [Hamble1977a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa [KondoRaVe2008]. Piperaceae [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Hamble1977a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [KondoRaVe2008], Coffea arabica [Hamble1977a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Hamble1977a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Ecuador [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [Hamble1977a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1946, 1977a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1946: 41 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 468]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47]; Hamble1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-375]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 44]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-322]; RamosPCaKo2014 [distribution: 29]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 569, 570].
Rhizoecus simplex (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella simplex Hambleton, 1946: 73. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Oxalis martiana. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hambleton, 1976: 47. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus simplex; Hambleton, 1973: 69. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Cordyline [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Carissa grandiflora [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Dieffenbachia [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Dizygotheca elegantissima [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Hedera helix [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya carnosa [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Hoya exotica [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Calendula [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Erigeron bonariensis [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Cryptanthus [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Neoregelia [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Buxaceae: Buxus carissa [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Hamatocactus setispinus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Zygocactus truncatus [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia milii [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis exaltata [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Oxalidaceae: Oxalis martiana [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Peperomiaceae: Peperomia [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Panicum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Ixora coccinea [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia reginaee [Hamble1973, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Pilea microphylla [Hamble1973, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Florida [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], New York [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Washington [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Brazil [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Kozarzhevskaya (1992) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 498 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1979: 148 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; Hambleton 1976: 9 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1973: 63 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; Hambleton 1946: 61 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 469]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69, 73-75]; Hamble1973 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 69]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-48, 85]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 322-324]; Montan2010 [chemical control, host: 232]; RamosPCaKo2014 [economic importance: 27]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 569, 571, 572].
Rhizoecus sonomae McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus sonomae McKenzie, 1960: 751. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Sonoma County, Petrified Forest, in leaf mold. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus browni McKenzie, 1961: 43. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, Cajon Pass, in soil under Juniperus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hambleton, 1976: 49.
COMMON NAMES: Brown's soil mealybug [McKenz1967]; Sonoma ground mealybug; sonoma ground mealybug [McKenz1967]; sonoma rhizoecus mealybug [McKenz1960].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Sitanion hystrix [McKenz1961, BenDov1994], Stipa lepida [McKenz1961, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960), McKenzie (1961, 1967) (both as R.browni and as R. sonomae) and by Hambleton (1976).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1978: 156 (female) [America]; Hambleton 1976: 6 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 671 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 742 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 469]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-50, 85-86]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 325-327]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 751-753]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376, 378, 379, 402-4].
Rhizoecus spelaea (Strickland)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccidella spelaea Strickland, 1947a: 502. Type data: GHANA: Tafo, on Theobroma cacao. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus spelaea; Williams, 1958b: 28. Change of combination.
HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Strick1947a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Strick1947a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Strickland (1947a) and by Williams (1958b).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 470]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 326-329]; Strick1947a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 502-504]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-30].
Rhizoecus sphagni WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus sphagni Williams, 1985: 357. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Strathbogie Ranges, on Sphagnum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Sphagnaceae: Sphagnum [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams 1987a: 192 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 357 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 470]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 328-331]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356-357].
Rhizoecus spinipes (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Morrisonella spinipes Hambleton, 1946: 36. Type data: U.S.A.: Arkansas, Howard County, in soil near roots of peach tree. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus spinipes; Hambleton, 1973: 70. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Andropogon rhizomatus [Hamble1973, BenDov1994], Panicum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arkansas [Hamble1946, BenDov1994], Florida [Hamble1973, Hamble1979, BenDov1994], Georgia [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1946, 1976) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 498 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1979: 148 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1973: 64 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; Hambleton 1946: 17 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 470]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-39]; Hamble1973 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 70]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50, 86]; Hamble1979 [host, distribution: 148]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 330-333]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 574, 575].
Rhizoecus stangei McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus stangei McKenzie, 1962: 676. Type data: MEXICO: Nayarit State, near Tepic, in soil. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1962, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962), Hambleton (1976) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 499 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 8 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 372 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 470]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-51, 86-87]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 334-336]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 676-678]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 574, 576, 577].
Rhizoecus subcyperalis HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus subcyperalis Hambleton, 1976: 51. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Cochise County, Portal, host not specified. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Lithospermum ruderale [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Urtica lyallii [Hamble1976, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Idaho [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1976).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 470-471]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-52, 87]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 336-337].
Rhizoecus szarukani Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Knczné BenNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus szarukani Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Knczné Ben, 2007: 338. Type data: KOREA: Okundong valley, in litter of Quercus forest; collected G. Szollát, 7.ix.1987. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: South Korea [KozarKo2007].
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 338-340].
Rhizoecus thailandicus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus thailandicus Williams, 2004a: 796. Type data: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province, Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao, in forest soil, extracted bt Berlese apparatus; collected J.P. Besson, 11.vii.1985. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 340-342]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 796-798].
Rhizoecus tricirculus Wu, S.A. & Liu, J.NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus tricirculus Wu, S.A. & Liu, J., 2008141. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Mengla County, collected by Tullgren funnel, January 1993. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Forestry University, Beijing, China. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [WuLi2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Wu & Liu (2008).
SYSTEMATICS: This new species is close to Rh. avenides Takagi & Kawai, 1971, but can be easily distinguished by possessing 3 circuli and by absence of simple tubular ducts.
CITATIONS: WuLi2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-142].
Rhizoecus tropicalis HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus tropicalis Hambleton, 1976: 53. Type data: GUATEMALA: Departamento San Marcos, San Rafael, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Guatemala [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1976) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 498 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1978: 156 (female) [America]; Hambleton 1976: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 472]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-54, 88]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 342-344]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 579, 581, 582].
Rhizoecus tubularis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczné BeNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus tubularis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2007: 344. Type data: ANGOLA: Camaxilo, forest gallery R. Tchihumbue, collected A. Barros Machado, 6.vii.1962. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [KozarKo2007].
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 344-347].
Rhizoecus ugandaensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné BeNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus ugandaensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2007: 346. Type data: UGANDA: host plant unknown; collected George Salt, ii.1949. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [KozarKo2007].
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 346-349].
Rhizoecus variabilis HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus variabilis Hambleton, 1978: 161. Type data: COLOMBIA: Garagoa, on Agave sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave [Hamble1978, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Wedelia calycina [MatileEt2006]. Musaceae: Musa [KondoRaVe2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Hamble1978, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1978) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 497 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1978: 157 (female) [America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 472]; Hamble1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 44]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 350-351]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 184]; RamosPCaKo2014 [distribution: 29]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 582-584].
Rhizoecus vitis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus vitis Borchsenius, 1949: 175. Type data: UKRAINE: Crimea, Balaklava region, on roots of grapevine; collected Sheffer, 15 July, 1939. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig & Gavrilov, 2009: 232. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 7-40. Described: female.
HOST: Vitaceae: Vitis [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Lives on the roots of grapevines.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Tereznikova (1975), Kozarzhevskaya (1992) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137 (female) [world]; Tang 1992: 54 (female) [China]; Tereznikova 1975: 246 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 175 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 175-176]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-233]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-353]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-249]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 63]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-248].
Ripersiella Tinsley {in}: CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella Tinsley {in}: Cockerell, 1899m: 278. Type species: Ripersia rumicis Maskell.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and description by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2003, 2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: The status of Ripersiella has changed several times since it was described. It was regarded as a junior synonym of Rhizoecus by Hambleton (1974), Ben-Dov (1994), Jansen (2001, 2003) and by Williams (1998, 2004). Others, on the other hand considered Ripersiella a distinct genus, e.g. Williams & de Boer (1973), Matile-Ferrero (1976) and Tang (1992). Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2002, 2003, 2004) resurrected Ripersiella and discussed in great details the reasons for this change.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 360 (female) [Genera of subtribe Ripersiellina]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Species of Ripersiella]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2005: 146-147 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecinae]; Kozár & Foldi 2004: 180-181 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [ripersiella species of the World]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2003: 238 (female) [Ripersiella species of Australian and South Pacific regions].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy, catalogue: 441-442]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy, description: 278]; Hamble1974 [taxonomy, description: 147-158]; Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 32]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy: 180-181]; KozarKo2002 [taxonomy: 213-218]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy, description: 225-239]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy, description: 303-334]; KozarKo2005 [taxonomy: 146-147]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 360,380-390]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy: 1-64]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 746-750]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68].
Ripersiella aloes (Williams & Pellizzari)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus aloes Williams & Pellizzari, 1997: 158. Type data: ENGLAND: Surrey, Royal Botanic Gardens, under glass, on roots of Aloe glauca. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Ripersiella aloes; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2003: 235. Change of combination.
HOST: Liliaceae: Aloe glauca [WilliaPe1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001b]). Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [WilliaPe1997]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Pellizzari (1997) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 391-393]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 85, 87]; WilliaPe1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-161]; Wu2001b [distribution: 255].
Ripersiella andensis (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Neorhizoecus andensis Hambleton, 1946: 41. Type data: COLOMBIA: Departmento de Antioquia, Fredonia, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Rhizoecus andensis; Hambleton, 1977a: 369. Change of combination.
Ripersiella ? andensis; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 235. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Musaceae: Musa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Hamble1946, Balach1959, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Hamble1946, Balach1959, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946, 1977a) Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2003) transferred this species to Ripersiella, while indicating some reservation, by adding ?, about this action.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1946: 41 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Balach1959 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 347]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 444]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37, 41-42]; Hamble1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 369, 373]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 235]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 392-395]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 501-503].
Ripersiella australiensis Kozár & Konczn? BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella australiensis Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 227. Type data: AUSTRALIA: ACT, Black Mt. Dry, 2200 feet; collected 29.xii.1966. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [KozarKo2003]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2003) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007)
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2003: 238 (female) [Ripersiella species of Australian and South Pacific regions].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227-229]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-398].
Ripersiella bacorum (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus bacorum Williams, 1996a: 1394. Type data: SRI LANKA: Sabaragamuwa, Deerwood, Kuruwita, NNW of Ratnapura, swept from unknown plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Lund: Museum of Zoology, Lund University, Sweden. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella bacorum; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 235. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Willia1996a, Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1996a; 2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1996a: 1394 (female) [species with large tubular ducts].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 235]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-400]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1391-1403]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 754-755].
Ripersiella bedosae (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella bedosae; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 329. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus bedosae Williams, 2004a: 754. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Jambi Province, Muarabungo, Rantau Pandan, in leaf litter; collected L. Deharveng & A. Bedos, 12.vi.1991. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecues species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 400-402]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 754-758].
Ripersiella bituberculata (McKenzie)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus bituberculatus McKenzie, 1960: 743. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Placer County, Newcastle, in soil under Quercus wislizenii. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella bituberculatus; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus bituberculatus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 445. Revived combination.
Ripersiella bituberculatus; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 235. Revived combination.
COMMON NAMES: bituberculate mealybug [McKenz1960, McKenz1967]; bituberculate soil mealybug.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Indiana [Hamble1976, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], North Carolina [Hamble1976, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006].
BIOLOGY: Occurring in soil.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967), Hambleton (1976) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-330 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kosztarab 1996: 195 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Hambleton 1976: 6 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 671 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 445-446]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16, 63]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195, 196]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 111]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 235]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 402-405]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 184]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 743-745]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376-377].
Ripersiella boharti (McKenzie)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus boharti McKenzie, 1960a: 139. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Cochise County, Apache, in soil. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella boharti; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus boharti; Ben-Dov, 1994: 446. Revived combination.
Ripersiella boharti; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 235. Revived combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [McKenz1960a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring in soil.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960a), Hambleton (1976) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 372 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 446]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-17, 64]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 235]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 405-407]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303]; McKenz1960a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-141].
