Family Pseudococcidae


Subfamily Phenacoccinae


Annulococcus James

NOMENCLATURE:

Annulococcus James, 1936: 209. Type species: Annulococcus ugandensis James, by monotypy and original designation.

Annulicoccus; Morrison, 1945: 40. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by James (1936), Morrison (1945) and by Foldi & Cox (1989).

KEYS: Kaydan 2011: 50 (female) [Key to adult females of the Heterococcus group]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Tang 1992: 570 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Foldi & Cox 1989: 1120 (female) [Heterococcus and associated genera]; Morrison 1945: 41 (female) [species World]; Morrison 1945: 40 (female) [Heterococcus and associated genera].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 36]; FoldiCo1989 [taxonomy, description: 1129]; James1936 [taxonomy, description: 209]; Kaydan2011 [taxonomy: 50]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195]; Morris1945 [taxonomy, description: 40-41]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 10].



Annulococcus flagrans (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus flagrans Brain, 1915: 140. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Annulococcus flagrans; Morrison, 1945: 41. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915].

BIOLOGY: Living in association with ants on roots of the plants (Brain, 1915).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958a). Good illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1945).

KEYS: Morrison 1945: 41 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 36]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-144]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 94-96]; Morris1945 [taxonomy: 41].



Annulococcus ugandaensis James

NOMENCLATURE:

Annulococcus ugandaensis James, 1936: 209. Type data: UGANDA: Jinja-Tororo Road, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Annulococcus ugandensis; Morrison, 1945: 41. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae [James1936, DeLott1957b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [James1936, DeLott1957b, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of grass (James, 1936).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1957b).

KEYS: Morrison 1945: 41 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 36]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-188]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209, 210].



Antoninella Kiritchenko

NOMENCLATURE:

Antoninella Kiritchenko, 1938: 233. Type species: Antoninella inaudita Kiritchenko, by monotypy.

Antoniella; Neave, 1950: 18. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Kiritchenko (1938), Borchsenius (1949), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 87 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 43]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 173]; Kiritc1938 [taxonomy, description: 233]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 67]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 12]; Tang1992 [taxonomy: 417-418]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy: 162].



Antoninella parkeri (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia parkeri Balachowsky, 1936d: 215. Type data: FRANCE: Mont Fenouillet, Hyeres, in nest of ants of the genus Messor. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Antoninella inaudita Kiritchenko, 1938: 233. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on Festuca ovina. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Matile-Ferrero & Pellizari, 2003: 350.

Rhodania parkeri; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 72. Change of combination.

Antoninella parkeri; Matile-Ferrero & Pellizari, 2002: 350. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: fescue mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Festuca [MatilePe2002], Festuca ovina [Kiritc1938, Goux1945, Borchs1949, Terezn1975, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Koeleria [MatilePe2002], Koeleria gracilis [MatilePe2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Balach1936d, BenDov1994, Foldi2001] [Goux1945, Borchs1949, Terezn1975, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Germany [Schmut1956b, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Ukraine [Danzig1964, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, Terezn1975, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F], Odessa Oblast [Kiritc1938, Goux1945, Terezn1975, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of the host plant. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tereznikova (1975) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1936d).

CITATIONS: Balach1936d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-218]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 43,473]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 173-174]; Danzig1964 [host, distribution: 627]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1945 [host, distribution: 37]; Kiritc1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233-236]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 32]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 67-70]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 72]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; MatilePe2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 350]; Schmut1956b [host, distribution: 66]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 118]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-163].



Archanginella Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin

NOMENCLATURE:

Archanginella Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2013a: 563. Type species: Archanginella kyzylkumina Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration in Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a,

STRUCTURE: Legs normally developed; claw without denticle. Ostioles, 1 pair (posterior). Anal apparatus simplified, consisting of sclerotized ring with several pores and 6 shortened setae; 2 posterior ducts small, with deep collar. Cerarii and conical setae absent. Both sides of body with short flagellate setae. pairs of setae of anal ring situated closely to each other. Multilocular and trilocular pores absent. Quinquelocular pores abundant, similar in size to those in various genera of subfamily Phenacoccinae; their diameter subequal to length of tubular ducts. Tubular ducts small, with deep collar. Cerarii and conical setae absent. Both sides of body with short flagellate setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

SYSTEMATICS: The genus Archanginella differs from all the other mealybugs except Kalaginella with reduced cerarii and anal apparatus in the presence of quinquelocular pores instead of multilocular and trilocular ones. However, these quinquelocular pores and tubular ducts in Archanginella and Kalaginella differ fundamentally. Tubular ducts simple, without collar. Quinquelocular pores large, corresponding in size to usual multilocular pores of mealybugs in Kalaginella Tubular ducts with deep and wide collar almost totally closing the duct. Quinquelocular pores small, corresponding in size to usual quinquelocular pores of mealybugs in Archanginella.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2013a: 215-216 (female) [Key to Pseudococcidae from Russia and Neighboring Countries].

CITATIONS: DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution,, illustration, taxonomy: 563].



Archanginella kyzylkumińa Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin

NOMENCLATURE:

Archanginella kyzylkumińa Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2013a: 563-566. Type data: UZBEKISTAN.:Kyzyl Kum Desert, Aktau mountains, ON 5/8/1965, by E. Danzig. Holotype female (examined). Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Uzbekistan [DanzigGa2013a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration in Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a.

STRUCTURE: Female. Body oblong-oval, about 4 mm long. Quinquelocular pores numerous over whole body, but denser along margin of body and forming wide stripe there. Tubular ducts forming rows on 3 posterior abdominal tergites, loose groups on dorsal surface of cephalothorax, rows on 4 posterior abdominal sternites, and stripe along ventral margin of body. Sparse flagellate setae situated on both sides of body. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2013a: 556 (female).

CITATIONS: DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 563-566].



Bessenayla Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Bessenayla Goux, 1988: 6. Type species: Bessenayla balachowskyi Goux, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Goux (1988).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 61]; Goux1988 [taxonomy, description: 6].

No species found.



Boreococcus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Boreococcus Danzig, 1960: 172. Type species: Boreococcus ingricus Danzig, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Danzig (1960), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kaydan 2011: 50 (female) [Key to adult females of the Heterococcus group]; Tang 1992: 570 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 62]; Danzig1960 [taxonomy, description: 117]; Kaydan2011 [taxonomy: 50]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 76]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 25]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 571].



Boreococcus ingricus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Boreococcus ingricus Danzig, 1960: 173. Type data: RUSSIA: St. Peterburg [= Leningrad] Oblast, Pukhtola Mountain near Zelenogorsk, on Carex sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: sedge mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Danzig1960, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Carex pilosa [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Poland [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1960, BenDov1994]); Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring at the base of leaf sheaths of the host-plant. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1960), Tereznikova (1975) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 62, 63]; Danzig1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173, 174]; Danzig1964 [host, distribution: 630]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 35]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76, 77]; Koteja1986b [host, distribution: 218]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 571, 572]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166, 167].



Bouhelia Balachowsky

NOMENCLATURE:

Bouhelia Balachowsky, 1938: 37. Type species: Bouhelia maroccana Balachowsky, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Balachowsky (1938).

CITATIONS: Balach1938 [taxonomy, description: 37]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 63]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 25].



Bouhelia maroccana Balachowsky

NOMENCLATURE:

Bouhelia maroccana Balachowsky, 1938: 37. Type data: MOROCCO: Oued Zem, on bulbs of Liliaceae, probably onion. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Liliaceae [Balach1938, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Morocco [Balach1938, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustrtion of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1938).

CITATIONS: Balach1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-40]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 63].



Brevennia Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia (Brevennia) Goux, 1940: 58. Type species: Ripersia (Brevennia) tetrapora Goux, by original designation.

Asphodelococcus Morrison, 1945: 41. Type species: Ripersia asphodeli Bodenheimer, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Miller, 1975: 47-49.

Brevennia; Borchsenius, 1948a: 953. Change of status.

Asphodeloripersia; Bodenheimer, 1953a: 164. Misspelling of genus name.

Pseudorhodania Borchsenius, 1962a: 242. Type species: Pseudorhodania marginata Borchsenius, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 786.

Brevennia (Brevennia); Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 786-788. Change of status.



Brevennia (Brevennia) Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia (Brevennia) Goux, 1940: 58. Type species: Ripersia (Brevennia) tetrapora Goux, by original designation.

Asphodelococcus Morrison, 1945: 41. Type species: Ripersia asphodeli Bodenheimer, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Miller, 1975: 47-49.

Brevennia; Borchsenius, 1948a: 953. Change of status.

Asphodeloripersia; Bodenheimer, 1953a: 164. Misspelling of genus name.

Pseudorhodania Borchsenius, 1962a: 242. Type species: Pseudorhodania marginata Borchsenius, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 786.

Brevennia (Brevennia); Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 786-788. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Morrison (1945), Tranfaglia & Marotta (1987) and by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1989).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 464 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Brevennia (Including Four Palaearctic Species Not Known from Russia and Adjacent Countries)]; Kaydan 2011: 50 (female) [as Brevennia; Key to adult females of the Heterococcus group]; Kaydan 2011: 50 (female) [as Pseudorhodania; Key to adult females of the Heterococcus group]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 38 (female) [as Brevennia; Phenacoccinae genera of South America]; Williams 2004a: 42 (female) [as Brevennia; southern Asia]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [as Brevennia; Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Tang 1992: 571 (female) [as Brevennia; Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 570 (female) [as Pseudorhodania; Palaearctic & Oriental regions ]; Tang 1992: 576 (female) [as Brevennia; species Palaearctic and Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 570 (female) [as Brevennia; Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Foldi & Cox 1989: 1121 (female) [as Pseudorhodania; Heterococcus and associated genera]; Foldi & Cox 1989: 1121 (female) [as Brevennia; Heterococcus and associated genera]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 78 (female) [as Brevennia; species Central Europe]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 19 (female) [as Brevennia; Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 2 (female) [as Brevennia; India]; Tranfaglia & Marotta 1987: 162 (female) [Related genera]; Tranfaglia & Marotta 1987: 162 (female) [as Brevennia; Related genera]; Wang 1982TC: 21 (female) [as Pseudorhodania; China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975: 63 (female) [as Brevennia; species East Pamir]; Borchsenius 1949: 89 (female) [as Brevennia; Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 264 (female) [as Brevennia; species Palaearctic region]; Morrison 1945: 40 (female) [Heterococcus and associated genera].

CITATIONS: BazaroNu1975 [taxonomy, description: 63]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 45,63-64,190,416]; BenDovMa1989 [taxonomy, description: 171,173-174]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description: 124-125, 164]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy, description: 953]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 264]; Borchs1962 [taxonomy, description: 242-243]; DanzigGa2012a [description, taxonomy: 781-799]; DanzigGa2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 459-474]; Goux1940 [taxonomy: 58]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy: 38]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 78]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy: 105]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy, description: 47-49]; MillerMc1970 [taxonomy, description: 438-439]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 13]; Morris1945 [taxonomy, description: 41-42]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 16, 25, 92, 167]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 572,575-576]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 10, 26]; TranfaMa1985 [taxonomy, description: 161-165]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 37, 65]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 96]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy: 42, 67]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 24].



Brevennia (Brevennia) asphodeli (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia asphodeli Bodenheimer, 1927a: 178. Type data: ISRAEL: Rehovot, on Asphodelus microcarpus. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1989a: 174. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.

Asphodelococcus asphodeli; Morrison, 1945: 42. Change of combination.

Heterococcus asphodeli; Miller & McKenzie, 1970: 442. Change of combination.

Brevennia asphodeli; Miller, 1975: 49. Change of combination.

Asphodelococcus meoconcitae Tranfaglia & Marotta, 1985: 162. Type data: ITALY: Sicily, Taormina (Messina), on Asphodelus ramosum. Holotype female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1989a: 174.

Brevennia (Brevennia) asphodeli; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2012a: 787. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Liliaceae [Tang1992], Asphodelus [BenDovMa1989], Asphodelus macrocarpus [BenDov2012], Asphodelus microcarpus [Bodenh1927a, Carmin1928, Carmin1932, Bodenh1953a, BenDovMa1989, BenDov1994], Asphodelus ramosus [TranfaMa1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [BenDovMa1989, Foldi2003]; Cyprus [BenDovMa1989, BenDov1994]; France [BenDovMa1989, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001, Foldi2001]; Israel [Bodenh1927a, Carmin1928, Morris1945, BenDovMa1989, BenDov1994]; Sicily [Marott1987a, TranfaMa1985, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation. Larval instars feed, from February - March to November - December, on rhizomes and tuberous roots, the adult females occur, during December - January, on leaf sheaths (Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1989a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1945) and by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1989a). Good description of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1970), Tang (1992), and by Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero (1997).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 464 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Brevennia (Including Four Palaearctic Species Not Known from Russia and Adjacent Countries)]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 787, 789 (female) [Species of Brevennia]; Tang 1992: 572 (female) [as Asphodelococcus asphodeli; Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 46]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 34, 42]; BenDovMa1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-177]; Bodenh1927 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178, 179]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124, 125]; Carmin1928 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 73-76]; Carmin1932 [taxonomy, descripion, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 30-34]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 136]; DanzigGa2012a [taxonomy: 787]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; MarottRuMa1997 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 436]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy: 49]; MillerMc1970 [taxonomy, description, host: 442]; Morris1945 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 42, 43]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 49]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host: 573]; TranfaMa1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-165]; ZchoriBePo2005 [endosymbionts, Cardinium: 211-221].



Brevennia (Brevennia) cicatricosa (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcus cicatricosus Danzig, 1985: 112. Type data: RUSSIA: Karachay-Cherkessia AR, Teberda, Little Khatipara, on Tragopogon brevirostris. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Brevennia (Brevennia) cicatricosus; Foldi & Cox, 1989: 1129. Change of combination.

Heterococcopsis cicatricosus; Tang, 1992: 576. Change of combination.

Brevennia (Brevennia) cicatricosa; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 793. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Tragopogon brevirostris [Danzig1985, BenDov1994], Tragopogon brevirostris [Danzig1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia AR [Danzig1985, BenDov1994]).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 464 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Brevennia (Including Four Palaearctic Species Not Known from Russia and Adjacent Countries)]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 787,789 (female) [as Brevennia cicatricosa; Species of Brevennia]; Tang 1992: 576 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 64, 192]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112, 113]; DanzigGa2012a [illustration, taxonomy: 787,793,794]; DanzigGa2013 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 464,471-472]; FoldiCo1989 [taxonomy: 1129]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 576].



Brevennia (Brevennia) dasiphorae (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcus dasiphorae Danzig, 1977a: 197. Type data: MONGOLIA: Khangay, on Dasiphora fruticosa. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Brevennia (Brevennia) dasiphorae; Foldi & Cox, 1989: 1129. Change of combination.

Heterococcopsis dasiphorae; Tang, 1992: 577. Change of combination.

Brevennia (Brevennia) dasiphorae; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 793. Change of combination.



HOST: Rosaceae: Dasiphora fruticosa [Danzig1977a, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1977a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 464 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Brevennia (Including Four Palaearctic Species Not Known from Russia and Adjacent Countries)]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 787, 789 (female) [Species of Brevennia ]; Tang 1992: 576 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 64]; Danzig1977a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-199]; DanzigGa2012a [illustration, taxonomy: 787,793,795]; FoldiCo1989 [taxonomy: 1129]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 577]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9].



Brevennia (Brevennia) filicta (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcus filictus De Lotto, 1967: 4. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Nelspruit, on Sorghum halepense. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Brevennia (Brevennia) filictus; Miller, 1975: 49. Change of combination.

Brevennia (Brevennia) filicta; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 411. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Poaceae [MillerMc1970], Sorghum halepense [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1967). Good description of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1970).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 64]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4]; Millar2002 [illustration: 226]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy: 49]; MillerMc1970 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 443].



Brevennia (Brevennia) lonicerae (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcopsis lonicerae Borchsenius, 1948a: 955. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Alma-Ata, on Lonicera tatarica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype adult female designated by Kaydan (2011) + 2 paralectotype adult females (on 1 slide): Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata, Lonicera tatarica (Caprifoliaceae), Saygurov, 02.vi.36 (ZIAS: 80/37).

Heterococcopsis loncerae; Tang, 1992: 576. Misspelling of species name.

Brevennia (Brevennia) lonicerae; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 787. Change of combination.



HOST: Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera tatarica [Borchs1948a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Borchs1948a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Illustration in Kaydan (2011).

STRUCTURE: Living adult female body oval.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 464 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Brevennia (Including Four Palaearctic Species Not Known from Russia and Adjacent Countries)]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 787,789 (female) [Species of Brevennia]; Tang 1992: 576 (female) [as Heterococcopsis lonicerae; Palaearctic and Oriental regions]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975: 63 (female) [as Heterococcopsis lonicerae; East Pamir]; Borchsenius 1949: 264 (female) [as Heterococcopsis lonicerae; Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 190]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 955]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 264-265]; DanzigGa2012a [illustration, taxonomy: 787, 789, 791-792]; DanzigGa2013 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 464,468-469]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 578, 589].



Brevennia (Brevennia) oryzae (Tang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudorhodania oryzae Tang, 1992: 599. Type data: CHINA: Fujian Province, on roots of Oryza sativa. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Brevennia (Brevennia) oryzae; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 786. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Oryza sativa [Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 416]; DanzigGa2012a [taxonomy: 786]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 599-600, 748]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26].



Brevennia (Brevennia) pulveraria (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia pulveraria Newstead, 1892: 145. Type data: ENGLAND: Cheshire, Sandiway, on Agrostis tenuis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Dactylopius pulverarius; Newstead, 1903: 174. Change of combination.

Trionymus pulverarius; Goux, 1933a: 236. Change of combination.

Erium pulverarium; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Ripersia tetrapora Goux, 1940: 58. Type data: FRANCE: Bessenay, Rhone, on Agrostis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2012a: 789.

Brevennia (Brevennia) tetrapora; Borchsenius, 1949: 270. Change of combination.

Ripersia (Brevennia) tetrapoda; Borchsenius, 1949: 270. Misspelling of species name.

Brevennia krishtali Tereznikova, 1962: 122. Type data: UKRAINE: Zakarpatian Region, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Tereznikova, 1975: 193.

Heterococcus pulverarius; Boratynski & Williams, 1964. Misidentification.

Heterococcus tetraporus; Miller & McKenzie, 1970: 447. Change of combination.

Brevennia pulverarius; Miller, 1975: 49. Change of combination.

Brevennia (Brevennia) pulveraria; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2012a: 789. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: bluegrass mealybug [KosztaKo1988F]; Goux's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron [KosztaKo1988F], Agrostis [Goux1940, BenDovMa1989, Tang1992, BenDov1994], Agrostis capillaris [KozarWa1986], Agrostis stolonifera [Ossian1959], Agrostis tenuis [Newste1892], Agrostis vulgaris [KosztaKo1988F], Dactylis [KosztaKo1988F], Eragrostis cynosuroides [Varshn1992], Festuca pratensis [Ossian1959], Phalaris arundinacea [Ossian1959], Poa angustifolia [Ossian1959].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Varshn1992]; Sri Lanka [Varshn1992]; Taiwan [ChenWoWu2012]. Palaearctic: France [Goux1933, Goux1940, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Hungary [KozarWa1986, KosztaKo1988F, KozarKiSa2004]; Poland [KosztaKo1988F, Lagows1996]; South Korea [KwonDaPa2003]; Sweden [Ossian1959]; Ukraine [Terezn1962, Terezn1975]; United Kingdom (England [Newste1892, MalumpBa2012]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring between the stems and leaf sheaths of grasses. Natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Trjapitzin (1989).Living in the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tereznikova (1962, 1975). Good description of the adult female given by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1940) and by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1989). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Miller & McKenzie (1970), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (1961a) erroneously synonymized Phenacoccus nudus Green (now in Heterococcus) with Ripersia pulveraria. Heterococcus graminicola Morrison and Heterococcus variabilis Schmutterer were erroneously synonymized with R. pulveraria by Williams (1963). The redescriptions and illustrations under the name Heterococcus pulverarius by Williams (1961a), McKenzie (1967) and Ter-Grigorian (1973) refer to H. nudus Green.The record of B. pulverarius from Brazil, (as T. pulverarius) by LePage (1938) is very likely a misidentification.The record of this species from Poland by Zak-Ogaza & Koteja (1964) was a misidentification of Heterococcus pulverarius (Newstead) (Koteja et al., 1978). Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin (2013) synonymized B. pulveraria with B. tetrapora based on comparison of the figure and description published by Miller and McKenzie (1970), who examined the types of B. pulveraria, with the figure from the paper by Ben-Dov and Matile-Ferrero (1989), who examined the types of B. tetrapora.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 464 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Brevennia (Including Four Palaearctic Species Not Known from Russia and Adjacent Countries)]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 787,789 (female) [Species of Brevennia]; Tang 1992: 573 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 78 (female) [Central Europe].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 64,65,66]; BenDovMa1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-173]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 270]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 299]; DanzigGa2012a [illustration, taxonomy: 787-790]; DanzigGa2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 464-465]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 236]; Goux1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-61]; Goux1941a [taxonomy, description: 31, 32]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy: 44]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 78-79]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105-106]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Lindin1939 [host, distribution: 37]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 18-19]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy: 49]; MillerMc1970 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 447]; Newste1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-146]; Newste1903 [p. 174]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 574, 575]; Terezn1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122, 123]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192-193]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 119]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 39]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83,86].



Brevennia (Brevennia) rehi (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia sacchari; Maxwell-Lefroy, 1908: 128. Misidentification.

Ripersia sacchari niger Fletcher, 1916: 62. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams, 1985: 65.

Ripersia sacchari oryzae Fletcher, 1917: 177. Type data: INDIA: Tirhut and Bihar, on rice. Syntypes, unknown. Described: female. Homonym of Ripersia oryzae Kuwana, 1907; discovered by Lindinger, 1943c: 265. Notes: Type material probably lost.

Ripersia oryzae Green, 1931b: 557. Type data: INDIA: Tanjore District, Aduthurai, on Oryza sativa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 65. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Homonym of Ripersia oryzae Kuwana, 1907.

Ripersia oryzae Green, 1931c: 65. Homonym of Ripersia oryzae(Kuwana, 1907); discovered by Ben-Dov, 1994: 65.

Rhizoecus cynodontis Bodenheimer, 1943: 16. Type data: IRAQ: Basra, on Cynodon dactylon. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1991: 6. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 2008: 85.

Ripersia rehi Lindinger, 1943a: 152. Replacement name for Ripersia oryzae Green.

Tychea rehi; Lindinger, 1943b: 265. Change of combination.

Brevennia (Brevennia) femoralis Borchsenius, 1949: 270. Type data: USSR: Tadzhikistan, Stalinvada, collected ix and xi, 1944, Borchsenius; Azerbaijan, Lenkoransk region, on Cynodon dactylon, collected vi.1947, Borchsenius. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 2008: 85. Notes: Lectotype designated in Danzig & Gavrilov, 2011: female, "Peliococcus femoralis Borchs., Azerbaijan, vicinity of Lenkoran, on steams of Cynodon dactylon, 22.VI.1947, No. 525"

Pseudorhodania marginata Borchsenius, 1962a: 244. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Chindung, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

Heterococcus rehi; Williams, 1970: 141. Change of combination.

Heterococcus femoralis; Miller & McKenzie, 1970: 443. Change of combination.

Heterococcus tuttlei Miller & McKenzie, 1970: 447. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Imperial County, Bard, on Cynodon dactylon. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Miller, 1973a: 372.

Brevennia rehi; Miller, 1973a: 372. Change of combination.

Brevennia cynodontis Ben-Dov, 1991: 6. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2013: 466.

Brevennia marginata Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 786. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2013: 466-467.

Brevennia (Brevennia) rehi; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2012a: 791. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: rice mealybug [Willia1970DJ, WilliaRaBr1981]; tuttle mealybug [MillerMc1970].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Apoleptomastix bicoloricornis Girault [Stocks2012], Rhopus nigriclavatus (Girault) [AbdRab2001d].

HOSTS: Arecaceae: Ptychosperma sp. [Stocks2012]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, Willia2004a], Cyperus pygmateus [Varshn1992], Cyperus rotundus [Green1931b, Willia1970DJ, Miller1975DR, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Juncaceae: Juncellus pygmaeus [Green1931b, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Poaceae [MillerMc1970], [Borchs1962, BenDov1994], Andropogon annulatus [Ali1973a, Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Anthistiria imberbis [Ali1973a], Apluda [Ali1973a], Apluda varia [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Brachiaria [Stocks2012], Cenchrus calyculatus [ChenKoLi1997], Chloris barbata [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, BenDov1994], Cymbopogon caesius [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Cynodon [WilliaGr1992], Cynodon dactylon [Bodenh1943, Willia1970DJ, MillerMc1970, Miller1973a, Miller1975DR, Willia1985, Varshn1992], Cyperus serotinus [ChenKoLi1997], Dactyloctenium aegyptium [Willia1970DJ, Miller1975DR, ChenKoLi1997, Stocks2012], Dactyloctenium australe [BenDov2008], Digitaria abscendens [ChenKoLi1997], Digitaria henryi [ChenKoLi1997], Digitaria sanguinalis [Ramakr1930, BenDov1994, Willia1970DJ], Echinchloa crus-galli oryzicola [ChenKoLi1997], Echinochloa crus-galli formosensis [ChenKoLi1997], Eleusine aegyptica [Ali1973a], Eleusine coracana [Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Eleusine indica [ChenKoLi1997, Stocks2012], Eragrostis interrupta [Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Eriochloa polystachya [Willia2004a], Fimbristylis argentea [Green1931b, Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Fimbristylis miliacea [Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Fimbristylis tenera [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Heterachne abortiva [GrimshDo2007], Imperata arundinacea [Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Isachne australis [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, BenDov1994], Ischaemum ciliare [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Iseilema laxum [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Leptochloa chinensis [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, ChenKoLi1997, BenDov1994], Leptochloa polystachya [Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Oryza sativa [Maxwel1908, VanHeu1923, Willia1970DJ, LiuTa1988, BenDov1994, ChenKoLi1997, Willia2004a], Panicum colonum [Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Panicum javanicum [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Panicum maximum [ChenKoLi1997], Panicum prostatum [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, BenDov1994], Panicum repens [Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, ChenKoLi1997, Willia2004a], Paspalum dilatatum [ChenKoLi1997], Paspalum distichum [ChenKoLi1997], Paspalum scrobiculatum [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Willia2004a], Saccharum spontaneum [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, BenDov1994], Setaria glauca [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, Ali1973a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sorghum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, MyartsKaPo1995], Sorghum vulgare [Varshn1992, MillerMc1970, Willia1970DJ, Miller1975DR, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Zoa mays rugosa [ChenKoLi1997], Zoysia sp. [Stocks2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [WilliaRaBr1981, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [GrimshDo2007]); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1979, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [VanHeu1923, Willia1970DJ]). Australasian: New Britain [WilliaRaBr1981, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a]. Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [MillerMc1970, Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], California [MillerMc1970, Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Florida [Miller1973a, Miller1975DR, BenDov1994, Stocks2012], Texas [CABI1979a, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [new]); Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [CABI1979a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Willia1970DJ, AlamKa1981, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Shroff1920, Ghosh1940, Willia1970DJ, Crowe1985, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]; India [Maxwel1908, Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Andhra Pradesh [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Bihar [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Goa [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Kerala [Varshn1992], Madhya Pradesh [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Varshn1992], Odisha [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], West Bengal [Varshn1992, Willia2004a]); Nepal [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Pakistan [Willia1970DJ, Miller1975DR, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [SiriseMaWa2013]; Taiwan [LiuTa1988, BenDov1994, ChenKoLi1997]; Thailand [CABI1979a, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; China [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Xizang (=Tibet) [HuYaLi1986]); Egypt [AbdRab2001d]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994, BenDov2008]; Israel [BenDov2008]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1991, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [MyartsKaPo1995].

BIOLOGY: Occurring beneath the leaf sheaths at the bases of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Miller & McKenzie (1970), Williams (1970DJ), Miller (1975), Williams (1985), Liu & Tao (1988), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of the adult male given by Miller (1975). Description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Miller (1975). Description and illustration of adult female by Bodenheimer (1943). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Miller & McKenzie (1970) and by Ben-Dov (1991).

STRUCTURE: Body of adult female elongate oval to broadly oval. Legs short and slender with numerous translucent pores on each hind femur and tibia. Antenna short, 6 segments. Ostioles represented by Posterior pair only. Cerarri numbering six or seven pair, on the abdomen. Multilocular disc pores present on the dorsum of the abdomen and head margin, and across the abdomen and around the entire margin on the venter. Quinquelocular pores fairly abundant over the entire body. (Siriseni, et al., 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: Brevennia femoralis Borchsenius, 1949 was first synonymized with Rhizoecus cynodontis Bodenheimer, 1943, and later Ben-Dov (2008) synonymized both with Brevennia rehi.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species first came to attention to agriculturists and entomologists in the United States in the late 1960s when it was discovered infesting bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) seed production crops in Arizona to such an extent that the sticky exudates produced by the mealybugs fouled the harvesting equipment (Miller and McKenzie, 1970). Reported to damage lawn grasses of Dactyloctenium australe in Israel (Ben-Dov, 2008).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 464 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Brevennia (Including Four Palaearctic Species Not Known from Russia and Adjacent Countries)]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 787,789 (female) [Species of Brevennia]; Tang 1992: 573 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams D. J. 1970: 114 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1356]; AlamAlKa1979 [host, distribution, economic importance: 20-21]; AlamBh1965 [host, distribution, life history: 121-122]; AlamKa1981 [host, distribution, economic importance: 17-26]; Ali1958 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179-181]; Ali1962 [description, host, distribution: 72]; Ali1967 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 217]; Ali1967a [host, distribution: 33-34]; Ali1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-55]; BackiaSu1996 [life history, ecology: 250-252]; BeheraSaRa2001 [Wolbachia, , symbiont: 1299-1300]; BenDov1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 64,65,66,416]; BenDov2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 85-88]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 34,]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 270-271]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-244]; CABI1979a [distribution: 1]; ChenKoLi1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 49-54]; Crowe1985 [distribution]; DanzigGa2011 [taxonomy: 271]; DanzigGa2012a [illustration, taxonomy: 786, 787, 790-791]; DanzigGa2013 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 464-469]; Fletch1916 [taxonomy: 62]; Fletch1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177]; GopalaRaBa1987 [biological control, life history: 18]; Green1931b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 557]; GrimshDo2007 [host, distribution, economic importance: 96-98]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; HuYaLi1986 [host, distribution: 10-12]; Jahn2004 [host, life history, ecology: 115-122]; JeyaraSrSa2000 [host, chemistry: 14-15]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; LakshmMaMo1988 [economic importance: 356-357]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 152]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 265]; LiuTa1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61, 62]; Maxwel1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128, 129]; Miller1973a [host, distribution: 372]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-56]; MillerMc1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 443,447-449,451,457]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 18]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 13-15, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 63]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 154]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; Prakas1988 [distribution, control: 87-97]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 63]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; SiriseMaWa2013 [description, distribution, economic importance, host: 35-36]; Stocks2012 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 1-3]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 586]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; VanHeu1923 [host, distribution, economic importance: 42-43]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 39, 40]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-145]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65, 66]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-99]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 68, 69]; WilliaRaBr1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-24, 26]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-44].



Ceroputo Šulc

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroputo Šulc, 1898: 1. Type species: Ceroputo pilosellae Šulc.

Leococcus Kanda, 1959: 239. Type species: Leococcus erigeroneus Kanda. Synonymy by Tang, 1992: 388.

Australiputo Williams, 1985: 60. Type species: Pseudococcus casuarinae Maskell, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 169.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters for Ceroputo given by Williams (1985). Detailed decription and analysis of Autraliputo in Williams, et al., 2011,

STRUCTURE: Adult female: eye height as great as or greater than length of first antennal segment (usually very much smaller in typical Phenacoccus, except Ph. solenopsis); antennae with 8-9 segments; 0-2 (usually 0) antennal intersegmental sensilla present between each of segments III-IV, IV-V and VI-VII; 2 campaniform sensilla on each surface of each trochanter; claw lacking basal spurs; claw digitules capitate but tarsal digitules either capitate or not; more than 17 pairs of cerarii on sclerotised plates; long tubular ducts present or absent on frons (anterior to mouthparts); trilocular pores on venter usually smaller than those on dorsum, and pores in cerarii at most only slightly larger than those on rest of dorsum; quinquelocular pores sometimes present. First-instar nymph: 6-segmented antennae; multilocular pores with >5 loculi absent. Adult male of C. pilosellae (adult males unknown in other species): head with one pair of dorsal and one pair of ventral simple eyes plus a pair of lateral ocelli; with 2 pairs of lateral filaments on posterior abdominal segments (each filament from glandular pouch on each side of abdominal segments VII and VIII); penial sheath 1-segmented, apex of aedeagus simple (Afifi, 1968). (Williams, et al., 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Ceroputo was synonymised with Puto by Ferris (1918), but treated as a valid genus by Tang (1992). Hardy et al. (2008) treated Ceroputo as a genus of the mealybug subfamily Phenacoccinae, which they redefined. The molecular phylogenetic studies by M. Bora Kaydan (pers. comm.) also have confirmed the placement of C. pilosellae in the Pseudococcidae near some species of Phenacoccus. (Williams, et al., 2011). Gavrilov-Zimin & Danzig (2012) and Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) provide evidence that Ceroputo should be included in the Pseudococcidae and should be treated as a subgenus of Puto. In Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014, Leococcus was also treated as a junior synomym of Puto rather than of Ceraputo as determined by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 61 (female) [as Austrailputo; species Australia]; Williams 1985: 36 (female) [as Austrailputo; Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 54]; DanzigGa2014 [taxonomy: 138]; GavrilDa2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 97-111]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 60-61].



Ceroputo casuarinae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus casuarinae Maskell, 1893b: 235. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, on Casuarina sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 61. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus casuarinae; Cockerell, 1893ee: 318. Change of combination.

Australiputo casuarinae; Williams, 1985: 61. Change of combination.

Ceroputo casuarinae; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 169. Change of combination.



HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Maskel1893b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Cocker1893ee] (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Maskel1893b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 61 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 55]; Cocker1893ee [distribution: 318]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 53]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63].



Ceroputo eucalypti (Williams)

NOMENCLATURE:

Australiputo eucalypti Williams, 1985: 63. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Tintinara, under bark of Eucalyptus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroputo eucalypti; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 169. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Willia1985], Eucalyptus camaldulensis [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus cephalocarpa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus grandis [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found under the bark of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 61 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 55]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-65].



Ceroputo graminis (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto graminis Danzig, 1972b: 335. Type data: RUSSIA: Sakhalin Oblast, on Calamagrostis langsdorfii. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroputo graminis; Williams et al., 2011. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agropyron [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994, Danzig1999], Aneurolepidium [Danzig1999], Calamagrostis [Danzig1999], Calamagrostis langsdorfii [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994], Elymus [Danzig1999], Elymus chinensis [Danzig1974, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994]; Russia (Buryatia (=Buryat) Aut. Oblast [Danzig1999], Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999], Khabarovsk Kray [Danzig1999], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1999], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Danzig, 1972b. Redescription in Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014.

STRUCTURE: Adult females: eyes approximately the same height as the length of the first antennal segment. There are two campaniform sensilla on each surface of each trochanter except on the surface of one trochanter which apparently has three. There is a very small denticle and no basal spurs on the claws. The trilocular pores occur in two sizes: the dorsal pores are larger than those on venter. Danzig (1980, 1999) reports that the adult female lacks both quinquelocular and multilocular pores. (Williams, et al., 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: This species to best fits into Ceroputo based on the two sensilla on each trochanter surface, lack of basal spurs, and lack of multilocular pores (a character state shared with C. nulliporus). (Williams, et al., 2011).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto(Ceraputo)]; Danzig 1999: 80 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1988: 698 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Danzig 1978b: 125 (female) [Far East of the USSR].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy: 423]; Danzig1972b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 335-337]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 69]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 75]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-114]; Danzig1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 88]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 169-171]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 407]; WilliaGuMi2011 [description, structure, taxonomy: 15].



Ceroputo mimicus (McKenzie)

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto mimicus McKenzie, 1967: 352. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Imperial County, near Truckhaven, on Encelia frutescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroputo mimicus; Williams et al., 2011: 15. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: mimic mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Encelia frutescens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hymenoclea salsola [WilliaGuMi2011]. Loasaceae: Petalonyx thurberi [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage and stems of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams and Granara de Willink (1992) commented on this species and decided that it might not belong to the genus Puto. Character states that seem to exclude this species from Puto are: the campaniform sensilla on the trochanters are always two in number on each surface, the antennal intersegmental sensilla are tiny and present only between segments VI and VII, the tubular ducts on the frons are absent, and quinquelocular pores are present on the venter. Character states that it shares with species of Puto are the possession of a pair of minute basal spurs on each claw. Despite some conflicting evidence, Williams, et al., 2011 transfered it to Ceroputo.

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 327 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 426]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-354]; WilliaGuMi2011 [distribution, host, structure, taxonomy: 15].



Ceroputo nulliporus (McKenzie)

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto nulliporus McKenzie, 1960: 733. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Imperial County, Palo Verde, on Bebbia juncea var. aspera. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroputo nulliporus; Williams et al., 2011: 15. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: composite puto [McKenz1960]; nulliporus mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Bebbia juncea aspera [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Encelia farinosa [WilliaGuMi2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967).

SYSTEMATICS: The placement of this species in the genus Puto was regarded as doubtful by Williams and Granara de Willink (1992). Character states that exclude this species from Puto are the campaniform sensilla on the trochanters are always two in number on each surface, the antennal intersegmental sensilla are tiny and present only between segments VI and VII, there are no multilocular pores, and the trilocular pores in the cerarii are the same size as those on the rest of the derm. Character states that it shares with species of Puto are the possession of basal spurs on the claw, although the spurs on C. nulliporus are thin and very poorly developed. Despite some conflicting evidence, Williams, et al. transfered it to Ceroputo.

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 327 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 32 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 730 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 426]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 733-735]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354-355]; WilliaGuMi2011 [taxonomy: 15-16].



Ceroputo pilosellae Šulc

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroputo pilosellae Šulc, 1898: 2. Type data: CZECH REPUBLIC: Dvur Kralove and Hodkovicky, on Hieracium pilosella. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Brno: K. Sulc Collection, Moravian Museum, Czech Republic. Described: female.

Ceroputo elvirae castneri Schumacher, 1917: 429. Nomen nudum; discovered by Lindinger, 1935a: 131.

Phenacoccus tomlini Green, 1930a: 320. Type data: ITALY: Italian Tyrol, Solda, on Leontodon hispidus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993: 191. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993: 188.

Phenacoccus asteri Takahashi, 1932: 43. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, on Aster lauruleanus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Erium tomlini; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus ferrisi Kiritshenko, 1936a: 140. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: from unidentified wild plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1999: 89. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1999: 89.

Phenacoccus euphorbiaefolius Bodenheimer, 1943: 17. Type data: IRAQ: at the road from Sulaimaniye to Chuarta, on Euphorbia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Kaydan, 2008: 286. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Kaydan, 2008: 285.

Phenacoccus poterii Bodenheimer, 1943: 32. Type data: ISRAEL: Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, on Poterium spinosum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation BenDov & Kaydan, 2008: 286. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Kaydan, 2008: 285.

Ceroputo ferrisi; Borchsenius, 1949: 287. Change of combination.

Ceroputo pannosus Borchsenius, 1949: 288. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym, Kokkoz, on cork oak. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1999: 89. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Tereznikova, 1975a: 32.

Ceroputo clematidis Matesova, 1957: 165. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: near Yusek, on Clematis songorica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1999: 89.

Leococcus erigeroneus Kanda, 1959a: 240. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Yokohama, Matsugaoka, on Erigeron canadensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.

Puto pilosellae; Tereznikova, 1975: 243. Change of combination.

Puto erigeroneus; Kawai, 1980: 96. Change of combination.

Puto clematidis; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 72. Change of combination.

Puto euphorbiaefolius; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 72. Change of combination.

Puto ferrisi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 72. Change of combination.

Puto poterii; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 72. Change of combination.

Puto asteri; Tang, 1992: 405. Change of combination.

Puto jarudensis Tang, 1992: 600. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, on Kalimeria [= Kalimeris] integrifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus asteri; Ben-Dov, 1994: 309. Revived combination.

Ceroputo pilosellae; Williams et al., 2011: 16. Revived combination.

COMMON NAMES: hairy mealybug [KosztaKo1988F]; hairy Puto mealybug [BenDovKa2008].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Nephus redtenbacheri Mulsant [Panis2007a]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Ericydnus ventralis (Dalman) [Trjapi1989], Leptomastidea rubra Tachikawa [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix maculipes Trjapitzin [Trjapi1989], Moraviella inexpectata Hoffer [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium [Terezn1975, BenDov1994], Antennaria dioica [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Aster lauruleanus [Takaha1932, BenDov1994], Centaurea [Terezn1975, BenDov1994], Echinops ritro [MoghadTa2010], Erigeron canadensis [Kanda1959a, BenDov1994], Helianthemum [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994], Hieracium [BenDovKa2008], Hieracium pilosella [Sulc1898, BenDov1994], Kalimeris integrifolia [Tang1992, BenDov1994], Karelinia caspia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Leontodon autumnalis [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Leontodon hispidus [Green1930a, BenDov1994], Picris hieracioides spinulosa [Panis2007a], Taraxacum officinale [ZakOgaKo1964, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Heliotropium europium [BenDovKa2008]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus betulus [Kiritc1931, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Carex [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos uvae-ursi [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Calluna vulgaris [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Oxycoccus quadripetalus [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Vaccinium oxycoccus [MalumpOsPy2010]. Euphorbiaceae [BenDovKa2008], Euphorbia [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994, MoghadTa2010], Euphorbia sequieriana [BenDovKa2008]. Fabaceae: Vicia [KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Danzig1999], Quercus suber [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Betonica officinalis [Terezn1975, BenDov1994], Salvia [KaydanUlZe2004], Salvia lavandulifolia [BenDovKa2008], Thymus [KozarGuBa1994], Thymus marschallianus [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, KozarOrKo1977], Thymus pannonicum [Kozar1983a, BenDov1994], Thymus praecox [MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, Kohler2008a], Thymus pulegioides [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994], Thymus serpillum [KozarTzVi1979, MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, Gertss2005a]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago media [ZakOgaKo1964, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Dactylis glomerata [Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Danzig1999], Festuca [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis [Danzig1999], Clematis songorica [Mateso1957, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Fragaria [BenDovKa2008], Fragaria vesca [Afifi1968, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Poterium spinosum [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994, BenDovKa2008], Sanguisorba minor [KaydanKiKo2005, BenDovKa2008], Sanguisorba spinosa [BenDovKa2008]. Rubiaceae: Galium [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994], Verbascum austriacum [Kozar1999a], Veronica [Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994], Veronica officinalis [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Daucus carota [Goux1933, MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, MarottTr1995a, Foldi2000], Ligusticum hultenii [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1932, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]; China [Tang1984, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]); Cyprus [BenDovKa2008]; Czech Republic [Sulc1898, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1933, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Georgia [Kiritc1931, BenDov1994]); Germany [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Danzig1999, Kohler2008a]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, BenDov1994, Danzig1999, Kozar1999a, KozarKiSa2004, BenDovKa2008]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994, BenDovKa2008]; Israel [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994, BenDovKa2008]; Italy [Green1930a, Pelliz1989, MarottTr1993, BenDov1994, MarottTr1995a, LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [Kanda1959a, BenDov1994]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1957, Danzig1980, BenDov1994]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Latvia [Rasina1955]; Lebanon [BenDovKa2008]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2010]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Mongolia [Danzig1974, Danzig1980, Danzig1999]; North Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, ZakOgaKo1964, Koteja1974b, Lagows1996, Danzig1999, GolanLaJa2001]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]); Slovenia [BenDovKa2008, Seljak2010]; South Korea [KwonDaPa2003]; Sweden [Gertss2001, Gertss2005a]; Switzerland [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994, Danzig1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007, BenDovKa2008]; Turkmenistan [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1931, Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]); Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Yugoslavia [Afifi1968, Kozar1983a, BenDov1994, Danzig1999] (Serbia) [Masten2007].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the underside of the leaves of the host plant. Life history and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Parasites in the Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).The insect occurs on leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matesova (1957), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Tang (1992) and by Marotta & Tranfaglia (1993). Description of adult female by Bodenheimer (1943), Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1932). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).Description and illustration of adult female by Kanda (1959a) and by Kwon et al. (2003). Description of adult female by Kawai (1980).

STRUCTURE: In this species, the eyes are about the same height as the length of first antennal segment. Specimens have 8- and 9-segmented antennae. The intersegmental sensilla are variable and often obscure and difficult to see. It appears that they are variably present between segments III-IV, IV-V and VI-VII. One specimen appears to have sensilla between the above mentioned segments as well as V-VI and VIII-X. The legs are shorter than those in Puto and possess fewer setae; campaniform sensilla on the trochanters always number two on each surface; the claws are thick and short and lack basal spurs, and the digitules are clubbed. Tubular ducts are present on the frons. Trilocular pores on the venter are smaller than those on the dorsum, and pores in the cerarii are only slightly larger than those on the rest of the dorsum. First-instar nymphs collected in Hungary (Budapest, Sashegy, 18.x.1996, in caricetum habitat by B. Kiss) and examined by Ferenc Kozár, and embryos collected in Turkey (Hakkari-Beyköy, on Euphorbia sequeriana (Euphorbiaceae), 1832 m) and examined by M. Bora Kaydan, all possess 6 antennal segments. (Williams, et al., 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Williams, et al, 2011, concluded that this species should be retained in the genus Ceroputo in the family Pseudococcidae. Kanda (1959) described Leococcus erigeroneus, collected from Erigeron canadensis (Asteraceae) in Japan, as the type species of his genus Leococcus. Kawai (1980) transferred the species to Puto, thus treating Leococcus as a junior synonym of Puto. Danzig (1980) suggested that L. erigeroneus was probably a synonym of P. pilosellae but did not formally list it as such. Tang (1992) appears to have been the first to formally cite L. erigeroneus as a junior synonym of C. pilosellae. Williams, et al., 2011 concluded that the species is identical to C. pilosellae. Takahashi (1932) described Phenacoccus asteri for specimens collected on Aster lauruleanus (Asteraceae) in Taiwan. It was transferred to Puto by Tang (1992), but the original combination was revived by Ben-Dov (1994). Williams, et al., 2011 regarded the species to be identical to C. pilosellae, and synonymised it. The description and illustration of Puto jarudensis given by Tang (1992), leave little doubt that the species is identical to C. pilosellae. Tang (1992) points out that P. jarudensis has two sizes of tubular ducts, with larger ones mainly in the ventral median areas of the head and thorax, and smaller ones on the ventral abdomen. The specimens of C. pilosellae from Europe that we have examined have larger tubular ducts on the head and thorax than those on the abdomen, in agreement with Tang’s description of P. jarudensis and it was synonymized in Williams, et al., 2011..

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Has been recorded as being a pest of strawberries (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto(Ceraputo)]; Danzig 1999: 80 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 389 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 698 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 137 (female) [Central Europe]; Danzig 1978b: 124 (female) [as Puto pilosellae; Far East of the USSR]; Borchsenius 1949: 286 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-159]; Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 89]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 422-423]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 424]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 309,421-423,428-429]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35, 43]; BenDovKa2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 285-286]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17-18, 31-32]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 286-288, 288-289]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 143]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 445]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 69]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 76]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-113]; Danzig1994 [host, distribution: 46]; Danzig1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 88-89]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 171-174]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005a [host, distribution: 37]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 235]; Green1930a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-322]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 62]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; Kanda1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-241]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 96]; Kaweck1948 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3-4]; Kaydan2015 [distribution, host, molecular data: 205]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 92]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 33]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 222]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-141]; Kohler2008a [host, distribution: 23-36]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 24]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-139]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 72]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 317]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 472]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 142]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 91-95]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 72]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-120]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 120]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 131]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 255]; MarottTr1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-191]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-73]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Mateso1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-166]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 112]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 28-29]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 6, 15, 16, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 63]; MoghadTa2010 [host, distribution: 40]; Panis2007a [host, distribution, biological control: 12-13]; Pelliz1989 [host, distribution: 569-570]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 69]; Schuma1918c [taxonomy: 429]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 102]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Sulc1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 428]; Takaha1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 125]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 600,749]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-392,405-406,703]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 11,26]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-246]; Terezn1975a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 32]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 113, 118, 126, 145]; WilliaGuMi2011 [taxonomy: 16-17]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 81]; Zahrad1974 [host, distribution: 142]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 424].



Ceroputo pini (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto pini Danzig, 1972a: 270. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: on Pinus sylvestris. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroputo pini; Tang, 1992: 392. Change of combination.

Puto pini; Ben-Dov, 1994: 429. Revived combination.

Ceroputo pini; Williams et al., 2011: 17. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus koraiensis [Danzig1972a, BenDov1994, Danzig1999], Pinus sylvestris [Danzig1972a, BenDov1994, Danzig1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Danzig1972a, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1972a, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1972a, 1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Williams, et al., 2011, found only one antennal intersegmental sensillum between segments IV and V in one antenna. However, the antennal segments were mounted in such a way that the intersegmental membranes were not visible. Eye height is greater than the length of the first antennal segment. The legs always possess only two campaniform sensilla on each surface of each trochanter, basal spurs are absent from the claws, each claw has a well-developed denticle, and the claw and tarsal digitules are only slightly clubbed. The 18 main cerarii are on well-sclerotised plates, whereas the sclerotisation of the supplementary cerarii varies among cerarii and specimens. The cerarian setae are more slender than those in C. pilosellae. There are tubular ducts on the dorsum and there are two sizes of trilocular pores on the derm, with the dorsal pores larger than the ventral pores. Dorsal oral collar tubular ducts are present, each slightly larger than those on the venter. As shown by Danzig (1980), this species possesses ventral multilocular disc pores on the posterior abdominal segments and there are a few quinquelocular pores near the labium. (Williams, et al., 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Williams, et al., 2011 concluded that the species does not belong to Puto but to Ceroputo to which Tang (1992) transferred it.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto(Ceraputo)]; Danzig 1999: 80 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 388 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 698 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Danzig 1978b: 124 (female) [Far East of the USSR].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 429]; Danzig1972a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 270-271]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 76]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-116]; Danzig1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 88]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 174-176]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 392]; WilliaGuMi2011 [structure, taxonomy: 17].



Ceroputo vaccinii (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto vaccinii Danzig, 1978b: 125. Type data: RUSSIA: Yakutia-Sakha (= Yakut) AR, Khaptagai, on Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroputo vaccinii; Tang, 1992: 393. Change of combination.

Puto vaccinii; Ben-Dov, 1994: 432. Revived combination.

Ceroputo vaccinii; Williams et al., 2011: 17. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium vitis-idaea [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig1999], Kamchatka Oblast [Danzig1999], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994, Danzig1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1978b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: On the antennae examined, there was only a single intersegmental sensillum between segments III and IV on one antenna. Between segments IV-V there is also a single sensillum on one antenna. Between segments VI and VII there are no sensilla on two antennae, one sensillum on six antennae and two sensilla on one antenna. The eyes are slightly smaller than the length of the first antennal segment. There are two campaniform sensilla on each surface of each trochanter and basal spurs are absent from all claws. The cerarii are on sclerotised plates with each of the anal lobe cerarii possessing 6-8 lanceolate setae. Other cerarii each have 4-6 setae but occasionally one or two cerarii may have only two setae. Tubular ducts are present on the frons but not in a group as in Puto. Disc pores, each with 5-8 loculi, are present on the venter but are absent from the head and thorax; pores with 5 loculi are located only around the vulva. There are two sizes of trilocular pores, with dorsal pores larger than ventral pores. (Williams, et al., 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to C. pilosellae but differs mainly in lacking disc pores on the head and thorax. We agree with Tang (1992) that its correct placement is in Ceroputo. Ben-Dov (1994) listed this species under Puto, although he was aware of the recombination by Tang (1992), presumably because he had doubt as to its generic placement. (Williams, et al., 2011)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 141-142 (female) [Key to species of Puto(Ceraputo)]; Danzig 1999: 80 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1988: 699 (female) [Far East of the USSR]; Danzig 1978b: 124 (female) [Far East of the USSR].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 432]; Danzig1978b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-126]; Danzig1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 89-90]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 176-178]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 393-394]; WilliaGuMi2011 [structure, taxonomy: 17].



Coccidohystrix Lindinger

NOMENCLATURE:

Echinococcus Balachowsky, 1936c: 157. Type species: Echinococcus echinatus Balachowsky, by original designation. Homonym of Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801, in Vermes.

Coccidohystrix Lindinger, 1943b: 219. Replacement name for Echinococcus Balachowsky, 1936c.

Centrococcus Borchsenius, 1948a: 953. Unjustified replacement name for Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 31. Notes: Synonymy by community of type species.

Artemicoccus Balachowsky, 1953o: 147. Type species: Centrococcus bispinus Borchsenius, by original designation.

BIOLOGY: Palaearctic genus associated with Artemisia species.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Balachowsky (1953o) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Adult female body oval, yellowih, covered by a felt white ovisac.

SYSTEMATICS: The genus Artemicoccus was split out of the genus centrococcus Borchsenius, 1948 (=Coccidohistrix Lindinger, 1943). (Danzig, et al., 2012) The type species of these genera, C. echinata (Balachowsky, and A. bispinus (Borchsenius, 1949) differ from each other rather clearly in the presence of dorsal elevated tubercles with large conical setae (mamelons) and 8-9-segmented antennae in the first species and in the absence of mamelons in a combination with the presence of cylindrical dorsal setae and 7-segmented antennae in the second species.1936). However, Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015 found that the other, non-type species demonstrate different intermediate combinations of the generic characters and the border between the genera disappears. They considered Artemicoccus a junior synonym of Coccidohystrix. Coccidohystrix differs from all other Palaearctic genera of mealybugs in the combination of the following characters: absence of ostioles and normally developed cerarii, which are replaced by groups of large conicalsetae without associated trilocular or quinquelocular pores, by tubular ducts of characteristic bottle-shaped form and presence of more or less cylindrical setae on the dorsum. (Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 209 (female) [Key to the genera of the Peliococcus species-group]; Williams 2004a: 42 (female) [genera southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 116 (female) [Coccidohystrix species southern Asia]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Tang 1992: 384 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental region]; Tang 1992: 385 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental region]; Tang 1992: 384 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental region]; Tang 1992: 395 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 17 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 2 (female) [India]; Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 39 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 89 (female) [Palaearctic region ].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 159]; Balach1936c [taxonomy, description: 157]; Balach1953o [taxonomy, description: 145-147]; Balach1953o [taxonomy: 145-147]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 44]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 95]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy: 953]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 308-309]; DanzigKaGa2012 [taxonomy: 237]; DanzigKaGa2012 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 237,238,241-242]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 345]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy: 2]; Goux1946 [taxonomy, description: 339-340]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 209]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 89]; KozarKo1997 [taxonomy: 251]; KozarKo1997 [taxonomy: 251-255]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 219]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 18]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 15]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 13, 40, 65]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 384-385]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 394-395]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 11]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy: 166, 168]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 224-225]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 115-116]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 33, 35].



Coccidohystrix artemisiae (Kiritchenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Echinococcus artemisiae Kiritchenko, 1937: 395. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on Artemisia austriaca. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Centrococcus artemisiae; Borchsenius, 1949: 308. Change of combination.

Coccidohystrix artemisiae; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1978: 40. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: wormwood mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [KosztaKo1988F, KaydanKiKo2005], Artemisia austriaca [Kiritc1937, Borchs1949, Terezn1975, KosztaKo1978, BenDov1994], Artemisia commutata [Mateso1968, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [BenDov1994]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Georgia [DanzigKaGa2012]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [DanzigKaGa2012]; Russia (Volgograd Oblast [DanzigKaGa2012]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Koteja1974b] (Odessa Oblast [Kiritc1937, Terezn1975, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]); Uzbekistan [BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of the host plant. Living on leave, stems and roots of Artemisia species. (Danzig, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kiritchenko (1937), Tereznikova (1975) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Coccidohystrix artemisiae is similar to C. echinota, but difers in the presence of tubular ducts. (Danzig et al., 2012)

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero 2014: 97-98 (female) [Key to Palaearctic species of Coccidohystrix]; Kozar & Konczne 1997: 254 (female) [Palearctic]; Tang 1992: 395 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Borchsenius 1949: 308 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Balach1953o [taxonomy: 145-147]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 95]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 308-309]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy: 631]; DanzigKaGa2012 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 238,241-242]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 526]; GavrilMa2014 [taxonomy: 98]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 87]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99]; Kiritc1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 395]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39, 40]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 90-91]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; KozarKo1997 [taxonomy: 254]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 113]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 396]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168, 169].



Coccidohystrix bispina (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Centrococcus bispinus Borchsenius, 1949: 309. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Firuz, on Artemisia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Centrococcus unispinus Borchsenius, 1949: 310. Type data: ARMENIA: Erevan, on Artemisia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Artemicoccus bispinus; Balachowsky, 1953o: 146. Change of combination.

Artemicoccus unispinus; Balachowsky, 1953o: 146. Change of combination.

Coccidohystrix bispina; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.

Coccidohystrix unispina; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Borchs1949, Balach1953o, KozarWa1985, Tang1992], Artemisia [Bazaro1971c, TerGri1969, TerGri1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1969, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1971c, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Turkey [DanzigKaGa2012]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Adult female body oval, yellowish, covered by a felt white ovisac. Dorsal tubular ducts numerous. Ventral trilocular pores distributed along body margin and near spiracles.

SYSTEMATICS: Artemicoccus unispinus is considered a junior synomym after a review of the type series of both species. (Danzig, et al., 2012)

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero 2014: 97-98 (female) [Key to Palaearctic species of Coccidohystrix]; Danzig et al. 2012: 237-238 (female) [Key to species of the genera Artemicoccus and Coccidohistrix]; Tang 1992: 385 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 385 (female) [as Artemicoccus unispinus; Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 225 (female) [as (Artemicoccus unispinus
; Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 225 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 308 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 308 (female) [as Artemicoccus unispinus; Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Balach1953o [taxonomy: 146, 147]; Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 89]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 44,45]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 309-311]; DanzigKaGa2012 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 237-238]; GavrilMa2014 [taxonomy: 97]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 385, 386]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 52]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-226].



Coccidohystrix burumandi Moghaddam {in}: Moghaddam & Alikhani

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidohystrix burumandi Moghaddam {in}: Moghaddam & Alikhani, 2009: 176. Type data: IRAN: Markazi Province, Arak, on leaves of Euphorbia sp.; collected M. Alikhani, 25.v.2009. Holotype female. Type depository: IRIP. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [MoghadAl2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [MoghadAl2009].

BIOLOGY: Found on upper surface of leaves (Moghaddam & Alikhani , 2009).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Moghaddam & Alikhani (2009).

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero 2014: 97-98 (female) [Key to Palaearctic species of Coccidohystrix].

CITATIONS: GavrilMa2014 [taxonomy: 98]; Moghad2013 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 18-19, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 64]; MoghadAl2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-179].



Coccidohystrix echinata (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia echinata Balachowsky, 1930a: 181. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes Maritimes, near Biot, on Fumana spachii. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype (designated in Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015): adult female, France, Alpes-Maritimes, Cap d’Antibes, on Fumana spachii, A. Balachowsky, 10.VII.1929, MNHN 5247-2;

Amonostherium echinatum; Balachowsky, 1932d: lxii. Change of combination.

Anomostherium echinatum; Balachowsky, 1932d: lxii. Misspelling of genus name.

Coccidohystrix echinata; Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2014: 97. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cistaceae: Fumana spachii [Balach1930a], Helianthemum [Balach1932d].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Balach1930a, Balach1932d, Foldi2001].

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant at sea dunes (Balachowsky, 1936c).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration given by Balachowsky (1936c).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1930a).

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body broadly oval, about 2 mm long. Antennae 7-segmented. Legs well developed, slender, without translucent pores. Claw with slight denticle. Anal apparatus complete, with inner row of pores, one (partly doubling) outer row of spinulae and 6 long setae. Multilocular pores few, forming transverse rows on V-VIII abdominal sternites. Quinquelocular pores forming transverse rows on abdominal sternites and sparsely scattered on sternites of cephalothorax. Trilocular pores scattered on all body surface and forming groups near spiracles. Simple tubular ducts slightly vary in size (they are similar in size or slightly shorter than large conical setae) scattered on all body surface. (Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015 indicated that this species is not related to the type species and other American species of the genus Amonostherium and they transferred it to Coccidohystrix, in view of the presence of groups of large dorsal conical setae, peculiar cylindrical setae, characteristic "bottle-shaped" simple tubular ducts as well as an absence of ostioles and real cerarii (with trilocular or quinquelocular pores).

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero 2014: 97-98 (female) [Key to Palaearctic species of Coccidohystrix].

CITATIONS: Balach1930a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-184]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; GavrilMa2014 [distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 97-99].



Coccidohystrix eleusines Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidohystrix eleusines Williams, 2004a: 116. Type data: PAKISTAN: Muzzafarabad, on Eleusine indica; collected 23.vii.1970. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Eleusine indica [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 116 (female) [Coccidohystrix species southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-118].



Coccidohystrix insolita (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus nivalis; Grandpré & Charmoy, 1899: 42. Misidentification; discovered by Mamet, 1949: 11.

Phenacoccus insolitus Green, 1908a: 26. Type data: INDIA: Bengal, Pusa, on Sida cordifolia. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 235. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Tylococcus insolitus; Brain, 1915: 95. Change of combination.

Centrococcus insolitus; Ferris, 1954a: 54. Change of combination.

Coccidohystrix insolita; De Lotto, 1969: 2. Change of combination.

Coccidohystrix insulata; Hodgson & Hardy, 2013: 797. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: eggplant mealybug [LitCa1994a, LitCaCa1998].



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Anoplolepis gracilipes [MooreWaBa2014], Dolichoderus bituberculatus [MooreWaBa2014], Solenopsis geminata [MooreWaBa2014].

FOES: Fungi: Metarhizium anisopliae [LitCaCa1998]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Anegleis cardoni (Weise) [Afroze2000], Hyperaspis maindronia [LitCaCa1998], Nephus regularis [LitCaCa1998]. FUNGI Clavicipitaceae: Metarhizium anisopliae [MooreWaBa2014]. HYMENOPTERA : Aprostocetus annulicornis [MooreWaBa2014]. Apheleinidae: Coccophagus pseudococci [MooreWaBa2014]. Encyrtidae: Adektitopus longipennis [MooreWaBa2014], Anagyrus gracilis [MooreWaBa2014], Apoleptomastix bicoloricornis [MooreWaBa2014], Blepyrus insularis [MooreWaBa2014], Gyranusoidea signata [MooreWaBa2014], Homalotylus albiclavatus [MooreWaBa2014], Homalotylus hemipterinus [MooreWaBa2014], Homalotylus indicus [MooreWaBa2014], Homalotylus turkmenicus [MooreWaBa2014], Leptomastix nigrocincta [MooreWaBa2014], Leptomastix nigrocoxalis [LitCaCa1998], Neocharitopus orientalis [MooreWaBa2014], Paranathrix tachikawai [MooreWaBa2014], Prochiloneurus albifuniculus [MooreWaBa2014], Prochiloneurus pulchellus [MooreWaBa2014]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus ajmerensis [MooreWaBa2014], Aprostocetus jaipurensis [MooreWaBa2014]. Pteromalidae: Catolaccus crassiceps [MooreWaBa2014]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus hyalipennis [MooreWaBa2014], Chartocerus kerrichi [MooreWaBa2014], Chartocerus kurdjumovi [MooreWaBa2014]. LEPIDOPTERA Lycaenidae: Spalgis epeus [LitCaCa1998].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae [Matile1984c], Adhatoda vascica [Ali1970a, Varshn1992], Anisotes trisolcus [Matile1988, BenDov1994], Barleria cristata [Varshn1992], Barleria cristata [Willia2004a], Erianthemum [Willia2004a], Justicia adhatoda [Willia2004a]. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes [Ramakr1930, Ali1970a, Varshn1992], Achyranthes aspera [Ali1970a, AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Lit1997a], Alternanthera sp. [MooreWaBa2014], Alternathera eriandra [Willia2004a], Gomphrena celosioides [LitCaCa1998], Gomphrena globosa [LitCaCa1998]. Apocynaceae: Tabernaemontana [Newste1911a, Willia1958, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Schismatoglottis [Willia2004a]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Aristolochiaceae: Aristolochia indica [Varshn1992, Willia2004a]. Asteraceae: Mikania [Lit1997a], Psiadia [Mamet1951], Psiadia altissima [Mamet1951, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium album [Varshn1992]. Cucurbitaceae: Momordica dioica [Varshn1992]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Willia2004a], Croton sparsiflorus [Ali1970a], Croton sparsiflorus [Varshn1992], Euphorbia pulcherrima [AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Cajanus [Ferris1954a, Tang1992], Cajanus cajan [LitCaCa1998, Willia2004a], Cajanus indicus [Green1922, Green1937, Afifi1968, Ali1970a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Crotalaria fulva [Mamet1950, BenDov1994], Dalbergia sissoo [Varshn1992], Strongylodon [Willia2004a], Tephrosia purpurea [Willia2004a]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [Ramakr1930, Ali1970a, Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Abutilon indicum [AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Hibiscus [Brain1915, MunroFo1936, Mamet1954, Willia1958, Willia2004a], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [DeLott1969, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Malachra capitata [Ali1970a, Varshn1992], Malvastrum coromandelianum [LitCaCa1998]. Menispermaceae: Cyclea [Ferris1954a, Tang1992, Willia2004a], Cyclea burmanni [Green1922, Green1937, Ali1970a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [Varshn1992], Morus alba [Varshn1992]. Poaceae: Oryza sativa [Willia2004a]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea robusta [Willia2004a]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia nicotiana [Willia2005], Cyphomandra betaceae [Willia2004a], Datura [Ali1970a, Varshn1992], Datura alba [LitCaCa1998], Datura fastuosa [Ali1970a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Datura metel [Varshn1992, LitCaCa1998], Datura stramonium [LitCaCa1998], Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaMa2005a], Nicotiana tabacum [LitCaCa1998], Physalis maxima [Ali1968, Varshn1992], Physalis peruviana [Green1937, Mamet1949, DeLott1964, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005a], Sida [Ramakr1930, Ali1970a, Lit1997a], Sida cordifolia [Green1908a, Green1922, Green1937, Mamet1949, Ferris1954a, Willia1958, Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Sida cordifolia [Ali1968, Willia2004a], Sida rhombifolia [James1934a, Willia1958, BenDov1994, LitCaCa1998, Willia2004a], Solanum [GrandpCh1899, Ferris1954a, DeLott1969, Tang1992, Lit1997a, LitCaCa1998], Solanum auriculatum [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Solanum biflorum [LitCaCa1998], Solanum giganteum [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Solanum hispidum [AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Solanum incanum [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Solanum indicum [Mamet1949, Mamet1954, BenDov1994], Solanum melongena [Green1922, Green1937, Mamet1949, Ali1970a, AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Lit1997a], Solanum nicotianum [Willia2004a], Solanum tuberosum [Mamet1949, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Solanum xanthocarpus [Willia2005], Withania somnifera [Ali1970a, Varshn1992, Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Dombeya [Mamet1954, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Triumfetta [Ramakr1930, Ali1970a, Varshn1992]. Zygophyllaceae: Tribulas [Ramakr1930, Ali1970a, Varshn1992, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Newste1911a, James1934a, DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Madagascar [Mamet1950, Mamet1951, Mamet1954, BenDov1994]; Rodriques Island [GrandpCh1899, Mamet1949, BenDov1994]; South Africa [Brain1915, MunroFo1936, DeLott1969, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]. Australasian: Guam [MooreWaBa2014]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Willia2004a]; India [Green1908a, Ferris1954a, Ali1970a, NurBrBe1987, GhoshGh1988AB, Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Andhra Pradesh [Willia2004a], Bihar [Ali1970a, AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Goa [Ali1970a, Varshn1992], Gujarat [Willia2004a], Haryana [Varshn1992], Karnataka [Willia2004a, Willia2005], Kerala [Ali1970a, Varshn1992], Madhya Pradesh [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Odisha [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Punjab [Ali1970a], Rajasthan [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, Willia2004a, SureshCh2008], Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, Willia2004a], West Bengal [Ali1970a, Varshn1992, Willia2004a]); Laos [Willia2004a]; Pakistan [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines (Luzon [LitCa1994a, Lit1997a, LitCaCa1998, Willia2004a], Mindanao [Lit1997a]); Singapore [MooreWaBa2014]; Sri Lanka [Green1922, Green1937, Ali1970a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a, Willia2005]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Ferris1954a, Ali1970a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Saudi Arabia [Matile1984c, Matile1988, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the leaves and stems of its host plant. Associated with Dolichoderus bituberculatus, Solenopsis geminata, Anaplolepis longipes.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1954a), De Lotto (1964), Avasthi & Shafee (1987), Ghosh, A. B. & Ghose (1988), Williams & Watson (1988a), Lit et al. (1998) and by Williams (2004a). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Afifi (1968).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Lit et al. (1998) and Moore, et al., 2014. 9-segmented; posterior ostioles present, anterior ostioles absent; cerarii on margins numbering 17 pairs, numerous dorsal cerarii present also, each cerarius consisting of 1-15 large conical setae situated on a sclerotized prominence, without any associated trilocular pores; legs well developed, each claw with a denticle present on plantar surface; circulus absent; anal lobes well developed, each with a sclerotized ventral bar; quinquelocular pores numerous on venter; multilocular disc pores numerous on venter of abdominal segments III-IX, a few also present on the venter of segments I and II and on the dorsum of segment VII; ventral oral collar ducts present on submargins of abdominal segments V-VIII; oral rim ducts absent entirely. (Moore, et al., 2014)

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero 2014: 97-98 (female) [Key to Palaearctic species of Coccidohystrix]; Danzig et al. 2012: 237-238 (female) [Key to species of the genera Artemicoccus and Coccidohistrix]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 116 (female) [Coccidohystrix species southern Asia]; Lit et al. 1998: 32 (female) [Philippines]; Tang 1992: 395 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, male, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-163]; Afroze2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 55-62]; Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 91]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-14]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 95, 96]; BoradBh1996 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 41-49]; BoradBh1996a [ecology, economic importance, biological control: 125-128]; BoradBh1997c [chemical control: 78-87]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-98]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 182]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 299]; DanzigKaGa2012 [taxonomy: 238]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 345]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy: 2]; Ferris1922b [taxonomy: 247]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54]; GavrilMa2014 [taxonomy: 98]; GhoshGh1988AB [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 817-824]; GrandpCh1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42, 43]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26, 27]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 390, 391]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 290]; HaqueGh2007 [biological control, chemical control: 209-211]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 62]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; James1934a [host, distribution: 272]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 389]; LitCaCa1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 32-38]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 11]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 21]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 223]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 10]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 223]; Matile1988 [host, distribution: 35]; Millar2002 [illustration: 212]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 47]; MooreWaBa2014 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 1-7]; MunroFo1936 [host, distribution: 96]; Newste1911a [illustration, host, distribution: 164]; NurBrBe1987 [taxonomy, distribution: 54]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy: 19]; PuttarCh1953a [biological control: 87-95]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 626-627]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 344]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; SureshCh2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 285-291]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 395]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 11]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 40, 41]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 224, 225]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-121]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 167]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 146]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35].



Coccidohystrix lubersaci (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Centrococcus lubersaci Balachowsky, 1953: 277. Type data: MOROCCO: Bled Gouttitir, on Artemisia herba-alba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Artemicoccus lubersaci; Balachowsky, 1953o: 146. Change of combination.

Coccidohystrix lubersaci Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2014: 97-98.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia herba-alba [Balach1953, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Morocco [Balach1953, Balach1953o, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1953).

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero 2014: 97-98 (female) [Key to Palaearctic species of Coccidohystrix]; Danzig et al. 2012: 237-238 (female) [Key to species of the genera Artemicoccus and Coccidohistrix].

CITATIONS: Balach1953 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 277-281]; Balach1953o [taxonomy: 146]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 44, 45]; DanzigKaGa2012 [taxonomy: 238]; GavrilMa2014 [taxonomy: 98].



Coccidohystrix madecassa (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Centrococcus madecassus Mamet, 1959a: 394. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Coccidohystrix madecassus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 96. Change of combination.

Coccidohystrix madecassa; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 411. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1959a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 96]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 394, 395].



Coccidohystrix maghribiensis Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidohystrix maghribiensis Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2014: 100-101. Type data: MOROCCO: Border of Sahara desert, 10 km South of Ouarzazate, oasis Fint, on undetermined dicotyledonous herb, 9/28/2013, by I. Gavrilov-Zimin. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: paratypes: 3 adult females with the same collecting data,



HOST: LAMIALES : Veronica? [GavrilMa2014].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Morocco [GavrilMa2014].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body broadly oval, about 2 mm long. Antennae 7-segmented. Legs well developed, slender, without translucent pores. Claw with a slight denticle. Anal apparatus complete, with inner row of pores, double outer row of spinulae and 6 long setae. Multilocular pores occasionally present on last abdominal tergite and forming transverse rows on five posterior abdominal sternites. Quinquelocular pores occasionally present on dorsum and scattered on all medial zone of ventrum. Trilocular (rarely 4-locular) pores present near spiracles only: 8-14 pores near each spiracle. Minute discoidal pores occasionally present on both body surfaces. Simple tubular ducts of three sizes; largest ones forming transverse rows on all tergites; medial and smaller ducts forming together transverse rows on abdominal sternites and present in small number on sternites of cephalothorax. Most of large conical setae present in mamelons in transverse rows on most tergites; each mamelon includes 2-5 conical setae; singular conical setae, similar in size with conical setae in mamelons or smaller also present on dorsum. Minute, almost cylindrical setae scattered on dorsum and grouping around each mamelon. (Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: This species as well as C monicae differs from all other species of Coccidohystrix in the presence of very few trilocular pores, which can be found near spiracles only. C. maghribiensis can be distinguished from C> monicae by the numerous mamelons, scattered on the dorsum and the very small dorsal setae instead of the long cylindrical setae seen on C. monicae. (Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015)

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero 2014: 97-98 (female) [Key to Palaearctic species of Coccidohystrix].

CITATIONS: GavrilMa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 97-98, 100-101].



Coccidohystrix monicae Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidohystrix monicae Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2014: 100, 102, 104. Type data: TUNISIA: Kairouan, km 8, road from Ousseltia to Haffouz, on roots of Paronychia sp., 4/7/1979, by D. Matile-Ferrero. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Caryophyllaceae: Paronychia sp. [GavrilMa2014]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tunisia [GavrilMa2014].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Body broadly oval, about 2 mm long. Antennae 7-segmented. Legs well developed, slender, without translucent pores. Claw with slight denticle. Anal apparatus complete, with inner row of pores, one outer row of spinulae and six long setae. (Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: This species differs from all other species of Coccidohystrix except C. maghribiensis in having very few trilocular pores, which can be found near spiracles only. It differs from C. maghribiensis, by having a small number of conical setae, which are located along body margin only and are not grouped in mamelons. (Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015)

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero 2014: 97-98 (female) [Key to Palaearctic species of Coccidohystrix].

CITATIONS: GavrilMa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 97-98,100,102,104].



Coccidohystrix samui Kozár & Konczne Benedicty

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidohystrix samui Kozár & Konczne Benedicty, 1997: 252. Type data: HUNGARY: Budapest (Sas-hegy), in plant community: Pulsatillo-Festucetum rupicolae, 17 April 1997; coll. F. Samu and Cs. Szinetar. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 20. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KozarKo1997, KozarKiSa2004].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kozár & Konczne Benedicty (1997).

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero 2014: 97-98 (female) [Key to Palaearctic species of Coccidohystrix]; Kozar & Konczne 1997: 254 (female) [Palearctic].

CITATIONS: GavrilMa2014 [taxonomy: 98]; Kaydan2015 [distribution, host, molecular data: 205]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKo1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 251-255].



Coccidohystrix splendens (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Echinococcus echinatus Balachowsky, 1936c: 157. Type data: MOROCCO: at sea dunes near Agadir, on the roots of an undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Coccidohystrix echinata (Balachowsky, 1930).

Coccidohystrix echinatum; Lindinger, 1943b: 219. Change of combination.

Echinococcus splendens Goux, 1946: 26. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, Madrague de Montredon, on Cistus albidus. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Centrococcus echinatus; Borchsenius, 1948a: 953. Change of combination.

Centrococcus splendens; Balachowsky, 1953o: 146. Change of combination.

Coccidohystrix splendens; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.

Coccidohystrix splendens Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2014: 97. Replacement name for Coccidohystrix echinata (Balachowsky, 1936).



HOST: Lamiaceae: Cistus albidus [Goux1946, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1946, BenDov1994]; Germany [Schmut1956b]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Morocco [Balach1936c, Foldi2001].

BIOLOGY: Living on the leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1946). Redescription and illustration in Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body elongate-oval, about 2 mm long. Antennae 8-9-segmented. Legs well developed, slender, without translucent pores. Claw with a slight denticle. Anal apparatus complete, with inner row of pores, one outer row of spinulae and six setae, which are slightly longer than diameter of anal ring. Multilocular pores absent. (Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: The females of C. splendens (Goux) differ from C. echinata (Balachowsky, 1936), in having a smaller number of antennal segments (8 instead of 9). However, since the number of antennal segments is one of the most variable characters of mealybugs and it always varies in large series of females. Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero onsider C. splendens as a junior synonym of C. echinata, but use it as a substitute name for Coccidohystrix echinata (Balachowsky, 1936) which is a junior secondary homonym of C. echinata (Balachowsky, 1930).

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero 2014: 97-98 (female) [Key to Palaearctic species of Coccidohystrix]; Danzig et al. 2012: 237-238 (female) [Key to species of the genera Artemicoccus and Coccidohistrix]; Kozar & Konczne 1997: 254 (female) [Palearctic]; Kozar & Konczne 1997: 254 (female) [Palearctic].

CITATIONS: Balach1936c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-160]; Balach1953o [taxonomy: 146]; Balach1953o [taxonomy: 146]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 96]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy: 953]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy: 307]; DanzigKaGa2012 [taxonomy: 238]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; GavrilMa2014 [distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 97-98, 103-104]; Goux1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 334-340]; KozarKo1997 [taxonomy: 254]; KozarKo1997 [taxonomy: 254]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 219]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Schmut1956b [host, distribution: 66].



Coccidohystrix zangherii Kozár & Pellizzari Scaltriti

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidohystrix zangherii Kozár & Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1989a: 507. Type data: ITALY: Campo Imperatore, Fonte Vetica, on Juniperus nana. Holotype female. Type depository: IEPI. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus nana [KozarPe1989a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [KozarPe1989a, LongoMaPe1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kozár & Pellizzari Scaltriti (1989a).

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin & Matile-Ferrero 2014: 97-98 (female) [Key to Palaearctic species of Coccidohystrix]; Danzig et al. 2012: 237-238 (female) [Key to species of the genera Artemicoccus and Coccidohistrix]; Kozar & Konczne 1997: 254 (female) [Palearctic].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 96]; DanzigKaGa2012 [taxonomy: 238]; GavrilMa2014 [taxonomy: 98]; KozarKo1997 [taxonomy: 254]; KozarPe1989a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 507-510]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118].



Coccura Šulc

NOMENCLATURE:

Tetrura Lichtenstein, 1882a: 124. Type species: Coccus rubi Schrank, by original designation. Homonym of Tetrura Lesson, 1844 in Aves. Notes: The nominal type species was a misidentification of Coccus comari Kunow.

Tetruria; Ashmead, 1891: 97. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Mis-spelling of Tetrura.