Ripersiella bolacis (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus bolacis Williams, 2004b: 2. Type data: FALKLAND ISLANDS: East Falkland, Cusby's Hill, on roots of Bolax gummifera, extracted by Tullgren funnell apparatus; collected A.G. Jones, 7.xi.2002. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella bolacis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 406.
HOST: Umbelliferae: Bolax gummifera [Willia2004b, HodgsoWi2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tristan da Cunha [HodgsoWi2008]. Neotropical: Falkland Islands [Willia2004b].
BIOLOGY: Found on roots of Bolax gummifera (Williams, 2004b).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004b), by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Hodgson & Williams (2008). Description and illustration of second-instar female by Hodgson & Williams (2008).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female).
CITATIONS: HodgsoWi2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 237-245]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 406-409]; Willia2004b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-8].
Ripersiella brevipes (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Pararhizoecus brevipes Goux, 1943: 41. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, on Santolina chamaecyparissus. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
Rhizoecus brevipes; Ben-Dov, 1994: 446. Change of combination.
Ripersiella brevipes; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 235. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Santolina chamaecyparissus [Goux1943, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1943, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1943) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2003) transferred this species to Ripersiella, while indicating some reservation, by adding ?, about this action.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue, taxonomy: 446]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-47]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 235]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-328]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 408-411].
Ripersiella brussieui GouxNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella brussieui Goux, 1985: 115. Type data: FRANCE: Rhone, Brussieu, on Gramineae. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
Rhizoecus brussieui; Ben-Dov, 1994: 446. Change of combination.
Ripersiella brussieui; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2993: 236. Revived combination.
HOST: Poaceae [Goux1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1985, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1985) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue, taxonomy: 446]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-117]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 412-413].
Ripersiella caesii (Schmutterer)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus caesii Schmutterer, 1956a: 516. Type data: GERMANY: Reingrafenstein, near Bad Munster am Stein, on Dianthus caesius. Holotype female. Type depository: Wetlenberg: The Schmutterer Collection, Germany. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella caesii; Tang, 1992: 65. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus caesii; Ben-Dov, 1994: 447. Revived combination.
Ripersiella caesii; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: carnation root mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOST: Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus caesius [Schmut1956a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Germany [Schmut1956a, Schmut1980, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Schmutterer (1956a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Tang 1992: 65 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 141 (female) [Central Europe].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 447]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 142-144]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 414-415]; Schmut1956a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 516-518]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65-66].
Ripersiella caledoniensis Kozár & Konczn? BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella caledoniensis Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 229. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: from litter; collected 28.viii.1982 by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [KozarKo2003].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozar & Konczne Benedicty (2003) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2003: 238 (female) [Ripersiella species of Australian and South Pacific regions].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-231]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 416-418].
Ripersiella callis (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella callis; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 329. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus callis Williams, 2004a: 758. Type data: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province, Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao, in soil, extracted by Berlese appatus; collected L. Deharveng, 4.vii.1985. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 418-420]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 757-759].
Ripersiella campestris (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus campestris Hambleton, 1946: 51. Type data: GUATEMALA: near Retalhuew [= Retalhuleu], on Compositae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella campestris; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus campestris; Ben-Dov, 1994: 448. Revived combination.
Ripersiella campestris; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Ferris (1953a), Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). Description of the adult female given by Hambleton (1946).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 6 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 671 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 742 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 51 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 448]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 436-437]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51-53]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20, 66]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 420-422]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 513, 514].
Ripersiella carolinensis (Beardsley)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus carolinensis Beardsley, 1966: 470. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Kusaie Island, ex forest leaves. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella carolinensis; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus carolinensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 448. Revived combination.
Ripersiella carolinensis; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia [Willia1996a] (Kosrae (=Kusaie) [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia1996a]. Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia1996a, Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Dscription and illustration of adult female by Beardsley (1966), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams (1996a), Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2003: 238 (female) [Ripersiella species of Australian region]; Williams 1996a: 1394 (female) [species with large tubular ducts]; Tang 1992: 65 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 215 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 468 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 470-471]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 448]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 423-425]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 66]; Willia1996a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1395-1397]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 759-760]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215].
Ripersiella chiangmaiensis (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella chiangmaiensis; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2004: 329. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus chiangmaiensis Williams, 2004a: 761. Type data: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province, Doi Inthanon, from soil in primary forest, 1700 m; collected L. Deharveng & A. Bedos, 25.xii.1991. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 424-427]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 761-762].
Ripersiella cobelopus (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus cobelopus Williams, 1987a: 192. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Nunawading, on roots of various plants. Holotype female. Type depository: Melbourne: National Museum of Victoria, Victoria, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella cobelopus; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Willia1987a, BenDov1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum [Willia1987a, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Azalea [Willia1987a, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Prostanthera [Willia1987a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Willia1987a, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Grevillea [Willia1987a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1987a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female female given by Williams (1987a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2003) transferred this species to Ripersiella, while indicating some reservation, by adding ?, about this action.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Recorded as damaging the root systems of its host plants (Williams, 1987a).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2003: 238 (female) [Ripersiella species of Australian region]; Williams 1987a: 192 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 449]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-328]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 426-429]; Willia1987a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192-194].
Ripersiella colombiensis (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Neorhizoecus colombiensis Hambleton, 1946: 43. Type data: COLOMBIA: La Esperanza, host not given. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Rhizoecus colombiensis; Hambleton, 1977a: 372. Change of combination.
Ripersiella colombiensis; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Acropyga ependana Snelling [SmithOeKa2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [WilliaLa2004, SmithOeKa2007]). Neotropical: Colombia [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Found in association with the ant, Acropyga espedana Snelling, in USA, Arizona (Williams & LaPolla, 2004). Smith, C,R. et al. (2007) recorded reproductive females of Acropyga espedana participating in mating flights all carried mealybugs, Rhizoecus colombiensis between their mandibles.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and distribution of adult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2003) transferred this species to Ripersiella, while indicating some reservation, by adding ?, about this action.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1946: 41 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 449-450]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; Hamble1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 370-373]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 430-432]; SmithOeKa2007 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-5]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 518-520]; WilliaLa2004 [taxonomy, distribution, life history,: 106].
Ripersiella cornigera (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella cornier; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 325. Misspelling of species name.
Ripersiella corniger; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 329. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus corniger Williams, 2004a: 764. Type data: THAILAND: Phangnga Province, Phangnga, Ko Phanak, extracted from soil by Berlese apparatus; collected L. Deharven, 21.vii.1987. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella cornier; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 387. Misspelling of species name.
Ripersiella cornigera; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 413. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 432-434]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 764-766].
Ripersiella cryphia Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella cryphia Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 329.
Rhizoecus cryphius Williams, 2004a: 766. Type data: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province, Doi Pui, 1600 m, secondary forest, in leag litter, extracted by Berlese apparatus; collected L. Deharveng, 11.vii.1991. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of Ri. cryphia is basically similar to the males of other apterous sRipersiella pecies , but differs in having the following combination of character states: (i) 9-segmented antennae, each flagellar segment broadest medially or distally; (ii) loculate pores present dorsally on thorax and abdomen, with 2 pairs laterally in each abdominal segment; (iii) 1 pair of simple eyes present laterally on head; (iv) each trochanter with 3 campaniform pores on each side; (v) body setae few; (vi) Y-shaped sclerotisations present on trochanter, and (vii) penial sheath with a broad triangular apex, with shallow concentric ridges. The only other adult male known with only 1 pair of simple eyes is Ripersiella sp. B from Ethiopia. These two species are otherwise very different. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 32-34]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 434-436]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 766-768].
Ripersiella cynodontis (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus cynodontis Green, 1931b: 559. Type data: INDIA: Samalkota, on Cynodon dactylon. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985d: 234. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Morrisonella cynodontis; Hambleton, 1946: 21. Change of combination.
Ripersiella cynodontis; Tang, 1992: 66. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus cynodontis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 450. Revived combination.
Ripersiella cynodontis; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Green1931b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Andhra Pradesh [Green1931b, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1931b), Williams (1985d), Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 65 (female) [China]; Williams 1985d: 234 (female) [India]; Hambleton 1946: 16 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 450]; Green1931b [p. 559]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21-22]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 437-439]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 66-67]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 63]; Willia1985d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-241]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 768-770].
Ripersiella deboerae (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus deboerae Hambleton, 1974: 149. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson Province, Sandy Bay, on Microlaena avenacea. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella deboerae; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Ripersiella deboerae; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Apiaceae: Aciphylla [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Microlaena avenacea [Hamble1974, Cox1987, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Hamble1974, Cox1987, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1974), Cox (1978, 1987) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2003: 238 (female) [Ripersiella species of Australian region]; Cox 1987: 85 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1978: 624 (female) [New Zealand]; Hambleton 1974: 148 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 450-451]; Cox1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 624, 626]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86, 209]; Hamble1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-150]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 438-441]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303].
Ripersiella disjuncta (McKenzie)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus disjunctus McKenzie, 1967: 385. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, Corona, on Eriogonum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella disjunctus; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: unipored mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Encelia [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum fasciculatum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by McKenzie (1967), Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 497 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 452]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-23, 68]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 440-443]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustation, illustration, host, distribution: 385-387]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 525, 526].
Ripersiella ficaria (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella ficaria; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 329. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus ficarius Williams, 2004a: 770. Type data: VIETNAM: Kien Glang Province, Ha Tien, near Ba Hon, cave of MO So, on roots of Ficus sp., extracted by Berlese apparatus; collected L. Deharveng & A. Bados, 19.xii.1994. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 444-446]; Seljak2010 [host: 102]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 770-771].
Ripersiella geniculata (James)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus geniculatus James, 1935: 379. Type data: KENYA: Nyeri, Abutilon usambarense. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus mabokoensis James, 1935: 380. Type data: KENYA: Athi River Station, on Cynodon plectostachyum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957b: 211.
Ripersiella geniculata; Hambleton, 1946: 66. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus makoboensis; De Lotto, 1957b: 211. Misspelling of species name.
Rhizoecus geniculatus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 455. Revived combination.
Rhizoecus makoboensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 455. Misspelling of species name.
Ripersiella geniculatus; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Lamiaceae: Sida usambarense [James1935, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Abutilon usambarense [James1935, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Cynodon plectostachyum [James1935, BenDov1994], Digitaria abyssinica [James1935, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1935, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by James (1935), De Lotto (1957b) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Hambleton 1946: 60 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 456]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-205, 211]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 66]; James1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 379-380]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 446-448].
Ripersiella gombakensis Kozár & Konczn? BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella gombakensis Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2004: 329.
Rhizoecus gombakensis Williams, 2004a: 773. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak, on roots of Macaranga sp., associated with Pseudolasius sp. ants; collected A.K.F. Malsch, 1.viii.1999. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 448-450]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 773-775].
Ripersiella gracilis (McKenzie)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus gracilis McKenzie, 1961: 44. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Mateo County, Cahill Ridge, in soil beneath chaparral. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella gracilis; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus gracilis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 456. Revived combination.
Ripersiella gracilis; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: slender ground mealybug [Koszta1996].
ASSOCIATE: BACTERIA Blattabacteriaceae: Candidatus Brownia rhizoecola [RosenbSaSa2012].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Artemisia californica [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Artemisia tridentata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Baccharis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Brickellia [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Eriophyllum confertiflorum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Franseria chamissonis [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Grindelia camporum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Gutierrezia [Hamble1979a, BenDov1994], Haplopappus canus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Haplopappus spinulosus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Echinochloa colonum [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum heracleoides [Hamble1976, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, Koszta1996]; United States of America (Arizona [Hamble1976], California [McKenz1961], Colorado [Hamble1976], Idaho [Hamble1976, DownieGu2004], Missouri [Hamble1976], New Mexico [Hamble1976], Oklahoma [Hamble1976], Oregon [Hamble1976], Texas [Hamble1979a], Virginia [Hamble1976]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by McKenzie (1961, 1967), Hambleton (1976), Kozarzhevskaya (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kosztarab 1996: 200 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 497 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 671 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 456]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28, 71]; Hamble1979a [host, distribution: 652]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200, 201]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 451-453]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230-231]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 392-394]; Montan2010 [chemical control, host: 232]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, molecular data: 2357-2368]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 535-537].
Ripersiella graminicola (James)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus graminicola James, 1936: 210. Type data: KENYA: Kilindini, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella graminicola; Hambleton, 1946: 66. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus graminicola; Ben-Dov, 1994: 457. Revived combination.
Ripersiella graminicola; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOST: Poaceae [James1936, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1936, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of grass.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by James (1936), De Lotto (1957b) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Hambleton 1946: 60 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 457]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-209]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 66]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-211]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 452-455].
Ripersiella guineensis Kozár & Konczn? BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella guineensis Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 231. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Wau, from moss and litter; collected J. Balogh, 25.ix.1969. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [KozarKo2003].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2003) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-330 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2003: 238 (female) [Ripersiella species of Australian and South Pacific regions].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-233]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 456-458].
Ripersiella halophila (Hardy)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus halophilus Hardy, 1868: 136. Type data: SCOTLAND: Berwickshire, near Fastcastle and near Siccar Point, on roots of Ligusticum scoticum, Rhodiola rosea and Statice armeria. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material not known.
Dactylopius radicum; Newstead, 1895b: 235. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 1962: 47.
Ripersia halophila; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus halophila; Green, 1926a: 174. Change of combination.
Ripersiella halophila; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 302. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus halophilus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 457. Revived combination.
Ripersiella halophilus; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: hardy root mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Hieracium [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Hieracium pilosellum [Lindin1939]. Ericaceae: Calluna [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Erica [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Plumbaginaceae: Armeria maritima [Willia1962, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Gavril2010]. Rhodioleiaceae: Rhodiola rosea [Hardy1868, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Ligusticum scoticum [Hardy1868, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Gavril2010]; Czech Republic [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Germany [Lindin1939, Schmut1980, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Ireland [Willia1962, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1972, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994]; Russia (Karelia AR [DanzigGa2009]); Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Newste1903, BenDov1994], Scotland [Hardy1868, BenDov1994], Wales [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1962), Tereznikova (1975), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009).
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Tang 1992: 65 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 141 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 246 (female) [Ukraine]; Williams 1962: 41 (female).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 457]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 325]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238,240]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 38]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 3]; Green1926 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 174]; Hardy1868 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 144-145]; Koteja1972 [host, distribution: 569]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75]; KotejaZa1983 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 476]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 458-460]; Lindin1939 [host, distribution: 37]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 302]; Newste1895b [taxonomy: 235]; Newste1903 [host, distribution]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 67-68]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 251-253]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 25]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 85, 87].
Ripersiella hambletoni Kozár & Konczn? BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella hambletoni Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2004: 305. Type data: MEXICO: Estado guerro Chilpancingo, Cerro de Jasmines SE of city, altitude 1550-1910 meters. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Polytrychaceae: Polytrychum [KozarKo2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Guerrero [KozarKo2004]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adulr female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 305-307,325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 461-463].
Ripersiella helanensis TangNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella helanensis Tang, 1992: 600. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, on roots of Artemisia giraldii. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus helanensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 458. Change of combination.
Ripersiella helanensis; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia giraldii [Tang1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 27: 386-390 (female).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue, taxonomy: 458]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 462-465]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 600-601, 753]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27].
Ripersiella hibisci (Kawai & Takagi)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus hibisci Kawai & Takagi, 1971a: 181. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Tachikawa and Kyushu, Kagoshima, on ten species of plants. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan, and TAEJ. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella hibisci; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus hibisci; Ben-Dov, 1994: 458. Revived combination.
Ripersiella hibisci; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Amaryllidaceae: Crinum asiaticum [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Dieffenbachia [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Areca [Willia1996a, BenDov1994], Gronophyllum [Willia1996a], Phoenix canariensis [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994], Phoenix roebellenii [Willia1996a], Rhapis [Willia1996a], Sabal [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Cryptanthus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia1996a]. Commelinaceae: Dichorisandra thyrsiflora [Willia1996a]. Cyperaceae: Carex [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Cuphea hyssopifolia [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Hakonechloa macra [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Serissa [Willia1996a]. Ulmaceae: Zelkova [Willia1996a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Willia1996a, DownieGu2004]). Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Willia1996a]). Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia1996a]). Oriental: Hong Kong [Willia1996a]; Taiwan [Willia1996a]. Palaearctic: China [Willia1996a]; Japan [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994, Willia1996a].
BIOLOGY: Collected from the roots of host plants in greenhouses.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kawai & Takagi (1971a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (1996a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Rh. falcifer and Ripersiella hibisci were the only macropterous species seen during the study in Hodgson (2012). However, in many other respects Rh. falcifer and R. hibisci differ markedly (character-states on R. hibisci in brackets): (i) antennae almost as long as body (about half as long); (ii) antennal segments of several distinct shapes (antennal segments mainly barrel-shaped); (iii) head behind scapes without a constriction (constricted); (iv) head with a pair of loculate pores (lp absent on head); (v) without an obvious constriction between pro- and mesothorax (constriction distinct); (vi) prosternum possibly absent (present as a thin transverse line with 2 apophyses); (vii) lateral arms of mesofurca almost parallel (diverging strongly); (viii) loculate pores on abdomen present on segments I and VIII and mainly in pleural region (present dorsally on all segments); (ix) penial sheath more or less narrowing gradually (ps with a strong constriction about half-way along length). (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Jansen 2003: 300 (female) [Netherlands]; Williams 1996a: 1394 (female) [species with large tubular ducts]; Tang 1992: 65 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: Bartle2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1159-1166]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 458]; CABI2002a [host, distribution: 1-2]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 34-37]; Jansen2003 [taxonomy, key: 300]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 120]; KawaiTa1971a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-182]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-300]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 464-473]; Malump2012d [economic importance: 171]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 49]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303]; RhizoeHi2005 [taxonomy: 349-352]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 68]; Willia1996a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1397-1400]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 537, 538]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 82]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 91].
Ripersiella interpetrensis (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella interpetrensis; Koz, 2004: 329. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus interpetrensis Williams, 2004a: 773. Type data: VIRTNAM: Dong Nai Province, Nam cat Tien National Park, in primary forest, amongst black humus between stones, extracted by Berlese apparatus; collected L. Deharveng & A. Bedos. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecues species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 473-475]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 773-775].
Ripersiella kaydani Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczné BeNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella kaydani Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2004: 307. Type data: TURKEY: Bornova-Izmir, on Narcissus sp,; collected 18.ix.1995, by Akbulut. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. 4508. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Liliaceae: Narcissus [KozarKo2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [KozarKo2004, KaydanUlEr2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozar & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 143]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 307-309,325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 474-477].
Ripersiella kelloggi Ehrhorn & Cockerell in CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella kelloggi Ehrhorn & Cockerell in Cockerell, 1901j: 166. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, near Mountain View, on 'bunch grass'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Radicoccus kelloggi; Hambleton, 1946: 50. Change of combination.
Ripersiella kelloggi; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: Kellogg mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gutierrezia [Koszta1996]. Cactaceae: Opuntia [Koszta1996]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium [Koszta1996]. Poaceae: Ammophila breviligulata [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Festuca ovina [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Stipa [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [Koszta1996], California [Cocker1901j, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Colorado [Koszta1996], Connecticut [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Florida [Koszta1996], Montana [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], New York [Koszta1996], Oklahoma [Koszta1996], South Dakota [Koszta1996], Texas [Koszta1996], Washington [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Living on grass roots.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kosztarab 1996: 192 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Hambleton 1946: 47 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 434]; Cocker1901j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 166]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 424-425]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 50]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192, 193]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 2003]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 478-480]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-370]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 492-494].
Ripersiella kondonis (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus kondonis Kuwana, 1923b: 55. Type data: JAPAN: Shizuoka-ken and Wakayama-ken Agricultural Experiment Station, on roots of orange. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.
Rhizoecus spinosus McKenzie, 1960: 753. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Mendocino County, Hopland, host not given. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hambleton, 1976: 30.
Ripersiella kondonis; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Ripersiella spinosus; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus kondonis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 460. Revived combination.
Ripersiella kondonis; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
COMMON NAMES: citrus ground mealybug [JinnouNoNa1999]; kondo mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Nerium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria media [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Dipsacaceae: Scabiosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Medicago sativa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium inquinans [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Watsonia [Hamble1976, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Salvia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rumex [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca grandiflora [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eriobotrya japonica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Fragaria [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Prunus [Hamble1976, BenDov1994], Rosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Kuwana1923b, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Celtis occidentalis [Hamble1976, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Hamble1946, McKenz1960, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Kuwana1923b, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants (Yoshida & Kubota, 1962; McKenzie, 1967). Yoshida & Kubota (1962) reported up to three annual generations in Japan.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a) (as R. spinosus, McKenzie (1967) (as R. spinosus, Kawai & Takagi (1971a), Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
STRUCTURE: McKenzie (1960, 1967) provided colour photograph of this mealybug and the damage that it causes. Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of Ri. kondonis differs significantly from other apterous rhizoecine males in having: (i) no eyes; (ii) only a single tarsal segment; and (iii) trochanter with only 2 pairs of campaniform pores. In addition, Ri. kondonis has: (i) an aedeagus with a bifid apex; (ii) metatarsi with a particularly large ventral spur, and (iii) head with an additional pair of ridges extending posteriorly from preocular ridge. Ri. kondonis is, none-the-less, otherwise a typical rhizoecine male.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: McKenzie (1960, 1967) considered this species to be one of the more widespread and economically important subterranean mealybugs in California, where it is a pest of alfalfa, prune trees and strawberry plants. Severe damage to citrus in Japan was reported by Yoshida & Kubota (1962).
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Tang 1992: 65 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 496 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 6 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 671 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 51 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 460]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 448-449]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 56-57]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-32, 72-73]; Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 37-39]; JinnouNoNa1999 [host, distribution: 116-118]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 9]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 118]; KawaiTa1971a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-181]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-328]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 480-482]; KuchikMu1996 [chemical control, host, distribution: 89-94]; Kuwana1923b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55-57]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 749, 753-755]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394, 396-398, 404-40]; RamosPCaKo2014 [economic importance: 27]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 69]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 539, 541, 542]; YoshidKu1962 [life history, economic importance: 562-563].
Ripersiella lelloi (Mazzeo)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus lelloi Mazzeo, 1995: 180. Type data: ITALY: Catania, Piano del Vescovo (Nicolosi) on Festuca sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Catania: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella lelloi; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Festuca [Mazzeo1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sicily [Mazzeo1995].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Mazzeo (1995) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Nymphs and adult females live in dry and volcanic soils, on the roots of their host plant. Adult females have been collected during summertime; in June, they begin to oviposit gathering the eggs with waxy filaments that partially cover their body. Probably the new mealybug species has one generation a year overwintering as nymphs II and III.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 483-485]; Mazzeo1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-184].