Coccura Šulc, 1908a: 64. Replacement name for Tetrura Lichtenstein, 1882a. Notes: Sulc designated the type species Coccus rubi Schrank, as a misidentification of Coccus comari Kunow, 1880.

Rosanococcus Kanda, 1934: 311. Type species: Phenacoccus suwakoensis Kwana and Toyoda, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1958: 3. Notes: A subjective synonym of Coccura.

Hemisphaerococcus Borchsenius, 1934: 12. Nomen nudum.

Mediococcus Kiritchenko, 1936a: 144. Type species: Mediococcus circumscriptus Kiritchenko, by monotypy. Synonymy by Danzig, 1982a: 141. Notes: A subjective synonym of Coccura.

Calyptococcus Borchsenius, 1948a: 956. Type species: Calyptococcus desertus Borchsenius, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 185.

Cocura; Nur et al., 1987. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1948a), Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014, considered the montypic genus Calyptococcus as a junior synonym of Coccurs because its type speies, Calyptococcus was placed here under synonymy with Coccura suwakoensis. This last species was used as a type for the monotypic genus Rosanococcus, but this genus was synonymised with Coccura by Takahashi (1958).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 183-185 (female) [Key to general of Phenacoccinae]; Tang 1992: 439 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Wang 1982TC: 21 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 135-137 (female) [Far East Russia]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 39 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 89 (female) [as Calyptococcus; Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 89 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 300 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 97]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 31,67,95,97,226,477]; Borchs1934 [taxonomy: 12]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy, description: 956]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 299-300, 304-306]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 61, 109, 135-137]; Danzig1982a [taxonomy, description: 141]; DanzigGa2014 [description, taxonomy: 185-187]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 94]; Kanda1934 [taxonomy, description: 311]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 96-97]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 90]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy: 106]; Lichte1882a [taxonomy, description: 124]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 28,41,117,177,194-19]; NurBrBe1987 [distribution: 54]; Sulc1908a [taxonomy, description: 63-67]; Takaha1958 [taxonomy: 3]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 418-419,438-439]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 12]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 173-175]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 220]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68].



Coccura circumscripta (Kiritchenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Mediococcus circumscriptus Kiritchenko, 1936a: 144. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Chodzhent District, Mongol-tau, on Athraphaxis pyrifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Coccura transcaspica Borchsenius, 1949: 304. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: on Atraphaxis sp.. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2012: 647.

Coccura circumscripta; Danzig, 1982a: 141. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Polygonaceae: Atraphaxis [Borchs1949, Danzig1972b, Danzig1982a], Atraphaxis pyrifolia [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Atraphaxis spinosa [TerGri1962, TerGri1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan' ASSR [TerGri1973]); Mongolia [Danzig1972b, Danzig1982a, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a]; Turkmenistan [Kiritc1936a, Borchs1949, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Uzbekistan (Fergana Oblast [Borchs1949, TerGri1962, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the branches of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kiritchenko (1936a)and by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Ter-Grigorian (1962).Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female. Body dark brown, reaching 2.2 mm in length. Antenna 9-segmented. Anal opening slightly distant from posterior margin of body. Anal ring with 2 incomplete rows of pores. Ostioles poorly developed, without pores and setae. Quinquelocular pores single on thorax, concentrated near spiracles. Bottle-shaped glands present only on ventral surface of body. (Danzig, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

KEYS: Danzig 2012: 642-643 [A key to the species of Coccura]; Tang 1992: 439 (female) [as Coccura transcaspica; Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Borchsenius 1949: 300 (female) [as Coccura transcaspica; Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 99,305]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 303-305]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 333]; Danzig1982a [host, distribution: 141]; Danzig2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 647-648]; Kaydan2015 [distribution, host, molecular data: 205]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 33]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-146]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 443,503,504]; TerGri1962 [description, host, distribution: 130]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-224]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 270, 300].



Coccura comari (Kunow)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus comari Kunow, 1880: 46. Type data: GERMANY: Damhof, near Koenigsberg, on Comarum palustre. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost.

Tetrura rubi Lichtenstein, 1882e: 275. Type data: FRANCE: Montpellier, on Rubus discolor. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Sulc, 1908a: 64.

Phenacoccus comari; Cockerell, 1897p: 589. Change of combination.

Coccura comari; Šulc, 1908a: 64. Change of combination.

Phaenacoccus comari; Kiritchenko, 1932a: 261. Misspelling of genus name.

Phenacoccus (Tetrura) rubi; Goux, 1933: 235. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus gavalovi Borchsenius, 1936: 105. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Sadgevaho and Nigusiana, on roots of Rubus caesius. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 300.

COMMON NAME: Kunow's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Crassulaceae: Sedum [TerGri1973, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Alchemilla [KosztaKo1988F], Alchemilla sericata [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Comarum [Borchs1949, TerGri1973, Terezn1975, Danzig1978a, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Comarum palustre [Kunow1880, Fernal1903b, Sulc1908a, BenDovMa1989, BenDov1994], Fragaria [KosztaKo1988F], Fragaria vesca [Schmut1952a, BenDov1994], Malus [Tang1984b], Potentilla [KosztaKo1988F], Potentilla anserina [Mateso1968a, BenDov1994], Potentilla argentae [Mateso1968a, BenDov1994], Potentilla reptans [Ossian1985, BenDov1994], Pyrus malus [Tang1984c, BenDov1994], Rosa [Danzig1978a, KosztaKo1988F, Gavril2010], Rosa acicularis [Danzig1978a], Rosa spinosissima [Mateso1968a, BenDov1994], Rubus [Lindin1912b, Borchs1934, Borchs1937, Borchs1949, Danzig1964, Danzig1978a, KotejaZaEl1978, Kozar1983a], Rubus caesius [Borchs1936, Borchs1937a, Borchs1949, Danzig1959, BenDovMa1989, KozarGuBa1994, BenDov1994], Rubus chamaemorus [Vikber1985], Rubus crataegifolius [KwonDaPa2003], Rubus discolor [Lichte1882a, Lichte1882e, BenDovMa1989, BenDov1994], Rubus fructicosus [Goux1933a, Kiritc1940, SampoOl1977, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Rubus idaeus [Danzig1959, LongoRu1990, BenDov1994], Rubus saxatilis [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Sanguisorba [Borchs1949, Danzig1964, TerGri1973, Terezn1975, Danzig1978a, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973]; Austria [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [Gavril2010]; China (Gansu (=Kansu) [Tang1984b, BenDov1994]); Czech Republic [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Finland [Vikber1985]; France [Lichte1882a, Lichte1882e, Goux1933a, BenDovMa1989, BenDov1994, Foldi2001, GavrilMa2008]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1934, Borchs1936, Borchs1937, Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Germany [Kunow1880, Sulc1908a, Borchs1937a, Danzig1978a, Schmut1980, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [SampoOl1977, Marott1987a, LongoRu1990, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Latvia [Rasina1955, Terezn1975]; Poland [Koteja1974b, KotejaZaEl1978, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Russia (Bashkortostan (=Bashkir) Aut. Oblast [Borchs1949], Kaliningrad Oblast [Kunow1880, BenDovMa1989, BenDov1994], Lipestsk Oblast [Gavril2003a], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]); South Korea [new]; Sweden [Ossian1985, BenDov1994, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994, BenDov1994]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994] [Masten2007].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the root crowns of its host plants. Life history, natural enemies and associated ant discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1989). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Sampo & Olmi (1977), Vikberg (1985), Tang (1992) and by Kwon et al. (2003).

STRUCTURE: Female. Body pink, reaching 4 mm in length. Quinquelocular pores situated on thorax and abdomen. Bottle-shaped glands numerous on ventral surface of body and forming narrow stripe along margin of dorsal surface. (Danzig, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Biological control discussed by Sampo & Olmi (1977).

KEYS: Danzig 2012: 642-643 [A key to the species of Coccura]; Tang 1992: 439 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Borchsenius 1949: 300 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 97]; BenDovMa1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-171]; Borchs1934 [host, distribution: 12]; Borchs1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-108]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51]; Borchs1937a [host, distribution: 173]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 300, 301]; Cocker1897p [taxonomy: 589]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 445]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 631]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 73]; Danzig2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, structure, taxonomy: 644-646]; DanzigGa2014 [illustration: 13]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 91]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 109]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 526]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 36]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 235]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 261]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 120]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control, life history: 92-93]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73, 98]; KotejaZaEl1978 [host, distribution: 502]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 142]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; Kunow1880 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 46, 47]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-107]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 33]; Lichte1882a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 124]; Lichte1882e [taxonomy, host, distribution: lxxv]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 297, 298]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; LongoRu1990 [host, distribution: 114]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 145]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 69]; SampoOl1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 91-94]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 50]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Sulc1908a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65-67]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 125]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 439, 440]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175, 176]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220-222]; Vikber1985 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 161]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 17].



Coccura convexa Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccura convexa Borchsenius, 1949: 302. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on Artemisia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 138. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Borchs1949, Danzig1977a, BenDov1994], Artemisia prope obtusiloba [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994], Filifolium sibiricum [Danzig1984a, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Eurotia [Danzig1982a, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Spiraea salicifolia [TangLi1988, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]); Mongolia [Danzig1972b, Danzig1977a, Danzig1980b, Danzig1982a, Danzig1984, BenDov1994]; North Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Borchs1949, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1980b) and by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female. Body orange, reaching 3.5 mm in length. Antenna 8- or, less frequently, 9-segmented. Quinquelocular pores situated on thorax and abdomen. Bottle-shaped glands numerous on ventral surface of body; arranged in narrow stripe along margin of body on dorsal surface. (Danzig, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: The species is very similar to C. comari. (Danzig, 2012)

KEYS: Danzig 2012: 642-643 [A key to the species of Coccura]; Tang 1992: 439 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Borchsenius 1949: 300 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 98]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 302-304]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 333]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 197]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 138, 139]; Danzig1982a [host, distribution: 141]; Danzig1984a [host, distribution: 33]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 106-107]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 442, 443]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12].



Coccura desertus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Calyptococcus desertus Borchsenius, 1948a: 956. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Melnikov, on Artemisia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Coccura desertus; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 185. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Borchs1948a, Borchs1949, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1948a, Borchs1949, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 67]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 956]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 306-307]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 67].



Coccura suwakoensis (Kuwana & Toyoda)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus suwakoensis Kuwana & Toyoda, 1915: 443. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu Island, Yamanshi and Nagano, on Cydonia vulgaris and on Osmanthus frograns. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Rosanococcus suwakoensis; Kanda, 1934: 311. Change of combination.

Hemisphaericoccus ussuri Maslovskii, 1935: 171. Nomen nudum; discovered by Danzig, 1980: 137.

Phenacoccus ussuriensis Borchsenius, 1936: 108. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, on plum tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 137. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980: 137.

Hemisphaerococcus ussuriensis Kiritshenko, 1940a: 188. Nomen nudum; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949: 302.

Coccura ussuriensis Borchsenius, 1949: 302. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccus prodigialis Ferris, 1950: 9. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Kunming, on Prunus mume. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2012: 643.

Coccura suwakoensis; Danzig, 1980b: 137. Change of combination.

Cocura swoakoensis; Nur et al., 1987: 54. Misspelling of genus and species names.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Kalopanax septemlobum [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Berberidaceae: Berberis wilsoniana [Ferris1950, BenDov1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera [Borchs1949, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Maackia amurensis [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Fraxinus mandshurica [Tang1984b, BenDov1994], Osmanthus [KuwanaTo1915, BenDov1994], Osmanthus frograns [KuwanaTo1915, BenDov1994], Syringa [Borchs1936], Syringa amurensis [Borchs1949, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Borchs1936, Borchs1949, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Cydonia vulgaris [KuwanaTo1915, BenDov1994], Malus [Borchs1949], Malus asiatica [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Malus manshurica [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Padus [Borchs1949], Padus maackii [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Prunus [Borchs1936, BenDov1994], Prunus mume [Ferris1950, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994], Pyrus [Borchs1936, BenDov1994], Rosa [Borchs1949], Rubus crataegifolius [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sorbaria sorbifolia [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Spiraea salicifolia [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Danzig1980b]). Palaearctic: China [Ferris1950, Tang1984b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]); Japan (Hokkaido [KuwanaTo1915, Danzig1980b, Kawai1980, NurBrBe1987, BenDov1994]); North Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003]; Russia (Caucasus [Borchs1936], Primor'ye Kray [Borchs1949, Koteja1974b, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the branches and stems of the host plant. Occurring near the tips of the twigs. Unfertilized females overwinter on the basal part of a trunk and in cracks of the bark. The overwintered insects pass onto branches in spring. The emergence of larvae lasts from July (mass) to September. (Danzig, 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kanda (1934), Danzig (1980b) and by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950).

STRUCTURE: Body crimson, length exceeding 6 mm. Antenna 9-segmented. Quinquelocular pores very scanty on thorax and abdomen. (Danzig, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439514 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: In forests, only single individuals of this species usually occur, while in the ornamental plantings, these insects reach great abundance and damage lilacs and ashtrees, causing drying of the leaves, shoots, and branches and pollution of the plants with honeydew. (Danzig, 2012)

KEYS: Danzig 2012: 642-643 [A key to the species of Coccura]; Tang 1992: 439 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Borchsenius 1949: 300 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 98,99,338-339]; Borchs1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108, 109]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 301-302]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 300]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137, 138]; Danzig2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, structure, taxonomy: 643]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9, 24]; Kanda1934 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 311-312]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 6]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 96, 97]; Kiritc1940a [p. 188]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; KuwanaTo1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 443-446]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 107-108]; NurBrBe1987 [distribution: 54]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 125]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 440, 441]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59, 60]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12,23]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66].



Cucullococcus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Cucullococcus Ferris, 1941b: 25. Type species: Cucullococcus vaccinii Ferris, by monotypy and original designation.

Lusitanococcus Neves, 1954: 238. Type species: Lusitanococcus arrabidensis Neves, by monotypy. Synonymy by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 112.

Cuculiococcus; Tang, 1992: 588. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1953a), Neves (1954), Gomez-Menor Ortega (1957), McKenzie (1967) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 588 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 282 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 110, 216]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 312]; GomezM1957 [taxonomy, description: 72]; MarottFr2001 [taxonomy: 127-131]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description : 134]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 52, 112]; Neves1954 [taxonomy, description: 238-239]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 589].



Cucullococcus arrabidensis (Neves)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lusitanococcus arrabidensis Neves, 1954: 240. Type data: PORTUGAL: Serra da Arrabida, Formozinho, on Erica arborea and E. lusitanica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal. Described: female. Illust.

Cucullococcus arabidensis; Martin, 1985: 91. Misspelling of species name.

Cuculiococcus arrabidensis; Tang, 1992: 589. Change of combination.

Cuculiococcus arrabidensis; Tang, 1992: 589. Misspelling of genus name.



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Erica arborea [Neves1954, BenDov1994], Erica ciliaris [GomezM1957, BenDov1994], Erica lusitanica [Neves1954, BenDov1994], Erica terminalis [Tang1992], Erica umbellata [GomezM1957, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Portugal [Neves1954, BenDov1994]; Spain [GomezM1957, Martin1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Neves (1954) and by Gomez-Menor Ortega (1957). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 216]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 18,25]; GomezM1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-78]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 202]; MarottFr2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 127-131]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 91]; Neves1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-244, 252]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 589].



Cucullococcus vaccinii Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Cucullococcus vaccinii Ferris, 1941b: 25. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Siskiyou County, on Vaccinium mebranaceum. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: bilberry mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Vaccinium mebranaceum [Ferris1941b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Vaccinium parvifolium [Ferris1941b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1941b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the small twigs of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1941, 1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 134 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 110]; Ferris1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-28]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 312-313]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134, 135].



Dawa Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dawa Williams, 1985: 105. Type species: Dawa karrinyupae Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 112]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 105].



Dawa karrinyupae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dawa karrinyupae Williams, 1985: 105. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Karrinyup, on Gompholobium tomentosum. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Daviesia squarrosa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Gompholobium tomentosum [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 112]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-107].



Eastia De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Eastia De Lotto, 1964: 350. Type species: Eastia jouberti De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 147]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description: 350]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195].



Eastia jouberti De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Eastia jouberti De Lotto, 1964: 350. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: East London, on Podocarpus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 147]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 350, 351]; Millar2002 [illustration: 210].



Erimococcus Ezzat

NOMENCLATURE:

Erimococcus Ezzat, 1966a: 169. Type species: Phenacoccus limoniastri Priesner and Hosny, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ezzat (1966a). Redescription in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Female covered with white powdery wax. Ovisac woolly, white. Antennae 8 or 9 segmented. Eyes oval, on a small basal cone. Labium 3 segmented, longer than wide. Posterior spiracles always larger than anterior spiracles. Circulus present, lying between abdominal segments III and IV. Legs well developed, claw with a denticle; tarsal digitules hair-like, not capitate; claw digitules knobbed, claw digitules broader than tarsal digitules. Both pairs of ostioles well developed; anterior ostioles usually more weakly developed than posterior pair. Anal lobes well developed. Anal ring oval, with 1 inner row of pores and 1 or 2 outer rows of pores and 6 setae. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Erimococcus can be recognised by the absence of a full set of cerarii and the presence of clusters or groupings of oral collar tubular ducts, each cluster with one to three ducts of two sizes. (Kaydan, 2015)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 209 (female) [Key to the genera of the Peliococcus species-group].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 148]; Ezzat1966a [taxonomy, description: 169-170]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 209-211].



Erimococcus kimmericus (Kiritshenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus zillae; Archangelskaya, 1937: 129. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949.

Phenacoccus kimmericus Kiritshenko, 1940a: 189. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym, Partenit-Tuac, on Astragalus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 128. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Peliococcus kimmericus; Borchsenius, 1949: 247. Change of combination.

Peliococcus pseudozillae Borchsenius, 1949: 248. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Tyan-Shan and UZBEKISTAN: Samarkand, on Phlomis sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 128. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 128.

Peliococcus bitubulatus Borchsenius, 1949: 251. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Mikoyan district and ARMENIA: Megri, on Artemisia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 128. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 128.

Peliococcus mesasiaticus Borchsenius & Kozarzhevskaya, 1966: 40. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Tsulki Geok-Tepinskogo Region, on Zygophyllum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 128.

Peliococcus butibulatus; Bazarov, 1971b: 91. Misspelling of species name.

Peliococcus xerophylus Bazarov, 1971b: 92. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Kugitang, on grapevine. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 128.

Peliococcus pesudozillae; Tang, 1992: 514. Misspelling of species name.

Phenacoccus kimmericus; Tang, 1992: 540. Revived combination.

Spinococcus bitubulatus; Tang, 1992: 557. Change of combination.

Peliococcus bitubulatus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 292. Revived combination.

Peliococcus kimmericus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 294. Revived combination.

Peliococcus xerophilus; Danzig, 2001: 128. Misspelling of species name.

Peliococcus ilamicus Moghaddam, 2013: 39-40, 41. Type data: IRAN: Ilam, Meymeh, on Daphne angustifalia, 10/3/2005, by M. Moghaddam. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Tehran: Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Iran. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kaydan, 2015: 210.

Erimococcus kimmericus; Kaydan, 2015: 209. Change of combination.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Nephus bipunctatus Kugelann [FallahShOs2006a]. HYMENOPRTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus matritensis (Mercet) [Moghad2013], Tetracnemus peliococci Myartseva [FallahAbSa2014, FallahJaAb2014]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus orbitalis (Ruschka) [FallahShOs2006], Cheiloneurus kollari (Mayr) [FallahShOs2006], Cheiloneurus paralia (Walker) [FallahShOs2006], Leptomastix histrio Mayr [FallahShOs2006].

HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Noaea sp. [Moghad2013a]. Asteraceae: Artemisia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig2001], Centaurea [Danzig2001]. Berberidaceae: Berberis vulgare [Danzig2001]. Chenopodiacaea: Salsola dendroides [FallahJaAb2014]. Fabaceae: Astragalus [Borchs1949, Matile1988, BenDov1994], Glycyrrhiza [Danzig2001], Prosopis stephaniana [Moghad2013]. Moraceae: Morus alba [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig2001], Morus nigra [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig2001]. Poaceae: Phlomis [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig2001]. Rutaceae: Haplophyllum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Haplophyllum atriplicoides [Danzig2001]. Solanaceae: Lycium ruthenicum [Danzig2001]. Thymelaeaceae: Daphne angustifalia [Moghad2013]. Umbelliferae: Cuminum cyminus [KaydanUlEr2007]. Vitaceae: Ampelopsis vitifolia [Danzig2001], Vitis [Bazaro1971b, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum [BorchsKo1966, BenDov1994], Zygophyllum atriplicoides [FallahJaAb2014].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Danzig1972c, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009, Moghad2013]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Saudi Arabia [Matile1988, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [BorchsKo1966, Bazaro1971b, BenDov1994]; Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1940a, BenDov1994]); Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius & Kozarzhevskaya (1966), Bazarov (1971b), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (2001).Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).Detailed description and illustration in Moghaddam, 2013.

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus ilamicus is similar to P. kimmericus (Kiritshenko) in having: (i) presence of ostioles and circulus, (ii) large and small types of oral collar tubular ducts clearly associated together, and (iii) 18 pairs of cerarii. However, P. ilamicus differs from P. kimmericus in possessing (character states on P. kimmericus in brackets) (i) associations of large and small types of tubular ducts on margins and submargins of dorsal abdominal segments I-V, thorax and head, and across dorsal abdominal segments VI and VII (across of dorsal abdominal segments and thorax only), and (ii) absence of an anal lobe bar (present but only slightly sclerotized). P. ilamicus is also similar to P. tritubulatus (Kiritshenko) in having: (i) ostioles, circulus, (ii) absence of dorsal multilocular disc pores, (iii) large and small types of oral collar tubular ducts clearly associated together. But, P. ilamicus differs from P. tritubulatus in possessing (character states on P. tritubulatus in brackets) (i) associations of 1 large type and a single small type of ducts (associations of 133, mainly 2 large and a single small type of ducts). (Moghaddam, 2013) In Kaydan, 2014, he concluded that these small differences in the distribution of the dorsal clusters tubular ducts between P. ilamicus and P. kimmericus should be considered geographic and within the intraspecific variability of P. kimmericus, which is a widely distributed and highly polymorphic species. Therefore, he considered P. ilamicus to be a synonym of Peliococcus kimmericus Kiritshenko (previously in Peliococcus and now in Erimococcus).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 210 (female) [Key to species of Erimococcus]; Moghaddam 2013: 39 (female) [as Peliococcus kimmericus; Key to species of Peliococcus Borchsenius in Iran]; Moghaddam 2013: 39 (female) [as Peliococcus ilamicus; Key to species of [Peliococcus] Borchsenius in Iran]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [as Peliococcus kimmericus; Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 555 (female) [as Spinococcus bitubulatus; China]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [as Phenacoccus kimmericus; China]; Tang 1992: 514 (female) [as Peliococcus pseudozillae; China]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [as Peliococcus kimmericus; China]; Tereznikova 1975: 201 (female) [as Peliococcus kimmericus; Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [as Peliococcus kimmericus; Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 176 (female) [as Peliococcus kimmericus; Armenia]; Bazarov 1971b: 91 (female) [as Peliococcus xerophylus; Central Asia]; Bazarov 1971b: 91 (female) [as Peliococcus butibulatus; Central Asia]; Bazarov 1971b: 91 (female) [Central Asia]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 129-130]; Bazaro1971b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-93]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 292, 294-295, 297,]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 247-249, 251-253]; BorchsKo1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-40]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 138]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 581]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-129]; FallahJaAb2014 [biological control, host: 515]; FallahShOs2006 [host, distribution, biological control: 97-98]; FallahShOs2006a [host, distribution, biological control: 95-96]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 209]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution: 3]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 379]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; Kiritc1940a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-190]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Matile1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26-28]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 22]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 39-43, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 67]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 293]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 518, 520-521, 526]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-184]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 122, 127, 136, 138,].



Erimococcus limoniastri (Priesner & Hosny)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus limoniastri Priesner & Hosny, 1935: 112. Type data: EGYPT: Mersa Matrouh, on Limoniastrum monopetalus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: CMAE. Described: female. Illust.

Erimococcus limoniastri; Ezzat, 1966a: 170. Change of combination.

Spinococcus limoniastri; Tang, 1992: 561. Change of combination.

Erimococcus limoniastri; Kaydan, 2015: 210. Revived combination.



HOST: Plumbaginaceae: Limoniastrum monopetalus [PriesnHo1935, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [PriesnHo1935, Ezzat1966a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Priesner & Hosny (1935) and by Ezzat (1966a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 210 (female) [Key to species of Erimococcus]; Kaydan 2011: 210 (female) [Key to species of Erimococcus]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [as Spinococcus limoniastri; China].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1357]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 148,149]; Ezzat1966a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-173]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; PriesnHo1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-114]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 561].



Erimococcus montanus (Bazarov & Babaeva)

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus montanus Bazarov & Babaeva, 1981: 323. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Gissarsk Ridge, on Astragalus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Erimococcus montanus; Kaydan, 2015: 209. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Astragalus [BazaroBa1981, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [BazaroBa1981, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov & Babaeva (1981) and by Danzig (2001). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 210 (female) [Key to species of Erimococcus]; Tang 1992: 514 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BazaroBa1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323-325]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 295]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128, 130]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 209]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 519-520].



Erimococcus multitubulatus (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus multitubulatus Danzig, 1980: 33. Type data: MONGOLIA: Vostochni Aimak, Matad, host plant not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Spinococcus multitubulatus; Tang, 1992: 565. Change of combination.

Erimococcus multitubulatus; Kaydan, 2015: 209. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1980, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992) and by Danzig (2001).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 210 (female) [Key to species of Erimococcus]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [as Peliococcus multitubulatus; Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 555 (female) [as Spinococcus multitubulatus; China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 295-296]; Danzig1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-33]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133, 135]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 209]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 565].



Erimococcus ozani Kaydan

NOMENCLATURE:

Erimococcus ozani Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 397. Type data: TURKEY: Iđdýr-Aralýk-Nahcivan road, N: 39°57’348’’, E:044°07’460’’, 853 m, on Suaeda sp., 6/12/2007, by M.B. Kaydan. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Turkey: Kaydan's Personal Collection. Described: female. Illust. Unavailable name.

Erimococcus ozani Kaydan, 2015: 210-212.



HOST: Amaranthaceae: Suaeda sp. [Kaydan2014]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Kaydan2015].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 1.54–1.64 mm long, 0.88–0.98 mm wide. Eye marginal. Antenna 8 segmented. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: E. ozani is closest to E. limoniastri and E. talhouki in having: (i) few cerarii, and (ii) pairs of oral collar tubular ducts on the dorsum, each pair with 1 large and 1 small duct. However, E. ozani can be readily distinguished from these and all other species in the genus in lacking: (i) multilocular disc pores on the dorsum (as in E. multitubulatus); and (ii) quinquelocular pores on the venter. (Kaydan, 2014) Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014 used the name "Erimococcus ozani" before it was made available in Kaydan, 2015. According to Article 16 (specifically 16.1 and 16.4) of the ICZN (1999), this name must be considered unavailable from their work.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 210 (female) [Key to species of Erimococcus].

CITATIONS: Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, phylogenetics, structure, taxonomy: 210-212].



Erimococcus salviae (Hadzibejli)

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus salviae Hadzibejli, 1963: 425. Type data: GEORGIA: on Salvia verticillata. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female. Illust.

Erimococcus salviae; Kaydan, 2015: 209. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Carduus sp. [KaydanKo2010a]. Boraginaceae [KaydanKo2010a]. Brassicaceae [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]. Lamiaceae: Phlomis sp. [KaydanKo2010a], Salvia verticillata [Hadzib1963, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1963, BenDov1994]); Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1963) and by Danzig (2001).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 210 (female) [Key to species of Erimococcus]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 297-298]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128, 131]; Hadzib1963 [taxonomy, description, illusrtation, host, distribution: 425-427]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 209]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 35]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100].



Erimococcus talhouki (Matile-Ferrero)

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus talhouki Matile-Ferrero, 1984c: 225. Type data: SAUDI ARABIA: Riyadh, on Prosopis farcta. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus tahouki; Tang, 1992: 523. Misspelling of species name.

Erimococcus talhouki; Kaydan, 2015: 209. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Prosopis farcata [Matile1984c, BenDov1994], Prosopis stephaniana [Moghad2013]. Moraceae: Morus alba [Moghad2013].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Saudi Arabia [Matile1984c, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1984c). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kaydan 2014: 210 (female) [Key to species of Erimococcus]; Moghaddam 2013: 39 (female) [as Peliococcus talhouki; Key to species of Peliococcus Borchsenius in Iran]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [as Peliococcus talhouki; China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 299]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 210]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Matile1984c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-227]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 22]; Moghad2013 [distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 43-44, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 67]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 523].



Eriocorys De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriocorys De Lotto, 1967: 1. Type species: Eriocorys hystrix De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1967).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 149]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description: 1-2]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233].



Eriocorys hystrix De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriocorys hystrix De Lotto, 1967: 2. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Middelburg, on Nestlera humilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Nestlera humilis [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 149]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2, 3]; Millar2002 [illustration: 211].



Fonscolombia Lichtenstein

NOMENCLATURE:

Fonscolombia Lichtenstein, 1877b: 35. Type species: Fonscolombia graminis Lichtenstein. Notes: Type species proposed by Ben-Dov and Matile-Ferrero (1989b).

Fonscolombea Lindinger, 1908: 94. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 79.

Conicoccus Goux, 1994: 41. Type species: Conicoccus montrottieri Goux, by original designation. Synonymy by Matile-Ferrero, 2004: 74.

BIOLOGY: Female covered with white powdery wax. Ovisac woolly, white. Generally found on the roots of the host plant. (Kaydan, 2014)

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1989) and by Danzig (2007).

STRUCTURE: Fonscolombia Lichtenstein is characterized in having; (i) 6-8 segmented antennae; (ii) well-developed legs; (iii) claw with or without denticle; (iv) quinquelocular pores present or absent on venter and (v) reduced cerarii number (1-6) in posterior abdominal segments. (Kaydan, 2014)

SYSTEMATICS: Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1989) have shown that the nominal type species, Coccus radicumgraminis Fonscolombe, was a misidentification by Lichtenstein (1877a), of Fonscolombia graminis Lichtenstein. Further, Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1989a) applied to ICZN to fix Foscolombia graminis Lichtenstein as type species. The application was adopted by Opinion 1654 (1991), and the name Fonscolombia Lichtenstein was placed by this Opinion, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 183-185 (female) [Key to general of Phenacoccinae]; Danzig 2007: 364-365 (female) [10 species of Fonscolombia in Russia and adjacent countries].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 168]; BenDovMa1989 [taxonomy, description: 166]; Danzig2007 [taxonomy, description, revision: 363-377]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 114]; Kaydan2014 [description, taxonomy: 444]; Lichte1877b [taxonomy: 35]; Lindin1908 [taxonomy: 94]; Matile2004 [taxonomy: 73-76]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 79-80].



Fonscolombia abdita (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus bicerarius Borchsenius, 1949: 225. Type data: ARMENIA: on Sorghum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2006a: 219.

Phenacoccus abditus Borchsenius, 1949: 226. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Stalinavada, on Cynodon dactylon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Caulococcus abditus; Borchsenius, 1960c: 49. Change of combination.

Caulococcus bicerarius; Borchsenius, 1960e: 49. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus abditus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 303-304. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus bicerarius; Ben-Dov, 1994: 311. Revived combination.

Fonscolombia abdita; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 201. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

COMMON NAME: bicerarian mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agrostis tenius [KaydanKiKo2005], Avena [KaydanKiKo2005], Corynephorus canescens [Koteja1971a, KotejaZa1979, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Elymus angustus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Festuca [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Lolium [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanUlEr2007], Sorghum [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994, MyartsKaPo1995].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Georgia [Danzig2006a]; Hungary [Kozar1984, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Lagows1996, GolanLaJa2001] [SimonKa2011]; Russia (Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [MyartsKaPo1995].

BIOLOGY: The species usually inhabits the valleys of the mountain rivers; in the Pamirs was found at an altitude of 2500 m in the wormwood saline deserts; in Yakutia was collected in pine forest. Mealybugs live under the leaf sheaths of Poaceae. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

STRUCTURE: Female. Body elongate, pink, up to 2 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Legs with slender segments, apices of tibiae with translucent pores. Circulus absent. Dorsal multilocular pores absent, or singular pores present on posterior abdominal segments. Ventral tubular ducts present on sternites VI-VIII. Quinquelocular pores not numerous or absent. (Danzig2006a)

SYSTEMATICS: The number of the quinquelocular pores is a subject to geographical and individual variation. In specimens from Tajikistan, these pores are always present and situated near the mouthparts, fore and middle coxae; occasionally singular pores are present on anterior abdominal segments. In specimens from Armenia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenia, and Yakutia, quinquelocular pores are always absent. In Georgian specimens these pores are also absent or singular pores occur near the mouthparts. (Danzig, 2006a) The synonymy is based on a comparison of the types. Ph. bicerarius differs from Ph. abditus in the absence of the quinquelocular pores, but this character varies between specimens. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [as Phenacoccus abditus; A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [as Phenacoccus abditus; Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [as Phenacoccus abditus; Central Europe]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [as Phenacoccus bicerarius; Tajikistan]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [as Phenacoccus abditus; Tajikistan]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 136 (female) [as Phenacoccus abditus; Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [as Phenacoccus bicerarius; Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [as Phenacoccus abditus; Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 303-304, 311]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 225-227]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy: 47-49]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 139]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 74-75]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 219-221]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, host, taxonomy: 201-204]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 219-224]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 126]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 321]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; KotejaZa1979 [host, distribution: 673]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473]; Kozar1984 [host, distribution: 128]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 34]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 110]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 293]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 422-424, 698]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 88]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-172].



Fonscolombia alibotush (Gavrilov)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus alibotush Gavrilov, 2010: 33, 35-36. Type data: BULGARIA: Alibotush Mountains, above hut Izvora, altitude 1000 meters, on roots of Trifolium sp.; collected 19.vi.2009. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Fonscolombia alibotush; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 204. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Trifolium [Gavril2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Gavril2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gavrilov (2010).

STRUCTURE: Female broadly oval, about 3 mm long. Antennae 8-segmented. Legs small, wihout translucent pores; flaw with denticle. Circulus broadly oval. Multilocular pores present on venter only, forming transvrse rows on adominal segments; several pores also prsent on metathorax. Quinquelocular pores present venrally around rostrum. Trilocular pores evenly scattered on entire bocy surface. Simple discoidal pores sparsely present of both body surfaces. Tubular ducts simple, all approximately of same size, forming rows on dorsal and ventral sides of abdominal segments and present sparsely on dorsal and ventral parts of thorax and head. Cerarii 14-16 pair (severa thoracic pair absent. Dorsal surface covered by setae varying from short conical to long flagellate type. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia].

CITATIONS: DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200,204-206]; Gavril2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-36].



Fonscolombia amnicola (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Euripersia amnicola Borchsenius, 1948a: 956. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Aktyuvinska region, on Elymus giganteus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2007: 370. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 137-36. Described: female.

Fonscolombia amnicola; Danzig, 2007: 370. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Juncaceae [KaydanKo2010a]. Lamiaceae: Thymus [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agropyron [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Agropyron repens [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994], Avena [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Bromus [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Elymus giganteus [Borchs1948a, BenDov1994], Elymus multicaulis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Festuca [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Festuca sulcata [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Hordeum [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Lolium [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Poa [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Poa bulbosa [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Stipa [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Stipa holosenica [KaydanKo2010a], Triticum [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare erythrospermum [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica [TerGri1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, BenDov1994, Danzig2007]; Georgia [Danzig2007]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1948a, BenDov1994, Danzig2007]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Danzig2007]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Lives on thin roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (2007). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973).

STRUCTURE: Female up to 4.5 mm. Living female pink. Antennae 6-segmented. Les small in comparison to body, without translucent pores; claw denticle poorly developed. Anal apparatus complete, with 6 shortened setae, similar in length to diameter of anal ring. Curculus large, oval. Multilocular pores located on three posterior abdominal sternites only. Quinquelocular pores absent. Tubular ducts of two sizes; larger ducts present in medial zone of venter; small ducts numerous throughout on dorsum except for three posterior abdominal segments; on entral surfact smaller ducts present on thorax, forming rows and bands on abdominal sternites. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Kaydan 2014: 446 (female) [Key to adult female Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2007: 364-365 (female) [Fonscolombia species of Russia]; Tang 1992: 446 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tereznikova 1975: 177 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 94 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 89]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 153]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 956]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 180-181]; BorchsTe1956 [host, distribution]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 137]; Danzig2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 370-372]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 201,206-208]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444, 446]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 33]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 379]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 108]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 448, 449]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177, 178]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 86]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-98].



Fonscolombia asphodeli (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus asphodeli Goux, 1942: 33. Type data: FRANCE: Hyeres (Var), on Asphodelus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta, Russo & Matile-Ferrero, 1997: 436. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Fonscolombia asphodeli; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 208-210. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Carlina acaulis [MarottRuMa1997]. Liliaceae: Asphodelus [Goux1942, BenDov1994], Asphodelus microcarpus [MarottRuMa1997, KaydanUlEr2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Goux1942, MarottRuMa1997, Foldi2001, GavrilMa2008]; Sardinia [Pelliz2003]; Sicily [MarottRuMa1997]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1942) and by Marotta et al. (1997). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Goux (1942).

STRUCTURE: Female oval, up to 3.3 mm long. Antennae 8-9 segmented. Legs small, without translucent pores; claw with denticle. Circulus small, oval. Multilocular pores forming transverse rows on several posterior abdominal tergites, transverse rows on abdominal sternites and groups near spiracles. Quinquelocular pores scattered aon all medial and sumedial zone of venter. In medial zone of thoracic sternites quinquelocular pores totally replace trilocular pores, which are absent here, but evenly scattered on all other surfaces of the body. Simple tubular ducts, of one size, scaattered on entire surface of bocy forming more or less clear transverse bands on abdominal tertires and sternites. Cerarii numbering 18 pair; all cerarii with 2 thick conical setae and several associated trilocular pores. Dorsal surface of body covered by small conical setae and flagellate setae of different sizes. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [as Phenacoccus asphondeli; Italy].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 308-309]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 139]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 200,208-209]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; GavrilMa2008 [host, distribution: 443]; Goux1942 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-40]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; MarottRuMa1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 436-439]; Pelliz2003 [host, distribution: 100-101]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313].



Fonscolombia butorinae Danzig & Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Fonscolombia butorinae Danzig & Gavrilov, 2005: 529. Type data: RUSSIA: Voronezh oblast, sandy wastw land near Mashmet vill., in lower axils of Koeleria sabuletorum; collected I. Gavrilov, 11.vi.2003. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 355. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Koeleria sabuletorum [DanzigGa2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Voronoezh Oblast [DanzigGa2005]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig & Gavrilov (2005).

KEYS: Kaydan 2014: 446 (female) [Key to adult female Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2007: 364-365 (female) [Fonscolombia species of Russia].

CITATIONS: DanzigGa2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 528-529]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 446].



Fonscolombia cerarifera (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Longicoccus cerariiferus Danzig, 1975: 49. Type data: MONGOLIA: Ubsu-Nurskii Aymak, Khara-Us-Nur, on Elymus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Caulococcus cerariiferus; Tang, 1992: 424. Change of combination.

Caulococcus cerariferus; Tang, 1992: 699. Misspelling of species name.

Longicoccus cerariiferus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 215. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus kazakhstanicus Danzig, 2006a: 224-225. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 209.

Fonscolombia cerarifera; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 209-211. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Danzig2006a], Elymus [Danzig1975, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan (Dzhambul Oblast [Danzig2006a]). Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1975, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1975) and by Tang (1992).Detailed description and illustration in Danzig, 2006a)

STRUCTURE: Female. Body elongate, 2.5 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Legs with comparatively short segments and thick hind femur; hind femur and tibia with translucent pores. Circulus absent. Multilocular pores situated on five posterior abdominal sternites; singular pores occur near spiracles and mouthparts. Quinquelocular pores absent. Dorsal tubular ducts forming rows on meso- and metathorax, and on abdomen; singular dorsal ducts occur along margin of anterior part of body. (Danzig, 2006a)

SYSTEMATICS: Phenacoccus kazakhstanicus is similar to Ph. phenacoccoides but differs in having larger tubular ducts, which are present everywhere on the dorsum. The groups of trilocular pores near spiracles, characteristic of Ph. phenacoccoides, are absent in this species. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 422 (female) [as Caulicoccus cerariferus; China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 215]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 224-225]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200,209-211]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 424, 699].



Fonscolombia edentata (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Euripersia edentata Danzig, 1971: 374. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Sudzukhinskii Reserve, Syaukhe Bay, on Arundinella hirta. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Fonscolombia edentata; Danzig, 2007: 374. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Arundinella hirta [Danzig1971, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b, 2007).

KEYS: Kaydan 2014: 446 (female) [Key to adult female Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2007: 364-365 (female) [Fonscolombia species of Russia]; Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 154]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374, 375]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-142]; Danzig2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-375]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 446]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 450, 451].



Fonscolombia europaea (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia europaea Newstead, 1897b: 167. Type data: CHANNEL ISLANDS: Guernsey, on roots of various plants in ants' nests and GERMANY: Rheim, with Lasius alienus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Ripersia wasmanni Newstead, 1900: 249. Type data: GERMANY: Rhineland, Linz, associated with Lasius alienus and L. flavus, and LUXEMBURG: in nests of L. alienus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 259.

Ripersiella wunni Reyne, 1953: 235. Type data: GERMANY: Kirn, on grass roots in nests of Lasius alienus. Holotype female. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1962: 24.

Euripersia brevispina Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 17. Type data: ARMENIA: vill. Sarnakhpyur [Aginsk distr.], under stone; coll, Dz. Khatchtryan, 17.viii.1952. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2007: 365. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1971: 373.

Ripersia sera Borchsenius, 1958: 156. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung Province, Kwangchow, on roots of unidentified grass. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China, and St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 211.

Euripersia europaea; Williams, 1962: 24. Change of combination.

Chnaurococcus globosus Wang, 1979: 271. Type data: TIBET [= XIJANG]: Yang Ba Jing, on Medicago sativa. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Tang, 1992: 507.

Chnaurococcus sera; Yang, 1982: 45. Change of combination.

Euripersia europea; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F: 96. Misspelling of species name.

Euripersia europea; Tang, 1992: 451. Misspelling of species name.

Mirococcus sera; Tang, 1992: 507. Change of combination.

Euripersia europea; Gertsson, 2000: 149. Misspelling of species name.

Euripersia europea; Gertsson, 2001: 125. Misspelling of species name.

Fonscolombia europaea; Matile-Ferrero, 2004: 74. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: grass mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPRTERA Formicidae: Lasius niger (L.) [MalumpBa2012].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Medicago archiducis-nicolai [Wang1979, Wang1981TC, Yang1982, BenDov1994], Trifolium [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Thymus [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Borchs1958], Agropyron [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Agrostis [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Corynephorus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Deschampsia [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Festuca [Kozar1999a, Gertss2000], Festuca ovina [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Festuca pallens [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Nardus stricta [Matile2004], Poa bulbosa [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994], Poa compressa [KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983], Secale [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Triticum [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994], Zerna tectorum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Borchs1958, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Armenia [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig2007]; Austria [DownieGu2004]; China [Yang1982] (Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1979, Wang1980, BenDov1994]); France [Matile2004]; Germany [Newste1897b, Newste1900, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKoSc1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarPe1989, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Luxembourg [Newste1900, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1975, BenDov1994, Danzig2007]; Netherlands [Reyne1953, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1969, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994]; Russia (Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a]; Ukraine [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Danzig2007]; United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Newste1897b, BenDov1994], England [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Reyne (1953), Williams (1962), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (2007). Description of adult female by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1958). Good description of the adult female given by Wang (1979, 1981) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female up to 2.5 mm long, yellowish-pink or pink. Antennae 6-segmented. Legs normally developed; hind coxae and simetimes hind femurs with few translucent pores; rarely these pores totally absent; claw denticle poorly developed or absent. Anal apparatus complete, with 6 shortened setae similar in length to diameter of anal ring. Circulus absent. Multilocular pores present on 3-4 posterior abdominal sternites. Quinquelocular pores arrange in groups near mouthparts and coxae. Tubular ducts of one size, few located only on venter, forming transverse rows on metathorax and abdomen. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

SYSTEMATICS: Sometimes has been misidentified as Ripersia tomlinii Newstead. Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014, observed that paratypes of Ripersia sera differ from Fonscolombia europae only in the absence of transleucent pores on hind coxae, and because the number of such pores varies rather significantly in different populations of F. europae, they did not consider this character enough to support the independence of the species.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Kaydan 2014: 446 (female) [Key to adult female Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2007: 364-365 (female) [Fonscolombia species of Russia]; Matile-Ferrero 2004: 76 (female) [Fonscolombia species of France]; Tang 1992: 505 (female) [as Mirococcus sera; Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 96 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 177 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 94 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 80, 154, 476]; Borchs1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156, 157]; BorchsTe1956 [host, distribution: 17]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 373]; Danzig1975 [distribution: 54]; Danzig2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365-367]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 201,211-214]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 109]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 19-34]; Gertss2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 149]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Green1925 [host, distribution: 518]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444, 446]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 34]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 42]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 96-97]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 360]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 472]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarPe1989 [host, distribution: 200]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 19]; Matile2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 74,76]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy, distribution: 259]; Newste1897b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 167, 168]; Newste1900 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 249]; Reyne1953 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-239]; Schmut1980 [distribution: 50]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 451, 452, 507]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-180]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 86]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 99-101]; Wang1979 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 272]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 285, 286]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83,86]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 45].



Fonscolombia graminis Lichtenstein

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus radicum graminis; Lichtenstein, 1877: 35. Misidentification.

Fonscolombia graminis Lichtenstein, 1877: 35. Type data: FRANCE: Herault, Montpellier, on Avena sativa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1989: 168. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Coccus radicum graminis; Lichtenstein, 1877: cviii. Misidentification.

Fonscolombia graminis; Lichtenstein, 1877: cviii.

Ripersia interrupta Goux, 1934a: 27. Type data: FRANCE: Var, Gassin, on Dactylis hispanica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Matile-Ferrero, 2004: 74. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 652-1. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Matile-Ferrero, 2004: 74.

Euripersia interrupta; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 258. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Avena sativa [Lichte1877a], Dactylis hispanica [Goux1934a, BenDov1994], Hordeum [BenDovMa1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Matile2004]; France [Lichte1877, Goux1934a, BenDovMa1989, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Goux (1934a) and by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1989a).

STRUCTURE: Female broadly oval, about 2 mm long. Antennae 6 segmented. Legs well developed; hind coxae with tranlucent pores; claw with poorly developed denticle. Aanl apparatus complete with 6 shortened setae, which are slightly longer than the diameter of the anal ring. Circulus absent. Multilocular pores present in medial zone of five posterior abdominal sternites only. Quinquelocular pores present in medial zone of cephalothorax. Simple discoidal pores, similar in size to trilocular pores, scattered on entire body surface. Simple tubular ducts of one size, sparsely scattered on entire body surface. Cerarii numbering 2 pair on two posterior abdominal segments; each cerarius with 2 small and thin conical setae and a group of associated trilocular pores. Dorsal surface of body covered by short flagellate setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

SYSTEMATICS: The binomen Fonscolombia graminis Lichtenstein was placed by Opinion 1654 (1991), on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The new combination by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) was based on characters of the species as given in Goux (1934a).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Kaydan 2014: 446 (female) [Key to adult female Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2007: 364-365 (female) [Fonscolombia species of Russia]; Matile-Ferrero 2004: 76 (female) [Fonscolombia species of France].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 475]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 169]; BenDovMa1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167, 168]; Danzig2007 [taxonomy: 365]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, illustration, host, taxonomy: 200, 214-216]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1934a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-31]; ICZN1991a [taxonomy: 266-267]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 446]; Lichte1877 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34, 35]; Lichte1877b [taxonomy: cviii, cix]; Matile2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 74-76]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 258].



Fonscolombia halimiphylli (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus halimiphylli Danzig, 1968b: 846. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Vakhsha, on Halimiphyllum gontscharovii. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus halimiphilli; Trjapitzin, 1989: 138. Misspelling of species name.

Euripersia halimiphylli; Tang, 1992: 452. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus halimiphylli; Ben-Dov, 1994: 322. Revived combination.

Fonscolombia halimiphylli; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 216. Change of combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Epidinocarsis sogdianus Sugonjaev [Trjapi1989], Eremophasma eremobium [Trjapi1989].

HOST: Zygophyllaceae: Halimiphyllum gontscharovii [Danzig1968b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig1968b, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Monophagous on Halimiphyllum gontsharovii. It inhabits deserts of the Vakhsh valley and mountain arid zones up to an altitude of 1700 m. In the mountains, the mealybugs live either openly (on leaves, fruits, and stems) or in fruits damaged by caterpillars of Lepidoptera. In deserts, the mealybugs live in the fruits only. (Danzig, 2006a) Oviposition of the first generation occurs in the 2nd and 3rd ten-day periods of May; at the end of May or in early June, the crawlers of the second generation hatch. Oviposition of the second generation occurs in the last third of June. At this time, in the stony desert near Kzyl Kala the fruits of Halimiphyllum gontsharovii dehisce and fall. The oviposition occurs openly on branches and carpels. Ovisacs protect females and eggs from dehydration. At the same time, the crawlers of the next generation begin to hatch; probably, they migrate in the shelters. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1968b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female elongate oval, up to 3 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Legs well developed, without translucent pores; claw with normally developed denticle. Circulus large, oval. Multilocular pores forming transvrse rows on IV-VII abdominal tergites. Simple tubular ducts of one size forming transverse rows on II-VII abdominal sternites, sparsely present on thoracic sternites and anterior abdominal sternites. Dorsal surface of body covered by thin, small flagellate setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

SYSTEMATICS: This species is very similar to Ph. arthrophyti, but differs in the presence of circulus, much fewer number of quinquelocular pores, and presence of trilocular pores in the medial part of the ventrum. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2006a: 200 (female) [as Phenacoccus halimiphylli; A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 447 (female) [as Phenacoccus halimiphylli; Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 56 (female) [as Phenacoccus halimiphylli; Tajikistan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 322]; Danzig1968b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 846-847]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 213-214]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200,216-218]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 452-453]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 138, 160].



Fonscolombia herbacea (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Euripersia herbacea Danzig, 1971: 375. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Sudzykinskii Reserve, on Silene koreana. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Fonscolombia herbacea; Danzig, 2007: 375. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Alliaceae: Allium [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Artemisia [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Artemisia frigida [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Silene koreana [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan (Karaganda Oblast [DanzigGa2014]); Mongolia [Danzig1971, Danzig1972b, BenDov1994, Danzig2007]; Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, Danzig2007], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, Danzig2007]); South Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b, 2007).

STRUCTURE: Femal up to 3 mm long, yellow. Antennae usually 9-, rarly 7-8- segmented; sometimes apial segment partly subdivided into two parts; claw with denticle. Anal apparatus complete, with 6 setae which are slightly longer than the diaameter of the anal ring. Circulus one, nearly round. Multilocular pores solitary, distributed in the marginal zone of the venter and forming transverse rows and bance on abdominal sternites. Quinquelocular pores numerous in medial zone of thorax and anterior abdominal sternites. Simple discoidal pores occur on both body sides. Tubular ducts of two sizes; larger ducts forming froups along margin on both surfaces of body, and additional sparse ducts forming transverse rows on dorsal surface of cephalothorax and anterior abdominal segments; small ducs about two times thinner than larger ducts present in medial zone of ventrum.Dorasl surface covered by minute conical setae and short flagellate setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Kaydan 2014: 446 (female) [Key to adult female Fonscolombia]; Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 155]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375, 376]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 333]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 73]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142, 143]; Danzig2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375-376]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, economic importance, illustration, taxonomy: 201,218-220]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 446]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 108]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 453].



Fonscolombia incerta (Kiritshenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia festucae Borchsenius, 1937a: 184. Nomen nudum.

Ripersia incerta Kiritshenko, 1940: 124. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on Festuca ovina, and UKRAINE: Krym, Simferopol, on Stipa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Phenacoccus incertus; Borchsenius, 1949: 224. Change of combination.

Caulococcus incertus; Danzig, 1964: 629. Change of combination.

Euripersia caulicola Tereznikova, 1979: 49. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym, shore of Lake Tobechik, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2006a: 221.

Paroudablis brachipodi Savescu, 1985: 115. Type data: ROMANIA: Bacau District, Tg. Ocna, on Brachypodium pinnatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 221.

Phenacoccus brachipodi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 311. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus incertus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 324. Revived combination.

Fonscolombia incerta; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 221. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

COMMON NAME: uncertain mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Centaurea sp [KaydanKo2010a]. Brassicaceae [KaydanKo2010a], Capsella bursa-pastoris [KaydanKo2010a]. Poaceae [Terezn1979, BenDov1994], Aegilops sp. [KaydanKo2010a], Ammophila arenaria [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Brachypodium pinnatum [Savesc1985, BenDov1994], Festuca ovina [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994], Hordeum sp [KaydanKo2010a], Stipa [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [DanzigGa2014]; Kazakhstan [DanzigGa2014]; Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994]; Sardinia [Marott1992, BenDov1994, PellizFo1996]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a]; Ukraine [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1940, Terezn1979, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Acceptance of the synonymy of Paroudablis with Phenacoccus (see Danzig, 1980b) necessitates the new combination of this species. Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tereznikova (1975). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tereznikova (1979). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female. Body oval, from pink to lemon yellow; 2.5 mm. Antennae 9-segmented. Legs comparatively short, with thick hind femur. Anal ring with incomplete outer row of pores and short slender setae. Circulus absent. Multilocular pores situated on 3-4 posterior sternites of abdomen. Quinquelocular pores absent. Dorsal tubular ducts forming transverse rows on all tergites. Ventral ducts forming rows and bands on abdomen, arranged along body margin; groups of ventral ducts and singular ones also occur on thorax. Dorsal and marginal ventral ducts twice as large as majority of ventral medial ones, but some medial ventral ducts of the same size as dorsal ducts. (Danzig, 2006a)

SYSTEMATICS: Kiritshenko described Ph. incertus from female larva III, supposing that it was adult female. Ome type slide with one female was examined in Danzig (2006a) and it was designated as a lectotype. Probably, this specimen was described by Borchsenius (1949) and Tereznikova (1975). The drawing by Tereznikova differs from the specimen mentioned above in the absence of ventral tubular ducts in the medial part of thorax and large ones in the medial part of the ventral surface of the body (perhaps these ducts were overlooked). (Danzig, 2006a) Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014 noted that the original description and figure of Paroudablis brachipocii Sazvescu, does not differ from Fonscolombia incerta.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [as Euripersia caulicola; A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [as Phenacoccus incertus; Italy]; Tang 1992: 447 (female) [as Phenacoccus incertus; Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [as Phenacoccus incertus; Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [as Euripersia caulicola; Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [as Ripersia incertus; Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 154, 311, 324-325]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy: 184]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 224-225]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy: 629]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 200]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 201,220-223]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 36]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 124-125]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 129-130]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1992a [host, distribution: 85]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-117]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 430, 449, 450]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219-222]; Terezn1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51].



Fonscolombia kokandica (Nurmamatov)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus kokandicus Nurmamatov, 1986b: 94. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Kuraminsky Ridge, near Alti-Topkana, on Piptatherum kokanicum. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Fonscolombia kokandica; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 223. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Poaceae [KaydanKo2010a], Piptatherum kokanicum [Nurmam1986b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Nurmam1986b, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].

BIOLOGY: The species lives under the leaf sheaths of Piptatherum kokanicum; was collected on rocky slope at an altitude 2000 m. Females and larvae of last stage were found in early June. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Nurmamatov (1986b).

SYSTEMATICS: The species is very similar to F. setiger Borchs. but differs in the thicker and shorter tibiae, which are only twice as long as tarsi. Nurmamatov (1986) described and figured three conical setae in C18. However, the holotype and a paratype have (similar to Ph. setiger) two conical setae in C18, but these setae are much thinner than those in Ph. setiger. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [as Phenacoccus kokandicus; A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 327]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 219-220]; DanzigGa2014 [distribution, host, host, taxonomy: 201,223-224]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 36]; Nurmam1986b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-95].



Fonscolombia menieri (Matile-Ferrero & Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus menieri Matile-Ferrero & Balachowsky, 1972: 107. Type data: CANARY ISLANDS: Barranco de San Andre, on Euphorbia canariensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Fonscolombia menieri; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 224. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia canariensis [MatileBa1972, CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Hypericaceae: Hypericum sp. [BenDov2013]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Canary Islands [MatileBa1972, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001, BenDov2013].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Balachowsky (1972).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 331]; BenDov2013 [distribution, host: 73]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 54-55]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 200,223-224]; MatileBa1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-110]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195].



Fonscolombia phenacoccoides (Kiritchenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus phenacoccoides Kiritchenko, 1932: 136. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on Agropyron repens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Erium phenacoccoides; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus phenacoccoides; Borchsenius, 1937: 54. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus cynodontis Borchsenius, 1949: 229. Type data: UZBEKISTAN and TADZHIKISTAN: on Cynodon dactylon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Caulococcus cynodontis; Borchsenius, 1960c: 49. Change of combination.

Caulococcus phenacoccoides; Borchsenius, 1960e: 49. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus eugeniae Bazarov, 1967a: 60. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Pamir, Zor-Kul, on Elymus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2006a: 223-224. Homonym of Phenacoccus eugeniae Takahashi.

Euripersia eugeniae; Tang, 1992: 451. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus bazarovi Ben-Dov, 1994: 310. Replacement name for Phenacoccus eugeniae Bazarov.

Phenacoccus cynodontis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 314. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus phenacoccoides; Ben-Dov, 1994: 337. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus kochiae Danzig, 2006a: 216-218. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Alma-Ata Province, near Lepsy Station, between Lake Balkhash and the railway, sandy desert, on Kochia prostrata, 6/11/1963, by G. Matesova. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 1693. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 226.

Fonscolombia phenacoccoides; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 226. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: pink grass-mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Olgaea leuophylla [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992]. Chenopodiaceae: Kochia prostrata [Danzig2006a]. Poaceae: Aegilops [KaydanKiKo2005], Agropyron desertorum [Mateso1968a], Agropyron repens [Kiritc1932], Agropyron romosum [Mateso1968a], Agropyron sibiricum [Mateso1968a], Aneurolepidium chinense [Wu2000a], Cleistogenes squarrosa [Danzig1977a], Cynodon dactylon [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Wu2000a], Elymus [Bazaro1967a, BenDov1994, Wu2000a], Elymus angustus [Mateso1968a, Danzig1972b, BenDov1994], Elytrigia [Terezn1975a], Elytrigia repens [DanzigGa2005], Hordeum murinum [KaydanKiKo2005], Phleum phleoides [Mateso1968a], Poa nemoralis [Terezn1975a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994, Wu2000a] (Ningxia (=Ningsia) [Wu2000a]); Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1937]); Germany [Danzig2006a]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, KozarKiSa2004]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968] (Alma Ata Oblast [Danzig2006a]); Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Mongolia [Danzig1972b, Danzig1977a, BenDov1994]; Poland [Lagows1996, SimonKa2011]; Russia (Voronoezh Oblast [DanzigGa2005], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, Bazaro1967a, BenDov1994, Danzig2006a]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Kiritc1932] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949]); Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994] (Bukhara Oblast [Danzig2006a]).

BIOLOGY: The species inhabits plain and mountain steppes, occurs in the deserts and in saline lands. In the Western Pamirs; it was found at an altitude of 3400 m. It lives in axils of lower leaves and on roots of wild Poaceae. (Danzig2006a) Adult females occur from May to October in the leaf axils of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Danzig, 2006a.Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tereznikova (1975) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1967a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Body oval; 3 mm. Antennae 9-segmented. Legs with slender segments; hind femur and tibia with translucent pores. Spiracles with groups of trilocular poes. Circulus absent. Multilocular pores present on dorsal and ventral sides of abdomen; singular multilocular pores occasionally occurring near hind spiracles. Quinquelocular pores absent. Tubular ducts present on both sides of abdomen; dorsal and ventral ducts of the same size. (Danzig, 2006a)Body elongate, pink, 3.5 mm long. Antennae 9-, rarely 8-segmented. Legs comparatively short, often with tick hind femur; hind femur and tibia sometimes with translucent pores. Spiracles with groups of trilocular pores. Circulus usually absent. Dorsal multilocular pores occasionally present on abdominal segments. Ventral multilocular pores forming transverse rows and bands on 3-4 posterior abdominal segments; sometimes singular pores present along body margin. Quinquelocular pores often absent. Tubular ducts occasionally present on posterior abdominal tergites. (Danzig, 2006a)

SYSTEMATICS: In the initial description, Ph. kochiae was said to be similar to Ph. phenacoccoides but differed in the oval body and more numerous multilocular pores on both sides of the body. The host plants of the two species are also different; Ph. phenacoccoides is oligophagous on Poaceae and has never been collected from dicotyledons. (Danzig, 2006a)The species is characterized by variability in the number of multilocular pores and tubular ducts and the presence or absence of quinquelocular pores. Quinquelocular pores are always absent in specimens from the western part of the species range and occasionally present in specimens from the eastern populations. Quinquelocular pores vary in number between specimens. Circulus is usually absent in this species, but in one of the two females from Yakutia the circulus was found. (Danzig, 2006a) However, in Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014, they determined that these characters vary between individual females in a single population and were not acceptable for species independency.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [as Phenacoccus kochiae; A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [as Phenacoccus phenacoccoides; A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [as Phenacoccus phenacoccoides; PHenacoccus species of China]; Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [as Phenacoccus phenacoccoides; Phenacoccus species of China]; Tang 1992: 447 (female) [as Euripersia eugeniae; Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [as Caulococcus phenacoccoides; Central Europe]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [as Phenacoccus eugeniae; Tajikistan]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [as Caulococcus phenacoccoides; Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [as Phenacoccus cynodontis; Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-63]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 310, 314, 337]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 54]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 228-230]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy: 49]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 332]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 197]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 75]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200,216-218,223-224]; DanzigGa2005 [taxonomy, cytogenetics: 529]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 201,226-228]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 524]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 378]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; Kiritc1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-137]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 71]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 131]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 34]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 110]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 425,433,451,701]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7, 8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147, 148]; Wu2000a [host, distribution: 62,63,69-70,72].



Fonscolombia porifera (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus poriferus Borchsenius, 1949: 234. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 135. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Phenacoccus comitans Bazarov, 1967a: 62. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Pamir, on roots of Elymus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980: 135.

Caulococcus comitans; Tang, 1992: 424. Change of combination.

Caulococcus poriferus; Tang, 1992: 433. Change of combination.

Caulococcus poreferus; Tang, 1992: 680. Misspelling of species name.

Caulococcus porferus; Tang et al., 1992: 8. Misspelling of species name.

Phenacoccus poriferus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 338. Revived combination.

Fonscolombia porifera; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 230. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron [Wu2000a], Agrostis [Wu2000a], Aneurolepidium [Wu2000a], Elymus [Wu2000a], Elymus chinensis [Danzig1984a, BenDov1994], Elymus dasystachys [Danzig1984a, BenDov1994], Elymus mollis [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Festuca supina [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994, Wu2000a]; Mongolia [Danzig1984a]; North Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Borchs1949, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1967a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Collected on sand beaches under the leaf sheaths of Elymus, Festuca supina and Carex. (Danzig, 2006a) Oligophagous on cereals. Occurring in leaf axils. Female body elongate-oval, up to 4 mm long. Antennae with 9 short segments. Legs small. Circulus absent.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1980b) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Often abundant: a dangerous pest. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [as Phenacoccus poriferus; A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Kwon et al. 2003: 114 (female) [as Caulococcus poriferus; Korea]; Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [as Phenacoccus poriferus; Phenacoccus species of China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 56 (female) [as Phenacoccus comitans; Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [as Phenacoccus poriferus; Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1967a [host, distribution: 60-63]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 338]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 234-235]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-136]; Danzig1984a [host, distribution: 338]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 198, 203-204]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200,230-232]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 114,117]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 433-434, 702]; TangHaTa1992 [host, destribution: 8]; Wu2000a [host, distribution: 67,69-70].



Fonscolombia rotunda (Kanda)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus rotundus Kanda, 1943a: 45. Type data: JAPAN: Honsyu, Mt. Zinmuzi, Kanagawaken, on Stephanandra incisa. Holotype female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.

Coccura trichonota Danzig, 1971: 388. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on Aralia mandshurica. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 233.

Phenacoccus trichonotus; Danzig, 1980: 127. Change of combination.

Fonscolombia rotunda; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 233. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

Coccura trichonotuta; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 233. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Aralia mandshurica [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Eleutherococcus senticosus [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Artemisia [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Betulaceae: Alnus hirsuta [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Betula dahurica [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Malus mandshurica [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Padus asiatica [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Sorbaria sorbifolia [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Stephanandra incisa [Kanda1943a, BenDov1994]. Schisandraceae: Schisandra chinensis [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus propinqua [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kanda1943a, BenDov1994]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Usually occurs on subterranean parts of the trunk and shoots and thick roots; above ground found only in fissures and wounds under the bark where their presence is betrayed by ants which cover the mealybugs with pieces of masticated wood. Ants tend colonies of Ph. trichonotus and build galleries from masticated wood over them. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kanda (1943a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Adult female body broad-oval, orange, up to 3 mm. Antennae 9-segmented. Circuli 2 or 3 in number. Multilocular pores present on abdominal sternites only, numerous. (Danzig, 2006a)

SYSTEMATICS: Ph. trichonatus differs from other species of this genus in the presence of flagellate setae on the dorsum. (Danzig, 2006a) Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014 determined that upon comparison of Coccura triconota with the original description and figure of Phenococcus rotundus that the species were conspecific.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kanda 1943a: 43 (female) [as Phenacoccus rotundus; Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 341]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 347-348]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 388-389]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-127]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 198, 204-205]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 201,233-235]; Kanda1943a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 8]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 549]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 550-551].



Fonscolombia setigera (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus setiger Borchsenius, 1949: 223. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Aktyubinsk, on Agropyrum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Caulococcus setiger; Borchsenius, 1960E: 49. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus kaplini Danzig, 1983: 514. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: on Aristida karelinii. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2006a: 218-219.

Phenacoccus gobicus Danzig, 1987: 577. Type data: MONGOLIA: Bayan-Khongor Aymak, host plant not recorded. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2006a: 218-219.

Caulococcus kaplini; Tang, 1992: 431. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus kaplini; Ben-Dov, 1994: 327. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus setiger; Danzig, 2006a: 218-219. Revived combination.

Fonscolombia setigera; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 235. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Aristida karelinii [Danzig1983, BenDov1994], Elytrigia repens [Danzig2006a], Stipa gobica [Danzig2006a], Stipa lessingiana [Danzig2006a], Stipagrostis karelinii [Danzig2006a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1987, BenDov1994]; Russia (Orenburg Oblast [Danzig2006a]); Turkmenistan [Danzig1983, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: The species lives in the steppes, on stems of Poaceae. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1983). Good description of the adult female gien by Tang (1992).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1987).

STRUCTURE: Body elongate, 1.8 mm long. Antennae 9-, rarely 8-segmented. Legs well developed, with long and thin tibiae and tarsi; tibia more than 3 times as long as tarsus without claw. Circulus large, oval. Multilocular pores situated on 3 posterior abdominal sternites. Quinquelocular pores usually absent; sometimes singular pores present. Dorsal tubular ducts forming transverse rows on thorax and bands on abdomen. Ventral ducts somewhat smaller than dorsal ones, arranged along margin of metathorax and abdomen and forming transverse rows on abdominal sternites IV-VII. (Danzig, 2006a)

SYSTEMATICS: Synonymy of Ph. setiger, Ph. kaplini and Ph. gobicus was based on a comparison of types and Danzig (2006a) determined that the differences between these types were within ingraspecific variation.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [as Phenacoccus setiger; A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [as Phenacoccus setiger; Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 320, 327, 342]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 223-224]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy: 49]; Danzig1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 514-515]; Danzig1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 577-578]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 218-219]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 201,235-237]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 431, 435-436].



Fonscolombia stepposa (Matesova)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccopsis stepposa Matesova, 1968: 109. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccopsis stepposa Matesova, 1968a: 155. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: former Ulan District, Kalbinsk Ridge, on Poa stepposa. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Euripersia stepposa; Danzig, 1971: 373. Change of combination.

Fonscolombia stepposa; Danzig, 2007: 368. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Poa stepposa [Mateso1968a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1968a, BenDov1994, Danzig2007, Danzig2007]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matesova (1968a) and by Danzig (1980b, 2007).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is very similar to the European-Siberian F. tomlinii, but differs in the presence of quinquelocular pores on the dorsum. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Kaydan 2014: 446 (female) [Key to adult female Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2007: 364-365 (female) [Fonscolombia species of Russia]; Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 156]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 373, 374]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140, 141]; Danzig2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-370]; DanzigGa2014 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 201,237-238]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 446]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 109]; Mateso1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-156].



Fonscolombia stipae (Nurmamatov)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus stipae Nurmamatov, 1986b: 762. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Gissark Ridge, Iskanderkul, on Stipa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Fonscolombia stipae; Danzig, 2007: 373. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa [Nurmam1986a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Nurmam1986a, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [MyartsKaPo1995].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Nurmamatov (1986a) and by Danzig (2007).

STRUCTURE: Female broadly oval, up to 3 mm long. Antennae 7-segmented. Legs small in comparison with body, without translucent pores; claw with poorly visible denticle. Anal apparatus complete, with 6 shortened setae, whicch are similar in length to the diameter of the anal ring. Curculus large, oval. Multilocular pores located only in medial zone of three posterior abdominal sternites. Quinquelocular pores absent. tubular ducts of one size, occasionally present on dorsal surface of thorax and anterior abdominal sternites; on vener they occur along margin of cephalothorax and forming bands in medial part of abdominal sternites. Cerarii numberins 4-7 pair. Dorsal surface of body covered with thin and slightly curved flagellate setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-201 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Kaydan 2014: 446 (female) [Key to adult female Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2007: 364-365 (female) [Fonscolombia species of Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 346]; Danzig2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 373]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 201,238-240]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 446]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; Nurmam1986a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 762-764].



Fonscolombia tomlinii (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia tomlinii Newstead, 1892: 146. Type data: CHANNEL ISLANDS: Guernsey, on grass roots in ants' nests. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Ripersia montana Newstead, 1898: 97. Type data: FRANCE: Haute Savoie, Argentieres, on roots of grass and composites. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Matile-Ferrero, 2004: 75. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Matile-Ferrero, 2004: 75.

Ripersia exul exul Green, 1924b: 46. Type data: CHANNEL ISLANDS: Guernsey, in nests of ants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1962: 26.

Ripersia mesnili Balachowsky, 1934a: 67. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Niolo, on Trisetum. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1962: 26.

Pseudococcus bufo Kiritchenko, 1936a: 149. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on roots of Gramineae, Krym, Kekeneiz, on roots of Poa bulbosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1971: 373.

Phenacoccus agropyri Borchsenius, 1937: 52. Type data: UKRAINE: Northern Caucasus, Shuntk Station, in ditch near rail way station, on couch-grass roots; collected N.B. 22.v.1934. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2007: 367. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1971: 373.

Ripersia exul allosiana Goux, 1945: 37. Type data: FRANCE: Lac d'Allos, Basses-Alpes, on the roots of grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Matile-Ferrero, 2004: 75. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Matile-Ferrero, 2004: 75.

Phenacoccopsis agropyri; Borchsenius, 1949: 200. Change of combination.

Phenacoccopsis nassonovi Borchsenius, 1949: 201. Type data: RUSSIA: St. Peterburg [= Leningrad] Oblast, on grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2007: 367. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1971: 373.

Phenacoccopsis bufo; Borchsenius, 1949: 202. Change of combination.

Euripersia tomlinii; Williams, 1962: 26. Change of combination.

Euripersia montana; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.

Bessenayla balachowskyi Goux, 1988: 6. Type data: FRANCE: Courzieu near Lynos, on Aira sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 241.

Bessenayla balachoswkyi; Goux, 1988a: 6. Misspelling of species name.

Conicoccus montrottieri Goux, 1994: 43. Type data: FRANCE: Rhone, Bessenay, on Gramineae; collected 12.viii.1952, by L. Goux. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Matile-Ferrero, 2004: 75. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 1548-1. Described: female. Synonymy by Matile-Ferrero, 2004: 75.

Fonscolombia tomlinii; Danzig, 1994: 46. Change of combination.

Bessenayla balachoswkyi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 61. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Bessenayla balachowskyi mis-spelled Bessenayla balachoswkyi.

Euripersia exul allosiana; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 258. Change of combination.

Eurypersia tomlini; Lagowska & Koteja, 1996: 33. Misspelling of genus name.

Phenacoccopsis nasononi; Tao, 1999: 14. Misspelling of species name.

Fonscolombia tomlini; Gertsson, 2011: 40. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: Tomlin's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Ericydnus longicornis (Dalman) [Schmut1955b, KosztaKo1988F].

HOSTS: Asteraceae [Newste1898, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Artemisia dracunculus [Danzig1974, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Sedum [Danzig1994]. Cyperaceae: Carex [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Newste1898, Goux1931, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], [Goux1945, BenDov1994], Agropyron repens [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Aira [Goux1988a, BenDov1994], Arrhenatherum elatius [Schmut1952, BenDov1994], Atropis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Avenastrum pubescens [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Bromus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Corynephorus canescens [Schmut1952, BenDov1994], Dactylis glomerata [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Deschampsia flexuosa [Schmut1952, BenDov1994], Elymus angustus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Elymus juncus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Festuca glauca [Zahrad1987, BenDov1994], Festuca ovina [Koteja1972, BenDov1994], Festuca sulcata [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Hardeum [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Koeleria gracilis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Phleum phleoides [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Poa bulbosa [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Poa compressa [Koteja1972, BenDov1994], Poa pratensis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Poa stepposa [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Stipa grandis [Danzig1984, BenDov1994], Stipa sibirica [Danzig1984, BenDov1994], Tragopogon [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994], Triticum [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Triticum compactum erinaceum [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare erythrospermum [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Galium [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Daucus carota [BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994, Danzig2007]; China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Corsica [Foldi2003, Matile2004]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1987, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1988a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001] [Newste1898, Goux1931, Balach1934a, Goux1945, BenDov1994, Foldi2001, MatilePe2002]; Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Newste1900, Leonar1920, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Danzig2007]; Mongolia [Danzig1980, Danzig1984a, BenDov1994]; Netherlands [Reyne1951, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Lagows1996]; Russia (Lipestsk Oblast [Gavril2003a], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]); Sicily [MazzeoRuLo1997, RussoMa1997]; Spain [Martin1985]; Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [Danzig1994]; Ukraine [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig2007] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1937, BenDov1994]); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Newste1892, BenDov1994], England [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of the host plant.Occurring on the roots of a variety of herbaceous plants, especially grasses often found in association with ants. Life history, natural enemies and associated ant discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Borchsenius (1939a), Williams (1962), Ter-Grigorian (1973) (as P. bufo), Tereznikova (1975), Zahradnik (1987), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Tang (1992) and by Danzig (2007). Description of the adult female and first-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1949). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Description of the adult female given by Leonardi (1920), Gomez-Menor Ortega (1937) and by Goux (1945).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1988a).

STRUCTURE: Female up to 3.5 mm long, pink. Antennae 6-8-segmented. Claw denticle well developed. Anal apparatus complete; number of its pores and spinulae and length of setae vary in different populations. Circuli 2 or 3 in number, conves, sclerotized. Multilocular pores acattered on ventral surface of abdomen and metathorax. Quinquelocular pores scattered in medial zone of thoraxic sternites. Simple discoidal porees sparsely scallered on entire surface of body. Simple tubular ducts of one size forming trhnsverse rows on abdomen and randomly sparse on thorax. Cerarii numberint 2-3 pair. Small conical setae present on dorsum along with flagellate setae of different sizes. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

SYSTEMATICS: The new combination by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) was based on characters of the species as given in Goux (1945).Goux (1988) page 8, published the species epithet mis-spelled Bessenayla balachoswkyi, but further in the original description it was correctly spelled balachowskyi.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 200-21 (female) [Key to species of Fonscolombia]; Kaydan 2014: 446 (female) [Key to adult female Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2007: 364-365 (female) [Fonscolombia species of Russia]; Matile-Ferrero 2004: 76 (female) [Fonscolombia species of France]; Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 96 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 177 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 199 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Balach1934a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-71]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 61, 62]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 61,62,156,157,474]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52]; Borchs1939a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-47]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 200-203]; BorchsTe1956 [host, distribution]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 445]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 373]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 69]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 74]; Danzig1980 [host, distribution: 33]; Danzig1984a [host, distribution: 33]; Danzig1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; Danzig2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 367-368]; DanzigGa2005 [taxonomy, cytogenetics: 527-529]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 14,200,240-243]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 109]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 526]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy: 1]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 19-34]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 149]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2011 [distribution: 40]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 363-365]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 332]; Goux1945 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 37]; Goux1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-11]; Goux1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-43]; Green1920 [taxonomy: 122]; Green1924b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-47]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444,446]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 446]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-151]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-98]; Koteja1972 [host, distribution: 567]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 472]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 33]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 423]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; LongoRu1990 [host, distribution: 114]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 98]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution, life history: 108-109]; Matile2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 75-76]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 258]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 351]; Newste1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-147]; Newste1898 [p. 97]; Reyne1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-206]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 48]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution: 392]; Schmut1955b [biological control: 515]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 455-456, 717]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-182]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 87]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-127]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-28]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83,86]; Zahrad1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 355-357].



Fonscolombia tshadaevae (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Euripersia tshadaevae Danzig, 1980b: 35. Type data: MONGOLIA: Ara-Khangaiskii Aymak, Tevshrulekh, host plant not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Fonscolombia tshadaevae; Danzig, 2007: 370. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Iridaceae: Iris dichotoma [Danzig1984, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Aneurolepidum chinense [Danzig1980b], Cleistogenes squarrosa [Danzig1980b], Stipa grandis [Danzig1984, BenDov1994, Danzig1980b], Stipa sibirica [Danzig1980b]. Umbelliferae: Bupleurum bicaula [Danzig1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994, Danzig2007]; Mongolia [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1992) and by Danzig (2007).

KEYS: Kaydan 2014: 446 (female) [Key to adult female Fonscolombia]; Danzig 2007: 364-365 (female) [Fonscolombia species of Eussia]; Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 157, 158]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35]; Danzig1984a [host, distribution: 34]; Danzig2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 370-371]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 446]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 456, 457]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8].



Fonscolombia ulusoyi Kaydan

NOMENCLATURE:

Fonscolombia ulusoyi Kaydan, 2014: 443-449. Type data: TURKEY: Iđdýr-Tuzluca-Gaziler, N: 40°06’218’’; E: 043°27’952’’, on Stipa sp., 5/29/2008, by MB Kaydan. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Turkey: Kaydan's Personal Collection; type no. 4367. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Collected at 1000m. Paratypes. 2 females with same data with Holotype; 1 female, Turkey, Erzurum-Horasan-Köprüköy road, N: 39°57’252’’; E:042°17’166'’; 1690 m; on Festuca sp. (Poaceae), 09.07.2010, coll: M. Bora Kaydan (KPCT:4827).



HOSTS: Poaceae: Festuca sp. [Kaydan2014], Stipa sp. [Kaydan2014]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Kaydan2014].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, 2014.