Ripersiella loicmatilei (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus loicmatilei Williams, 2001: 16. Type data: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province, Chiang Dao, near Tham Chiang Dao, from soil sample; collected 3.vii.1985, by L. Deharveng. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella loicmatilei; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2001, Willia2004a].
BIOLOGY: Has been collected so far only from soil samples (Williams, 2001). p
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2001; 2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 484-487]; Willia2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 15-18]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 775-776].
Ripersiella loksae Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár &NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella loksae Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár &, 2004: 309. Type data: BRAZIL: Campinas, from litter; collected 26.ix.1967, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. BRB77. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [KozarKo2004]); Chile (Tarapaca [KozarKo2004]); Paraguay [KozarKo2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 309-312,325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 486-489].
Ripersiella maasbachi (Jansen)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus maasbachi Jansen, 2003: 297. Type data: NETHERLANDS: Amstelveen, on Sageretia thea, bonsai plant imported from China; collected 26.4.1999, by P.D Alsmeer. Holotype female; type no. NWPP. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella maasbachi; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 330. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Carmona [Jansen2003]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia [Jansen2003]. Rhamnaceae: Sageretia [Jansen2003], Sageretia thea [Jansen2003]. Rubiaceae: Serissa foetida [Jansen2003].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Jansen2003].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Jansen (2003) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The holotype was intercepted on Sageretia thea, bonasi plant imported from China, but this species was also interecepted on other plants in the Netherlands and UK (Jansen, 2003).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Jansen 2003: 300 (female) [Netherlands].
CITATIONS: Jansen2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 297-300]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 488-491]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 91].
Ripersiella madagascarella Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella madagascarella Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 312. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Central e. Madagascar, 4 km south of Moramanga, near Antsaha Tsoka village, altitude 950-980 meters, degraded heath forest, with many Cladonia, Leucobryum and Diphastium on ground; collected 10.viii.1994, by T. Pocs. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [KozarKo2004].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected in Madagascar, at degraded heath forest, with many Cladonia, Leucobryum and Diphastium on ground (Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration1 of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 312-314,325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 492-494].
Ripersiella malschae (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella malschae; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 330. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus malschae Williams, 2004a: 779. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Kinabalu National Park, Poring Hot Springs, associated with Pseudolasius sp. ants; collected A.K.F. Malsch, 28.vii.1997. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).
BIOLOGY: This species lives in close association with ants of the genus Pseudolasius. The adult male is wingless. It would be an advantage for the prepupae and pupae living in ants nests to move and the well-developed claws would help in this process. (williams & Hodgson, 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). Description and illustration of second-instar female by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of prepupa and pupa in Williams & Hodgson, 2013.
STRUCTURE: Prepupae and pupae possess legs with well-developed claws and, although the claw digitules and tarsal digitules are short and setose, they are similar to those of mobile female stages. The prepupa of R. malschae looks similar to the adult male but lacks the well-developed penial sheath. In addition, the loculate pores on the prepupa clearly have mainly 8 loculi whereas they appeared to have 5 or fewer on the adult male. (Williams & Hodgson, 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of Ri. malschae differs significantly from other apterous rhizoecine males in having: (i) no eyes; (ii) only a single tarsal segment; (iii) trochanter with only 2 pairs of campaniform pores and (iv) no Y-shaped sclerotisation on the trochanter. In addition, Ri. malschae has: (i) abundant short dorsal setae in dense bands across each segment; (ii) loculate pores that appear to be intersegmentally arranged, at least on dorsum; (iii) antennae with an unusually long segment III, and (iv) penial sheath relatively large, with many setae on dorsal ridge. Many of the features found on Ri. kondonis, Ri. malschae and Ripersiella sp. A are extremely similar to those on Pseudorhizoecus proximus.. It seems likely that these four species are closely related. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 39-41]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 494-496]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 777-781]; WilliaHo1913 [structure: 21]; WilliaHo1913 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 25-27].
Ripersiella mediatlantica Matile-FerreroNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella mediatlantica Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 305. Type data: SAINTE-HELENE ISLAND: High Central Ridge, on Cabbage tree. Holotype female. Type depository: Tervuren: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Section d'Entomologie, Belgium. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus mediatlanticus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 462. Change of combination.
Ripersiella mediatlantica; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOST: Araliaceae: Cussonia [Matile1976, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Saint Helena [Matile1976, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1976) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue, taxonomy: 462]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 497-499]; Matile1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 305-307].
Ripersiella menkei (McKenzie)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus menkei McKenzie, 1962: 673. Type data: MEXICO: Nayarit State, near Tepic, in soil. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella menkei; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Ripersiella menkei; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
Rhizoecus menkei; Ben-Dov, 2004a: 462. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: Menke rhizoecus mealybug [McKenz1962].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1962, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by McKenzie (1962), Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 497 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 6 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 462]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37,76-77]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 2003]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 498-501]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 672-674]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 549, 550].
Ripersiella mexicana HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella mexicana Hambleton, 1946: 67. Type data: MEXICO: intercepted at San Francisco, California, U.S.A., on undetermined succulent. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus mexicanus; Hambleton, 1976: 37. Change of combination.
Ripersiella mexicana; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Cactaceae: Mammillaria leucocentra [Hamble1979, BenDov1994], Zygocactus truncatus [Hamble1979, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Hamble1979a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Florida [Hamble1979, BenDov1994], Texas [Hamble1976, Hamble1979a, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [DanzigGa2009]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the leaves and roots of its host plant (Hambleton, 1979).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1946, 1976), Kozarzhevskaya (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009).
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 497 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1979: 148 (female) [U.S.A., Florida]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1946: 60 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 462]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232,234]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-70]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37, 77]; Hamble1979 [host, distribution: 652]; Hamble1979a [host, distribution: 652]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 500-503]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-240]; Montan2010 [chemical control, host: 232]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 549, 551, 552].
Ripersiella monticola Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczne BeNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella monticola Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczne Be, 2004: 314. Type data: TANZANIA: Kilimanjaro, on moss; collected 28.xi.19481, by George Salt. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [KozarKo2004].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected on a moss (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 235-238 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 314-316,325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 504-506].
Ripersiella multiporifera JansenNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella multiporifera Jansen, 2008: 40. Type data: NETHERLANDS: Holotype, Nieuwerkerk, on Sansevieria sp., imported from Indonesia; collected R. van Donk, 19.viii.2005; Paratypes, on Sansevieria imported from Indonesia, and on Hoya kerrii imported from Thailand. Holotype female. Type depository: Wageningen Plant Protecton Servce, Department of Entomology, The Netherlands; type no. 1783190. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOSTS: Asclepiadaceae: Hoya kerrii [Jansen2008]. Dracaenaceae: Dracaena angustifolia [SuhPaCh2013], Dracaena sp. [SuhPaCh2013], Dracaena surculosa [SuhPaCh2013], Sansevieria [Jansen2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Jansen2008]; Malaysia [SuhPaCh2013]; Thailand [Jansen2008]; Vietnam [SuhPaCh2013]. Palaearctic: China [SuhPaCh2013].
BIOLOGY: This mealybug develops on roots of its host plants (Jansen, 2008),
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, first-instar nymph and second-instar female nympg by Jansen (2008).
STRUCTURE: Adults and nymphs oval elongate, white, 1-1.2 mm long. Slide-mounted characters: Anal lobes sclerotized on dorsum, each lobe bearing 1 long ventral seta and 2-3 long dorsal apical setae. Antennae 5-segmented. Eyes not present. Circuli present on abdominal segments II and III, shape truncate-conical, about same length as basal diameter. Multilocular disc pores numerous, present on dorsum in two rows at posterior edges of thoracic and abdominal segments and on venter at posterior edges of prothoracic and abdominal segments; a few present on venter of thorax; also distributed on dorsum and venter of head. Bitubular cerores of 2 distinct sizes present, each with wide truncate tubes. A large type present on dorsum only, usually distributed singly on margins, on midline and submarginal areas; a similar but smaller type of bitubular ceroris present on venter only, distributed in single transverse rows, mainly in middle of abdominal segments. Oral collar tubular ducts absent. (Suh, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to R. saintpauliae (Williams), but differs by presence of multilocular disc pores on dorsum and venter of head. (Suh, et al., 2013)
CITATIONS: Jansen2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-49]; SuhPaCh2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 255-257].
Ripersiella oliveri (Cox)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus oliveri Cox, 1978: 635. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Waikato, Raglan, in pasture soil. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella oliveri; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae [Cox1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Festuca rubra [Cox1987, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1978, Cox1987, BenDov1994]; Norfolk Island [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1978, 1987), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2003: 238 (female) [Ripersiella species of Australin region]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 215 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Cox 1987: 85 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1978: 624 (female) [New Zealand].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 464]; Cox1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 630, 635]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-89, 213]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 506-508]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-217].
Ripersiella ovoides (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Pararhizoecus ovoides Goux, 1943: 47. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, on Artemisia campestris. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus ovoides; Ben-Dov, 1994: 465. Change of combination.
Ripersiella ovoides; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia campestris [Goux1943, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1943, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1943) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue, taxonomy: 465]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-53+]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 508-510].
Ripersiella palestineae HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella palestineae Hambleton, 1946: 71. Type data: ISRAEL: intercepted in U.S.A., on Iris vartanii. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hambleton, 1979: 144. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus palastineae; Dekle, 1974: 41. Misspelling of species name.
Rhizoecus palestineae; Dekle, 1974: 41. Change of combination.
Ripersiella palestineae; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Amaryllidaceae: Narcissus tagetta [Hamble1979, BenDov1994], Sternbergia clusiana [Hamble1946, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Arum dioscorides [Hamble1946, BenDov1994], Arum palaestinum [Hamble1946, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Sonchus oleraceus [Hamble1979, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Iris sofarana [Hamble1946, BenDov1994], Iris sp. [BenDov2012], Iris vartanii [Hamble1946, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Arum dioscoridis [BenDov2012], Arum palaestinum [BenDov2012], Colchicum decaisnei [Hamble1946, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Paspalum urvillei [Hamble1979, BenDov1994], Sporobolus poiretii [Hamble1979, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rumex crispus [Hamble1979, BenDov1994]. Primulaceae: Cyclamen [Hamble1946, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Dekle1974, Hamble1979, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Crete [Hamble1979, BenDov1994]; Israel [Hamble1946, BenDov1994]; Syria [Hamble1946, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambletone (1946, 1979) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Hambleton 1979: 148 (female) [U.S.A., Florida].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 465]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 37, 42]; Dekle1974 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41-42]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-73]; Hamble1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-146]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 511-512].
Ripersiella parva (Danzig)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus parvus Danzig, 1985: 121. Type data: RUSSIA: Karachay-Cherkessia AR, Teberda, on Sempervivum caucasicus. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella parva; Tang, 1992: 69. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus parvus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 465. Revived combination.
Ripersiella parvus; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia vulgaris [Danzig1985, DanzigGa2009]. Crassulaceae: Sempervivum caucasicus [Danzig1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia AR [Danzig1985, BenDov1994]); Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1985), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009).
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Tang 1992: 65 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 465]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-121]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238,242-243]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 38]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 513-515]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 69-70].
Ripersiella periolana GouxNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella periolanus Goux, 1985a: 119. Type data: ITALY: Lac Majeur, Cannobio, on Gramineae. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus periolanus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 466. Change of combination.
Ripersiella periolanus; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum [KozarKo2004]. Poaceae [Goux1985a, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Festuca [KozarKo2004], Poa bulbosa [KaydanKo2010a], Poa sp. [KaydanKo2010a], Stipa [KaydanKiKo2005].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KozarKo2002b, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Goux1985a, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Turkey [KozarKo2004, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Goux (1985a), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: The redescription of this species by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2004), was based on speciemns from Hungary, which were compared with type material.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue, taxonomy: 466]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 143]; Goux1985a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-121]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 92]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 38]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 375]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 514-517]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 112].
Ripersiella petiti (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus (Pararhizoecus) petiti Goux, 1941b: 197. Type data: FRANCE: Camargue, near Tourvieille, on roots of an undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella petiti; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus petiti; Ben-Dov, 1994: 466. Change of combination.
Ripersiella petiti; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1941b, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Goux (1941b) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2004) tentatively recorded this species from several localities in Africa, while indicating that further study is necessary.
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 466]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1941b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-203]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 38]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 318,325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 516-519]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303].
Ripersiella phangngae (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella phangngae; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 330. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus phangngae Williams, 2004a: 783. Type data: THAILAND: Phangnga Province, Phangnga, Ko Phanak; collected L. Deharveng, 21.vii.1987. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 520-522]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 782-783].
Ripersiella planetica (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella planetica; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 330. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus planeticus Williams, 2004a: 785. Type data: MALAYSIA: Pahang, cameron Highlands, intercepted at Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, on roots of Cactaceae; collected Yip Kin san, 5.ix.1998. Holotype female. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selandgor, Malaysia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Livistona sp. [Malump2012d]. Cactaceae [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2004a]). Palaearctic: Malta [Malump2012d].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
STRUCTURE: In life, elongate oval, white or cream, covered in a thin layer of powdery wax, 1.79-1.91 mm long and 0.80-1.00 mm wide. The mealybugs are small and inconspicuous, and usually first detected by the presence of white wax powder and wax filaments deposited on the roots and soil. (Malumphy, 2012d)
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 522-524]; Malump2012d [description, distribution, host, illustration: 171-173]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 785-787].
Ripersiella poltavae (Laing)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus poltavae Laing, 1929a: 469. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym, Poltava, on unspecified plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig & Gavrilov, 2009: 236. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Radicoccus poltavae; Hambleton, 1946: 50. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus desertus Ter-Grigorian, 1967: 93. Type data: ARMENIA: Anisk Ridge near Landzuk, on Veronica armena. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov, 2009: 232.
Rhizoecus pallidus Tereznikova, 1968a: 377. Type data: RUSSIA: Krasnodar Kray, on roots of grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov, 2009: 232.
Ripersiella poltavae; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus poltavae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 466. Revived combination.
Ripersiella poltavae; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: Laing's root mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Poaceae [Terezn1968a, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronia armena [TerGri1967, BenDov1994], Veronica sp. [KaydanKo2010a]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1967, BenDov1994, DanzigGa2009]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995, DanzigGa2009]; Kazakhstan [DanzigGa2009]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [DanzigGa2009]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [Terezn1968a, Terezn1975, BenDov1994, DanzigGa2009]); Turkey [KaydanKo2010a]; Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Laing1929a, BenDov1994, DanzigGa2009]).
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Laing (1929a), Ter-Grigorian (1967, 1973), Tereznikova (1968a, 1975), Kozarzhevskaya (1992), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009).
SYSTEMATICS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2003) transferred this species to Ripersiella, while indicating some reservation, by adding ?, about this action.
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 236, 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 132-137, 386-390 (female) [world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Marotta 1995: 120 (female) [Italy ]; Tang 1992: 54 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 54, 65 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 141 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 246 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 90 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 175 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Hambleton 1946: 48 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 451,466-467]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 177]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232,235-236]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 38]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 145]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 292-295, 524-526]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242-243]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-470]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 57-58,63,70]; Terezn1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377-379]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-252]; TerGri1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-94]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-94].
Ripersiella puhiensis (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus puhiensis Hambleton, 1974: 154. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Marlborough Province, Puhi Peaks, on ?Dactylis glomerata. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella puhiensis; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Ripersiella puhiensis; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Chionochloa rubra [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Dactylis glomerata [Cox1987, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Hamble1974, Cox1978, Cox1987, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1974), Cox (1978), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of Ri. puhiensis issimilar to the males of most of the other apterous species of Rhizoecidini, but differs in having the following combination of character states: (i) 9- or 10-segmented antennae, each flagellar segment broadest distally; (ii) loculate pores present dorsally on head, thorax and abdomen; (iii) simple pores present on head and thorax; (iv) each trochanter with 3 campaniform pores on each side; (v) body setae few; (vi) long setae on abdominal segment VIII subequal in length to length of penial sheath, and (vii) penial sheath without an obvious sclerotisation extending anteriorly into abdomen. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2003: 238 (female) [Ripersiella species of Australian region]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 215 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Cox 1987: 85 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1978: 624 (female) [New Zealand]; Hambleton 1974: 148 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 467]; Cox1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 632, 636]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89, 214]; Hamble1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-155]; Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 42-44]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 528-531]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-219].
Ripersiella ruandaensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczn? BeNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella ruandaensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczn? Be, 2004: 318. Type data: RWANDA: Nyugve (formerly Rugegeg) Forest Reserve,
Uwinka Station1 in Cyangugu prefecture, Montane
rain forest in valley, near waterfalls altitude
2000-2150, with Newtonia parinarii,
Entandophragma boscia, Crapa and
Symphonia; collected 14.viii.1991,. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: by T. Pocs.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Rwanda [KozarKo2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczne Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 318-320]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 530-533].
Ripersiella rumicis (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersia rumicis Maskell, 1892: 37. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Reefton district, on Rumex acetosella. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hambleton, 1974: 157. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.
Ripersiella rumicis; Cockerell, 1899m: 278. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus rumicis; Lindinger, 1935: 146. Change of combination.
Ripersiella rumicis; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 237. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Cotula [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agrostis tenuis [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Ammophila arenaria [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Cortaderia fulvida [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Festuca rubra [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Lolium perenne [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Podocarpaceae: Dacrydium laxifolium [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Lepidothamnus laxifolius [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rumex [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Rumex acetosella [Maskel1892, Cox1987, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [Maskel1892, Cox1987, BenDov1994]; New Zealand (Kermadec Islands [Willia2013]).
BIOLOGY: Living on grass roots.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & de Boer (1973), Hambleton (1973), Williams (1985), Cox (1978, 1987) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2003: 238 (female) [Ripersiella species of Australin region]; Cox 1987: 85 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1987a: 191 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 353 (female) [Australia]; Cox 1978: 624 (female) [New Zealand]; Hambleton 1974: 148 (female) [World]; Hambleton 1946: 60 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 468]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 278]; Cox1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 633, 636-637]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-90, 215]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 55]; Hamble1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-157]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 237]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 534-536]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 146]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 37-38]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354-355]; Willia2013 [distribution, host: 189]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 241-244].
Ripersiella sabahica (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella sabahica; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 330. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus sabahicus Williams, 2004a: 789. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Interior Division, roda to Kimanis, 25 km from Keningau, in leaf litter, 1380 m; collected B. Hauser, 12.v.1982. Holotype female. Type depository: Geneva: Museum d'Historie Naturelle, Switzerland. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 536-538]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 789-791].
Ripersiella saintpauliae (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus saintpauliae Williams, 1985i: 622. Type data: THAILAND: Bangkok, on Saintpaulia ionantha. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella saintpauliae; Tang, 1992: 71. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus saintpauliae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 468. Revived combination.
Ripersiella saintpauliae; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 237. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia ionantha [Willia1985i, BenDov1994, Willia1996a, Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Imperata cylindrica [Willia1996a, Lit1997a, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1992, Willia1996a]). Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Philippines (Luzon [Willia1996a, Lit1997a, Willia2004a]); Thailand [Willia1985i, BenDov1994, Willia1996a, Willia2004a].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1985i; 1996a; 2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1996a: 1394 (female) [species with large tubular ducts]; Tang 1992: 65 (female) [China]; Williams 1985i: 624 (female) [Thailand species of Rhizoecus on Saintpaulia spp.].
CITATIONS: Beards1992 [host, distribution: 30]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 468]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 237]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 538-540]; Lit1997a [host, distribution: 45]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 71]; Willia1985i [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 622-624]; Willia1996a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1400-1403]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 791-794].
Ripersiella salvatorei Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella salvatorei Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 320. Type data: ZAIRE: Kahuzi-Biega, National Park, NW from Bukavu town, in Kivu Province, in Erica rugegensis heath forest; collected 28.viii.1991, by T. Pocs. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Ericaceae: Erica rugegensis [KozarKo2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire [KozarKo2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-322,325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 541-543].
Ripersiella sasae (Takagi & Kawai)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus sasae Takagi & Kawai, 1971: 377. Type data: JAPAN: Hokkaido, Syonai, Toyotomi, on Sasa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella sasae; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus sasae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 468. Revived combination.
Ripersiella sasae; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 237. Revived combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Sasa [TakagiKa1971, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [TakagiKa1971, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takagi & Kawai (1971) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Tang 1992: 65 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 468]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 21,25]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 9]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 237]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 542-545]; Matile1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 303]; TakagiKa1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376-377]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 70-71].
Ripersiella sepilokensis (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella sepilokensis; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 330. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus sepilokensis Williams, 2004a: 794. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Sandakan, Sepilok, Kabili-Sepilok, Forest Reserve, among leaf litter; collected B. Hauser, 3.v.1982. Holotype female. Type depository: Geneva: Museum d'Historie Naturelle, Switzerland. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 544-547]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 793-794].
Ripersiella seychelliella Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczné BeNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella seychelliella Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2004: 323. Type data: SEYCHELLES: from moss; collected 12.iii.1975, by Fjelberg and Hagen. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: BRYOPHYTA [KozarKo2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Seychelles [KozarKo2004].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected from moss (Bryophyta) (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 548-550].
Ripersiella solani HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella solani Hambleton, 1946: 75. Type data: GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, on Solanum nigrum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus solani; Ferris, 1953a: 458. Change of combination.
Ripersiella solani; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 237. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Cactaceae: Cylindropuntia [Hamble1979a, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum nigrum [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hamble1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Texas [Hamble1979a, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), Hambleton (1976), and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Jansen 2003: 300 (female) [Netherlands]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 497 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 60 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 469]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 458-459]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 75-76]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-49, 84-85]; Hamble1979a [host, distribution: 652]; Jansen2003 [taxonomy, key: 300]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 237]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 550-552]; Montan2010 [chemical control, host: 232]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 572-574].
Ripersiella sp. Anomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella sp. A Hodgson, 2012: 44-46. Nomen nudum.
HOST: Poaceae: "grass" [Hodgso2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (West Bengal [Hodgso2012]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Hodgson, 2012, determined that this very small insect was a new species based on the structureand very small size of the adult male.
STRUCTURE: Mounted material: apterous; very small; antennae 6 or 7 segmented, short, much less than half total body lengthlength; most flagellar segments slightly shorter than wide, possibly with only hair-like setae; body fairly hirsute, setae variable in length but longer on dorsum than on venter; loculate pores frequent, most abundant on dorsum, with 4 or 5 loculi; simple pores absent. Without either ocelli or simple eyes; tarsi 1 segmented; trochanter with probably 2 pairs of campaniform pores. (Hodgson, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of Ripersiella species A is somewhat similar to that of Ri. kondonis and Ri. malschae in lacking: (i) simple eyes and ocelli, and in having (ii) 7-segmented antennae, (iii) loculate pores present more or less throughout, and (iv) only a single tarsal segment. However, it differs in having (character states on Ri. kondonis in brackets when appropriate): (i) much shorter setae on the antennae and body; (ii) fleshy setae not differentiated from hair-like setae (differentiated); (iii) more loculate pores, particularly medially on dorsum of abdomen and near margin; (iv) aedeagus not bifid at apex (bifid), (v) the shape of the flagellar antennal segments, each more or less parallel-side and broadly connected (almost round and narrowly connected), and (vi) absence of fleshy setae on most flagellar segments (present). (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:].
CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 44-46].
Ripersiella sp. Bnomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella sp. B Hodgson, 2012: 46-49. Nomen nudum.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ethiopia [Hodgso2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of the adult male in Hodgson, 2012.
SYSTEMATICS: although this specimen was poor, several significant or unique characteristics were cited in Hodgson, 2012, and he determined that it was considered worthwhile to describe and illustrate the male. The adult male of Ripersiella species B is unique in having: (i) the two short extensions each with a pair of pointed structures posteriorly on the penial sheath, the homologies of which are unknown; and (ii) a short triangular apex to the penial sheath. Ri. hibisci has some ridges or bumps along the posterior margin of the penial sheath in about the same position, but can hardly be said to be similar! However, Ri. hibisci, although macropterous, does resemble Ripersiella sp. B in having: (i) 10-segmented antennae; (ii) antennal segments of a rather similar shape; (iii) fleshy setae on most antennal segments; (iv) 3 campaniform pores on each side of each trochanter; (v) penial sheath of basically similar shape (broad, narrowing abruptly to a narrow apex); (vi) legs with many setae, and (vii) 2-segmented tarsi. Ripersiella sp. B differs most obviously in being apterous whereas Ri. hibisci is macropterous.Ripersiella sp. B also resembles the adult male of Ri. cryphia in having only a single pair of simple eyes. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 49-50 (adult, male) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:].
CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 46-49].
Ripersiella spicata (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus spicatus Hambleton, 1979: 146. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Pinella County, St Petersburg, on Pleispilos bolusii. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella spicatus; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 237. Revived combination.
HOST: Aizoaceae: Pleiospilos bolusii [Hamble1979, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Hamble1979, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1979) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Hambleton 1979: 148 (female) [U.S.A., Florida].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 470]; Hamble1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-148]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 237]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 552-554].
Ripersiella sumatrensis (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella sumatrensis; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2004: 330. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus sumatrensis Williams, 2004a: 796. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Tantau Pandan, 150 m, primary forest, extracted by Berlese apparatus; collected L. Deharveng & A. Bedos. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams 2004a: 748-750 (female) [Rhizoecus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 554-556]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 795-796].
Ripersiella theae (Kawai & Takagi)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus theae Kawai & Takagi, 1971a: 175. Type data: JAPAN: Kanaya, Shizuoka-ken, on Thea sinensis. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan, and TAEJ. Described: female. Illust.
Ripersiella theae; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 303. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus theae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 471. Revived combination.
Ripersiella theae; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 237. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: chano-ne-konakaigaramushi [KawaiTa1971].
HOST: Theaceae: Thea sinensis [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [KawaiTa1971a, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kawai & Takagi (1971a), Kozarzhevskaya (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female); Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Tang 1992: 65 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 471]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 9]; KawaiTa1971a [taxonomy, description, illustration , host, distribution: 175-177]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 237]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 556-558]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-247]; Matile1976 [taxonomy: 303]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 72].
Ripersiella tillierorum Kozár & Konczn? BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella tillierorum Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 233. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: Mt. Neponkoni (Canala), altitude 490 meters; collected 30.x.1986, by A. & S. Tillier. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [KozarKo2003].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozar & Konczne Benedicty (2003) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2003: 238 (female) [Ripersiella species of Australian and South Pacific regions].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233-235]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 559-561].
Ripersiella totonicapana HambletonNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella totonicapanus Hambleton, 1946: 76. Type data: GUATEMALA: between Quetzaltenango and Totonicapan, on Alchemilla orbiculata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus totonicapanus; Ferris, 1953a: 460. Change of combination.
Ripersiella totonicapanus; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 237. Revived combination.
HOST: Rosaceae: Alchemilla orbiculata [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [Hamble1946, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), Hambleton (1976), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 497 (female) [Central and South America]; Hambleton 1976: 7 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 371 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 673 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 42 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 743 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 427 (female) [North America]; Hambleton 1946: 60 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 471-472]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 460-461]; Hamble1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 76-77]; Hamble1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53, 88]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 237]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 560-563]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 579, 580].
Ripersiella tritici (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizoecus tritici Borchsenius, 1949: 177. Type data: RUSSIA: Orenburg Region, on cultivated wheat. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.
Rhizoecus pratensis Borchsenius & Tereznikova, 1959: 322. Type data: UKRAINE: Beregovo, on Festuca sulcata. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov, 2009: 236.
Ripersiella tritici; Tang, 1992: 72. Change of combination.
Rhizoecus tritici; Ben-Dov, 1994: 472. Revived combination.
Rhizoecus caesii; Pellizzari, 1994a: 271. Misidentification; discovered by Matile-Ferrero & Pellizzari, 2002: 352.
Ripersiella pratensis; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 236. Change of combination.
Ripersiella tritici; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 237. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Festuca sulcata [BorchsTe1959, BenDov1994], Koeleria gracilis [MatilePe2002], Triticum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [MatilePe2002]; Kazakhstan [DanzigGa2009]; Russia (Orenburg Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, DanzigGa2009]); Ukraine [BorchsTe1959, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius & Tereznikova (1959), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009).
SYSTEMATICS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2003) transferred this species to Ripersiella, while indicating some reservation, by adding ?, about this action.
KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov 2009: 243 (female) [Russia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Tang 1992: 64 (female) [China]; Tereznikova 1975: 246 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 175 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 467, 472]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 177-178]; BorchsTe1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 322-323]; DanzigGa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236-238]; KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 236-237]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 526-529, 564-565]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 352]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 72]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 251, 254].
Ripersiella vidanoi Marotta & TranfagliaNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersiella vidanoi Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1995: 271. Type data: ITALY: Rifreddo, Pignola (PZ), in ants' nest. Holotype female. Type depository: Potenza: Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-forestali della Universita della Basilicata, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizoecus vidanoi; Kozár & Konczné Benedcicty, 2003: 203. Change of combination.
Ripersiella vidanoi; Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 237. Revived combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sicily [MarottTr1995].
BIOLOGY: Found in ants' nest.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Marotta & Tranfaglia (1995) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 386-390 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2004: 325-328 (female) [Ripersiella species of the world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2003 [taxonomy: 237]; KozarKo2004 [taxonomy: 325-330]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 565-567]; MarottTr1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 271-273].
Williamsrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné BeNOMENCLATURE:
Williamsrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2007: 354. Type species: Williamsrhizoecus baskyi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 354 (female) [species of Williamsrhizoecus].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 354].
Williamsrhizoecus baskyi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné BeNOMENCLATURE:
Williamsrhizoecus baskyi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2007: 355. Type data: TANZANIA: Ulunguru, in humus of epiphytes; collected S. Mahunka, 19.x.1971. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: Basky mealybug [KozarKo2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 354 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 355-357].
Williamsrhizoecus epicopus (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Neorhizoecus epicopus Williams, 1970: 155. Type data: BARBADOS: on Saccharum officinarum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Rhizoecus epicopus; Hambleton, 1977a: 374. Change of combination.
Williamsrhizoecus epicopus; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 356. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1970DJ), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 354 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 495 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 453]; Hamble1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-375]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356-359]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-157]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 527, 529, 530].
Subfamily Xenococcinae
Eumyrmococcus SilvestriNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus Silvestri, 1926: 271. Type species: Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri, by monotypy and original designation.
Aumyrmococcus; Gonzalez Mendoza & Venezuela, 1955: 593. Misspelling of genus name.
Eumyrmecoccus; Balachowsky, 1957a: 158. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams D.J.(1970, 1978), Kawai (1980), Tang (1992), Williams (1998), Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). .
SYSTEMATICS: Placed in the tribe Rhizoecini by Williams (1969a).
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 52 (adult, male) [Key to genera in Xenococcinae based on adult male morphology:]; Schneir & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera & species of the Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 570 (female) [Genera of tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Specoes of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 2004a: 227-228 (female) [Eumyrmococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 40 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Williams 1998: 30 (female) [World]; Williams 1993DJ: 220 (female) [species World]; Tang 1992: 73 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams 1978DJ: 62 (female) [south-east Asia].
CITATIONS: Balach1957 [taxonomy: 158-159, 162]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 152]; Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 52]; JohnsoAgDe2001 [taxonomy, life history: 1-18]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 121]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 571-573]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 20, 73]; SchneiLa2011 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 57-82]; Silves1926 [taxonomy, description: 271-272]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 74]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 13]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description: 138]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description: 63]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description: 8-9]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 227]; Willia2004b [taxonomy: 2883-2885]; WilliaLa2004 [taxonomy: 106].
Eumyrmococcus adornocapillus Schneider & LaPollaNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus adornocapillus Schneider & LaPolla, 2011: 70-72. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Brisbane, Ransome Bushland Reserve, found with Acropyga pallida in dry sand cassowary/evergreen forest; collected C. Burwell, August 2006. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [SchneiLa2011]).
BIOLOGY: This species was discovered in association with the ant Acropyga pallida, and is the only known mealybug associate of this ant species (Schneider & LaPolla, 2011).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Schneider & LaPolla (2011).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini].
CITATIONS: SchneiLa2011 [taxonomy, description, illustration, phylogeny, host, distribution: 70-72].
Eumyrmococcus corinthiacus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus corinthiacus Williams, 1993DJ: 217. Type data: GREECE: Corinth, Perachora, near Lautraki, carried by swarming ant Plagiolepsis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Greece [Willia1993DJ, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Mealybugs of this species were found in the jaws of queen ants of the genus Plagiolepis near Corinth, Greece. Buschinger et al. (1987) described, as Eumyrmococcus sp., the habits and the association of this mealybug with the ants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams D. J. (1993).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World]; Williams 1993DJ: 220 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 152]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 573]; Willia1993DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-220]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 10, 35].
Eumyrmococcus falciculosus (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmucoccus falciculosus Williams, 1998: 10. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Krui, Kubu Prau, among primary forest litter, 800m. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia1998DJ]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1998) and by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 2004a: 227-228 (female) [Eumyrmococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 574]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-11, 36]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228-229].
Eumyrmococcus kolombangarae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus kolombangarae Williams, 1998: 11. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: New Georgia Group, Kolombangara, E.Kusi, 600m, associated with Acropyga lauta in log. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Willia1998DJ].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1998).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 574-575]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11, 37].
Eumyrmococcus kruiensis WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus kruiensis Williams, 1998: 11. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Krui, Pahmungan, in soil of dammar plantation. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia1998DJ]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1998) and by Williams (2004a) .
SYSTEMATICS:
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 2004a: 227-228 (female) [Eumyrmococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 575]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-12, 38]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228-230].
Eumyrmococcus kusiacus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus kusiacus Williams, 1998: 12. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: New Georgia Group, Kolombangara, Kusi, 1220m, associated with Acropyga lauta, in log. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Willia1998DJ].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1998).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 575]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12, 39].
Eumyrmococcus lamondicus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus lamondicus Williams, 1998: 12. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Mt. Lamond, 12°44'S 143°18'E, associated with Acropyga sp., in rotting wood. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1998DJ]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1998).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 576]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-13, 40].