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 1.34-1.68 mm long, 0.83-1.37 mm wide. Eye marginal, 35-40 ľm wide. Antenna 6 segmented, 260-280 ľm long; apical segment 75-80 ľm long, 25-30 ľm wide, with apical setae 22.5-27.5 ľm long plus three fleshy setae, each 20-35 ľm long. (Kaydan, 2014)

SYSTEMATICS: Fonscolombia ulusoyi can be distinguished in having: (i) two cerarii on the posterior abdominal segments; (ii) absence of oral collar tubular ducts on dorsum; (iii) absence of quinquelocular pores on venter; (iv) large discoidal pores on both on venter and dorsum and (v) circuli present. However F. ulusoyi is closest to F. herbaceae in having large discoidal pores and circulus on venter but differs in lacking oral collar tubular ducts on dorsum and lacking quinquelocular pores on venter. Fonscolombia ulusoyi is also similar to F. europaea in lacking oral collar tubular ducts on the dorsum but different from this species in having a circulus on venter. Fonscolombia ulusoyi is also close to F. stipae in lacking oral collar tubular duct on the dorsum and in having a circulus on venter but differs in having 6 segmented antennae (7 segmented antennae in F. stipae) and only two cerarii on abdominal segments (6 pairs of cerarii in F. stipae). (Kaydan, 2014)

KEYS: Kaydan 2014: 446 (female) [Key to adult female Fonscolombia].

CITATIONS: Kaydan2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 443-449].



Gouxia Koçak & Kemal

NOMENCLATURE:

Giraudia Goux, 1989: 292. Type species: Giraudia danielaferreroae Goux, by original designation. Homonym of Giraudia Förster, 1869; Giraudia Bourguigant,; discovered by Koçak & Kemal, 2009: 1.

Gouxia Koçak & Kemal, 2009: 1. Replacement name for Giraudia Goux, 1989.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Goux (1989).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 174]; Goux1989 [taxonomy, description: 292]; KocakKe2009 [taxonomy: 1].



Gouxia danielaferreroae (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Giraudia danielaferreroae Goux, 1989: 292. Type data: FRANCE: Courzieu (Rhone), on Holcus lanatus. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Gouxia danielaferreroae; Koçak & Kemal, 2009: 1. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Holcus lanatus [Goux1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1989, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1989). Goux (1989) also described the first instar crawler.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 174]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 292-296]; KocakKe2009 [taxonomy: 1].



Heliococcus Šulc

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus Šulc, 1912a: 39. Type species: Heliococcus bohemicus Sulc, by original designation.

Saliococcus Kanda, 1934: 308. Type species: Dactylopius takae Kuwana, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Kanda, 1935a: 70. Notes: A subjective synonym of Heliococcus.

Takahashicoccus Kanda, 1959a: 239. Type species: Heliococcus takahashii Kanda, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980b: 145. Notes: A subjective synonym of Heliococcus.

Helicoccus; Matesova, 1984: 1428. Misspelling of genus name.

Novonilacoccus Ghosh & Ghose, 1987: 38. Type species: Novonilacoccus oryzae Ghosh and Ghose, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 343.

Helicoccus; Tang et. al., 1992: 8. Misspelling of genus name.

Heteroheliococcus Wu & Tang, 1997: 282. Type species: Heliococcus mirabilis Bazarov, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 343.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Sulc (1912), Kanda (1935a), Borchsenius (1949), Ferris (1950b), Kanda (1959a), McKenzie (1964, 1967), Matile (1970), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Bazarov (1974, 1974a), Miller (1974), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b), Williams (1985), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996), Williams (2004a) and by Danzig (2007a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [(Heliococcus species of palearctic region.]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 38 (female) [Phenacoccinae genera of South America]; Williams 2004a: 41 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 343 (female) [Heliococcus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003: 108 (female) [Species of Korea]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Kosztarab 1996: 129 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992: 458-461 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 189-190 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 40 (female) [Central and South America]; Danzig 1988: 696 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1988: 701-702 (female) [species Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 99-100 (female) [species Central Europe]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 2 (female) [India]; Williams 1985: 36 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982ZQ: 53 (female) [species China]; Wang 1982ZQ: 21 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 145-147 (female) [Far East Russia]; Kawai 1980: 97 (female) [species Japan]; Tereznikova 1975: 182 (female) [species Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Bazarov 1974: 349-351 (female) [species Palaearctic region]; Miller 1974: 180 (female) [species North America ]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 38 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 200-201 (female) [species Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 44 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 183-184 (female) [North America North America ]; McKenzie 1964: 233 (female) [species North America]; Ferris 1950b: 21 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 89 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 272 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1974 [taxonomy, description: 349]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 176,258,479,499]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 271-272]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 109, 145-147]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description: 567-609]; Danzig2008 [taxonomy: 33]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 96]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 362]; GhoshGh1987 [taxonomy, description: 38-39]; Goux1934b [taxonomy: 170-171]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy: 38]; Kanda1934 [taxonomy, description: 308-309]; Kanda1935a [taxonomy, description: 70-75]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 7]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 128-129]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 99-100]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy: 108]; Mateso1984 [taxonomy: 1427-1429]; Matile1970 [taxonomy, description: 176-178]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy: 233]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 182-183]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195]; Miller1974 [taxonomy, description: 177]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 90, 179, 192]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy: 86]; Sulc1912a [taxonomy, description: 39]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 457]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 15]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 182]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 200]; Wang1982ZQ [taxonomy, description: 53]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 6, 28]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 172]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 343-344]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 189-190]; WuTa1997 [taxonomy, description: 282-285]; Xie1998 [taxonomy: 79].



Heliococcus acirculus Wu, Jia & Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus acirculus Wu, Jia & Tang, 1996: 257. Type data: CHINA: Shanxi province, Qinshui county, on roots of Artemisia sp. Holotype female and first instar. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [WuJiTa1996], Artemisia apiacea [WuJiTa1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [WuJiTa1996]).

BIOLOGY: Collected from roots of Artemisia sp. (Wu et al., 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wu et al. (1989).

CITATIONS: WuJiTa1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-258].



Heliococcus adenostomae McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus adenostomae McKenzie, 1960: 707. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Mendocino County, Calpella, on Adenostoma fasciculatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: adenostoma heliococcus mealybug [McKenz1960]; Adenostoma Heliococcus mealybug [McKenz1960]; McKenzie adenostoma mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Rosaceae: Adenostoma fasciculatum [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the leaves and stems of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller 1974: 180 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 183 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 233 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 176]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 707-709]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-184].



Heliococcus ardisiae (Siraiwa)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenaococcus ardisiae Siraiwa, 1939a: 16. Type data: JAPAN: Kumatori-mura, Sennan-gun and Osaka-fu, on Ardisia japonica. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost. S. Takagi, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Heliococcus ardisiae; Kanda, 1941e: 26. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrsinaceae: Ardisia japonica [Siraiw1939a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Siraiw1939a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Siraiwa (1939a) and by Kawai (1980).

KEYS: Kawai 1980: 97 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 176]; Kanda1941e [host, distribution: 26]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 7]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 97]; Siraiw1939a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16].



Heliococcus astragali Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus astragali Danzig, 2007a: 596. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Murgab valley, 59 km south of lolotan desert, on roots of Astragalus sp.; collected E. Danzig, 25.iv.1980. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 106-82. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Astragalus [Danzig2007a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkmenistan [Danzig2007a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2007a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region].

CITATIONS: Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 596-597].



Heliococcus atraphaxidis Bazarov

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus atraphaxidis Bazarov, 1963: 38. Type data: TAJIKISTAN: Varzovsk Gorge, on Atraphaxis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus inconspicuus Bazarov, 1974: 355. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Kugitang, on Atraphaxis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2007a: 605.

Heliococcus kirgisicus Bazarov, 1974: 355. Type data: KYRGYZSTAN: Issik-Kul, on Grossularia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2007a: 605.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia caespitosa [Danzig2007a]. Grossulariaceae: Grossularia [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994, Danzig2007a], Grossularia [Danzig2007a]. Polygonaceae: Atraphaxis [Bazaro1963, Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum brachypterum [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Bazaro1963, Bazaro1974, BenDov1994]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1963]; Turkmenistan [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Bazarov (1963, 1974b) and by Danzig (2007a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region]; Tang 1992: 459 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 459 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 459 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Bazarov 1974: 350 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Bazarov 1974: 350 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Bazarov 1974: 350 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1963 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38, 39, 41]; Bazaro1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 355-357]; Bazaro1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354, 355]; Bazaro1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 632, 634]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 176, 177]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 182]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 605-606]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 461, 462]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 472, 473]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 474].



Heliococcus atriplicis McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus atriplicis McKenzie, 1964: 235. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Imperial County, Brawley, on Atriplex lentiformis. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: atriplex mealybug [McKenz1967]; Atriplex mealybug [McKenz1967]; saltbrush mealybug.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex lentiformis [McKenz1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller 1974: 180 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 182 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 233 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 177]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183, 185, 186].



Heliococcus bambusae (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus bambusae Takahashi, 1930: 6. Type data: TAIWAN: Suisha, on Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Heliococcus bambusae; Goux, 1934b: 171. Change of combination.

Heliococcus lingnaniae Wang, 1982a: 318. Type data: CHINA: Guangdong Province, on Lingnania cerosissima. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Tang, 1992: 462.

Helicoccus bambusae; Tang et. al., 1992: 8. Misspelling of genus name.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Takaha1930, BenDov1994], Lingnania cerosissima [Wang1982a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1930, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: China [Wang1982a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1930). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 458 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Wang 1982ZQ: 53 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 177]; Goux1934b [p. 171]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-10]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 462, 463]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; Wang1982a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 318, 319]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3].



Heliococcus baotoui Tang in Tang & Li

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus baotoui Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 63. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Baotou City, on Ixeris chinensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Helicoccus baotoui; Tang et. al., 1992: 8. Misspelling of genus name.



HOST: Asteraceae: Ixeris chinensis [TangLi1988, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 459 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 177]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 463]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63, 64]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16]; WuJiTa1996 [taxonomy: 258].



Heliococcus bohemicus Šulc

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus bohemicus Šulc, 1912a: 40. Type data: CZECK REPUBLIC: Prague, Brno, on Robinia pseudoacacia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Brno: K. Sulc Collection, Moravian Museum, Czech Republic. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus hystrix; Zillig & Niemeyer, 1929: 73. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949.

Phenacoccus strachyos; Kiritshenko, 1931: 313. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949. Notes: Described again as new variety.

Phenacoccus mutinensis Menozzi, 1933: 43. Type data: ITALY: Spilamberto di Modena, on Rubus sp., Coll. Menozzi, viii.1928. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta, Russo & Matile-Ferrero, 1997: 437. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 5011-2. Described: female. Synonymy by Marotta, Russo & Matile-Ferrero, 1997: 437.

Heliococcus danzigae Bazarov, 1974: 353. Type data: RUSSIA: St. Peterburg [= Leningrad] Oblast, Pushkin, on dry grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2007a: 579.

Heliococcus mutinensis; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero, 1997: 437. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: Bazarov's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F]; Bohemian mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



ASSOCIATE: VIRUS Closteroviridae: Ampelovirus GLRaV-3 [BahderPoAl2013].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Nitidulidae: Scymnus quadrimaculata Hbst. [Campor1993]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Ericydnus [Campor1993], Leptomastidea bifasciata Mayr [Campor1993], Leptomastix histrio [Campor1993].

HOSTS: Asteraceae: Hieracium [Gavril2003a], Hieracium aurantiacum [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Solidago virga-aurea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Carex [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Empetraceae: Empetrum [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Calluna [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Caragana [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Robinia pseudacacia [Sulc1912a, BenDov1994, WuJiTa1996a]. Fagaceae: Quercus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum [GomezM1937, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994]. Lamiaceae: Phlomis [KaydanUlEr2007]. Pinaceae: Larix dahurica [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Picea abies [Gertss2000], Pinus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Platanaceae: Platanus acerifolia [Schmut1955a, BenDov1994], Platanus occidentalis [KozarGuBa1994], Platanus orientalis [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [MarottTr1995]. Rosaceae: Crataegus chlorosarca [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Crataegus oxyacantha [Menozz1933, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Pyrus [WuJiTa1996a], Rosa [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Rubus sachalinensis [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Rubus sp. [Menozz1933, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, JansenBeKa2011]. Salicaceae: Populus maximowiczii [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Saxifragaceae: Bergenia pacifica [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus pumila [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Parthenocissus quinquefolia [Gavril2003a], Vitis vinifera [KosztaKo1988F, Campor1993, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, MilonaKo2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Austria [MatrahKo2008]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; China (Ningxia (=Ningsia) [WuJiTa1996a], Shanxi (=Shansi) [WuJiTa1996a], Xingiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) [WuJiTa1996a]); Crete [JansenBeKa2011]; Czech Republic [Sulc1912a, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1934b, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Georgia [Yasnos2001]; Germany [Schmut1955a, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Greece [MilonaKo2008]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, JakabSz1989, BenDov1994, KozarKo2002b, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Menozz1933, Marott1987a, MarottTr1990, Pelliz1991, Campor1993, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Mongolia [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZaEl1978, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Lagows1996, Koteja2000a, GolanLaJa2001]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]); Spain [GomezM1937, BenDov1994]; Sweden [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994, Danzig1994]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Borchs1949, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Yugoslavia [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Heliococcus bohemicus is a biparental species. In northern Italy, Veneto region it overwinters as young larvae and develops two generations per year. The first oviposition period starts in late May continuing till June. The second one starts in early August and ends in early September. The females are ovoviviparous. The males of the first generation appear in late March untill early April. The males of the second generation appear in early July (Camporese, 1993).Feeding on the leaves of herbaceous plants and on the bark of woody plants. Recorded from roots of Graminae (Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1995).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Menozzi (1933), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Bazarov (1974) (as H. danzigae, Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Danzig (2007a). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949).

SYSTEMATICS: Heliococus bohemicus was erroneously synonymised with Phenacoccus stachyos Ehrhorn by Kiritchenko (1931: 313). Lindinger (1912: 293) erroneously regarded H. bohemicus as a synonym of Phenacoccus hystrix (Barensprung, 1849).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Occasionally a pest on grape vines (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F; Camporese, 1993).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region]; Tang 1992: 460 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 702 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 99-100 (female) [Central Europe]; Danzig 1980b: 147 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tereznikova 1975: 182 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Bazarov 1974: 349-350 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 200 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BahderPoAl2013 [economic importance: 1293]; Bazaro1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 353-355,632,635,640]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 177-179, 334]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 275-276]; Campor1993 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 195-200]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 137]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 199]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 8-9]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150, 151]; Danzig1994 [host, distribution: 46]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 579-583]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; FoldiDe1998 [description, host, distribution: 198]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 109]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 149]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324-327]; Goux1934b [taxonomy: 170]; Hoffma2002 [life history, ecology, host, distribution, biological control: 1-164]; JakabSz1989 [host, distribution: 216]; JansenBeKa2011 [distribution, host: 483-484]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 379]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 313]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-102]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 153]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 375]; KreiteGrTh2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 38-40]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 33]; LeMaguFuCh2013 [economic importance, host: 416]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 293]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118-119]; MalausFeWa2011 [distribution, molecular data , phylogeny: 142-155]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; MarottTr1990 [host, distribution: 109]; MarottTr1995 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 269, 270]; MatrahKo2008 [host, distribution: 155]; Menozz1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; MilonaKo2008 [host, distribution: 37]; Pelliz1991 [host, distribution: 764]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 293]; ReggiaCoMa2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history : 42-45]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87]; Schmut1955a [host, distribution: 101]; Schmut1980 [distribution: 50]; SentenKu2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 247-252]; SforzaBoGr2003 [economic importance, disease transmission, host, distribution: 975-981]; SforzaGr2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 46-50]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Sulc1912a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 463-464, 466-467]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184, 185]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-204]; WuJiTa1996a [host, distribution: 290]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; ZandigBiPa2004 [host, distribution: 9-10]; ZilligNi1929 [taxonomy, life history, chemical control: 67-100].



Heliococcus brincki Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus brincki Matile-Ferrero, 1970: 178. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Kakamas, on dry, gravely soil. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Matile1970, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1970).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 178]; Matile1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-179].



Heliococcus buteae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus buteae Williams, 2004a: 345. Type data: INDIA: Marashtra, Chandrapur, on Butea frondosa; collected 25.vii.1969. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Butea frondosa [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Maharashtra [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 343 (female) [Heliococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 344-347].



Heliococcus chodzhenticus Nurmamatov

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus chodzhentica Nurmamatov, 1975: 25. Type data: TAJIKISTAN: North Tadzhikistan, Kayrakkum, on Artemisia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus chodzhenticus; ScaleNet, 2005: xx. Justified emendation.

Heliococcus chordzhenticus; Danzig, 2007a: 594. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Nurmam1975, BenDov1994, Danzig2007a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Nurmam1975, BenDov1994, Danzig2007a].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Nurmamatov (1975) and by Danzig (2007a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 178]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 594-595]; Nurmam1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-27].



Heliococcus cinereus Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus cinereus Goux, 1934b: 164. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Bastia, on probably Helianthemum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Helianthemum [Goux1934b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Goux1934b, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1934b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 178]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Goux1934b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-168].



Heliococcus clemente Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus clemente Miller, 1974: 180. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, San Clemente Island, Pyramid Head, under rock. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Miller1974, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under rocks.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller (1974).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 179]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Miller1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-182].



Heliococcus corralesi Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus corralesi Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 190. Type data: MEXICO: Coahuila, Saltillo, on guayule, Parthenium argentatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Parthenium argentatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 179]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-192].



Heliococcus deserticola Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus deserticola Miller, 1974: 183. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, Lincoln County, near Alamo, on Ambrosia dumosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia dumosa [Miller1974, BenDov1994], Ambrosia ilicifolia [Miller1974, BenDov1994], Baccharis [Miller1974, BenDov1994], Viguiera stenoloba [Miller1974, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Encelia frutescens [Miller1974, BenDov1994], Eriogonum foliolosum [Miller1974, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Miller1974, WilliaGr1992]; United States of America (Arizona [Miller1974, BenDov1994], California [Miller1974, BenDov1994], Nevada [Miller1974, BenDov1994], Texas [Miller1974, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller (1974) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Reliable description and illustration of immature stages given by Miller (1974).

KEYS: Miller 1974: 180 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 179]; Miller1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-190]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192, 193].



Heliococcus destructor Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus destructor Borchsenius, 1941a: 6. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Ashkhabad, Botanical Gardens, under bark on stem of Punica granatum; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 17.v.1940. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2007a: 585. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 55-40. Described: female.

Heliococcus zizyphi Borchsenius, 1958: 161. Type data: CHINA: Tientsin, environs of, on Ziziphus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China, and St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2007a: 585.

Heliococcus slavonicus Borchsenius & Tereznikova, 1959a: 492. Type data: UKRAINE: Transcarpathian Province, Begerovo, on Dianthus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2007a: 585.

Heliococcus kehejanae Ter-Grigorian, 1967a: 136. Type data: ARMENIA: Razdansk Ridge, near Atarbekyan, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus kenejanae; Bazarov, 1974: 351. Misspelling of species name.

Heliococcus zizyphi; Wang, 1982ZQ: 53. Misspelling of species name.

Heliococcus zizyphi; Tang, 1992: 491. Misspelling of species name.

Heliococcus zizyphi; Tang et al., 1992: 8. Misspelling of species name.

Heliococcus ziziphi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 190. Justified emendation.

Heliococcus zizyphi; Xie, 1998: 79. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus coriaria [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Artemisia dracunculus [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994], Cousinia [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus [BorchsTe1959a, BenDov1994], Dianthus carthusianorum [KotejaZaEl1978, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Silene [Gavril2010]. Chenopodiacaea: Kochia prostrata [Gavril2006]. Crassulaceae: Sedum [KotejaZaEl1978, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994], Hippophae rhamnoides [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Trifolium repens [BorchsTe1959a, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Thymus [BorchsTe1959a, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Maclura pomifera [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994], Morus [Borchs1941a, BenDov1994], Morus alba [Danzig2007a], Morus nigra [Danzig2007a]. Platanaceae: Platanus [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Ranunculus [KotejaZaEl1978, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Borchs1958, BenDov1994], Ziziphus sativa [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cerasus tianschanica [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994], Pyrus [Tang1984, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Galium vernum [KotejaZaEl1978, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum fabago [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1967a, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig2007a]; Bulgaria [Gavril2010]; China [Borchs1958, Tang1984, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Georgia [Yasnos2001]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZaEl1978, KotejaZa1983]; Russia (Astrakhan' Oblast [Gavril2006], Volgograd Oblast [Danzig2007a], Voronoezh Oblast [Danzig2007a]); Switzerland [Danzig1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Ukraine [BorchsTe1959a, BenDov1994] (Zakarpat'ye (=Transcarpathia) Oblast [Danzig2007a]); Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius & Tereznikova (1959a) (as H. slavonicus, Bazarov (1974a). Ter-Grigorian (1967a, 1973) (as H. kehejanae, Tang (1977), Danzig (2007a) and by Gavrilov (2010). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Borchsenius (1949) again referred to this species as n. sp., although the 1941b description is valid.

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [heliococcus species of Palearctic region]; Tang 1992: 460-462 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Wang 1982ZQ: 53 (female) [China]; Bazarov 1974: 351 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 201 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 272 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 639-640, 642-644]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 179-180,182,187,190]; Borchs1941a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6, 7]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 281-282]; Borchs1958 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 161-162]; BorchsTe1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 492-494]; Danzig1994 [host, distribution: 46]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 585-586]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 526]; Gavril2006 [host, distribution: 787]; Gavril2010 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 472]; KotejaZaEl1978 [host, distribution: 502]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38, 39]; Tang1984 [host, distribution: 125]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 467,473-474,491,492]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16]; TerGri1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-138]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-212]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-80]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].



Heliococcus dissimilis Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus dissimilis Danzig, 1980: 35. Type data: MONGOLIA: Sukhe-Batorskii Aymak, near Barun-Urta, host plant not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus dissmilis; Tang, 1992: 459. Misspelling of species name.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1980, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1980, 2007a). Description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region]; Tang 1992: 459 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 180]; Danzig1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35, 36]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 594-596]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 467, 468].



Heliococcus dorsiporosus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus dorsiporosus Danzig, 1971: 382. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Khasan, on Arundinella hirta. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Arundinella hirta [Danzig1971, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1971, 1980b. 2007a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species - Palearctic region.]; Tang 1992: 459 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 701 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 145 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 180]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 382, 383]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146, 147]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 571-572].



Heliococcus etubularis Matesova

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus etubularis Matesova, 1984: 1427. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: south-east Turgaisk Plataeu, near Kaind, on Agropyron pectiniformis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus dtubularis; Tang, 1992: 674. Misspelling of species name.

Heliococcus etubulatus; Danzig, 2007a: 575. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae: Agropyron pectiniformis [Mateso1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1984, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matesova (1984) and by Danzig (2007a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic region]; Tang 1992: 459 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 180]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 575-577]; Mateso1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1427-1429]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 469].



Heliococcus glacialis (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius glacialis Newstead, 1900: 248. Type data: ITALY: Courmayeur, associated with ants. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Brookes, 1978: 244. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Heliococcus cydoniae Borchsenius, 1937: 49. Type data: AZERBAIJAN: on Cydonia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1986a: 21.

Heliococcus glacialis; Brookes, 1978: 244. Change of combination.

Heliococcus glacilis; Tang, 1992: 458. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: Borchsenius-Quince mealybug [KosztaKo1988F]; quince mealybug.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Genista transcaucasica [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Lathyrus pratensis [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Medicago sp. [KaydanKo2010a], Trifolium [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agropyron [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cydonia [Borchs1937, BenDov1994], Rosa [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1937, BenDov1994]; Georgia (Abkhaz ASSR [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Italy [Newste1900, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Bazarov (1974a), Tereznikova (1975) (all as H. cydoniae), Brookes (1978) and Danzig (2007a). Description of the adult female by Borchsenius (1949). Borchsenius (1949) again referred to Heliococcus cydoniae as a new species, although his 1937 description is valid.

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic region]; Tang 1992: 458, 460 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 99 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 182 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Bazarov 1974: 349 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 200 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 272 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 623, 624]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 180]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48, 49]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 272-274]; Brooke1978 [taxonomy, description, host, illustration, host, distribution: 243-245]; Danzig1986 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 577-578]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 34]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 100-102]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 351]; Newste1900 [p. 248]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183, 184]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-203]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 151].



Heliococcus glycinicola Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus glycinicola Borchsenius, 1956b: 674. Type data: NORTH KOREA: Yuzhni Khamgen Province, on Glycine hispida. Syntypes, immature. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: immature. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Glycine hispida [Borchs1956b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: South Korea [Borchs1956b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of last-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1956b).

SYSTEMATICS: This species was described (Borchsenius, 1956) from the last instar nymph. Danzig (2007a) reported that she could not trace the type material.

KEYS: Kwon et al., 2003: 108 (female) [Korea]; Tang 1992: 459 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 181]; Borchs1956b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 674-675]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 608]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 108-109]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 470, 471].



Heliococcus halocnemi Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus halocnemi Borchsenius, 1949: 277. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: near Mount Kagan, on Halocnemum strobilaceum; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 16.viii.1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2007a: 587. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 38-45. Described: female.

Heliococcus xerophilus Matesova, 1968: 112. Nomen nudum.

Heliococcus xerophilus Matesova, 1968a: 158. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Zaysan District, on Eurotia ceratoides. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2007a: 587.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Eurotia ceratoides [Mateso1968a, BenDov1994], Halocnemum strobilaceum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig2007a], Kalidium gracile [Danzig1972b, Danzig1974, BenDov1994], Salsola [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1968a, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1972b, Danzig1974, BenDov1994]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Descriuption and illustration of adult female by Bazarov (1974a), Matesova (1968) (as H. xerophilus and by Danzig (2007a). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region]; Tang 1992: 459 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Bazarov 1974: 350 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 200 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 272 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 626,627,629]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 181,190]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 277-279]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 335]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 69]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 587-589]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 112]; Mateso1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158, 159]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 471,491].



Heliococcus herbaceus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus herbaceus Borchsenius, 1956b: 672. Type data: NORTH KOREA: Southern Hamgyung Province, near Pukchkheng, on upper side of graminean leaf; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 3.viii.1950. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2007a: 593. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 391-51. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Agropyron [Borchs1956b, BenDov1994, Danzig2007a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: North Korea [Borchs1956b, BenDov1994, Danzig2007a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1956b) and by Danzig (2007a). Description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region]; Kwon et al., 2003: 108 (female) [Korea]; Tang 1992: 460 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 181]; Borchs1956b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 672-674]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 593-594]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 108-109]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 472].



Heliococcus hissaricus Nurmamatov

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus hissarica Nurmamatov, 1975: 29. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: slopes of Gissarsk Ridge, near Gushar, under stone and on roots of undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Nurmam1975, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Nurmamatov (1975) and by Danzig (2007a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 181]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 602-605]; Nurmam1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29, 30].



Heliococcus innermongolicus (Wu & Tang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Heteroheliococcus innermongolicus Wu & Tang, 1997: 282. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Keng in Hexigten Banner, on Cleistogenes squarrosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus innermongolicus; ScaleNet, 2004: xxx. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Cleistogenes squarrosa [WuTa1997].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [WuTa1997].

SYSTEMATICS: This species is assigned here in ScaleNet to Heliococcus following the synonymy of Heteroheliococcus with Heliococcus by Williams (2004a: 343).



Heliococcus insignis (Lobdell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus insignis Lobdell, 1930: 210. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, Columbus, on Ulmus. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus insignis; Ferris, 1950b: 97. Change of combination.



HOST: Ulmaceae: Ulmus [Lobdel1930, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Kansas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Louisiana [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Mississippi [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the bark of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b).

KEYS: Miller 1974: 180 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 182-183 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 233 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 96 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 182]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-98]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210, 211, 223].



Heliococcus kurilensis Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus kurilensis Danzig, 1971: 386. Type data: RUSSIA: Kurile Islands, Cape Stolbchatyi, on Rubus triphyllus. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Rosaceae: Rubus crataegifolius [KwonDaPa2003], Rubus parvifolius [Danzig1980a], Rubus sachalinensis [Danzig1980a], Rubus triphyllus [Danzig1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1971], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1971]); South Korea [new].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1971, 1980b, 2007a) and by Kwon et al. (2003). Description of adult female by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic region]; Kwon et al., 2003: 108 (female) [Korea]; Tang 1992: 459 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1980b: 147 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1980b: 702 (female) [Far East of Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 182]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 386, 387]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149, 150]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 579-580]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-110]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 475].



Heliococcus lishanensis Wu in (Wu, Jia & Tang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus lishanensis Wu in (Wu, Jia & Tang), 1996a: 288. Type data: CHINA: Shanxi Province, Qinshui County, Mountain Lishan, under leafshelth of an unknown weed (Gramineae), 22.VII.1995. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [WuJiTa1996a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [WuJiTa1996a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wu, Jia & Tang (1996a).

SYSTEMATICS: Heliococcus lishanensis resembles H. mirabilis in having numerous quinquelocular pores and small crateriform ducts on the dorsum and venter, but can be distinguished from the latter by the absence of multilocular pores and circulus.

CITATIONS: WuJiTa1996a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 288-289].



Heliococcus maritimus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus maritimus Danzig, 1971: 388. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Khasan Area, Kedrovaya Pad Reserve, on Majanthemum. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Liliaceae: Majanthemum [Danzig1971, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Streptosus amplexifolius [Danzig1971, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1971, 1980b, 2007a). Description of the adult female by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic region]; Tang 1992: 460 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 702 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 147 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 182, 183]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 387, 388]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-150]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 579, 581]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 475, 476].



Heliococcus medicagicola Wu, Jia & Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus medicagicola Wu, Jia & Tang, 1996: 258. Type data: CHINA: Shanxi province, Qinshui, on roots of Medicago sativa. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Medicago sativa [WuJiTa1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [WuJiTa1996]).

BIOLOGY: Collected from the roots of Medicago sativa (Wu et al., 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wu et al. (1996).

CITATIONS: WuJiTa1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 258-259].



Heliococcus medvedevi Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus medvedevi Danzig, 1982a: 141. Type data: MONGOLIA: Kovdoski Aymak, near Bulgana, host plant not indicated in original description, but Danzig (2007a) noted "under leaf sheaths of Lasiagrostis". Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus medevedevi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 183. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae: Lasiagrostis [Danzig2007a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Danzig2007a]; Mongolia [Danzig1982a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1982a, 2007a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 183]; Danzig1982a [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 141, 142]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 600].



Heliococcus minutus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus minutus Green, 1925b: 519. Type data: ENGLAND: Channel Islands, Guernsey (L'Ancresse), on Erica cinerea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Heliococcus minutus; Williams, 1962: 29. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Brassicaceae: Lepidium subulatum [GomezM1928, Martin1985, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Erica cinerea [Green1925b, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Ulex [Balach1935b, GomezM1928, Martin1985, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Thymus mastichina [Balach1935b, GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994], Thymus serphyllum [Goux1933a, BenDov1994], Thymus vulgaris [Goux1933a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1933a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Spain [GomezM1928, Balach1935b, Martin1985, BenDov1994, SancheBe2010]; United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in clusters on the underground stems of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1962). Adult female redescribed and illustrated by Gomez-Menor Ortega (1928, 1937)

CITATIONS: Balach1935b [host, distribution: 265]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 183]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; GomezM1928; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 327-332]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 234]; Green1925b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 519, 520]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 93-94]; SancheBe2010 [host, distribution: 319]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-30]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 81,83]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 91].



Heliococcus mirabilis Bazarov

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus mirabilis Bazarov, 1974: 351. Type data: KYRGYZSTAN: Sugut, on Astragalus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Heteroheliococcus mirabilis; Wu & Tang, 1997: 282. Change of combination.

Heliococcus mirabilis; ScaleNet, 2004: xx. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Astragalus [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Sibbaladianthe sericea [Danzig1975, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1975, Danzig1977a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bazarov (1974) and by Danzig (2007a)

SYSTEMATICS: This species, the type species of Heteroheliococcus, is re-assigned here (in ScaleNet) to Heliococcus following the synonymy of the former with the latter by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic]; Tang 1992: 459 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Bazarov 1974: 349 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351-355]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 183]; Danzig1975 [host, distribution: 54]; Danzig1977a [distribution: 199]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 571-573]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 451]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 343]; WuTa1997 [taxonomy: 282, 284].



Heliococcus montanus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus montanus Borchsenius, 1949: 274. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Samarkand Province, near Urgut village, on stem of Alhagi sp.; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 14.vi.1940. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2007a: 585. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 135. Described: female.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Arctium [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Artemisia [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994]. Dipsacaceae: Scabiosa [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Alhagi [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Astragalus [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Eremostachys [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994], Salvia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Ziziphora pamiroalatum [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994]. Papaveraceae: Papaver [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Ferula [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Ampelopsis [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum fabago [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bazarov (1974a) and by Danzig (2007a). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 563-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic region]; Tang 1992: 459 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Bazarov 1974: 350 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 272 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 636, 637]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 183]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 274-275]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 585-587]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 477].



Heliococcus myopori Kawai

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus myopori Kawai, 1973: 320. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara [= Bonin] Islands, Minami-jima, on Myoporum boninense. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myoporaceae: Myoporum boninense [Kawai1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1973, Kawai1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kawai (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 461 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kawai 1980: 98 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 184]; Kawai1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320, 322, 323]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 478].



Heliococcus nivearum austriacus Balachowsky

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus nivearum austriacus Balachowsky, 1953l: 240. Type data: AUSTRIA: Tyrol, Hochfirst, on Saxifraga oppositifolia, S. bryoides, mosses and lichens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Saxifragaceae: Saxifraga bryoides [Balach1953l, BenDov1994], Saxifraga oppositifolia [Balach1953l, BenDov1994]. BRYOPHYTA Bryophyta [BenDov1994]. LICHENS [BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Balach1953l, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1953l). Although Balachowsky (1953l) provided characters to its separation from H. nivearum, both Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and Tang (1992) placed this subspecies as a synonym of the former.

CITATIONS: Balach1953l [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239, 240]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 184]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy: 99]; Tang1992 [taxonomy: 478].



Heliococcus nivearum nivearum Balachowsky

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus nivearum nivearum Balachowsky, 1953l: 238. Type data: FRANCE: Hautes Alpes, Ecrins, on Androsace sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: snow mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Primulaceae: Androsace [Balach1953l, BenDov1994]. Saxifragaceae: Saxifraga [KosztaKo1988F].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Balach1953l, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

KEYS: Tang 1992: 458 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 99 (female) [Central Europe].

CITATIONS: Balach1953h [taxonomy: 93]; Balach1953l [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-240]; Balach1953m [taxonomy: 295]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 184]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 102-103]; Miller1974 [taxonomy: 178]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 478, 479]; Terezn1959 [taxonomy: 796].



Heliococcus oligadenatus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus oligadenatus Danzig, 1972b: 333. Type data: MONGOLIA: Dyelger-Khangay-Ula, under a stone. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Danzig2007a]. Brassicaceae: Alyssum [Danzig2007a]. Chenopodiaceae: Anabasis brevifolia [Danzig1974, BenDov1994], Eurotia caratoides [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994], Salsola lacrifolia [Danzig1974, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1972b]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig2007a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1972b, 2007a). Description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: %69-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region]; Tang 1992: 458 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 702 (female) [Far East of Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 184]; Danzig1972b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333-335]; Danzig1974 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 69]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 606-608]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 479].



Heliococcus osborni (Sanders)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus (Paroudablis) osborni Sanders, 1902: 284. Type data: U.S.A.: Ohio, Columbus, Campus of Ohio State University, on Platanus occidentalis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Phenacoccus pettiti Hollinger, 1917: 281. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, Boone County, near Columbia, on several named hosts. Syntypes, female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 99.

Heliococcus obsorni; Ezzat & Nada, 1987: 88. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: Osborn mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Koszta1996]. Anacardiaceae: Rhus [Koszta1996], Rhus toxicodendron [Hollin1917b]. Asteraceae: Ambrosia trifida [Hollin1917b], Onopordum [Ezzat1960a, BenDov1994]. Betulaceae: Betula pubescens [Ossian1972]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa [Ferris1950b, Koszta1996]. Caprifoliaceae: Symphoricarpos orbiculatus [Hollin1917b]. Cornaceae: Cornus [Koszta1996]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium [Koszta1996]. Fabaceae: Cercis canadensis [Hollin1917b], Gleditsia [Koszta1996], Medicago [Koszta1996]. Fagaceae: Fagus [Koszta1996]. Juglandaceae: Carya [Koszta1996]. Moraceae: Morus [Koszta1996]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [Koszta1996], Fraxinus americana [Hollin1917b]. Oxalidaceae: Oxalis [Koszta1996]. Platanaceae: Platanus occidentalis [Sander1902]. Rosaceae: Prunus [Koszta1996]. Rubiaceae: Crucianella herbacea [Ezzat1960a, BenDov1994]. Salicaceae: Populus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [Koszta1996], Ulmus [Koszta1996]. Vitaceae: Psedera quinquefolia [Hollin1917b].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta); United States of America (Colorado [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Idaho [Koszta1996], Indiana [Koszta1996], Iowa [Koszta1996], Louisiana [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Missouri [Hollin1917, Koszta1996], New York [Ferris1950b, Koszta1996], Ohio [Sander1902, Koszta1996], Oklahoma [Koszta1996], Texas, Virginia [Koszta1996], West Virginia [Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: Egypt [Ezzat1960a, BenDov1994]; Sweden [Ossian1972].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), Ezzat (1960b) and by Kosztarab (1996). Phenacoccus pettiti was erroneously considered to be a synonym of Phenacoccus stachyos Ehrhorn by Hollinger (1918, 1923). Ferris (1918b) listed both P. osborni and P. p

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 129 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Miller 1974: 180 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 183 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 233 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 96 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 184-185]; Ezzat1960a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-36]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59, 60]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-100]; Hollin1923 [host, distribution: 51]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-131]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-183]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; NewtonGlMa2011 [distribution: 520]; Ossian1972 [host, distribution: 98]; Sander1902 [p. 284].



Heliococcus pamirensis Bazarov

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus pamirensis Bazarov, 1974: 357. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Eastern Pamir, on Eurotia ceratoides. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Christolea pamirica [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Eurotia ceratoides [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bazarov (1974) and by Danzig (2007a). Description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic region]; Tang 1992: 460 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Wang 1982ZQ: 53 (female) [China]; Bazarov 1974: 351 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 357, 358]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 185]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 589, 592]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 479, 480]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16].



Heliococcus pavlovskii Borchsenius & Tereznikova

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus pavlovskii Borchsenius & Tereznikova, 1959a: 492. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Caragana pygmaea [Danzig1975, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [BorchsTe1959a, BenDov1994], Arundinella hirta [Danzig2007a]. Rosaceae: Potentilla mollii [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Salsolaceae: Salsola laricifolia [Danzig2007a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1975, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [BorchsTe1959a, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius & Tereznikova (1959a) and by Danzig (1980b, 2007b).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region]; Tang 1992: 458 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 702 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 147 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 185]; BorchsTe1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Danzig1975 [host, distribution: 54]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 74]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 602-603]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; WuJiTa1996 [taxonomy: 259].



Heliococcus phaseoli (Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus phaseoli Laing, 1929a: 475. Type data: SIERRA LEONE: on dwarf beans. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus phaseoli; Goux, 1934b: 171. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Phaseolus [Laing1929].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Sierra Leone [Laing1929a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Laing (1929a) and by Williams (1958b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 185]; Goux1934b [taxonomy: 171]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 475, 476]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-21].



Heliococcus puerariae Kwon, Danzig & Park

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus puerariae Kwon, Danzig & Park, 2003: 109. Type data: KOREA: Gurye-ri, Iyang, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, on Pueraria thunbergiana; collected G.M. Kwon, 24.5.2001. Holotype female. Type depository: Suwon: National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Korea . Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Betulaceae: Alnus japonica [KwonDaPa2003]. Fabaceae: Pueraria thunbergiana [KwonDaPa2003].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: South Korea [KwonDaPa2003].

KEYS: Kwon et al., 2003: 108 (female) [Korea].



Heliococcus quadriglandularis Bazarov

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus quadriglandularis Bazarov, 1974: 360. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Pamir, under a stone. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus guadriglandularis; Tang, 1992: 460. Misspelling of species name.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1974, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bazarov (1974). Description of adult female given by Tang (1992) and by Danzig (2007a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region]; Tang 1992: 460 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Bazarov 1974: 351 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 359, 360]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 185]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 592]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 481].



Heliococcus radicicola Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus radicicola Goux, 1931b: 113. Type data: FRANCE: Rhone, Courzieu, on roots of Dianthus carthusianorum, Poterium sanguisorba and Rumex acetosella. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2007a: 583. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. R198548. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus saxatilis Borchsenius, 1949: 276. Type data: ARMENIA: on Minor Megri slopes, on stone, collected N.S. Borchsenius, 25.v.1947. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2007a: 583. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 29-48. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2007a: 583.

COMMON NAME: pink root mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Apiaceae: Eryngium campestre [KaydanKo2010a]. Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium [KaydanKiKo2005], Carduus pycnophelus [KaydanKiKo2005], Chondrilla [KaydanKiKo2005], Lactuca seriola [KaydanKiKo2005], Taraxacum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Aethionema arabicum [KaydanKo2010a], Diplotaxis tenuifolia [KaydanKiKo2005], Sisymbrium [KaydanKiKo2005]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus carthusianorum [Goux1931b, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lathyrus [Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Erodium [KaydanKiKo2005]. Lamiaceae: Stachys [KaydanKiKo2005], Teucrium [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Thymus [ZakOgaKo1964, BenDov1994], Thymus serphyllum [Schmut1952a, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Malva [KaydanKiKo2005]. Polygonaceae: Rumex acaetosella [Goux1931b, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cydonia oblonga [TerGri1956, TerGri1969, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Dryas octopetala [Matile1983, BenDov1994], Potentilla [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Poterium sanguisorba [Goux1931b, BenDov1994], Sanguisorba [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Umbelliferae: Daucus [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1956, TerGri1969, TerGri1973, Matile1983, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1931b, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Poland [Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]; Sweden [Ossian1959, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [Matile1983, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanUlTo2002, KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and stems of a variety of herbaceous plants. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) (as H. saxatilis, Ter-Grigorian (1973), Bazarov (1974a), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Tang (1992) and by Danzig (2007a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic region]; Tang 1992: 458,460 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 99 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 182 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Bazarov 1974: 350 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 200-201 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 272 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 623-628]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 185-186]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 276-277,279]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 137]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 583-585]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1931b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-118]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 87]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 34]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 379]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 220]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 76-78]; Matile1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 632, 633]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 195]; Schmut1952 [distribution: 369]; Schmut1980 [ distribution : 50]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 482-484]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184, 186-188]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 52]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-207]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 121]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 424].



Heliococcus salviae Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus salviae Borchsenius, 1949: 282. Type data: TAJIKISTAN: hills south of Ura-Tyube, on rhizomes and stems of Salvia sp.; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 31.vii.1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2007a: 589. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 256. Described: female.



HOSTS: Lamiaceae: Salvia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Scutellaria bucharica [Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig2007a]; Uzbekistan [Danzig2007a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Dscription and illustration of adult female by Bazarov (1974a) and by Danzig (2007a). Description of the adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region]; Tang 1992: 460 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Bazarov 1974: 350 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 272 (female) [Palaearctic region ].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 632, 633]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 186]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 282-283]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 589-591]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 482, 483].



Heliococcus schmelevi Bazarov

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus schmelevi Bazarov, 1976: 62. Type data: KYRGYZSTAN: Ataynaski Ridge, near Kurtsai, on Perovskia angustifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Perovskia angustifolia [Bazaro1976, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Bazaro1976, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bazarov (1976).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region]; Tang 1992: 458 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-64]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 62]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 605]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 484].



Heliococcus scutellariae Nurmamatov

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus scutellariae Nurmamatov, 1975: 27. Type data: TAJIKISTAN: Kuraminsk Ridge, Pangoz, on Scutellaria multicaulis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Camphorosma lessengii [Danzig2007a]. Lamiaceae: Scutellaria multicaulis [Nurmam1975, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Danzig2007a]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Nurmam1975, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Nurmamatov (1975) and by Danzig (2007a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of palearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 186]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 596-598]; Nurmam1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-29].



Heliococcus singularis Avasthi & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus singularis Avasthi & Shafee, 1982: 306. Type data: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Prakasam, Chirala, on Cupressus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cupressaceae: Cupressus [AvasthSh1982, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [AvasthSh1982, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Avasthi & Shafee (1982) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 343 (female) [Heliococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 458 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 306-308]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 187]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 484-485]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 41]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 346-349].



Heliococcus stachyos (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus stachyos Ehrhorn, 1900: 313. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, San Francisco to Canon, near Mayfield, on Stachys bullata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Heliococcus stachyos; Ferris, 1950b: 101. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: betony mealybug [McKenz1967, Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer platanoides [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Rhus diversiloba [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Encelia farinosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cornaceae: Cornus [Koszta1996]. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Thermopsis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Juglandaceae: Carya [Koszta1996]. Lamiaceae: Monardella [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Stachys bullata [Ehrhor1900, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Morus [Koszta1996]. Platanaceae: Platanus [Koszta1996]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum inflatum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eriogonum umbellatum polyanthum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Adenostoma fasciculatum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Prunus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Salicaceae: Populus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Diplacus aurantiacus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum umbelliferum [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [McKenz1967, Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ehrhor1900, BenDov1994], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the twigs, braches and roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Kosztarab (1996). A number of species have been synonymized with P. stachyos, although these synonymies have not been accepted by subsequent authors: occus comari Kunow by Kiritshenko

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 131 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Miller 1974: 180 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 183 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 233 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 96 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 187]; Ehrhor1900 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 313, 314, 317]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59, 60]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-102]; Goux1934b [taxonomy: 170]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; Kiritc1931 [host, distribution: 313]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 131-132]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-188].



Heliococcus sulcii Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus sulcii Goux, 1934b: 167. Type data: FRANCE: Rhone, Courzieu, on Genista pilosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus caucasicus Borchsenius, 1949: 279. Type data: ARMENIA: near Ayrum Station, on Artemisia sp.; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 10.vi.1947. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2007a: 602. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 35-48. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2007a: 602.

Heliococcus tesquorum Borchsenius, 1949: 284. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Aktyubinskaya Region, Alga, on Artemisia sp.; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 7.viii.1936. Lectotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 159-36. Described: female.

Heliococcus marginalis Goux, 1953: 104. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, Marseilleveyre, under a stone. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2007a: 602.

Heliococcus artemisiae Ter-Grigorian, 1967a: 134. Type data: ARMENIA: Erevan, on Artemisia fragrans. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2007a: 602.

Heliococcus sulci Bazarov, 1974a: 640. Unjustified emendation.

Heliococcus caucasicu; Ben-Dov, 1994: 178. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: Sulc's mealybug.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig2007a], Artemisia fragrans [TerGri1967a, TerGri1973, Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994], Artemisia nitrosa [Borchs1949, Bazaro1974a, BenDov1994], Sonchus [WuJiTa1996a]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Camphorosma [Danzig2007a], Camphorosma lessingii [Bazaro1974a, Danzig1977a, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia seguieriana [Terezn1975, BenDov1994], Euphorbia steposa [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Genista pilosa [Goux1934b, BenDov1994], Trifolium repens [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Lagochilus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Marrubium [KaydanKiKo2005], Thymus marschallianus [KozarDr1991, BenDov1994], Thymus praecox [KozarOrKo1977, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Potentilla arenaria [KozarOrKo1977, BenDov1994], Rubus [WuJiTa1996a]. Scrophulariaceae: Rehmannia glutinosa [WuJiTa1996a], Veronica [Danzig2007a]. Solanaceae: Solanum septemlobum [WuJiTa1996a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1967a, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig2007a]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [WuJiTa1996a], Ningxia (=Ningsia) [WuJiTa1996a], Shanxi (=Shansi) [WuJiTa1996a, Xie1998]); France [Goux1934b, Goux1953, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Germany [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarDr1991, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig2007a]; Mongolia [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994]; Poland [Lagows1996, GolanLaJa2001]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots and stems of steppe inhabiting herbaceous plants.Lives on roots of its host plant.Lives on the roots of its host plant.Originally found under a stone.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) as H. tesquorum and H. caucasicus, Goux (1953) (as H. Marginalis, Ter-Grigorian (1973) (as H. caucasicus, Bazarov (1974a), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (2007a). Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) listed H. slavonicus as a synonym of this species.

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region]; Tang 1992: 460 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 100 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 182 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Bazarov 1974: 350-351 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 201 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 272 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 626,630-632,640-641]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 104,167,178,187-189]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 279-280,283-285]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 199]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 601-602]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 380]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; Goux1934b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-170]; Goux1953 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-109]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 87]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103, 104]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarDr1991 [host, distribution: 362]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 4]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 33]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 112]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 461]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 464-465,485-486,489]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187, 188]; TerGri1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134-137]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-213]; WuJiTa1996a [host, distribution: 291]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-81].



Heliococcus summervillei Brookes

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus summervillei Brookes, 1978: 241. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, on Paspalum dilatatum, and paratype females, PAKISTAN: Peshawar, on Saccharum officinarum. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

Novonilacoccus oryzae Ghosh & Ghose, 1987: 5. Type data: INDIA: West Bengal, Kalyani, on Oryza sativa. Holotype female. Type depository: Kalyani: Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bihan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 349.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [Summer1928]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Leptomastix guttatipennis Girault [Summer1928].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Bracharia ruziziensis [BrinonMaCh2004], Bracharis decumbens basilink [BrinonMaCh2004], Chloris gayana callide [BrinonMaCh2004], Digitaria milanjiana jarra [BrinonMaCh2004], Oryza sativa [GhoshGh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Panicum maximum makueni [BrinonMaCh2004], Panicum maximum hamil [BrinonMaCh2004], Paspalum [Summer1928], Paspalum compressum [BrinonMaCh2004], Paspalum dilatatum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Brooke1978, BenDov1994], Urochloa mosambicensis nixon [BrinonMaCh2004].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Summer1928, Brooke1978, BenDov1994]); New Caledonia [BrinonMaCh2004]. Oriental: India (West Bengal [GhoshGh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Brooke1978, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Heavy infestations were observed on leaves of the host (Ghosh & Ghose, 1987).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Brookes (1978), Ghosh & Ghose (1987) [as Novonilacoccus oryzae] and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph, second-instar female nymph and third-instar female nymph given by Ghosh & Ghose (1987) [as Novonilacoccus oryzae]. Description and illustration of adult male by Ghosh & Ghose (1989) [as Novonilacoccus oryzae].

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Summerville (1928) first reported on this species as "mealy bug" and presented observations on its economic importance, life history, control and natural enemies. Brinon et al. (2004) recorded this species from New Caledonia, reporting of severe damage to pasture grasses from 1998 to 2003. In 2003 the pest populations were almost completely redced, probably due to unexplaiend natural causes.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 343 (female) [Heliococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 458 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 188]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 38-39]; BrinonMaCh2004 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 425-428]; Brooke1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 241, 242, 244]; GhoshGh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-48]; Summer1928 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 201-209]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 486]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 41]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 43]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 172]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 348-350].



Heliococcus szetshuanensis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus szetshuanensis Borchsenius, 1962a: 232. Type data: CHINA: Sechuan, host plant not recorded. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Kasianthus [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1962a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 460 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Wang 1982ZQ: 53 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 188]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232, 234, 235]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 487]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16].



Heliococcus takae (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius takae Kuwana, 1907: 184. Type data: JAPAN: on bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Phenacoccus takae; Kuwana, 1917a: 122. Change of combination.

Saliococcus takae; Kanda, 1934: 309. Change of combination.

Heliococcus takae; Danzig, 1971: 383. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Kanda1935a, BenDov1994], Bambusa [Kuwana1907, BenDov1994], Sasa kurilensis [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Kuwana1907, BenDov1994]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Oligophagous on bamboo.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kuwana (1907, 1917), Kanda (1935a), Danzig (1971, 1980b, 2007a) and by Kawai (1980). Description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic region]; Tang 1992: 458 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 701 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 145 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kawai 1980: 98 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 188]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383-385]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152, 153]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 573-575]; Kanda1934 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 309-310]; Kanda1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-73]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 7]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 98, 99]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 184]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 487, 488]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8].



Heliococcus takahashii Kanda

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus takahashii Kanda, 1935a: 73. Type data: JAPAN: Yokohama, Mitsuzawa, on Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female.

Takahashicoccus takahashii; Kanda, 1959a: 239. Change of combination.

Takahashicoccus (Heliococcus) takahashii; Kawai, 1972: 10. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Kanda1935a, BenDov1994], Sasa kurilensis [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kanda1935a, BenDov1994]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1980b, 2007a). Description of adult female by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic]; Tang 1992: 458 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 702 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 147 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kawai 1980: 98 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 188]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 385, 386]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-155]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 575-576]; Kanda1935a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 73-75]; Kanda1959a [taxonomy: 239]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 10]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 113].



Heliococcus tokyoensis (Kanda)

NOMENCLATURE:

Saliococcus tokyoensis Kanda, 1959: 179. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Tokyo, Otsuka, on Pleioblastus chino. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female.

Heliococcus (Saliococcus) tokioensis; Kawai, 1972: 7. Change of combination.

Heliococcus (Saliococcus) tokioensis; Kawai, 1972: 7. Misspelling of species name.

Heliococcus tokyoensis; Kawai, 1980: 98. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Pleioblastus chino [Kanda1959, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kanda1959, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Kanda (1959) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 458 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kawai 1980: 98 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 189]; Kanda1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-180]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 98]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 489, 490].



Heliococcus varioporus Matesova

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus varioporus Matesova, 1968: 122. Nomen nudum.

Heliococcus varioporus Matesova, 1968a: 636. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Kalbinsk Ridge, on Eriophorum schauchzeri. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Danzig2007a], Eriophorum schauchzeri [Mateso1968a, BenDov1994, Danzig2007a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994]; Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig2007a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matesova (1968), Bazarov (1974a) and by Danzig (2007a). Description of the adult female by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of Palearctic Region]; Tang 1992: 458 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 702 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Bazarov 1974: 351 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 636, 638, 640]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 189]; Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 589-590]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 112]; Mateso1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-158]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 490].



Heliococcus wheeleri (King)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius wheeleri King, 1902j: 285. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Austin, in nests of Camponotus maculatus var. sansabeanus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus wheeleri; Fernald, 1903b: 112. Change of combination.

Heliococcus wheeleri; Ferris, 1953a: 363. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Texas [King1902f, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living in ants' nests, Camponotus maculatus var. sansbeanus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by King (1902c).

SYSTEMATICS: Ferris (1953a) discussed this species and noted that the type-species specimens are immature, but may be the same species as H. insignis (Lobdell).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 189]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 112]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 363]; King1902f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 285].



Heliococcus zoysiae Kwon, Danzig & Park

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus zoysiae Kwon, Danzig & Park, 2003: 112. Type data: KOREA: Buchon-ri, Busan, jangheung, Jeollanam-do, on Zoysia japonica; collected G.M. Kwon, 18.9.2001. Holotype female. Type depository: Suwon: National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Korea . Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Zoysia japonica [KwonDaPa2003]. Rosaceae: Potentilla [Danzig2007a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Danzig2007a]. Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig2007a]. Palaearctic: Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig2007a], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig2007a]); South Korea [KwonDaPa2003].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kwon et al. (2003) and by Danzig (2007a).

KEYS: Danzig 2007a: 569-571 (female) [Heliococcus species of palearctic region]; Kwon et al. 2003: 108 (female) [Korea].

CITATIONS: Danzig2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 598-600]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-113].



Heterobrevennia Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia (Brevennia) Goux, 1940: 58. Type species: Ripersia (Brevennia) tetrapora Goux, by original designation.

Heterococcopsis Borchsenius, 1948a: 955. Type species: Heterococcopsis lonicerae Borchsenius, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2013: 459.

Heterobrevennia Kaydan, 2011: 50-62. Type species: Heterobrevennia opertus (Borchsenius).

Brevennia (Heterobrevennia); Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 786-787. Change of status.

Brevennia (Heterobrevennia); Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2013: 464. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Kaydan, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Adult female: Body elongate, 2.82-3.20 mm long, 1.56-2.20 mm wide. Antennae generally 8 or 9 segmented (but occasionally 7 when 2nd and 3rd segments fused). Eyes present on margin. Labium 3 segmented. Posterior spiracles slightly larger than anterior spiracles. Legs well developed, with translucent pores on hind femur and tibia; claw with a denticle; tarsal digitules setose, claw digitules capitate, broader than tarsal digitules. Both anterior and posterior ostioles well developed. Multilocular disc pores limited to margins of both body surfaces and to posterior abdominal segments. Quinquelocular pores smaller than multilocular pores, scattered over both body surfaces. Trilocular pores present on dorsum. Oral-collar tubular ducts elongate, generally situated on body margin. Anal ring with 6 setae.

SYSTEMATICS: Heterobrevennia is most similar to Heterococcopsis in having trilocular pores on the dorsum and 8- or 9-segmented antennae. The two genera differ as follows (features of Heterococcopsis in parentheses): i) no circuli (with 3 circuli), ii) trilocular pores scattered on dorsum (trilocular pores on dorsum restricted to cerarii, ostioles and posterior abdominal segments), iii) at least five cerarii, of which 3 are present on head (only 2 cerarii, restricted to posterior abdominal segments), and iv) legs slender (legs stout). Heterobrevennia is also similar to all the other genera in the Heterococcus-group. Asphodelococcus can be readily separated from Heterobrevennia by the following combination of features (features of Heterobrevennia in parenthesis): (i) antennae 6 segmented (antennae 9 segmented), (ii) multilocular pores of unusual shape and often quadrate, and with heavily sclerotised hexagonal pores (pores normal), and (iii) cerarii numbering 4 pairs and restricted to abdomen (cerarii numbering 5 or more pairs, present on both abdomen and head). Annulococcus differs from Heterobrevennia in the following combination of features (features of Heterobrevennia in parenthesis): (i) cerarii poorly developed, present along the body margin (cerarii numbering 5 or more pairs, present on both abdomen and head), (ii) quinquelocular pores larger than other multilocular pores (quinquelocular pores smaller than other multilocular pores), (iii) oral-collar tubular ducts very short and stout (oral-collar tubular ducts elongate), and (iv) trilocular pores absent (trilocular pores present) (Kaydan, 2011). Brevennia Goux shares many morphological features with Heterobrevennia, namely, the presence of trilocular pores on the dorsum and venter and the abundance of quinquelocular pores on both dorsum and venter, but the two genera differ in the absence of claw denticles and Brevennia also lacks anterior ostioles. Boreococcus Danzig, Heterococcus Borchsenius and Pseudorhodania can be readily distinguished from Heterobrevennia due to the complete absence of trilocular pores in these three genera. (Kaydan, 2011) Laingococcus Williams differs from Heterobrevennia in having the following combination of features (features of Heterobrevennia in parenthesis): (i) ostioles absent (ostioles present), (ii) cerarii absent (5 or more cerarii present on both abdomen and head); (iii) a circulus present (absent); (iv) dorsal body setae similar in size to those on venter (dorsal body setae spinose, ventral setose); and (v) in having a rotund body (body elongate oval). In having trilocular pores on the dorsum and venter, Heterobrevennia is somewhat similar to Paramacoccus Foldi & Cox but Paramacoccus is unique in lacking ostioles On the other hand, in having trilocular pores on the dorsum and venter, and spine-like setae on dorsum, Heterobrevennia is somewhat similar to Phenacoccus Cockerell but new genus differs in having many quinquelocular pores on the dorsum. (Kaydan, 2011) Although Kaydan (2011) elevated Herterobrevennia to a separate genus from Brevennia, Danzig and Gavrilov-Zamin (2012) described a new species in the genus Brevennia, subgenus Heterobrevennia without a formal synonomization of the two genera. We have decided to recognize the genus Heterobrevennia for the purposes of ScaleNet, but Brevennia ferenci remains as described.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 464 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Brevennia (Including Four Palaearctic Species Not Known from Russia and Adjacent Countries)]; Kaydan 2011: 50 (female) [Key to adult females of the Heterococcus group]; Kaydan 2011: 50 (female) [as Heterococcopsis; Key to adult females of the Heterococcus group]; Tang 1992: 572-573 (female) [as Heterococcopsis; species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Foldi & Cox 1989: 1121 (female) [as Heterococcopsis; Heterococcopsis; species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Borchsenius 1949: 89 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Borchs1948a [description, taxonomy: 955]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy: 171]; FoldiCo1989 [description, taxonomy: 1129]; Kaydan2011 [description, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy: 50-62]; Kaydan2011 [structure: 50]; Tang1992 [description, taxonomy: 585-586].



Heterobrevennia ferenci (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Brevennia (Brevennia) ferenci Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012: 234-236. Type data: SLOVAKIA: Dévény, on Iris pumila, 6/7/2012, by F. Kozár. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 10470. Described: female. Illust.

Brevennia (Heterobrevennia) ferenci; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2013: 464. Change of combination.



HOST: Iridaceae: Iris pumila [DanzigGa2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Slovakia [DanzigGa2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body elongate oval, up to 3 mm long. Antennae nine segmented. Hind coxae, femora and tibiae with translucent pores. Claw with a denticle. Circuli absent. Both pairs of ostioles well developed.

SYSTEMATICS: The new species is similar to other species of the genus Brevennia, but differs from all of them in the absence of the dorsal multilocular pores and in a smaller number of the trilocular pores. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012) Although Kaydan (2011) put Herterobrevennia in a separate genus, Danzig and Gavrilov-Zamin treated this new species in the genus Brevennia, subgenus Heterobrevennia without a formal synonomization of the two genera. We have decided to recognize the genus Heterobrevennia for the purposes of ScaleNet.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 464 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Brevennia (Including Four Palaearctic Species Not Known from Russia and Adjacent Countries)]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012: 236 (female) [The key for the species of the Heterobrevennia].

CITATIONS: DanzigGa2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 234-236].



Heterobrevennia gullanae Kaydan

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterobrevennia gullanae Kaydan, 2011: 54. Type data: TURKEY: Van-Geva (N: 38°16’663’’, E: 043°03’898’’), on the leaf sheaths of Poaceae, 6/9/2009, by M.B. Kaydan. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Van: Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Yüzüncü Yil University, Van, Turkey; type no. 4530. Described: female. Illust.

Brevennia (Heterobrevennia) gullani; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012: 236. Change of combination and misspelling of species epithet.



HOST: Poaceae [Kaydan2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Kaydan2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Body oval. In the leaf sheaths of grasses. The adult female of Heterobrevennia gullanae Kaydan is unique for a species in the Heterococcusgroup in having the following combination of features: (i) many quinquelocular pores on both the dorsum and venter, (ii) short hair-like tarsal digitules, (iii) claw digitules capitate, thicker than tarsal digitules, (iv) many multilocular pores on venter, (v) translucent pores present on both femur and tibia, (vi) two groups of multilocular pores on dorsum of head, (viii) six pairs of cerarii, 3 on head and 3 posteriorly on abdomen, (ix) many oral-collar tubular ducts on the venter and dorsum, and (x) the presence of trilocular pores throughout the dorsum. (Kaydan, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Heterobrevennia gullanae resembles H. opertus but H. gullanae differs in having the following combination of characters (characters of H. opertus in brackets): (i) two groups of multilocular pores on the head (absent), (ii) cerarii numbering 6 pairs (7), (iii) many trilocular pores present throughout dorsum (trilocular pores on dorsum few, generally restricted to posterior abdominal segment, and in cerarii and ostioles), (iv) antennae 8, rarely 7 segmented (9 segmented). Heterobrevennia gullanae is also similar to H. kozari Kaydan, but differs in having (character states for H. kozari in brackets): (i) 6 pairs of cerarii (5), (ii) translucent pores on coxa absent (present), and (iii) one size of oral-collar tubular ducts on dorsum (two sizes medially on posterior abdominal segment).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 464-465 (female) [as Brevennia (Heterococcus) gullani; A Key to the Species of the Genus Brevennia (Including Four Palaearctic Species Not Known from Russia and Adjacent Countries)]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012: 236 (female) [The key for the species of Heterobrevennia]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 289 (female) [Key to species of Brevennia and Heterobrevennia]; Kaydan 2011: 54 [Key to Heterobrevennia species].

CITATIONS: DanzigGa2012 [taxonomy: 236]; DanzigGa2012a [taxonomy: 789]; DanzigGa2013 [taxonomy: 465]; Kaydan2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 54-56].



Heterobrevennia kozari Kaydan

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterobrevennia kozari Kaydan, 2011: 56-58. Type data: TURKEY: Bitlis-Siirt road (N: 38°11’772’’, E: 041°49’067’’), 748 m altitude, on the leaf sheaths of Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae), 5/26/2009, by M.B. Kaydan. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Van: Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Yüzüncü Yil University, Van, Turkey; type no. 4325. Described: female. Illust.

Brevennia (Brevennia) kozari; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 789. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Kaydan2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Kaydan2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Adult female body oval. The adult female of Heterobrevennia kozari Kaydan is unique for a species in the Heterococcus group in having the following combination of character states: (i) many quinquelocular pores on both dorsum and venter, (ii) hair-like tarsal digitules, (iii) ventral multilocular pores present on posterior abdominal segments, (iv) translucent pores present on coxa, femur and tibia, (v) five pairs of cerarii, and (vi) many oral-collar tubular ducts throughout the dorsum. The most unique characters are the presence of 5 cerarii and pores on hind coxa.

SYSTEMATICS: In having most of the above mentioned features, H. kozari resembles H. opertus but differs in having (characters of H. opertus in brackets): (i) only 5 pairs of cerarii (7), (ii) many trilocular pores scattered throughout dorsum (trilocular pores on dorsum few, generally restricted to the posterior abdominal segment, cerarii and ostioles), (iii) transcluent pores present on hind coxa (absent), and (iv) dorsal multilocular pores present only on abdominal segments VI and VII (scattered all over body). H. kozari is also similar to H. gullanae Kaydan, but differs in having (characters of H. gullanae in brackets): (i) 5 pairs of cerarii (6), (ii) transcluent pores on coxa (absent), (iii) one size of oral-collar tubular ducts on dorsum (two sizes on posterior abdominal segment), (iv) dorsal multilocular pores restricted to abdominal segments VI and VII (also present in two group on head), and (v) antennae 9 segmented (8, rarely 7).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 464-465 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Brevennia (Including Four Palaearctic Species Not Known from Russia and Adjacent Countries)]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012: 236 (female) [The key for the species of Heterobrevennia]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 787,789 (female) [Key to species of Brevennia and Heterobrevennia]; Kaydan 2011: 54 (female) [Key to Heterobrevennia species].

CITATIONS: DanzigGa2012 [taxonomy: 236]; DanzigGa2012a [taxonomy: 789]; DanzigGa2013 [taxonomy: 465]; Kaydan2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 56-58].



Heterobrevennia operta (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcopsis opertus Borchsenius, 1949: 265. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Gissarskii Ridge, on Dactylis glomerata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Heterobrevennia opertus; Kaydan, 2011: 50-54. Change of combination.

Brevennia (Heterobrevennia) operta; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012: 236. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron repens [KaydanKo2010a], Cynodon dactylon [KaydanKiKo2005], Dactylis glomerata [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Adult female: Body elongate oval, 2.82-3.20 mm long, 1.56-2.20 mm wide. Antennae generally 8 or 9 segmented (but occasionally 7 when 2nd and 3rd segments fused). Eyes present on margin. Labium 3 segmented. Posterior spiracles slightly larger than anterior spiracles. Legs well developed, with translucent pores on hind femur and tibia; claw with a denticle; tarsal digitules setose, claw digitules capitate, broader than tarsal digitules. Both anterior and posterior ostioles well developed. Multilocular disc pores limited to margins of both body surfaces and to posterior abdominal segments. Quinquelocular pores smaller than multilocular pores, scattered over both body surfaces. Trilocular pores present on dorsum. Oral-collar tubular ducts elongate, generally situated on body margin. Anal ring with 6 setae.

SYSTEMATICS: H. opertus resembles H. kozari but differs in having (characters of H. kozari in brackets): (i) 7 pairs of cerarii (5), (ii) trilocular pores on dorsum few, generally restricted to the posterior abdominal segment, cerarii and ostioles (many trilocular pores scattered throughout dorsum), (iii) transcluent pores absent on hind coxa (present), and (iv) dorsal multilocular pores scattered all over bodypresent (present only on abdominal segments VI and VII). H. opertus resembles H. gullanae, but H. opertus differs in having the following combination of characters (characters of H. gullanae in brackets): (i) multilocular pores absent on the head (two groups of multilocular pores on the head), (ii) cerarii numbering 7 pairs (6), (iii) trilocular pores on dorsum few, generally restricted to posterior abdominal segment, and in cerarii and ostioles many trilocular pores present throughout dorsum), (iv) antennae 9 segmented (8, rarely 7 segmented ).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 464 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Brevennia (Including Four Palaearctic Species Not Known from Russia and Adjacent Countries)]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012: 236 (female) [The key for the species of the Heterobrevennia]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 788-789 (female) [Key to Brevennia and Heterobrevennia]; Kaydan 2011: 54 (female) [Key to Heterobrevennia species]; Tang 1992: 576 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975: 63 (female) [East Pamir]; Borchsenius 1949: 264 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 191]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 265-266]; DanzigGa2012 [taxonomy: 236]; DanzigGa2012a [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 789,793-796]; DanzigGa2013 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 464,471-472]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 380]; Kaydan2011 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 53-54,59]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 34]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 579].



Heterococcus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcus Ferris, 1918d: 65. Type species: Heterococcus arenae Ferris, by monotypy and original designation.

Stachycoccus Borchsenius, 1962a: 240. Type species: Stachycoccus caulicola Borchsenius, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 782-783.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Morrison (1945), Borchsenius (1949), Ferris (1953a), Williams (1961, 1962, 1970DJ), McKenzie (1967), Miller & McKenzie (1970), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Miller (1975), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: Body of female oval or oblong-oval, anal lobes not distinct. Antennae usually 8 or 9-segmented (rarely 6 or 7-segmented). Legs short, with fine segments. Claw with small denticle. Anterior and posterior ostioles well developed. Multilocular pores situated on both sides of body or only on ventral side (absent only in H. biporus Goux). Quinquelocular pores numerous on both sides of body. Trilocular pores absent. Tubular ducts narrow. Cerarii forming 1-4 pairs at end of abdomen, also occasionally C3 present. Abdominal cerarii formed by 2 conical setae and quinquelocular pores; as an exception (in H. nudus), in addition to quinquelocular pores, 1 trilocular pore occasionally present in C18. Dorsal setae conical or flagellate. (Danzig & Zamin, 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: Comparison with related genera given by Miller & McKenzie (1970). Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin (2013) determined that there was no morphological differences between Stachycoccus and Heterococcus and, therefore, synonymized them.

KEYS: Kaydan 2011: 50 (female) [as Stachycoccus; Key to adult females of the Heterococcus group]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 38 (female) [Phenacoccinae genera of South America]; Kosztarab 1996: 133 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992: 570 (female) [as Stachycoccus; Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 571 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Foldi & Cox 1989: 1120 (female) [as Stachycoccus; Heterococcus and associated genera]; Foldi & Cox 1989: 1121 (female) [Heterococcus and associated genera]; Danzig 1988: 696 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 105 (female) [species Central Europe]; Tranfaglia & Marotta 1987: 162 (female) [Related genera]; Wang 1982TC: 21 (female) [China]; Wang 1982: 21 (female) [as Stachycoccus; China]; Miller 1975DR: 3 (female) [species World]; Miller 1975DR: 35 (male) [species World]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 38 (female) [Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 44 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 188-189 (female) [species North America]; Ferris 1953a: 282 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 364 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949 (female) [Palearctic]; Borchsenius 1949: 267 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Morrison 1945: 45 (female) [species World]; Morrison 1945: 40 (female) [Heterococcus and associated genera].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 191, 496]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 266-267]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description: 240]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 109, 143]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, description: 112]; DanzigGa2012a [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 781-799]; DanzigGa2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 459-474]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description: 65]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 364]; FoldiCo1989 [taxonomy, description: 1130, 1131]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy: 38]; Kaydan2011 [taxonomy: 50]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 131-133]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 104]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 188-189]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy, description: 1-4]; MillerMc1970 [taxonomy, description: 438-439]; Morris1945 [taxonomy, description: 45]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, description: 93, 188]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 587]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 16, 28]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 188-190]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 198]; TranfaMa1985 [taxonomy: 161-162]; Willia1961 [taxonomy, description: 671]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 6, 29]; Willia1985 [taxonomy: 65]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68].



Heterococcus abludens Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcus abludens Borchsenius, 1962a: 238. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Chingtung, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Miller (1975DR).Good description of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1970) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 460 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Heterococcus]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 784 (female) [Heterococcus of the Palearctic Region]; Miller 1975DR: 3 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 191]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-240]; DanzigGa2012a [taxonomy: 784]; DanzigGa2013 [taxonomy: 460]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-6]; MillerMc1970 [taxonomy, description: 440]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 580, 581]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16].



Heterococcus arenae Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcus arenae Ferris, 1918d: 65. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Monterey County, Pacific Grove, on Poa douglasii. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & McKenzie, 1970: 440. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Aristida [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Elymus triticoides [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Festuca [Miller1971a, Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Oryzopsis [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Poa douglasii [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Spartina patens [Koszta1996], Stipa [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], California [Miller1971a, Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Colorado [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Idaho [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Kansas [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Missouri [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Nebraska [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New Mexico [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Oregon [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Utah [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Wyoming [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring beneath the leaf sheaths of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Morrison (1945), Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967) and by Miller (1975DR).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 133 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Miller 1975DR: 3 (female) [World]; Miller 1975DR: 19, 24 (larva) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 189 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 364 (female) [North America]; Morrison 1945: 45 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 191]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365-366]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-134]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 208, 209]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-9, 19-22]; MillerMc1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 440-442]; Morris1945 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-48].



Heterococcus avenae Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcus avenae Savescu, 1985: 121. Type data: ROMANIA: Constanza District, Basarabi, on Avena fatua. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Avena fatua [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 192]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121-122].



Heterococcus biporus (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus (Heterococcus) biporus Goux, 1937e: 253. Type data: FRANCE: Tamaris (Var), on Brachypodium pinnatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Heterococcus biporus; Morrison, 1945: 48. Change of combination.

Heterococcus biporous; Miller, 1975DR: 3. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae: Brachypodium pinnatum [Goux1937e, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Goux1937e, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1937e). Good description of the adult female given by Morrison (1945), Miller & McKenzie (1970), Miller (1975DR) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 460 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Heterococcus]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 784 (female) [Heterococcus of the Palearctic Region]; Miller 1975DR: 3 (female) [World]; Morrison 1945: 45 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 192]; DanzigGa2012a [taxonomy: 784]; DanzigGa2013 [taxonomy: 460]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Goux1937e [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 253-256]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9]; MillerMc1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 442]; Morris1945 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 48]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 581].



Heterococcus caulicola (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Stachycoccus caulicola Borchsenius, 1962a: 240. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Chindung, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

Heterococcus caulicola; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 782. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1962a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 496]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-241]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 587-588]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 28].



Heterococcus cyperi (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus cyperi Hall, 1926a: 4. Type data: EGYPT: Kharga Oasis, on Cyperus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Heterococcus cyperi; Ezzat, 1960c: 47. Change of combination.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Hall1926a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1926a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in the leaf sheath of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Ezzat (1960c)and by Miller (1975DR). Good description of the adult female given by Tang(1992).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 460 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Heterococcus]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 784 (female) [Heterococcus of the Palearctic Region]; Miller 1975DR: 3 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 192]; DanzigGa2012a [taxonomy: 784]; DanzigGa2013 [taxonomy: 460]; Ezzat1960c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4, 5]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy, descrition, illustration, host, distribution: 9-11]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 581, 582].



Heterococcus dethieri Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcus dethieri Matile-Ferrero, 1983: 633. Type data: SWITZERLAND: Parc National des Grisons, Munt La Schera, in humus of Caricetum firmae. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Switzerland [Matile1983, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1983). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 460 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Heterococcus]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 784 (female) [Heterococcus of the Palearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 192]; DanzigGa2012a [taxonomy: 784]; DanzigGa2013 [taxonomy: 460]; Matile1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 633-635]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 582].



Heterococcus nigeriensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcus nigeriensis Williams, 1961: 671. Type data: NIGERIA: Samaru, on guineacorn (Sorghum vulgare). Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Brevennia (Brevennia) nigeriensis; Miller, 1975: 49. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Chloris pycnothrix [Harris1961, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Harris1961, BenDov1994], Pennisetum typhoides [Harris1961, BenDov1994], Sorghum vulgare [Willia1961, BenDov1994], Zea mays [Harris1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Willia1961, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring between the stem and leaf sheath.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1961).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Causes severe distortion of the host plant's leaves and stems given by Harris (1961).

KEYS: Williams D. J. 1970: 114 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 192, 193]; Harris1961 [host, distribution, economic importance: 677-684]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy: 49]; Willia1961 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 671-673].



Heterococcus nudus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus nudus Green, 1926: 172. Type data: ENGLAND: Camberley, from leaf sheaths of grasses. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Heterococcus nudus; Green, 1928: 10. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus (Heterococcus) nudus; Goux, 1933: 235. Change of combination.

Heterococcus tritici; Borchsenius, 1937: 55. Misidentification.

Heterococcus borkhsenii Morrison, 1945: 48. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa, in leaf sheaths of wheat grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 143. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1968: 502.

Heterococcus graminicola Morrison, 1945: 48. Type data: U.S.A.: Ohio, Wooster, on Phleum pratense. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Miller, 1975: 11.

Heterococcus occidentalis Morrison, 1945: 53. Type data: U.S.A.: Washington, Yakima, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Miller, 1975: 11.

Heterococcus graminicolus; Ferris, 1953a: 367. Change of combination.

Heterococcus variabilis Schmutterer, 1958: 18. Type data: GERMANY: Oberammergau, on Agrostis alba. Holotype female. Type depository: Wetlenberg: The Schmutterer Collection, Germany. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Miller, 1975: 11.

Heterococcus pulverarius; Williams, 1961: 673. Misidentification; discovered by Miller, 1975: 11.

Heterococcus pulverarius; Williams, 1962: 31. Misidentification; discovered by Miller, 1975: 11.

Heterococcus pulverarius; Williams, 1963: 101. Misidentification; discovered by Miller, 1975: 11.

Heterococcus borchsenii; Ter-Grigorian, 1966: 90. Misspelling of species name.

Heterococcus pulverarius; McKenzie, 1967: 191. Misidentification; discovered by Miller, 1975: 11.

Heterococcus pulverarius; Komosinska & Podsiadlo, 1967: 684. Misidentification; discovered by Miller, 1975: 11.

Heterococcus pulverarius; Danzig, 1968: 502. Misidentification; discovered by Miller, 1975: 11.

Heterococcus pulverarius; Koteja & Zak-Ogaza, 1969: 360. Misidentification; discovered by Miller, 1975: 11.

Heterococcus agropyri Savescu, 1985: 119. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucarest, on Agropyron repens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.

Heterococcus agropyri; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2012a: 784. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: naked grass-mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Haplopappus [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Goux1931, TerGri1966, KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, Koszta1996], Agropyron [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Agropyron repens [Savesc1985, BenDov1994], Agropyron repens [Miller1975DR, KozarWa1986, KozarGuBa1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Agrostis [KozarGuBa1994], Agrostis alba [Schmut1958, Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Alopecurus [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Arrhenatherum elatius [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Briza media [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Bromus [KozarGuBa1994], Bromus carinatus [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Bromus inermis [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Dactylis glomerata [Foldi2000], Echinochloa crusgalli [KaydanKiKo2005], Elymus glaucus [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Festuca arundinaceae [KaydanKiKo2005], Festuca rubra [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Festuca supina [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Holcus [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Holcus lanatus [Goux1933a, BenDov1994, Foldi2000], Hordeum [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Hordeum murinum [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Koeleria gracilis [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Lolium [TerGri1966, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Lolium perenne [Miller1975DR, KozarGuBa1994, Foldi2000, KaydanKiKo2005], Molinia coerulea [Schmut1958, BenDov1994], Panicum [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Phleum pratense [Morris1945, Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Poa pratensis [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Setaria viridis [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Sieglingia decumbens [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Sorghum [MyartsKaPo1995, KaydanKiKo2005], Sorghum halepense [PellizPoSe2011], Stipa [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994]); United States of America (California [McKenz1967, Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], District of Columbia [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Idaho [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Kansas [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Maryland [Miller1975DR, Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996], Michigan [Koszta1996], New Hampshire [Miller1975DR, Koszta1996], New Jersey [Miller1975DR, Koszta1996], New York [Miller1975DR, Koszta1996], North Dakota [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Ohio [Miller1975DR, Koszta1996], Oregon [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Pennsylvania [Miller1975DR, Koszta1996], Virginia [Miller1975DR, Koszta1996], Washington [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], West Virginia [Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; France [Goux1931, Goux1933a, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Germany [Schmut1958, BenDov1994]; Greece [MilonaKo2008, MilonaKoKo2008a]; Hungary [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarKoSc1999, KozarKo2002b, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Netherlands [Schmut1958, BenDov1994]; Poland [ZakOgaKo1964, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Lagows1996, GolanLaJa2001]; Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994]; Russia (Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]); Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [MyartsKaPo1995]; Ukraine [Borchs1949, Miller1975DR, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); United Kingdom (England [Green1926, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in the leaf sheath and crown of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Borchsenius (1949) (as H. borkhsenii), Ferris (1953a) (as H. graminicolus, Williams (1961) (as H. pulverarius), McKenzie (1967) (as H. pulverarius), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Miller (1975), Danzig (1980b) and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).

STRUCTURE: See colour illustration in McKenzie (1967).

SYSTEMATICS: This species has frequently been misidentified as Trionymus pulverarius (Newstead) or Heterococcus pulverarius (now in Brevennia) (see Miller, 1975). Data on the taxonomy, synonyms, nomenclature, geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance given by Ben-Dov (1994).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Caused browning and stunting of grasses in U.S.A., Washington state (Kosztarab, 1996).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 460 [A Key to the Species of the Genus Heterococcus]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 784 (female) [Heterococcus in the Palaearctic Region]; Kosztarab 1996: 135 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 105 (female) [Central Europe]; Miller 1975DR: 3 (female) [World]; Miller 1975DR: 35 (male) [World]; Miller 1975DR: 19, 24 (larva) [World]; Tereznikova 1975: 190 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; McKenzie 1967: 189 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 364 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 267 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Morrison 1945: 45 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 191, 193-194]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 269]; Danzig1968 [taxonomy: 502, 503]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 74]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-145]; DanzigGa2012a [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 784-786]; DanzigGa2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 460,462]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 367-368]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 111]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, karyology: 74]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 3]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 235]; Green1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172, 173]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 10]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 34]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 135, 136]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-107]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 472]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 153]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 375]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution : 92]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-193]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-14]; MilonaKo2008 [host, distribution: 35-38]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; Morris1945 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-53]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 292,296]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-121]; Schmut1958; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190, 191, 193]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 90]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-200]; Willia1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 673-675]; Willia1963 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 101]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 83]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 423].



Heterococcus raui Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcus raui Miller, 1975DR: 14. Type data: U.S.A.: South Carolina, Charleston County, Folly Beach, on Andropogon virginicus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Rau mealybug [Miller1975DR].



HOST: Poaceae: Andropogon virginicus [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (South Carolina [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the stems and in the sheaths just above the ground.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller (1975).

KEYS: Miller 1975DR: 3 (female) [World]; Miller 1975DR: 35 (male) [World]; Miller 1975DR: 19, 24 (larva) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 194]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-16].



Heterococcus tritici (Kiritshenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus tritici Kiritshenko, 1932: 135. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on Agropyrum repens and cultivated wheat. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Erium tritici; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus biporus; Kiritshenko, 1940a: 188. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949.

Heterococcus confertus Borchsenius, 1949: 267. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Kondara, on wild rye. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Miller, 1975: 17.

Heterococcus tritici; Ben-Dov, 1994: 194. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: wheat mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron repens [Kiritc1932, BenDov1994], Avena [KaydanKiKo2005], Bromus [Borchs1949, Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [KaydanKiKo2005], Elymus [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994], Elymus caput-medusae [KaydanKiKo2005], Elytrigia repens [DanzigGa2013], Secale [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Triticum [Kiritc1932, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Miller1975DR, BenDov1994]; Ukraine [Kiritc1932].

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the leaf sheaths of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller (1975) and by Tereznikova (1975). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Has been recorded from cultivated wheat (Kiritchenko, 1932).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2013: 460 (female) [A Key to the Species of the Genus Heterococcus]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin 2012a: 784 (female) [Heterococcus in the Palaearctic Region]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 105 (female) [Central Europe]; Miller 1975DR: 3 (female) [World]; Tereznikova 1975: 190 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 267 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 194]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267-269]; DanzigGa2012a [description, illustration, taxonomy: 783-784]; DanzigGa2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 460-462]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; Kiritc1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 71]; Kiritc1940a [taxonomy: 188]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105-107]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Miller1975DR [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16, 19]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 584]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189, 190].



Kalaginella Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin

NOMENCLATURE:

Kalaginella Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin, 2013a: 558. Type species: Kalaginella intermedia Danzig & Gavrilov-Zamin.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration in Danzig and Gavrilov, 2013a.

STRUCTURE: Female. Legs normally developed; claw without denticle. Ostioles and circuli absent. Anal apparatus simplified, only with several pores. Discoidal pores of one type-quinquelocular, similar in size to multilocular pores of other mealybugs. Tubular ducts simple. Cerarii and conical setae absent. Both sides of body with flagellate setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

SYSTEMATICS: The genus Kalaginella differs from all the other mealybugs except Archanginella with reduced cerarii and anal apparatus in the presence of quinquelocular pores instead of multilocular and trilocular ones. However, these quinquelocular pores and tubular ducts in Archanginella and Kalaginella differ fundamentally. Tubular ducts simple, without collar. Quinquelocular pores large, corresponding in size to usual multilocular pores of mealybugs in Kalaginella Tubular ducts with deep and wide collar almost totally closing the duct. Quinquelocular pores small, corresponding in size to usual quinquelocular pores of mealybugs in Archanginella.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2013a: 215 (female) [Key to Pseudococcidae from Russia and Neighboring Countries].

CITATIONS: DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 558, 560].



Kalaginella intermedia Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin

NOMENCLATURE:

Kalaginella intermedia Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2013a: 559-560. Type data: TURKMINISTAN: 10 mi. NE of Ashkhabad, on grass, on 06/27/1995, by G. Kalagina. Holotype female (examined). Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [DanzigGa2013a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkmenistan [DanzigGa2013a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration in Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a,

STRUCTURE: Body oblong-oval, length 2 mm. Antenna of holotype broken off, with only 6 anterior segments remained. Legs with slightly shortened but not thickened segments, without translucent pores. Anal ring with several pores. Quinquelocular pores forming transverse rows on both sides of body. Tubular ducts of two size, dorsal larger than ventral ones; both types of ducts singular on abdomen. Dorsal tubular ducts, in addition, forming row along margin of metathorax and abdomen. Both sides of body with flagellate setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2013a: 556 (female).

CITATIONS: DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 560].



Lacombia Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia (Lacombia) Goux, 1940: 62. Type species: Ripersia bouhelieri Goux, by original designation.

Lacombia; Morrison, 1945: 41. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Goux (1940), Boratynski (1968) and by Ben-Dov (1991).

CITATIONS: BenDov1991 [taxonomy, description: 7-8]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 209]; Boraty1968 [taxonomy, description: 401-403]; Goux1940 [taxonomy, description: 62]; Morris1945 [taxonomy: 41]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 102].



Lacombia bouhelieri (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia bouhelieri Goux, 1938e: 199. Type data: MOROCCO: Mediouna, Tit Mellil Road, on Lupinus luteus. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Ripersia (Lacombia) bouhelieri; Goux, 1940: 62. Change of combination.

Lacombia bouhelieri; Ben-Dov, 1994: 209. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Lupinus luteus [Goux1938e, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Morocco [Goux1938e, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1938e).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 209]; Goux1938e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-201]; Goux1940 [taxonomy: 62].



Lacombia dactyloni (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus falcifer; Bodenheimer, 1935: 250. Misidentification.

Rhizoecus dactyloni Bodenheimer, 1943: 31. Type data: ISRAEL: Jerusalem, on Cynodon dactylon. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1991: 8. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.

Lacombia urbanii Boratynski, 1968: 403. Type data: MALTA: Comino Island, in nest of Tapinoma erraticum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1991a: 8.

Lacombia dactyloni; Ben-Dov, 1991: 8. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Anacyclus clavatus [BenDov1991], Artemisia herba-alba [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Bodenh1935, Bodenh1943, BenDov1991, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Israel [Bodenh1935, Bodenh1943, BenDov1991, BenDov1994]; Malta [Boraty1968, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]; Tunisia [BenDov1991, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant, always in association with the ant Tapinoma erraticum (Ben-Dov, 1991).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943), Boratynski (1968) and by Ben-Dov (1994).

CITATIONS: BenDov1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-10]; BenDov1994 [taxonomy: 209]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35, 43]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 250]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31]; Boraty1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 403-408]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 72].



Laingiococcus Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Laingiococcus Morrison, 1945: 54. Type species: Heterococcus painei Laing, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1960), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kaydan 2011: 50 (female) [Key to adult females of the Heterococcus group]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 17 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Morrison 1945: 40 (female) [Heterococcus and associated genera].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 210]; Kaydan2011 [taxonomy: 50]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 103]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 492]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description: 400]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 87, 89].



Laingiococcus painei (Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcus painei Laing, 1930: 20. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: on coconut. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 89. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus horridus Lever, 1933: 4. Nomen nudum; discovered by Lever, 1935: 7.

Laingiococcus painei; Morrison, 1945: 54. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus horridus Williams, 1960: 402. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams, 1960: 402.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Laing1930, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus septica [Willia1960, BenDov1994]. Myrsinaceae: Maesa [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Gmelina moluccana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a]; Solomon Islands [Laing1930, Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Often tended by and found in the nests of ants Oecophylla smaragdina.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Laing (1930), Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 210]; Laing1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21]; Morris1945 [taxonomy: 54]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 492]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 400-402]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-89].



Longicoccus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Longicoccus Danzig, 1975: 49. Type species: Longicoccus clarus Borchsenius, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Danzig (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992 (female) [World]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 63 (female) [Central Europe]; Wang 1982TC: 22 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 214]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy, description: 49]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 107]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 495].



Longicoccus affinis (Ter-Grigorian)

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus affinis Ter-Grigorian, 1967: 91. Type data: ARMENIA: Sisiyan, Sisiyansk Ridge, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Longicoccus affinis; Danzig, 1975: 49. Change of combination.

Longicoccus affinis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 214. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [TerGri1967, TerGri1969], Agropyron repens [KaydanKo2010a], Hordeum bulbosa [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1967, Koteja1974b]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.ECO >Parasites in the Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1967) and Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Koteja (1971) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 496 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 102 (female) [Armenia]; Koteja 1971: 5 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 214-215]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy: 49]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 34]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; Koteja1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 496]; TerGri1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-93]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 53]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-105]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 223].



Longicoccus ashtarakensis (Ter-Grigorian)

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus ashtarakensis Ter-Grigorian, 1964b: 246. Type data: ARMENIA: Ashtarak Region, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcus ashtaracenis; Ter-Grigorian, 1969: 52. Misspelling of species name.

Longicoccus ashtarakensis; Danzig, 1975: 49. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [TerGri1964b, TerGri1966, TerGri1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1964b, TerGri1966, TerGri1969, Koteja1974b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1964b, 1973). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1971) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 495 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 102 (female) [Armenia]; Koteja 1971: 5 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 215]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy: 49]; Koteja1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6, 8]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy distribution: 73]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 497]; TerGri1964b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246, 248, 249]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 87]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 52]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-105].



Longicoccus clarus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus clarus Borchsenius, 1949: 182. Type data: RUSSIA: Dagestan AR, Makhatz-Kala, on Festuca. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Longicoccus clarus; Danzig, 1975: 49. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [KaydanKo2010a], Festuca [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Hordeum bulbosa [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Dagestan AR [Borchs1949, Koteja1971, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]); Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Koteja (1971). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 496 (female) [as Caulicoccus cerariferus; China]; Koteja 1971: 5 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1949: 181 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 215]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 182-183]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy: 49]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 526]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 34]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; Koteja1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 497, 498].



Longicoccus divnogoricus Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Longicoccus divnogoricus Gavrilov, 2003a: 109. Type data: RUSSIA: Voronoezh Oblast, 25 km from Lysok, on roots of grass; collected I.A. Gavrilov, 11.vii.2002. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Gavril2003a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gavrilov (2003a).

CITATIONS: Gavril2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-110]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34].



Longicoccus festucae (Koteja)

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus festucae Koteja, 1971: 14. Type data: POLAND: Pieskowa Skala, on Festuca pallens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Krakow: Institute of Systematic and Experimental Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Described: female. Illust.

Longicoccus festucae; Danzig, 1975: 49. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Koteja's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Festuca [KaydanKiKo2005], Festuca pallens [Koteja1971a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Poa pratensis [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KozarWa1986, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKoSc1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Poland [Koteja1971, Koteja1974b, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1971). Good description of the adult female given by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 496 (female) [China]; Koteja 1971: 6 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 215]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy: 49]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 107-108]; Koteja1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-16]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarWa1986 [distribution: 115]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 498].



Longicoccus longiventris (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus longiventris Borchsenius, 1949: 183. Type data: ARMENIA: Megri, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Mirococcus longispinus; Ter-Grigorian, 1966: 87. Misspelling of species name.

Longicoccus longiventris; Danzig, 1975: 49. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, TerGri1969, BenDov1994], Hordeum bulbosa [KaydanKiKo2005], Poa pratensis [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, TerGri1969, Koteja1971, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1971). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 496 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 102 (female) [Armenia]; Koteja 1971: 5 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1949: 181 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 215-216]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183-184]; Danzig1975 [catalogue: 49]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; Koteja1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 499]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 87]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 52]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105].



Longicoccus psammophilus (Koteja)

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus psammophilus Koteja, 1971: 8. Type data: POLAND: Mikoszewo, on Festuca ovina and Deschampsia flexuosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Krakow: Institute of Systematic and Experimental Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Described: female. Illust.

Longicoccus psammophilus; Danzig, 1975: 49. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: sand-loving mealybug.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Danzig1980, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Aegilops [KaydanKiKo2005], Agropyron repens [KaydanKiKo2005], Ammophila arenaria [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Deschampsia flexuosa [Koteja1971, BenDov1994], Festuca ovina [Koteja1971, BenDov1994], Hordeum murinum [KaydanKiKo2005], Poa bulbosa [KaydanKiKo2005], Setaria [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Stipa capillata [KozarWa1986].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Czech Republic [Zahrad1987, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarWa1986, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKoSc1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]. Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1980, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Poland [Koteja1971, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female Koteja (1971), Zahradnik (1987) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 496 (female) [World]; Koteja 1971: 5 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 216]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy: 49]; Danzig1980 [host, distribution: 35]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-108]; Koteja1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-14]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1992a [host, distribution: 78]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 499-500]; Zahrad1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 359-360].



Madacanthococcus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Madacanthococcus Mamet, 1959a: 396. Type species: Madacanthococcus philippicolus Mamet, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Mamet (1959a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 221]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description: 396]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 113].



Madacanthococcus philippicolus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Madacanthococcus philippicolus Mamet, 1959a: 396. Type data: MADAGASCAR: near Antsirabe, on Philippia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Ericaceae: Philippia [Mamet1959a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1959a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 221]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 396-398].



Malekoccus Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Malekoccus Matile-Ferrero, 1988: 32. Type species: Malekoccus acaciae Matile-Ferrero, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Matile-Ferrero (1988).

STRUCTURE: Legs well developed; claw with will defined denticle. Two pair of ostioles. Multilocular and quinquelocular pores (about the same size). Trilocular pores scattered on entire body surface. Tubular ducts of two types; simple and with flat ring near duct opening. Two last pair of cerarii, each with 2 thin conical setae, without concentration of trilocular pores. Dorsal setae conical. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

SYSTEMATICS: Malekoccus is similar to Phenacoccus, however, Malekoccus has ducts with a flat ring near the opening. In addition, it has peculiar large 5-locular pores, about the same size as the multilocular pores. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 183-185 (female) [Key to general of Phenacoccinae].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 224]; DanzigGa2014 [description, taxonomy: 244]; DanzigGa2014 [description, taxonomy: 244]; Matile1988 [taxonomy, description: 32, 34].



Malekoccus acaciae Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Malekoccus acaciae Matile-Ferrero, 1988: 34. Type data: SAUDI ARABIA: Wadi Bani Malek, on Acacia asak. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia acaciae [Matile1988, BenDov1994], Acacia asak [DanzigGa2014].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia [Matile1988, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1988).

STRUCTURE: Female broadly oval, up to 2.5 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Legs well developed, wihout translucent pores; claw with will defined denticle; claw digitules invisible in available specimens. Anal apparatus complete, constructed with two separate halves, each with inner row of pores and an outer row of spinulae; 6 short anal setae present, similar in length to diameter of anal ring. Circuli absent. Multilocular pores forming transverse rows and bands on IV-VIII abdominal sternites. Quinquelocular pores about the same size as multilocular ones, scattered in medial zone of ventral surface of thorax and three anterior abdominal sternites. Trilocular pores scallered on entire body surface, bu less numerous in medial zone of thorax. Simple discoidal pores scattered on entire body surface. Tubular ducts of two types; simple and with flat ring near duct opening. Simple tubular ducts present on ventral surface of abdomen only, together with multilocular pores. Ducts with flat ring scattered on entire body surface. Two last pari of cerarii present; each with 2 thin conical setae, without concentration of trilocular pores. Dorsal setae conical. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 224]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 244-245]; Matile1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-34].



Mammicoccus Balachowsky

NOMENCLATURE:

Mammicoccus Balachowsky, 1959: 337. Type species: Mammicoccus murilloi Balachowsky, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Balachowsky (1959) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 38 (female) [Phenacoccinae genera of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 227-229 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 42 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971 (female) [species].

CITATIONS: Balach1959 [taxonomy, description: 337]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 224]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy: 38]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 114]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 42, 227-229].



Mammicoccus balachowskyi Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Mammicoccus balachowskyi Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 581. Type data: PERU: near Caraz Ancash, host plant not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Balachowsky mealybug [MillerMc1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the flower of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and distribution of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 229 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 224]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 581-583]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229, 230].



Mammicoccus murilloi Balachowsky

NOMENCLATURE:

Mammicoccus murilloi Balachowsky, 1959: 337. Type data: COLOMBIA: Papayan, Cauca, on a plant of Labiatae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lamiaceae [Balach1959, WilliaGr1992].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Balach1959, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1959) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 227 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: Balach1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 337-339]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 224]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-232].



Mirococcopsis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis Borchsenius, 1948c: 582. Type species: Mirococcopsis rubidus Borchsenius, by original designation.

Liucoccus Borchsenius, 1960e: 930. Type species: Liucoccus ehrhornioides Borchsenius, by original designation.

Eumirococcus Ter-Grigorian, 1964a: 858. Type species: Eumirococcus borchsenii Ter-Grigorian, by original designation. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2007: 2.

Mirococcopsis (Liucoccus); Gavrilov, 2007: 4. Change of status.

Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis); Gavrilov, 2007: 2. Change of status.



Mirococcopsis multicircularia Kaydan & Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis multicircularia Kaydan & Gavrilov, 2010: 50-53. Type data: TURKEY: Bahçesaray-Van, on undermined Poaceae; Collected 25 June, 2006, M.B. Kaydan. Holotype. Type depository: Van: Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Yüzüncü Yil University, Van, Turkey. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [KaydanGa2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [KaydanGa2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kaydan & Gavrilov (2010).

CITATIONS: KaydanGa2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-53].



Mirococcopsis (Liucoccus) Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Liucoccus Borchsenius, 1960e: 930. Type species: Liucoccus ehrhornioides Borchsenius, by original designation.

Mirococcopsis (Liucoccus); Gavrilov, 2007: 4. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Gavrilov (2007) revised Mirococcopsis and splitted it to two subgenera Mirococcopsis Liucoccus and Mirococcopsis Mirococcopsis and redecribed most of the species assigned to it. Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1949), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and Gavrilov (2007).

SYSTEMATICS: Gavrilov (2007) regarded Liucoccus a subgenus of Mirococcopsis.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 92 (female) [China]; Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 213]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy, description: 930]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy, description: 4-5]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 111]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 97]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 17].



Mirococcopsis (Liucoccus) ehrhornioides (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Liucoccus ehrhornioides Borchsenius, 1960e: 930. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, on Phragmites sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcopsis (Liucoccus) ehrhornioides; Gavrilov, 2007: 4. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Phragmites [Borchs1960e, BenDov1994, Gavril2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960e, BenDov1994, Gavril2007]).

BIOLOGY: Living under leaf sheaths of Phragmites sp. (Gavrilov, 2007).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by by Borchsenius (1960e), Tang (1992) and by Gavrilov (2007).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2007: 2-3 (female) [Species of Mirococcopsis].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 214]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 928, 930]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-5]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 97]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis Borchsenius, 1948c: 582. Type species: Mirococcopsis rubidus Borchsenius, by original designation.

Eumirococcus Ter-Grigorian, 1964a: 858. Type species: Eumirococcus borchsenii Ter-Grigorian, by original designation. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2007: 2.

Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis); Gavrilov, 2007: 2. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Gavrilov (2007) revised Mirococcopsis and splitted it to two subgenera Mirococcopsis Liucoccus and Mirococcopsis Mirococcopsis and redecribed most of the species assigned to it. Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1949), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and Gavrilov (2007).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2007: 3-4 (female) [world]; Tang 1992: 100 (female) [Palearctic and Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 63 (female) [Central Europe]; Matesova 1981: 56-57 (female) [Kazakhstan]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37, 86 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 87, 168-169 (female) [Palearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 151, 230]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 168-169]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy, description, revision: 1-23]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 110]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 121]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 444]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 18]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 194]; TerGri1964a [taxonomy, description: 858]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 86, 107]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) ammophila Bazarov & Nurmamatov

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis ammophila Bazarov & Nurmamatov, 1975a: 94. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Kuraminsk Ridge, near Pangoz, on Cousinia polycephala. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcopsis brevipilosa Matesova, 1981: 59. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Tald-Kurgansk District, on Erysimum diffusum. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2007: 6.

Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) ammophila; Gavrilov, 2007: 6. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Apiaceae: Prangos odontalgica [Gavril2006]. Asteraceae: Cousinia polycephala [BazaroNu1975a, BenDov1994, Gavril2006]. Brassicaceae: Alyssum campestre [Mateso1981, BenDov1994], Erysimum diffusum [Mateso1981, BenDov1994], Erysimum diffusum [Gavril2006]. Caryophyllaceae: Minuartia setacea [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994], Silene komarovii [BazaroNu1975a, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Eremostachys iliensis [Mateso1981, BenDov1994, Gavril2006], Scutellaria bucharica [BazaroNu1975a, BenDov1994]. Papaveraceae: Papaver sp. [KaydanKo2010a]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan (Taldy Kurgan Oblast [Mateso1981, BenDov1994, Gavril2007]); Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994, Gavril2007]; Russia (Astrakhan' Oblast [Gavril2007]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [BazaroNu1975a, BenDov1994, Gavril2007]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Gavril2007]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots and under lower leaf sheths of host plants (Gavrilov, 2007).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bazarov & Nurmamatov (1975a), Matesova (1981) (as M. brevipilosa) and by Gavrilov (2007).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2007: 3-4 (female) [Species of Mirococcopsis]; Tang 1992: 107 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 106 (female) [China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975a: 94 (female) [Tadjikistan].

CITATIONS: BazaroNu1975a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-96]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 230-231]; Gavril2006 [host, distribution: 787]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 34]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 92]; Mateso1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 107-108]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 108].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) artemisiphila Tang in Tang & Li

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis artomisiphilus; Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 17. Misspelling of species name.

Mirococcopsis artemisiphilus Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 217. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Chifeng City, on Artemisia gmelinii. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcopsis artemisiphila; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 412. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia gmelinii [TangLi1988, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 230]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) avetianae Ter-Grigorian

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis avetianae Ter-Grigorian, 1964b: 245. Type data: ARMENIA: Kechuski Ridge and Gukasyanski Region, on Thymus sp.; collected V. Gukasyan, 29.vi.1954. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2007: 9. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) avetianae; Gavrilov, 2007: 9. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Lamiaceae: Thymus [TerGri1964b, BenDov1994, Gavril2006]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [TerGri1969, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [TerGri1969, BenDov1994], Agropyron [TerGri1964b, TerGri1966, BenDov1994, Gavril2006], Bromus [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Festuca [TerGri1964b, TerGri1966, BenDov1994, Gavril2006], Zerna tectorum [TerGri1964b, BenDov1994, Gavril2006]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica [TerGri1966, BenDov1994, Gavril2006], Veronica kurdica [TerGri1964b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1964b, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Gavril2007]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].

BIOLOGY: All records of adult females of this species were collected in late June (Ter-Grigorian, 1973; Gavrilov, 2007).

GENERAL REMARKS: Dscription and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1964b, 1973) and by Gavrilov (2007).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2007: 3-4 (female) [Species of Mirococcopsis]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 86 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 230]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-9]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 34]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; TerGri1964b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 245-247]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 86]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 53]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-90].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) borchsenii (Ter-Grigorian)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumirococcus borchsenii Ter-Grigorian, 1964a: 858. Type data: ARMENIA: Sisyan Region, Sisyan, on Artemisia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) borchsenii; Gavrilov, 2007: 9. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [TerGri1964a, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Gavril2007]. Poaceae [TerGri1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1964a, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Gavril2007]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant (Gavrilov, 2007).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1964a, 1973) and by Gavrilov (2007).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2007: 3-4 (female) [Species of Mirococcopsis].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 151]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-10]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 445]; TerGri1964a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 858, 859]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 53]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) chinensis Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis chinensis Tang, 1992: 595. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, roots of Festuca sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcopsis chinensis; ScaleNet, 2009. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca [Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tang1992, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 231]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 595, 728]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) elongata Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis elongatus Borchsenius, 1948c: 583. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: on unidentified plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Micrococcopsis elongatus; Kozár & Walter, 1986: 115. Misspelling of genus name.

Mirococcopsis elongata; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 412. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

COMMON NAME: elongate mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Festuca [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Stipa [KaydanKiKo2005], Stipa capillata [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KozarWa1986, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1948c]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 112 (female) [Central Europe]; Kozar 1981a: 316 (female) [Hungary]; Borchsenius 1949: 169 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 231]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 171]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 112]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) kalaginae Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) kalaginae Gavrilov, 2007: 11. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Kara-Kala, Ingdedzhik canyon, on Artemisia sp.; collected G. Kalagina, 9.v.1993. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 38-93. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Gavril2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkmenistan [Gavril2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gavrilov (2007).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2007: 3-4 (female) [Species of Mirococcopsis].

CITATIONS: Gavril2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-12].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) longipilosa Matesova

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis longipilosa Matesova, 1981: 60. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Kzyl-Ordinskaya Province, right bank of Syr-Dar'ya River, near station Dzhusaly, on roots of Kochia prostrata; collected G. Matesova, 22.v.1967. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) longipilosa; Gavrilove, 2007: 12. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Kochia prostrata [Mateso1981, BenDov1994, Gavril2006], Salsola arbuscula [Mateso1981, BenDov1994, Gavril2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan (Kzyl Orda Oblast [Mateso1981, BenDov1994, Gavril2007]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of Kochia and Salsola (Gavrilov, 2007).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matesova (1981) and by Gavrilov (2007).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2007: 3-4 (female) [Species of Mirococcopsis]; Tang 1992: 107 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 231]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-13]; Mateso1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-62]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 109-110].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) nagyi Kozár

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis nagyi Kozár, 1981a: 315. Type data: HUNGARY: Vertes Mountains, Csakvar, on Stipa pennata. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) nagyi; Gavrilov, 2007: 15. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Nagy's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa pennata [Kozar1981a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Gavril2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [Kozar1981a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Gavril2007]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in leaf sheaths of the host plant (Gavrilov, 2007).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár (1981a), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Gavrilov (2007).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2007: 3-4 (female) [Species of Mirococcopsis]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 112 (female) [Central Europe]; Kozar 1981a: 316 (female) [Hungary].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 231]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-15]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-114]; Kozar1981a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 315-317]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 153]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) rubida Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis rubidus Borchsenius, 1948c: 582. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Shaar-tuzskii district, near Aiwadzh village, bank of Amu-Dar'ya river, on stems of wild cereals; collected N. Borchsenius, 17.vi.1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2007: 15. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 23-45. Described: female.

Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) rubida; Gavrilov, 2007: 15. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Borchs1948c, Gavril2006], Aeluropus littoralis [Borchs1948c, BenDov1994, Gavril2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1984b, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Gavril2007]; Uzbekistan [Gavril2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gavrilov (2007). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2007: 3-4 (female) [Species of Mirococcopsis]; Tang 1992: 106 (female) [China]; Kozar 1981a: 316 (female) [Hungary]; Borchsenius 1949: 169 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 231-232]; Borchs1948c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 582]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 169-170]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 124]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) subalpina (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus subalpinus Danzig, 1985: 116. Type data: RUSSIA: North Caucasus, Teberda State Reserve, Malaya Khatipara, altitude 2350 m, steppe meadow, under leaf sheaths of wild grass; collected E. Danzig, 14.vii.1982. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcopsis subalpinus; Tang, 1992: 112. Change of combination.

Trionymus subalpinus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 529. Revived combination.

Mirococcopsis subalpinus; Danzig, 1997a: 95. Revived combination.

Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) subalpina; Gavrilov, 2007: 18. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Gavril2006], Bromus variegatus [Danzig1985, BenDov1994, Gavril2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia AR [Danzig1985, BenDov1994]); Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].

BIOLOGY: Occurring under leaf sheaths of the host plant (Gavrilov, 2007).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1985) and by Gavrilov (2007).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2007: 3-4 (female) [Species of Mirococcopsis]; Tang 1992: 107 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 529]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-120]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy: 95]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-18]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 35]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 112-113].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) subterranea (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia subterranea Newstead, 1893: 79. Type data: ENGLAND: Norfolk, Ingoldisthorpe, near King's Lynn, on Nardus stricta. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Ripersia tomlinii; Newstead, 1903: 187. Misidentification.

Ripersia formicarii Newstead in Donisthorpe, 1907: 5. Type data: ENGLAND: Kent, Charing, with Lasius niger. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1962: 17.

Ripersia corynephori; Kiritshenko, 1940: 124. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949: 158.

Pseudococcus parvus Borchsenius, 1949: 158. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Gori District, Akhal-Chiza Mountain, on roots of Festuca sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 112. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1997a: 112.

Chnaurococcus subterraneus; Williams, 1962: 17. Change of combination.

Chnaurococcus parvus; Ter-Grigorian, 1966: 85. Change of combination.

Trionymus parvus; Matesova, 1968: 105. Change of combination.

Trionymus subterraneus; Gavrilov & Kuznetsova, 2005: 21. Change of combination.

Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) subterranea; Gavrilov, 2007: 18. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: root mealybug; Russian root mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPRTERA Formicidae: Lasius niger [MalumpBa2012].

HOSTS: Asteraceae: Centaurea [KosztaKo1988F], Centaurea sibirica [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Oxytropis [TerGri1973, KosztaKo1988F], Oxytropis cyanea [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Trifolium [TerGri1973, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Goux1931, Zahrad1987], Agropyron [TerGri1966, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Corynephorus canescens [MalumpOsPy2010], Festuca [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F], Festuca [KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Festuca ovina [Koteja1972, BenDov1994], Festuca pallens [KotejaZa1983, KotejaZa1969, BenDov1994], Festuca sulcata [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Koeleria [KosztaKo1988F], Koeleria gracilis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Nardus [KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F], Nardus stricta [Newste1893, Willia1962, BenDov1994], Phragmites [KosztaKo1988F], Phragmites communis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Poa [TerGri1966, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992, Gavril2006], Poa annua [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Poa bulbosa [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Poa compressa [KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Poa pratensis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Stipa [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, Mateso1968, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F], Stipa lessingiana [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Filipendula [KosztaKo1988F], Filipendula hexapetala [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Potentilla [Mateso1968, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum [TerGri1973, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1987, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1977, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1949, TerGri1973, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]); Hungary [KozarKo2002b, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2010]; Netherlands [Reyne1957, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1969, Koteja1972, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Russia (Caucasus [Danzig1997a], Dagestan AR [Danzig1997a], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Spain [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994]; Sweden [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Gertss2001]; Ukraine [Kiritc1940, Borchs1949, Terezn1975, KosztaKo1978, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Willia1962, BenDov1994], England [Newste1893, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Scotland [Willia1962, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Generally found in nests of ants (Lasius alienus, L. niger and Formica flava) and on roots of grasses (Kozarzhevskaya & Reitzel, 1977; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F). Life history and associated ants discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1962) (as Chnaurococcus subterraneus), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) (as Chnaurococcus parvus (Borchsenius)), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988), Tang (1992) and Gavrilov (2007). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph and female second-instar nymph by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2007: 3-4 (female) [Species of Mirococcopsis]; Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 189 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 84 (female) [Central Europe]; Kozár & Kosztarab 1976: 302 (female) [Hungary]; Borchsenius 1949: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 80, 81]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 112]; Donist1907 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 108]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-20]; GavrilKu2005 [distribution, taxonomy: 19-34]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 365]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 3]; Green1920 [taxonomy: 122]; Green1921 [taxonomy: 191]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 185-195]; Kiritc1940 [host, distribution: 124]; KosztaKo1978 [description, host, distribution: 38, 39]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-86]; Koteja1972 [host, distribution: 566, 567]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, disribution: 74, 100]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 360]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 474]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKo1976 [taxonomy: 302]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 375]; KozarzRe1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 379]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 19]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 254]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 90]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 105]; Newste1893 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distibution: 77-79]; Reyne1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 20]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 190, 191]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-174]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 85]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-80]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17, 19, 20]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83, 85, 86]; Zahrad1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 357, 358].



Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) teberdae (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus teberdae Danzig, 1985: 116. Type data: RUSSIA: Karachay-Cherkessia AR, Teberda State Reserve, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcopsis teberdae; Tang, 1992: 113. Change of combination.

Trionymus teberdeae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 529. Revived combination.

Mirococcopsis teberdae; Danzig, 1997a: 95. Revived combination.

Mirococcopsis (Mirococcopsis) teberdae; Gavrilov, 2007: 20. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Danzig1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia AR [Danzig1985, BenDov1994, Gavril2007]); Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant (Gavrilov, 2007).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1985) and by Gavrilov (2007).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2007: 3-4 (female) [Species of Mirococcopsis]; Tang 1992: 107 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 529-530]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-117]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy: 95]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 35]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 113].



Odacoccus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Odacoccus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 125. Type species: Odacoccus anaclastus Williams & Watson, by present designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 19 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 259]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 125].



Odacoccus anaclastus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Odacoccus anaclastus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 125. Type data: LORD HOWE ISLAND: Government House, on ?Saccharum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Saccharum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Lord Howe Island [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 259]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-127].



Oxyacanthus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Oxyacanthus De Lotto, 1971c: 252. Type species: Oxyacanthus incohatus De Lotto, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1971c).

KEYS: Nillar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; De Lotto 1971c: 253 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 260]; DeLott1971c [taxonomy, description: 252-253]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233].



Oxyacanthus captiosus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Spinococcus captiosus De Lotto, 1969a: 25. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Barkly West, on Lycium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa.

Oxyacanthus captiosus; De Lotto, 1971c: 253. Change of combination.



HOST: Solanaceae: Lycium [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1969).

KEYS: De Lotto 1971c: 253 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 260-261]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; DeLott1971c [taxonomy: 253]; Millar2002 [illustration: 225].



Oxyacanthus chrysocomae (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus chrysocomae Brain, 1915: 93. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Tulbagh and Grahamstown, on Chrysocoma tenuifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Oxyacanthus chrysocomae; De Lotto, 1971c: 253. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Chrysocoma tenuifolia [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958a).

KEYS: De Lotto 1971c: 253 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 261]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-96]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-119]; DeLott1971c [taxonomy: 253].



Oxyacanthus incohatus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Oxyacanthus incohatus De Lotto, 1971c: 253. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Barkly West, on Pentzia viridis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Pentzia viridis [DeLott1971c].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1971c].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1971c).

KEYS: De Lotto 1971c: 253 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 261]; DeLott1971c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 253-255].



Paramococcus Foldi & Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paramococcus Foldi & Cox, 1989: 1121. Type species: Paramococcus venezuelanus Foldi and Cox, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Foldi & Cox (1989) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Kaydan 2011: 50 (female) [Key to adult females of the Heterococcus group]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 42 (female) [Central and South America]; Foldi & Cox 1989: 1121 (female) [Heterococcus and associated genera].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 281]; FoldiCo1989 [taxonomy, description: 1121]; Kaydan2011 [taxonomy: 50]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 42, 343-345].



Paramococcus venezuelanus Foldi & Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paramococcus venezuelanus Foldi & Cox, 1989: 1121. Type data: VENEZUELA: Merida, paramo of Piedras Blancas, 4000m altitude, on Aciachne pulvinata. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Aciachne pulvinata [FoldiCo1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [FoldiCo1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Foldi & Cox (1989) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Foldi & Cox (1989). Good description and illustration of the first instar and second instar female given by Foldi & Cox (1989).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 281]; FoldiCo1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1121-1127]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 312]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 345, 346].



Pararhodania Ter-Grigorian

NOMENCLATURE:

Pararhodania Ter-Grigorian, 1964a: 860. Type species: Pararhodania armena Ter-Grigorian, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ter-Grigorian (1964a, 1973) and by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Pararhodania is characterized by the adult female having short legs and an incomplete anal ring, lacking dorsal ostioles and trilocular pores, and possessing only multilocular and quinquelocular pores. (Kaydan & Kozar, 2011)

KEYS: Tang 1992: 570 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 286]; KaydanKo2011 [taxonomy: 588]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 584-585]; TerGri1964a [taxonomy, description: 860-861]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 115].



Pararhodania armena Ter-Grigorian

NOMENCLATURE:

Pararhodania armena Ter-Grigorian, 1964a: 861. Type data: ARMENIA: Urtski Ridge, on Artemisia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [TerGri1964a, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Achillea sp. [KaydanKo2011], Taraxacum sp. Van-Muradiye [KaydanKo2011]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1964a]; Turkey [KaydanKo2011].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1964a, 1973). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 286]; KaydanKo2011 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy,: 587-596]; KaydanKo2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 588-591]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 585]; TerGri1964a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 860-861]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host distribution: 116-117].



Peliococcopsis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcopsis Borchsenius, 1948a: 954. Type species: Phenacoccus caucasicus Borchsenius, by original designation.

Peliococcus; Tang, 1992: 686. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1949), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Tang (1992), Tang et al. (1992) and by Danzig (2001).

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcopsis is characterized (in contrast to Peliococcus) by the presence of quinquelocular disc pores on the dorsum; currently it has only two species, both with a Palaearctic distribution (Danzig, 2001)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 209 (female) [Key to the genera of the Peliococcus species-group]; Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; Danzig 2001: 149 (female) [palaearctic region]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 89 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 290]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy, description: 954]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 262]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description: 149]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 209]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 115]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 37]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 150]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 509]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 198-199]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 196].



Peliococcopsis parvicerarius (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus cycliger; Lepiney & Mimeur, 1931: 253. Misidentification.

Phenacoccus cycliger; Balachowsky, 1932d: xxxv. Misidentification.

Phenacoccus parvicerarius Goux, 1937b: 223. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Bastia, on Cynodon dactylon. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcopsis parvicerarius; Danzig, 1960: 178. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Corynephorus canescens [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Goux1937b, Pelliz1991, BenDov1994], Lolium temulentum [Goux1937b, Rungs1948, BenDov1994], Poa pratensis [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Stenotaphrum americanum [Goux1937b, Rungs1948, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Goux1937b, BenDov1994]; France [Foldi2001]; Italy [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Morocco [Goux1937b, Rungs1948, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1983, KotejaZaEl1978, BenDov1994, Lagows1996]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]); Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring inside leaf sheaths and at stem bases.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1960), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Danzig (2001). Good description of the adult female given by (1992) and by Tang et al. (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2001: 149 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Balach1932d [taxonomy: xxxv]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 290]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 445]; Danzig1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-180]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149, 152]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Goux1937b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223-230]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-118]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473]; KotejaZaEl1978 [host, distribution: 502]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 33]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Pelliz1991 [host, distribution: 765]; Rungs1948 [host, distribution: 116]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 510-511]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illusrtation, host, distribution: 199-200].



Peliococcopsis priesneri (Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus priesneri Laing, 1936: 80. Type data: EGYPT: Giza, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus caucasicus Borchsenius, 1937: 54. Type data: GEORGIA: Abkhaz Aut. Oblast, Sukhumi, street, on Cynodon dactylon; collected 10.ix.1932. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 149. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 2171 T. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 149.

Peliococcopsis caucasicus; Borchsenius, 1949: 262. Change of combination.

Peliococcus priesneri; Ezzat, 1960d: 51. Change of combination.

Peliococcopsis priesneri; Tang, 1992: 511. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Laing1936, BenDov1994], Agropyron [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, KozarPe1989, BenDov1994, Danzig2001], Cynodon [KozarPe1989], Cynodon dactylon [Borchs1949, Ezzat1960d, BenDov1980, BenDov1994, Danzig2001, KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994]; Crete [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]; Egypt [Laing1936, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Iran [Moghad2009]; Israel [BenDov1980, BenDov1994]; Italy [KozarPe1989, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat (1960d), Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Danzig (2001). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2001: 149 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ezzat 1960d: 57 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1362]; BenDov1980 [host, distribution: 269]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 290, 297]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35,]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 54]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 262-263]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-151]; Ezzat1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-54]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 379]; Kaydan2015 [distribution, host, molecular data: 205]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 35]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 202]; KozarPe1989 [host, distribution: 200]; Laing1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-82]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 22]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 37-39, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 67]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 510-512]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 90]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-198].



Peliococcus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Spinococcus Kiritchenko, 1931: 314. Nomen nudum.

Acanthococcus Kiritchenko, 1936a: 155. Type species: Acanthococcus marrubii Kiritshenko, by monotypy. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 203. Homonym of Acanthococcus Signoret, 1875.

Peliococcus Borchsenius, 1948a: 954. Type species: Phenacoccus chersonensis Kiritshenko, by original designation.

Spinococcus Borchsenius, 1949: 203. Replacement name for Acanthococcus Kiritchenko, 1936a; synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 123-124.

Cyclococcus Ferris, 1950b: 116. Nomen nudum.

Parapedronia Balachowsky, 1953: 283. Type species: Pedronia spinigera Goux, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 123.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Balachowsky (1953), Danzig (2001).

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Covered with white powdery wax in life. Ovisac woolly, white. Antennae generally 9 segmented (7 or 8 segmented in P. calluneti, 8 segmented in P. spinigerus). Eyes oval, protruding on small basal cones. Labium 3 segmented, always longer than wide. Posterior spiracles always larger than anterior pair. Circulus present, rarely absent, lying between abdominal segments III and IV. Legs well developed; claw with a denticle; tarsal digutules hair-like, not capitate; claw digitules knobbed, subequal in length; claw digitules thicker than tarsal digitules. Both pairs of ostioles well developed, but anterior ostioles usually more weakly developed than posterior pair. Anal lobes well developed. Anal ring oval, with 1 inner row of pores, 1 or 2 outer rows of pores and 6 setae. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig (2001) regarded Parapedronia and Spinococcus as synonyms of Peliococcus. Most Peliococcus species have cerarii of usual type, similar to the cerarii on the majority of other mealybug genera (according to Danzig (2001), who referred to this type of cerarius as "Peliococcus type"), but in some cases (the type species of Peliococcus and species included previously in Spinococcus), each cerarius is on an elevated area with two enlarged conical setae situated close together, and with trilocular pores closely associated with the base of the enlarged setae, sometimes even touching the basal socket (Danzig, 2001) Eupeliococcus was described by Săvescu (1985) with two species from Romania, but Săvescu did not designate a type species and, therefore, according to Article 13.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (4th ed.), the name Eupeliococcus must be considered a nomen nudum. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 209 (female) [Key to the genera of the Peliococcus species-group]; Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Russia and Palaeartci region]; Kosztarab 1996: 146 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 554-555 (female) [species China]; Goux 1990b: 301 (female) [France]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 62 (female) [Central Europe]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 154 (female) [species Central Europe]; Williams 1985: 36 (female) [Australia]; Kozar 1984: 130 (female) [species Hungary]; Danzig 1980b: 120 (female) [Far East Russia]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Tereznikova 1975: 257 (female) [species Ukraine]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 38 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 38 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 128 (female) [species Armenia]; Bazarov 1971c (female) [Central Asia]; Bazarov 1971a (female) [USSR]; McKenzie 1967: 45 (female) [North America]; Balachowsky 1953: 284 (female) [Marocco]; Ferris 1953a: 282 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 21 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 89 (female) [Palaearctic region ]; Borchsenius 1949: 242-244 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 88 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 203-204 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Balach1953 [taxonomy, description: 283]; Balach1953 [taxonomy: 282]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 152]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 282, 290-291]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 493-494]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy, description: 954]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 241-244]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 203-204]; Danzig1960 [taxonomy: 176]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 109, 118-120]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy: 118]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description: 123-154]; DanzigGa2014 [description, taxonomy]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description: 25]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 115]; Goux1989a [taxonomy, description: 301-302]; Goux1990a [taxonomy, description: 77-79]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 202,209]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy: 314]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy: 155]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 145-146]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 117-119]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 153-154]; Kozar1984 [taxonomy, description: 129]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy: 114]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 39]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 53, 146, 151]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 187]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description: 116-117]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 512]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 553-554]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 22]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 28]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 200]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 257]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 175-176]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 127-128]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 6, 31]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 6, 56]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 257].



Peliococcus agriensis Kaydan

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus agriensis Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 406. Type data: TURKEY: Ađri, Mount Ađri, N: 39°36’520’’, E: 044°12’498’’, on Artemisia vulgaris, 6/7/2006, by M.B. Kaydan. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Turkey: Kaydan's Personal Collection; type no. 2811. Described: female. Illust. Unavailable name. Notes: Collected at 1635 m. Paratype: 1 adult female on a separate slide, with same data as holotype.

Peliococcus agriensis Kaydan, 2015: 214-216.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia vulgaris [Kaydan2015].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Kaydan2015].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 1.51–1.76 mm long, 0.75–0.98 mm wide. Eye marginal, 35–38 ľm wide. Antenna 9 segmented.

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus agriensis Kaydan can be distinguished from other species in the genus in having: (i) only 1 size of oral collar tubular duct in each cluster and each cluster with 1-6 (usually 3) multilocular disc pores, and (ii) quinquelocular pores present medially on the venter. P. agriensis is most similar to P. calluneti in having 1 size of oral collar tubular duct on dorsum, but P. agriensis differs from P. calluneti in having (data for P. calluneti in brackets): (i) 9 segmented antennae (7 or 8 segmented antennae), and (ii) no clusters medially on venter of head (clusters present on venter of head). (Kaydan, 2015) Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) used the name "Peliococcus agriensis" before it was made available in Kaydan, 2015. According to Article 16 (specifically 16.1 and 16.4) of the ICZN (1999), this name must be considered unavailable from their work.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].



Peliococcus balteatus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus balteatus Green, 1928a: 20. Type data: ENGLAND: Somerset, Cheddar Gorge, on Arrhenatherum elatius. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus venustus Green, 1931: 265. Type data: ICELAND: Seydisfordur, on Festuca rubra. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and NHGS. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 125.

Phenacoccus saratogensis Rau, 1937: 198. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Saratoga Springs, on Hystrix patula. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 125.

Peliococcus balteatus; Borchsenius, 1949: 244. Change of combination.

Peliococcus saratogensis; Ferris, 1950b: 116. Change of combination.

Peliococcus venustus; Ossiannilsson, 1955: 5. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: girdled mealybug [KosztaKo1988F]; Saratoga mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron repens [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Agrostis alba [Schmut1956b, BenDov1994], Arrhenatherum elatius [Green1928a, BenDov1994], Brachypodium [Gavril2010], Dactylis glomerata [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Deschampsia flexuosa [Ossian1959, BenDov1994], Festuca pratensis [Koteja1972, BenDov1994], Festuca rubra [Green1931, BenDov1994], Hystrix patula [Rau1937, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Melica [Koteja1972, BenDov1994], Sieglingia decumbens [Koteja1972, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Greenland [Gertss2005a]; United States of America (New York [Rau1937, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Gavril2010]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1956, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Germany [Schmut1956b, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Iceland [Green1931, Ossian1955, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1972, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994, Lagows1996]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Sweden [Ossian1959, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Gertss2001]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); United Kingdom (England [Green1928a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the undersurface of the leaves and in the leaf sheaths of the host plant.The species has been collected in Dryas-healths, in meadows, among grass in birch scrub, under stones, and in fell-fields, always in more or less dry localities. Lindroth (1931) found it on a slope with a luxuriant vegetation of grass and other herbs. Adults were found in July and August (Ossiannilsson, 1955).Occurring on the under side of the leaves.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1950b), Williams (1962), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Kosztarab (1996) and by Danzig (2001). Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson (2005). Ossiannilsson (1955) provided supplementary notes on the taxonomic characters of this species.

KEYS: Hodgson 2005: 3-4 (male) [Coccoidea species of Greenland]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kosztarab 1996: 148 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 514 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 119 (female) [Central Europe]; Danzig 1980b: 120 (female) [Russia]; Tereznikova 1975: 201 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 242 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 291,298,301]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 244]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 445]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 9]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-123]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125, 126]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-117]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 36-37]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005a [host, distribution: 331-337]; Green1928a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21]; Green1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-269]; Hodgso2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-19]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 148-149]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-120]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 111]; Koteja1972 [host, distribution: 569]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 33]; Ossian1955 [host, distribution, life history: 5-6]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 201]; Rau1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-201]; Schmut1956b [host, distribution: 65-66]; Schmut1980 [host, distribution: 50]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-202]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 32-33]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83]; Zahrad1956 [host, distribution: 51].



Peliococcus bantu (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus bantu Brain, 1915: 137. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Pietermaritzburg, on crowns of grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus bantu; De Lotto, 1964: 364. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Brain1915, DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots and in the crowns of grass.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Brain (1915).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 291]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-139]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 364].



Peliococcus calluneti (Lindinger)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus calluneti Lindinger, 1912b: 90. Type data: GERMANY: on Calluna vulgaris. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Weidner & Wagner, 1968).

Parapedronia calluneti; Balachowsky, 1953j: 230. Change of combination.

Spinococcus calluneti; Zahradnik, 1959a: 537. Change of combination.

Peliococcus calluneti; Trjapitzin, 1989: 126. Change of combination.

Peliococcus calluneti; Danzig, 2001: 139. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: heather mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrietta pantherina Ferričre [Schmut1955b, Trjapi1989], Leptomastix epona (Walker) [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix histrio Mayr [Schmut1955b], Prochiloneurus bolivari Mercet [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Empetraceae: Empetrum nigrum [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos uvae-ursi [Danzig1959, BenDov1994, MatilePe2002], Calluna vulgaris [Goux1931, BenDov1994], Erica cinerea [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Erica tetralix [Goux1931, BenDov1994], Oxycoccus quadripetalus [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Vaccinium myrtillus [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Vaccinium uliginosum [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Vaccinium vitis-idaea [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]. Pyrolaceae: Orthilia secunda [Danzig1960, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Fragaria vesca [Danzig1960, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Greenland [Gertss2005a]. Palaearctic: Czech Republic [Zahrad1959a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1977, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Germany [Lindin1912b, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Latvia [Rasina1959, BenDov1994]; Netherlands [Reyne1951, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Lagows1996, Koteja2000a]; Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]); Sweden [Ossian1959, KosztaKo1988F, Gertss2001]; Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and underground stems of its host plants. Life history, natural enemies and associated ants discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Schmutterer (1952), Danzig (1960), Williams (1962), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (2001). Good description of the adult female given by Schmutterer (1952) and by Tang (2001). Intraspecific variation in taxonomic characters studied by Danzig (1960).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 154 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 257 (female) [Ukraine].

CITATIONS: Balach1953j [taxonomy: 230]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 494]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 445]; Danzig1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-177]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139, 141]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 300]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005a [host, distribution: 331-337]; Gertss2011 [distribution: 40]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154-155]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473-474]; KozarzRe1977 [host, distribution: 378-379]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 351]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 195]; Podsia1981a [biological control: 159-162]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 68]; Rasina1959 [host, distribution: 108-109]; Reyne1951 [host, distribution: xxxix]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 390-391]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 515,517]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 557-558]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259-260]; Trjapi1989 [taxonomy, biological control: 126, 153, 315]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-58]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 83, 86]; Zahrad1959a [host, distribution: 537].



Peliococcus chersonensis (Kiritshenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus chersonensis Kiritshenko, 1931: 314. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccus chersonensis Kiritshenko, 1936a: 138. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on roots of Artemisia austriaca and A. maritima. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Peliococcus chersonensis; Borchsenius, 1948a: 954. Change of combination.

Spinococcus artemisiae Tereznikova, 1968: 281. Type data: UKRAINE: Kherson, on Artemisia austriaca. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Tereznikova, 1975: 203.

Peliococcus lycicola Tang, 1992: 598. Type data: CHINA: Zhongning, Ningxia, on roots of Lycium chinense. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kaydan, 2015: 213.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ajania trifida [Danzig1974, BenDov1994], Artemisia argyi [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Artemisia austriaca [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Artemisia fragrans [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994], Artemisia frigida [Danzig1974, BenDov1994], Artemisia maritima [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Artemisia marschalliana [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia schrenkiana [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia scoparia [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia sublessingiana [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Chrysanthemum indicum [KwonDaPa2003], Seriphidium compactum [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Tanacetum achilleaoides [Terezn1975, BenDov1994], Tanacetum achilleifolium [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Tragopogon [KaydanUlEr2007]. Brassicaceae: Cardaria draba [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007], Sinapis arvensis [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]. Chenopodiaceae: Kochia prostrata [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus arvensis [Kaydan2014]. Cyperaceae: Carex [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Globulariaceae: Globularia [KaydanUlEr2007]. Lamiaceae: Mentha sp. [Kaydan2014]. Rosaceae: Spiraea salicifolia [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]. Solanaceae: Lycium chinense [Tang1992, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [KaydanUlEr2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]); Italy [Pelliz2003]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2010]; Mongolia [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); South Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994, KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b), Tang & Li (1988), Tang (1992), Danzig (2001) and by Kwon et al. (2003).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: According to Danzig (2001), P. chersonensis is common on a range of herbaceous plants throughout the Palaearctic region and varies morphologically quite significantly throughout it’s range in the following characters: i) number of oral collar tubular ducts on dorsum, ii) number of clusters on dorsum and venter, iii) size and number of enlarged dorsal setae, and iv) number of dorsal cerarii. Because of this variation, Kaydan, 2015 felt that this species may represent a species complex. However, Peliococcus lycicola Tang was considered by Tang (1992) as close to P. chersonensis, only differing in the form of the circulus. As the shape of the circulus is considered a very variable character in mealybugs, even between individuals in one population, Kaydan, 2015 considered it to be a junior synonym of P. chersonensis.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 120 (female) [Russia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 176 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 292, 294]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 123]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy: 954]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 249-250]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 138]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 332]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 68]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-122]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-140]; Kaydan2015 [distribution, host, molecular data, taxonomy: 205, 213-214]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution: 30]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 380]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 220]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 314]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-139]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 255]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution, biological control: 111]; Pelliz2003 [host, distribution: 100]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 515-516,598-599,739]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-62]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22]; Terezn1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 281-283]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-205]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-182].



Peliococcus courzius Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus courzius Goux, 1989a: 304. Type data: FRANCE: Rhone, Courzieu, on Thymus serpyllum. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Thymus serpyllum [Goux1989a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1989a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1989a). Redescription and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 1.92–2.58 mm long, 1.28–1.58 mm wide. Eye marginal, 40–45 ěm wide. Antennae 9 segmented. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus courzius differs from all other Peliococcus species in having the following combination of features: (i) 2 sizes of oral collar tubular ducts on the dorsum, (ii) no circulus, and (iii) quinquelocular pores throughout venter. (Kaydan, 2015)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 292]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1989a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 304-306]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 214,216-218].



Peliococcus drabae (Savescu)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eupeliococcus drabae Savescu, 1985: 118. Type data: ROMANIA: Constanza District, Basarabi, on Lepidium draba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Brassicaceae: Lepidium draba [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 153]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-119].



Peliococcus flaveolus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia flaveola Cockerell, 1896m: 224. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Methuen, with Lasius claviger. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Ripersia cockerelli King & Tinsley, 1898: 297. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Andover, in nests of Lasius flavus under stone. Syntypes, female. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 398.

Ripersia minimus Tinsley & King, 1899: 57. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, South Lawrence, from nests of Lasius americanus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 398.

Pseudococcus cockerelli; Fernald, 1903b: 100. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus flaveolus; Ferris, 1953a: 398. Change of combination.

Peliococcus flaveolus; Kosztarab, 1996: 146. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: myrmecophile mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOST: Ericaceae: Vaccinium [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Massachusetts [Cocker1896m, BenDov1994], Michigan [Koszta1996], New Mexico [Cocker1901g, BenDov1994], New York [Koszta1996], Ohio [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Commonly collected from roots with associated ants, Lasius americanus, L. flavus and L. claviger.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 146 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 318-319]; Cocker1896m [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 224]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240]; Cocker1901g [description, host, distribution: 53]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 100]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-399]; KingTi1898 [taxonomy: 297]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 146-148]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 111]; TinsleKi1899 [taxonomy: 57].



Peliococcus globulariae (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus globulariae Goux, 1937b: 231. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, on Globularia alypum. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus globulariae; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Change of combination.



HOST: Globulariaceae: Globularia alypum [Goux1937b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1937b, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1937b). Redescription and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 0.81–0.84 mm long, 1.34–1.44 mm wide. Eye marginal, 37–45 ěm wide. Antenna 9 segmented.

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus globulariae can be distinguished from other species in the genus in having only 1 size of oral collar tubular duct in each cluster and each dorsal cluster with 3-12 multilocular disc pores. P. globulariae is closest to P. rosae but differs in having well-defined dorsal clusters on the abdominal segments, each with 8-12 multilocular disc pores, whereas clusters on P. rosae are in ill-defined, fusing into rather wide bands. (Kaydan, 2015)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 294]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1937b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-236]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 214, 218-220]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 70].



Peliococcus latitubulatus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus latitubulatus Danzig, 2001: 145. Type data: ARMENIA: Azizbekov [now Vaik] Distr., Gerger, forest, roots of wild grasses, 23.V.1953, M. Ter-Grigorian. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 294-53. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae [Danzig2001]. Papaveraceae: Papaver rhoeas [Kaydan2014].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Danzig2001]; Uzbekistan (Bukhara Oblast [Danzig2001]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (2001).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145, 150]; Kaydan2015 [distribution, host, molecular data, taxonomy: 205,214].



Peliococcus lavandulae (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius lavandulae Signoret, 1875c: 318. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Cannes, on roots of Lavandula stoechas. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material probably lost according to Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995).

Pseudococcus lavandulae; Fernald, 1903b: 104. Change of combination.

Peliococcus lavandulae; Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 249. Change of combination.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Lavandula stoechas [Signor1875c, BenDovMa1995].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Signor1875b, BenDov1994, BenDovMa1995, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Signoret (1875c).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 396]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 201]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 104]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318].



Peliococcus loculatus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus loculatus Danzig, 2001: 142. Type data: RUSSIA: Karachaevo-Cherkesia, W. Caucasus, 10 km S of Arkhyz, Kazgach river, 1600 m, from Ribes sp., 4.VIII.1976 (E. Danzig). Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 44-76. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Grossulariaceae: Ribes [Danzig2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia AR [Danzig2001]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (2001).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142, 146]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214].



Peliococcus locustus (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus locustus James, 1936: 204. Type data: KENYA: Kericho, on Hyparrhenia ruprechtii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus locustus; De Lotto, 1964: 364. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Hyparrhenia ruprechtii [James1936, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1936, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1957b).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 364 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 294]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-191]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 294]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-206].



Peliococcus marrubii (Kiritchenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Spinococcus marrubii Kiritchenko, 1931: 314. Nomen nudum.

Acanthococcus marrubii Kiritchenko, 1936a: 156. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on Marrubium praecox. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 145. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Phenacoccus multispinosus Borchsenius, 1937: 55. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 204.

Phenacoccus marrubii; Kiritshenko, 1940a: 188. Change of combination.

Spinococcus marrubii; Borchsenius, 1949: 204. Change of combination.

Peliococcus marrubii; Danzig, 2001: 145. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: hoarhound mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia dracunculus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Kochia prostrata [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Euphorbia seguieriana [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Hyssopus ambiguus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Marrubium goktschaicum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Marrubium praecox [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Thymus marschallianus [Mateso1968, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Thymus pulegioides [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994], Thymus serphyllum [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994], Thymus serpillum [KozarGuBa1994], Thymus vulgaris [MatilePe2002], Ziziphora clinopodioides [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Marribium [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Stipa sabulosa [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Hungary [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [MatilePe2002]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Russia (Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Ukraine [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and at the bases of its host plant. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Danzig (2001). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the second instar female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 154 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 257 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 128 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 204 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 495]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 54-55]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 204-206]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145,148]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 111]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy: 314]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-158]; Kiritc1940a [taxonomy: 187]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-156]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 109]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 351-352]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 562]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-259]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 87]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-130].



Peliococcus martinezi Gavrilov & Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus martinezi Gavrilov & Matile-Ferrero, 2008: 441. Type data: FRANCE: Hérault, Grabels, on twigs of Rosmarinus officinalis; collected 21.v.2007, I.A. Gavrilov. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Rosmarinus officinalis [GavrilMa2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [GavrilMa2008].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gavrilov & Matile-Ferrero (2008).

SYSTEMATICS: Gavrilov & Matile-Ferrero (2008) indicated that this species belongs to the Spinococcus group of genera. It is related to P. marrubi and to P. spinigerus.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: GavrilMa2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 441-443]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214].



Peliococcus mathisi (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Parapedronia mathisi Balachowsky, 1953j: 227. Type data: TUNISIA: Sidi Daoud (Cap Bon), on Plantago carinata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Spinococcus mathisi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Change of combination.

Peliococcus mathisi; Kaydan, 2015: 214. Change of combination.



HOST: Plantaginaceae: Plantago carinata [Balach1953j, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Foldi2001]; Tunisia [Balach1953j, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Infesting the subterranean parts of its host.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1953j).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: Balach1953j [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227-230]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 495]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73].



Peliococcus morrisoni (Kiritshenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus morrisoni Borchsenius, 1934: 13. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccus morrisoni Kiritshenko, 1936a: 141. Type data: GEORGIA: Adzhar AR, Batum, on Carpinus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 142. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Spinococcus morrisoni; Borchsenius, 1949: 206. Change of combination.

Peliococcus morrisoni; Danzig, 2001: 142. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Morrison's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]. Berberidaceae: Berberis vulgaris [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Carpinus caucasicus [TerGri1962, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Carpinus orientalis [TerGri1962, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Rosa canina [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica officinalis [Danzig1962, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Pimpinella saxifraga [Danzig1962, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Georgia [Yasnos2001] (Adzhar ASSR [Kiritc1936a, Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Hungary [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Poland [Lagows2005]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1962, BenDov1994]); Turkey [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the trunks and brances of its host plant. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Tereznikova (1975). Good description and illustration of the female last-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig (2001: 139, 142) found that the original type material of Phenacoccus morrisoni Kiritshenko, 1936: 141, included specimens of two species, namely Phenacoccus morrisoni Kiritshenko, 1936 (taken off Carpinus, Batumi, Georgia) and Peliococcus rosae Danzig, 2001 (taken off Rosa in Crimea.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 555 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 154 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 257 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 128 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 204 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 495-496]; Borchs1934 [taxonomy: 13]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 206-207]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 143]; Danzig1962 [host, distribution: 22]; Hadzib1957a [distribution: 100-102]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 103]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 219-224]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 223]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-144]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 157]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; Lagows2005 [host, distribution: 39-42]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution, life history: 128]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-134]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].



Peliococcus multispinus (Siraiwa)

NOMENCLATURE:

Synacanthococcus multispinus Siraiwa, 1939: 66. Type data: RUSSIA: Sakhalin Oblast, Odomari, on stems of Rosa rugosa. Syntypes, female. Described: female.

Spinococcus tuberculus Borchsenius, 1949: 207. Type data: RUSSIA: Amur Oblast, on poplar. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 120. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1978: 12.

Spinococcus multispinus; Danzig, 1978: 12. Change of combination.

Peliococcus multispinus; Danzig, 1980b: 120. Change of combination.

Spinococcus multispinus; Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1995: 274. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera [Danzig2001], Lonicera glehnii [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Ledum [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Thymus serpillum [KozarGuBa1994]. Poaceae [MarottTr1995]. Rosaceae: Rosa [Danzig2001], Rosa acicularis [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994], Rosa rugosa [Siraiw1939, BenDov1994], Spiraea hipericifolia [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Salicaceae: Populus [Danzig2001]. Saxifragaceae: Saxifraga [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [MarottTr1995, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Siraiw1939, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Sicily [RussoMa1997]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 555 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 120 (female) [Russia]; Borchsenius 1949: 204 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 295]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 207-208]; Danzig1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 76]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-122]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145, 147]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 109]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 48]; Siraiw1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67, 73]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 564-565].



Peliococcus ocanae Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus ocanae Goux, 1990a: 86. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Ocana, on Lavandula stoechas. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Seyneria porticcia; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 469. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Kaydan, 2015: 222.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Lavandula stoechas [Goux1990a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Goux1990a, BenDov1994, Foldi2003].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Goux (1990a). Redescription and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 1.94 mm long, 1.35 mm wide. Eye marginal, 37.5–40.0 ľm wide. Antenna 9 segmented (pseudosegmentation on segment 3). (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus ocanae can be distinguished from all other species in the genus in having each dorsal cluster with only 1 size of oral collar duct and 1-5 multilocular disc pores. P. ocanae is most similar to P. rosae, P. morrisoni and P. phyllobius but differs in the absence of quinquelocular pores on the venter and in having translucent pores on the hind tibia (absent on the other three species). Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) regarded this species as a junior synonym of Seyneria porticcia Goux, but there are two sizes of oral collar tubular ducts on the dorsum of S. porticcia, whereas there is only one size of oral collar tubular duct on P. ocanae. In addition, Seyneria is diagnosed by having oral collar tubular ducts with enlarged collars that protrude slightly from derm surface but P. ocanae does not have such oral collar tubular ducts. Therefore, Kaydan, 2015 reversed the synonymy and generic placement of P. ocenae proposed by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 296]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Goux1990a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-88]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 214, 220-222].



Peliococcus orophilus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus orophilus De Lotto, 1964: 365. Type data: TANZANIA: Mount Kilimanjaro, on Senecio sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Senecio [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 296]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365].



Peliococcus phyllobius (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus phyllobius Goux, 1938: 451. Type data: FRANCE: Toulon, on Bromus. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus phyllobius; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bromus [Goux1938, BenDov1994], Koeleria villosa [Goux1938, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1938, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1938). Redescription and illustration in Kayday, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body elongate oval, 2.74–3.72 mm long, 1.54–1.94 mm wide. Eye marginal, 60–80 ěm wide. Antenna 9 segmented. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus phyllobius can be distinguished from other species in the genus in having the following combination of characters: (i) 15 pairs of marginal cerarii; (ii) only 1 size of oral collar tubular duct in each cluster, and (iii) each dorsal cluster with only 1-3 multilocular disc pores. P. phyllobius is most similar to P. agriensis but it differs in having only 15 pairs of marginal cerarii (P. agriensis has 17 pairs). (Kaydan, 2015)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 296-297]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 296-297]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 214, 222-224]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 70].



Peliococcus plurimus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus plurimus De Lotto, 1969: 18. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaaal, Elandshoek, on Rhus pentheri. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Rhus pentheri [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1969).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 297]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-20]; Millar2002 [illustration: 212].



Peliococcus rosae Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus morrisoni; Tereznikova, 1975: 261. Misidentification; discovered by Danzig, 2001: 142.

Peliococcus rosae Danzig, 2001: 139. Type data: UKRAINE: Crimea, southern coast, Yalta, on Rosa canina; 16.x.1932, Skorkin. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rosaceae: Rosa [Danzig2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [Danzig2001]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig2001]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (2001).

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig (2001: 139, 142) found that the original type material of Phenacoccus morrisoni Kiritshenko, 1936: 141, included specimens of two species, namely, Phenacoccus morrisoni Kiritshenko, 1936 (taken off Carpinus, Batumi, Georgia) and Peliococcus rosae Danzig, 2001 (taken off Rosa in Crimea).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palearctic region].

CITATIONS: Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-143]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 261-262].



Peliococcus schmuttereri Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus schmuttereri Savescu, 1984: 154. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucarest, Snagov, on Ulmus foliacea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Ulmaceae: Ulmus foliacea [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 298]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-155].



Peliococcus serratus (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus serratus Ferris, 1925: 231. Type data: CANADA: Ontario, Port Colborne, on Fagus americana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: beech mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Corylaceae: Corylus avellana [Tranfa1976, Marott1987a , Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Fagus [Koszta1996], Fagus americana [Ferris1925, BenDov1994], Fagus grandifolia [Ferris1950b, Russel1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [Ferris1925, BenDov1994]); United States of America (Connecticut [Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Maryland [Ferris1950b, Russel1987, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York [Ferris1925, BenDov1994], Ohio [Ferris1925, BenDov1994], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], Tennessee [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], West Virginia [Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: Italy [Tranfa1976, Marott1987a, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

BIOLOGY: In USA, Maryland it lives on Fagus grandifolia, where it develops two generations a year. Adult females settle on the bark of tree trunks and form a covering ovisac in which eggs are deposited from June until August and October through November. Eggs laid in in summer hatch in about 7-14 days while those deposited in the fall overwinter (Russell, 1987).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), Tranfaglia (1976) and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description of the adult female given by Marotta (1992a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 150 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 298]; Ferris1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-232]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-119]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 150-151]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 82-83]; Russel1987 [host, distribution, life history: 359-362]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 521-522]; Tranfa1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134-136].



Peliococcus slavonicus (Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus latipes slavonicus Laing, 1929a: 475. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on Hordeum distychum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus slavonicus; Borchsenius, 1949: 255. Change of combination and rank.

COMMON NAMES: slavonic mealybug; Slavonic mealybug.



HOST: Poaceae: Hordeum distychum [Laing1929a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Ukraine [Laing1929a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 119 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 201 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 298]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 255-256]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121-122]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 475]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 522-523]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 206-208].



Peliococcus spiniger (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia spinigera Goux, 1938: 455. Type data: FRANCE: Bessenay (Rhone), on Thymus serpyllum. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Parapedronia spinigera; Balachowsky, 1953: 283. Change of combination.

Spinococcus spinigerus; Danzig, 1960: 178. Change of combination.

Parapedronia spinigera; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73.

Peliococcus spinigerus; Danzig, 2001: 123. Change of combination.

Peliococcus spiniger; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 413. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

Peliococcus marrubii; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 425. Incorrect synonymy.

Peliococcus spinigerus; Kaydan, 2015: 214. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Thymus serphyllum [Goux1938, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1938, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Goux (1938). Redescription and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body elongate oval, 1.08–1.43 mm long, 0.54–0.78 mm wide. Eye marginal, 37.5–45 ěm wide. Antenna 8 segmented. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus spinigerus is most similar to P. marrubii in lacking: (i) multilocular disc pores on dorsum, and (ii) a circulus, but differs in having: (i) 12-16 dorsal oral collar tubular ducts on each abdominal segment, in an almost continuous row (P. marrubii has more than 18 dorsal oral collar tubular ducts on each abdominal segment), and (ii) 15 pairs of marginal cerarii (P. marrubii has 18 pairs). Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) regarded P. spinigerus as a junior synonym of P. marrubii, but Kaydan, 2015 regarded then as separate because of the differences mentioned above.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: Balach1953 [taxonomy: 83]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 282]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy: 123]; Goux1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 455-458]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 214, 224-226].



Peliococcus subcorticicola Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus subcorticicola Williams, 1985: 257. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Mullaloo, on Casuarina sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living under the bark of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 299]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-259].



Peliococcus tbilisiensis Hadzibejli nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus tbilisiensis Hadzibejli, 1957a: 102. Nomen nudum.



Peliococcus tragopogoni (Savescu)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eupeliococcus tragopogoni Savescu, 1985: 117. Type data: ROMANIA: Mures District, Iernut, on Tragopogon orientalis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Tragopogon orientalis [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 153]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117, 118].



Peliococcus trispinosus (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus trispinosus James, 1936: 206. Type data: KENYA: Kabete, on Solanum tuberosum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus trispinosus; De Lotto, 1964: 365. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Panicum maximum [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [James1936, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1936, DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and rhizomes of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1957b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 299]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-191]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 365]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-207].



Peliococcus turanicus (Kiritshenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus latipes; Kiritshenko, 1931: 313. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949.

Phenacoccus ilarius Kiritshenko, 1931: 314. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccus turanicus Kiritshenko, 1932: 137. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Samarkand, on roots of Stenophragma (= Arabidopsis) sophia and Astragalus bactrianus and ARMENIA: Kalahjrn, on Gossypium. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 133. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Phenacoccus hilarius Kiritshenko, 1936a: 136. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym, near Kekeneiz, on Seseli gummiferum and S. dichotomum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 133. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 256.

Peliococcus terrestris Borchsenius, 1949: 254. Type data: GEORGIA: Tbilisi, on Euphorbia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 136. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 136.

Peliococcus turanicus; Borchsenius, 1949: 256. Change of combination.

Peliococcus perfidiosus Borchsenius, 1949: 257. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym and RUSSIA: North Caucasus, on 9 species of host-plants. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 133. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 133.

Peliococcus unispinus Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 23. Type data: ARMENIA: Aginskii Region, on Tragopogon sp., Taraxacum sp., Centaurea sp. and Triticum vulgare var. delfi. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 136. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 136.

COMMON NAME: malicious mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Descuvaria saptia [KaydanKiKo2005]. Apiaceae [Kaydan2014]. Asteraceae: Achilea millefolium [MatilePe2002, KaydanKiKo2005], Achillea [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Achillea distans [Kozar1985, BenDov1994], Artemisia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005, Gavril2006], Artemisia frigida [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Centaurea [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Cichorium intybus [KaydanKiKo2005], Crepis [KaydanKiKo2005], Jurinea [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Scorzenera [KaydanKiKo2005], Scorzonera tau-saghyz [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Senecio [KaydanKiKo2005], Seriphidium compactum [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Taraxacum [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Tragopogon [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Xanthium strumarianum [KaydanKiKo2005], Xeranthemum squarrosum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Arabidopsis sophia [Kiritc1932, BenDov1994], Cardaria draba [KaydanKiKo2005], Descurainia sophia [Moghad2013a], Diplotaxis tenuifolia [KaydanKiKo2005], Isatis [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Lepidium [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Lepidium sativum [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Rhaphanus sativus [Moghad2013a], Sisymbrium [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Sisymbrium sophia [Moghad2013], Sonchus arvensis [KaydanKiKo2005]. Cistaceae: Helianthemum [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994], Convolvulus arvensis [KaydanKiKo2005]. Dipsacaceae: Cephalaria [MatilePe2002]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Astragalus bactrianus [Kiritc1932, BenDov1994], Astragalus sp. [Moghad2013], Medicago [KaydanKiKo2005], Melilotus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Psoralea [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Trigonella [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Dracocephalum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Dracocephalum multicaule [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Lamium [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Mentha [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Salvia [Borchs1949, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]. Malvaceae: Althaea [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Gossypium [Kiritc1932, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Malva [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Papaveraceae: Papaver sp. [Kaydan2014]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Kozar1985, BenDov1994], Triticum [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare delfi [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Atraphaxis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Rosa canina [Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Nicotiana tabacum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Daucus carota [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Falcaria vulgaris [KaydanUlEr2007], Seseli dichotomum [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Seseli gummiferum [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Turgenia latifolia [KaydanUlEr2007]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Kiritc1932, BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]; Crete [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]; Croatia [MilekŠi2013]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Iran [Moghad2009]; Italy [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, Pelliz2005]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Russia (Astrakhan' Oblast [Gavril2006], Caucasus [Borchs1949, Terezn1975, BenDov1994]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1936a, Borchs1949, Terezn1975, BenDov1994]); Uzbekistan [Kiritc1932, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living usually on roots of the host plant; recorded from the trunk of grapevine. Lives on roots of the host plant (Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1991). Danzig (2001) reported that this species lives on the roots of different perennial herbs and bushes (Achillea, Artemisia, Centaurea, Tragopogon, Euphorbia, Lamium, Astragalus, Atraphaxis, Physalis); also recorded from Nicotiana, cotton, potato tubers and roots of wheat and wild grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1949), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Tang (1992) and by Danzig (2001). Description and illustration of adult female third-instar nymph and female second-instar nymph by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Description of adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Pellizzari (2005).

SYSTEMATICS: The extensive study by Danzig (2001) indicates that this species is widely distributed in the Palaearctic region (from Kazakhstan in the east to Italy and the west) where it exhibits a remarkable range of intraspecific variation in several taxonomic features.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Moghaddam 2013: 39 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus Borchsenius in Iran]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 119 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 201 (female) [Ukraine]; Tereznikova 1975: 201 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [Armenia]; Bazarov 1971b: 91 (female) [Central Asia]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 89]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 296, 299, 300]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 300]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 254-258]; BorchsTe1956 [host, distribution: 17-27]; BorchsTe1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-27]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 139]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-137]; Gavril2006 [host, distribution: 787]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Kaydan2015 [distribution, host, molecular data, taxonomy: 205, 214]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution: 30]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 380]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 313-314]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-138]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 120-121]; Kiritc1940a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 186]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 92]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution, life history: 111-112]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 352]; MilekŠi2013 [description, economic importance, host, structure, ecology, taxonomy: 375-378]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 23]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, physiology, structure: 44-45, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 67]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 70]; Pelliz1991 [host, distribution: 765]; Pelliz2005 [host, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy: 20-25]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 520, 523-525]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208, 209-210]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 90]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 89, 90]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-188, 191-193]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-191].



Peliococcus unitubulatus Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus unitubulatus Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 25. Type data: ARMENIA: Aginskii Region, on Triticum compactum var. erinaceum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Tricium [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Triticum compactum erinaceum [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973).

KEYS: Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 301]; BorchsTe1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 25-27]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 90]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-196].



Peliococcus vivarensis Tranfaglia

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus vivarensis Tranfaglia, 1981: 9. Type data: ITALY: Napoli, Vivara, on Inula viscosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Centaurea [MazzeoRuLo1997], Inula viscosa [Tranfa1981, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Picris echioides [MazzeoRuLo1997], Senecio [MazzeoRuLo1997]. Boraginaceae: Borago [MazzeoRuLo1997].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Tranfa1981, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [MazzeoRuLo1997, RussoMa1997].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tranfaglia (1981). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 301]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; MazzeoRuLo1997 [host, distribution: 20]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 52]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 525-526]; Tranfa1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-11].



Peliococcus zillae (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus zillae Hall, 1926a: 5. Type data: EGYPT: Fayed (Suez), on Zilla spinosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus zygophylli Archangelskaya, 1937: 130. Nomen nudum.