Eumyrmococcus lanuginosus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus lanuginosus Williams, 1998: 13. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Si Antar, [2°40'N 98°43'E], with ants (Smithsonian Expedition), 1937. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia1998DJ]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1998) and by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 2004a: 227-228; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 576]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-14,41]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-232].
Eumyrmococcus maninjauensis WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus maninjauensis Williams, 1998: 14. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Barat Province, Kotomalintang, near Lake Maninjau, in soil, extracted by Berlese funnel apparatus. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 2004a: 227-228 (female) [Eumyrmococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 576-577]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14, 42]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-233].
Eumyrmococcus nipponensis TerayamaNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus nipponensis Terayama, 1986: 509. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Noboritachi, Mikura-Jima Isl., in nest of Acropyga nipponensis Terayama, on rootlets of unidentified tree. Holotype female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Teraya1986, BenDov1994, Willia1998DJ].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Terayama (1986) and by Williams (1998).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World]; Williams 1993DJ: 220 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 152]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 577]; Teraya1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 509-512]; Teraya1988 [taxonomy, life history: 643-648]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16, 44].
Eumyrmococcus ordinotersus Schneider & LapollaNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus ordinotersus Schneider & Lapolla, 2011: 72-73. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Makira, 13.9 km SSW Kirakira, between Marone and Hauta Villages, collected with Acropyga lauta ants under stone; collected E.M. Sarnat, 6.ii.2008. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [SchneiLa2011].
BIOLOGY: This species was discovered in association with the ant Acropyga lauta (Schneider & LaPolla, 2011).
GENERAL REMARKS: Descdription and illustration of adult female by Schneider & LaPolla (2011).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini].
CITATIONS: SchneiLa2011 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, phylogeny: 72-73].
Eumyrmococcus queenslandicus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus queenslandicus Williams, 1998: 16. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Kirrama Range, NE slop of Mt. Pershouse, 700m, associated with Acropyga sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1998DJ]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1998).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 578]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-17, 45].
Eumyrmococcus recalvus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus recalvus Williams, 1998: 17. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Byfield, 22°51'S, 150°39'E, associated with Acropyga sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1998DJ]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1998).
KEYS: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 1998: 10 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 578]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-18, 46].
Eumyrmococcus sarawakensis WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus sarawakensis Williams, 1998: 18. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sarawak, 1°38'N 113°35'E, associated with Acropyga sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Willia1998DJ]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Deescription and illustration of adult female and adult male by Williams (1998). Deescription and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a). Description of second-instar female by Williams (1998).
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 52,53 (adult, male) [Key to known adult males of Eumyrmococcus species]; Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 2004a: 227-228 (female) [Eumyrmococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [illustration, taxonomy: 52,53]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 578-579]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 18,47,48]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 234-236].
Eumyrmococcus sarnati Schneider & LaPollaNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus sarnati Schneider & LaPolla, 2011: 72-75. Type data: FIJI: Viti Levu, Colo-i-Suva Forest Park, 1 km SE of Forestry Station, 186 m a.s.l., mixed mahogany plantation/secondary forest, nesting under stone, collected with Acropyga sp.n. feeding on roots; collected E.M. Sarnat, 21 January 2008. Holotype female. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [SchneiLa2011].
BIOLOGY: This species was found nesting under stone, with an undescribed species of Acropyga (Schneider & LaPolla, 2011).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Schneider & LaPolla (2011).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini].
CITATIONS: SchneiLa2011 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, phylogeny: 72-75].
Eumyrmococcus scorpioides (De Lotto)NOMENCLATURE:
Xenococcus scorpioides De Lotto, 1977: 33. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Jacobs Bay, in nests of ants of Acropyga sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.
Eumyrmococcus scorpioides; Williams, 1993: 217. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1977, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1977) and by Williams (1998).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World]; Williams 1993DJ: 220 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 152]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-35]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 579]; Millar2002 [illustration: 209]; Teraya1988 [taxonomy: 643-648]; Willia1993DJ [taxonomy: 217]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19, 49].
Eumyrmococcus smithii SilvestriNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri, 1926: 273. Type data: CHINA: Macao, on roots of plants, attended by ant Acropyga (Rhizomyrma) sauteri Forel. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1978: 63. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Imperata [Takaha1934, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Takaha1934, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1934, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: China [Silves1926, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: The ant Acropyga sauteri Forel has an obligate, mutualistic symbiosis with the mealybug, Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri, on Okinawa Island, southern Japan. The mealybugs live inside ant nests nearly all their lives, and the ants depend on them for food. Alate foundress queens carry mealybugs during their nuptial flights, using them to establish new colonies at new sites. However, important aspects of the symbiosis have not yet been elucidated. The present study characterizes the basic biology of the symbiosis and describes for the first time the morphologies of all growth stages of E. smithii. Our study suggests that E. smithii has only one nymphal stage, followed by a female pupal stage or male prepupal stage. Intensive sampling of ant nests across seasons showed that A. sauteri prefers nest sites 5-20 cm underground. Acropyga sauteri produced reproductive stages mainly in mid-March or early April, and numbers of both ant workers and mealybugs increased from spring to summer. Experimental determination of colony identity with a method using nestmate recognition by ants suggested that each ant colony rarely has a perimeter greater than 30 cm, that the ants are monogynous, and that different ant colonies are densely aggregated along the root system of a plant, adjacent to each other but not interflowing. Both symbiotic partners were vulnerable to attacks by several common subaerial ant species following physical disturbance to their nests.Occurring on the roots of the host plant and in the nests of ants. Winged female and worker ants carry the mealybugs in the mandibles when disturbed (Kishimoto-Yamada et al., 2005).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Silvestri (1926), Williams D. J. (1970, 1978), Yang (1982), Tang (1992) and by Williams (1998).
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 52 (adult, male) [Key to known adult males of Eumyrmococcus species]; Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World]; Williams 1993DJ: 220 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 152]; Hodgso2012 [illustration, taxonomy: 52,54]; KishimItKa2005 [life history, ecology: 3501-3524]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 579-580]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 47]; Silves1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273-275]; Takaha1934 [host, distribution: 2]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74, 715]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14]; Teraya1988 [taxonomy, life history: 643-648]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-139]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-64]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-20, 50]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-40].
Eumyrmococcus sulawesicus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus sulawesicus Williams, 1998: 20. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Toraut forest, Dumoga-Bone National Park, with Acropyga(atopodon) sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia1998DJ]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1998) and by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 2004a: 227-228 (female) [eumyrmococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 580]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20, 51]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236].
Eumyrmococcus taylori WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus taylori Williams, 1998: 20. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Sawcut Gorge, 12°55'S, 132°56'E, associated with Acropyga sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1998DJ]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female, second-instar female and female pupa given by Williams (1998). Good description and illustration of the adult male, male prepupa and male pupa given by Williams (1998).
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 52 (adult, male) [Key to known adult males of Eumyrmococcus species]; Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 1998: 10 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [illustration, taxonomy: 52,55]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 580]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-22, 52-55].
Eumyrmococcus williamsi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné BeNOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus williamsi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2007: 581. Type data: TANZANIA: Uluguru, from Berlese funnell, host plant unknown; collected T. Pocs, 19.x.1971. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [KozarKo2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozát & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 581-583].
Neochavesia Williams & Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Chavesia Balachowsky, 1957a: 158. Type species: Chavesia caldasiae Balachowsky, by original designation. Homonym of Chavesia Dolfus.
Neochavesia Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 232. Replacement name for Chavesia Balachowsky, 1957a.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Balachowsky (1957a), Beardsley (1970a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (1998) and by Williams (2004).
STRUCTURE: The adult females of all the known species possess well-developed protruding anal lobes, and an anal ring without cells and placed well forward of the apex of the abdomen. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 52 (adult, male) [Key to genera in Xenococcinae based on adult male morphology:]; Schneider & Lapolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera & species of the Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 570 (female) [Genera of tribe Xenococcini]; Kozát & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 585 (female) [Species of Neochavesia]; Williams 2004: 2897-2898 (female) [world]; Williams 1998: 30 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 73 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 233 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 38 (female) [Central and South America ]; Williams D.J. 1978: 62 (female) [South-East Asia]; Beardsley 1970 (female) [species]; Beardsley 1970a: 511 (female) [Tropical America].
CITATIONS: Balach1957a [taxonomy, description: 157-164]; Beards1970a [taxonomy, description: 509-510]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 240]; Hodgso2012 [description, taxonomy: 58]; JohnsoAgDe2001 [taxonomy, life history: 1-18]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 584]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 33]; SchneiLa2011 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 57-82]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description: 27-28]; Willia2004 [taxonomy: 2883-2899]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 232-233]; WilliaLa2004 [taxonomy: 106].
Neochavesia caldasiae (Balachowsky)NOMENCLATURE:
Chavesia caldasiae Balachowsky, 1957a: 159. Type data: COLOMBIA: Chinchina (Caldas), on coffee roots. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Chavesia cladasiae; Beardsley, 1970a: 512. Misspelling of species name.
Neochavesia caldasiae; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 233. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Musaceae: Musa [Balach1957a, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Balach1957a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [Willia2004, DownieGu2004]); Colombia [Balach1957a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, Willia2004]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Beards1970a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: This species was observed in Colombia living in association with ants of the species Rhizomyrma robae Denisthorpe (Balachowsky, 1957a). Williams (2004b) recorded this species from Brazil, Bahia associated with the ant Acropyga (Rhizomyrma) berwicki Wheeler. Flanders (1957) described from Colombia the mutualistic association between the ant Rhizomyrma fuhrmanni and an undescribed species of mealybugs, said to be closely related to Eumyrmococcus smithi Silvestri. It is likely that this undescribed mealybug belongs to the genus Neochavesia. Delabie et al. (2008) described in great details the behaviouristic components of the association of this mealybug with the ant Rhizomyrma fuhrmanni in Bahia, Brazil.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Balachowsky (1957a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: According to Balachowsky (1957a) it is injurious to coffee in Colombia.
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 60 (adult, male) [Key to the known adult males of Neochavesia species]; Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozát & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 585 (female) [Species of Neochavesia]; Williams 2004: 2897-2898 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 233 (female) [Central and South America]; Beardsley 1970a: 512 (female) [Tropical America].
CITATIONS: Balach1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 159-161]; Beards1970a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 518-519]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 240]; DelabiMaSe2004 [chromosome, karyotype, taxonomy: 185-190]; DelabiSeDo2008 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 471-475]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Flande1957 [life history: 535-536]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hodgso2012 [illustration, taxonomy: 56,60]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 586-587]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Teraya1988 [taxonomy: 643-648]; Willia2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2885-2887,2897]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233-234].
Neochavesia cephalonodus Schneider & LaPollaNOMENCLATURE:
Neochavesia cephalonodus Schneider & LaPolla, 2011: 75-76. Type data: FRENCH GUIANA: Nouragues Field Station, 40.5N, 52.41 W, in rotten log in primary rainforest, found in a nest of Acropyga guianensis; collected 27 July 2005 by J.S. LaPolla. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: French Guiana [SchneiLa2011].
BIOLOGY: This species was found in a nest of Acropyga guianensis (Schneider & LaPolla, 2011).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Schneider & LaPolla, (2011).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini].
CITATIONS: SchneiLa2011 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, phylogeny: 75-77].
Neochavesia eversi (Beardsley)NOMENCLATURE:
Chavesia eversi Beardsley, 1970a: 512. Type data: PANAMA: Changuinola, on roots of banana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Neochavesia eversi; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 233. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Musaceae: Musa [Beards1970a, WilliaGr1992]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Beards1970a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Panama [Beards1970a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant in association with ants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1970a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozát & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 585 (female) [Species of Neochavesia]; Williams 2004: 2897-2898 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 233 (female) [Central and South America]; Beardsley 1970a: 512 (female) [Tropical America].