Peliococcus zillae; Borchsenius, 1949: 246. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Centaurea [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Zilla spinosa [Hall1926, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Glycyrrhiza [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Haplophyllum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia marina [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1926, BenDov1991, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat (1960d). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 514 (female) [China]; Bazarov 1971b: 91 (female) [Central Asia]; Ezzat 1960d: 57 (female) [Egypt]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1362]; Archan1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 130]; BenDov1991 [host, distribution: 11]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 301]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 246-247]; Ezzat1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-57]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Hall1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 526-527].



Pelionella Kaydan

NOMENCLATURE:

Pelionella Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 449. Type species: Peliococcus manifectus Borchsenius. Unavailable name.

Pelionella Kaydan, 2015: 226-227.

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, 2014.

STRUCTURE: Pelionella has: (i) multilocular disc pores, each with two rings of loculi, in clusters on dorsum, differing from those on venter which have only a single ring of loculi; (ii) dorsal setae spine-like and lacking trilocular pores near their base, thus different from cerarian setae, and (iii) dorsal oral collar tubular ducts of one or two sizes; where there are two sizes, a smaller duct is present in the centre of each cluster and the larger ducts lie among the disc pores towards the outside of the cluster; when there is just one size of duct, it lies in the middle of the cluster. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) used the name "Pelionella" before it was made available in Kaydan, 2015. According to Article 16.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999), this name must be considered unavailable from their work. The name is published in a way that meets the criteria of availability as specified by the ICZN (1999) in Kaydan, 2015. All 11 species of Pelionella can be separated from species in other related genera by the presence of: (i) multilocular disc pores in each dorsal cluster each with two rings of 11 loculi (all multilocular disc pores on other species have a single ring of 12 loculi) (the presence of two types of multilocular pores was noticed also by Danzig (2001) in P. balteatus and P. manifectus); (ii) dorsal setae not similar to cerarian setae, each without a trilocular pore near basal socket, and each not on an elevated area (in Peliococcus some dorsal setae are similar to cerarian setae, each with a trilocular pore near basal socket, and each on an elevated area), and (iii) dorsal oral collar tubular ducts present in clusters and of one or two sizes, each cluster with a smaller duct in the middle and with larger ducts clustered around it and generally along with multilocular disc pores (in Peliococcus and Erimococcus oral collar tubular ducts are also of one size or two sizes but they are never in the middle of the clusters). (Kaydan, 2015)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 209 (female) [Key to the genera of the Peliococcus species-group].

CITATIONS: Kaydan2014 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 209].



Pelionella cycliger (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus cycliger Leonardi, 1908a: 168. Type data: ITALY: Sambiase (Calabria), on Olea europaea. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Longo et al., 1989: 167. Type depository: Calabria: Istituto di Difesa delle Piante, Reggio Calabria, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus oleae Marchal, 1910: 245. Type data: TUNISIA: Sousse, on Olea europaea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Longo et al., 1989: 164.

Peliococcus deserticola Ben-Dov & Gerson in Furth et al., 1983: 106. Type data: ISRAEL: Wadi Qilt, on Rhus tripartita. Holotype female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kaydan, 2015: 228.

Peliococcus cycliger; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Change of combination.

Peliococcus oleae; Longo & Russo, 1988: 514. Change of combination.

Peliococcus cycliger; Longo et al., 1989: 164. Revived combination.

Pelionella cycliger Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 453. Unavailable name.

Pelionella cycliger; Kaydan, 2015: 228. Change of combination.

Pelionella cycligera; Kaydan, 2015: 229. Misspelling of species name.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus [PorcelPi1995].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus tripartita [FurthBeGe1984, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Onosma aleppica [FurthBeGe1984, BenDov1994], Onosma sp. [BenDov2012]. Oleaceae: Olea europaea [GomezM1946, LongoMaRu1989, Martin1985, BenDov1994, PorcelPi1995]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Vayssi1927, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Israel [FurthBeGe1984, BenDov2012]; Italy [Leonar1908, Marott1987a , LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, PorcelPi1995]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; Spain [GomezM1946, Martin1985, SancheBe2010]; Tunisia [Marcha1910, BenDov1994, HalimaGeMd2014].

BIOLOGY: Leonardi (1908) collected the syntypes from nest of the ant Aphenogaster testaceo-pilosus. Longo et al. (1989) observed this species in association with Crematogaster scutellaris (Oliv.) and with Tapinoma nigerimum (Nyl.). Develops three annual generations on olive in Apulia, Italy. The first instars of the third generation overwinters under the wax cocoon (Porcelli & Pizza, 1995).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1920) and by Longo et al. (1989). Redescription and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Adult female body elongate oval, 1.2-2.5 mm long, 0.7-0.9 mm wide. Antennae 9 segmented. Anterior spiracles larger than posterior spiracles, each 65 ľm long, 35 ľm wide across atrium. Circulus large. Legs well developed; posterior legs: trochanter + femur 210-250 ľm, tibia + tarsus 250-280 ľm, claw 21-25 ľm long. Both pairs of ostioles present. Cerarii slightly sclerotized, numbering 18 marginal pairs, dorsal absent; anal lobe cerarii each with 2 slender conical setae plus a group of trilocular pores and 2 or 3 spine-like auxiliary setae. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Longo et al. (1989) presented sound reasons for the designation of the Neotype. The synonymy of P. deserticola with P. cycliger was based on a comparison of the type material of P. deserticola with the drawings of the P. cycliger by Longo et al., (1989). Pelionella cycliger, currently only known from countries around the Mediterranean, is very similar to P. balteata in having: (i) clusters with only 1 small oral collar tubular duct in the centre, and (ii) 1 size of oral collar tubular duct on dorsum. However, P. cycliger differs from P. balteata in having a much larger number of multilocular pores in each cluster on the dorsum and venter.P. deserticola paratype, adult female: Israel, Wadi Qilt, on Rhus tripartita (Anacardiaceae), deposited in Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. (Kaydan, 2015)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Porcelli & Pizza (1995) noted that no damage was observed on olive.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Leonardi 1920: 382 (female) [Italia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 292-293]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 36, 42]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; FurthBeGe1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-108]; GomezM1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94-95]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; HalimaGeMd2014 [distribution, host: 1-2]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 228-229]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70]; Leonar1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-170]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-397]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; LongoMaRu1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-170]; LongoRu1988 [host, distribution: 514]; MansouMkGr2011 [distribution, economic importance: 315-322]; Marcha1910 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 244-246]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 95]; PorcelPi1995 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 99-105]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 49]; SancheBe2010 [host, distribution: 320]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 64]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 516-517]; Vayssi1927 [host, distribution: 109].



Pelionella glandulifer (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus glandulifer Borchsenius, 1949: 259. Type data: AZERBAIJAN: Ordubat and ARMENIA: Erevan, on Euphorbia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 133. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Erimococcus glandulifer; Tang, 1992: 517. Change of combination.

Peliococcus glanduliferus; Kaydan, 2014: 205. Misspelling of species name.

Erimococcus glandulifer; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 359. Change of combination.

Pelionella glandulifer; Kaydan, 2015: 227. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Borchs1949, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Euphorbia seguieriana [Kaydan2015].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkey [Kaydan2015].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Danzig (2001). Good description and illustration of the female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) regarded Peliococcus glandulifer Borchsenius as Erimococcus glandulifer. However, according to DNA analysis, P. glandulifer falls into the Pelionella clade and also this species have different kinds of multilocular disc pores on the dorsum and venter and therefore differ from other species of Erimococcus. (Kaydan, 2015)

KEYS: Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 244 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 293]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 259-260]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133, 134]; DanzigGa2014 [taxonomy: 389-390]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 205, 209-210]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 517-518]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-195].



Pelionella grassiana (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus grassianus Goux, 1989a: 306. Type data: FRANCE: Grasse (A-M), on an undetermined Labiatae. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Pelionella grassiana Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 454. Unavailable name.

Pelionella grassiana; Kaydan, 2015: 230-231. Change of combination.



HOST: Lamiaceae [Goux1989a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1989a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1989a).

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) used the combination "Pelionella grassiana" before the genus name was made available in Kaydan, 2015 where it was made available in a manner that satisfies the requirements in the Code (ICZN, 1999). In lacking a circulus, P. grassiana is similar to P. proeminens and P. sablia. P. grassiana differs from P. proeminens in having: (i) clusters on dorsum in distinct rows on each segment, and (ii) each hind femur without translucent pores (P. proeminens has clusters on dorsum sparsely distributed on each segment; and each hind femur has translucent pores). P. grassiana differs from P. sablia in having 14-17 pairs of marginal cerarii whereas P. sablia has fewer than 4 pairs. (Kaydan, 2015)

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 294]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1989a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 306-309]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, host, structure, taxonomy: 230-231].



Pelionella kansui Kaydan

NOMENCLATURE:

Pelionella kansui Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 457. Unavailable name.

Pelionella kansui Kaydan, 2015: 232-234. Type data: TURKEY: Van-Baskale road, N: 38°06’188’’, E: 044°06’494’’, on Euphorbia seguieriana, 5/25/2007, by M.B. Kaydan. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Turkey: Kaydan's Personal Collection. Described: female. Illust. Notes: at 2074 m elevation.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Kaydan2015].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body elongate oval, 1.54-1.92 mm long, 0.78-1.09 mm wide. Eyes marginal, 37-45 ľm wide. Antenna 9 segmented, 390-455 ľm long; apical segment 50-60 ľm long, 22-25 ľm wide; apical setae 27-33 ľm long, plus 3 fleshy setae each 22-28 ľm long. Tentorium 170-190 ľm long, 175-185 ľm wide. Labium 155 ľm long, 100-113 ľm wide. Anterior spiracles 60-65 ľm long, 30-35 ľm wide across atrium; posterior spiracles 70-80 ľm long, 40-45 ľm wide. Circulus large, oval, 120-180 ľm wide. Legs well developed; posterior legs: coxa 170-200 ľm long; trochanter + femur 260-270 ľm long; tibia + tarsus 285-290 ľm long; claw 28 ľm long. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) used the name "Pelionella kansui" before it was made available in Kaydan, 2015. According to Article 16 (specifically 16.1 and 16.4) of the ICZN (1999), this name must be considered unavailable from their work. .Pelionella kansui Kaydan can be readily distinguished from other species in the genus in having the following combination of features: (i) 2 sizes of oral collar tubular ducts in each cluster on dorsum; (ii) each dorsal cluster with 1–5 (usually 2) multilocular disc pores, each with 2 rings of 11 loculi; and (iii) no quinquelocular pores on venter. Pelionella kansui is most similar to P. manifecta in having 2 of sizes oral collar tubular duct on the dorsum but it differs in having: (i) no quinquelocular pores on the venter, and (ii) in having fewer than 7 marginal cerarii. Pellionella kansui is also similar to P. glandulifer but differs in having (characters for P. glandulifer in brackets): (i) clusters on dorsum with 1–5 multilocular disc pores (0–2, generally 0 in clusters on posterior abdominal segments), (ii) no quinquelocular pores on venter (a few around mouthparts) and (iii) multilocular disc pores in a compact band on dorsum of abdominal segment VII (few or none on dorsum of abdominal segment VII).

CITATIONS: Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 232-234].



Pelionella manifecta (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus manifectus Borchsenius, 1949: 245. Type data: AZERBAIJAN: Geok-Tapa and ARMENIA: Megri, on Chrysanthemum sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 125. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Peliococcus albertaccius Goux, 1990a: 83. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Albertacce, on Helichrysum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kaydan, 2015: 234.

Pelionella manifecta Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 457. Unavailable name.

Pelionella manifecta; Kaydan, 2015: 234. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ancathia igneria [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia vulgaris [KaydanKo2010a], Centaurea solsititialis [KaydanKiKo2005], Chrysanthemum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Helichrysum angustifolium [Kaydan2015], Helichrysum sp. [Goux1990a, Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Sonchus [KaydanKiKo2005]. Boraginaceae: Echium [KaydanKiKo2005]. Lamiaceae: Thymus [Danzig2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Corsica [Goux1990a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001, Foldi2003]; France [Kaydan2015]; Italy [Marott1992, LongoMaPe1995, BenDov1994, Pelliz2003]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Russia [Kaydan2015]; Sardinia [Pelliz2011]; Sweden [Ossian1959, BenDov1994, Gertss2001]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Marotta (1992a) and by Danzig (2001). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1990a).

STRUCTURE: Adult female body elongate oval, 1.36–1.88 mm long, 0.86–1.10 mm wide. Eyes marginal, 47.5–60.0 ľm wide. Antenna 9 segmented.

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) used the name "Pelionella manifecta" before the genus name was made available in Kaydan, 2015. Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) listed Pelionella manifecta without citing "Kaydan 2014?" (due to a typographical error) and without suggesting that this was a new combination. Kaydan, 2015 made the name available in a manner that satisfied the requirements on the Code (ICZN, 1999). Pelionella manifecta is most similar to P. multipora in having: (i) dorsal clusters with multilocular disc pores, (ii) 18 pairs of marginal cerarii, and (iii) 2 sizes of oral collar tubular ducts on the dorsum. However, P. manifecta differs from P. multipora in having 2-6 multilocular disc pores in each cluster (5-16 pores in P. multipora). P. manifecta is also similar to P. balteata and P. cycliger in having multilocular disc pores in clusters, but differs from both of these species in having 2 sizes of oral collar tubular duct in each cluster. There are some differences between the French and Azerbaijan specimens, namely: (i) number of clusters on dorsum (fewer in Azerbaijan population); (ii) number of clusters on midventer (fewer in Azerbaijan population); (iii) shape and number of cerarian setae (three cerarian setae on C3 in French population, two cerarian setae on C3 in Azerbaijan population); and (iv) number of trilocular pores in mid-venter (fewer in Azerbaijan population). Nonetheless, it is considered that these differences represent geographical variation. (Kaydan, 2015)

KEYS: Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [as Peliococcus manifectus; Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 176 (female) [as Peliococcus manifectus; Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 242 (female) [as Peliococcus manifectus; Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 291, 294-295]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 245-246]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 139]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125, 127]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1990a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-86]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 35]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 380]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-82]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 111]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 195]; Pelliz2003 [host, distribution: 100]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 518-519]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-179].



Pelionella multipora Kaydan

NOMENCLATURE:

Pelionella multipora Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 460. Unavailable name.

Pelionella multipora Kaydan, 2015: 238. Type data: TURKEY: Van-Koçet road, N: 37°56’019’’, E: 042°59’343’’, on roots of undetermined plant, 7/19/2005 by M.B. Kaydan. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Turkey: Kaydan's Personal Collection; type no. 2037. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Holotype in a black circle on the right side next to the collection data. Paratypes: 1 adult female: same data as holotype, on same slide; also 5 adult females (on two slides), Van- Koçet road, N: 37°56’019’’, E: 042°59’343’’, 1846 m, on undetermined plant, 19.vii.2005, coll: M. Bora Kaydan (KPCT: 2022).



HOSTS: Lamiaceae: Salvia sp. [Kaydan2015]. Poaceae: Elytrigia repens [Kaydan2015].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Kaydan2015].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 1.88-3.36 mm long, 0.84-1.94 mm wide. Eyes marginal, 40-55 ľm wide. Antenna 9 segmented, 450-610 ľm long; apical segment 60-68 ľm long, 25.0-30.0 ľm wide; apical setae 35-40 ľm long plus 3 fleshy setae 27-35 ľm long. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) used the name "Pelionella multipora" before it was made available in Kaydan, 2015. According to article 16 (specifically 16.1 and 16.4) of the ICZN (1999), this name must be considered unavailable from their work. Kaydan, 2015 meets the criteria of availability as specified by the ICZN (1999). Pelionella multipora can be readily distinguished from other Pelionella species in having the following combination of features: (i) 2 sizes of oral collar tubular ducts in each cluster; (ii) each dorsal cluster with 5-16 (usually 8-10) multilocular disc pores; and (iii) few quinquelocular pores on venter. Pelionella multipora is most similar to P. manifecta in having 2 sizes of oral collar tubular duct on dorsum, but differs in having many more multilocular disc pores in each cluster (only 2-6 in P. manifecta). P. multipora is also similar to P. balteata and P. cycliger in having some dorsal clusters with 5 or more multilocular disc pores, but differs from both species in having 2 sizes of oral collar tubular duct in each cluster (P. balteata and P. cycliger have only 1 small oral collar tubular duct in each cluster). (Kaydan, 2015)



Pelionella proeminens (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus proeminens Goux, 1989a: 309. Type data: FRANCE: Bouche du Rhone, Bouc-Bel-Air, on Thymus vulgaris. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus proemineus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 297. Misspelling of species name.

Pelionella proeminens; Kaydan, 2015: 240. Change of combination.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Thymus vulgaris [Goux1989a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1989a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1989a). Redescription and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Adult female body elongate oval, 1.78-1.96 mm long, 1.24-1.38 mm wide. Eyes marginal, 35-40 ľm wide. Antenna 9 segmented, 310-350 ľm long; apical segment 50-55 ľm long, 22.5-25.0 ľm wide; apical setae 32-35 ľm long plus 3 fleshy setae 27-35 ľm long. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) regarded P. proeminens as a junior synonym of P. grassiana but, Kaydan, 2015 these two species are regarded as distinct. The two species are similar and share: (i) the absence of a circulus, and (ii) 14-17 pairs of marginal cerarii, but P. proeminens differs in having: (i) fewer dorsal clusters across each abdominal segment, with only about 8 on abdominal segment I (much more abundant on P. grassiana - about 12 on abdominal segment I), and (ii) each metafemur with translucent pores (metafemur of P. grassiana without translucent pores). (Kaydan, 2015)

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 297]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1989a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 309-311].



Pelionella sablia (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus sablius Goux, 1989a: 302. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille (Marseille Veyre), on Helianthemum polifolium. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Pelionella sablia Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 462. Unavailable name.

Pelionella sablia; Kaydan, 2015: 242. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Cistaceae: Helianthemum polifolium [Goux1989a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1989a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1989a).

STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate oval, 1.40-2.20 mm long, 0.75-1.48 mm wide. Eyes marginal, 55-65 ľm wide. Antenna 8 segmented, 360-380 ľm long; apical segment 50-55 ľm long, 25-35 ľm wide; apical setae 35ľ40 ěm long and 3 fleshy setae 30ľ35 ěm long. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) used the name "Pelionella sablia" before the genus name was made available in Kaydan, 2015 when the new combination was made available in a manner that satisfies the requirements on the Code (ICZN, 1999). Pelionella sablia is most similar to P. grassiana and P. proeminens in lacking a circulus but differs in having fewer than 4 pairs of marginal cerarii (14-17 pairs in the other two species). P. sablia is also similar to P. glandulifer and P. kansui in having fewer than 7 marginal pairs of cerarii but differs in having: (i) quinquelocular pores throughout most of venter (restricted to around mouthparts in P. glandulifera, absent in P. kansui) and (ii) no circulus (present in both of the other species). (Kaydan, 2015)

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 297]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1989a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 302-304].



Pelionella stellarocheae (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus stellarocheae Goux, 1990a: 80. Type data: FRANCE: Rhone, Bessenay, on Mentha sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Pelionella stellarocheae Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 465. Unavailable name.

Pelionella stellarocheae; Kaydan, 2015: 244. Change of combination.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Mentha [Goux1990a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1990a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1990a).

STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate oval, 1.56-1.75 mm long, 1.02-1.15 mm wide. Eyes marginal, 37.5-47.5 ěm wide. Antenna 9 segmented, 310-350 ľm long; apical segment 47.5-55.0 ľm long, 20-25 ľm wide; apical setae 25-35 ľm long plus 3 fleshy setae, each 22.5-35.0 ľm long. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) used the name "Pelionella stellarocheae" before the genus name was made available in Kaydan, 2015 where the new combination was made available in a manner that satisfies the requirements on the Code (ICZN, 1999). P. stellarocheae differs from all other species in the genus in having a reduced number of marginal cerarii. Cerarii are present on head and abdomen but are reduced or absent on the pro- and mesothorax. (Kaydan, 2015

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 298]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1990a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-83].



Pelionella tritubulatus (Kiritshenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus tritubulatus Kiritshenko, 1940a: 190. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym, Yalta district, on Genista albida. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Peliococcus tritubulatus; Borchsenius, 1949: 250. Change of combination.

Peliococcus darvasicus Nurmamatov & Bazarov, 1990: 606. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Darvas Range, near Tavildara, on roots of Leguminosae. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 130.

Spinococcus tritubulatus; Tang, 1992: 569. Change of combination.

Pelionella tritubulatus; Kaydan, 2014: 209. Change of combination.

Erimococcus tritubulatus; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 398. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae [KaydanKiKo2005], Scorzonera criosperma [Danzig2001]. Chenopodiaceae: Suaeda [Danzig2001]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [KaydanUlEr2007], Euphorbia sequieriana [KaydanKo2010a]. Fabaceae [NurmamBa1990, BenDov1994], Astragalus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Genista albida [Kiritc1940a, BenDov1994, Danzig2001]. Lamiaceae: Thymus [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Azerbaijan [Danzig2001]; Georgia [Danzig2001]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Russia (Dagestan AR [Danzig2001]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [NurmamBa1990, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1940a, BenDov1994, Danzig2001]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.Lives on roots of the host plant (Nurmamatov & Bazarov, 1990).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tereznikova (1975), Nurmamatov & Bazarov (1990) and by Danzig (2001). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) regarded Peliococcus tritubulata Borchsenius as Erimococcus tritubulata. However, according to DNA analysis, P. tritubulata falls into the Pelionella clade and also this species have different kinds of multilocular disc pores on the dorsum and venter and therefore differ from other species of Erimococcus. (Kaydan, 2015)

KEYS: Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 555 (female) [China]; Tereznikova 1975: 201 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 293,299-300]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 250-251]; DanzigGa2014 [taxonomy: 398]; Kaydan2015 [description, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 209-210]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 35]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; Kiritc1940a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-191]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 4-5]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; NurmamBa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 606-607]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 569]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206].



Pellizzaricoccus Kozár

NOMENCLATURE:

Pellizzaricoccus Kozár, 1991a: 40. Type species: Pellizzaricoccus gabrielis Kozar, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Kozár (1991a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 302]; Kozar1991a [taxonomy, description: 40].



Pellizzaricoccus gabrielis Kozár

NOMENCLATURE:

Pellizzaricoccus gabrielis Kozár, 1991a: 40. Type data: ITALY: Firenze (Park Boboli), on Compositae. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae [Kozar1991a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Kozar1991a, BenDov1994], Poa [Kozar1991a, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Parietaria officinalis [Kozar1991a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Greece [Kozar1991a, BenDov1994]; Italy [Kozar1991, LongoMaPe1995].

BIOLOGY: The insect was found on roots, leaves and leafsheath of the host plants (Kozár , 1991a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kozár (1991a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 302]; Kozar1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-44]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119].



Perystrix Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Perystrix Gavrilov, 2004: 524. Type species: Perystrix ulmaria Gavrilov, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and description by Gavrilov (2004).

STRUCTURE: Legs well developed, without translucent pores; claw with ; claw digitules with clavate apex. Anal apparatus complete or complicaed (with 2 outer rows of spinulae). Both pair of ostioles well developeed. Multilocular pores present on both dorsal and ventral sides of body. Quinquelocular pores present or absent. Trilocular pores evenly scattered on entire body surface; tubular ducts of simple type. Most cerari demonstrate a replacement of conical setae by flagellate setae (pseudocerarii). Dorsal surface of body covered by small conical setae and flagellate setae of different sizes. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

SYSTEMATICS: The presence of pseudocerarii instead of usual cerarii is the main diagnostic character of Perystrix. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 183-185 (female) [Key to general of Phenacoccinae].

CITATIONS: DanzigGa2014 [description, taxonomy: 245-246]; Gavril2004 [taxonomy, description: 524-526].



Perystrix monieri (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus monieri Balachowsky, 1939: 264. Type data: MADEIRA ISLANDS: Canical, on Cynara cardunculus var. ferocissima. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Perystrix monieri; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 246. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Cynara cardunculus ferocissima [Balach1939, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Medicago [Balach1939, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [Balach1939, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on root neck and roots of host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1939).

SYSTEMATICS: A combination of pseudocerarii with the presence of both conical and flagellate setae on the dorsum (as in the type species of Perystrix) lead Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014 to transfer Phenacoccus monieri to Perystrix.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 246 (female) [Key to species of Perystrix].

CITATIONS: Balach1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 264-265]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 333]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, host, taxonomy: 247-249]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 19,25].



Perystrix ulmaria Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Perystrix ulmaria Gavrilov, 2004: 524. Type data: RUSSIA: Volgogradskaya Oblast, Sovkhoz Balka, on trunk of Ulmus sp.; collected N. Burnashova, 9.viii.1950. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Ulmaceae: Ulmus [Gavril2004].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gavrilov (2004).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 246 (female) [Key to species of Perystrix].

CITATIONS: Gavril2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 524-526].



Phenacoccus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus Cockerell, 1893ee: 318. Type species: Pseudococcus aceris Signoret.

Phenacoccus (Paroudablis) Cockerell, 1900f: 87. Type species: Boisduvalia piceae Low.

Phaenacoccus; Kiritchenko, 1932a: 260, 261. Misspelling of genus name.

Ampelocecis; Lindinger, 1932f: 199. Misspelling of genus name.

Phaenacoccus Lindinger, 1935: 142. Unjustified emendation.

Phaenococcus Lindinger, 1937: 192. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 152.

Peukinococcus Šulc, 1944a: 2. Type species: Boisduvalia piceae Low, by monotypy. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950b: 120. Notes: Synonymy by community of type-species.

Paroudablis Borchsenius, 1949: 88. Type species: Boisduvalia piceae Low. Subsequently designated by Fernald, 1903b. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1994: 287. Notes: A subjective synonym of Phenacoccus.

Phenococcus; Schmutterer, 1952: 396. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Mis-spelling of Phenacoccus.

Paroudables; Hadzibejli, 1959: 575. Misspelling of genus name.

Caulococcus Borchsenius, 1960e: 47. Type species: Phenacoccus angustatus Borchsenius, by original designation. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1994: 74.

Densispina Ter-Grigorian, 1964a: 861. Type species: Densispina graminea Ter-Grigorian, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig, 2003: 327.

Phenacococcus; Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht, 1967: 126. Misspelling of genus name.

Birendracoccus Ali, 1975: 279. Type species: Dactylopius saccharifolii Green, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 589.

Phenococcus; Danzig, 1994: 46. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Kanda (1943a), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Borchsenius (1949), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Ter-Grigorian (1964a, 1973), Tereznikova (1975), Ali (1975), Danzig (1980b, 1988), Williams (1985), Cox (1987), Avasthi & Shafee (1987), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tang (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996), Wu (2000a) and by Williams (2004a),

SYSTEMATICS: Paroudablis is generally accepted as a subjective synonym of Phenacoccus. Borchsenius (1960b) assigned 8 species to Caulococcus. Tang (1992) accepted Caulococcus as valid and placed in it a total of 24 species. Other students, e. g. Williams & Miller (1985), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), did not accept its separation from Phenacoccus. Until the characters upon which these genera have been distinguished, will be critically evaluated in a comprehensive revision, Caulococcus is regarded a subjective synonym of Phenacoccus (Ben-Dov, 1994).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 209 (female) [Key to the genera of the Peliococcus species-group]; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 183-185 (female) [Key to general of Phenacoccinae]; González 2011: 70 (female) [Key to the genera of Pseudococcidae of primary importance to export fruit.]; Abd-Rabou et al. 2010: 509 (female) [Phenacoccus species in Egypt]; Moghaddam & Alikhani 2010: 16 (female) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]; Moghaqddam 2010: 67 (female) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]; Hodgson {et al.} 2008: 3 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 38 (female) [Phenacoccinae genera of South America]; Danzig 2004: 532 (female) [Phenacoccus species of firs]; Williams 2004a: 42,44 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia]; Danzig 2003: 328-329 (female) [Russia]; Kwon et al. 2003: 114 (female) [Korea]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Wu, S.A. 2000a: 69-70 (female) [Phenacoccus species of China]; Marotta, Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Kosztarab 1996: 152-153 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992: 320,384,528 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental region]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 347-349 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 63 (female) [Central Europe]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 19 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 2 (female) [India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 2 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 13 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 266 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 36, 37 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 21 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East Russia]; Kawai 1980: 92 (female) [Japan]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 54 (female) [Tajikistan]; Tereznikova 1975: 160, 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37,38,135 (female) [Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 214-216 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 238 (female) [North America]; Williams 1962: 34 (female) [Britain]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395-396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 282 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 21 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 120-122 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 88 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 210-211 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 161 (female) [Hawaii]; Kanda 1943a: 42 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: AbdRabGeMa2010 [taxonomy: 509-510]; Ali1975 [taxonomy, description: 279-280]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description: 7]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 432]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 62,74,114,287,303]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 208-211]; BytinsSt1967 [taxonomy: 126]; Cocker1893ee [taxonomy, description: 318]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 72-73]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 109, 122-124]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 699]; Danzig1994 [taxonomy: 46]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy: 327-329]; Danzig2004 [taxonomy, description: 530-532]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 89]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 120-122]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 395-396]; Gavril2010 [taxonomy: 33]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 278]; Gonzal2011 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 70, 154]; GranarScTe1997 [taxonomy, economic importance: 97]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, cladistic, phylogeny: 29-129]; Hodgso2012 [description, taxonomy: 62]; HodgsoAbAr2008 [taxonomy: 1-35]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy: 8]; Kanda1943a [taxonomy, description: 42]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 7-8]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 209]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 260, 261]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 150-153]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122]; Koteja2001 [taxonomy: 48]; KotejaZa1979 [taxonomy: 673]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy: 114]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description: 180]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 142]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 192]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 551]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 213-216]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; Moghad2010 [taxonomy: 67-68]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 46]; MoghadAl2010 [taxonomy: 11-12,16]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 30, 149, 152-154]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy: 396]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 323-324,386-387,527]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 10,22]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 210-211]; TerGri1964a [taxonomy, description: 861]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 119,134]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 7, 32-34]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 37, 265-266]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 589-591]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 43, 345-349]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 157]; Wu2000a [taxonomy, description: 59-72]; Xie1998 [taxonomy: 83]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 148, 161].



Phenacoccus acericola King

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus acericola King, 1902e: 211. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Springfield, on maple. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material not located, see Ferris, 1950b.

Phenacoccus acericus; Ferris, 1953a: 395. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: maple mealybug [Koszta1996].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis binotata [Koszta1996], Hyperaspis signata [Koszta1996]. ENCYRTIDAE Apheliniidae: Coccophagus lycimnia [Koszta1996]. HYMENOPRTERA Encyrtidae: Blastothrix sericea [Koszta1996]. HYMENOPTERA Coccinellidae: Tetrastichus minutus [Koszta1996]. Encyrtidae: Acerophagus coccois [Koszta1996].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Koszta1996], Acer platanoides [Koszta1996], Acer saccharinum [Ferris1950b, Koszta1996], Acer saccharum [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Connecticut [Koszta1996], Illinois [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Indiana [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Kentucky [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Maine [Koszta1996], Maryland [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Massachusetts [King1902e, BenDov1994], New Jersey [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], New York [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Ohio [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Pennsylvania [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Rhode Island [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Tennessee [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996], Wisconsin [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: The females and their ovisacs are usually found on the underside of leaves. Rau (1942) reported that eggs overwinter in Northeastern North USA. Miller (1985b) reported on two or three annual generations on sugar maple in USA, Ohio; nymphs overwinter in bark crevices; in early spring they move to the leaves, and the adults migrate to bark to mate; oviposition takes place on underside of leaves.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Johnson & Lyon (1988).

SYSTEMATICS: Some early records of P. acericola from North America were probably misidentifications of P. aceris Signoret.

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 153 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 304]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-125]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 397]; JohnsoLy1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration]; King1902e [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 211-212]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 153-155].



Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus farinosus alni De Geer, 1776: 442. Unavailable name.

Coccus farinosus Gmelin, 1790: 2220. Unavailable name.

Gossyparia farinosus Signoret, 1875b: 21. Unavailable name.

Pseudococcus mespili Signoret, 1875b: 333. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, on Mespilus germanica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 251. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 251.

Pseudococcus aceris Signoret, 1875c: 329. Type data: FRANCE: Chambery (Savoie) on Carpinus, Tilia and Aesculus; on 'sycomore' or 'erable' (= Acer pseudoplatanus), no locality indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus aesculi Signoret, 1875c: 330. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, on Aesculus hippocastanum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 251. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 250.

Pseudococcus hederae Signoret, 1875c: 332. Type data: FRANCE: Herault, Montpellier, on 'lierres' (= Hedera helix). Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 251.

Pseudococcus platani Signoret, 1875c: 334. Type data: FRANCE: Haute-Savoie, Annecy, on Platanus orientalis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 252. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 251.

Pseudococcus aceris; Comstock, 1881a: 345. Notes: This name has been used incorrectly by most authors since 1758, until De Lotto (1958) clarified that it was wrongly applied and associated with the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti).

Pseudococcus ulicis Douglas, 1888a: 88. Type data: ENGLAND: Exeter, probably on furze [= Ulex]. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1903: 176. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Ben-Dov, 1994. Cited as Pseudococcus vitis (Niediel.) - Unavailabale Name.

Pseudococcus ulmi Douglas, 1888b: 124. Type data: ENGLAND: London, on Ulex europaeus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1903: 176.

Pseudococcus quercus Douglas, 1890a: 154. Type data: ENGLAND: Hereford, on Quercus robur. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1903: 176.

Pulvinaria ribesiae; Douglas, 1890b: 240. Misidentification; discovered by Newstead, 1903.

Pseudococcus socius Newstead, 1892: 144. Type data: ENGLAND: Yorkshire, Wakefield, on black currant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1903: 177.

Phenacoccus aceris; Cockerell, 1896b: 324. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus aesculi; Cockerell, 1896b: 324. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus hederae; Cockerell, 1896b: 324. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus platani; Cockerell, 1896b: 324. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus quercus; Cockerell, 1896b: 324. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus socius; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus ulicis; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus ulmi; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus mespili; Cockerell, 1899j: 264. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus ? farinosus Cockerell, 1899j: 264. Unavailable name. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Phenacoccus (Paroudablis) socius; Cockerell, 1900f: 87.

Dactylopius vagabundus Reh, 1903: 305. Type data: GERMANY: on apple. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912b: 366.

Phenacoccus ? farinosus Fernald, 1903b: 91. Unavailable name.

Dactylopius vagabundus; Reh, 1904: 36.

Phaenacoccus aceris; Kiritchenko, 1932a: 260. Misspelling of genus name.

Phenacoccus polyphagus Borchsenius, 1949: 213. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Vladivostok, on ash tree [= Fraxinus excelsior]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 124. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1970: 1016.

Phenacoccus mespili; Borchsenius, 1949: 220.

Phenacoccus aceris; Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 35.

Phenacoccus mespili; Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 35. Notes: Incorrect citation of author.

Phenacoccus gorgasalicus Hadzibejli, 1960b: 304. Type data: GEORGIA: Tbilisi, Botanical Gardens, on Quercus hartwissiana and Q. iberica. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2003: 331.

Phenacoccus prunicola Borchsenius, 1962a: 232. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Dali, on Armeniaca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1970: 1016.

Phenacoccus aceris; Schmutterer, 1980: 50.

Spinococcus gorgosalicus; Tang, 1992: 554. Misspelling of species name.

Spinococcus gorgasalicus; Tang, 1992: 559. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus gorgasalicus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 320. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus mespili; Ben-Dov, 1994: xxx.

COMMON NAMES: apple mealybug [Bartle1978e, Koszta1996]; polyphagous tree mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



ASSOCIATES: VIRUS Closteroviridae: Ampelovirus GLRaV-1 [LeMaguBeHe2012], Ampelovirus GLRaV-3 [LeMaguBeHe2012], Ampelovirus LChV-2 [LeMaguBeHe2012].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus quadripustulatus [Tsalev1972, BenDov1994]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Leucospis sileciaca [Tsalev1972]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus fujikona [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus shoenherri [Tsalev1972, Hadzib1983], Aphycus apicalis (Dalman) [Hadzib1983, Trjapi1989, Yasnos2001], Aphycus hazibejliae Trjapitzin [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989, Yasnos2001], Aphycus shutovae [Trjapi1989], Cerapteroceroides japonicus [Trjapi1989], Cheiloneurus phenacocci [Trjapi1989], Encyrtus chalcostomus [Tsalev1972, BenDov1994], Leptomastidea bifasciata [Trjapi1989], Microterys chalcostomus (Dalman) [Schmut1955b], Prochiloneurus nagasakiensis [Trjapi1989], Pseudaphycus clavatus [Trjapi1989], Pseudaphycus phenacocci Yasnosh [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989, Yasnos2001]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa utilis Muesebeck [MarshaPi1944, Moore1988].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Tsalev1968, Marott1987a, Hadzib1983, KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994, Koszta1996, UygunSeEr1998], Acer campestre [TerGri1962, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Acer negundo [Paik1978, Komosi1986a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Acer platanoides [Schmut1952, Danzig1959, KotejaZa1969, Komosi1986, BenDov1994], Acer pseudoplatanus [Schmut1952, Komosi1986, BenDov1994], Acer saccharinum [Komosi1986, BenDov1994]. Actinidiaceae: Actinidia [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Hedera [Tranfa1976], Hedera colhica [Hadzib1983], Hedera helix [Signor1875b, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, BenDovMa1995], Hedera pastuchovi [Hadzib1983]. Asteraceae: Echinops ritro [Moghad2010]. Betulaceae: Alnus glutinosa [Schmut1952, Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Alnus incana [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Betula [Koszta1996, KaydanKiKo2005], Betula pendula [TerGri1962, BenDov1994], Betula pubescens [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Betula verucosa [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [Willia1962, BenDov1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera caprifolium [TerGri1962, BenDov1994], Lonicera tatarica [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus betulus [Schmut1952, Willia1962, Hadzib1983, BenDov1994], Carpinus caucasicus [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]. Cornaceae: Cornus [Koszta1996], Cornus mas [TerGri1962, BenDov1994], Thelycrania australis [TerGri1962, BenDov1994]. Corylaceae: Corylus avellana [Schmut1952, KotejaZa1966, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo [PellizFo1996, Foldi2000]. Fabaceae: Caragana [Tsalev1968], Caragana arborescens [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Cytisus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Laburnum [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Robinia pseudacacia [Kozar1980, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Ulex minor. Fagaceae: Castanea sativa [Goux1931a, Willia1962, BenDov1994], Fagus sylvatica [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Quercus [Dougla1890a, Hadzib1983, BenDov1994], Quercus cerris [Kozar1999a], Quercus chrysolepis [Essig1909a], Quercus hartwissiana [Hadzib1960b, BenDov1994], Quercus iberica [Hadzib1960b, BenDov1994], Quercus ilex [PellizFo1996], Quercus pubescens [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994], Quercus robur [Schmut1952, Komosi1986, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994], Quercus suber [MazzeoLoRu1994], Quercus turneri [KozarGuBa1994]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes nigrum [Kozar1980, BenDov1994]. Grossulariaveae: Ribes rubrum [MalumpOsPy2010]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum [Signor1875b, Marcha1908, Schmut1952, KozarOrKo1977, Komosi1986, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994], Pavia rubra [Schmut1952]. Juglandaceae: Juglans regia [TerGri1962, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [KaydanKiKo2005], Ficus sycomorus [BenDov1994], Morus alba [Moghad2010]. Myricaceae: Myrica gale [Willia1962, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [Tsalev1968, TerGri1969, BenDov1994], Fraxinus americana [KaydanKiKo2005], Fraxinus excelsior [Schmut1952, Tsalev1968, Koteja1971a, Komosi1986, BenDov1994], Fraxinus pennsylvanica [Komosi1986, BenDov1994], Fraxinus rhynchophylla [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis [Kozar1980, BenDov1994], Armeniaca [Borchs1962b, BenDov1994], Cerasus vulgaris [Marcha1908, BenDov1994], Cotoneaster [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Koszta1996, KaydanKiKo2005], Crataegus [Tsalev1968, KaydanKiKo2005], Crataegus azarolus [Moghad2010, MoghadTa2010], Crataegus oxyacantha [Schmut1952, Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Cydonia [Tsalev1968], Cydonia japonica [Tsalev1968, KaydanKiKo2005], Cydonia sinensis [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Malus [Koszta1996], Malus communis [KaydanKiKo2005], Malus domestica [Danzig1959, Kozar1980, Hadzib1983, BenDov1994], Malus orientalis [TerGri1973, Hadzib1983, BenDov1994], Malus pumila [Paik1978, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994], Malus sylvestris [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Mespilus germanica [Signor1875b, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Padus [Kozar1985a, BenDov1994], Persica vulgaris [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Prunus [KozarHuFo1989], Prunus [Schmut1952], Prunus communis [Schmut1952, KaydanKiKo2005], Prunus domestica [KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Prunus persica [Schmut1952, KaydanKiKo2005], Prunus spinosa [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Pyrus communis [KaydanKiKo2005], Rosa [Koszta1996], Rubus [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Sorbaria [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Sorbus aucuparia [Willia1962, Komosi1986, BenDov1994], Spiraea [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]. Salicaceae: Salix [Danzig1978a], Salix arenaria [Koteja1971a, BenDov1994], Salix caprea [Schmut1952], Salix pentandra [KozarDr1991, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Eurya japonica montana [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Tilia [Kozar1985a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Tilia caucasica [TerGri1962, BenDov1994], Tilia cordata [Danzig1959, Komosi1986, Koteja1971a, BenDov1994], Tilia euchlora [Komosi1986, BenDov1994], Tilia platyphyllos [Schmut1952, KotejaZa1966, Komosi1986, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994]. Ulmaceae: Celtis willdenowiana [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Ulmus [KozarHuFo1989, Koszta1996], Ulmus campestris [Schmut1952], Ulmus laevis [KozarDr1991, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis adoratissima [Schmut1952], Vitis vinifera [Schmut1952, Kozar1980, BenDov1994, Foldi2000]. HYMENOPTERA Platygasteridae: Allotropa ashmeadi [Mueseb1939].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [Ferris1950b, KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994], Nova Scotia [Gillia1935, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]); United States of America (California [Essig1909a, BenDov1994], Maine [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]). Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001b]). Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia [TerGri1956, TerGri1969, BenDov1994]; Austria [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [Grigor1964, Tsalev1968, KosztaKo1988F]; China [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994, Wu2000a] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Corsica [Foldi2003]; Czech Republic [Sulc1943, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]; France [Signor1875b, Goux1931, Goux1933a, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1960b, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001, Hadzib1983]); Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarDr1991, BenDov1994, Kozar1999a, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009, Moghad2010, MoghadTa2010]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994]; Italy [Tranfa1976, Marott1987a, LongoMaRu1989, LongoRuMa1991, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Latvia [Rasina1955, Rasina1959, BenDov1994]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009, MalumpOsPy2010]; Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Netherlands [Reyne1957, BenDov1994]; North Korea [Kanda1941a, Danzig1978, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, Komosi1986, Komosi1986a, Komosi1987]; Romania; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Tatarstan (=Tatar) AR [Kozar1985a, BenDov1994], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]); Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; South Korea [KwonDaPa2003]; Sweden [Ossian1959, BenDov1994, Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KosztaKo1988F, KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Dougla1888a, BenDov1994], Scotland [Willia1962, BenDov1994]); Yugoslavia [Masten2007].

BIOLOGY: Green (1915a) observed fully developed females (with their conspicuous ovisacs) in England at June; the reproducing female were observed to migrate from the host plant, upon which they developed, to surrounding plants. Life history, natural enemies and associated ants discussed by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988F). Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978). Parasites in the Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). Biology discussed by Kozarzhevskaya (1992). Kosztarab (1996) reported that in Northeastern North America it is a bisexual species; develops one annual generation; second instar nymphs overwinter in bark crevices; migrate to leaves in early spring; adults appear in late spring to early summer; first instars appear in July, feed and leaves; second instar nymphs migrate in fall to the bark. Occuring on the bark of trunk and branches of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Marchal (1908), Ferris (1950b), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Paik (1978), Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Kosztarab (1996) and by Danzig (2003). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Sulc (1943), Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Records of this species prior to 1902 from North America probably refer to P. acericola King (see Ferris, 1950b). Fernald (1903b:93) indicates that Douglas' (1890b) record of Pulvinaria ribesiae Signoret (family Coccidae), is a misidentification of P. aceris. De Geer (1776: 442, Plate 28, Figs. 16-22) described Coccus farinosus alni from alder in Europe. Subsequent authors (Signoret, 1875a; Cockerell, 1898c) accepted it as mealybug, but disputed its identity. However, De Geer (1776) contains many polynominals, and is hence an unvailable work for nomenclatural purposes. Lindinger (1912) suggested that De Geer's species is conspecific with Ph. aceris Signoret. Signoret attributed Pseudococcus mespili to Geoffroy, but Opinion 228 (1954) placed the book by Geoffroy (1762) on the Official List of invalid works in zoology. Consequently, Chermes mespili Geoffroy is an unvailable name, and Pseudococcus mespili Signoret is the senior synonym of this species. In addition, Cockerell (1899j) noted that Geoffroy's description refers to a Coccidae.Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1960b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Reh (1903: 305) introduced the binomen Dactylopius vagabundus for the description of a scale insect named 'Zottenschildlausen' by Schilling, 1897: 248.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This mealybug is supposed to be of European origin where occasionally becomes a pest on ornamental or fruit trees (Newstead, 1903; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F). Has been introduced into North America at the beginning of the 20th century, and became established as a pest of rosaceous fruit trees in Maine, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and California (Turnbull & Chant, 1961; Bartlett, 1978). Komosinska (1986a, 1986b, 1987a, 1987b) quantified the distribution and occurence on various ornamental and forest trees in Warsaw, Poland. Occasionally a pest of Malus and Fraxinus (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).The Apple mealybug Phenacoccus aceris was verified as the vector of the Little Cherry Virus 2 (LChV-2) in Baden-Wuerttemberg. (Petruschke, et al., 2011) Recent experiments have demonstrated that P. aceris efficiently transmits six distinct GLRaV species, Grapevine virus A and Grapevine virus B (GVA and GVB). (Le Maguet, et al., 2013)

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 46 [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran]; Malumphy 2011: 168 (female) [Key to adult female Phenacoccus native to Britain]; Moghaddam 2010: 67 (female) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]; Moghaddam & Alikhani 2010: 16-17 (female) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Kwon et al. 2003: 114 (female) [Korea]; Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [PHenacoccus species of China]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Kosztarab 1996: 155 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 529, 530 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [Central Europe]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 238 (female) [North America]; Williams 1962: 34 (female) [England]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 120 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BahderPoAl2013 [economic importance: 1293]; Baird1958 [host, distribution, biological control: 483-485]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 148-149]; Beirne1975 [biological control, host, distribution: 225-236]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 304-306,320,332]; Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 16-17]; Bodenh1953 [host, distribution: 122]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy: 137, 173, 175, 178]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 212-214, 219-221]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-233]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 139]; Chacho1967 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 728-730]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 324, 325]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 264]; Cocker1900b [taxonomy: 87]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 345]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 445]; Danzig1970 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1016-17]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 9-10]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 74]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 124-126]; Danzig1995 [taxonomy, life history, structure: 19-24]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 331-333]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 198]; DeGeer1776 [taxonomy: 442]; Demeye2004 [distribution, disease transmission: 18-19]; Dougla1888a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88]; Dougla1888b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124]; Dougla1890a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154]; Dougla1890b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 36]; FengChYe1999 [economic importance, chemistry: 515-518]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 91]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-128]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 109]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 523]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, karyology: 74]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 149]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gillia1935 [host, distribution, economic importance: 161-164]; Gillia1936 [host, distribution: 133]; Gmelin1790 [taxonomy: 2220]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 235]; Green1915a [host, distribution, life history: 180]; Grigor1964 [host, distribution: 28-33]; Hadzib1960b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 304-306]; Hadzib1983 [host, distribution, biological control: 77-78, 78-79]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hawkin1994 [biological control: 3]; Hoffma2002 [life history, ecology, host, distribution, biological control: 1-164]; HosseiHa2011 [molecular data: 46]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 126]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaweck1935 [host, distribution: 75]; KaydanKi2007 [host, distribution, life history: 224-230]; KaydanKi2008 [life history, host, distribution: 274]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution: 30]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 221]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 260-261]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; Kobakh1965 [biological control: 323-330]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 24]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 161]; Komosi1986 [host, distribution: 4]; Komosi1986a [host, distribution: 14]; Komosi1987 [host, distribution: 96]; Komosi1987a [host, distribution: 106]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 155-157]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 123-125, 130-131]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 321]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 317]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 361]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 673]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 67]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarDr1991 [host, distribution: 362]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 11]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 114-116]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; LeMaguBeHe2012 [ecology, economic importance, host, life history: 717-723]; LeMaguFuCh2013 [distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history: 416-427]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 366]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; LongoMaRu1989 [host, distribution: 170]; LongoRu1990 [host, distribution: 114]; LongoRuMa1991 [host, distribution: 183-184]; MacPheCaVa1976 [biological control: 337-358]; Malump2011 [taxonomy: 168]; Malump2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 49,52-53]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 19]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 49,53]; MalumpOs2008 [host, distribution: 108]; MalumpOsPy2009 [host, distribution: 121]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 255]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-242]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-89]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Marsha1942 [host, distribution, chemical control: 727-732]; Marsha1952 [host, distribution, economic importance: 25-31]; Marsha1953 [host, distribution, economic importance: 7-11]; MarshaPi1944 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 91]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 109-110]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 203]; McLeod1954 [host, distribution, biological control: 19-27]; McLeod1962 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-33]; MekuriSmBe2013 [economic importance: 851]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 23]; Moghad2010 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 6, 46-47, 99]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 46-47, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 68]; MoghadAl2010 [taxonomy: 16]; MoghadTa2010 [host, distribution: 40]; Moore1988 [biological control: 213]; Mueseb1939 [host, distribution, biological control: 158-160]; Newste1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145]; Newste1903 [taxonomy: 176]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Patter1966 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1430-1435]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [host, distribution: 125]; PetrusRiSc2011 [ecology, host: 11-13]; PicketPuLe1958 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 169-174]; Podsia1981a [biological control: 159-162]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 68-69]; Rasina1959 [host, distribution: 110]; Reh1903 [taxonomy: 305]; Reh1904 [taxonomy: 36]; Reyne1957 [host, distribution: 18]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 48]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution: 396]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 517]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 50]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 101]; SentenKu2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 247-252]; SforzaBoGr2003 [economic importance, disease transmission, host, distribution: 975-981]; SforzaGr2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 46-50]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 852, 861]; Signor1875b [taxonomy: 21]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 329-330, 333-334]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Sulc1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-52]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Szulcz1949 [distribution: 219-224]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 530-531,559]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22-23]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-217, 216-219]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 35, 36]; TerGri1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-130]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 53]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-140, 140-143]; Tranfa1976 [host, distribution: 137]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 53, 55, 134, 135, 14]; Tsalev1968 [host, distribution: 207]; Tsalev1972 [host, distribution, biological control: 81]; TurnbuCh1961 [economic importance, biological control: 697-753]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlubasKaKi2007 [molecular data,: 232-238]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1082]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 34-35]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83]; Wu2000a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 59-72]; Wu2001b [ecology: 252]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-89]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; YasumaNa1957 [life history, ecology: 203-219].



Phenacoccus alienus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus alienus De Lotto, 1961: 217. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Middleburg, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 306]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-218].



Phenacoccus alleni McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus alleni McKenzie, 1964: 243. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, East Morongo Valley, on Hymenocloa salsola. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus nonarius McKenzie, 1964: 253. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, East Morongo Valley, on Hymenoclea salsola. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1967: 216.

COMMON NAME: Allen mealybug [McKenz1964, McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Franseria dumosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hymenoclea salsola [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]. Loasaceae: Petalonyx thurberi [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Sphaeralcea orcutii [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occuring on the leaves and twigs of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964, 1967).

KEYS: Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 214-215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 306]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-245]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-219].



Phenacoccus alonim Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus alonim Ben-Dov, 1991: 11. Type data: ISRAEL: Alone Aba Nature Reserve, on Quercus ithaburensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus ithaburensis [BenDov1991, BenDov1994, SpodekBeMe2014].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Israel [BenDov1991, BenDov1994, SpodekBeMe2014].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1991).

CITATIONS: BenDov1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-13]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 307]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 36, 42]; SpodekBeMe2014 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 111, 116, 118].



Phenacoccus alticola Bazarov

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus alticola Bazarov, 1967a: 61. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Pamir, Zor-Kul, on Elymus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Euripersia alticola; Tang, 1992: 447. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus alticola; Ben-Dov, 1994: 307. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Elymus [Bazaro1967a, BenDov1994], Elymus mutans [Danzig2006a], Leymus secalinus [Danzig2006a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1967a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots and underground stems of its host plant. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1967a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Body elongate; 2.5 mm long. Antennae 7-segmented. Legs with comparatively short segments; hind tibiae with translucent pores. Spiracles as in Ph. phenacoccoides, with compact groups of trilocular pores. Circulus absent. Multilocular pores present on two posterior abdominal sternites only. Quinquelocular pores absent. Tubular ducts present on ventrum only, not numerous, of two sizes. (Danzig, 2006a)

SYSTEMATICS: Ph. alticola differs from similar species of the genus Phenacoccus in the presence of large ventral tubular ducts not only in the marginal zone, but also in the middle part of abdomen. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 446 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 307]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 225]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 447-448].



Phenacoccus americanus King & Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus americanae King & Cockerell, 1897: 91. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Andover, under a stone in nest of Lasius americanus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Massachusetts [KingCo1897, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living under rocks in nest of ants, Lasius americanus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by King & Cockerell (1897).

SYSTEMATICS: No material of this species is available in major collections of scale insects (Kosztarab, 1996). Nevertheless, this is a valid species.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 307]; KingCo1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 91]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy: 157].



Phenacoccus angophorae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus angophorae Williams, 1985: 266. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Cowan, on Angophora sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Angophora [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 266 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 307]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 266-267].



Phenacoccus angustatus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus angustatus Borchsenius, 1949: 222. Type data: KYRGYZSTAN and TADZHIKISTAN: on Sorghum sp. and Cynodon dactylon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Caulococcus angustatus; Borchsenius, 1960c: 47. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus angustatus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 307. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Phleum phleoides [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Poa sp. [KaydanKo2010a], Sorghum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a]; Turkmenistan [Danzig2006a].

BIOLOGY: Living under the leaf sheaths of sorghum. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Good illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1960c).

STRUCTURE: Body elongate, 3 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Legs long; hind coxa and tibia with translucent pores. Circulus absent. Multilocular pores present on five posterior abdominal sternites. Quinquelocular pores numerous everywhere on body, but rare on two posterior abdominal segments. (Danzig, 2006a)

SYSTEMATICS: The species is characterized by a great number of quinquelocular pores, which are present even on two posterior sternites. Females from Aktyubinsk Province and Turkmenia differ from the type material in the presence of singular small tubular ducts (along with large ducts) on posterior sternites. Danzig (2006a) suggested that this material is not Ph. angustatus. Matesova (1968) recorded a species from eastern Kazakhstan and named it "Ph. prope angustatus;" it was collected from leaves of Phleum. It is not clear whether this species is Ph. angustatus or not.

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 307]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 222-223]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49]; Danzig2006a [illustration, taxonomy: 199, 209]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 35]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 109]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 422-423].



Phenacoccus arambourgi Balachowsky

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus arambourgi Balachowsky, 1954b: 110. Type data: LEBANON: Barrouk, on Cedrus libanotica ssp. libani. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pinaceae: Cedrus libanotica libani [Balach1954b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Lebanon [Balach1954b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1954b).

KEYS: Russo 1994: 282 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: Balach1954b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-114]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 308].



Phenacoccus arctophilus (Wang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paroudablis arctophilus Wang, 1979a: 460. Type data: CHINA: Beijing, on Rehmannia glutinosa and R. glutinosa var. huaichingensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus arctophilus; Tang, 1992: 532. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Scrophulariaceae: Rehmannia glutinosa [Wang1979a, BenDov1994], Rehmannia glutinosa huaichingensis [Wang1979a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Wang1979a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wang (1979a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [PHenacoccus species of China]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 308]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 532]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22]; Wang1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 460-461]; Wu2000a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 60-61, 69-70].



Phenacoccus argentinus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus argentinus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 43. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, Taff, Taff de Valle, Dique La Angostura, on Eupatorium sp.; collected M. Granara de Willink, i-1995. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Eupatorium [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-44].



Phenacoccus artemisiae Ehrhorn

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus artemisiae Ehrhorn, 1900: 313. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, near Mountain View, on Artemisia californica. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAMES: artemisia mealybug [McKenz1967]; Artemisia mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae [GranarSz2007], Artemisia californica [Ehrhor1900, BenDov1994], Artemisia tridentata [GranarSz2007], Chrysothamnus [GranarSz2007], Tessaria absinthoides [GranarSz2007]. Fabaceae: Lotus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ehrhor1900, BenDov1994], Idaho [GranarSz2007], Nevada [GranarSz2007], Oregon [GranarSz2007]). Neotropical: Argentina (Mendoza [GranarSz2007]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and small twigs of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 26 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 308]; Ehrhor1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313, 317]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-130]; GranarSz2007 [pp. 44-45,48]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 219-221].



Phenacoccus arthrophyti Archangelskaya

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus arthrophytoni Archangelskaya, 1930: 78. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Repetek, on Arthrophytum ammodendron. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Phenacoccus arthrophyti; Archangelskaya, 1931: 74. Justified emendation.

Euripersia arthrophyti; Tang, 1992: 449. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus artophyti; Tang, 1992: 449. Misspelling of species name.



ASSOCIATES: HEMIPTERA Psyllidae: Caillardia notata Log. [Danzig2006a], Caillardia robusta Log. [Danzig2006a].

FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus diversicornis Mercet [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus haloxyli Sugonjaev [Trjapi1989], Echthroplexiella gallarum Sugonjaev [Trjapi1989], Eremophasma eremobium Sugonjaev [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus bolivari Mercet [Trjapi1989], Rhopus olgae Myartseva [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Anabasis salsa [Danzig2006a], Camphorosma lessingi [Danzig2006a], Halostachys begangerianum [Danzig2006a], Haloxylon [Moghad2010], Haloxylon ammodendron [Archan1930, BenDov1994], Haloxylon aphyllum [Danzig1969, BenDov1994], Haloxylon persicum [Danzig1968b, BenDov1994], Kochia prostrata [Danzig2006a], Salsola [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Artemisia cina [Danzig2006a], Artemisia sp. [Danzig2006a], Artemisia terrae-albae [Danzig2006a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [Moghad2009, Moghad2010]; Kazakhstan [Danzig2006a]; Mongolia [Danzig1969, Danzig1972b, Danzig1974, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig1968b, BenDov1994, Danzig2006a]; Turkmenistan [Archan1930, BenDov1994, Danzig2006a]; Uzbekistan [Danzig2006a].

BIOLOGY: This mealybug lives as an inquiline insect in galls of leafhoppers of the genus Caillardia (C. notata, C. robusta) on Haloxylon spp. (Danzig, 1968b, 1969).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

STRUCTURE: Body elongate-oval or elongate, yellowish, 2.5 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Legs well developed. Circulus absent. Multilocular pores forming transverse rows on tergites IV-VII and rows and bands on sternites IV-VIII, some pores also present on thoracic sternites. (Danzig, 2006a) Ovisac friable. Eggs and larvae yellow. (Danzig, 2006a)

SYSTEMATICS: The name arthrophytoni had been used only once (Archangelskaya, 1930); on the contrary, the name arthrophyti has prevailing usage and can be saved (ICZN, Article 33.3.1). (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 46 [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran]; Moghaddam 2010: 67 (female) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1930 [host, distribution, economic importance: 78]; Archan1931 [taxonomy: 74]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 308]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 232-233]; Danzig1968 [host, distribution: 844]; Danzig1969 [host, distribution: 1579]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 332]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 68]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 212-213]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 23]; Moghad2010 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 48-49, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 68]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 449]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 132, 137, 141, 160,].



Phenacoccus atubulatus Wu, S.A.

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus atubulatus Wu, S.A., 2000a: 61, 71. Type data: CHINA: Ningxia Hui, Daba Forest area, on Cynanchum komarovii; collected Wang, J.Y., 11.viii.1989. . Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Apocynaceae: Cynanchum komarovii [Wu2000a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Ningxia (=Ningsia)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Wu (2000a).

KEYS: Wu, S.A. 2000a: 69-70 (female) [Phenacoccus species of China.].

CITATIONS: Wu2000a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-62,71].



Phenacoccus avenae Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus avenae Borchsenius, 1949: 217. Type data: ARMENIA: on oats. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Miller, 1985: 672. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Caulococcus avenae; Borchsenius, 1960c: 49. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus avenae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 309. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: oat mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Amaryllidaceae: Galanthus elwesii [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Leucojum [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Narcissus [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Pancratium sp. [BenDov2012], Sternbergia [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994]. Apiaceae: Bifora radians [KaydanKiKo2005]. Asteraceae: Carduus pycnophelus [KaydanKiKo2005], Centaurea [KaydanKiKo2005], Lactuca [KaydanKiKo2005]. Boraginaceae: Echium [KaydanKiKo2005]. Brassicaceae: Diplotaxis tenuifolia [KaydanKiKo2005], Sisymbrium [KaydanKiKo2005]. Iridaceae: Crocus [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Freesia [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Gladiolus [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Iris germanica [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Lamium [KaydanKiKo2005], Stachys [KaydanKiKo2005]. Liliaceae: Fritillaria [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Hyacinthus azureus [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Scilla bifolia [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Scilla luciliae [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Tulipa [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Urginea maritima [BenDov1987, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agrostis [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Agrostis fenius [KaydanUlEr2007], Avena [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, KaydanKiKo2005], Avena fatua [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Avena sterilis [KaydanKo2010a], Bromus inermis [KaydanKiKo2005], Cynodon dactylon [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Hordeum murinum [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Lolium [KaydanUlEr2007], Poa bulbosa [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Resedaceae: Reseda [KaydanUlEr2007]. Rubiaceae: Galium [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Israel [BenDov1987, BenDov1994]; Italy [MarottTr1990, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Netherlands [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994]; Turkey [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig2003]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots, corms and rhizomes of various ornamental plants and inside the leaf sheaths of grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Williams & Miller (1985) and by Danzig (2003). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Description of female third-instar nymph by Ter-Grigorian (1973).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Occuring on plants of economic importance to horticulture. Frequenly intercepted on corms and rhizomes imported into Britain and the U.S.A. (Williams & Miller, 1985).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [Central Europe]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 136 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1987 [host, distribution: 115]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 309]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 36]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 217-219]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy: 49]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 139]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 345-347]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 198]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 35-36]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 125-126]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, host: 32-33]; Marott1992a [host, distribution: 83-84]; MarottTr1990 [host, distribution: 109]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 532-533]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 87]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-170]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89]; WilliaMi1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 671-674].



Phenacoccus avetianae Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus avetianae Borchsenius, 1949: 230. Type data: ARMENIA: on unidentified plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Medicago [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Trifolium [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agropyron [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Festuca [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Poa bulbosa [TerGri1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 528 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 309]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, illustration: 230-231]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 533-534]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 89]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-157].



Phenacoccus azaleae Kuwana

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus azaleae Kuwana, 1914: 1. Type data: JAPAN: Locality not indicated, on Azalea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Phenacoccus viburnae Kanda, 1931: 25. Type data: JAPAN: on Viburnum dilatatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Wu, 2000a: 69.

Phenacoccus vibrni; Kanda, 1943a: 43. Misspelling of species name.

Phenacoccus viburni Kanda, 1943a: 45. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Kawai, 1980: 94.

Phenacoccus viburni Kawai, 1972: 8. Unjustified emendation.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Coccinella septempunctata L. [XieZhGu2001], Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) [XieZhGu2001]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus schoenherri Westwood [XieZhTa2004], Cheiloneurus phenacocci [Trjapi1989], Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) [XieZhTa2004].

HOSTS: Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum dilatatum [Kanda1931, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Azalea [Kuwana1914, BenDov1994], Rhododendron [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Prunus salicina [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Spiraea salicifolia [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus macrocarpa [TangLi1988, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Gansu (=Kansu) [XieLiMi1998], Hebei (=Hopei) [XieLiMi1998], Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Shandong (=Shantung) [XieLiMi1998], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998, XieLiMi1998]); Japan [Kuwana1914, Kanda1931, BenDov1994]; South Korea [Kanda1941a].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in China (Xie et al., 1998)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kuwana (1917), Kanda (1935), Paik (1978), Tang & Li (1988) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kanda (1931, 1935), Tang & Li (1988) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Reported as a destructive pest in Bunge Pricklyash forest in China (Xie et al. 1998).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003: 114 (female) [Korea]; Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [PHenacoccus species of China]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [as Phenacoccus viburnae; China]; Kanda 1943a: 43 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 309-310]; Kanda1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-28]; Kanda1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 276-288]; Kanda1941a [host, distribution: 300-301]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94-95]; Kuwana1914 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-2]; Kuwana1917a [taxonomy: 170]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 116]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 534-535,552,741,744]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-49, 54-56]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 305]; Wu2000a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61, 69-70]; WuLuNa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 27]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 89-92]; XieLiMi1998 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 420-423]; XieXuTa2004 [host, distribution: 116-122]; XieZhGu2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 377-382]; XieZhTa2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 28-31].



Phenacoccus baccharidis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus baccharidis Williams, 1987c: 338. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, on Baccharis dracunculifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Pheanacoccus baccharidis; Pacheco da Silva &, 2014: 6. Misspelling of genus name.



HOST: Asteraceae: Baccharis dracunculifolia [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1987c), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 310]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-45,50]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5-9]; Willia1987c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 338-340]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 349-351].



Phenacoccus balachowskyi Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus balachowskyi Savescu, 1984: 150. Type data: ROMANIA: Tulcea District, Badabag, on Agropyron intermedium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Agropyron intermedium [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 310]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-153].



Phenacoccus balagnus Balachowsky

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus (Trionymus) balagnus Balachowsky, 1933a: 42. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Ile Rousse, on Ammophila arenaria. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Erium balagnum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus balagnus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 310. Revived combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Ammophila arenaria [Balach1933a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Balach1933a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1933a).

CITATIONS: Balach1933a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 310]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122].



Phenacoccus basorae Bodenheimer

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus basorae Bodenheimer, 1943: 17. Type data: IRAQ: Basra, on Cynodon dactylon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 310]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17].



Phenacoccus bengalensis Pramanik & Ghose

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus bengalensis Pramanik & Ghose, 1999: 49. Type data: INDIA: West Bengal, Barasat, on Cestrum nocturnum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Calcutta: Department of Zoology, Calcutta University, West Bengal, India. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Solanaceae: Cestrum nocturnum [PramanGh1999, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (West Bengal [PramanGh1999, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Pramanik & Ghose (1999).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: MishraMuPr2004 [host, distribution, life history: 155-159]; PramanGh1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-52]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 591].



Phenacoccus berberis Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus berberis Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 45. Type data: ARGENTINA: Neuquen, near Chapelco, on Berberis buxifolia; collected Gonzales, 20.xi.1996. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Berberidaceae: Berberis buxifolia [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Neuquen [GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-46,52].



Phenacoccus betae Moghaddam

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus betae Moghaddam, 2010: 65-67. Type data: IRAN: Kermanshah Province, Kermanshah, on Beta vulgaris; collected May, 1973. Holotype. Type depository: IRIP. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus blitoides [Moghad2013]. Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris [Moghad2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [Moghad2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Moghaddam (2010).

SYSTEMATICS: Phenacoccus betae is similar to P. pumilus in having: (i) dorsal multilocular disc pores present on posterior abdominal segments, (ii) circulus absent, (iii) and cerarii present on head. P. betae differs from P. pumilusin having (character states on P. pumilus in brackets): (i) quinquelocular pores present on venter around mouthparts (quinquelocular pores absent from venter). (Moghaddam, 2013)

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 46 [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran]; Moghaddam 2010: 67 (female) [Phenacoccus species of Iran].

CITATIONS: Moghad2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-67]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 49-50, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 68].



Phenacoccus borchsenii (Matesova)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paroudablis borchsenii Matesova, 1957: 167. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Zailisk Ala-Tay Forest, on Picea schrenkiana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus borchsenii; Danzig, 1980: 130. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Picea [Wu2000a], Picea schrenkiana [Mateso1957, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Xingiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) [Wu2000a]); Kazakhstan [Mateso1957, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matesova (1957). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Danzig 2004: 532 (female) [Phenacoccus species on firs]; Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [PHenacoccus species of China]; Russo 1994: 281 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Danzig 1971: 376 (female) [Group of Phenacoccus piceae].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 311]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy: 130]; Danzig2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 536]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 197]; Mateso1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-168]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 535]; Wu2000a [hosr, distribution, taxonomy: 63,72].



Phenacoccus caillardi (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus (Phenacoccus) caillardi Balachowsky, 1930c: 120. Type data: ALGERIA: Oued-Smar, on Daucus carota. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Umbelliferae: Daucus carota maximus [Balach1930c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1930c, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Infesting the flowers of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1930c).

CITATIONS: Balach1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-122]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 311-312].



Phenacoccus cajonensis McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus cajonensis McKenzie, 1967: 221. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, near Cajon, on Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: cajon mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Polygonaceae: Eriogonum fasciculatum [McKenz1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967]).

BIOLOGY: Living under rocks and on the roots of its host plants, sometimes associated with ants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 312]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-225].



Phenacoccus capensis Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus capensis Ferris, 1950b: 131. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, La Laguna, on Phyllanthus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Phyllanthus [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Spiraea douglasii [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994]); Mexico [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarSz2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 312]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-132]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46,54]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 72]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351, 352].



Phenacoccus cassiniae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus cassiniae Williams, 1985: 268. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Loer Plenty, on Cassinia arcuata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Cassinia arcuata [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 266 (female) [Australia ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 312]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-269].



Phenacoccus celtisifoliae Hollinger

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus celtisifoliae Hollinger, 1917a: 269. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, on Celtis occidentalis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Phenacoccus picrospinus Ferris, 1950b: 156. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Orange County, Orange County Park, on Photinia arbutifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 397.

COMMON NAMES: celtis mealybug [McKenz1967]; Celtis mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Lotus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Photinia arbutifolia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Celtis occidentalis [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Missouri [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and stems of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967). This species was redescribed as if new by Hollinger (1923). Adult female redescribed and illustrated by Fe

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 715 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 122 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 312]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-157]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 397]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 269]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47, 48]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-227].



Phenacoccus cerasi Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus cerasi Savescu, 1985: 111. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucarest, Otopeni, on Prunus avium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rosaceae: Prunus avium [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 312-313]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-112].



Phenacoccus chatakicus Kaydan & Kozar

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus chatakicus Kaydan & Kozar, 2010a: 30-32. Type data: TURKEY: Van Province, Çatak-Narlý, 37°55.258´N, 42°59.138´E, on undetermined herbaceous plant, 7/3/2007, by M.V. Kaydan. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Van: Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Yüzüncü Yil University, Van, Turkey; type no. 3903. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes. 5 adult females; same data as for holotype

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan & Kozár, 2010a.

STRUCTURE: Phenacoccus chatakicus (adult female) can be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: one size of oral collar tubular duct (larger) on dorsum and two sizes of oral collar tubular ducts on venter (larger tubular ducts two times wider than smaller oral collar tubular ducts); multilocular pores on both venter and dorsum; 4-5 pairs of cerarii present (two on the last two abdominal segments and 2-3 pairs on head; circulus present; anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae; abdominal and thoracic ostioles present; antennae 9 segmented, 320-370 ľm long (apical segment 52.5-60.0 ľm long).

SYSTEMATICS: Phenacoccus chatakicus is most similar to Phenacoccus hordei (Lindeman, 1886) as both species have a high number of multilocular pores on the dorsum. Phenacoccus chatakicus can be readily distinguished from P. hordei by having only 4-5 pairs of cerarii (vs. 18 pairs), a small rounded circulus (vs. no circuli), and by the absence of quinquelocular pores on the venter (vs. present at least around the mouth part). Phenacoccus chatakicus is also similar to Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, 1923 by having a circulus on the venter and multilocular pores on the dorsum of abdominal segments, but differs from the latter species by the absence of quinquelocular pores (vs. present), and by a small number of cerarii (4-5 vs. 18). (Kaydan & Kozár, 2010a)

CITATIONS: KaydanKo2010a [distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 30-32].



Phenacoccus chilindrinae Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus chilindrinae Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 46. Type data: MEXICO: Veracruz, 20 miles south of Tecolutla, on Distichlis sp.; collected Miller & Parker, 27-ii-1972. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Distichlis [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Veracruz [GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-49,55].



Phenacoccus chubutensis Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus chubutensis Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 49. Type data: ARGENTINA: Neuquen, P.N. Nahuel Huapi camino provincial a Pichi Laufen, on Maytenus chubutensis; collected P. Gonzalez, 23.xi.1996. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Helianthus [GranarSz2007]. Celastraceae: Maytenus chubutensis [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Mendoza [GranarSz2007], Neuquen [GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51,56].



Phenacoccus colemani Ehrhorn

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus colemani Ehrhorn, 1906: 332. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Palo Alto, on Rubus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Phenacoccus tibiaegracilis McKenzie, 1960: 723. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Ventura County, Cuyama, on Garrya sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1967: 227.

COMMON NAMES: Coleman mealybug [McKenz1967]; garrya mealybug [McKenz1960].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Arctium lappa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Encelia farinosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Symphoricarpos albus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Symphoricarpos racemosus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Dudleya [Miller1973, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos rudis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Garryaceae: Garrya [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, Miller1971a, BenDov1994]. Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Holodiscus discolor [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994], Rubus [Ehrhor1906, BenDov1994], Rubus vitifolius [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Castilleia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pedicularis densiflora [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994]); United States of America (California [Ehrhor1906, Miller1971a, Miller1973, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004], Florida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Oregon [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Utah [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Commonly found beneath rocks, on roots and associated with ants. Glass (1944) described the stylet penetration and feeding habits.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 715 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 313]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Ehrhor1906 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 332]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-134]; Glass1944 [life history: 3-16]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 72]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 722-725]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227-230]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 299]; Miller1973 [host, distribution: 266].



Phenacoccus convolvuli Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus convolvuli Savescu, 1985: 112. Type data: ROMANIA: Constanza District, Traian, on Convolvulus cantabrica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus cantabrica [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 112]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-114].



Phenacoccus cornicirculus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus cornicirculus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 51. Type data: MEXICO: Michoacan, 10 km S. al de Arteaga, on Desmodium sp.; collected R. MacGregor, 6.vii.1967. Holotype female. Type depository: Mexico: Coleccion Entomologica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Desmodium [GranarSz2007]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Michoacan [GranarSz2007], Morelos [GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution].



Phenacoccus cotyledonis De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus cotyledonis De Lotto, 1964: 366. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Cotyledon sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Crassulaceae: Cotyledon [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 313]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 366].



Phenacoccus crassus Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus crassus Granara de Willink, 1983a: 59. Type data: ARGENTINA: Province of Tucuman, Zone of Trancas, Tapia, on Flaveria bidentis. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Flaveria bidentis [Granar1983a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton sarcopetalus [Granar2003]. Lamiaceae: Leonurus sibiricus [Granar2003].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Granar2003], Tucuman [Granar1983a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Granara de Willink (1983a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 313]; Granar1983a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61]; Granar2003 [host, distribution: 80]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57,62]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351, 353, 354].



Phenacoccus cyrenaicus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus cyrenaicus Ferris, 1922a: 209. Type data: LIBYA: El Garib, on undetermined host plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Libya [Ferris1922a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1922a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 314]; Ferris1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-210].



Phenacoccus daganiae (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus daganiae Bodenheimer, 1926a: 191. Type data: ISRAEL: Deganya, on Cynodon dactylon. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1991: 11. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.

Peliococcus armeniacus Borchsenius, 1949: 253. Type data: ARMENIA: Erevan, on Cynodon dactylon. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 136. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 136.

Euripersia daganiae; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.

Peliococcus daganiae; Ben-Dov, 1991a: 11. Change of combination.

Peliococcus daganae; Danzig, 2001: 136. Misspelling of species name.

Phenacoccus daganiae; Kaydan, 2015: 213. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Bodenh1926a, Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1991, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Bodenh1926a, BenDov1991, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994]; Israel [Bodenh1926a, BenDov1991, BenDov1994]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Ben-Dov (1991) and by Danzig (2001). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: This species lacks the diagnostic character states of the genus Peliococcus as rediagnosed by Kaydan, 2015, They lack: (i) clusters of multilocular disc pores and/or oral collar tubular ducts, (ii) enlarged setae on dorsum, similar to cerarian setae, (iii) trilocular pores near the basal socket of all dorsal setae, which are not on elevated areas, and (iv) cerarii on elevated areas. Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) listed P. daganiae under Phenacoccus citing "Kaydan 2014?", without suggesting that these were new combinations. In Kaydan, 2015 these two new combinations were made available in a manner that satisfies the requirements on the Code (ICZN, 1999).

KEYS: Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 291, 293]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 36, 43]; Bodenh1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-192]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 253-254]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-138]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 213]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 514]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 89]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-186]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 320].



Phenacoccus dearnessi King

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus dearnessi King, 1901e: 180. Type data: CANADA: Ontario, on Crataegus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & Appleby, 1971: 1342. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female.

Phenacoccus cockerelli King, 1903b: 195. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Steamboat Springs, on Amelanchier sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 135.

Phenacoccus betheli Cockerell, 1912: 301. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Grand Canon, on Amelanchier. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 135.

Phenacoccus regnillhoi Hollinger, 1917a: 269. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, Boone County, near Columbia, on Ostra virginiana. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 397. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Miller & Appleby, 1971.

COMMON NAME: two-circuli mealybug [McKenz1967, Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Carpinaceae: Ostrya virginiana [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Amelanchier pallida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cotoneaster apiculata [MillerAp1971, BenDov1994], Crataegus [King1901e, MillerAp1971, BenDov1994], Cydonia [Koszta1996], Prunus havardi [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [King1901e, BenDov1994]); United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1912, BenDov1994], California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Colorado [King1903b, BenDov1994], Illinois [MillerAp1971, BenDov1994], Indiana [Koszta1996], Kansas [Koszta1996], Maine [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Michigan, Michigan [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Missouri [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], North Dakota [Koszta1996], Ohio [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], Wisconsin [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the twigs and stems of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967) and by Miller & Appleby (1971). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Miller & Appleby (1971). Good description and illustration of the immature stages of female and male given by Miller & Appleby (1971). Hollinger (1923) redescribed the same species, as if a new species. Miller & Appleby (1971) question the synonymy of P. regnillhoi with P. dearnessi.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species may cause disfiguration of nursery plants (Miller & Appleby, 1971).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 157 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 238 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 120 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 314]; Cocker1912 [host, distribution: 301]; CranshJeSc2000 [life history, economic importance, control: 225-229]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-136]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 397]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 269]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; King1901e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180]; King1903b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 195]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 157-159]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-232]; MillerAp1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1342-1357]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29].



Phenacoccus defectus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus defectus Ferris, 1950b: 137. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Permanente Creek, on Eriophyllum confertiflorum. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: imperfect mealybug; nasu-kona-kaigaramusi [TanakaUe2012].



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPRTERA Formicidae: Anoplolepis gracilipes [TanakaUe2012], Pheidole megacephala [TanakaUe2012], Technomyrmex brunneus [TanakaUe2012].

HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eriophyllum confertiflorum [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Helianthus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Tetradymia spinosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Echeveria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Sedum palmeri [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sempervivum tectorum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lupinus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Monardella [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum umbellaatum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: France [new]; Japan [TanakaUe2012]; United Kingdom (England [WilliaMa2012]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage, crowns and roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: (Phenacoccus defectus
is closely related to the Solanum mealybug, Ph. solani Ferris, in its general morphology, and it is difficult to separate the former from the latter strictly by morphology of adult females. However, Ph. defectus differs from Ph. solani in that it lacks MDP on ventral abdominal segments IV and V. P. defectus also resembles Ph. parvus Morrison, but the former lacks quinquelocular pores on the ventral surface; on the other hand, the latter frequently has quinquelocular pores on the venter. Ph. defectus also resembles Ph. solenopsis Tinsley and is also difficult to separate from the latter from adult female morphology alone. At least, however, typical individuals of the species have a relatively small circulus, and fewer MDP on ventral abdominal segment VII. (Ph. solenopsis usually has a relatively large circulus and more abundant MDP on abdominal segment VII). (Tanaka & Uesato, 2012) Hodgson et al. (2008) reviewed the morphological differences between Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, P. solani Ferris and P. defectus Ferris, and, based on the morphological variation found in the Asian material, considered that there was some support for the suggestion that these three species might be environmentally-induced variants of a single species.

KEYS: Tanaka & Uesatio 2012: 414 (female) [Key to separate four new invasive mealybug species: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Ph. defectus, Ph. parvus and P. solenopsis from other mealybugs occurring in the Ryukyu Archipelago]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 315]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-138]; GermaiMa2006 [host, distribution: 402]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57,64]; LaflinGuPa2004 [host, distribution: 475-477]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231, 233, 234]; TanakaUe2012 [biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 413-419]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354, 355]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85].



Phenacoccus desertus (Bazarov & Nurmamatov)

NOMENCLATURE:

Heterococcopsis desertus Bazarov & Nurmamatov, 1975: 63. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: East Pamir, near Tsetsekt, on Artemisia demissa. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus desertus; Kaydan, 2011: 60-61. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia demissa [BazaroNu1975, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [BazaroNu1975, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Adult female body oval. Eyes marginal; antenna 9 segmented with apical setae and 3 fleshy setae. Translucent pores present on femur and tibia of hind legs, totalling 16-24. Both pairs of ostioles present, posterior ostioles each with 9 trilocular pores and 1 setae, anterior ostioles each with 4 trilocular pores and 2 or 3 setae.

SYSTEMATICS: Species in the Heterococcus-group differ from those in Phenacoccus Cockerell in having: (i) quinquelocular pores on the dorsum and either no trilocular pores or trilocular pores restricted to around each spiracle. Because Heterococcopsis desertus lacks both of these character states, it is not congeneric with Heterococcopsis lonicerae Borchsenius, the type species of the genus Heterococcopsis but does appear to be congeneric with Phenacoccus aceris Signoret, the type species of the genus Phenacoccus. H. desertus shares the following important features with P. aceris: (i) presence of many trilocular pores on dorsum and venter, (ii) very few quinquelocular pores (only 3 were found) on dorsum, and (iii) a long labium. Based on the morphological affinities of H. desertus with P. aceris, Therefore, Kaydan (2011) transferred H. desertus to Phenacoccus, as Phenacoccus desertus (Bazarov & Nurmamatov). This species is very close to Phenacoccus tergrigorianae Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian, and P. pumilus Kiritshenko in having multilocular pores on dorsum, but differs from both in having many quinquelocular pores on the venter.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 576 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Nurmamatov & Bazarov 1975: 63 (female) [East Pamir].

CITATIONS: BazaroNu1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-65]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 190]; Kaydan2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 60-61]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 577, 578].



Phenacoccus destitutus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus destitutus McKenzie, 1967: 235. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Modoc County, near Cedarville, on Eriogonum latifolium var. saxicola. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: destitute mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Polygonaceae: Eriogonum latifolium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 314-315]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236].



Phenacoccus dicoriae McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus dicoriae McKenzie, 1961: 28. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, near Garnet, on Dicoria canescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: dicoria mealybug [McKenz1961, McKenz1967]; Dicoria mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Dicoria canescens [McKenz1961, BenDov1994], Franseria dumosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1961, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the leaves and stems of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 315]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-30]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235, 237, 238].



Phenacoccus discadenatus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus discadenatus Danzig, 1978b: 128. Type data: RUSSIA: Yakutia-Sakha (= Yakut) AR, Batagay, on Poa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Euripersia discadenatus; Tang, 1992: 450. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus discadentatus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 315. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron cristatum [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994], Poa [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994, Danzig2006a]).

BIOLOGY: Eggs yellow. Living on the roots of Poa and Agropyron cristatum in the steppe and in pine forests. Oviposition in July near Verkhoyansk. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1978b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female body oval, light, up to 3 mm long. Antennae 7-segmented. Legs short. Circulus absent. Multilocular pores present on both sides of body; dorsal multilocular pores forming transverse rows on all terfites; ventral ones abundant everywhere on body.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 315]; Danzig1978b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-132]; Danzig2006a [behaviour, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 202-203]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 450].



Phenacoccus divaricatus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus divaricatus Williams, 2004a: 592. Type data: PAKISTAN: Ghari, Duppatta, on Olea cuspidata; collected 12.v.1968. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Oleaceae: Olea cuspidata [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 592-594].



Phenacoccus echeveriae McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus echeveriae McKenzie, 1960: 715. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, near Hemet, on Echeveria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: echeveria mealybug [McKenz1960]; Echeveria mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Crassulaceae: Echeveria [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lupinus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Nevada [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 315]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 715-717]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-240].



Phenacoccus ejinensis Tang in Tang & Li

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus ejinensis Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 50. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Ejin Banner, on Oxytropis glabra. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Caulococcus ejinensis; Tang, 1992: 425. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus ejinensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 315. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Brassicaceae: Matthiola incana [Wu2000a]. Fabaceae: Oxytropis glabra [TangLi1988, BenDov1994, Wu2000a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994, Wu2000a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [PHenacoccus species of China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 315-316]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 425-426]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-53]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10]; Wu2000a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 63,69-70].



Phenacoccus eleabius Silvestri

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus eleabius Silvestri, 1915: 249. Type data: ERITREA: Nefasit, on Olea chrysophylla. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Oleaceae: Olea chrysophylla [Silves1915, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Eritrea [Silves1915, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Silvestri (1915).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 314]; Silves1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution].



Phenacoccus emansor Williams & Kozarzhevskaya

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus emansor Williams & Kozarzhevskaya, 1988: 760. Type data: NETHERLANDS: (intercepted at Russia, Moscow), on Iris sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae [KaydanKo2010a]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus sp. [BenDov2012], Iris [WilliaKo1988, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae [WilliaKo1988, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America [Danzig2006a]. Palaearctic: Israel [BenDov2012]; Netherlands [WilliaKo1988, BenDov1994, Danzig2006a]; Turkey [WilliaKo1988, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [Danzig2006a]; United Kingdom (England [Danzig2006a]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the bulbs of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: The records from the Netherlands and Turkey are based on material intercepted in quarantine in the Russia, U.S.A. and England.

SYSTEMATICS: The species is very similar to Ph. tergrigorianae but differs in the number of cerarii (6–8 pairs; in addition to C3, C17 and C18, C1, C2 and other cerarii often present on thorax and abdomen), 9-segmented antennae, and presence of translucent pores on hind femur and tibia. Circulus occasionally present. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 316]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 36, 43]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 214-215]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 36]; WilliaKo1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 760-762].



Phenacoccus eremicus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus eremicus Ferris, 1950b: 139. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, near Mojave, on Franseria dumosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: eremicus mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Encelia farinosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Franseria dumosa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Pluchea sericea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Marrubium vulgare [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Sida hederacea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum fasciculatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Cestrum [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarSz2007]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 316]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-140]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57,66]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-242]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356, 357].



Phenacoccus eriogoni Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus eriogoni Ferris, 1918d: 58. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Stevens Creek, on Eriogonum nudum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: cerarii mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Peucephyllum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pluchea sericea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lotus scoparius [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia sericea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum deflexum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eriogonum latifolium [McKenz1967, Miller1971a, BenDov1994], Eriogonum nudum [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Purshia glandulosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1918d, Miller1971a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots, crown and foliage of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967). Adult female redescribed and illustrated by Ferris (1950a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 238 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 26 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 316-317]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-142]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242-244]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 299].



Phenacoccus erythrinus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus erythrinus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 57. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Parque do Estado, on [Erythrina reticulata; collected Hambleton, 30.vii.1935. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 93N5033. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Banisteria oxyclada [GranarSz2007], Erythrina [GranarSz2007], Erythrina reticulata [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [GranarSz2007]); Brazil (Sao Paulo [GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-61,67].



Phenacoccus eschscholtziae McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus eschscholtziae McKenzie, 1961: 30. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, Box Springs Canyon, near Shavers Well, on Eschscholtzia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus advena McKenzie, 1964: 241. Type data: MEXICO: State of Queretaro, Cadereyta, on Echeveria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1967: 244.

Phenacoccus milleri McKenzie, 1964: 251. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, Joshua Tree, on Salvia columbariae. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1967: 244.

COMMON NAME: California poppy mealybug [McKenz1961, McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Coreopsis californica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Haplopappus venetus [Miller1971a, BenDov1994], Layia glandulosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Malacothrix glabrata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Amsinckia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cryptantha augustifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cistaceae: Helianthemum scoparium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Echeveria [McKenz1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lotus argophyllus [Miller1974a, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Erodium cicutarium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Hydrophyllaceae: Nama demissum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Salvia columbariae [McKenz1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Papaveraceae: Eschscholtzia [McKenz1961, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Ammophila arenaria [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Rumex hymenopsepalus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarSz2007]; United States of America (California [McKenz1961, McKenz1964, Miller1971a, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Italy [Marott1987a, LongoMaPe1995, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns or underground portion of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara & Szumik (2007).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 241 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 28 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 317]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61,68]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-31]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 251-253]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 244-247]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 299]; Miller1974a [host, distribution: 196]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356, 358, 359].



Phenacoccus eurotiae Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus eurotiae Danzig, 1975: 52. Type data: MONGOLIA: Vostok-Gobai Aymak, Say-Shanda, on Eurotia ceratoides. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Eurotia ceratoides [Danzig1975, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Labiatae sp. [KaydanKo2010a], Thymus sp. [KaydanKo2010a]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1975, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1975, 2003).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 528 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 317]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-54]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-345]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 199]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 36]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 535-536].



Phenacoccus evelinae (Tereznikova)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paroudablis graminis Tereznikova, 1968d: 472. Type data: UKRAINE: Koryukov region, on Setaria glauca and Triticum vulgare. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus evelinae Tereznikova, 1975: 211. Replacement name for Phenacoccus graminis (Tereznikova).

Phenacoccus graminis; Tereznikova, 1975: 211. Change of combination. Homonym of Phenacoccus graminis (Reuter, 1904a).

Phenacoccus evelinae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 318. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus evelynae; Gavrilov, 2004: 524. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: Evelyna's mealybug.



FOE: DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Leucopis szepligeti [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron repens [Kozar1980, KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, Kozar1999a], Cynodon dactylon [KaydanUlEr2007], Lolium [KaydanUlZe2004], Setaria glauca [Terezn1968d, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare [Terezn1968d, BenDov1994]. Saxifragaceae: Julia major [KozarOrKo1977, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Georgia [Danzig2006a]; Hungary [Koteja1974b, KozarOrKo1977, KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, Kozar1999a, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarPe1989, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Poland [Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1979, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, GolanLaJa2001]; Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast [Danzig2006a], Krasnodar Kray [Danzig2006a], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig2006a], Volgograd Oblast [Danzig2006a]); Turkey [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Terezn1968d, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the upper leaf surface, inside leaf sheaths and more rarely on the roots of the host plant. Life cycle and natural enemy discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: The species is very similar to Ph. interruptus and differs in the presence of circulus, numerous dorsal tubular ducts, and large dorsal conical setae. Danzig (2006a) suggested that Ph. evelinae is an intraspecific form of Ph. interruptus.

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 122 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 172 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 318]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, taxonomy: 199, 208]; Gavril2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 524]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 219-224]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 222]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 126-128]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 73]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 673]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 66]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarPe1989 [host, distribution: 200]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; SimonKa2012 [structure, taxonomy: 589]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 426-427]; Terezn1968d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 472]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-214]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-175].



Phenacoccus ferulae Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus ferulae Borchsenius, 1949: 219. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Samarkand, on roots of Ferula sp.; collected A. Archangelskaya, 2.v.1928. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 352. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 183-38. Described: female.



HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Gypsophila [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [KaydanKiKo2005], Dactylis [KaydanUlEr2007], Festuca [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Poa [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Ferula [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Uzbekistan (Samarkand Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig2003]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2003).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 318]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 219]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-355]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 200]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 5]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 536].



Phenacoccus fistulatus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus fistulatus Williams, 2004a: 594. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Coorg (Kodagu), Mercara (now Medikari), on grasses; collected T.B. Fletcher, x.1915. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 594-595].



Phenacoccus formicarum Leonardi

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus formicarum Leonardi, 1908a: 162. Type data: ITALY: Corigliano (Calabria), in nest of the ant Pheidole pallidula. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Leonar1908a, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1920).

KEYS: Leonardi 1920: 377 (female) [Italy].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 319]; Leonar1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 379-381]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110].



Phenacoccus franseriae Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus franseriae Ferris, 1921: 85. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, San Jose del Cabo, on Franseria [= Ambrosia] sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia [Ferris1921, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Encelia palmeri [Ferris1921, BenDov1994], Eupatorium adeophorum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hymenoclea monogyra [Ferris1921, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Cnidoscolus angustidens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Kallstroemia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Ferris1921, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarSz2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1950b), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 319]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-144]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61,70]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 359, 360].



Phenacoccus fraxinus Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus fraxinus Tang, 1977: 36. Type data: CHINA: Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, on Fraxinus sinensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Oleaceae: Fraxinus sinensis acuminata [Tang1977, BenDov1994, Wu2000a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1977, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994, Wu2000a] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998], Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1981TC, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1977). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [PHenacoccus species of China]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 319]; FuXiZh2008 [structure, reproductive system: 362-372]; ShiXiXu2005 [chemistry, molecular data: 207-211]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 537]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 287]; Wu2000a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 63-64,69-70]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87-88]; XieGaLi2010 [structure: 8-19]; XieXuLi1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology : 115-118]; ZhangWaBa2002 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 75-77]; ZhangXiXu2009 [structure, taxonomy: 59-68]; ZhangXiXu2009 [structure, wax glands, dermal glands: 59-68].



Phenacoccus giganteus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus giganteus McKenzie, 1964: 245. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Inyo County, near Shoshone, on Franseria dumosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: giant mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Asteraceae: Franseria dumosa [McKenz1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on crowns and underground parts of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967). See colour photograph in McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 319]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 245-247]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-249].

Phenacoccus giuliae

No valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus giuliae; Kaydan, 2015: 210. Change of combination.



Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 170. Type data: MEXICO: on 'amistad' closely allied to cotton and probably a species of Gossypium. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1987c: 340. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Phenacoccus helianthi gossypii; Cockerell, 1899a: 391. Change of status.

Phenacoccus gossypii; Ben-Dov, 1994: 320. Revived status.

COMMON NAMES: Mexican mealybug [McKenz1967, Bartle1978e]; mexican mealybug [McKenz1960].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis onerata Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Scymnus bilucernarius Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Scymnus ochroderus Mulsant [BennetSi1964]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus gurneyi (Compere) [Blumbe1997]. Encyrtidae: Acerophagus pallidus Timberlake [Flande1935, Moore1988], Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Blumbe1997].

HOSTS: Araliaceae: Aralia [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Hedera helix [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Borrichia arborescens [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Borrichia frutescens [Willia1987a, BenDov1994], Callistephus sinensis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Eupatorium [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Helianthus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Pluchea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Senecio kempferi [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Trilisa odoratissima [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Cephalotaxaceae: Cephlotaxus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Erythrina [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Phaseolus vulgaris [PerezGCa1987]. Geraniaceae: Geranium robertianum [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Pelargonium [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [TownseCo1898, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Malva [GomezM1946, Martin1985]. Primulaceae: Primula [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Mespilus japonica [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [PerezGCa1987], Solanum lycopersicum [PerezGCa1987]. Verbenaceae: Lantana [Beards1975, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Ampelopsis arborea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [TownseCo1898, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Florida [PenaWa1982]). Neotropical: Bahamas [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [Kondo2001]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976]). Palaearctic: Canary Islands [MatileOr2001]; Sicily [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]; Spain [GomezM1946, Martin1985].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), Williams (1987c), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara & Szumik (2007). Description and illustration of the adult male (of population in Hawaii) given by Beardsley (1960; 1962). Phenacoccus harbisoni was synonymized with P. gossypii by McKenzie (1967), but was later synonymized with P. madeirensis by Williams (1987c). Williams (1987c) indicated that many records in various publications under the binomen P. gossypii appear to be misindetification of P. madeirensis. Kondo, et al. 2002, confirmed that previous reports of the Mexican mealybug in Japan (Kawai 1990, Kinjo et al., 1996) were a misidentification of the Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green.

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1960: 211 (male) [Hawaii]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America]; Zimmerman 1948: 161 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Aldric1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, chemical ecology: 205-206]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 149]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-223]; Beards1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-88]; Beards1975 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 657]; BellotKa1980 [biological control: 312-335]; BellotSc1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 341-392]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 320]; BennetSi1964 [biological control: 81-94]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; BoyceFa1947 [biological control: 702-705]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-339]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; Doutt1952 [taxonomy, structure: 391-397]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-147]; Flande1935 [biological control: 552]; GomezM1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 91-94]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63,71]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; HagenBoMc1976 [biological control, life history]; Heming1936 [biological control: 633]; IPMC1984 [economic importance: 1]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; KondoEsKa2002 [distribution, taxonomy: 337-340]; LambdiJo2001 [structure, structure: 113-117]; Leach1940 [life history, disease transmission transmission: 1-3]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 45-468]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 95]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 10,35,82,126,163]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-254]; McLeod1939 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 62-68]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Moore1988 [biological control, distribution: 212]; PenaWa1982 [host, distribution, economic importance: 147]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 129]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 69-70]; RotundGi1987 [chemistry, life history: 195-202]; Smith1958 [host, distribution, chemical control: 335-338]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, host, disrtibution: 170-171]; Willia1987c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 340-343]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 361, 362]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-165].



Phenacoccus gossypiphilus Abbas & Arif, {in}: Abbas, Arif, Saeed & Karar

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus gossypiphilus Abbas & Arif, {in}: Abbas, Arif, Saeed & Karar, 2009: 56. Type data: PAKISTAN: Punjab, Faisalabad, University of Agriculture, on Gossypium hirsutum; collected G. Abbas, 24.ix.2006. Holotype female. Type depository: UAFP. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Malvaceae: Gossypium hirsutum [AbbasArSa2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [AbbasArSa2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Abbas (et al.) (2009).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Since 2005, outbreaks of P. gossypiphilus have been recorded in most of the major cotton growing regions (Sindh & Punjab) of Pakistan, namely, Bahawal Pur, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad, Layyah, Lodhran, Multan, Muzaffar Garh, Rajan Pur, Toba Tek Sing and Khanewal, Rahim yar Khan, Bahawalanger, Vehari, Rajan pur, Jhang, Okara, Kasur, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Tando Allah Yar, Mir Pur Khas, Nawab Shah, Sanghar, Thatta, Badinand (Abbas et al. (2009).

CITATIONS: AbbasArSa2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-58].



Phenacoccus graminicola Leonardi

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus graminicola Leonardi, 1908a: 160. Type data: ITALY: Cantanzaro Sala (Cantabria) on undetermined Gramineae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta, 1992a: 85. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus graminosus McKenzie, 1960: 717. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Alameda County, Berkeley, on Lolium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Tranfaglia, 1976: 137.

Caulococcus graminicola; Tang, 1992: 427. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus graminicola; Ben-Dov, 1994: 320. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus graminicola; Ben-Dov, 1994: 320. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: ryegrass mealybug [McKenz1960].



HOSTS: Cactaceae: Opuntia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Medicago sativa [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Trifolium fragiferum [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Trifolium repens [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Trifolium repens [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Thymus [KaydanUlEr2007]. Poaceae [Cox1987, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Agropygrum [Balach1930a, BenDov1994], Avena fatua [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Avena sterilix [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994], Bromus rigidus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [MazzeoLoRu1994, KaydanUlEr2007], Ehrharta longiflora [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Hordeum [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Hordeum vulgare [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Lolium [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Lolium perenne [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Phalaris tuberosa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Triticum aestivum [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Malus pumila [Willia1985, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Prunus persica [Ward1966, BenDov1994], Pyrus communis [Ward1966, Willia1985, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Eryngium [KaydanUlEr2007], Foeniculum vulgare [Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Porlieria microphylla [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [Ward1966, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [GranarSz2007]). Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Balach1930, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Italy [Leonar1908a, Marott1987a, LongoMaRu1989, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sardinia [Pelliz2011]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: This species is usually found on grasses, but frequently the adult females move onto adjacent trees to oviposit.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by McKenzie (1967), Williams (1985), Cox (1987) and by Granara & Szumik (2007).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Although this species does not appear to cause any damage, its presence under the calyxes of apples and pears grown for export has caused concern in Australia and New Zealand (Ward, 1966). Pheromone lures are highly sensitive and selective, easy to use, and stable for extended periods under field conditions. There have been anecdotal reports of possible cross-attraction of rye grass mealybug, Phencoccus graminicola, to vine mealybug pheromone, but these have not been confirmed. (Zou, et al., 2013)

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [World]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; Williams 1985: 266 (female) [Australia]; De Lotto 1974: 111 (female) [South Africa]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Leonardi 1920: 377 (female) [Italy].

CITATIONS: Balach1930a [host, distribution: 180]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 320-321]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73, 192]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 367-368]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-65,72]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; Leonar1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-162]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; LongoMaRu1989 [host, distribution: 170]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 84-85]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 202]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 717-719, 721]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 255-257]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; Ward1966 [host, distribution, economic importance: 454]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 268]; ZouChMi2013 [biological control, chemistry: 140].



Phenacoccus grandicarpus Hollinger

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus grandicarpus Hollinger, 1917a: 269. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Ferris, 1953a.



HOST: Aceraceae: Acer saccharum [Hollin1923, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Missouri [Hollin1917, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the outer bark of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a). Redescribed as if a new species by Hollinger (1923). Ferris (1953a) gave some general notes, based on the original description, and indicated the unavailability of type material.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 321]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 400]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 269]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48, 49].



Phenacoccus gregosus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus gregosus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 362. Type data: MEXICO: Colima, Bahia Santiago, on Manihot chloristica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Chamaedorea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot chloristica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot michaelis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Bauhinia longifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 321]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65,74]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 362-365].



Phenacoccus gypsophilae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus gypsophilae Hall, 1927d: 268. Type data: EGYPT: Khanka, on Gypsophila rokejeka. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Cichorium intybus [Rungs1934, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Gypsophila rokejeka [Hall1927d, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1927d, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994]; Morocco [Rungs1934, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Hall (1927d).

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1362]; AbdRabGeMa2010 [distribution, taxonomy: 509]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 321]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Hall1927d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 268-269]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Rungs1934 [host, distribution: 23].



Phenacoccus hakeae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus hakeae Williams, 1985: 270. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Hornsby Heights, on Proteaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Proteaceae: Hakea sericea [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 266 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 321]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 270-271].



Phenacoccus halli Ezzat

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus halli Ezzat, 1962c: 164. Type data: EGYPT: Pyramids, on roots of Anthemis sp. Lectotype female and first instar, by subsequent designation Mohammad, Ezzat & Aly, 1995: 501. Type depository: Cairo: Plant Protection Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. Described: female.

Phenacoccus halli; Ezzat, 1962c: 164. Notes: Incorrect citation of Priesner & Hosny as authors.

Phenacoccus halli; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 71. Notes: Incorrect citation of Priesner & Hosny as authors.

Phenacoccus halli; Mohammad, Ezzat & Aly, 1995: 501. Notes: Correct citation of Ezzat as author.

Phenacoccus halli; Ben-Dov, Hodgson & Miller, 1997: 203.



HOST: Asteraceae: Anthemis [Ezzat1962c, MohammEzAl1995].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Ezzat1962c, EzzatNa1987, MohammEzAl1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mohammad et al. (1995). Good description of the adult female given by Ezzat (1962c).

KEYS: Abd-Rabou et al. 2010: 509 (female) [Key to the species of Phenacoccus in Egypt].

CITATIONS: AbdRabGeMa2010 [distribution, taxonomy: 509-510]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 203-204]; Ezzat1962c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163-164]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; KozarWa1985 [list: 71]; MohammEzAl1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 501-504, 530]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155].



Phenacoccus hargreavesi (Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus hargreavesi Laing, 1925: 52. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on Bauhinia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus bukobensis Laing, 1929a: 471. Type data: TANZANIA: Bukoba, on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1958b: 22.

Phenacoccus hargreavesi; Williams, 1970DJ: 161. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia [Laing1925a, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus asperifolia [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994], Coffea canephora [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Sterculia tragacantha [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [Willia1970DJ, Campbe1983, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Trema guineensis [Strick1947a, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973, BenDov1994]; Cameroon [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Strick1947a, Willia1970DJ, Campbe1983, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Sudan [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [Laing1929a, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Uganda [Laing1925a, DeLott1967a, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1958b).

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 19]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 322]; Campbe1983 [life history: 137-151]; Campbe1984 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 163-174]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 280]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 119]; Donald1956 [host, distribution, biological control: 48-60]; Laing1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 471-472]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; MealybSt1987 [life history, economic importance, control: 24-30]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 504]; Willia1970DJ [host, distribution: 161].



Phenacoccus helianthi (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus helianthi Cockerell, 1893z: 352. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Dona Ana County, Las Cruces, on Helianthus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Phenacoccus helianthi; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: sunflower mealybug [McKenz1967].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis undulata [Cocker1894s]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Leucopis near bellula [Cocker1894s]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Tetrastichus [Cocker1894s]. Eulophidae: Encyrtus [Cocker1894s].

HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Celosia floribunda [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Franseria dumosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Gutierrezia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Haplopappus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Helianthus [Cocker1893z, BenDov1994], Hymenoclea salsola [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pluchea sericea [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Ptiloria [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Stephanomeria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Burseraceae: Bursera microphylla [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Manihot chloristica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Cassia [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Parosela spinosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Prosopis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia [Tinsle1898a, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Salvia carnosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Bertholletia sericea [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Pinus ponderosa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Bouteloua [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Polemoniaceae [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus sinensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum douglasii [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Kallstroemia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Larrea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Colorado [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Cocker1893z, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of its host plants, attended by ants. Cockerell (1894s) discusses the natural enemies of this species.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris(1950b), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 26 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 322-323]; Cocker1893z [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 352]; Cocker1894s [biological control: 285-286]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 322-323]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-149]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65,75]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-260]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; Tinsle1898a [host, distribution: 47-48]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365-367].



Phenacoccus herbaceus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus herbaceus Borchsenius, 1962: 591. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kunming, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

Caulococcus herbaceus; Tang, 1992: 428. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus herbaceus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 323. Revived combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Borchs1962, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994, Wu2000a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1962). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [PHenacoccus species of China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 323]; Borchs1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 591-592]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 428]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23]; Wu2000a [host, distribution: 64,69-70].



Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams, 1981: 251. Type data: GUYANA: Cane Grove, on cassava. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cleothera notata [CarrejBeGo1991]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Acerophagus coccois Smith [BertscTuBe1997, BentoDeBe1999, CalataAuTh2001], Aenasius vexans Kerrich [BentoDeBe1999, BertscTuBe2001, CalataAuTh2001], Apoanagyrus diversicornis Howard [BentoDeBe1999, BertscTuBe2001], Epidinocarsis diversicornis (Howard) [Blumbe1997].

HOSTS: Convolvulaceae: Stictocardia tiliifolia [LincanHoCa2010]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [CoxWi1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006, KondoRaVe2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [GranarSz2007]; Bolivia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarSz2007]; Brazil [CoxWi1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Amazonas [FoldiKo2006], Bahia [BentoDeBe1999], Paraiba [BentoDeBe1999], Pernambuco [BentoDeBe1999], Roraima [BentoDeBe1999]); Colombia [CoxWi1981, CarrejBeGo1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, GranarSz2007, KondoRaVe2008]; French Guiana [CoxWi1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarSz2007]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Grenada [CoxWi1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarSz2007]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guyana [CoxWi1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarSz2007]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [CoxWi1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarSz2007]).

BIOLOGY: Living on stems, leaves and apices of cassava. The mealybug causes distortion to the growing tips (Cox & Williams, 1981). Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae), a plant species known to contain proteins toxic to insects, exhibited insecticidal properties to P. herreni. The toxic compounds consisting of proteins around 101.02 kDa appeared to be mostly located in the mature leaves. Further studies are needed to identify the proteins and to ensure that they are not toxic to mammals. (Calatayud, et al., 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox & Williams (1981), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Bento et al. (1999) and Bento et al. (2000) discussed the danmage caused by Phenacoccus herreni to Manihot esculenta in north-eastern Brazil, and reported on successful introduction of three species of hymenopterous parasitoids. Hountondji et al. (2002) found that Phenacoccus herreni was not susceptible to Brazilian isolate of the entomopathogenic fungi Neozygites floridana.

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox & Williams 1981: 251 (female) [Phenacoccus manihoti group].

CITATIONS: BellotByHe1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 417-439]; BellotHeVa1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 441-470]; BellotReGu1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 393-416]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 323]; Bento1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 24]; BentoDeBe1999 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 403-410]; BentoMoMa2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 355-359]; BertscTuBe1997 [host, life history, biological control: 383-395]; BertscTuBe2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 363-371]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; CalataAuTh2001 [biological control, host, distribution, economic importance: 2203-2217]; CalataMuCa2011 [chemical control: 649-654]; CalataPoSe2002 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 163-175]; CalataRu2006 [economic importance, life history, control, host, distribution: 1-110]; CarrejBeGo1991 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 21-27]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; CoxWi1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 251-253]; DornMaBe2001 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 331-339]; DornMaBe2003 [biological control: 1-10]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65,69,76]; HountoYaDe2002 [biological control: 61-66]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 39]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 181]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 8-10]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 70-71]; Willia1986c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 50]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 367, 368]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, ecology: 524].



Phenacoccus hirsutus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus hirsutus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 69. Type data: PUERTO RICO: Faro de Cabo Rojo, on Corchorus hirsutus; collected Wolcott, 4.i.1946. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Malvaceae: Corchorus histutus [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69,73,78].



Phenacoccus hordei (Lindeman)

NOMENCLATURE:

Westwoodia hordei Lindeman, 1886: 367. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on barley. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Trionymus hordei; Cockerell, 1904: 40. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus graminis Reuter, 1904: 66. Type data: FINLAND: Lofsdal, Pargas and Osterbotten, on Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Finland. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 231. Homonym of Phenacoccus graminis (Maskell).

Pseudococcus elongatus Reuter, 1904a: 251. Replacement name for Phenacoccus graminis Reuter.

Phenacoccus cholodkovskyi Marchal, 1908: 245. Type data: RUSSIA: Southern Russia (locality not given), on Triticum vulgare. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 231.

Erium hordei; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus hordei; Borchsenius, 1949: 231. Change of combination.

Caulococcus hordei; Tang, 1992: 429. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus hordei; Ben-Dov, 1994: 323. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: barley mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: ACARI Acaridae: Tyrophagus sachsi [KosztaKo1988F]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Coccidencyrtus phenacocci Ferriere [Schmut1955b, KosztaKo1988F].

HOSTS: Apiaceae: Eryngium [KaydanKiKo2005]. Apicaceae: Zozimia absinthifolia [Malump2011]. Brassicaceae: Sinapis sp. [Malump2011]. Crassulaceae: Orostachys spinosa [Danzig2006a]. Fabaceae: Medicago sativa [Malump2011], Trifolium sp. [Malump2011], Vicia [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Iris sp. [Malump2011], Iris uniflora [Malump2011]. Lamiaceae: Thymus [KaydanKiKo2005], Ziziphora clinopodioides [Malump2011], Ziziphora clinopodioides [Danzig2006a]. Poaceae [KotejaZa1979], Agropyron [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Agropyron repens [Schmut1952, KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Anthoxanthum odoratum [Gertss2000], Arrhenatherum elatius [Schmut1952, BenDov1994], Bromus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, KaydanUlEr2007], Festuca [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Hordeum [Lindem1886, BenDov1994], Hordeum vulgare [KaydanUlEr2007], Phleum pratense [Reuter1904, BenDov1994], Poa bulbosa [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Poa pratensis [Reuter1904, BenDov1994], Secale cereale [Kozar1980, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare [Marcha1908, BenDov1994, MilonaKo2008]. Umbelliferae: Zozimia absinthifolia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, BenDov1994]; Finland [Reuter1904, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1933a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Greece [MilonaKo2008, MilonaKoKo2008a]; Hungary [Kozar1980, BenDov1994, KozarKoSc1999, KozarKo2002b, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [Moghad2013]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan (Aktyubinsk Oblast [Danzig2003], Ural'sk Oblast [Danzig2003]); Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Netherlands [Reyne1957, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Lagows1996]; Russia (Lipestsk Oblast [Gavril2003a], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig2003], Tambov Oblast [Danzig2003], Volgograd Oblast [Danzig2003]); Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Lindem1886, Borchs1949, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); United Kingdom (England [Malump2011]).

BIOLOGY: The biology of P. hordei has been studied in Germany (Schumutterer, 1952) where it was found to have two or three generations each year. It over-wintered as second instars, rarely as third instars, and adults developed by the end of March or beginning of April. Each female laid an average of 159 eggs by mid-May; eggs hatched after 10-14 days and developed into adults by the end of July. Eggs are laid again by the end of August and if climatic conditions are suitable they can develop into adults by the second half of September. Eggs are again laid to produce the over-wintering generation. Occurring on the roots of plants, especially grasses. Life cycle and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Schmutterer (1952), Tereznikova (1963a), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (2003).

STRUCTURE: All developmental stages occur on roots and surrounding substrate. Adult females are oval, pink and up to 3.3 mm in length. The white wax ovisacs are conspicuous and their shape varies according to the constraints of the oviposition site. The eggs are bright yellow, oval and up to 0.37 mm in length. (Malumphy, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Important diagnostic characters for adult female P. hordei are as follows: 18 pairs of cerarii (some on the thorax may be indistinct and it may appear that there are as few as 14 pairs); the posterior pair (C18) with 2-3 thick conical and 1-3 small setae and 7-16 triocular pores. P. hordei is morphologically similar to the spruce mealybug P. piceae (Löw), as both species have numerous multilocular pores on the dorsal surface of the abdomen and thorax. Phenacoccus piceae may be distinguished from P. hordei by the dorsal oral collar tubular ducts being twice as broad as the ventral ducts and it feeds on Picea spp.; the dorsal oral collar tubular ducts of P. hordei are either similar in size to the ventral ducts or about one and a half times as broad, and it does not feed on Picea. The dwarf mealybug P. pumilus Kiritshenko also has dorsal multilocular pores but they are less numerous and only form transverse rows on the 5th to 7th abdominal segments; the dorsal multilocular pores of P. hordei form transverse rows on all abdominal segments. (Malumphy, 2011)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Rarely a minor pest of grasses (Kosztarab & Kozár , 1988F).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 46 [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran]; Malumphy 2011: 368 (female) [Key to adult female Phenacoccus native to Britain]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 323]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 231-232]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 329-331]; Danzig2006a [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 198, 201]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 111]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 524]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 149]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 234-235]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 71, 74, 75]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 129]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1979 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 673]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 67]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 375]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 5]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 34]; Lindem1886 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 367-373]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Malump2011 [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy: 165-171]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 245-248]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; MilonaKo2008 [host, distribution: 35-38]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 51-52]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 68]; Reyne1957 [host, distribution: 41]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 397-399]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 516]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 429]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-46]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-225]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 89]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-159]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85, 86].



Phenacoccus hortonarum Brachman & Kosztarab in Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus hortonarum Brachman & Kosztarab in Kosztarab, 1996: 159. Type data: U.S.A.: Virginia, Blacksburg, near Price Hall on VPI & SU campus, from Acer nigrum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Hortons mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer nigrum [Koszta1996], Acer saccharum [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Hampshire [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Found on bark. In USA, New Hampshire, the females of this species were reported to oviposit in August (Kosztarab, 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 159 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161].



Phenacoccus hurdi McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus hurdi McKenzie, 1964: 247. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Catron County, Red Hill, on Gutierrezia lucida. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: hurd phenacoccus mealybug [McKenz1964].



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [FoldiKo2006]. Asteraceae: Gutierrezia lucida [McKenz1964, BenDov1994], Gutierrezia sarothrae [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Isocoma [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Mimulus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], California [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], New Mexico [McKenz1964, BenDov1994], Texas [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Utah [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Brazil (Pernambuco [FoldiKo2006]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by McKenzie (1967), Williams (1987c), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 324]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73,80]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 247-248]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 369, 370]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89].



Phenacoccus hystrix (Baerensprung)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus hystrix Baerensprung, 1849: 173. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin Zoological Gardens, under the bark of Scotch pine. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material depository unknown (Ben-Dov, 1994).

Phenacoccus hystrix; Lindinger, 1912b: 293. Change of combination.

Phaenacoccus histrix; Kiritchenko, 1932a: 261. Misspelling of genus and species names.

Phenacoccus (Heliococcus) hystrix; Balachowsky & Mesnil, 1935: 731. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus hyxtrix; Martin Mateo, 1985: 95. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hyppocastanum [Martin1985]. Pinaceae: Pinus sylvestris [Baeren1849, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Germany [Baeren1849, BenDov1994]; Spain [Martin1985].

GENERAL REMARKS: Although Barensprung (1849) gave a valid description of what appears to be a mealybug, the species is not recognizable. Fernald (1903) listed this species as unrecognizable. Kiritchenko (1931) regarded C. hystrix as the same species as Phenacoccus stachyos Ehrhorn.

CITATIONS: Baeren1849 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 174-175]; BalachMe1935 [taxonomy, economic importance: 731]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 324]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 326]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 121]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 261]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 293]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 95]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 857]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27].



Phenacoccus incomptus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus incomptus McKenzie, 1964: 247. Type data: MEXICO: intercepted at U.S.A., San Francisco, on Escheveria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: unadorned mealybug [McKenz1964].



HOST: Crassulaceae: Echeveria [McKenz1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by McKenzie (1964), by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 241 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 325]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73,77,82]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 247-250]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distrbution: 369, 371, 372].



Phenacoccus indicus (Avasthi & Shafee)

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus indicus Avasthi & Shafee, 1980: 905. Type data: INDIA: Mysore, Bangalore, Hebbel, on Prosopis spicigera. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female.

Phenacoccus indicus; Avasthi & Shafee, 1987a: 32. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Prosopis spicigera [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [AvasthSh1980, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Avasthi & Shafee (1980, 1987). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 905-908]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 325]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 537-538]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 45]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 596-599].



Phenacoccus infernalis McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus infernalis McKenzie, 1962: 653. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Cochise County, Tombstone, on Fouquieria splendens. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: infernal mealybug [McKenz1962, McKenz1967].



HOST: Fouquieriaceae: Fouquieria splendens [McKenz1962, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [McKenz1962, BenDov1994], California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring between the leaves and stems of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962, 1967).

KEYS: Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 325]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 652-654]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-261].



Phenacoccus insularis Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus insularis Danzig, 1971: 378. Type data: RUSSIA: Kurile Islands, Sernovodsk, on Majanthemum dilatatum. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus kurilensis Danzig, 1986b: 75. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1994: 325.

Spinococcus insularis; Tang, 1992: 559. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Saussurea kurilensis [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium praestans [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Majanthemum dilatatum [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago kamtschatica [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum sachalinense [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Aruncus kamtschaticus [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Filipendula kamtschatica [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Fragaria iinumae [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Rubus sachalinensis [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on both aerial and underground parts of the host plant. Polyphagous, inhabits annual shoots of ribs and leaves of herbs. Constantly to be found on tall grasses, often in great numbers. Oviposition in July and at this time it was difficult to find mealybugs even on those plants where they were present in great numbers two weeks before. Probably, females migrate to secluded places for oviposition. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b). Danzig (1986b) proposed Phenacoccus kurilensis as a replacement name for P.insularis Danzig, 1971, which she supposed to be a homonym of Phenacoccus insularis Morrison, 1924. However, the latter is in Pseudococcus.

STRUCTURE: Adult female cody oval, pink, up to 3.5 mm. Antennae 9-segmented. Circulus small, oval. Multilocular pores occasionally present of dorsum and anterior part of ventrum and forming rows and bands on abdominal sternites. (Danzig, 2006a) Ovisac white, narrow, friable. Eggs pink.

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 555 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 325-326]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 378-380]; Danzig1986b [taxonomy: 75]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 199, 205-206].



Phenacoccus interruptus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus interruptus Green, 1923d: 215. Type data: ENGLAND: Surrey, Camberley, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus assimilis Kiritshenko, 1940a: 188. Nomen nudum; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949: 240.

Phenacoccus elongatus Kanda, 1943a: 46. Type data: JAPAN: Honsyu, Yokohama, on Zoysia japonia. Holotype female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Wu, 2000a: 64.

Paroudablis interruptus; Borchsenius, 1949: 240. Change of combination.

Caulococcus elongatus; Tang, 1992: 426. Change of combination.

Caulococcus interruptus; Tang, 1992: 430. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus interruptus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 326. Revived combination.

Phenococcus interruptus; Danzig, 1994: 46. Misspelling of genus name.

COMMON NAME: Green's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Brassicaceae: Cardaria draba [KaydanUlEr2007]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium album [KaydanUlEr2007]. Equisetaceae: Equisetum [Ossian1985, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Rungs1948, BenDov1994, MazzeoRuLo1997], Agropyron [ZakOgaKo1964, TerGri1966, BenDov1994, Wu2000a], Agrostis [TerGri1966], Aneurolepidium chinense [TangLi1988, BenDov1994, Wu2000a], Arundinella hirta [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Bromus [KaydanKiKo2005], Calamagrostis epigejos [SimonKa2012], Corynephorus canescens [SimonKa2012], Cynodon dactylon [Kozar1985, BenDov1994, Wu2000a], Dactylis glomerata [Kozar1985, BenDov1994], Danthonia decumbens [SimonKa2012], Elymus angustus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Wu2000a], Elymus giganteus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Wu2000a], Festuca [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Festuca ovina [SimonKa2012], Festuca pratensis [SimonKa2012], Festuca ternifolia [SimonKa2012], Hordeum vulgare [KaydanKiKo2005], Leymus [TerGri1966], Poa alpina [Danzig1994], Sieglingia [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare [KaydanUlEr2007], Zoysia japonica [Kanda1943a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Ningxia (=Ningsia) [Wu2000a]); Crete [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1935a, BenDov1994]; Germany [Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKoSc1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarPe1989, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [Kanda1943a, BenDov1994]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968]; Mongolia [Danzig1980, Danzig1974]; North Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]; Poland [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1972, Lagows1996]; Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Sicily [RussoMa1997, MazzeoRuLo1997]; Sweden [Ossian1985, BenDov1994, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [Danzig1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Borchs1949, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); United Kingdom (England [Green1923d, BenDov1994]); Yugoslavia [Masten2007].

BIOLOGY: Oligophagous on grasses; lives on leaves, prefers well sunlit habitats: pine forests, sphagnum marches, steppes and rocks. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1962), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Body elongate-oval, green, with dark transverse bands, up to 4.5 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented, with slender segments. Circulus absent. Multilocular ducts present on posterior abdominal sternites only. Quinquelocular pores numerous. Tubular ducts present on both sides of body. (Danzig, 2006a)

SYSTEMATICS: The species is characterized by geographical variability in the number of cerarii and dorsal tubular ducts. (Danzig, 2006a) Simon & Kalandyk-Kolodziejczyk, 2012, described morphological variability that seemed to be attributed to feeding site, and included presence of little circulus, absence of sclerotized plates bearing cerarii on anterior parts of the body and 8 segmented antennae.

KEYS: Malumphy 2011: 168 (female) [Key to adult female Phenacoccus native to Britain]; Danzig 2006a: 199 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Kwon et al. 2003: 114 (female) [Korea]; Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [PHenacoccus species of China]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 122 (female) [Central Europe]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 238 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kanda 1943a: 43 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 316. 326]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 240-241]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 68]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 75]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-133]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 199, 207-208]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1935a [host, distribution: 92]; Green1923d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-216]; Kanda1943a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-49]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; Kiritc1940a [taxonomy: 188]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 130]; Koteja1972 [host, distribution: 568]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 673]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarPe1989 [host, distribution: 200]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 116-117]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Malump2011 [taxonomy: 168]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 110-111]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 352]; MazzeoRuLo1997 [host, distribution: 20]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 145]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 48]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; SimonKa2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 585-590]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 426, 700]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 430-431]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-219]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 89]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-37]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 423].



Phenacoccus iranica Moghaddam

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus iranica Moghaddam, 2013: 54-55. Type data: IRAN: Kerman, Baft, Khabr National Park, on Acer cinerascens, 5/22/2011, by M. Moghaddam. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Tehran: Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Iran. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Aceraceae: Acer cinerascens [Moghad2013].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [Moghad2013].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Moghaddam, 2013,

STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female broadly oval, up to 2.88 mm long; anal lobes poorly or not developed, (Moghaddam, 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: Phenacoccus iranica is similar to P. aceris in possessing: (i) numerous oral collar ducts on both ventral and dorsal surfaces, (ii) 18 pairs cerarii, (iii) ventral quinqulocular pores, and (iv) multilocular disc pores medially on ventral abdominal segments. P. iranica differs from P. aceris in having (character states on P. aceris in brackets): (i) only 1 circulus (2 circuli); (ii) many more oral collar ducts on head, both ventrally and dorsally (sparse); (iii) quinquelocular pores smaller than trilocular ducts (larger), and (iv) C18 with only 2 lanceolate setae, no short setae and 5 or 6 trilocular pores, these located on a membranous area (with lanceolate and slender setae, plus about 4 or 5 short setae and a concentration of trilocular pores, these located on a sclerotized area). (Moghaddam, 2013) P. iranica is also similar to P. transcaucasicus Hadzibejli in having: (i) circulus, (ii) 18 pairs cerarii and (iii) absence of dorsal multilocular disc pores. However, P. iranica differs from P. transcaucasicusin possessing (character states on P. transcaucasicus in brackets): (i) dorsal oral collar ducts present in wide bands across head, thorax and abdominal segments (dorsal oral collar ducts either absent entirely or present only in median areas of segments VI and VII). (Moghaddam, 2013)

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 46 [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran].

CITATIONS: Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 54-55]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 69].



Phenacoccus isadenatus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus isadenatus Danzig, 1971: 378. Type data: RUSSIA: Kurile Islands, Sernovodsk, on Picea glehnii. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Picea ajanensis [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, Danzig2004], Picea glehnii [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, Danzig2004].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, Danzig2004], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Adult females overwinter and oviposit in July.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1971, 1980b, 2004).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus ]; Danzig 2004: 532 (female) [Phenacoccus species on firs]; Russo 1994: 282 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1971: 376 (female) [Group of Phenacoccus piceae].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 326]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 378-379]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-130]; Danzig2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198, 532-533]; Danzig2006 [taxonomy: 198]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 538].



Phenacoccus juniperi Ter-Grigorian

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus juniperi Ter-Grigorian, 1964: 186. Type data: ARMENIA: Babadazan region, on Juniperus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus [TerGri1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1964, TerGri1966a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1964, 1973) and by Danzig (2003).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 326]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 355-356]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 200]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 538-539]; TerGri1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 186-188]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-145].



Phenacoccus karaberdi Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus karaberdi Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 20. Type data: ARMENIA: Aginskii Region, on wheat roots. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus affinis Ter-Grigorian, 1963: 123. Type data: ARMENIA: on roots of wheat. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Densispina graminea Ter-Grigorian, 1964a: 861. Type data: ARMENIA: Ashtarakski Region, Orgov, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus sogdianicus Nurmamatov & Bazarov, 1987: 78. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Vakhshskaya Valley, near Aktau, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Spinococcus affinis; Tang, 1992: 555. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus affinis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 307. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus karaberdi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 327. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus gramineus; Danzig, 2003: 352. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae [KaydanKiKo2005]. Brassicaceae: Cardaria draba [KaydanKiKo2005]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium album [KaydanKiKo2005]. Poaceae [TerGri1964a, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Agropyron [TerGri1963, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Agropyron caespitosum [TerGri1963, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Avena fatua [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Bromus [TerGri1963, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Bromus commutatus [TerGri1963, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Festuca [TerGri1963, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Hordeum [TerGri1963, BenDov1994], Hordeum murinum [KaydanUlEr2007], Koeleria gracilis [TerGri1963, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Poa [TerGri1966], Poa bulbosa [TerGri1963, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Triticum [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1964a, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Austria [MatrahKo2008]; Kazakhstan (Turgay Oblast [Danzig2003]); Russia (Dagestan AR [Danzig2003]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [NurmamBa1987, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1963, 1964a, 1973), Nurmamatov & Bazarov (1987), and by Danzig (2003). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Description of adult female by Tang (1992). Description and illustration of female last-instar nymph by Ter-Grigorian (1973).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female); Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 115,306,327,343]; BorchsTe1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-23]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-355]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 199]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 380]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; MatrahKo2008 [host, distribution: 155]; NurmamBa1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-80]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 195,324,555,560-561]; TerGri1963 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-128]; TerGri1964a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 861-863]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 88,90]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-122,147-153].



Phenacoccus kareliniae Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus kareliniae Borchsenius, 1949: 215. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: near Melnikov Station, on Karelinia caspia; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 15.ix.1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 339. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 37-45. Described: female.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994], Karelinia caspia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2003). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 327]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 215]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 197]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-343]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 199]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 539-540].



Phenacoccus karkasicus Moghaddam

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus karkasicus Moghaddam, 2013: 46,52-53. Type data: IRAN: Esfahan, Kashan, Ghamsar, Sheikh Bahaii Dam, on Berberis vulgaris, 5/15/2011, by M. Moghaddam. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Tehran: Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Iran. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Berberidaceae: Berberis vulgaris [Moghad2013].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [Moghad2013].

BIOLOGY: On the leaf surface of Berberis vulgaris. (Moghaddam, 2013)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Moghaddam, 2013.

STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female oval, margin of body parallel, membranous, up to 4 mm long. Anal lobes well developed

SYSTEMATICS: Phenacoccus karkasicus Moghaddam is similar to P. capensis Ferris (recorded in the Nearctic Region) in having: (i) medial and submedial dorsal cerarii, (ii) no dorsal multilocular disc pores, and (iii) ventral multilocular disc pores not reaching margins. P. karkasicus differs from P. capensis in having (character states on P. capensis in brackets): (i) oral collar ducts in wide bands across of all dorsal segments (distributed sparsely); (ii) ventral multilocular disc pores on anterior and posterior edges of abdominal segments V-VII (posterior edges of abdominal segments V-VII only); and (iii) anal lobe and preocular cerarii each with 4 lanceolate setae (2 lanceolate setae). (Moghaddam, 2013)

KEYS: Moghaddam 1999: 46 [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran].

CITATIONS: Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 52-54, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 68-69].



Phenacoccus kozari Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus kozari Williams, 2004a: 599. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Nigiri Hills, Coonoor, Black Bridge Forest Reserve, 2130 m, under stones; collected P. Topal, 14.iii.1980. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Hodgson {et al}. 2008: 3 (female) [Species of Phenacoccus in southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: HodgsoAbAr2008 [taxonomy: 3]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 598-599].



Phenacoccus larvalis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus larvalis Borchsenius, 1949: 236. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Gissarsk Ridge, on Prangos sp.; collected N. Borchsenius, 15.vii.1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 355. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 30-45. Described: female.



HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Silene schunganica [Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Hypericum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Mentha [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Salvia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Prangos [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Danzig2003]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2003).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975: 56 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 89]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 327]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236-237]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 355-359]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 200]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 540].



Phenacoccus latipes Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus latipes Green, 1923b: 89. Type data: MADEIRA ISLANDS: Porto Santo, on underside of rocks on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Silene [Rungs1934, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Green1923b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [Green1923b, BenDov1994]; Morocco [Rungs1934, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Green (1923b). According to Borchsenius (1949), the records under this binomen by Kiritchenko (1931, 1932b, 1940, 1940a) and by Borchsenius (1937, 1937a) are misindentifications of Peliococcus perfidiosus Borchsenius.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 328]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 19,25]; Green1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-90]; Rungs1934 [host, distribution: 23].



Phenacoccus loiki Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus loiki Danzig, 2001a: 109. Type data: RUSSIA: East Siberia [=Irkutsk Oblast], East Sajan Mountains, Tunkin Ridge, Arshan Rocks, on Dactylis glomeratus; collected E. Danzig, 23.vii.1970. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. N-5239. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Aegilops [KaydanUlEr2007], Dactylis glomeratus [Danzig2001a], Hordeum murinum [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig2001a]); Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2001a).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus].

CITATIONS: Danzig2001a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-110]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 347]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 198]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101].



Phenacoccus longoi Russo

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus longoi Russo, 1994: 279. Type data: ITALY: Canzaro, Saint Mary Abbey (Serra San Bruno), on Abies alba. Holotype female. Type depository: Catania: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Italy. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pinaceae: Abies alba [Russo1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Russo1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Russo (1994).

KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Russo 1994: 282 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: Russo1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 279-281].



Phenacoccus lotearum McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus lotearum McKenzie, 1960: 721. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Ventura County, Santa Susana Pass, on Lotus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: lotus mealybug [McKenz1960]; Lotus mealybug [McKenz1960].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Anaphalis margaritacea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Centaurea melitensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Chaenactis tenuifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Stephanomeria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lotus [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 241 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 28 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 715 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 328]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 720, 721, 723]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262-264].



Phenacoccus lycii (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus lycii Ferris, 1919a: 30. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Yavapai County, Cottonwood, on Lycium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus lycii; Ferris, 1950b: 150. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: desert thorn mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Solanaceae: Lycium [Ferris1919a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1919a, BenDov1994], California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 238 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 120 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 328]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 30-31]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-151]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 264-265].



Phenacoccus madeirensis Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, 1923b: 90. Type data: MADEIRA: Funchal, on unidentified plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1987c: 347. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus grenadensis Green & Laing, 1924: 416. Type data: GRENADA: on egg-plant [= Solanum melongena]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1987c: 347. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1987b: 347.

Phenacoccus harbisoni Peterson, 1965: 96. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Imperial County, sand hills near Gray's Well, on Helianthus tephrodes. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1987b: 347.

Phenacoccus gossypii; Tranfaglia, 1981: 11. Misidentification.

COMMON NAME: Madeira mealybug [MuniapShWa2011].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Clitostethus neuenschwanderi Fursch [Fursch1987], Diomus austrinus Green [ChongOeOs2005], Diomus hennesseyi Fursch [Fursch1987], Nephus phenacoccophagus Fursch [Fursch1987].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Acanthus mollis [Sinaco1995], Crossandra [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Hemigraphis repanda [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Jacobinia coccinea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pachystachys coccinea [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992]. Agavaceae: Agave [MazzeoLoRu1994, MazzeoSuRu2008]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Iresine [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Amaryllidaceae: Narcissus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, KondoEsKa2002]. Annonaceae: Annona montana Macfad. [KondoEsKa2002]. Apocynaceae: Dipladenia splendens [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Mandevilla laxa [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Dieffenbachia maculata [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Tranfa1981, BenDov1994], Polyscias [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Schefflera actinophylla [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Schefflera arboricola [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya carnosa [MazzeoLoRu1994, MazzeoSuRu2008]. Asteraceae: Ageratum houstonianum [Granar2003], Ambrosia artemisifolia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Artemisia californica [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Aster [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Bidens pilosa radiata Sch. Bip [KondoEsKa2002], Bidens pilosa minor (Blume) Sherff [KondoEsKa2002], Bidens sp. [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, KondoEsKa2002], Calendula [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Chrysanthemum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Chrysanthemum leucanthemum [Granar2003], Chrysopsis [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Cineraria [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Erigeron philadelphicus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Eupatorium adenophorum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eupatorium capillifolium [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Eupatorium odoratum [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eupatorium serotinum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Gazania [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Gerbera jamesonii [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Gynura aurantiaca [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Haplopappus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Helianthus annuus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Helianthus tephrodes [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Helichrysum [Willia2004a], Ligularia tussilaginea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Mikania micrantha [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Parthenium hysterophorus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pluchea odorata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solidago [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Stokesia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Taraxacum officinale [MazzeoLoRu1994], Verbesina viginica [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Wedelia trilobata [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Cordia curassavica [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Symphytum officinale [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Brassica campestris rapifera Metzg. [KondoEsKa2002], Brassica oleracea capitata L. [KondoEsKa2002]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tillandsia [Granar2003]. Cactaceae: Hylocereus undatus [MazzeoLoRu1994, MazzeoSuRu2008]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomea setifera [MatileGe2004], Jacquemontia blanchetti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Milhania micrantha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Adromischus cristatus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Juniperus chinensis [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros duclouxii [BeltraSo2011]. Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [GermaiSt2004], Acalypha bicolor [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acalypha hispida [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Acalypha wilkesiana [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acalypha wilkesiana Mull. Arg. cb. Willincki [KondoEsKa2002], Cnidoscolus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Codiaeum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Croton glandulosus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Croton punctatus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Euphorbia pulcherrima [DeLott1977, BenDov1994], Manihot aesculifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot diversifolia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot glaziovii [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994], Manihot michaelis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot rhomboidea [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd. [KondoEsKa2002], Ricinus communis [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia flexuosa [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cassia imperalis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Coronilla sp. [BeltraSo2011], Desmodium tortuosum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Erythrina bogotensis [BeltraSo2011], Erythrina caffra [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Erythrina viarum [Sinaco1995], Glycine max (L.) Merr. [KondoEsKa2002], Mimosa pudica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Phaseolus aureus Zaccagni [KondoEsKa2002], Sophora secundiflora [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Sophora tomentosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pelargonium [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994], Pelargonium hortorum [Granar2003], Pelargonium zonale (L.) L'Her. ex Aiton [KondoEsKa2002]. Gesneriaceae: Chrysothemis pulchella [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Episcia decurrens [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Nematanthus wettsteinii [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Tussacia pulchella [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Coleus [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Epimeredi indicus [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mentha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ocimum basilicum [MazzeoLoRu1994, PapadoCh2012], Plectranthus nummularius [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Salvia coccinea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Salvia spendens Sellow ex Roem & Schult. [KondoEsKa2002]. Loasaceae: Petalonyx thurberi [Peters1965, Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Lobeliaceae: Lobelia cardinalis [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae [MartinLa2011], Althaea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Gossypium [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hibiscus cannabinus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Hibiscus esculentus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Hibiscus mutabilis [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileGe2004, JansenBeKa2011], Malva [MazzeoLoRu1994], Malvaviscus arboreus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Sida [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Urena lobata [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Menispermaceae: Cyclea insularis (Makino) Hatsushima [KondoEsKa2002]. Moraceae: Artocarpus communis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus benghalensis [Willia2004a]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum japonicum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis Sims [KondoEsKa2002]. Polygonaceae: Rumex [Willia2004a]. Primulaceae: Primula [MarottTr1990, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis tashiroi Maxim. [KondoEsKa2002]. Rosaceae: Malus domestica [MazzeoLoRu1994], Malus sylvestris [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Rosa [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [Granar2003]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Citrus limonium [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Scrophulariaceae: Leucophyllum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994], Capsicum frutescens L. [KondoEsKa2002], Cestrum diurnum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Cestrum nocturnum [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HalimaGeMd2014], Datura metel [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Lycopersicon esculentum [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum interifolium Poir. [KondoEsKa2002], Solanum lycopersici [MazzeoLoRu1994], Solanum melongena [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994, Willia2004a], Solanum nigrum L. [KondoEsKa2002], Solanum pseudocapsicum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum wendlandii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Donald1956]. Taccaceae: Tacca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Corchorus olitorius L. [KondoEsKa2002], Triumfetta subtriloba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Petroselinum hortense [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Urticaceae: Parietaria floridana [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Pilea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Urera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Urtica [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Citharexylum spinosum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Lantana camara [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Lantana montevidensis [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Verbena hybrida [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Zingiberaceae: Curcuma longa L. [KondoEsKa2002], Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe [KondoEsKa2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973, DeLott1977, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Benin [CABI2000]; Cameroon [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, Willia1987c, VanHarCoWi1990, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Congo [CABI2000]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Gabon [CABI2000]; Gambia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Ghana [CABI2000]; Liberia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Mozambique [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Nigeria [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014]; Sao Tome and Principe [CABI2000]; Senegal [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Seychelles [GermaiAtBa2008]; Sierra Leone [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Togo [CABI2000]; Zimbabwe [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia [CABI2000]; Guam [CABI2000]. Nearctic: Mexico [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; United States of America (Alabama [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], California [Peters1965, Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000, DownieGu2004], Florida [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Illinois [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Louisiana [CABI2000], Maryland [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Minnesota [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Mississippi [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], New York [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], North Carolina [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Texas [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Virginia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Wisconsin [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Barbuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]); Argentina (Tucuman [GranarCl2003, Granar2003, GranarSz2007]); Bahamas [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Bermuda [Willia1987c, HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Bolivia [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Brazil [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000] (Bahia [CABI2000], Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Minas Gerais [CABI2000], Rio de Janeiro [CABI2000], Sao Paulo [CABI2000]); British Virgin Islands [CABI2000]; Cayman Islands [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Cuba [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Grenada [GreenLa1924, Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Guadeloupe [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Guyana [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Haiti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000, PerezG2008]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Martinique [GermaiSt2004, MatileEt2006]; Montserrat [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Panama [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Peru [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Nevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Saint Kitts [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]); Saint Lucia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Trinidad [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]. Oriental: China (Hainan [WuNaLu2010]); Pakistan [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a]; Taiwan [YehLiCh2006]; Thailand [MuniapShWa2011]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Crete [JansenBeKa2011]; France [MatileGe2004, MatileGePi2004]; Greece [PapadoCh2012]; Italy [MarottTr1990, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994, LongoMaPe1995, MazzeoSuRu2008]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Portugal [FrancoRuMa2011] (Specimens collected by Elisabete Figueiredo on Capsicum annuum under greenhouse, in Silveira (Torres Vedras) (30-7-2009).); Sicily [LongoMaRu1995, Sinaco1995, RussoMa1997, CABI2000]; Spain [BeltraSo2011]; Tunisia [HalimaGeMd2014].

BIOLOGY: Life history, under laboratory conditions, in Sicily studied by Longo et al. (1995). In Sicily it develops 5-6 generations per year (Sinacori, 1995). Ho et al. (2009) identified and synthesized the female sex pheromone.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1958, 1987c), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007). The redescriptions and illustrations of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967), and of the adult male by Beardsley (1960) (of Hawaiian population) and Beardsley (1962) (of Californian populations) under the name of P. gossypii probably represent P. madeirensis. Likewise, the records of P. gossypii from Hawaii by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948) and by Beardsley (1960), and from Guam by Beardsley (1975) are probably misidentifications of P. madeirensis.

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Matile-Ferrero et al. (2004). Phenacoccus madeirensis has a grey oval body covered by thin, white, mealy wax, with red legs and dark dorso-submedial bare spots on intersegmental areas of the thorax and abdomen. These areas form 1 pair of dark longitudinal lines on the dorsum. The ovisac covers the entire dorsum, with 18 pairs of lateral wax filaments, the posterior pairs being the longest. They were approximately the length of the body or a little shorter. (Papadopoulou & Chryssohoides, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This mealybug is common on cassava, causing, however, little damage. It is often injurious to potatoes in Peru. It is extremely common in Africa, probably been introduced there from Neotropical region (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992). In 2010 and 2011, a serious mealybug infestation was observed on Ocimum basilicum (large leaf or sweet basil) in Greece. (Papadopoulou & Chryssohoides, 2012)

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Tanaka & Uesatio 2012: 414 (female) [Key to separate four new invasive mealybug species: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Ph. defectus, Ph. parvus and P. solenopsis from other mealybugs occurring in the Ryukyu Archipelago]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia]; Marotta & Pagano 1997: 114 (female) [Italian mealybugs on Geranium sp.]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; Beardsley 1960: 211 (male) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 18]; BellotReGu1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 393-416]; BellotSc1977 [host, distribution, economic importance: 188-193]; BeltraSo2011 [distribution, host]; BeltraSoMa2012 [molecular data, phylogenetics: 167-171]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 328-330]; CABI2000 [host, distribution: 1-4]; ChongOe2006 [biological control, life history: 39-50]; ChongOe2006a [biological control]; ChongOe2006b [life history, biological control: 1188-1197]; ChongOe2006c [life history, biological control: 1198-1207]; ChongOe2006d [life history, biological control: 320-328]; ChongOe2007a [life history, biological control: 78-85]; ChongOe2008 [life history, biological control: 169-176]; ChongOeOs2005 [biological control, host, distribution, life history: 39-48]; ChongOeVa2003 [host, distribution, life history: 539-543]; ChongVaOe2004 [life history, ecology: 387-397]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 280]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DeLott1977 [host, distribution: 32]; Donald1956 [host, distribution, biological control: 48-60]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 19,25]; Fursch1987 [biological control: 387-394]; GermaiAtBa2008 [host, distribution: 129-135]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution, host: 24]; GermaiSt2004 [host, distribution: 223-224]; Granar2003 [host, distribution: 80-81]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77,83]; Green1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-91]; GreenLa1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 416-417]; HalimaGeMd2014 [distribution, host, illustration, economic importance: 1-2]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 144]; HoKoCh2011 [chemistry, distribution, chemical control: 823-826]; HoSuKo2009 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 724-732]; JansenBeKa2011 [distribution, host: 483-484]; KaydanCaUl2013 [distribution: 169]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; KondoEsKa2002 [distribution, host: 337-340]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; LongoMaRu1995 [host, distribution, life history: 219-222]; LongoRu1990 [host, distribution: 114-115]; Malump2012b [distribution: 211]; MarottTr1990 [host, distribution: 109]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 181]; MatileGe2004 [host, distribution: 191-192]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 202-203]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution]; MuniapShWa2011 [distribution: 168,170]; OettinCh2002 [biological control: 41-42]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5]; PapadoCh2012 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure: 146-147]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 293]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; Peters1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-99]; RagusaTs1995 [host, distribution, biological control: 301-307]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 328]; Sinaco1995 [host, distribution, life history: 179-182]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; UneliuElTw2011 [molecular data: 170]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 133]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230-232]; Willia1986c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 50-51]; Willia1987c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 347-353]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 600-603]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 372-375]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89]; WinotaGoTa2010 [distribution: 10N]; WuNaLu2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, economic importance, structure: 8-12]; YehLiCh2006 [host, distribution, life history: 329-342]; ZouChMi2013 [chemistry: 136].



Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero, 1977: 146. Type data: PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Niari valley, on Manihot esculenta. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: cassava mealybug [Matile1977]; Cassava mealybug [Matile1977].



FOES: ACARI Phytoseiidae: Amblyseius aerialis [HerrenNe1991], Euseius concordis [HerrenNe1991], Galendromus annectens [HerrenNe1991], Galendromus helveolus [HerrenNe1991], Neoseiulus anonymus [HerrenNe1991], Neoseiulus californicus [HerrenNe1991], Neoseiulus idaeus [HerrenNe1991], Typlodromalus limonicus [HerrenNe1991]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Clitostethus neuenschwanderi Fursch [Fursch1987], Diomus [HerrenNe1991, ChakupMaNe1994], Diomus hennesseyi Fursch [NeuensAj1995, Neuens1996], Diomus hennesseyi Fursch [Fursch1987], Exochomus [GutierNeSc1988, NeuensHa1988, HerrenNe1991], Exochomus concavus Fursch [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c, FabresKiEp1981], Exochomus flaviventris Mader [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, FabresKiEp1981, Fabres1981c, LeRuMi2000], Exochomus troberti Mulsant [CudjoeNeCo1992, NeuensAj1995], Hyperaspis [GutierNeSc1988, HerrenNe1991], Hyperaspis notata Mulsant [HerrenNe1991, ChakupMaNe1994, Staubl1995, Neuens1996, StaublBaNe1997], Hyperaspis raynevali [HerrenNe1991], Hyperaspis senegalensis Mulsant [Fabres1981c, FabresKiEp1981, Fabres1981d, HerrenNe1991], Hyperaspis senegalensis hottentotta [FabresMa1980, FabresKi1985], Lestodiplosis Kieffer [Fabres1981c], Nephus derroni Fursch [Fabres1981c], Nephus phenacoccophagus Fursch [Fursch1987], Scymnus couturieri Chazeau [MinkoFo1999], Scymnus plebejus Weise [Fabres1981c], Scymnus rufifrons Fursch [Fabres1981c], Serangium giffardi Grandi [Fabres1981c], Stethorus [HerrenNe1991], Sthetorus endruedi Fursch [Fabres1981c]. Staphylinidae: Holobus [HerrenNe1991]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Arthroconodax [HerrenNe1991], Coccodiplosis citri Barnes [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c], Dicrodiplosis Kieffer [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c], Dicrodiplosis manihoti [NeuensHa1988, HerrenNe1991]. Drosophilidae: Cacoxenus (Gitonides) multidentatus Tsacas & Chassagnard [TsacasCh1999], Cacoxenus (Gitonides) perspicax Knab [TsacasCh1999], Cacoxenus (Gitonides) polyodous Tsacas & Chassagnard [TsacasCh1999]. FUNGI : Entomophthora [HerrenNe1991], Hirsutella [HerrenNe1991], Hirsutella thompsonii [HerrenNe1991], Neozygites fumosa [LeRuIz1990a, HerrenNe1991], Triplosporium [HerrenNe1991]. HOMOPTERA Anthocoridae: Cardiasthetus exiguus Poppius [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c]. HUMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus nyombae Boussienguet [Boussi1988]. HYMENOPRTERA Encyrtidae: Apoanagyrus lopezi De Santis [KondoGuPo2012]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Acerophagus coccois [DornMaBe2001], Aenasius vexans [DornMaBe2001], Apoanagyrus lopezi (De Santis) [Moore1988, HennesNeMu1990, HerrenNe1991, CudjoeNeCo1992, GoergeNe1992, ChakupMaNe1994, Neuens2001], Cheiloneurus cyanonotus Waterston [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c], Epidinocarsis diversicornis [HerrenNe1991, ChakupMaNe1994], Epidinocarsis lopezi De Santis [Watson1997], Homalotylus flaminius Dalman [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c], Parapyrus manihoti Noyes [Noyes1984], Prochiloneurus [NeuensHa1988, HerrenNe1991], Prochiloneurus insolitus Alam [GoergeNe1992, CudjoeNeCo1993], Prochiloneurus pulchellus Silvestri [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c], Xyphigaster pseudococci Risbec [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa [HerrenNe1991, ChakupMaNe1994]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus [NeuensHa1988, HerrenNe1991], Chartocerus hyalipennis Hayat [GoergeNe1992]. LEPIDOPTERA Lycaenidae: Spalgis lemolea Druce [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c, HerrenNe1991]. NEUROPTERA Hemerobiidae: Hyperaspis jucunda Mulsant [NsiiamOdHe1984, ChakupMaNe1994, SheOd1984]. THYSANOPTERA : Scolothrips [HerrenNe1991].

HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Matile1977, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [Matile1977, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006]. Fabaceae: Glycine max [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Ocimum [Matile1977, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Sida carpinifolia [Matile1977, BenDov1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Boerhavia diffusa [Matile1977, BenDov1994]. Portulacaceae: Talinum triangulare [Matile1977, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum [Granar2003].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [CABI1984, BenDov1994]; Benin [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Burundi [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Congo [Matile1977, BenDov1994]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [NeuensHaGu1989, BenDov1994]; Gambia [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Ghana [NeuensHaGu1989, BenDov1994]; Guinea [CABI1984, BenDov1994]; Guinea-Bissau [CABI1984, BenDov1994]; Kenya [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Malawi [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Mali [MuniapWaVa2012]; Mozambique [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Rwanda [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Senegal [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Sierra Leone [James1987, HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Sudan [CABI1984, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Togo [CABI1984, BenDov1994]; Uganda [CABI1984, BenDov1994]; Zaire [Matile1977, BenDov1994]; Zambia [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]. Australasian: Indonesia (Java [MuniapShWa2011]). Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Granar2003]); Bolivia [WilliaCoYa1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Matile1977, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Amazonas [FoldiKo2006]); Colombia [Kondo2001]; Paraguay [WilliaCoYa1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [ParsaKoWi2012]; Thailand [MuniapShWa2011, WinotaGoTa2010]; Vietnam [ParsaKoWi2012].

BIOLOGY: Biology, life history and population dynamics in Congo were studied by Fabres (1981, 1981a, 1989) and by Fabres & Boussiengue (1981). Giordanengo & Nenon (1990a) studied the encapsulation respond to the encyrtid Epidinocarsis lopezi. Le Ru & Iziquel (1990) evaluated the effect of rains on population dynamics in Congo, under laboratory conditions. Associated with ants Camponotus, Crematogaster, Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). (Cudjoe, Neuenschwander & Copland, 1993).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matile-Ferrero (1977), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

STRUCTURE: In life, species pinkish, covered in a white mealy secretion, with tufts of flocculent waxy secretion at posterior end and around margins. (Parsa, et al., 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: The species is most similar in life to Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams which is yellowish and reproduces bi-parentally. However, P. manihoti always reproduces parthenogenetically. (Parsa, et al., 2012.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Several non-preferred host species can support P. manihoti reproduction, but only cassava is known to experience significant damage by this insect. When it feeds on cassava, P. manihoti causes severe distortion of terminal shoots, yellowing and curling of leaves, reduced internodes, stunting, and weakening of stems used for crop propagation. (Parsa, et al., 2012) The ants, Camponotus, Crematogaster, Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), interfere in the biological control of the cassava mealybug in Ghana. (Cudjoe, Neuenschwander & Copland, 1993). The parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) - Encyrtidae is the most successful natural enemy that became established in 26 African countries (Neuenschwander, 2001). Predictions for invasion of Asia by P. manihoti, maps and models analysed in Parsa, et al., 2012.

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: AgricoFi1991 [economic importance, biological control: 127-132]; AllardSkNe1994 [host, distribution, biological control]; AuamriSh1986 [biological control, physiology, ecology: 73-82]; Ayanru1987 [economic importance, ecology: 5-10]; BellotCaRe1983 [biological control: 82]; BellotHeVa1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 441-470]; BellotKa1980 [biological control: 312-335]; BellotReGu1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 393-416]; BellotReVa1984 [life history, economic importance, ecology, biological control: 21-26]; BellotSc1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-5]; BellotSc1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 341-392]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 330]; BennetYa1978 [biological control: 59-69]; Bhatna1984 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-78]; Bin1991 [life history, biological control]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BogranHeCi2002 [life history, ecology: 653-668]; BorowkHeHu2005 [host, distribution, economic importance: 18-26]; Boussi1988 [host, distribution, biological control: 277-283]; CABI1984 [distribution]; Calata2000 [life history, physiology, chemistry: 81-86]; CalataAuTh2001 [life history, chemistry, biological control: 2203-2217]; CalataBoNi1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, structure: 242-245]; CalataDeGu1998 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 325-329]; CalataLe1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 391-398]; CalataLe1997 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 59-66]; CalataNaRa1996 [life history, physiology, control: 239-241]; CalataRaDe1994 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 45-57]; CalataRaTj1994 [life history, physiology, host: 219-232]; CalataRoLe1997 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 427-432]; CalataRu2006 [economic importance, life history, control, host, distribution: 1-110]; CalataSePo2001 [life history, physiology, biological control, host: 271-278]; CalataTeLe1992 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 255-257]; CalataTeLe1994 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 453-459]; ChakupMaNe1994 [biological control: 254-262]; ChakupMaNe1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 19-25]; CudjoeNeCo1992 [biological control: 77-82]; CudjoeNeCo1993 [biological control: 15-22]; DornMaBe2001 [life history, biological control: 331-339]; DornMaBe2003 [life history, biological control: 1-10]; DreyerNeBa1997 [biological control: 249-256]; DreyerNeBo1997 [biological control: 85-92]; EmehutEg1991 [life history, biological control, economic importance: 144-145]; EtzelLe1999 [biological control: 125-197]; Fabres1980a [biological control: 81-83]; Fabres1981 [life history: 483-486]; Fabres1981a [life history: 84-87]; Fabres1981c [biological control: 145-146]; Fabres1981d [biological control: 3-8]; Fabres1989 [life history: 35-42]; FabresBo1981 [biological control: 82-89]; FabresKi1985 [biological control, economic importance: 339-348]; FabresKiEp1981 [biological control, host, distribution: 3-8]; FabresLeKi1986 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 1-114]; FabresMa1980 [biological control: 509-515]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; Fursch1987 [biological control: 387-394]; GiordaNe1990a [biological control: 155-163]; Goerge1992 [biological control, economic importance: 1-140]; GoergeNe1992 [biological control: 182-189]; Granar2003 [host, distribution: 81]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77,84]; Greath1986 [biological control: 289-318]; GreathGr1992 [biological control: 61-68]; GutierNeSc1988 [biological control: 921-940]; GutierWeSc1987 [economic importance, biological control: 919-925]; GutierWeSc1988 [biological control, chemical control: 901-920]; HammonNe1990 [biological control: 515-526]; HammonNeHe1987 [biological control, economic importance: 887-891]; HaugHeNa1987 [life history, biological control: 879-881]; Hawkin1994 [biological control: 3]; HennesNeMu1990 [host, distribution, biological control: 103-107]; Herren1981 [economic importance, biological control: 79-80]; Herren1981a [host, distribution, control, economic importance: 1-4]; Herren1982 [economic importance: 1]; HerrenLa1983 [economic importance, biological control: 87]; HerrenLe1982 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 185]; HerrenLeNe1983 [biological control: 782]; HerrenNe1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 257-283]; IITA1982a [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 1-128]; IITA1985a [host, distribution, biological control: 35-39]; IITA1986 [host, distribution, biological control: 25]; IITA1986a [host, distribution, biological control: 105-106]; IITA1986b [host, distribution, biological control: 107-109]; James1987 [economic importance, host, distribution: 61-66]; JervisCo1996 [biological control: 63]; Kampan1992 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control]; KaydanCaUl2013 [economic importance: 169]; KoganGeMa1999 [biological control: 789-818]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; KondoGuPo2012 [biological control: 13]; KraaijVa1986 [biological control, life history: 1986]; LangenVa1987 [biological control, physiology: 429-430]; LemaHe1982 [biological control: 68-69]; LemaHe1985a [life history, ecology: 165-169]; LeRiiMi2002 [host, life history, ecology: 175-182]; LeRuCa1994 [economic importance, host, distribution: 385-390]; LeRuIz1990 [life history: 741-754]; LeRuIz1990a [biological control: 173-183]; LeRuMa2001 [life history, physiology, biological control, economic importance: 557-572]; LeRuMi2000 [biological control: 209-212]; LohrVaSa1990 [biological control: 417-425]; LozanoNo1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 595-609]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Matile1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-152]; MinkoBe2005 [host, distribution: 136-140]; MinkoFo1999 [biological control: 171-174]; Moore1988 [biological control: 209-225]; MuniapShWa2011 [biological control, distribution, economic importance, host,: 168-171]; MuniapWaVa2012 [distribution: 1-5]; Neuens1993 [biological control: 143-177]; Neuens2001 [biological control: 214-229]; NeuensBoPh1991 [biological control: 297-310]; NeuensHa1988 [biological control: 894-902]; NeuensHaAj1989 [host, distribution, biological control: 409-420]; NeuensHaGu1989 [biological control: 579-594]; NeuensHaHe1991 [biological control: 120-127]; NeuensHe1988 [biological control: 319-333]; NeuensMa2001 [biological control: 127-146]; NeuensScMa1986 [distribution, biological control: 133-138]; NicoleBoVa1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 19-28]; Noyes1984 [host, distribution, biological control: 529-533]; NsiiamOdHe1984 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 87-93]; Nweke1994 [host, distribution, economic importance: 407-417]; Nweke2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 118]; OdebiyBo1986 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 251-260]; Okonkw2002 [host, life history: 29-35]; OuvrarKoGu2013 [biological control, distribution, economic importance, illustration: 2]; ParsaKoWi2012 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure, taxonomy: 1-11]; PolaniCaBe1999 [life history, physiology, host: 1-9]; RazafiDaDe1999 [life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 127-136]; ReitzTr2002 [biological control, ecology: 435-465]; RenardCaPi1998 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 429-450]; RenardLeCa1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 59-62]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; RueMa2001 [life history, biological control: 557-572]; RueMi2000 [life history, host, biological control: 209-212]; Samway1981a [biological control, host, distribution: 1]; SchultBaDe1991 [economic importance, life history: 155-165]; SchultChGo2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 261-272]; SheOd1984 [life history, biological control: 87-93]; Singh1982 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 70-72]; SinghLu1982 [host, ecology, biological control: 23-27]; SouissCaLe1996 [biological control, life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 65-67]; Staubl1995 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 1-95]; StaublBaNe1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 656]; StaublBaNe1997 [biological control: 21-28]; TertulCaLe1999 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 91-98]; TertulDoLe1993 [economic importance, biological control, life history: 657-665]; ThreshOtFa1994 [host, distribution, economic importance: 337-592]; ThreshOtFa1998 [life history, disease transmission: 670-677]; TsacasCh1999 [biological control: 107, 112, 114]; Umeh1988 [life history, biological control: 605-611]; VanAlpJe1996 [biological control: 1]; vandenHaVa1988 [biological control: 1063-1077]; VanDijVa1991a [life history, biological control: 195-201]; vanDijVaVa1988 [biological control: 1097-1108]; vanLen2003b [host, distribution, biological control: 167-179]; WaageGr1988 [biological control: 111-128]; Watson1997 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 3]; Willia1986c [distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy: 49-50]; WilliaCoYa1981 [host, distribution, biological control: 88]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375-377]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 147]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 524]; WinotaGoTa2010 [biological control, distribution, economic importance: 10N-11N]; YanineSc1993 [economic importance, biological control: 305-324]; Yaseen1980a [host, distribution, biological control: 37-39]; Yaseen1980b [host, distribution, biological control: 41-49].