CITATIONS: Beards1970a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 512-514]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 241]; JohnsoAgDe2001 [life history, distribution: 1-18]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 586]; Teraya1988 [taxonomy: 643-648]; Willia2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2887-2888]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233].
Neochavesia iwokramae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Neochavesia iwokramae Williams, 2004: 2888. Type data: GUYANA: Iwokrama Forest, Whitewater Camp, in nest of Acropyga (Rhizomyrma) panamensis Weber; collected J.S. LaPolla, 7 November, 2002. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Willia2004].
BIOLOGY: Associated with the ant Acropyga (Rhizomyrma) panamensis Weber, in Guyana (Williams, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozát & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 585 (female) [Species of Neochavesia]; Williams 2004: 2897-2898 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 588]; Willia2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution,: 2888-2890,2897-2898].
Neochavesia lapollai WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Neochavesia lapollai Williams, 2004: 2890. Type data: GUYANA: Mount Ayanganna, Falls Camp, associated with Acropyga sp; collected J.S. LaPolla, 13 May 2002. Holotype female. Type depositories: Turkeyen: University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus, Georgetown, Guyana
, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: both sexes. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Willia2004].
BIOLOGY: Associated with Acropyga sp. in Guyana (Williams, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, and female pupa by Williams (2004).
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 60 (adult, male) [Key to the known adult males of Neochavesia species]; Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozát & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 585 (female) [Species of Neochavesia]; Williams 2004: 2897-2898 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [illustration, taxonomy: 57,60]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 588]; Willia2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2890-2896,2899].
Neochavesia linealuma Schneider & LaPollaNOMENCLATURE:
Neochavesia linealuma Schneider & LaPolla, 2011: 76-79. Type data: GUYANA: Dicymbe Camp on Potaro river, SE of Mt Ayanganna, collected in nests of Acropyga guianensis and A. stenotes, 695 m a.s.l., collected 7 October 2002, by J.S. LaPolla. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [SchneiLa2011].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected in nests of the ants Acropyga guianensis and A. stenotes (Schneider & LaPolla, 2011).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Schneider & LaPolla, (2011).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini].
CITATIONS: SchneiLa2011 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, phylogeny: 76-79].
Neochavesia nr. trinidadensis HodgsonNOMENCLATURE:
Neochavesia nr. trinidadensis Hodgson, 2012: 58. Notes: Labelled Neochavesia ?trinidadensis Beardsley
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Hodgso2012]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of adult male in Hodgson, 2012,
SYSTEMATICS: This specimen, although labelled N. ?trinidadensis, is unlikely to belong to this species. Williams (2004a) found that both the males and females of N. caldasiae and N. lapollai had 5-segmented antennae. He also pointed out that the adult female of N. trinidadensis had 5-segmented antennae, but this male has only 2-segmented antennae. Although the large lobes on abdominal segment VIII are very similar to those on N. caldasiae and N. lapollai, the reduction in the number of antennal segments is more suggestive of Eumyrmococcus and the very long aedeagus (apparently longer than the penial sheath) is also seen in E. smithii Silvestri. Although it is considered by Hodgson, 2012, that this male probably does belong to an undescribed species of Neochavesia it is clear that it falls somewhere between the known males of these two genera. The adult males of Eumyrmococcus and Neochavesia are rather similar. All are neotenic, apterous and have a swollen head and thorax, which then narrows more or less abruptly to form a long narrow abdomen. Williams (1998) speculated that the narrow abdomen is to assist transport by the host ants. For separation of the adult males of these 3 species, see key. (Hodgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 60 (adult, male) [Key to the known adult males of Neochavesia species].
CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 58-60].
Neochavesia trinidadensis (Beardsley)NOMENCLATURE:
Chavesia trinidadensis Beardsley, 1970a: 514. Type data: TRINIDAD: San Rafael, in clay under cacao tree. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Neochavesia trinidadensis; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 236. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Coffea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Beards1970a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Nicaragua [Willia2004]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Beards1970a, BenDov1994, Willia2004]).
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1970a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozát & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 585 (female) [Species of Neochavesia]; Williams 2004: 2897-2898 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 233 (female) [Central and South America]; Beardsley 1970a: 512 (female) [Tropical America].
CITATIONS: Beards1970a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 514-517]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 241]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 60]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 589]; Teraya1988 [taxonomy: 643-648]; Willia2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2896-2898]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236, 237].
Neochavesia weberi (Beardsley)NOMENCLATURE:
Chavesia weberi Beardsley, 1970a: 517. Type data: GUYANA: Forest settlement, Mazaruni River, host not recorded. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Neochavesia weberi; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 236. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Beards1970a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1970a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozát & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 585 (female) [Species of Neochavesia]; Williams 2004: 2897-2898 (female) [world]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 233 (female) [Central and South America]; Beardsley 1970a: 512 (female) [Tropical America].
CITATIONS: Beards1970a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 517-519]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 241]; JohnsoAgDe2001 [life history, distribution: 1-18]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 589]; Teraya1988 [taxonomy: 643-648]; Willia2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2897-2898]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236, 238].
Subfamily Xenococinae
Xenococcus SilvestriNOMENCLATURE:
Xenococcus Silvestri, 1924a: 312. Type species: Xenococcus annandalei Silvestri, by monotypy and original designation.
BIOLOGY: All Xenococcinae, are associated with ants, mainly Acropyga spp. (Formicinae: Formicidae) (Williams, 1998; Johnson et al., 2001; Schneider & LaPolla, 2011).
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (1978DJ), Williams (1985), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).
SYSTEMATICS: Placed in the subfamily Rhizoecinae by Williams (1978DJ). Only the males of X. acropygae Williams have been described (Williams, 1998). If this is typical of the males of this genus, it appears to be significantly different from other rhizoecine males and is easily separated from the other species in Xenococcini by the presence of: (i) spine-like claw digitules; (ii) very short 1-segmented antennae; (iii) presence of a lobe (caudal extension?) on abdominal segment VIII with 3 spine-like setae, and (iv) sclerotised thoracic segments. (HOdgson, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson 2012: 52 (adult, male) [Key to genera in Xenococcinae based on adult male morphology:]; Hodgson 2012: 8 (adult, male) [Key to separate known adult males of Pseudococcidae and Rhizoecidae]; Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera & species of the Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 570 (female) [Genera of tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 590 (female) [Species of Xenococcus]; Williams 2004a: 40 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 844 (female) [Xenococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1998: 30 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 73 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 17 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 4 (female) [India]; Williams 1985: 35 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1978a: 62 (female) [ant-attended genera of Rhizoecinae].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 541]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description: 590-591]; SchneiLa2011 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 57-82]; Silves1924a [taxonomy, description: 312]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 74-75]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description: 63, 66]; Willia1985 [taxonomy: 35, 390]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 844]; Willia2004b [taxonomy: 2883-2885]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68]; WilliaLa2004 [taxonomy: 106]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 221].
Xenococcus acropygae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Xenococcus acropygae Williams, 1998: 23. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park, Toraut forest, with Acropyga (Acropyga) acutiventris Roger. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA : Acropyga [MartinLa2011].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Willia1998DJ, Willia2004a]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Willia1998DJ, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1998DJ], Queensland [Willia1998DJ]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia1998DJ, Willia2004a]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Willia1998DJ]; Solomon Islands [Willia1998DJ]. Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia1998DJ, Willia2004a]); Indonesia [Willia1998DJ]; Malaysia (Sabah [Willia1998DJ, Willia2004a]); Philippines (Cebu [Willia2009], Palawan [Willia1998DJ, Willia2004a]); Singapore [Willia1998DJ, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, first-instar nymph, third-instar female, adult male, third-instar male and fourth-instar male given by Williams (1998). Description and illustration of adult female by Williams.
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 590 (female) [Species of Xenococcus]; Williams 2004a: 844 (female) [Xenococcus species]; Williams 1998: 23 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [illustration, taxonomy: 60-61]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 592]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 49]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-25,56-60]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 845-846]; Willia2009 [host, distribution: 46]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 47].
Xenococcus annandalei SilvestriNOMENCLATURE:
Xenococcus annandalei Silvestri, 1924a: 312. Type data: INDIA: Barkuda Island, Chilka Lake, Madras District (now Orissa Province), on Ficus obtusa, with ants Acropyga acutiventris. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1978DJ: 66. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
Xenococcus anandalei; Danzig & Konstantinova, 1990: 41. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocus nucifera [Varshn1992, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus obtusa [Willia1998DJ, Willia2004a], Ficus religiosa [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Hong Kong [Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994]; India (Odisha [Silves1924a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Found underground, attended by, and in the nest of, the ant Acropyga acutiventris.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1978DJ), Williams & Watson (1988F), Tang (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007). Immature females described and illustrated by Williams (1978DJ). Williams (1988) described the female pupal instar, being the first record of such a female instar in any species of scale insects, and an unusual adult male. Despite these unusual instars Williams (1988) retained the species in the Pseudococcidae.
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 590 (female) [Species of Xenococcus]; Williams 2004a: 844 (female) [Xenococcus species]; Williams 1998: 23 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 541-542]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 41]; KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 592-593]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Silves1924a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 312]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 75]; Teraya1988 [taxonomy: 643-648]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 63-64]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-70]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 390-391]; Willia1987d [taxonomy, description, life history: 73-77]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26, 60]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 847-848]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-223].
Xenococcus baryglobosus Schneider & LaPollaNOMENCLATURE:
Xenococcus baryglobosus Schneider & LaPolla, 2011: 79-81. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Makira, 13.9 km SSW Kirakira, between Marone & Hauta Villages, collected with Acropyga lauta ants under stone; collected 6 February 2008 by E.M. Sarnat. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [SchneiLa2011].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected with Acropyga lauta ants under stone (Schneider & Lapolla, 2011).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Schneider & Lapolla (2011).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female).
CITATIONS: SchneiLa2011 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, phylogeny: 79-81].
Xenococcus kinomurai (Williams & Terayama)NOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus kinomurai Williams & Terayama, 2000: 373. Type data: JAPAN: Ryuku Islands, Yoshina, Ishigaki-jima, associated with the ant, Acropyga (Rhizomyrma) kinomurai, 16.viii.1985, K. Kinomura. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Xenococcus kinomurai; Schneider & LaPolla, 2011: 68. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [WilliaTe2000].
BIOLOGY: Found in the nest associated with the ant, Acropyga (Rhizomyrma) kinomurai, under a stone, at Ishigaki Island, Japan (Williams & Terayama, 2000). Tanaka & Kikuchi (2010) recorded this mealybug also from Yonaguni Island, in association with the ant, Acropyga kinomurai.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Williams & Terayama (2000).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 574]; SchneiLa2011 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 57-82]; TanakaKi2010 [host, distribution, life history: 191-193]; WilliaTe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 373-376].
Xenococcus neoguineensis (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Eumyrmococcus neoguineensis Williams, 1998: 14. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: East Sepik Province, Yawasora [Yauwasoru], near Wewak, associated with Acropyga (Atopodon) ambigua Emery, in rotting log. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
Xenococcus neoguineensis; Schneider & LaPolla, 2011: 68. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Willia1998DJ].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1998).
KEYS: Schneider & LaPolla 2011: 68-70 (female) [Genera and species of the tribe Xenococcini]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2007: 572-573 (female) [Species of Eumyrmococcus]; Williams 1998: 9 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: KozarKo2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 577]; SchneiLa2011 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 57-82]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-15, 43].