Phenacoccus maritimus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus maritimus Danzig, 1971: 377. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on Picea ajanensis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pinaceae: Picea ajanensis [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, Danzig2004].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Oviposition begins in June.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1971, 1980b, 2004).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Danzig 2004: 532 (female) [Phenacoccus species on firs]; Russo 1994: 282 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 528 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1971: 376 (female) [Group of Phenacoccus piceae].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 330-331]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377-378]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-131]; Danzig2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 535-536]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 198]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 541].



Phenacoccus matricariae Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus matricariae Savescu, 1984: 152. Type data: ROMANIA: Bihor District, Oradea, on Matricaria chamomilla. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Matricaria camomilla [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 331]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-153].



Phenacoccus megaulus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus megaulus McKenzie, 1967: 266. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Inyo County, near Big Pine, on Stephanomeria sp. prob. pauciflora. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: large-duct mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Asteraceae: Stephanomeria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 331]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 266-267].



Phenacoccus memorabilis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus memorabilis Borchsenius, 1949: 235. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Yeravshansk Ridge, on leaves of barley. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation danzig, 2003: 359. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 31-45. Described: female.

Caulococcus memorabilis; Tang, 1992: 431. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Hordeum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig2003]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2003).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 56 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 331]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 235-236]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 358-359]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 200]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 431-432].



Phenacoccus meridionalis Gómez-Menor Ortega

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus meridionalis Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1948: 102. Type data: SPAIN: Aguilas, Lorca and Puerto Mazarron, on the roots of Salsolaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IEEM. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Halogeton sativum [GomezM1965, Martin1985], Salsola [Martin1985]. Salsolaceae [GomezM1948, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Spain [GomezM1948, BenDov1994] [GomezM1948, GomezM1965, Martin1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gomez-Menor Ortega (1948).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 331]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102]; GomezM1965 [host, distribution: 113]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 95].



Phenacoccus mexicanus (Miller & McKenzie)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cataenococcus mexicanus Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 566. Type data: MEXICO: Tlaxcala, Apizaco, on Compositae. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo mexicanus; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 52. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus mexicanus; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 377. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: densepored mealybug [MillerMc1971].



HOST: Asteraceae [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Miller & McKenzie (1971), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Von Ellenrieder & Stocks 2014: 35 (female) [Portion of Williams & Granara de Willink’s (1992) key to adult female Paracoccus species modified to incorporate P. gillianae]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 347 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 566 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 332]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79,86]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 52]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 566-568]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377-379].



Phenacoccus meymeryani Bodenheimer

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus meymeryani Bodenheimer, 1943: 18. Type data: IRAQ: Addaye, on Teucrium orientalis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Teucrium orientalis [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 332-333]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-19].



Phenacoccus minimus Tinsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus minimus Tinsley, 1898b: 223. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Larimer County, Fort Collins, on Picea pungens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Phenacoccus kuwanae Coleman, 1903: 62. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Siskiyou County, Salmon Mountains, on Picea breweriana. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 152.

Phenacoccus minutus; Danzig, 1971: 376. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: minimus mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Picea breweriana [Colema1903, BenDov1994], Picea pungens [Tinsle1898b, BenDov1994], Picea rubens [Koszta1996]. Salicaceae: Populus tremuloides [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]); United States of America (Arizona [Koszta1996], California [Colema1903, BenDov1994], Colorado [Tinsle1898b, BenDov1994], Montana [Koszta1996], New Mexico [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], Wyoming [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the needles of spruce. Ferris (1950b) comments that the record of this species from Populus from Canada is probably based on stragglers from spruce.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 161 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Russo 1994: 281 (female) [World]; Danzig 1971: 376 (female) [Group of Phenacoccus piceae]; McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 715 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 397 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 333]; Colema1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 62]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-153]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 110]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-269]; Tinsle1898b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 223].



Phenacoccus montanus (Hadzibejli)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paroudables montanus; Hadzibejli, 1959: 575. Misspelling of genus name.

Paroudables montanus Hadzibejli, 1959a: 575. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: on Abies nordmanniana and Picea orientalis. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus montanus; Danzig, 1980: 130. Change of combination.

Paroudablis montanus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70.

Phenacoccus montanus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 333. Revived combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphycus sumavicus Hoffer [Trjapi1989, Yasnos2001].

HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies nordmanniana [Hadzib1959a, BenDov1994], Picea orientalis [Hadzib1959a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1959a, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1959a).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Danzig 2004: 532 (female) [Phenacoccus species on firs]; Russo 1994: 282 (female) [World]; Danzig 1971: 376 (female) [Group of Phenacoccus piceae].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 333]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy: 130]; Danzig2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 536]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 198]; Hadzib1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 575-582]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 70]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 216]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].



Phenacoccus multicerarii Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus multicerarii Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 79. Type data: VENEZUELA: Caracas, on undetermined plant; collected Macuzzi, 1949. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [GranarSz2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution].



Phenacoccus multisetosus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus multisetosus McKenzie, 1967: 268. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Inyo County, Westguard Pass, on Pteryxia petraea. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: multiple-setae mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Chrysothamnus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Tetradymia canescens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Pteryxia petraea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 334]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268, 270-271].



Phenacoccus neimengulicus Wu, S.A.

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus neimengulicus Wu, S.A., 2000a: 64, 71. Type data: CHINA: INNER MONGOLIA, Alxa Youqi, on roots of Salsola passerina; collected by Li Jie, 15.vii.1990. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Salsola passerina [Wu2000a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Wu2000a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Wu (2000a).

KEYS: Wu, S.A. 2000a: 68-69 (female) [Phenacoccus species of China].

CITATIONS: Wu2000a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64,71].



Phenacoccus neohordei Marotta

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus neohordei Marotta, 1992a: 89. Type data: ITALY: Campania, Centola, Capo Palinuro, on Ferula communis. Holotype female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Centaurea parlatoris [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Crassulaceae: Sedum acre [Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lotus maritimus [Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Daucus carota [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994], Ferula communis [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Foeniculum vulgare [Marott1992a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [RussoMa1997].

BIOLOGY: Several collections of the original descriptions were taken on roots of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Marotta (1992a).

KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 334]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-92]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 203].



Phenacoccus nurmamatovi Bazarov

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus nurmamatovi Bazarov, 1979: 44. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Vakhshsk Valley near Gandschin, on Avena sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Caulococcus nurmamatovi; Tang, 1992: 432. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus nurmamatovi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 334. Revived combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Avena [Bazaro1979, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1979, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: The species lives under the leaf sheaths of gramineans. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1979). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female. Body elongate, parallelsided, pale green, up to 4 mm long. Antennae 8- or 9-segmented. Legs with slender segments. Circulus absent. Multilocular pores forming transverse rows on tergites V-VII, present on 4-5 posterior abdominal sternites and, occasionally, near spiracles. Quinquelocular pores numerous. Dorsal tubular ducts present on posterior abdominal segments only, in groups along margins and in medial part of tergites V-VII. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-46]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 334]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 214-215]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 432-433].



Phenacoccus orcinus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus orcinus De Lotto, 1964: 368. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Stellenbosch, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of grass.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1974: 111 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 334]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-369].



Phenacoccus orientalis (Bazarov)

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus orientalis Bazarov, 1971b: 93. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Bamchskogo Ridge, on Cousinia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Spinococcus orientalis; Tang, 1992: 565. Change of combination.

Peliococcus orientalis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 296. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus orientalis; Kaydan, 2014: 213. Change of combination.

Erimococcus orientalis; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 394-396. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Cousinia [Bazaro1971b, BenDov1994, Danzig2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkmenistan [Bazaro1971b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1971b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992) and by Danzig (2001).

SYSTEMATICS: This species has oral collar tubular ducts of a different shape and structure from those of Erimococcus or Peliococcus, and Kaydan, 2015 transferred it to the genus Phenacoccus.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 555 (female) [China]; Bazarov 1971b: 91 (female) [Central Asia].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1971b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-95]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 296]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136, 139]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 566].



Phenacoccus ornatus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus ornatus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 81. Type data: ARGENTINA: La Rioja, Cuesta de Miranda, on Zuccagnia punctata; collected L. Claps, 21.ix.1991. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Suaeda divaricata [GranarSz2007]. Fabaceae: Zuccagnia punctata [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (La Rioja [GranarSz2007], Salta [GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81,85,90].



Phenacoccus palghaticus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus palghaticus Williams, 2004a: 603. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Palghat District, Kollangad, near Sirvani, on grass (swept); Collected P. Topal, 27.iii.1980. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 602-603].



Phenacoccus parietariae (Lichtenstein)

NOMENCLATURE:

Boisduvalia parietariae Lichtenstein, 1881a: cxv. Type data: FRANCE: on Parietaria diffusa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Oudablis parietariae; Cockerell, 1899j: 265. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus parietariae; Fernald, 1903b: 107. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus parietariae; Goux, 1931: 333. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Goux1931, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Parietaria [Martin1985], Parietaria diffusa [Lichte1881a, BenDov1994], Parietaria officinalis [Goux1931, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Lichte1881a, Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Spain [Martin1985]; Yugoslavia [Masten2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Balachowsky (1931a) discussed with great detail account on the identity and morphology of this species.

CITATIONS: Balach1931a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 100-101]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 335]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 265]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 107]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Goux1931 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 333]; Lichte1881a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: cxv-cxvi]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242].



Phenacoccus parietaricola Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus parietaricola Goux, 1938b: 144. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, on Parietaria officinalis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Crassulaceae: Umbilicus pendulinus [Goux1938b]. Lamiaceae: Ajuga iva [Goux1938c]. Papaveraceae: Chelidonium majus [Goux1938b]. Urticaceae: Parietaria officinalis [Goux1938c].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Goux1938b, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1938b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 335]; DanzigGa2014 [illustration: 13]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Goux1938b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-147].



Phenacoccus parvus Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus parvus Morrison, 1924a: 147. Type data: ECUADOR: Galapagos Islands, Tover, on bush near shore. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus surinamensis Green, 1933: 51. Type data: SURINAM: on Labiatae. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams & Cox, 1984: 139.

COMMON NAMES: Hime-nasu-kona-kaigaramusi [TanakaUe2012]; Lantana mealybug [SwarbrDo1991].



HOSTS: Actinidiaceae: Actinidia deliciosa [GonzalCu1994]. Amaranthaceae: Alternathera ficoidea [Granar2003], Amaranthus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [SwarbrDo1991]. Apocynaceae: Rauwolfia serpentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepias [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Callistephus chinensis L. [SridhaJoJh2012], Chrysanthemum [SwarbrDo1991, Willia2004a], Cichorium [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Conyza bonariensis [SwarbrDo1991], Emilia sonchifolia [MartinLa2011], Helianthus annuus [SwarbrDo1991], Lecocarpus pinnatifidus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mikania micrantha [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Mikania scandens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pluchea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sonchus oleraceus [SwarbrDo1991], Tagetes minuta [SwarbrDo1991], Vernonia amygdalis [BoussiMa1987, BenDov1994], Wedelia trilobata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, BenDovGoSa2005]. Bignoniaceae: Macfadyena unguis-cati [SwarbrDo1991]. Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris [SwarbrDo1991]. Convolvulaceae: Argyreia nervosa [MatileEt2006], Convolvulus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Ipomoea arborescens [BoussiMa1987, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucumis sativus [SwarbrDo1991]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton flavens [MatileEt2006], Euphorbia heterophylla [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Willia2004a], Mallotus claoxyloides [SwarbrDo1991]. Fabaceae: Glycine max [SwarbrDo1991], Macroptilium atropurpureum [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994, SwarbrDo1991], Phaseolus atropurpureum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Allium sativum [SwarbrDo1991], Protoasparagus africanus [SwarbrDo1991]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus [SwarbrDo1991], Gossypium [SwarbrDo1991], Sida [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Sida acuta [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Sida cordifolia [SwarbrDo1991], Sida rhombifolia [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, SwarbrDo1991], Sida subapicata [SwarbrDo1991]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae: Oncidium [Willia2004a]. Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Panicum maximum trichoglume [SwarbrDo1991], Saccharum officinarum [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rheum rhababarum [SwarbrDo1991]. Rhamnaceae: Alphitonia excelsa [SwarbrDo1991], Scutia [Granar2003]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia [AbdRabGeMa2010]. Rutaceae: Murraya paniculata [Willia2004a]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [GranarScTe1997, SwarbrDo1991, Granar2003, Willia2004a], Capsicum frutescens [BoussiMa1987, BenDov1994], Cestrum [BenDovGoSa2005], Cestrum diurnum [WilliaHa1994], Cestrum nocturnum [BenDov2012], Lycium ferocissimum [SwarbrDo1991], Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, SwarbrDo1991, Willia2004a], Solanum aethiopicum [Matile1986, BenDov1994], Solanum macranthum [Matile1986, BenDov1994], Solanum melongena [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum nigrum [BoussiMa1987, BenDov1994], Solanum stelligerum stelligerum [SwarbrDo1991], Solanum torvum [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Apium graveolens [SwarbrDo1991], Daucus carota [SwarbrDo1991]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum philippinum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Lantana [GranarCl2003], Lantana camara [WilliaCo1984, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2003, BenDovGoSa2005], Lippia nudiflora [Willia2004a], Priva laevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [Matile1986, BenDov1994]; Gabon [BoussiMa1987, BenDov1994]; Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014]; Senegal [Matile1986, BenDov1994]; Seychelles [GermaiAtBa2008]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [SwarbrDo1991]); Fiji [HodgsoLa2011]; New Caledonia [WilliaCo1984, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Florida [WilliaHa1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Barbuda [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Cordoba [Granar2003], Tucuman [GranarCl2003, Granar2003, GranarSz2007]); Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cayman Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Chile [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GonzalCu1994]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaCo1984, BenDov1994]; Dominica [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [Morris1924a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Nicaragua [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Nevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Lucia [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Suriname [Green1933, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [GranarScTe1997]. Oriental: India (Karnataka [SridhaJoJh2012], Odisha [Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995, Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Egypt [AbdRabGeMa2010]; France [AbdRabGeMa2010]; Israel [BenDovGoSa2005, BenDov2012]; Japan [TanakaUe2012].

BIOLOGY: Survival and development of the mealybug Phenacoccus parvus Morrison did not differ on Lantana camara L., Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, and Solanum melongena L., but Gossypium hirsutum L., Ageratum houstonianum Miller, and Clerodendrum cunninghamii Benth were less suitable hosts. (Qin, et al., 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gonzalez & Curkovic (1994).

SYSTEMATICS: This species resembles Ph. defectus, Ph. solani, and Ph. solenopsis in its general morphology. Ph. parvus has quinquelocular pores on its ventral surface; however, Ph. defectus, Ph. solani, and Ph. solenopsis do not have the pores on their venter (Hodgson et al. 2008)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: In Australia, Queenslande, this mealybug developed heavy populations on Lantana camara and caused damage to this weed, to the extent that this mealybug species was considered a biological control agent. However, Swarbrick & Donaldson (1991) demonstrated its wide range of host plants. In India, P. parvus infested the roots and collar region of ornamental flower crops. About 25% of the plants were infested and showed stunted growth and did not bear flowers seen in healthy plants. (Sridhar, et al., 2012)

KEYS: Tanaka & Uesatio 2012: 414 (female) [Key to separate four new invasive mealybug species: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Ph. defectus, Ph. parvus and P. solenopsis from other mealybugs occurring in the Ryukyu Archipelago]; Abd-Rabou et al. 2010: 509 (female) [Phenacoccus species in Egypt]; Abd-Rabou et al. 2010: 509 (female) [Key to the species of Phenacoccus in Egypt]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 159 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: AbdRabGeMa2010 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 509-510]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 335]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 36, 44]; BenDovGoSa2005 [host, distribution: 325-326]; BoussiMa1987 [host, distribution: 8]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; CostelWe2014 [host: 1194]; GermaiAtBa2008 [host, distribution: 129-135]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution, host: 24]; Gonzal2011 [description, host, illustration, taxonomy: 155-158]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; Granar2003 [host, distribution: 81]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 97, 98]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85,87,92]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 10, 16, 20]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 144]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 8, 29]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; MalausFeWa2011 [distribution, molecular data , phylogeny: 142-155]; Malump2012b [distribution: 211]; Maroha1997 [behaviour, host, life history: 239-246]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; Matile1986 [host, distribution: 212]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 181]; Morris1924a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-148]; MuniapShWa2011 [distribution: 168]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5-9]; QinWuQi2011 [host: 1127]; SridhaJoJh2012 [description, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure: 108-109]; SwarbrDo1991 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 68-69]; TanakaUe2012 [biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 413-419]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 45]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 604-605]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 92]; WilliaCo1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 139]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 379-381]; WilliaHa1994 [host, distribution: 16]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 524]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-159].



Phenacoccus pauculus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus pauculus De Lotto, 1964: 369. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living of the roots of grass.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 336]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 369].



Phenacoccus pauperatus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus pauperatus Ferris, 1950b: 154. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, on Eriogonum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: pauper mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Eriophyllum confertiflorum [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 315 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 336]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-155]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 271-273].



Phenacoccus pergandei Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus pergandei Cockerell, 1896i: 55. Type data: JAPAN: on 'Gumi'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Phenacoccus pargandei; Kuwana, 1907: 185. Misspelling of species name.

Pseudococcus katsurae Shinji, 1935b: 773. Type data: JAPAN: Morioka, on Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Enkianthus japonicus, Taxus cuspidata and T. cuspidata var. depressa. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Kanda, 1941d: 24. Notes: Type material lost, S. Takagi, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Pseudococcus katsure; Tao, 1999: 23. Misspelling of species name.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus nagasakiensis (Ishii) [Tachik1956f], Anagyrus pergandei Dang & Wang [DangWa2002], Cerapterocroides japonicus Ashmead [Tachik1984].

HOSTS: Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994]. Cercidiphyllaceae: Cercidiphyllum japonicus [Shinji1935b, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Enkianthus japonicus [Shinji1935b, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994], Ficus erecta [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994], Prunus yedoensis [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994]. Taxaceae: Taxus cuspidata [Shinji1935b, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Celtis sinensis japonica [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994], Zelkova serrata [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Japan [Cocker1896i, Shinji1935b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992). Danzig (1980b) synonymized this species with P. aceris, however, Takahashi & Tashikawa (1956), Kawai (1980) and Tang (1992) regarded it as a distinct species.

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980).

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439518 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Kanda 1943a: 43 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: Cocker1896i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55-56]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; ComperAn1961 [host, distribution, biological control: 17]; DangWa2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 289-300]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy: 124]; HashimHiMu1971 [chemistry: 100-109]; Kanda1935a [host, distribution: 170]; Kanda1941e [taxonomy: 24]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 8]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 185]; Shinji1935b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 773]; Tachik1956f [host, distribution, biological control: 146]; Tachik1984 [biological control: 41-44]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 4]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 543-544, 742]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 84-85]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66].



Phenacoccus perillustris Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus perillustris Borchsenius, 1949: 215. Type data: TAJIKISTAN: Gissarsk Ridge, on Lonicera sp.; collected N. Borchsenius, 16.vii.1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 337. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 215. Described: female.

Phenacoccus perilustris; Danzig, 2006a: 201. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Berberidaceae: Berberis vulgaris [Moghad2010]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera tatarica [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Wu2000a]. Oleaceae: Jasminum nudiflorum [Wu2000a]. Sapindaceae [Moghad2013]. Tiliaceae: Tilia mongolica [Wu2000a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Beijing (=Peking) [Wu2000a], Shaanxi (=Shensi) [Wu2000a]); Iran [Moghad2010]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Danzig2003]; Mongolia [Danzig2006a]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [Danzig2003]; Uzbekistan (Tashkent Oblast [Danzig2003]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of Artemisia in Kazakhstan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2003). Description refined in Danzig (2006a). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female: Conidcal setae short.

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 46 [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran]; Moghaddam 2010: 67 (female) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [PHenacoccus species of China]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 336]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 337-338]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 198]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 56-57, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 69]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 544-545]; Wu2000a [host, distribution: 66,69-70].



Phenacoccus persimilis Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus persimilis Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 87. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, Taff del Valle (altitude 2600 meters), on roots of undetermined plant; collected Granara de Willink, xi.2003. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89,93].



Phenacoccus persimplex Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus persimplex Borchsenius, 1949: 221. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: on Artemisia sp.; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 2.vi.1940. Lectotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 59-71. Described: female.

Spinococcus persimplex; Tang, 1992: 566. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus persimplex; Ben-Dov, 1994: 336. Revived combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphycus slavai Myartseva [Trjapi1989], Mohelencyrtus phenacocci Myartseva [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Apiaceae [KaydanKo2010a]. Asteraceae: Artemisia sp. [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, KaydanKo2010a], Matricaria sp. [KaydanKo2010a]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Danzig2003]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Kazakhstan (Alma Ata Oblast [Danzig2003], Dzhambul Oblast [Danzig2003], Semipaltinsk Oblast [Danzig2003]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig2003]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Danzig (2003). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 555 (female) [China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 336-337]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 221-222]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 347-349]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 198]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 36]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 566-567]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-147]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 158, 217].



Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 89. Type data: PERU: Lima, on Alternathera sp.; collected O. Oliveiras, vii.1975. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 7510053. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Justicia suberecta [BeltraSoGe2010]. Amaranthaceae: Alternanthera [GranarSz2007]. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sericifera [BeltraSoGe2010]. Asteraceae: Baccharis [GranarSz2007], Eupatorium [GranarSz2007]. Aucubaceae: Aucuba japonica [BeltraSoGe2010]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum laetum [BeltraSoGe2010]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [BeltraSoGe2010], Bougainvillea glabra [BeltraSoGe2010]. Scrophulariaceae: Budleja [BeltraSoGe2010]. Solanaceae: Cestrum [GranarSz2007], Solanum vespertilio [BeltraSoGe2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Santiago del Estero [GranarSz2007], Tucuman [GranarSz2007]); Peru [GranarSz2007]. Palaearctic: Corsica [BeltraSoGe2010]; France [BeltraSoGe2010]; Greece [GkountMi2013]; Italy [BeltraSoGe2010]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011] (First record for Madeira; collected on Bougainvillea sp. in Funchal, by A.M.F. Aguiar (29-05-2001; 12-06-2002), by the Phytossanitary Services (2-07-2001), and by A. Azevedo (30-08-2001); in Câmara de Lobos, by A.M.F. Aguiar (22-08-2002), and by V. Balmés (10-11-2010); and in Porto Santo, by A.M.F. Aguiar (25-07-2001). All specimens were identified by A.M.F. Aguiar, except those collected in 2010, whose identification was carried out by J.-F. Germain.); Monaco [BeltraSoGe2010]; Portugal [BeltraSoGe2010]; Sicily [MalumpEy2011]; Spain [BeltraSoGe2010]; United Kingdom (England [BeltraSoGe2010]).

BIOLOGY: Adult and nymph bougainvillea mealybugs mainly feed on the lower surfaces of the foliage, but are also found on the growing shoots, bark, and occasionally the upper leaf surfaces. The mealybug completed multiple overlapping generations within a year with intense ßuctuations in abundance. Mealybug density increased in spring and reached its peak at the end of this season or in early summer (June and July). Afterwards, populations decreased and the presence of the insect was almost undetectable in autumn and winter. There were no seasonal migrations between plant strata and the location of the mealybugs remained stable along the spring and summer. P. peruvianus shows a preference for settling on bracts. This distribution could play a significant role in its survival, because bracts offer good protection against climatic fluctuations and the action of contact pesticides.(Beltrá, et al., 2013)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007). Colour photographs in Malumphy & Eyre, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Adult females are elongate oval, greyish with a green tinge, covered in a thin layer of mealy white wax, and attain a length of 3 mm. First instars are a pale-orange colour. (Malumphy & Eyre, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Based on molecular data, Beltra, et al., 2012 stated that Ph. pervianus appears to be more closely related to P. parvus than P. solani and P. madeirensis. However, Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007) placed Ph. peruvianus closer to P. madeirensis.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Phenacoccus peruvianus has caused significant damage to ornamental bougainvillea plants, ruining their aesthetic appearance and reducing their market value. Large mealybug populations cause necrosis of the foliage, leaf loss, die back and molds grow on the excreted honeydew. (Malumphy & Eyre, 2011)

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: BeltraGaSo2013 [behaviour, distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history: 1486-1494]; BeltraSoGe2010 [host, distribution: 137-143]; BeltraSoMa2012 [molecular data, phylogenetics: 167-171]; CABI2014 [distribution: Map 783]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution, host: 19.25]; GkountMi2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 16-18]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; HalimaGeMd2014 [distribution: 1]; KaydanCaUl2013 [distribution: 169]; MalumpEy2011 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure: 1-4]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 6]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85. 86].



Phenacoccus phenacoccoides gallicus (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus phenacoccoides gallicus Goux, 1941a: 38. Type data: FRANCE: Tamaris, Var, on Brachypodium pinnatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Brachypodium pinnatum [Goux1941a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1941a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1941a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 525]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1941a [taxonomy, description: 38, 41].



Phenacoccus piceae (Löw)

NOMENCLATURE:

Boisduvalia piceae Löw, 1883b: 267. Type data: AUSTRIA: on Abietis excelsae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Oudablis piceae; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus (Oudablis) piceae; Cockerell, 1900f: 86. Change of combination.

Paroudablis piceae; Fernald, 1903b: 89. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus piceae; Fernald, 1903b: 92. Revived combination.

Peukinococcus piceae; Šulc, 1944a: 2. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus piceae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 337. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus picaea; Gertsson, 2001: 125. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: spruce mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus quadripustulatus [KosztaKo1988F]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Allotropa mecrida [KosztaKo1988F], Anagyrus schmuttereri [KosztaKo1988F], Aphycus sumavicus Hoffer [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989], Eunotus nigriclavis [KosztaKo1988F], Eusemon cornigerum (Walker) [Trjapi1989], Microterys subcupratus (Dalman) [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989], Pseudaphycus austriacus Mercet [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989], Tetracnemoidea piceae (Erdos) [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989], Tetracnemus diversicornis Westwood [Schmut1955b, KosztaKo1988F]. Pteromalidae: Eunotus nigriclavis (Forster) [Schmut1955b].

HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Picea abies [Ossian1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, Gertss2000, Kozar1999a, MalumpOsPy2010], Picea excelsa [Low1883b, Goux1931, Goux1933a, KotejaZa1966, Tsalev1968, BenDov1994], Picea obovata [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994], Picea orientalis [KozarGuBa1994]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Tang1984b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Low1883b, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [Tsalev1968, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; China [Tang1984b, BenDov1994]; Czech Republic [Sulc1944a, BenDov1994]; Estonia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1931, Goux1933a, BenDov1994]; Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, BenDov1994, Kozar1999a]; Italy [OlmiCuSa1979, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Latvia [Rasina1959, BenDov1994]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009, MalumpOsPy2010]; Mongolia [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Lagows1996]; Romania [Kozar1985, BenDov1994, FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]); Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Sweden [Ossian1985, BenDov1994, Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [Marcha1908, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994]; Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; Yugoslavia [Masten2007].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the needles of the host plant. Natural enemies listed by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988F). Biology and ecology discussed by Kozarzhevskaya (1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Marchal (1908), Sulc (1944a), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (2004).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Danzig 2004: 532 (female) [Phenacoccus species on firs]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Russo 1994: 281 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 122 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Danzig 1971: 376 (female) [Group of Phenacoccus piceae]; Borchsenius 1949: 238 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 337-338]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 238-239]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 325]; Cocker1900b [taxonomy: 85-87]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 197]; Danzig2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 534-535]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 197]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy: 89, 92]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 300]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 149-150]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2011 [distribution: 40]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 235]; Kaweck1935 [host, distribution: 75]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 131-132]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 317]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 673]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 142]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 71]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Low1883 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267]; Malump2011a [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 49,52-53]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 49,53]; MalumpOsPy2009 [host, distribution: 121]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 255]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-245]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 352]; OlmiCuSa1979 [host, distribution: 1-6]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 145]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 69]; Rasina1959 [host, distribution: 110]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution: 396-397]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 511,519]; Schmut1980 [host, distribution: 50]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 101]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Sulc1944a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-50]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 125]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 545-546]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 159, 168, 216, 220]; Tsalev1968 [host, distribution: 207].



Phenacoccus pratti Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus pratti Takahashi, 1951a: 20. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaya, Cameron Highlands, on Eucalyptus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 607. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Caulococcus pratti; Tang, 1992: 434. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus pratti; Ben-Dov, 1994: 338. Revived combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590=591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 338]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-21]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 434-435]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 606-610].



Phenacoccus prope (near) schmelevi



HOSTS: Apiaceae [KaydanKo2010a]. Brassicaceae: Alyssum SP [KaydanKo2010a]. Poaceae [KaydanKo2010a]. Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum sp. [KaydanKo2010a]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].

CITATIONS: KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 37].



Phenacoccus prosopidis Bodenheimer

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus prosopidis Bodenheimer, 1943: 20. Type data: IRAQ: Basra, on Prosopis stephaniana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Prosopis stephaniana [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 339]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20].



Phenacoccus proximus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus proximus De Lotto, 1974: 111. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Richtersveld, Numees Mine, on Pachypodium namaquanum. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Apocynaceae: Pachypodium namaquanum [DeLott1974, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1974, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1974).

KEYS: De Lotto 1974: 111 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 339]; DeLott1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-113].



Phenacoccus prunispinosi Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus prunispinosi Savescu, 1984: 152. Type data: ROMANIA: Constanta District, Ostrov, on Prunus spinosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rosaceae: Prunus spinosa [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 339]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154].



Phenacoccus psidiarum Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus gossypii psidiarum Cockerell, 1903a: 164. Type data: MEXICO: Zapotlan, Jalisco, on wild guava [= Psidium guajava]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 381. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Phenacoccus psidiarum; Ferris, 1953a: 400. Change of status.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Cocker1903a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1903a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarSz2007].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and bark of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 339]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 164]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 400]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91,95,98]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 381-384].



Phenacoccus pumilus Kiritshenko

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus latus Kiritshenko, 1931: 314. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccus pumilus Kiritshenko, 1931: 314. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccus latus Kiritshenko, 1936a: 132. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, from various host plants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 233.

Phenacoccus pumilus Kiritshenko, 1936a: 134. Type data: GEORGIA: Tbilisi, on Inula conyza; collected Koenig, 15.vii.1927. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 349. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 230-39. Described: female.

Phenacoccus pseudopumilus Hadzibejli, 1960: 62. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Vashlovan reserve, on Artemisia meyeriana and A. eldarica. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus pumilus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 339. Revived combination.

Phenacoccus pseudopumilus Danzig, 2006a: 202-203. Synonymy by Danzig, 2006a: 202-203.

COMMON NAME: dwarf mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus retroflexus [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Amaranthus viridis [KaydanKiKo2005], Halocharis sulpurea [Moghad2013]. Apiaceae: Falcaria [KaydanKiKo2005], Prangos odontalgica [Gavril2006], Sium [KaydanKiKo2005], Turgenia [KaydanKiKo2005], Zosima absinthifolia [KaydanKiKo2005]. Asteraceae: Achillea [KaydanKiKo2005], Achillea herberi [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994], Achillea millefolium [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Anthemis [KaydanKiKo2005], Artemisia eldarica [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994], Artemisia frigida [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia marschalliana [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia meyeriana [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994], Centaurea depressa [KaydanKiKo2005], Centaurea parlatoris [MazzeoRuLo1997], Centaurea solstitialis [KaydanKiKo2005], Centaurea virgata [Moghad2013], Chondrilla juncea [KaydanKiKo2005], Cichorium intybus [KaydanKiKo2005], Circium arvense [KaydanKiKo2005], Crepis [KaydanKiKo2005], Crupina crupinastrum [KaydanKiKo2005], Eryngium campestre [KaydanKiKo2005], Inula conyza [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Inula ensifolia [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Lactuca seriole [KaydanKiKo2005], Matricaria [KaydanKiKo2005], Scorzonera pusilla [Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994], Sonchus arvensis [KaydanKiKo2005], Sonchus asper [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Taraxacum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Tragopogon [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Tripleurospermum [KaydanKiKo2005], Xanthium strumanianum [KaydanKiKo2005], Xeranthemum squarrosum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Echium [KaydanKiKo2005], Lithospermum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Brassicaceae: Alyssum calycinum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Alyssum tortuosum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Descuriana sophia [Moghad2013], Diplotaxis tenuifolia [KaydanKiKo2005], Erysimum [KaydanKiKo2005], Euclidium syriacum [KaydanKiKo2005], Hirschfeldia incana [KaydanKiKo2005], Isatis tinctoria, Lepidium draba [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Lepidium latiforium [Moghad2013], Matthiola longipetala [KaydanKiKo2005], Sinapis arvensis [KaydanKiKo2005], Sisymbrium loeselii [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Sisymbrium officinalis [KaydanKiKo2005]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus capiatus [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Dianthus polymorphus [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994], Dianthus pumilis [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994], Silene [KaydanKiKo2005]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [KaydanKiKo2005], Beta vulgaris [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Wu2000a], Chenopodium album [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Chenopodium btrys [KaydanKiKo2005]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus arvensis [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Convolvulus gallaticus [KaydanKiKo2005]. Dipsacaceae: Scabiosa [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]. Fabaceae: Alhagi [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Alhagi cameorum [Moghad2013], Lotus cornuculatus [KaydanKiKo2005], Medicago falcata [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Melilotus [KaydanKiKo2005], Melilotus officinalis [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994], Onobrychis [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Trifolium [KaydanKiKo2005, Gavril2010], Trigonella [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Vicia pannonica [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Erodium cicutarium [KaydanKiKo2005], Erodium neuradifolium [Moghad2013]. Lamiaceae: Ajuga [KaydanKiKo2005], Ajuga chia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Lallemantia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Marrubium [KaydanKiKo2005], Salvia bracteata [Moghad2013], Scutellaria sevanensis [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Sideritis [KaydanKiKo2005], Teucrium polium [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Thymus marschallianus [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Ziziphora [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Malva [KaydanKiKo2005]. Papaveraceae: Glaucium flavum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Rubiaceae: Galium [KaydanKiKo2005], Galium verum [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994]. Salosolaceae: Salsola [KaydanKiKo2005]. Scrophulariaceae: Linaria [KaydanKiKo2005], Linaria vulgaris [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994]. Scrophullariaceae: Verbascum [KaydanKiKo2005], Veronica multifolia [KaydanKiKo2005]. Umbelliferae: Bupleurum [KaydanKiKo2005], Daucus carota [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Echinophora tenuifolia [KaydanKiKo2005], Foeniculum officinale [Goux1948b, BenDov1994]. Valerianaceae: Valerianella [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [Gavril2010]; China (Xingiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) [Wu2000a]); France [Goux1948b, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Georgia [Kiritc1936, Hadzib1960, BenDov1994]); Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [Moghad2013]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1980, BenDov1994]; Russia (Astrakhan' Oblast [Gavril2006], Caucasus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Volgograd Oblast [Danzig2003]); Sicily [MazzeoRuLo1997, RussoMa1997]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanUlTo2002, KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Ukraine [Borchs1949, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994]); Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of a variety of dicotyledonous plants. Life cycle discussed by Ter-Grigorian (1973),

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Tang (1992) and by Danzig (2003). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1960).

SYSTEMATICS: Although P. latus has page priority over P. pumilus, Article 24 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, The Principle of the First Reviser, applies to this case (see Borchsenius, 1949: 234).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Occasionally a pest on physiologically weakened ornamental spruce trees (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 46 [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran]; Moghaddam 2013: 46 [as Phenacoccus pseudopumilus; Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran]; Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [PHenacoccus species of China]; Tang 1992: 528 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [Central Europe]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 56 (female) [Tajikistan]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 136 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 89]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 339-340]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 233-234]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; Danzig1980 [host, distribution: 33]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 349-352]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 199, 202-203]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 524]; Gavril2006 [host, distribution: 787]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 38]; Goux1948b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-184]; Hadzib1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-63]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution: 30]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 222]; Kiritc1931 [host, distribution: 314]; Kiritc1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134-136]; Kiritc1940 [host, distribution: 120]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 132]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 110]; MazzeoRuLo1997 [host, distribution: 29, 21]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 57-58, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 69]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 48]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 546-547, 743]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224-225]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-163]; Wu2000a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67,69-70].



Phenacoccus puncticulatus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus puncticulatus Williams, 2004a: 607. Type data: PAKISTAN: Kohala, on Arundo donax; collected 27.vii.1970. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundo donax [Willia2004a], Saccharum officinarum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 607-610].



Phenacoccus pyramidensis Ezzat

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus pyramidensis Ezzat, 1960: 26. Type data: EGYPT: Giza Pyramids, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Caulococcus pyramidensis; Tang, 1992: 435. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus pyramidensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 340. Revived combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Ezzat1960, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat (1960). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Abd-Rabou et al. 2010: 509 (female) [Key to the species of Phenacoccus in Egypt].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1362]; AbdRabGeMa2010 [distribution, taxonomy: 509]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 340]; Ezzat1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-28]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 435].



Phenacoccus quadricaudatus (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Boisduvalia quadricaudata Signoret, 1875c: 339. Type data: FRANCE: Nice, on Agropyrum sp. Syntypes, male. Type depository: MHMW. Described: male.

Oudablis quadricaudata; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus quadricaudata; Fernald, 1903b: 108. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus quadricaudata; Ben-Dov, 1994: 409.

Phenacoccus quadricaudata; Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 250. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus quadricaudatus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 413. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Signor1875c, BenDov1994], Agropyrum [BenDovMa1995].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Signor1875c, BenDov1994, BenDovMa1995, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description given by Signoret (1875c). Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995) discussed several characters of the adult male as observed in the type series.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 409]; BenDovMa1995 [taxonomy: 250]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 325]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 108]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 339].



Phenacoccus querculus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus quercus; Borchsenius, 1949: 219. Misidentification; discovered by Danzig, 1980: 125.

Paroudablis querculus Borchsenius, 1949: 239. Type data: AZERBAIJAN: Talish, on Quercus macranthera; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 26.vi.1947. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 339. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 121-48. Described: female.

Phenacoccus querculus; Tang, 1992: 547. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [TerGri1969, KaydanKo2010a], Quercus macranthera [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1969, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Georgia [Yasnos2001]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Danzig (2003). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 172 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 210, 238 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 340-341]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 239-240]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-340]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 198]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 37]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 547-548]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 53]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-173]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].



Phenacoccus radii Bodenheimer

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus radii Bodenheimer, 1943: 20. Type data: IRAQ: Basra, on Alhagi maurorum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Alhagi maurorum [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 341]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21].



Phenacoccus rehaceki Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus rehacekii Savescu, 1984: 151. Type data: ROMANIA: Constanta District, Basarabi, on Tragopogon pratensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Tragopogon pratensis [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 341]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153].



Phenacoccus rubicola Kwon, Danzig & Park

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus rubicola Kwon, Danzig & Park, 2003: 117. Type data: KOREA: Daehyeon-ri, Bukhu, Andong, Gyeongsangbuk-do, on Rubus crataegifolius; collected G.M. Kwon, 6.5.2001. Holotype. Type depository: Suwon: National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Korea . Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rosaceae: Rubus crataegifolius [KwonDaPa2003].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: South Korea [KwonDaPa2003].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kwon et al. (2003).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003: 114 (female) [Korea].

CITATIONS: KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114,117-118].



Phenacoccus rubivorus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus rubivorus Cockerell, 1901f: 215. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Beulah, on Rubus strigosus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Phenacoccus ripersioides Cockerell & Cockerell, 1903: 112. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Beulah, with Lasius niger. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 401.

Phenacoccus ripersioides; Ferris, 1953a: 401. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus rubivorous; McKenzie, 1960: 714. Misspelling of species name.

Phenacoccus rubivorous; McKenzie, 1961: 27. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: false Puto mealybug [Koszta1996]; false puto mealybug.



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Azalea [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Gaylussaica [Koszta1996], Rhododendron [Koszta1996], Rhododendron periclymoides [Koszta1996], Vaccinium [Ferris1953], Vaccinium vacillans [Koszta1996]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Koszta1996]. Rosaceae: Rubus strigosus [CockerCo1903].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], New Mexico [CockerCo1903, BenDov1994], New York [Koszta1996], North Carolina [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], West Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant and in ants' nests, Lasius niger.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 163 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 341]; Cocker1901f [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215]; CockerCo1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 401-402]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-164].



Phenacoccus ruellia Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus ruellia Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 95. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, Bahia Concepcion, on Ruelia peninsularis; collected I. Wiggins, 16.xi.1946. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Acanthaceae: Ruellia peninsularis [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95,97,106].



Phenacoccus saccharifolii (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius saccharifolii Green, 1908a: 23. Type data: INDIA: Bengal, Pusa [now Bihar], on sugar-cane leaves. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 610. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus saccharifolii; Lindinger, 1910: 151. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus (Dactylopius) saccharifolii; Fletcher, 1917: 150. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus saccharifolii; Williams, 1970: 161. Change of combination.

Birendracoccus saccharifolii; Ali, 1975: 280. Change of combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Leptomastix [Ali1963], Xanthoencyrtus [Ali1963].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Saccharum arundinaceum [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Saccharum officinarum [Green1908a, AvasthSh1987, Tang1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sorghum halepense [Ali1970a, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Green1908a, Maxwel1908, Ali1970a, Ali1975, Willia2004a], Madhya Pradesh [Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1987, Willia2004a]); Nepal [Ali1970a, Willia1970DJ, Willia2004a]; Pakistan [Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the inner surfaces of the leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1970DJ), Ali (1975) and by Avasthi & Shafee (1987). Good description of the adult female given by Green (1908a), Maxwell (1908) and Ali (1970a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1970: 114 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: AgarwaSi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 149]; Ali1958 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 181]; Ali1962 [description, host, distribution: 72-74]; Ali1963 [host, distribution, biological control: 131-132]; Ali1963a [host, distribution, disease transmission: 189-191]; Ali1967 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 213-214]; Ali1970a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 96]; Ali1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-282]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-9]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 62]; Box1953 [distribution: 53]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 23-24]; IsaacMi1933 [host, distribution: 315-324]; Lindin1910 [p. 151]; Maxwel1908 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 124-126]; Morris1925a [taxonomy: 497, 498]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 61]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 387]; Varshn1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-163]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 610-612].



Phenacoccus salsolae Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus salsolae Danzig, 1975: 54. Type data: MONGOLIA: Southern Gobi-Aimak, on Salsola gemascens passerina. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Euripersia solsolae; Tang, 1992: 447. Misspelling of species name.

Euripersia salsolae; Tang, 1992: 454. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus salsolae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 342. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Bassia sedoides [Danzig2006a], Salsola gemascens passerina [Danzig1975, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1975, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Danzig (1975) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female. Body elongate-oval; 3 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Legs with comparatively short parts, of different thickness. Circulus absent. (Danzig, 2006a) Multilocular pores forming transverse rows on thoracic and abdominal tergites

SYSTEMATICS: The species is similar to Ph. arthrophyti, specialized pest of saxaul, rarely feeding on other saltworts. Ph. salsolae differs in the construction of C18: unusually thick conical, auxiliary slender seta, sclerotized plate, and also in small number of quinquelocular pores, which are occasionally absent. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 342]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52, 54]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 199]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 454-455].



Phenacoccus salviacus Moghaddam {in} Moghaddam & Alikhani

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus salviacus Moghaddam {in} Moghaddam & Alikhani, 2010: 14-17. Type data: IRAN: Markazi province, Arak, Shazand, Suraneh, on leaves of Salvia bracteata; collected M. Alikhani, 10.x.2009. Holotype female. Type depository: IRIP. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Salvia bracteata [MoghadAl2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [MoghadAl2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Moghaddam & Allikhani (2010)

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 46 [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran]; Moghaddam & Alikhani 2010: 16-17 (female) [Phenacoccus species of Iran].

CITATIONS: Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 59-60, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 69]; MoghadAl2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-17].



Phenacoccus schmelevi Bazarov

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus schmelevi Bazarov, 1980: 404. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: East Pamir, on Silene pamirensis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Caryophyllaceae: Silene pamirensis [Bazaro1980, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1980, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Egg-laying females were collected in late June on roots of Silene pamirensis in the mountain sandy and rubbly desert. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1980). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female. Body oval, pale pink; 2 mm long. Antennae 9-segmented. Legs short, with slender segments, without translucent pores. Circulus small, oval; sometimes absent. Multilocular pores present on both sides of abdomen only. Quinquelocular pores absent. Tubular ducts rambling on head and forming transverse rows on thoracic and abdominal tergites; ventral multilocular pores situated along body margin, forming transverse rows on abdomen; singular ventral multilocular pores present in medial part of cephalothorax. Dorsal and marginal ventral tubular ducts larger than other ones. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 404-405]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 342]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 217-218]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 549-550].



Phenacoccus segnis (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus segnis Brain, 1915: 145. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Stellenbosch, on Cliffortia ruscifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus segnis; De Lotto, 1974: 111. Change of combination.



HOST: Rosaceae: Cliffortia ruscifolia [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958a).

KEYS: De Lotto 1974: 111 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 342]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-147]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-108]; DeLott1974 [taxonomy: 111].



Phenacoccus setosus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus setosus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 97. Type data: MEXICO: Michoacan, Morelia 5 miles west, on Baccharis sp,; collected D.R. Miller & F.D. Parker, 6.iii.1972. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Aplophappis [GranarSz2007]. Asteraceae [GranarSz2007], Baccharis [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [GranarSz2007], Michoacan [GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97,99,102].



Phenacoccus shanxiensis Wu, S.A.

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus shanxiensis Wu, S.A., 2000a: 67,69-71. Type data: CHINA: Shanxi Province, Taigu County, on roots of Artemisia capillaris; collected Wu, S.A. 2.v.1995. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia capillaris [Wu2000a], Heteropappus altaicus [Wu2000a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Wu2000a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Wu (2000a).

KEYS: Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [Phenacoccus species of China].

CITATIONS: Wu2000a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68,71-72].



Phenacoccus sherbinovskyi Bodenheimer

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus sherbinovskyi Bodenheimer, 1943: 32. Type data: AFGHANISTAN: Chosh, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.

Peliococcopsis skerbinovskyi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Change of combination.

Peliococcopsis skerbinovskyi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Misspelling of species name.

Phenacoccus sherbinovskyi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 342. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Lamiaceae: Rydingia persica [Moghad2013a]. Poaceae [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943). Kozár & Walter (1985) assigned this species to Peliococcopsis. However (Ben-Dov, 1994: 342) studied the syntypes and concluded that this species cannot be retained in Peliococcopsis.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 342-343]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-33]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KozarWa1986 [taxonomy: 70]; Moghad2013 [distribution: 6]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 69].



Phenacoccus shutovae Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus shutovae Danzig, 1971: 380. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on Ledum macrophyllum. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Spinococcus shutovae; Tang, 1992: 567. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Ledum macrophyllum [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Ledum palustre [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Khabarovsk Kray [Danzig2006a], Kuril Islands [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, Danzig2006a], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig2006a], Stavrapol Oblast [Danzig2006a]).

BIOLOGY: Occurs on the underside of leaves. Both males and females overwinter as nymphs.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Body elongate-oval, white; 3 mm long. Antennae 8–9-segmented. Circulus absent. Multilocular pores present only on abdominal sternites IV–VII, not numerous. Quinquelocular pores present everywhere on ventrum. Trilocular pores absent in medial part of ventrum; this character distinguishes this species from other Phenacoccus spp. (Danzig, 2006a)

SYSTEMATICS: Trilocular pores absent in medial part of ventrum; this character distinguishes this species from other Phenacoccus spp. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 343]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 380-382]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 199, 210-211]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 567-568].



Phenacoccus silvanae Longo & Russo {in}: Longo et al.

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus silvanae Longo & Russo {in}: Longo et al., 1989: 171. Type data: ITALY: Catania, Biancavilla, on Crataegus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Calabria: Istituto di Difesa delle Piante, Reggio Calabria, Italy. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Rosaceae: Crataegus [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994], Rosa [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [RussoMa1997].

BIOLOGY: Associated with the ant Crematogaster scutellaris (Longo et al., 1989). Develops one annual generation in Sicily (Longo et al., 1995).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Longo et al. (1989).

KEYS: Marotta, Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 343]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; LongoMaRu1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-173]; LongoMaRu1995 [host, distribution, life history: 219-222]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 52].



Phenacoccus similis Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus similis Granara de Willink, 1983a: 61. Type data: ARGENTINA: Province of Tucuman, Tucuman, on Acanthaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Acanthaceae [Granar1983a, WilliaGr1992], Hypoestes [GranarCl2003]. Amaranthaceae: Atriplex [GranarSz2007]. Asteraceae: Ambrosia [WilliaGr1992]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton sarcopetalus [GranarSz2007], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Granar2003]. Lamiaceae: Leonurus sibiricus [GranarSz2007]. Malpighiaceae [GranarSz2007]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [GranarSz2007], Gossypium barbadense [Granar2003]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [GranarCl2003, Granar2003], Portulaca grandiflora [GranarSz2007]. Solanaceae: Cestrum [GranarSz2007], Nicotiana caranillesi [WilliaGr1992], Solanum melongena [WilliaGr1992]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [WilliaGr1992].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Chaco [Granar2003, GranarSz2007], Cordoba [GranarSz2007], Salta [GranarSz2007], San Luis [Granar2003], Santiago del Estero [GranarSz2007], Tucuman [Granar1983a, WilliaGr1992, GranarCl2003, GranarSz2007]); Brazil (Minas Gerais [GranarSz2007]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the aerial parts of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (1983a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 343]; Granar1983a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63]; Granar2003 [host, distribution: 81]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99,101,104]; PerontMiSo2001 [host, distribution: 247-255]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 384-386].



Phenacoccus sisalanus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus sisalanus Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 101. Type data: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Rosario, on Agave sisalana; collected W.G. Bradley, 5.ix.1952. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 521312. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Agavaceae: Agave sisalana [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Dominican Republic [GranarSz2007]; Haiti [GranarSz2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101,106].



Phenacoccus sisymbriifolium Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus sisymbriifolium Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 101. Type data: URUGUAY: Montevideo, on Solanum sisymbriifolium; collected A. Silveira, i.1943. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Solanaceae: Solanum sisymbriifolium [GranarSz2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-105,108].



Phenacoccus solani Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus solani; Essig, 1909a: 36. Misidentification.

Phenacoccus solani Ferris, 1918d: 60. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Palo Alto, Stanford University, on Hemizonia rudis. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus herbarum Lindinger, 1942: 115. Type data: U.S.A.: California, on roots of Solanum douglasii. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1942: 115. Notes: Type material depository unknown (Ben-Dov, 1994).

COMMON NAMES: solanum mealybug [McKenz1967, Bartle1978e, Koszta1996]; Solanum mealybug [McKenz1967].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus gurneyi (Compere) [Blumbe1997]. Encyrtidae: Aenasius phenacocci [MendelBlEl2010], Leptomastix algirica [MendelBlEl2010], Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Blumbe1997], Leptomastix ephyra [MendelBlEl2010].

HOSTS: Aamaranthaceae: Coelosia cristata [Moghad2010]. Acanthaceae: Dicliptera sp. [BenDov2012]. Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum [Miller1971a, BenDov1994]. Amaranthaceae: Celosia cristata [Moghad2013]. Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eucharis amazonica [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Hippeastrum sp. [BenDov2012], Hymenocallis littoralis [Willia2004a], Narcissus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Apiaceae: Eryngium fatidum [Willia2004a]. Asteraceae: Ambrosia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Artemisia dracunculus [BenDov2012], Artemisia heterophylla [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Aster [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994], Brassica oleracea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Centaurea diffusa [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994], Chrysanthemum morifolium [MoghadHaZi2004, Moghad2010], Conyza sp. [BenDov2012], Emelia sonchifolia [MartinLa2011], Erigeron [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Franseria chamissonis [Miller1974a, BenDov1994], Haplopappus [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994], Helianthus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hemizonia rudis [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994], Heterotheca [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Parthenium hysterophorus [WilliaBlKh1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sonchus oleraceus [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Verbesina encelioides exauriculata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Wedelia biflora [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Messerschmidia [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Tournefortia argentea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Raphanus sativus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae [Willia2004a]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex semibaccata [Miller1974a, BenDov1994], Chenopodium [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Aeonium sp. [JiSu2012], Crassula sp. [JiSu2012], Echeveria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Graptoveria sp. [JiSu2012], Pachyphytum sp. [JiSu2012]. Cycadaceae: Encephalartos [MazzeoRuSu1999], Encephalartos transvenosus [DeLott1974, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus esculentus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cyperus rotundus [BenDov2012]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Astragalus miguelensis [Miller1974a, BenDov1994], Sophia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Vigna sinensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Iris [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Sida hederacea [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ornithogalum dubium [BenDov2012], Zephyranthes [Willia2004a]. Malvaceae: Malva parviflora [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994], Malva rotundifolia [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994], Malva sp. [BenDov2012]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [MartinLa2011]. Orchidaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Dendrobium [Willia2004a]. Orobanchaceae: Orobanche [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Bouteloua [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Festuca [Moghad2010], Festuca arundinacea [Moghad2013a]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Portulaca oleracea [Suheir1937, BenDov1994, KaydanErKo2008]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Castilleja applegateii [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [BeltraSo2011], Cestrum nocturnum [BenDov2012], Lycopersicon esculentum [Ferris1918d, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Nicotiana benthamiana [BenDov2012], Nicotiana tabacum [WilliaBlKh1985, BenDov1994], Physalis sp. [BenDov2012], Solanum douglasii [Essig1909a, BenDov1994], Solanum melongena [Reyne1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Violaceae: Viola [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Viola tribolour [BenDov2012]. Zingiberaceae: Curcuma [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990]; South Africa [DeLott1974, BenDov1994]; Zimbabwe [WilliaBlKh1985, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Suheir1937, BenDov1994]); Kiribati [Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994] (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Marshall Islands [Beards1966, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]); Mexico [WilliaBlKh1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Essig1909a, Ferris1918d, BenDov1994, Koszta1996, DownieGu2004], Colorado [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Florida [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004], Louisiana [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Maryland [Koszta1996], New Mexico [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Oregon [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [KondoRaVe2008]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Netherlands Antilles (Curacao [Reyne1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Peru [Wille1940, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Ferris1950b, Beards1966, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: India [SureshKa2008]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Taiwan [ChenChWo2002]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Iran [MoghadHaZi2004, Moghad2009, Moghad2010]; Israel [BenDov2005]; Japan [NakahiAr2006]; Sicily [MazzeoRuSu1999]; Spain [BeltraSo2011]; Turkey [KaydanErKo2008].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the lower leaves and roots of its host plants. Lloyd (1952) proved that it is a parthenogenetic theliotokous species. Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (in Zimmerman, 1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by McKenzie (1967).

SYSTEMATICS: Hodgson et al. (2008) reviewed the morphological differences between Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, P. solani Ferris and P. defectus Ferris, and, based on the morphological variation found in the Asian material, considered that there was some support for the suggestion that these three species might be environmentally-induced variants of a single species. Ferris (1953a) synonymised P. wilmattae Cockerell with P. solani, but McKenzie & Williams (1965) showed them to be separate species. Lindinger (1942) proposed the name Phenacoccus herbatum for the species misidentified by Essig (1909a) as Pseudococcus solani (Cockerell) stating at the same time that it was conspecific with Phenacoccus solani Ferris.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Regarded a pest of stored potato tubers (Flanders, 1944; Dudley & Landis, 1952; Shands & Landis, 1964). Heavy infestations have been recorded on tobacco in Zimbabwe (Williams et al., 1985).

KEYS: Moghaddam & Bagheri 2011: 68 (female) [Adult females of P. solenopsis and P. solani in Iran]; Moghaddam & Alikhani 2010: 16-17 (female) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]; Moghaddan 2010: 67 (female) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]; Hodgson {et al.} 2008: 3 (female) [Species of Phenacoccus of southern Asia]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species southern Asia]; Kosztarab 1996: 163 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 159 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; De Lotto 1974: 111 (female) [South Africa]; McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 169]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 432]; BeltraGaSo2013 [distribution, economic importance: 1486]; BeltraSo2011 [distribution, host]; BeltraSoMa2012 [molecular data, phylogenetics: 167-171]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 343-344]; BenDov2005 [host, distribution: 15-16]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 36, 44]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; CapineHa1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 517-531]; Carter1960a [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 322-323]; ChenChWo2002 [host, distribution: 79-82]; DeLott1974 [host, distribution: 113]; DeSant1979 [host, dist. biological control]; deVill2001b [host, distribution: 227]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; DudleyLaSh1952 [host, economic importance, control: 1-52]; EliyahPrBl2010 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 64-68]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 36]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-61]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-160]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 403]; Flande1961 [host, biological control: 611-612]; Gonzal2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 156]; Gordh1979 [host, distribution, biological control]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105,110]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Hamlen1974 [host, distribution, economic importance: 6-8]; Hamlen1975a [chemical control: 223-226]; Hamlen1977 [host, distribution, chemical control: 211-214]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HatamiMiSa2006 [biological control, distribution: 269-277]; HodgsoAbAr2008 [taxonomy: 1-35]; JiSu2012 [distribution, host, illustration: 1-5]; KaydanCaUl2013 [distribution: 169]; KaydanErKo2008 [host, distribution: 364]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 39-40]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 163, 165, 166]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 72]; LaflinGuPa2004 [host, distribution: 475-477]; Lloyd1952 [life history: 308-310]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-468]; Lloyd1964 [life history, biological control, economic importance: 113-120]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 182]; MazzeoRuSu1999 [host, distribution: 31-35]; McCay1981 [biological control: 345-353]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273-277]; MendelBlEl2010 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 64-68]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 299]; Miller1974a [host, distribution: 196]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 23]; Moghad2010 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 60-61, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 70]; MoghadAl2010 [taxonomy: 16-17]; MoghadBa2011 [taxonomy: 68]; MoghadHaZi2004 [host, distribution: 135-136]; MuniapShWa2011 [distribution: 169]; NakahiAr2006 [host, distribution, life history: 573-575]; Nur1977 [chemistry, taxonomy: 69-84]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 6]; PettyStBa2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 157-195]; Reyne1964 [host, distribution: 99]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; SabzalHaMi2004 [life history, ecology: 205-209]; ShandsLa1964 [host, economic importance: 1-10]; Suheir1937 [host, distribution: 429-430]; SureshKa2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 155]; TrenchTrTo2010 [host, distribution: 114-123]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 133]; Willer1992 [host, distribution, economic importance: 38-39]; Willer1992a [host, distribution, economic importance: 29-30]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 613-615]; Willia2005 [taxonomy: 168]; WilliaBlKh1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 87-88]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 386-388]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161]; Wu1999b [host, distribution: 231-235]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167]; Zinna1960a [biological control].



Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, 1898a: 47. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, A.T.M. College, found with the ant Solenopsis geminata Fabricius; collected October 1897. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson et al., 2008: 4. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Phenacoccus cevalliae Cockerell, 1902s: 315. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, near Lea Lake, east of Roswell, on Cevallia sinuata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 161.

Phenacoccus gossypiphilous Abbas, Arif & Saeed, 2005: 83. Nomen nudum; discovered by Hodgson {et al.}, 2008: 4.

Phenacoccus gossypiphilous Arif, Abbas & Saeed, 2007: 3. Nomen nudum; discovered by Hodgson {et al.}, 2008: 4.

Phenacoccus gossypiphilous Abbas, Arif, Saeed & Karar, 2008: 103. Nomen nudum; discovered by Hodgson {et al.}, 2008: 4.

COMMON NAMES: Kuroten-kona- kaigaramusi [TanakaUe2012]; solenopsis mealybug [McKenz1967, Koszta1996].



ASSOCIATES: Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes aspera [ArifRaGh2009]. HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Lasius niger L. [NewtonGlMa2011], Solenopsis invicta [ZhouLuZe2012], Tapinoma melanocephalum [ZhouLuZe2012].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Brumoides suturalis Fabricius [KedarSaPa2011], Cheilomenes sexmaculata Fabridius [KedarSaPa2011], Coccinella septempunctata L. [KedarSaPa2011, AliPeYo2014], Hippodamia variegata Goeze [KedarSaPa2011], Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) [ZhouLuZe2012, FallahAbSa2013], Nephus regularis Sicard [KedarSaPa2011], Nephus (Sidis) hieckei riyadhensis Fürsch [FallahAbSa2013], Scymnus coccivora Ayyar [KedarSaPa2011], Scymnus (Pullus) syriacus Marseul [FallahAbSa2013]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Promuscidea unfasciativentris Girault [Hayat2009]. Encyrtidae: Acerophagus coccois Smith [ZhouLuZe2012], Aenasius bambawalei Hayat [Hayat2009, FallahJaAb2014], Aenasius sp. [TanakaUe2012].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Aphelandra squarrosa [ArifRaGh2009], Ruellia squarrosa [ArifRaGh2009]. Aizoaceae: Trianthema portulacastrum [ArifRaGh2009], Trianthema triquetra [ArifRaGh2009]. Amaranthaceae: Aerua persica [ArifRaGh2009], Amaranthus hybridus [HembaMuLe2012], Amaranthus retroflexus L. [FallahAbSa2014], Amaranthus viridis [ArifRaGh2009], Celosia argentea [ArifRaGh2009], Digera arvensis [ArifRaGh2009]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [ArifRaGh2009, GermaiVaMa2010]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [LincanHoCa2010], Polyalthea longifolia [ArifRaGh2009]. Apiaceae: Daucus carota [ArifRaGh2009]. Apocynaceae: Nerium indicum [ArifRaGh2009], Nerium oleander L. [FallahAbSa2014], Plumeria acutifolia [ArifRaGh2009], Tabernaemontana coronaria [ArifRaGh2009]. Arecaceae: Phoenix dactylifera [ArifRaGh2009]. Arizoaceae: Trianthema monogyna [SinghShKu2012]. Asclepiadaceae: Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014]. Asteraceae: Achillea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ageratum conyzoides [ArifRaGh2009], Ambrosia artemisifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ambrosia tenuifolia [Granar2003], Artemisia frigida [NewtonGlMa2011], Calendula officinalis [ArifRaGh2009], Centaurea cyanus [ArifRaGh2009], Chrysanthemum morifolium [ArifRaGh2009], Cichorium intybus [ArifRaGh2009], Cnicus arvensis [ArifRaGh2009], Conyza bonariensis [ArifRaGh2009], Encelia farinosa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Enceliopsis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eriophyllum [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Franseria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Helianthus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Helianthus annuus L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Launia nudicaulis [ArifRaGh2009], Parthenium hysterophorus [ArifRaGh2009, KedarSaRa2013], Scalesia atractyloides [LincanHoCa2010], Sonchus oleraceus [ArifRaGh2009], Tagetes erectus [ArifRaGh2009], Taraxacum officinale [ArifRaGh2009], Xanthium strumarium L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Zinnia violacea Cav. [FallahAbSa2014]. Bignoniaceae: Tecoma stans [ArifRaGh2009]. Bombacaceae: Salmalia malabarica [ArifRaGh2009]. Boraginaceae: Heliotropium europaeum [ArifRaGh2009], Heliotropium strigosum [ArifRaGh2009]. Brassicaceae: Coronopus didymus [ArifRaGh2009]. Capparidaceae: Capparis decidua [ArifRaGh2009], Cleome viscosa [ArifRaGh2009]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex canescens [Tinsle1898c, BenDov1994], Chenopodium album [ArifRaGh2009], Chenopodium album L. [FallahAbSa2014], Chenopodium murale [ArifRaGh2009], Kochia indica [ArifRaGh2009], Salsola baryosma [ArifRaGh2009], Suaeda [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Suaeda fructicosa [ArifRaGh2009]. Combretaceae: Quisqualis indica [ArifRaGh2009]. Commelinaceae: Sectreasia purpurea [ArifRaGh2009]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus arvensis L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Convolvulus pluricaulis [ArifRaGh2009], Coscuta reflexa [ArifRaGh2009], Cressa cretica [ArifRaGh2009], Ipomoea cairica [ArifRaGh2009], Ipomoea tricolor Cav. [FallahAbSa2014], Jacquemontia petantha [ArifRaGh2009]. Cucurbitaceae: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Cuccumis tetragona [ArifRaGh2009], Cucumis sp. [SinghShKu2012], Cucurbita [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Lufa cylindrica [ArifRaGh2009], Luffa Mill [FallahAbSa2014], Momordica charantia L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus [ArifRaGh2009]. Euphorbiaceae [GranarSz2007], Acalypha wilkesiana [ArifRaGh2009], Croton sparciflorum [ArifRaGh2009], Euphorbia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Euphorbia cotinifolia [ArifRaGh2009], Euphorbia hirta [ArifRaGh2009], Euphorbia prostrata [ArifRaGh2009], Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch [GermaiSoBu2014], Euphorbia trigonia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Jatropha integrrima [ArifRaGh2009], Manihot esculenta [ParsaKoWi2012], Phyllanthus niruri [ArifRaGh2009], Ricinus communis L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014]. Fabaceae: Acacia leucophloea [ArifRaGh2009], Acacia modesta [ArifRaGh2009], Albizzia lebbek [ArifRaGh2009], Bauhinia purpurea [ArifRaGh2009], Cassia fistula [ArifRaGh2009], Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [ArifRaGh2009], Dalbergia sissoo [ArifRaGh2009], Lupinus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Medicago polymorpha [ArifRaGh2009], Melilotus parviflora [ArifRaGh2009], Prosopis juliflora [HembaMuLe2012], Sesbania sesban [ArifRaGh2009], Trigonella polycerata [ArifRaGh2009]. Gabaceae: Medicago denticulata [ArifRaGh2009]. Lamiaceae: Coleus blumei [ArifRaGh2009], Mentha longifolia [ArifRaGh2009], Mentha piperatus [ArifRaGh2009], Mentha spicata L. [FallahAbSa2014], Ocimum basillicum [ArifRaGh2009], Salvia officinalis [ArifRaGh2009], Salvia sp. L. [FallahAbSa2014]. Liliaceae: Asparagus plumosus [ArifRaGh2009], Asparagus sprengeri [ArifRaGh2009]. Loasaceae: Cevallia sinuata [Cocker1902s, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [ArifRaGh2009], Lawsonia inermis [ArifRaGh2009]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Abutilon fruticosum Gull & Perr. [FallahAbSa2013, FallahAbSa2014], Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet [FallahJaAb2014], Abutilon indicum [ArifRaGh2009], Abutilon muticum [ArifRaGh2009], Althaea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Gossypium L. [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, FallahAbSa2013, FallahAbSa2014], Gossypium arboreum [ArifRaGh2009], Gossypium hirsutum [HodgsoAbAr2008, ArifRaGh2009], Hibiscus [KondoRaVe2008, HodgsoAbAr2008, AbdRabGeMa2010], Hibiscus mutablis [ArifRaGh2009], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, AkintoAn2008, WuZh2009, ArifRaGh2009, Moghad2010], Malva parviflora [ArifRaGh2009], Malvastrum coromandelianum [ArifRaGh2009], Malvaviscus arboreus [ArifRaGh2009], Sida urens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica A. Juss. [FallahAbSa2014], Azedarachta indica [ArifRaGh2009], Melia azedarach [ArifRaGh2009]. Menispermaceae: Tinospora cordifolia [ArifRaGh2009]. Mimosaceae: Acacia nilotica Willd. ex Delile [FallahAbSa2013, FallahAbSa2014]. Moraceae: Broussonetia papyrifera [ArifRaGh2009], Ficus bengalensis [ArifRaGh2009], Ficus carica L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Ficus infectoria [ArifRaGh2009], Ficus religiosa L. [FallahAbSa2014], Morus alba L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus camadulensis [ArifRaGh2009], Melaleuca leucadendron [ArifRaGh2009], Psidium guajava [LincanHoCa2010]. Nyctaginaceae: Boerhaavia repens [ArifRaGh2009], Boerhaavia spicata [Tinsle1898c, BenDov1994], Bougainvilleae glabra [ArifRaGh2009]. Oleaceae: Jasminum cuspidatum [ArifRaGh2009], Jasminum sambuc [ArifRaGh2009]. Orobanchaceae: Orobanche [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oxalidaceae: Oxalis corniculata [ArifRaGh2009]. Pedaliaceae: Sesamum indicum [ArifRaGh2009], Sesamum orientale L. [FallahAbSa2013, FallahAbSa2014]. Piperaceae: Piper betle [ArifRaGh2009]. Poaceae: Acrachne racemosa [SinghShKu2012], Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Echinochloum colonum [ArifRaGh2009], Eleusine indica [ArifRaGh2009], Eragrostis minor [ArifRaGh2009], Pennisetum glaucum [SinghShKu2012]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum barbatum [ArifRaGh2009], Polygonum glabrum [ArifRaGh2009], Rumex dentatum [ArifRaGh2009]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca grandiflora [ArifRaGh2009], Portulaca olearacea [ArifRaGh2009], Portulaca sp. [HembaMuLe2012]. Primulaceae: Anagallis arvensis [ArifRaGh2009]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [ArifRaGh2009]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014]. Rosaceae: Rosa indica [ArifRaGh2009]. Rubiaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gardenia jasminoides [ArifRaGh2009], Hamelia patens [ArifRaGh2009]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [ArifRaGh2009], Citrus sinensis [ArifRaGh2009]. Salvadoraceae: Salvadora oleoides [ArifRaGh2009]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. [FallahAbSa2014]. Solanaceae: Capsicum frutescens L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Cestrum diurnum [ArifRaGh2009], Cestrum nocturnum L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Datura metel [ArifRaGh2009], Datura stramonium [HembaMuLe2012], Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill. [FallahAbSa2014], Lycoprsicon esculentum [ArifRaGh2009], Nicotiana plumbaginifolia [ArifRaGh2009], Nicotiana tabacum L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Petunia integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thell. [FallahAbSa2014], Physalis alkakengi [ArifRaGh2009], Physallis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Solanum americanum [CulikMaZa2013], Solanum lycopersicum [CulikGu2005], Solanum melongena L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Solanum muricatum [Larrai2002], Solanum nigrum L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2013, FallahAbSa2014], Solanum surratense [ArifRaGh2009], Solanum tuberosum L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014]. Tiliaceae: Conchrus antichorus [ArifRaGh2009], Conchrus trilocularis [ArifRaGh2009], Corchorus trilocularis [HembaMuLe2012], Grewia asiatica [ArifRaGh2009]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendron inerme [ArifRaGh2009], Duranta repens [ArifRaGh2009], Lantana camara [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FallahAbSa2013], Lantana camara L. [ArifRaGh2009, FallahAbSa2014], Verbena officinalis [ArifRaGh2009]. Zingiberaceae: Elletaria cordamomnum [ArifRaGh2009]. Zygophyllaceae: Fagonia cretica [ArifRaGh2009], Kallstroaemia brachystylis, Tribulus terrestris [ArifRaGh2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [GermaiVaMa2010]; Cameroon [HodgsoAbAr2008]; Ethiopia [HembaMuLe2012]; Mali [MuniapWaVa2012]; Mauritius [GermaiSoBu2014]; Nigeria [new]; Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014]; Senegal [MuniapWaVa2012]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [MuniapShWa2011]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]). Australasian: New Caledonia [HodgsoAbAr2008]. Nearctic: Canada (Alberta [NewtonGlMa2011]); Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Veracruz [HodgsoAbAr2008]); United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, HodgsoAbAr2008], California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, HodgsoAbAr2008], District of Columbia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Idaho [HodgsoAbAr2008], Illinois [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Michigan [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Mississippi [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Nevada [HodgsoAbAr2008], New Jersey [Koszta1996, HodgsoAbAr2008], New Mexico [Tinsle1898a, Tinsle1898c, BenDov1994, HodgsoAbAr2008], New York [Koszta1996], Ohio [Koszta1996], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, HodgsoAbAr2008], Virginia [Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Granar2003], Corrientes [Granar2003], Entre Rios [Granar2003]); Belize [HodgsoAbAr2008]; Brazil (Bahia [daSilv2012], Ceara [daSilv2012], Espirito Santo [CulikGu2005, CulikMaVe2007], Paraiba [daSilv2012]); Cayman Islands [HodgsoAbAr2008]; Chile [Larrai2002]; Colombia [GranarSz2007, KondoRaVe2008]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HodgsoAbAr2008]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, HodgsoAbAr2008, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [HodgsoAbAr2008]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [HodgsoAbAr2008]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Barthelemy [MatileEt2006], Saint Martin [MatileEt2006]). Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [WangWuZh2009, WuZh2009], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [ChenZhFu2012], Yunnan [ChenZhFu2012], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [ChenZhFu2012]); India [NagrarKrBi2009] (Haryana [KedarSaRa2013], Maharashtra [KharbaDo2011], Punjab [HodgsoAbAr2008], Tamil Nadu [HodgsoAbAr2008, SureshCh2008]); Indonesia [MuniapShWa2011]; Pakistan [HodgsoAbAr2008]; Taiwan [HodgsoAbAr2008]; Thailand [HodgsoAbAr2008]. Palaearctic: Cyprus [KaydanCaUl2013]; Egypt [AbdRabGeMa2010]; France [AbdRabGeMa2010]; Iran [MoghadBa2011]; Japan [TanakaUe2012] (Kyushu [TanakaTa2014]); Turkey [KaydanCaUl2013].

BIOLOGY: Usually occurring above ground, but sometimes living in ants' nests (Solenopsis sp.) and on the roots of its host plants. The mutualism between Solenopsis invicta and Phenacoccus solenopsis facilitates population increase and fitness of each other. Although native ants may also establish mutualistic relationships with P. solenopsis, S. invicta tends to acquire more honeydew and therefore play a predominant role. P. solenopsis colony growth resulting from tending by S. invicta depends on the food supply of S. invicta. One reasonable conclusion based on this finding is that the absence of animalbased food may compel fire ants to exploit honeydew excessively, which may lead to a significant decrease in the fitness of P. solenopsis colonies on host plants. Also, tending by S. invicta ants could increase the density of P. solenopsis by interfering with predation and parasitism by natural enemies. The density of mealybug mummies was significantly lower and lady beetles were present less frequently on ant-tended plants. It was determined that the adults were removed by fire ants indiscriminately, which could increase the risk of spreading P. solenopsis because many unserviceable adults were reproductively active (i.e., contained offspring in their oocysts), even though they did not produce much honeydew. (Zhou, et al., 2012) Fire the ants transferred mealybugs into the shelters produced by leaf rollers. The shelters constructed by leaf rollers improved their survival on predator-infested plants. Shelters also enabled ants to monopolize the honeydew produced by the hemipterans. This mutualism between fire ants and mealybugs facilitates the fitness of both species through their interaction. (Zhou, et al., 2012) Wu, et al., 2013 provided behavioral proof of the indirect impact of mutualism between S. invicta and P. solenopsis. Fire ant tending increased the frequency of honeydew excretion by the mealybugs, but the sizes of the honeydew drops were smaller than in the untended treatments.

GENERAL REMARKS: Hodgson et al. (2008) provided most detailed descriptions and illustrations of the adult female, adult male, and all nymph instars of both sexes. Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007) and by Hodgson et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult females by Hodgson et al. (2008).

SYSTEMATICS: Hodgson et al. (2008) reviewed the morphological differences between Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, P. solani Ferris and P. defectus Ferris, and, based on the morphological variation found in the Asian material, considered that there was some support for the suggestion that these three species might be environmentally-induced variants of a single species. Based on morphological characters and mt COI gene sequence analysis, Chen, et al. concluded that these individuals with phenotypic differences are likely true P. solenopsis. However, two distinct evolutionary lineages appear to exist in P. solenopsis, and further evidence is necessary to draw reliable conclusions on the existence of a P. solenopsis complex species.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Since at least 2005, this species (possibly introduced) has been causing serious damage to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) over much of the Sindh and Punjab districts of Pakistan and in north-western India (Hodgson, Abbas et al, 2008). Populations of Phenacoccus solanopsis in Punjab state represent a vast genetic variability. Thus, there is great possibility of development of biotypes which may differ in resistance to insecticides and host plant specificity. This stresses the need for adoption of different control measures strategies based upon existing genetic diversity such as eradication of weed hosts such as parthenium and discouraging growing of okra around the cotton fields. (Singh, et al., 2012) Kedar, et al., 2013 determined that parasitism by wasps was reduced in the presence of ants and for more effective biological control, ant activity over mealybug colonies need to be checked.

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 46 [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran]; Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Tanaka & Uesatio 2012: 414 (female) [Key to separate four new invasive mealybug species: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Ph. defectus, Ph. parvus and P. solenopsis from other mealybugs occurring in the Ryukyu Archipelago]; Moghaddam & Bagheri 2011: 68 (female) [Adult females of P. solenopsis and P. solani in Iran]; Abd-Rabou et al. 2010: 509 (female) [Phenacoccus species in Egypt]; Abd-Rabou et al. 2010: 509 (female) [Key to the species of Phenacoccus in Egypt]; Mogahaddam & Alikhani 2010: 16-17 (female) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]; Moghaddam 2010: 67 (female) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]; Hodgson {et al.} 2008: 3 (female) [Species of Phenacoccus of southern Asia]; Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Kosztarab 1996: 166 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America ]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: AbbasArSa2005 [taxonomy, economic importance, host, distribution: 83-84]; AbbasArSa2008 [taxonomy, economic importance: 103]; AbdRabGeMa2010 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 509-510]; AkintoAn2008 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-3]; AliPeYo2014 [biological control, economic importance, host: 7-12]; ArifAbSa2007 [taxonomy, economic importance, host, distribution: 1-4]; ArifRaGh2009 [economic importance, host, distribution: 163-167]; AshfaqNoMa2010 [molecular data , taxonomy: 395-404]; BeltraGaSo2013 [distribution, economic importance: 1486]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 344-345]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; ChenZhFu2012 [description, structure, taxonomy: 443-450]; Cocker1902s [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 315]; CulikGu2005 [host, distribution: 1-8]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; CulikMaZa2013 [host: 638]; daSilv2012 [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure: 467-470]; FallahAbSa2013 [biological control, distribution, host: 673-679]; FallahAbSa2014 [distribution, host: 169-176]; FallahJaAb2014 [biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host: 516]; FengLiZh2014 [biological control, ecology, economic importance: 1333-1338]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163]; GalaniWa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 7]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 75]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; GermaiSoBu2014 [distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy: 28]; GermaiVaMa2010 [host, distribution: 126]; Granar2003 [host, distribution: 81-82]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105,112]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Hayat2009 [taxonomy, host. distribution, biological control: 21-26]; HembaMuLe2012 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 60-67]; Hodgso2012 [illustration, taxonomy: 62, 63]; HodgsoAbAr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-35]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; HuangZhLi2014 [behaviour, distribution, economic importance: 1419-1425]; KaydanCaUl2013 [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 169-170]; KedarSaPa2011 [ecology: 245-246]; KedarSaRa2013 [distribution, host: 566]; KedarSaRa2013a [biological control: 362-363]; KharbaDo2011 [distribution: 25-26]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 40]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 166-168]; Larrai2002 [host, distribution: 15-26]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 182]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 277-280]; Moghad2010 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 68]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 60, 62-63, 99]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 60, 62-63, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 70]; MoghadAl2010 [taxonomy: 16]; MoghadBa2011 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 67-69]; MuniapShWa2011 [biological control, distribution, host: 168,171]; MuniapWaVa2012 [distribution: 1-5]; NagrarKrBi2009 [economic importance, host, distribution: 537-541]; NewtonGlMa2011 [distribution: 520]; OuvrarKoGu2013 [economic importance: 2]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5-9]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; SinghShKu2012 [distribution, economic importance, host, molecular data: 539-543]; SureshCh2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 285-291]; SureshKa2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 155]; TanakaUe2012 [biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 413-419]; Tinsle1898c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 319]; VennilDePi2010 [life history, host, distribution: 1-9]; WangWaZh2010 [economic importance, host, distribution: 403-416]; WangWuZh2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 101-106]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 388-390]; WilliaMa2012 [illustration: 84]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89]; WuZeZh2013 [behaviour, ecology: 1343-1349]; WuZh2009 [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 159-162]; ZhouLuZe2012 [distribution, economic importance, life history: 1-10]; ZhouZeLu2012 [ecology, life history: 1-5].



Phenacoccus sonoraensis Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus sonoraensis Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 105. Type data: MEXICO: Sonora, Mocuzari, on undetermined tree; collected Herren, 22.xi.1980. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Sonora [GranarSz2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109,113].



Phenacoccus specificus Matesova

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus specificus Matesova, 1960a: 213. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Alma-Atinsk District, Ilinsk region, on Artemisia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Spinococcus specificus; Tang, 1992: 568. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matesova (1960a) and by Danzig (2003).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 345]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 349-350]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 199]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 378]; Mateso1960a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-215]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 568].



Phenacoccus sphaeralceae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus sphaeralceae Williams, 1987c: 355. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, on Sphaeralcea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Malvaceae: Sphaeralcea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1987a).

KEYS: Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 345]; Willia1987c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354-355].



Phenacoccus sphagni (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus sphagni Green, 1915a: 178. Type data: ENGLAND: Hampshire, New Forest, Mately Bog, in nests of Formica picea amongst sphagnum moss. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Phenacoccus sphagni; Reyne, 1958: 20. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Molinia coerulea [Reyne1958, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Netherlands [Reyne1958, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Green1915a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in nests of ants, Formica picea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Reyne (1958) and by Williams (1962).

KEYS: Malumphy 2011: 168 (female) [Key to adult female Phenacoccus native to Britain]; Williams 1962: 34 (female) [England].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 345]; Green1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178-179]; Green1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 119, 120]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Malump2011 [taxonomy: 168]; Reyne1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-26]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-38]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85].



Phenacoccus stelli (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus stelli Brain, 1915: 146. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Stellenbosch, on Borbonia cordata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus stelli tylococciformis Brain, 1915: 149. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, on Borbonia cordata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1958a: 112.

Phenacoccus stelli; De Lotto, 1974: 113. Change of combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Pseudococcobius stelli Prinsloo [Prinsl2003], Pseudococcobius stelli Prinsloo [Prinsl2003].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Borbonia cordata [Brain1915, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Leucadendron daphnoides [DeLott1974, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958a, 1974).

KEYS: De Lotto 1974: 111 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 346]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-148]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-112]; DeLott1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-115]; Prinsl2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 77-89]; Prinsl2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 81].



Phenacoccus strigosus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus strigosus Borchsenius, 1949: 217. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Repetek, on Heliotropium argusioides sp.; collected L. Arnold, 16.viii.1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 343. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 44-45. Described: female.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Lactuca sp. [KaydanKo2010a]. Boraginaceae: Heliotropium argusioides [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig2003].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan (Dzhambul Oblast [Danzig2003], Ural'sk Oblast [Danzig2003]). Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig2003]. Palaearctic: Russia (Dagestan AR [Danzig2003]); Turkey [KaydanKo2010a]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: In Turkmenistan, P. strigosus was collectd from leaves of Heliotropium argusioides, and from leaves of Stipa sp. in Kazakhstan. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2003). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 346]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 217]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-344]; Danzig2006a [behaviour, description, distribution, taxonomy: 202]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 199]; KaydanKo2010a [description, host: 37]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 550].



Phenacoccus subdeserticus Vayssiere

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus subdeserticus Vayssiere, 1932: 27. Type data: ALGERIA: Amri-du-Hoggar, on Artemisia herba-alba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia herba-alba [Balach1934d, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Vayssi1932, Balach1934d, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Vayssiere (1932, 1934).

CITATIONS: Balach1934d [host, distribution: 150]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 346]; Vayssi1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-28]; Vayssi1934 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-162].



Phenacoccus takagii Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus takagii Williams, 2004a: 615. Type data: INDIA: Haryana, Budkal Lake, on Burseraceae; collected S. Takagi, 22.x.1978. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Burseraceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Haryana [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 615-617].



Phenacoccus tataricus Matesova

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus tataricus Matesova, 1960a: 215. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Alatay, Mount Zailisk, on four species of plants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Caulococcus tataricus; Tang, 1992: 436. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus tataricus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 346. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Berberidaceae: Berberis heteropoda [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Caragana arborescens [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1960a]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Danzig2003].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matesova (1960a) and by Danzig (2003). Description of adult female by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (adult, female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 346]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339,341]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 198]; Mateso1960a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-217]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 436-437].



Phenacoccus tergrigorianae Borchsenius in Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus tergrigorianae Borchsenius in Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 21. Type data: ARMENIA: Aginskii Region, on Triticum vulgare var. erythrospermum and Scandix pecten veneris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Achilea [KaydanUlZe2004], Artemisia [KaydanUlZe2004], Cichorium [KaydanUlZe2004], Xanthium [KaydanUlZe2004]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium [KaydanUlEr2007]. Dipsacaceae: Scabiosa [KaydanUlEr2007]. Fabaceae: Medicago rigidula [KaydanKiKo2005]. Poaceae: Avena fatua [TerGri1966], Festuca [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Hordeum [TerGri1966], Triticum [TerGri1966], Triticum vulgare erythrospermum [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Eryngium [KaydanUlZe2004], Scandix pecten veneris [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, TerGri1966a, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanUlTo2002, KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: The species lives on roots of wheat and wild Poaceae in the wheat fields. However, Ter-Grigorian (1973) noted that the summer generation of this species could inhabit overground parts of plants, not only gramineans, but also dicotyledons.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973).

STRUCTURE: Body oval, dark rose-colored; 2.5 mm long. Antennae 8-segmented. Legs not large, with thick parts, without translucent pores on femora and tibiae. Circulus absent. Multilocular pores occur on abdominal tergites V-VII and sternites III-VIII. Quinquelocular pores absent. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 136 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 347]; BorchsTe1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-27]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 215, 216]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 379]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution: 30]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 380-381]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 222]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 88]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-168].



Phenacoccus tianmuensis Wu

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus tianmuensis Wu, 2001b: 252. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang province, Tianmushan National Nature Reserve, on Quercus, 4/14/1999, by S.A. Wu. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Tianjin: Department of Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus sp. [Wu2001b]

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001b]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description in Chinese and English and illustration in Wu 2001b.

SYSTEMATICS: Ph. tianmuensis is similar to Ph. graminicola Leonardi, but can be distinguished from the latter by hind legs without translucent pores and ventral margin with the larger type of tubular ducts.

CITATIONS: Wu2001b [description, host, structure, taxonomy: 252-253, 258].



Phenacoccus tibialis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus tibialis Borchsenius, 1949: 227. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: on Phragmites sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Caulococcus tibialis; Borchsenius, 1960e: 49. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Phragmites [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Collected from under the leaf sheaths of Phragmites. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female body elongate, pink, up to 3.5 mm. Antennae 9-segmented. Legs long, slender; hind tibia with translucent pores, claw digitules shorter than claw, pointed. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 347]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 227-228]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy: 49]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 197-200]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 437-438].



Phenacoccus toconaoensis Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus toconaoensis Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 107. Type data: CHILE: ll Region, Toconao, Camino a san Pedro, on Baccharis patiolaris; collected Curcuvitc, 3.xi.1994. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Baccharis patiolaris [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [GranarSz2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution].



Phenacoccus transcaucasicus Hadzibejli

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus transcaucasicus Hadzibejli, 1960: 60. Type data: GEORGIA: Tbilisi, on Lonicera iberica. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female. Illust.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphycus hadzibeyliae Trjapitzin [Yasnos2001].

HOSTS: Capparidaceae: Lonicera iberica [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Malus communis [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Danzig2003]; Azerbaijan [Hadzib1983, BenDov1994]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001]); Kazakhstan (Gur'yev Oblast [Danzig2003]); Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Danzig2003]; Russia (Caucasus [Danzig2003], Rostov Oblast [Danzig2003]); Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Danzig2003]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig2003]); Uzbekistan [Danzig2003].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hadzibejli (1960, 1983) and by Danzig (2003).

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 347]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333-337]; Danzig2006a [taxonomy: 198]; Hadzib1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-62]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-83]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 91]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].



Phenacoccus tucumanus Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus sp. Granara de Willink, 1978: 149. Unavailable name.

Phenacoccus tucumanus Granara de Willink, 1983a: 62. Type data: ARGENTINA: Province of Tucuman, San Miguel de Tucuman, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus terebinthifolius [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Granar1983a, BenDov1994, CulikMaGu2006], Citrus limon [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [Granar1983a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Espirito Santo [CulikMaGu2006, CulikMaVe2007]); Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (1983a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007). Granara de Willink (1979) described the adult female and larva of this species, as Phenacoccus sp.

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 347 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 348]; CulikMaGu2006 [host, distribution: 1-12]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; Granar1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-154]; Granar1983a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-64]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution: 98]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109,111,116]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 390-392].



Phenacoccus ulmi (Savescu)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paroudablis ulmi Savescu, 1985: 114. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucarest, on Ulmus foliacea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus ulmi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 348. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus ulmi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 348. Change of combination.



HOST: Ulmaceae: Ulmus foliacea [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985). Acceptance of the synonymy of Paroudablis with Phenacoccus (see Danzig, 1980b) necessitates the new combination of this species.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 348]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115].



Phenacoccus uruguayensis Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus uruguayensis Granara de Willink in: Granara de Willink & Szumik, 2007: 111. Type data: URUGUAY: Locality not indicated, on Margyricarpus setosus; collected Parker et al., 4.i.1943. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rosaceae: Margyricarpus setosus [GranarSz2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Uruguay [GranarSz2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 41-43 (female) [Phencoccus species of South America].

CITATIONS: GranarSz2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111,115,118].



Phenacoccus vaccinii (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paroudablis vaccinii Danzig, 1960: 174. Type data: RUSSIA: St. Peterburg [= Leningrad] Oblast, Gory at Lake Vuoksa, on Vaccinium vitis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus vaccinii; Danzig, 1971: 384. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Ledum palustre [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994], Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium vitis [Danzig1960, BenDov1994], Vaccinium vitis-idaea [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Buryatia (=Buryat) Aut. Oblast [Danzig2006a], Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig2006a], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1960, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig2006a]).

BIOLOGY: Ovisac white, oval. Cocoon of male white, elongate. (Danzig, 2006a) Oligophagous on the family Ericaceae; lives on the underside of the leaves. (Danzig, 2006a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1960). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female. Body broad-oval, up to 3 mm long. Antennae 8–9-segmented. Legs well developed. Circulus large, oval. Multilocular pores present on ventral surface of abdomen only. Quinquelocular pores numerous everywhere on body except posterior abdominal sternites. Tubular ducts of three sizes. (Danzig, 2006a)

KEYS: Danzig 2006a: 197-200 (female) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 348]; Danzig1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-176]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy: 382]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 75]; Danzig2006a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 199, 209-210]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 551-552].



Phenacoccus vetiveriae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus vetiveriae Williams, 2004a: 617. Type data: THAILAND: Bangkok, on leaf of Vetiveria zizanoides; collected V. Unpaprom, 25.iii.1999. Holotype female. Type depository: Bangkok: Entomology and Zoology Division, Department of Agriculture, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Vetiveria zizanoides [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 617-619].



Phenacoccus wilmattae Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus wilmattae Cockerell, 1901g: 57. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Beulah, on Viola aff. pedatifida. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Violaceae: Viola pedatifida [Cocker1901g, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1901g, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie & Williams (1965), who also discuss Ferris's (1953a) erroneous synonymy of this species with Phenacoccus solani. Althought Cockerell (1901g) did not designate a holotype, McKenzie & Williams's (1965) reference to a 'holotype' designates this specimen as the lectotype.

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 349]; Cocker1901g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 57]; McKenzWi1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7].



Phenacoccus yerushalmi Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus yerushalmi Ben-Dov, 1985a: 189. Type data: ISRAEL: Jerusalem, on Pinus halepensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus brutia [BenDovGoKa2006], Pinus halepensis [BenDov1985a, BenDov1994, BenDovMa2001D], Pinus pinaster [MazzeoLoRu1994, BenDovMa2001D], Pinus sylvestris [KaydanUlEr2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [BenDovMa2001D]; France [Foldi2001]; Greece [BenDovGoKa2006]; Israel [BenDov1985a, BenDov1994, BenDovMa2001D]; Italy [Pelliz2010]; Portugal [FrancoRuMa2011]; Sicily [MazzeoLoRu1994, LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997, BenDovMa2001D]; Spain [BenDovMa2001D]; Tunisia [BenDovMa2001D]; Turkey [BenDovGoKa2006, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Living on trunk of the trees, concealed by the dead bark and aggressively protected by the ant Crematogaster scutellaris var. jonia Forell.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1985a) and Mazzeo et al. (1994). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Russo 1994: 282 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1985a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 349]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 36, 43]; BenDovGoKa2006 [host, distribution: 42]; BenDovMa2001D [host, distribution: 167]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution, host: 2,20,25]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-205]; MazzeoRuSu1999 [taxonomy, distribution: 32]; Mendel2000 [host, distribution: 221, 234]; Pelliz2010 [host, distribution: 90]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 49]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 553].



Polystomophora Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Polystomophora Borchsenius, 1948a: 955. Type species: Phenacoccus ostiaplurimus Kiritshenko, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1948a, 1949), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; Tang 1992: 588 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 87 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 372]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy, description: 955]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 184]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 133]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 68]; MoghadAl2010 [taxonomy: 11-12]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 159]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 590]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 229]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 109].



Polystomophora arakensis Moghaddam (in}: Moghaddam & Alikhani

NOMENCLATURE:

Polystomophora arakensis Moghaddam (in}: Moghaddam & Alikhani, 2010: 12-14. Type data: IRAN: Markazi province, Arak, on roots of Atraphaxis sp.; collected M. Alikhani, 10.x.2009. Holotype female. Type depository: IRIP. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Polygonaceae: Atraphaxis [MoghadAl2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [MoghadAl2010].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of the host plant (Moghaddam & Alikhani, 2010)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Moghaddam & Alikhani (2010).

CITATIONS: Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 68, 70, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 71-72]; MoghadAl2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-14].



Polystomophora orientalis Matesova

NOMENCLATURE:

Polystomophora orientalis Matesova, 1960a: 212. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Alma-Atinsk region, on Aneurolepidium multicaulae and Camphorosma lessingii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcus orientalis; Tang, 1992: 506. Change of combination.

Polystomophora orientalis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 372. Revived combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus trjapitzini Sharipov [Trjapi1989], Bactritopus [Trjapi1989], Bactritopus sugonjaevi (Sharipov) [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Camphorosma lessingii [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Aneurolepidium multicaule [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Iran [Moghad2009]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matesova (1960a) and by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 504 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 109 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 372]; Mateso1960a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-213]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 26,27]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 506-507]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-111]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 115, 130, 451].



Polystomophora ostiaplurima (Kiritchenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus ostiaplurimus Kiritchenko, 1940: 188. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on chestnut. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Polystomophora ostiaplurima; Borchsenius, 1949: 184. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: maple mealybug.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Pseudoaphycus hungaricus Erdos [Koszta1956a].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Castanea [Kiritc1940a, BenDov1994]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia [Yasnos2001]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Ukraine [Kiritc1940a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the trunks and branches of deciduous trees. Life cycle described by Vinis & Kozár (1981). Parasites discussed by Kosztarab (1956).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult male and all nymphal stages given by Vinis & Kozar (1981). description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This mealybug often becomes a pest on roadside trees (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F).

KEYS: Ter-Grigorian 1973: 109 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 372]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 184-185]; Kiritc1940a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-189]; Koszta1956a [biological control: 395]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 133-135]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 590-591, 746]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-231]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].



Prorhizoecus Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Prorhizoecus Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 583. Type species: Prorhizoecus atopoporus Miller and McKenzie, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Miller & McKenzie (1971), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (1998).

KEYS: Kozár & Foldi 2004: 180-181 (female) [Genera of Rhizoecini]; Kozar & Konczne Benedicty 2002a: 217 (female) [genera of Rhizoecini]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 40 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 373]; KozarFo2004 [taxonomy: 180-181]; KozarKo2002a [taxonomy: 217]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description: 583]; Willia1998DJ [taxonomy, description: 28]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 417-419].



Prorhizoecus atopoporus Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Prorhizoecus atopoporus Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 583. Type data: MEXICO: Puelbla, near El Seco, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 373-374]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 583-585]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 419, 420].



Rastrococcus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus Ferris, 1954a: 55. Type species: Phenacoccus iceryoides Green, by original designation.

Rostrococcus; Tang, 1992: 410. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (1985, 1989), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Buchner (1957) suggested that Rastrococcus should be included in a family separate from Pseudococcidae, because the endosymbionts in species of this genus achieved symbiotic adaptations bearing no resemblance to the Pseudococcus or Puto types. Tremblay (1989) reiterated this interpretation. However, there are no grounds, based on morphology of the adult female, for excluding Rastrococcus from the family Pseudococcidae.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 138 (female) [Key to genera of g/g Puto]; Williams 2004a: 41 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 409-410 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental region]; Tang 1992: 384 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental region]; Williams 1989: 439 (female) [species World]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 17 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 42 (female) [species India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 2 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 13 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 36 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 21 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy: 41]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 434]; Buchne1957a [taxonomy, symbionts: 111-148]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 81]; DanzigGa2014 [taxonomy: 138, 178]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy, description: 55]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 172]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 26]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 340-341]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description: 438]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 714-716]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 204].



Rastrococcus adinandrae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus adinandrae Williams, 2004a: 716. Type data: MALAYSIA: Pahang, Bukit Fraser, on Adinandra saroanthera; collected S. Takagi, 30.x.1986. Holotype female. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selandgor, Malaysia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Theaceae: Adinandra saroanthera [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 716-718].



Rastrococcus asteliae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus asteliae Maskell, 1884: 139. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Hawke's Bay, on Astelia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 82. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Phenacoccus asteliae; Cockerell, 1893ee: 318. Change of combination.

Rastrococcus asteliae; Cox, 1987: 81. Change of combination.



ASSOCIATE: FLAVOBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012].

HOSTS: Liliaceae: Astelia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Astelia fragans [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Astelia trinervia [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Maskel1884, Maskel1887a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987) and by Williams (1989).

KEYS: Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 434]; Cocker1893ee [taxonomy: 318]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-82, 203]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 52]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Maskel1884 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-140]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 440-441].



Rastrococcus balinensis Buchner

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus balinensis Buchner, 1957a: 123. Type data: INDONESIA: Bali, Denpasar, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Bali [Buchne1957a]).

SYSTEMATICS: This species was named and distinguished from other species of Rastrococcus based on the different structure of the endosymbionts; see discussion by Williams (2004a: 714).

CITATIONS: Buchne1957a [taxonomy, description, distribution: 123-124]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 714].



Rastrococcus banksiae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus banksiae Williams, 1985: 341. Type data: QUEENSLAND: Beerwah, on Banksia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Proteaceae: Banksia marginata [Willia1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985, 1989). by Williams (1989a). Distribution and host plant records given by

KEYS: Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World]; Williams 1985: 341 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 434-435]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 341-343]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 441-444].



Rastrococcus biggeri Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus spinosus; Bigger, 1985. Misidentification; discovered by Williams & Watson, 1988a: 207.

Rastrococcus biggeri Williams & Watson, 1988a: 205. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Kolombangara, on Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Alstonia spectabilis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga tanarius [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Willia1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a, Willia1989, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Philippines [Willia1989, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Williams (1989).

KEYS: Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 205 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 435]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 443-444]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-207].



Rastrococcus chinensis Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus chinensis Ferris, 1954a: 55. Type data: CHINA: near Canton, Lo-kong-tung, on undetermined host. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Rostrococcus chinensis; Tang, 1992: 410. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Araceae: Alocasia sp. [MartinLa2011]. Euphorbiaceae: Aporusa dioica [MartinLa2011]. Melastomataceae: Melastoma malabethricum [Willia2004a]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia lindleyana [MartinLa2011]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Syzygium aquae [Willia2004a], Syzygium aromatum [Willia2004a], Syzygium hancei [MartinLa2011]. Rubiacea: Psychotria asiatica [MartinLa2011]. Rubiaceae: Morinda umbellata [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Brunei [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Ferris1954a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1954a), Williams (1989), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rstrococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 409 (female) [China]; Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 435]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 410-411, 750]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26-27]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 444-446]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 718-719]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 168].



Rastrococcus expeditionis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus expeditionis Williams, 1989: 446. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park, on ?Sapotaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Sapotaceae [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 435]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 78]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 446-448]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 718-721].



Rastrococcus fransenii Buchner

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus fransenii Buchner, 1957a: 124. Type data: INDONESIA: Bogor, host plant not indicated; collected Franssen 18.vi.1935. Syntypes, female. Described: female.

SYSTEMATICS: This species was named and distinguished from other species of Rastrococcus based on the different structure of the endosymbionts; see discussion by Williams (2004a: 714).

CITATIONS: Buchne1957a [taxonomy, description, symbionts, distribution: 124-126]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 714].



Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus iceryoides Green, 1908a: 26. Type data: INDIA: Gujarat, Surat on Capparis horrida. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1989: 448. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Dactylopius (Pseudococcus) obtusus Newstead, 1911a: 164. Type data: GERMAN EAST AFRICA [= TANZANIA]: Tanga, on baobabrinde [= baobab bark]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1989: 448. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1922: 391.

Phenacoccus obtusus; Lindinger, 1913: 67. Change of combination.

Rastrococcus iceryoides; Ferris, 1954a: 55. Change of combination.

Ceroputo iceryoides; Lindinger, 1958: 372. Change of combination.

Rastrococcus cappariae Avasthi & Shafee, 1983: 103. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh, Naqvi Park on Capparis sepiaria. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1989: 448.

Phenococcus iceroides; Patil et al., 2011: 693. Misspelling of genus and species names.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [SinhaSaDi1985], Pseudospidimerus circumflexus (Motschulsky) [SinhaSaDi1985], Scymnus (Pullus) coccivora Aiyar [SinhaSaDi1985]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus [SinhaSaDi1985], Neoplatycerus tachikawai Subba Rao [TrjapiTr2002]. LEPIDOPTERA Lycaenidae: Spalgius epius [SinhaSaDi1985], Spalgius epius [PatilPaPa2011].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Lannea wodier [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Magnifera [Ali1968, BenDov1994], Mangifera indica [Green1908a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Odina woodier [GalaniWa2012]. Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Apocynaceae [Willia2004a], Alstonia scholariae [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Plumeria acutifolia [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Asteraceae: Helianthus excelsa [Willia2004a]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia magnifica [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Bombacaceae: Bombax anfractuosum [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Ceiba pentandra [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Durio zibethinus [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Burseraceae: Boswellia [Green1908a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Capparidaceae: Capparis horrida [Green1908a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Capparis separia [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Caryophyllaceae: Honkenya ficifolia [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Terminalia arjuna [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita pepo [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Cycadaceae: Cycas [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Bridelia pustulata [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Codiaeum [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Croton [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Euphorbia [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Flueggia microcarpa [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Mallotus [Ferris1954a, BenDov1994], Phyllanthus [Ali1968, Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Albizia falcataria [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Albizia lucida [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Albizia procera [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Caesalpinia regia [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Cajanus [Ali1968, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Cassia [Ali1968, BenDov1994], Cassia fistula [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Centrosema [Ali1968, Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Crotalaria [Ali1968, BenDov1994], Derris [Ali1968, BenDov1994], Derris malaccensis [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Dolichos lablab [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Enterolobium samen [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Erythrina indica [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Lablab niger [SinhaSaDi1985], Lonchocarpus nicou [Willia2004a], Parkinsonia aculeata [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Pithecellobium lobatum [Willia2004a], Pithecellobium saman [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Pongamia pinnata [MangalSuNa2012], Tephrosia candida [Green1922, BenDov1994, GalaniWa2012]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia [Ali1968, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [Ali1968, SinhaSaDi1985, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Gossypium hirsutum [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Hibiscus mutabilis [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Hibiscus rosasinensis [SinhaSaDi1985, Willia2004a], Thespesia [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Ficus [Ali1968, BenDov1994], Ficus alba [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Ficus indica [SinhaSaDi1985, Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Musaceae: Musa [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Willia2004a]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus australis [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Polygalaceae: Polygala [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Rosaceae: Rosa [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Canthium parviflora [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Coffea arabica [Ali1968, Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Coffea canephora [Willia2004a], Coffea robusta [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Gardenia [Ali1968, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Gardenia florida [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Mussaenda [Willia2004a], Wendlandia notoniana [GalaniWa2012]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Ali1968, SinhaSaDi1985, Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Citrus aurantifolia [Willia2004a], Citrus swingelii [Willia2004a], Murraya koenigii [Green1922, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Manilkara zapota [Willia2004a], Mimusops elengi [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [NandaGh1989, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Ali1968, Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Tiliaceae: Grewia [Willia2004a]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa lanata [Green1922, BenDov1994], Tectona grandis [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Vitex [Ali1968, BenDov1994], Vitex pubescens [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Vitex pubescens [Willia2004a]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Willia1989, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [Newste1911a, Newste1913, DeLott1964]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; Bangladesh [Willia1989, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Brunei [Willia2004a]; Hong Kong [Ferris1954a, BenDov1994]; India [Green1908a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Andhra Pradesh [Willia2004a], Assam [Willia2004a], Bihar [Willia2004a], Gujarat [Willia2004a], Jammu & Kashmir [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Madhya Pradesh [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a, SureshCh2008], Uttar Pradesh [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a], Sarawak [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Nepal [Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: The distribution of Rastrococcus spp. within mango trees (Mangifera indica) was studied at Bangalore, India. Population densities of R. invadens Williams, R. iceryoides (Green) and R. mangiferae (Green) were significantly higher on the abaxial leaf surface compared with the adaxial surface. Mealybug density was also higher from ground level up to 2m compared with above 2m. Significant variations in Rastrococcus spp. populations among trees and species composition per tree were observed. As populations built up on leaves, migration to other leaves occurred, more predominantly in R. mangiferae than in R. invadens. As the population of R. iceryoides increased on leaves, migration to twigs occurred (Narasimham & Chacko, 1991). Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978) and by Sinha et al. (1985b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and ilustration of adult female by Newstead (1913), Green (1922), Nanda & Ghose (1989), Williams (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Parida & Moharana (1982) and Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=10. External appearance of adult female and immature stages described and illustrated by Narasimham (1990).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968). The distribution of Rastrococcus spp. within mango trees (Mangifera indica) was studied at Bangalore, India. Population densities of R. invadens Williams, R. iceryoides (Green) and R. mangiferae (Green) were significantly higher on the abaxial leaf surface compared with the adaxial surface. Mealybug density was also higher from ground level up to 2m compared with above 2m. Significant variations in Rastrococcus spp. populations among trees and species composition per tree were observed. As populations built up on leaves, migration to other leaves occurred, more predominantly in R. mangiferae than in R. invadens. As the population of R. iceryoides increased on leaves, migration to twigs occurred (Narasimham & Chacko, 1991).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 409, 410 (female) [China]; Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 42 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-104]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 169]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 435-436]; Buchne1957a [symbionts: 126-132]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 272-273]; Calkin1983 [distribution, economic importance: 321]; ChackoKrAn1978 [biological control: 14-19]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 381]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; GalaniWa2012 [distribution, host: 9]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 26]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 391-392]; LePell1968 [economic importance]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 372]; MangalSuNa2012 [description, distribution, ecology, host: 110-116]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; Mohara1990 [structure: 48]; Moore2001 [host, economic importance: 232-266]; NandaGh1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 329-336]; Narasi1990 [taxonomy, description: 259-266]; NarasiCh1991 [life history, host, distribution: 445-448]; Newste1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-165]; Newste1913 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-70]; ParidaMo1982 [structure: 19]; PatilPaPa2011 [biological control: 693]; PillaiGoSa1991 [host, distribution: 253-260]; PramanGh1991 [host, distribution, life history: 25-30]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 627]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 344]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 86]; SinhaSaDi1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 14]; Sohi1964 [host, distribution: 111]; SureshCh2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 285-291]; TandonLa1978 [host, distribution, biological control: 467-468]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 411-412]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27]; TrjapiTr2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 205]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 46]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 448-452]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 721-724]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 147]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 32].



Rastrococcus invadens Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus invadens Williams, 1986b: 696. Type data: PAKISTAN: Karachi, on Mangifera indica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: Mango mealybug [Neuens1993]; mango mealybug [Neuens1993].



ASSOCIATE: FLAVOBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012].

FOES: FUNGI Entomophtorales: Hirsutella sphaerospora [Moore1988]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus mangicola Noyes [BokonoNeVa1995], Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes [Agounk1993, BokonoNe1995, BokonoVaNe1996, PitanaMwAk2002].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Acanthus mollis [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Aphelandra [BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994], Barleria involucrata [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Pseuderanthemum [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Sanchezia nobilis [BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994]. Adiantaceae: Adiantum [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia1989, BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994, Willia2004a, GermaiVaMa2010], Spondias dulcis [BiassaFaMo1991, BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [BiassaFaMo1991, BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Annona reticulata [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Adenium cactanium [Willia2004a], Echites [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Nerium oleander [MoussaMa1988, BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Plumeria [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Plumeria alba [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Plumeria rubra [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Plumeria sp. [GalaniWa2012], Strophantus [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Thevetia peruviana [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Caladium bicolor [BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Colocasia antiquorum [BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia [BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia maculata [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Monstera deliciosa [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Philodendron [BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994], Xanthosoma [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Burseraceae: Dacryodes edulis [BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Cucurbitaceae: Momordica foetida [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea alata [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha hispida [BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994], Codiaeum variegatum [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Mallotus [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Strongylodon [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [MoussaMa1988, BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994]. Loganiaceae: Anthocleista vogelli [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Fagraea crenulata [Willia2004a]. Malvaceae: Sida acuta [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Khaya ivorensis [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [MoussaMa1988, BenDov1994], Artocarpus apyrena [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Artocarpus incisa [BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994], Artocarpus integrifolia [BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994], Ficus [MoussaMa1988, BenDov1994], Ficus arnottiana [GalaniWa2012], Ficus elastica [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Ficus exasperata [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Ficus mucuso [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Ficus percisifolia [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Ficus thonningii [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Morus [Willia2005], Streblus asper [Willia2004a]. Musaceae: Heliconia humilis [BiassaFaMo1991, BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Musa paradisiaca [Willia1989, BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Musa sapientum [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [MoussaMa1988, BiassaFaMo1991, BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Borreria verticillata [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Ixora [BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Citrus grandis [Willia1989, BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [Willia1989, BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Citrus maxima [Willia2004a], Citrus paradisi [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Citrus reticulata [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994], Murraya koenigii [Willia2004a]. Saxifragaceae: Hydrangea macrophylla [BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Lindernia crustacea [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus excelsa [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Ulmaceae: Trema guineensis [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Premna tomentosa [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Zingiberaceae: Costus lucanusianus [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [Willia1989, BenDov1994, GermaiVaMa2010]; Congo [MoussaMa1988, BiassaFaMo1991, BenDov1994]; Gabon [BoussiMo1993, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Willia1989, BenDov1994, WihBi2012]; Senegal [HanNdHe2007]; Togo [MoussaMa1988, Agounk1993, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]). Neotropical: French Guiana [GermaiLaDe2015]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Willia1986b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Bhutan [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Hong Kong [Willia1986b, BenDov1994]; India [Willia1989, BenDov1994, SahooGh2000] (Andhra Pradesh [Willia2004a], Bihar [Willia2004a], Gujarat [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [GodseBh2003], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Odisha [Willia2004a], Sikkim [Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Bali [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a], Sarawak [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Willia1986b, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]; Philippines [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of its host plants. The distribution of Rastrococcus spp. within mango trees (Mangifera indica) was studied at Bangalore, India. Population densities of R. invadens Williams, R. iceryoides (Green) and R. mangiferae (Green) were significantly higher on the abaxial leaf surface compared with the adaxial surface. Mealybug density was also higher from ground level up to 2m compared with above 2m. Significant variations in Rastrococcus spp. populations among trees and species composition per tree were observed. As populations built up on leaves, migration to other leaves occurred, more predominantly in R. mangiferae than in R. invadens. As the population of R. iceryoides increased on leaves, migration to twigs occurred (Narasimham & Chacko, 1991). Natural enemies listed by Moore (1988) and by Biassangama et al. (1991).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1986b; 1989), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Williams (1989). External appearance of adult female and immature stages described and illustrated by Narasimham (1990). The live adult females are 3.5-4.0 mm long and 2.0-2.5 mm wide, and are pale greenish white under their white wax cover, except for a bare stripe on the midline. The marginal wax filaments are conspicuous and fairly long: anterior filaments are 3.5-6.0 mm, posterior ones are 5-8 mm long and lateral ones are 1.5-2.5 mm long. Fairly long wax filaments are one of the characteristics of the genus Rastrococcus. (Germain, et al., 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Rastrococcus invadens and R. rubellus are very similar to each other. In the field, adult females of R. rubellus were usually slightly larger than those of R. invadens. the colour of the body contents also differed, bding pale green in R. invadens, but pink in R. rubellus. In microscope slide mounts, the frontal cerarii of R. rubellus were almost always linked by sclerotized cuticle, whereas in R. invadens they are usually separated by a strip of membranous cuticle. (Galanihe & Watson, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Rastrococcus invadens was originally described from South East Asia, where previously it has been misidentified for R. spinosus. In 1981-1982 it was inadvertently introduced to Ghana and Togo in Africa. Since then it spread and became established over wide areas in West and Central Africa, mainly as a pest of mango, as well as other plants. Various methods for control of the pest were considered, but high priority has been given to biological control (Agounke et al., 1988; Agricola et al., 1989). Bokonon-Ganta et al. (1995, 1996) evaluated various parameters in the life history of Anagyrus mangicola Noyes and Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes (both Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in biological control of the pest in Africa. A pest of mango and citrus (Williams, 1986b, 1989).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: Agounk1993 [host, distribution, biological control: 441-451]; AgounkAgBo1988 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 695-702]; AgounkAgBo1989 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 17-29]; AgounkFi1993 [host, distribution, biological control: 441-451]; AgricoFi1991 [economic importance, biological control: 127-132]; BeltraGaSo2013 [behaviour: 1492]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 436-437]; BergmaBl2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-80]; BiassaFaMo1991 [biological control: 209-211]; BoavidNeSc1992 [life history, ecology: 381-391]; Bokono2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 45-54]; BokonoNe1995 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 95-107]; BokonoNeDe2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 437]; BokonoNeVa1995 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 479-486]; BokonoVaNe1996 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 179-185]; BoussiMo1993 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 139-148]; DasSa2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 71-72]; EtzelLe1999 [biological control: 125-197]; GalaniWa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 7-10]; GarciaMo1988 [host, distribution, biological control: 1125-1130]; GermaiLaDe2015 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 447-450]; GermaiVaMa2010 [host, distribution: 126]; GodseBh2003 [host, distribution: 1]; GreathGr1992 [biological control: 61-68]; HanNdHe2007 [host, distribution, biological control: 121-125]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HasselGo1992 [biological control: 265]; HataHaJa1992 [chemical control: 2310-2316]; Hawkin1994 [biological control: 3]; KaydanCaUl2013 [economic importance: 169]; KemaboOd2001 [host, distribution, life history: 51-61]; KemaboOd2003 [biological control: 99-108]; KiddJe1996 [biological control: 293]; KondoGuPo2012 [biological control: 13]; ManiKr2001a [host, distribution, biological control: 63-64]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 48]; Moore1988 [biological control: 218]; Moore2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 17N-27N]; Moore2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 222-224]; MoussaMa1988 [host, distribution: 2]; Narasi1990 [taxonomy, description: 259-266]; Neuens1993 [biological control: 143-177]; NeuensMa2001 [biological control: 127-146]; Nguett1993 [host, distribution]; NkloBaAc2011 [biological control, economic importance, ecology, host, illustration, life history: 1481-1492]; OuvrarKoGu2013 [biological control, illustration: 2,3]; Pena2004 [life history, ecology, biological control: 151-161]; PenaBa1999 [economic importance: 97-104]; Pitan2008 [host, distribution, economic importance. biological control: 119-125]; PitanMwAk2002 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 105-113]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; SahooGh2000 [life history: 752-756]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 412-413, 751]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27]; TobihOmIv2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 757-761]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution : 46]; Waage1990 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 135-157]; WaageGr1988 [biological control: 111-128]; WaageMi1992 [life history, biological control: 412-430]; Watson1997 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 4]; WihBi2012 [distribution: 44]; Willia1986b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 695-699]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 452-455]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 724-727]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 168]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90].



Rastrococcus jabadiu Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus jabadiu Williams, 1989: 455. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Bogor, on Ficus ampelas. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asclepiadaceae: Stephanotis granatus [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Sandoricum [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Ficus ampelas [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Clausena exavata [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 437]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 455-457]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 728-729]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90].



Rastrococcus kendariensis Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus kendariensis Gavrilov, 2013: 76-78. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi, near Haluoleo airport, on leaf of dicotyledonous tree, 11/12/2011, by I.A. Gavrilov. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. K 936. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Gavril2013]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Gavrilov, 2013.

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body elongate oval, 1.4 mm long. Eyes each about 25 ľm in diameter. Antennae each 9-segmented, 500 ľm long. Legs well developed. Tubular ducts simple, each about 12 Tubular ducts simple, each about 12 ľm long, present on venter only as six symmetrically located pairs on abdominal segments V-VII. (Gavrilov, 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: Rastrococcus kendariensis is close to Rastrococcus jabadiu Williams, 1989, but differs from it in (1) the small number of tubular ducts, which are of one size only and located in six pairs on the ventral surface of abdominal segments V-VII only and (2) the presence of special-type quinquelocular pores on the dorsum. (Gavrilov, 2013)

CITATIONS: Gavril2013 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 76-78].



Rastrococcus lamingtoniensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus lamingtoniensis Williams, 1985: 343. Type data: QUEENSLAND: Lamington National Park, on Cinnamomum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Willia1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1989, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985, 1989). by Williams (1989a).

KEYS: Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World]; Williams 1985: 341 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 437]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-345]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 457-459].



Rastrococcus mangiferae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus mangiferae Green, 1896: 7. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Mangifera indica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1989: 459. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus mangiferae; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus ballardi Newstead, 1917a: 17. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, on Mangifera indica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1989: 459. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1989: 459.

Puto mangiferae; Takahashi, 1929: 44. Change of combination.

Rastrococcus mangiferae; Ferris, 1954a: 55. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Green1896, Ali1968, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia hemisphaerica [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Green1922, Ali1968, Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: The distribution of Rastrococcus spp. within mango trees (Mangifera indica) was studied at Bangalore, India. Population densities of R. invadens Williams, R. iceryoides (Green) and R. mangiferae (Green) were significantly higher on the abaxial leaf surface compared with the adaxial surface. Mealybug density was also higher from ground level up to 2m compared with above 2m. Significant variations in Rastrococcus spp. populations among trees and species composition per tree were observed. As populations built up on leaves, migration to other leaves occurred, more predominantly in R. mangiferae than in R. invadens. As the population of R. iceryoides increased on leaves, migration to twigs occurred (Narasimham & Chacko, 1991).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922), Williams (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Photograph given by Newstead (1920). External appearance of adult female and immature stages described and illustrated by Narasimham (1990).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 409 (female) [China]; Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 42 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: Ali1968 [host, distribution: 127]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 437-438]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 325]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy: 55]; GalaniWa2012 [distribution, host: 9]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 393-394]; Narasi1990 [host, distribution, life history: 259-265]; NarasiCh1991 [host, distribution, life history: 445-448]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17-18]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 344]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 44]; Takaha1951a [host, distribution: 21]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 413]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 46]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 459-461].



Rastrococcus matileae Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus matileae Williams & Watson, 1988a: 207. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: on Bruguiera eriopetala. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera eriopetala [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Williams (1989).

KEYS: Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 205 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 438]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 461-462]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-209].



Rastrococcus melaleucae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus melaleucae Williams, 1985: 345. Type data: SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Hartley, on Melaleuca uncinata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca uncinata [Willia1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1989, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985, 1989). . Adult female redescribed and illustrated by Williams (1989a).

KEYS: Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World]; Williams 1985: 341 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 438]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 345-346]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 461-465].



Rastrococcus monachus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus monachus Williams, 1989: 465. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Serdang, on Psidium guajava. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 438]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 465-467]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 731-732].



Rastrococcus namartini Williams & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus namartini Williams & Henderson, 2005: 49. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: AK, Hunua Ranges, Massey Track, on Myrsine australis; collected 6.ii.2005, by G.L. & R.C. Henderson. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 05-025c. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Myrsinaceae: Myrsine australis [WilliaHe2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [WilliaHe2005]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, male prepupa, second instar male by Williams & Henderson (2005).

CITATIONS: WilliaHe2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-60].



Rastrococcus neoguineensis Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus neoguineensis Williams & Watson, 1988a: 209. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Madang Province, near Buso, Lasanga Island, on Heritiera littoralis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Harpullia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Heritiera littoralis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Indonesia [Willia1989, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Attended by the ant Anoplolepis longipes.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Williams (1989).

KEYS: Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 205 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 438]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 466-467]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-211].



Rastrococcus nepalicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus nepalicus Williams, 2004a: 733. Type data: NEPAL: Mechi, Ilam-Phua Khola, 1140 m, on Macaranga sp.; collected S. Takagi, 7.xi.1983. Holotype. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 733-734].



Rastrococcus nivalis (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus nivalis Maskell, 1893b: 234. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Sydney or Brisbane, on Acacia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 345. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus nivalis; Cockerell, 1893ee: 318. Change of combination.

Rastrococcus nivalis; Williams, 1985: 345. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Maskel1893b, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Agonis elliptica [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Leptospermum attenuatum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Leptospermum brachyandrum [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Banksia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1893b, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Maskel1893b, Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985, 1989). Adult female redescribed and illustrated by Williams (1985, 1989a). Distribution and host plant records gi

KEYS: Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World]; Williams 1985: 341 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 438-439]; Cocker1893ee [taxonomy: 318]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 54]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 438-439]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 345, 347, 348]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 467-470].



Rastrococcus pseudospinosus Buchner

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus pseudospinosus Buchner, 1957a: 132. Type data: INDONESIA: Bogor, on Ficus; collected by Ms. Dr. Vos. Syntypes, female. Described: female.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Buchne1957a].

SYSTEMATICS: This species was named and distinguished from other species of Rastrococcus based on the different structure of the endosymbionts; see discussion by Williams (2004a: 714).

CITATIONS: Buchne1957a [taxonomy, description, symbionts, host, distribution: 132-138]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 714].



Rastrococcus rubellus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus rubellus Williams, 1989: 470. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Gombak, on Mangifera indica (laboratory cultured). Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Plumaria rubra [MartinLa2011]. Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Mallotus paniculatus [MartinLa2011]. Moraceae: Ficus sp. [MartinLa2011]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [Willia2004a], Citrus grandis [MartinLa2011], Citrus microcarpa [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a]); Hong Kong [Willia1989, BenDov1994]; Laos [Willia1989, BenDov1994]; Malaysia [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [GalaniWa2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Williams (1989) presented a colour photograph of the adult female.

SYSTEMATICS: Rastrococcus invadens and R. rubellus are very similar to each other. In the field, adult females of R. rubellus were usually slightly larger than those of R. invadens. the colour of the body contents also differed, bding pale green in R. invadens, but pink in R. rubellus. In microscope slide mounts, the frontal cerarii of R. rubellus were almost always linked by sclerotized cuticle, whereas in R. invadens they are usually separated by a strip of membranous cuticle. (Galanihe & Watson, 2012)

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 439]; GalaniWa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 7-10]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-471]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 735-736].



Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus spinosus Robinson, 1918: 145. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Lagua, Paete, on Ficus nota. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Williams, 1989.

Puto spinosus; Morrison, 1920: 165. Change of combination.

Ceroputo spinosus; van der Goot, 1928: 4. Change of combination.

Rastrococcus spinosus; Ferris, 1954a: 55. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: philippine mango mealybug [LitCa1994a]; Philippine mango mealybug [LitCa1994a].



FOE: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [Leefma1929].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Mangifera indica [Morris1920, Willia2004a], Mangifera odorata [Willia1989, Willia2004a], Semecarpus cuneiformis [Willia2004a]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Willia2004a]. Apocynaceae: Plumeria robusta [Willia1989, Willia2004a], Tabernaemontana [Morris1920, Willia2004a]. Araceae [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Willia1989, Willia2004a], Nypa [Willia2004a], Nypa fructicans [Willia1989]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [Willia1989], Carcinia mangostana [Willia1989], Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Costaceae: Costus [Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Antidesma velutinosum [Willia2004a], Hevea brasiliensis [Willia1989, Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia1989, Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [Willia1989, Willia2004a], Artocarpus heterophyllus [Willia1989, Willia2004a], Ficus ampelas [Willia1989, Willia2004a], Ficus fulva [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Willia2004a], Eugenia aquea [Willia1989, Willia2004a], Psidium guajava [Willia1989, Willia2004a], Psidium pumilum [Green1922, Willia2004a]. Poaceae [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Kalsho1981]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia1989, Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Guioa pleuropteris [Willia2004a]. Sonneratiaceae: Duabanga moluccana [Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [KhooOoTu1991]. Stilaginaceae: Antidesma leptocladum [Morris1920, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Green1922, Betrem1937, Willia2004a], Lombok [Willia2004a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia1989, Willia2004a]); Bangladesh [Willia1989, Varshn1992, Willia2004a]; Brunei [Willia1989, Willia2004a]; India [Varshn1992]; Indonesia (Bali [Willia1989, Willia2004a], Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia2004a]; Laos [Willia1989, Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Varshn1992]; Philippines [Willia1989, Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a]); Singapore [Willia1989, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Takaha1928]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia1989, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1920), Williams (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

SYSTEMATICS: Williams, 2004 studied Green's slides and found that Green's distribution record in Sri Lanka was based on misidentification of material of R. invadens and R. taprobanicus and is not present in Sri Lanka.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 410 (female) [China]; Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: AusafAh1973 [chemical control, distribution: 205-206]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 439]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-93]; Buchne1957a [structure, symbionts: 113-123]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 270-271]; Calkin1983 [distribution, economic importance: 321]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy: 55]; Flande1936 [host, distribution: 196-197]; Goot1928 [taxonomy: 4]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; KhooOoTu1991 [distribution, economic importance]; KondoLoQu2010 [biological control: 7-13]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy, structure: 253]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 395]; MahmooMoKa1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 291-294]; Mohara1990 [structure: 48]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-166]; Robins1918 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-146]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 335-336]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 413-414]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 47]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 471-474]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 735-738]; WilliaMa2012 [illustration: 84]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 91].



Rastrococcus stolatus (Froggatt)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus stolatus Froggatt, 1917: 135. Type data: NEW SOUTH WALES: Cobar, Dubbo, Condobolin, Bourke, on Myoporum deserti. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Williams, 1989.

Rastrococcus stolatus; Williams, 1985: 348. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Callitris columellaris [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Myoporaceae: Eremophila gilesii [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Eremophila mitchellii [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Myoporum acuminatum [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Myoporum deserti [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Geijera parviflora [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Heterodendrum [Willia1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1917, Willia1989, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1989, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1989, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985). Williams (1989a). Distribution and host plant records given by

KEYS: Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World]; Williams 1985: 341 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 439-440]; Frogga1917 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 348-350]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 474-475].



Rastrococcus taprobanicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus taprobanicus Williams, 1989: 474. Type data: SRI LANKA: Trincomalee, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 440]; GalaniWa2012 [distribution, host: 9]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 474-477]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 739-740].



Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus Williams, 2004a: 739. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Kepong, on Ficus sp.; collected D.J. Williams, 3.iv.1994. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Ficus [Willia2004a], Ficus grossularioides [Willia2004a]. Poaceae [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2004a], Sabah [Willia2004a], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Philippines [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 739-743].



Rastrococcus truncatispinus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus truncatispinus Williams, 1985: 350. Type data: NEW SOUTH WALES: Somersby, on Citrus aurantium. Holotype female. Type depository: BCRR. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Rastrococcus mealybug [SmithBeBr1997].



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Willia1989, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Choisya ternata [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Citrus aurantium [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Citrus paradisi [Willia1989, BenDov1994], Citrus reticulata deliciosa [Willia1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1989, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985, 1989).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Smith et al. (1997).

KEYS: Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World ]; Williams 1985: 341 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 440]; PacumbZiOr1997 [host, distribution: 25-29]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 87-88]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 350-352]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 477-480].



Rastrococcus vicorum Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus iceryoides; van der Goot, 1948. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 1989: 452.

Phenacoccus iceryoides; Clausen, 1978: 169. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 1989: 452.

Rastrococcus vicorum Williams & Watson, 1988a: 211. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, A.R.C., Tuaran, on Citrus aurantium. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Plumeria acutifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus aurantium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Citrus limon [Willia2004a], Citrus reticulata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sapotaceae: Planchonella [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 205 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 440]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 479-480]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 743-744]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-213].



Rastrococcus viridarii Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus viridarii Williams, 1989: 480. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Central Province, Varirata National Park, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Britain [Willia1989, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1989).

KEYS: Williams 1989: 439 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 440]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 480-482].



Rastrococcus wilsoni Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus wilsoni Williams, 2004a: 743. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Payang, Karo, Penampan, 1000m, on stem of young tree; collected M.R. Wilson, 21.xi.1989. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 715-716 (female) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 743-746].



Rhodania Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhodania Goux, 1935: 291. Type species: Rhodania porifera Goux, by original designation.

BIOLOGY: Males are known for three species: Rh. porifera Goux, 1934, Rh. flava Goux, 1936, and Rh. festucae Hadzibejli, 1959. (Gavrilov, 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Goux (1935), Borchsenius (1949), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Body egg-shaped or broadly oval. Eyes present. Antennae 6 or 7-segmented. Legs well developed; claw usually without denticle. Ostioles and circuli present. Anal ring broadly oval, heavy sclerotized, with pores and 6 short setae. Trilocular pores absent. Quinque- and 6-locular pores present. Tubular ducts of one type only with deep collar. Cerarii and conical setae absent. Thin flagellate setae present on both body sides. (Gavrilov, 2011)

KEYS: Tang 1992: 570 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 698 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 146 (female) [species Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 87 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 472]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 187]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy: 1]; Goux1935 [taxonomy, description: 61]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 146]; Moghad2013 [taxonomy: 77]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 175]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 586]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 254]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 113]; WilliaMo2007 [taxonomy: 37-38].



Rhodania aeluropi Williams & Moghaddam

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhodania aeluropi Williams & Moghaddam, 2007: 38. Type data: IRAN: Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz, on Aeluropus sp.; collected 18.x.2005 by H. Narreii. Holotype female. Type depository: Tehran: Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Iran. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Aeluropus [WilliaMo2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [WilliaMo2007, Moghad2009].

BIOLOGY: The type series was collected in sugarcane fields in Iran (Williams & Moghaddam, 2007).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Moghaddam (2007).

SYSTEMATICS: Rhodania aeluropi differs from other species in several noticeably characters including the presence of pointed conical digitules in contrast to clavate ones in other species of the genus. (Gavrilov, 2011)

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin 2011: 41 (female) [Key to species of Rhodania].

CITATIONS: Gavril2011 [distribution, taxonomy: 40-41]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 29]; Moghad2013 [distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 77, 79, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 73]; WilliaMo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-40].



Rhodania festucae Hadzibejli

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus festucae Hadzibejli, 1957a: 102. Nomen nudum.

Rhodania festucae Hadzibejli, 1959: 61-71. Type data: GEORGIA: Eastern Georgia, Shiraki, Mescheti, Dzhavacheti, Tabazkuri Lake, on Festuca sulcata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca sulcata [Hadzib1959, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1959, BenDov1994, Gavril2011]).

BIOLOGY: It occurs under leaf sheaths of Festuca sulcata. (Gavrilov, 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1959).

STRUCTURE: Body of live female pink, egg-shaped. Antennae 7-segmented. Legs with very large tibiae. Trochanters, femora and tibiae with small translucent pores. Anal ring with 20–25 small pores. Quinquelocular pores numerous on both body sides and forming together with tubular ducts broad bands on abdominal segments. Tubular ducts of two sizes; smaller ones present near spiracles and on cephalothorax only. Adult Male: Body of live male deep-pink. Abdomen broadly oval. Antennae 10-segmented; all antennal segments with flagellate setae; two apical segments with special sensorial setae of approximately the same size as hair-like setae. Two pairs of simple eyes of equal size present. Legs thin. (Gavrilov, 2011)

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin 2011: 41 (female) [Key to species of Rhodania].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [caatlogue: 472-473]; Gavril2011 [distribution, host, structure, taxonomy: 40-43]; Hadzib1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 472-473].



Rhodania flava Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhodania flava Goux, 1936: 35. Type data: FRANCE: Departement du Var, Camp (commune du Castellet), on Festuca ovina. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Dinocarsis Förster [Trjapi1989].

HOST: Poaceae: Festuca ovina [Goux1936, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1936, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Parasites in the Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1936).

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin 2011: 41 (female) [Key to species of Rhodania].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 473]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2011 [distribution, taxonomy: 40-41]; Goux1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-71]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 148].



Rhodania hypogea (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia hypogea Leonardi, 1908a: 176. Type data: ITALY: Maddaloni, in soil. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Rhodania hypogea; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 72. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Leonar1908a, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1908a, 1920).

KEYS: Leonardi 1920: 414 (female) [Italy].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 473]; Gavril2011 [distribution, taxonomy: 40-41]; Leonar1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-177]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 418-419]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 112].



Rhodania occulta Schmutterer

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhodania occulta Schmutterer, 1952a: 555. Type data: GERMANY: Neuendettelsau, near Ansbach, on Agrostis vulgaris. Holotype female. Type depository: Wetlenberg: The Schmutterer Collection, Germany. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Schmutterer's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agrostis vulgaris [Schmut1952a, KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994], Corynephorus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Festuca [KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Germany [Schmut1952a, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Greece [MilonaPaBe2013]; Netherlands [Reyne1957, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994, Koteja2000a].

BIOLOGY: Adult females of Rh. occulta are elongate oval, light yellow and approximately 1.9 mm long, 0.95 mm wide; the antenna is 6-segmented. Occurring on the underside of the leaf blades or at base of stem of grasses. (Milonas, et al., 2013) Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Adult females of Rh. occulta are elongate oval, light yellow and approximately 1.9 mm long, 0.95 mm wide; the antenna is 6-segmented. (Milonas, et al., 2013)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given Schmutterer (1952a).

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin 2011: 41 (female) [Key to species of Rhodania]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 146 (female) [Central Europe].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 473]; Gavril2011 [distribution, taxonomy: 40-41]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 146]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 319]; MilonaPaBe2013 [description, distribution, host, life history: 67-68]; Reyne1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 20]; Schmut1952a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 555-559].



Rhodania porifera Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Fonscolombea radicicola Kiritshenko, 1931: 312. Nomen nudum.

Rhodania porifera Goux, 1935: 291. Type data: FRANCE: Rhône, Courzieu, on Festuca ovina. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: pore-bearing mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Avena fatua [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Festuca arundinacae [Foldi2000], Festuca ovina [Goux1935, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Festuca pallens [KotejaZa1969, BenDov1994], Festuca sulcata [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Koelria vallesiana [MatilePe2002], Stipa sp. [KaydanKo2010a]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1935, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [MatilePe2002]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1975, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, Lagows1996]; Russia (Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]); Turkey [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Borchs1949, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant. Life history and associated ants discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Schmutterer (1952), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Body of live female pinkish, round or broadly oval. Antennae 7-segmented. Peritremes with several 5-locular pores each. Claw usually without a denticle. Hind tibiae enlarged, with numerous translucent pores. Body of live male pink, with two short (approximately 2 times longer than aedeagus) wax filaments surpassing the apex of abdomen. Head with three pairs of simple eyes. Antennae 10-segmented. Wings well developed. (Gavrilov, 2011)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Sometimes a pest on pastures (Ter-Grigorian, 1973).

KEYS: Gavrilov-Zimin 2011: 41 (female) [Key to species of Rhodania]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 146 (female) [Central Europe].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 473-474]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187-188]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 143]; Danzig1975 [host, distribution: 51-52]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 76]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 109]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 526]; Gavril2011 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 40-43]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 19-34]; Goux1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 291-296]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 38]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 219-224]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 223]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy: 312]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 147-148]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 361]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 34]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 108]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 353]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 393-395]; Schmut1980 [host, distribution: 50]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 586-587]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 254-256]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 87]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-115].



Ritsemia Lichtenstein

NOMENCLATURE:

Ritsemia Lichtenstein, 1879: 388. Type species: Ritsemia pupifera Lichtenstein, by monotypy.

Physococcus Hadzibejli, 1957a: 102. Nomen nudum.

Physococcus Hadzibejli, 1958: 903. Type species: Physococcus nanus Hadzibejli, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 155. Notes: By synonymy of type-species.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) (as Physococcus), Kozár & Vinis (1980G), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: The genus has been also described as if new by Lichtenstein (1879a, 1879b), however, the 1879 publication antedated.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 588 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 477]; Hadzib1957a [taxonomy: 102]; Hadzib1958 [taxonomy, description: 903-908]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 147]; KozarVi1980G [taxonomy, description: 98]; Lichte1879 [taxonomy, description: 388]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 176]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 591]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 111]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68].



Ritsemia pupifera Lichtenstein

NOMENCLATURE:

Ritsemia pupifera Lichtenstein, 1879: 388. Type data: FRANCE: Southern France, on Ulmus campestris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Ripersia pupifera; Fernald, 1903b: 119. Change of combination.

Physococcus nana Hadzibejli, 1957a: 102. Nomen nudum.

Physococcus nanus Hadzibejli, 1958: 904. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Gardaban District, Mtavari-arkhi, on Ulmus suberosa. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depositories: Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia, and Yerevan: Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Armenia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kozar & Vinis, 1980: 98.

Ritsemia pupifera; Ben-Dov, 1994: 477. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: elm bark scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Hadzhibeylia physococci Myartseva & Trjapitzin [Yasnos2001].

HOSTS: Ulmaceae: Ulmus campestris [Lichte1879, BenDov1994], Ulmus carpinifolia [KozarVi1980G, BenDov1994], Ulmus scabra [KozarVi1980G, BenDov1994], Ulmus suberosa [Hadzib1958, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; France [Lichte1879, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1958, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001]); Greece [AnagnoPaKa2008]; Hungary [KozarVi1980G, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living in the bark crevices of elm. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1958), Ter-Grigorian (1973) (both as P. nanus), Kozár & Vinis (1980G), Hadzibejli (1983) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Hadzibejli (1958) (as P. nanus). Good description of the adult male given by Kozár & Vinis (1980G). Good description and illustration of immature stages given by Kozár & Vinis (1980G). Good description of the immature stages given by Hadzibejli(1958) & Ter-Grigorian (1973) (both as P. nanus.

CITATIONS: AnagnoPaKa2008 [host, distribution: 55-78]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 477]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 119]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; GelovaKh1983 [taxonomy]; Hadzib1957a [distribution: 100-102]; Hadzib1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 904-906]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-73]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-150]; KozarVi1980G [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-103]; Lichte1879 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 388]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-113]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].



Scaptococcus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Scaptococcus McKenzie, 1964: 267. Type species: Scaptococcus californicus McKenzie, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by McKenzie (1964, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 406 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 480]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description: 267]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 406].



Scaptococcus californicus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Scaptococcus californicus McKenzie, 1964: 267. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Inyo County, near Shoshone, on Cryptantha sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: digger mealybug [McKenz1967]; Digger mealybug.



HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Amsinckia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cryptantha [McKenz1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 406 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 480]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267-269]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 407-408].



Scaptococcus milleri McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Scaptococcus milleri McKenzie, 1967: 407. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Imperial County, near Glamis, on Eriogonum deserticola. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Miller sand dune mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Polygonaceae: Eriogonum deserticola [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

STRUCTURE: McKenzie (1967) provided a colour illustration of the adult female in its habitat and a colour photograph. See colour photograph of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967). See colour illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 406 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 480]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 407, 409-410].



Seabrina Neves

NOMENCLATURE:

Seabrina Neves, 1943: 1. Type species: Seabrina cistorum Neves, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Neves (1943).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 481]; Neves1943 [taxonomy, description: 1].



Seabrina cistorum Neves

NOMENCLATURE:

Seabrina cistorum Neves, 1943: 3. Type data: PORTUGAL: Serra da Arrabida, on Cistus monspilliensis, proximo do caminho para a Gruta de Santa Margarida, collected 2 September, 1943 by E.W. Neves; and on C. ladaniferus at Quinta de S. Nicolau em Corroios (peninsula de Setubal). Syntypes, female. Type depository: CNLP. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cistaceae: Cistus ladaniferus [Neves1943, BenDov1994], Cistus monspeliensis [Neves1943, BenDov1994], Cistus rosmarinifolius [Martin1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Portugal [Neves1943, BenDov1994, FrancoRuMa2011]; Spain [Martin1985].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Neves (1943) and by Gomez-Menor Ortega (1957). Description and illustration of adult male by Gomez-Menor Ortega (1957).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy: 481]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 21,25]; GomezM1957 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 80-85]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 98]; Neves1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-10].



Seyneria Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Seyneria Goux, 1990c: 83. Type species: Seyneria seynensis Goux, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Goux (1990c).

SYSTEMATICS: Seyneria differs from those in Peliococcus in having tubular ducts with enlarged collars that protrude slightly from the surface of the integument (similar to oral rim ducts). (Goux, 1990)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 209 (female) [Key to the genera of the Peliococcus species-group].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 482]; Goux1990c [taxonomy, description: 83-84]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 209].



Seyneria gassina Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Seyneria gassina Goux, 1990c: 88. Type data: FRANCE: Var, Gassin, on Lavandula stoechas. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Lavandula stoechas [Goux1990c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1990c, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1990c).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 482]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1990c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88].



Seyneria porticcia Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Seyneria porticcia Goux, 1990c: 85. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Porticcio, on Foeniculum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Umbelliferae: Crithmum maritimum [Foldi2000], Foeniculum [Goux1990c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Goux1990c, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1990c).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 482]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Goux1990c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86].



Seyneria seynensis Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Seyneria seynensis Goux, 1990c: 84. Type data: FRANCE: Var, Seyne-sur-Mer, on Lavandula stoechas. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Lavandula stoechas [Goux1990c, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1990c).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 482]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1990c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-85].



Sinococcus Wu, S.A. & Zheng, L.Y.

NOMENCLATURE:

Sinococcus Wu, S.A. & Zheng, L.Y., 2000: 191. Type species: Sinococcus ulmi Wu, S.A. & Zheng, L.Y., by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Wu & Zheng (2000).

CITATIONS: WuZh2000 [taxonomy, description: 191-196].



Sinococcus ulmi Wu, S.A. & Zheng, L.Y.

NOMENCLATURE:

Sinococcus ulmi Wu, S.A. & Zheng, L.Y., 2000: 192. Type data: CHINA: Tianjin, campus of Nankai Uinversity, in crevice of branch of Ulmus pumila; collected Wu Sanan, 15.vii.1999. Holotype female. Type depository: Tianjin: Department of Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Ulmaceae: Ulmus pumila [WuZh2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Tianjin (=Tientsin) [WuZh2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male and all nymph stages by Wu & Zheng (2000).

CITATIONS: WuZh2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-196].



Sphaerococcus Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus Maskell, 1892: 39. Type species: Sphaerococcus casuarinae Maskell, by monotypy.

Syphaerococcus; Lindinger, 1958: 371. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1918b), Afifi & Kosztarab (1967), De Lotto (1969), Williams (1985) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: The genus Sphaerococcus Maskell is part of the family Pseudococcidae and should contain only two species, i.e. S. casuarinae Maskell (the type species) and S. durus De Lotto (Ben-Dov 1994). However, it is used in the Eriococcidae to accomodate several eriococcid species that currently are not placed in a described genus. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has conserved (ICZN, 2009) the usage of the family-group name PSEUDOCOCCINI Cockerell, 1905 (type genus Pseudococcus Westwood, 1840) for the mealybugs, a speciose group including many pests of agriculture, by giving it precedence over the senior family-group name SPHAEROCOCCINI Cockerell, 1899 (type genus Sphaerococcus Maskell, 1892).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 22 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Williams 1985: 37 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: AfifiKo1967 [taxonomy, description: 36-37]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 482]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description: 23]; Ferris1918b; HardyGu2008 [taxonomy, nemenclature: 24-26]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 164-166]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 371]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy: 39]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 186]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 37, 359]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68].



Sphaerococcus casuarinae Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus casuarinae Maskell, 1892: 39. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, on Casuarina quadrivalvis [= verticillata]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 359. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [HendriKo1999], Casuarina glauca [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Casuarina luehmannii [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Casuarina quadrivalis [HendriKo1999], Casuarina stricta [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Casuarina verticillata [Maskel1892, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring amongst the small scales clothing the bases of the long pointed galls formed by Cylindrococcus casuarinae(Maskell, 1892).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 166 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 482]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 53]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-169]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-41]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 289-290]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 359-361].



Sphaerococcus durus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus durus De Lotto, 1969: 23. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Orange Free State, Golden gate, on Leucosidea sericea. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Pseudococcobius san Prinsloo [Prinsl2003].

HOST: Rosaceae: Leucosidea sericea [DeLott1969, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1969, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bark of young branches of the host.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1969).Good description of the adult female given by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 166 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 483]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-24]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170-171]; Millar2002 [illustration: 208]; Prinsl2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 87].



Stemmatomerinx Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Stemmatomerinx Ferris, 1950b: 245. Type species: Stemmatomerinx decorata Ferris, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Howell & Miller (1976).

KEYS: Howell & Miller 1976: 345-346 (female) [species World]; McKenzie 1967: 44 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 282 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 21 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 496]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 245]; HowellMi1976 [taxonomy, description: 345]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, descrtiption: 453]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 188].



Stemmatomerinx acircula Howell & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Stemmatomerinx acircula Howell & Miller, 1976: 346. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Miami, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae [HowellMi1976, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [HowellMi1976, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Howell & Miller (1976).

KEYS: Howell & Miller 1976: 346 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 496]; HowellMi1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 346-347].



Stemmatomerinx adenticulata Howell & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Stemmatomerinx adenticulata Howell & Miller, 1976: 346. Type data: U.S.A.: Georgia, Irwin County, near entrance to Crystal Lake, on Panicum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Panicum [HowellMi1976, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [HowellMi1976, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Howell & Miller (1976). Good description and illustration of the female larval instars given by Howell & Miller (1976) .

KEYS: Howell & Miller 1976: 346 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 496]; HowellMi1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 346-352].



Stemmatomerinx aristida Howell & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Stemmatomerinx aristida Howell & Miller, 1976: 352. Type data: U.S.A.: Georgia, Irwin County, near entrance gate to Crystal Lake, on Aristida sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Aristida [HowellMi1976, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [HowellMi1976, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Howell & Miller (1976).

KEYS: Howell & Miller 1976: 346 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 496-497]; HowellMi1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-353].



Stemmatomerinx beshearae Howell & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Stemmatomerinx beshearae Howell & Miller, 1976: 352. Type data: U.S.A.: Georgia, Chattooga County, near Menlo, on Panicum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Panicum [HowellMi1976, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [HowellMi1976, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Howell & Miller (1976). Good description and illustration of the female larval instars given by Howell & Miller (1976). Good description and illustration of the second-instar male given by Howell & Miller (1976).

KEYS: Howell & Miller 1976: 345 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 497]; HowellMi1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-358].



Stemmatomerinx decorata Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Stemmatomerinx decorata Ferris, 1950b: 246. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, Nye County, near Beatty, on Distichlis sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Howell & Miller, 1976: 358. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: truncate setae mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Poaceae: Distichlis [Ferris1950b, HowellMi1976, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Nevada [Ferris1950b, HowellMi1976, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Ferris1950b, HowellMi1976, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1950b, HowellMi1976, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of its host plant, usually on the upper surface of the leaves.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Howell & Miller (1976).

KEYS: Howell & Miller 1976: 346 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 497]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-247]; HowellMi1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 358-361]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 453-455].



Stipacoccus Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Stipacoccus Tang, 1992: 602. Type species: Stipacoccus xilinhatus Tang, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Stipacoccus is characterized by the adult female having a complete anal ring that lacks pores but has robust, short setae, oral-collar tubular ducts that are very short and wide, and by lacking cerarii and a circulus. (Kaydan & Kozar, 2011)

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 497]; KaydanKo2011 [taxonomy: 588]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 667-668]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 28-29].



Stipacoccus torosae Kaydan & Kozar

NOMENCLATURE:

Stipacoccus torosae Kaydan & Kozar, 2011: 592-596. Type data: TURKEY: Ankara, Elmadag Rd. on Cynodon dactylon L., 10/5/2001, by M.B. Kaydan. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Van: Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Yüzüncü Yil University, Van, Turkey. Described: female. Illust.

Stipacoccus torasae; Kaydan & Kozar, 2011: 594. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon L. [KaydanKo2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [KaydanKo2011].

BIOLOGY: females live inside the leaf sheaths of the host plant. (Kaydan & Kozár, 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Kaydan & Kozár, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Stipacoccus torosae can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: translucent pores present on hind femur and tibia; cerarii absent; anal ring reduced but complete, with a few pores present; circulus absent; multilocular pores present only on venter of abdominal segement VIII and IX (3 or 4); only posterior ostioles present; antenna usually 7 segmented. (Kaydan & Kozár, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Stipacoccus torosae resenbles S. xilinhatus but differs by having (character states of S. xilinhatus in brackets): (i) multilocular pores present on venter (no multilocular pores), (ii) numerous trilocular pores on venter and dorsum (very few trilocular pores, especially on dorsum), (iii) anterior ostioles absent (present). (Kaydan & Kozár, 2011)

CITATIONS: KaydanKo2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 587-596].



Stipacoccus xilinhatus Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Stipacoccus xilinhatus Tang, 1992: 603. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Xilin Hot, on roots of Stipa krylovii. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa krylovii [Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 497]; KaydanKo2011 [taxonomy: 588]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 603, 759]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29].



Synacanthococcus Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Synacanthococcus Morrison, 1920: 166. Type species: Synacanthococcus bispinosus Morrison, by monotypy and original designation.

Synanthococcus; Lindinger, 1937: 196. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Morrison (1920) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 183-184 (female) [Key to general of Phenacoccinae]; Williams 2004a: 42 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 805 (female) [Synacanthococcus species]; Wang 1982TC: 21 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1962: 591 (female) [species China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 498]; Borchs1962 [taxonomy: 591]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 196]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description: 166]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 190]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 804-805].



Synacanthococcus bispinosus Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Synacanthococcus bispinosus Morrison, 1920: 166. Type data: PHILIPPINES: on Ficus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lit, 1997: 45. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Spinococcus bispinosus; Balachowsky, 1953: 282. Change of combination.

Synacanthococcus bispinosus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 498. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Bixaceae: Bixa [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Ficus [Morris1920, BenDov1994, Lit1997a, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Luzon [Morris1920, BenDov1994, Lit1997a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1920) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 805 (female) [Synacanthococcus species]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1962: 591 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 498]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 45-46]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-169]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 556]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 805-808].



Synacanthococcus minusculus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Synacanthococcus minusculus Borchsenius, 1962: 591. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kingtung, on unidentified shrub. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

Spinococcus minusculus; Tang, 1992: 562. Change of combination.

Synacanthococcus minusculus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 498. Revived combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given Borchsenius (1962). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 805 (female) [Species of Synacanthococcus]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1962: 591 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 498]; Borchs1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 591-594]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 562-563]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 28]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 804-805].



Synacanthococcus srilankae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Synacanthococcus srilankae Williams, 2004a: 808. Type data: SRI LANKA: Route A/3 171, on unidentified plant; collected M. Kosztarab, 4.x.1979. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 805 (female) [synacanthococcus species].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 808-809].



Trimerococcus Balachowsky

NOMENCLATURE:

Trimerococcus Balachowsky, 1952b: 177. Type species: Trimerococcus icosianus Balachowsky, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Balachowsky (1952b).

STRUCTURE: Female legs well developed; claw with denticle. Anal apparatus compete, with 6 setae, slightly longer than diameter of anal ring. Multilocular and quinquelocular pores and tubular ducts absent. Trilocular pores scattered on entire body surface and forming, togethere with conical setae, a compact band along entire margin of dorsum. Cerarii merged in solid band of comical setae and trilocular pores. Dorsal surface covered by minute comical setae.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014: 138 (female) [Key to genera of g/g Puto].

CITATIONS: Balach1952b [taxonomy, description: 177-179]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 505]; DanzigGa2014 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 138, 178-180]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 198].



Trimerococcus icosianus Balachowsky

NOMENCLATURE:

Trimerococcus icosianus Balachowsky, 1952b: 179. Type data: ALGERIA: Algier, on Asphodelus sp., Arisarum vulgare, Chrysanthemum segetum, Gallium sp., Ampelodesmos tenax, Scrofularia sp. and Pistacia lentiscus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Pistacia lentiscus [Balach1952b, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Arisarum vulgare [Balach1952b, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum segetum [Balach1952b, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asphodelus [Balach1952b, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Ampelodesma tenax [Balach1952b, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Gallium [Balach1952b, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Scrophularia [Balach1952b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1952b, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: This species was common at spring on the various recorded host plants, but the actual host upon which it developed was not verified.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1952b).

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, up to 6 mm long. Antennae 8- (rarely 9) segmented. Posterior spiracles about 1.5-2 times larger than anterior ones. Both pairs of ostioles well developed. Circulus large, oval. Multilocular and quinquelocular pores and tubular ducts absent. Trilocular pores scattered on entire body surface forming (togethere with conical setae) a compact band along entire margin of dorsum. Cerarii merged in solid band of conical setae and trilocular pores. Dorsal surface of body covered by minute conical setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

CITATIONS: Balach1952b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-180]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 505]; DanzigGa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 179-180].



Subfamily Pseudococcinae


Acaciacoccus Williams & Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Acaciacoccus Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 1994: 274. Type species: Acaciacoccus hockingi Williams & Matile-Ferrero, by monotypy and original designation.

BIOLOGY: Although there is no consistent definition of the genus, it does appear to form a group of species that have similar biological characteristics, such as the production of an unusually large ovisac, and are restricted to the southern areas of the Afrotropical region. (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & Matile-Ferrero (1994).

SYSTEMATICS: Cox & Ben-Dov characterized the genus as having an anal bar, modified (oral-rim) tubular ducts on dorsum, multilocular disc pores in midregion of venter only, translucent pores on tibia only, anal-lobe cerarii with two conical setae, no circulus, and 9-18 pairs of cerarii. Unfortunately, none of these characters is consistently present in all specimens of each species. (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

CITATIONS: MillerGi2011 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 614-640]; WilliaMa1994 [taxonomy, description: 273-277].



Acaciacoccus hockingi Williams & Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Acaciacoccus hockingi Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 1994: 276. Type data: TANZANIA: Sanya Plain, in swoolen thorn of Acacia drepanolobium; Forel, 11.xi.1966. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [WilliaMa1994].

BIOLOGY: Found in Tanzania in swollen thorn of Acacia drepanolobium and tended by the ant, Crematogaster nigriceps ssp. prelli (Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 1994).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Matile-Ferrero (1994).

STRUCTURE: Female. Body dark brown, reaching 2.2 mm in length. Antenna 9-segmented. Anal opening slightly distant from posterior margin of body. Anal ring with 2 incomplete rows of pores. Ostioles poorly developed, without pores and setae. Quinquelocular pores single on thorax, concentrated near spiracles. Bottle-shaped glands present only on ventral surface of body. (Danzig, 2012)

CITATIONS: WilliaMa1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273-277].



Acinicoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Acinicoccus Williams, 1985: 40. Type species: Acinicoccus triodiae Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 21 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Williams 1985: 40 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 35,37 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 28]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 89-90]; Kanda1959a [taxonomy, description: 239]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 37, 40].



Acinicoccus stipae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Acinicoccus stipae Williams, 1985: 42. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, near Warooka, on Stipa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa [Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]).

BIOLOGY: Found below soil level (Williams, 1985).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 90 (female) [World]; Williams 1985: 40 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 28]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42].



Acinicoccus triodiae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Acinicoccus triodiae Williams, 1985: 42. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Gawler Ranges, on leaves of Triodia irritans. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Triodia irritans [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]).

BIOLOGY: Found on the leaves of the host plant (Williams, 1985).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 90 (female) [World]; Williams 1985: 40 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 28]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-94]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42].



Acrochordonus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Acrochordonus Cox, 1987: 14. Type species: Acrochordonus chionochloae Cox, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 15 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 13 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 28]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 14-15].



Acrochordonus chionochloae Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Acrochordonus chionochloae Cox, 1987: 15. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Wairau, Red Hills, on Chionochloa rubra or Chionochloya macra. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Chionochloa australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Chionochloa macra [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Chionochloa rubra [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 15 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 28]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15, 109].



Acrochordonus curtatus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Acrochordonus curtatus Cox, 1987: 15. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Mt Murchison, on Chionocloa australis. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Chionocloa australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 15 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 28]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16, 110].



Adelosoma Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Adelosoma Borchsenius, 1948c: 583. Type species: Adelosoma phragmitidis Borchsenius, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1948c, 1949), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 41 (female) [southern Asia]; Danzig 1998a: 153 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 320 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 3 (female) [India]; Borchsenius 1949: 88 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 28-29]; Borchs1948c [taxonomy, description: 583]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 197-198]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy: 158]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 3]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 320-321]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 45].



Adelosoma phragmitidis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Adelosoma phragmitidis Borchsenius, 1948c: 584. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: on Phragmites sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Adelosoma phragmitis Lindinger, 1957: 544. Unjustified emendation.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundo donax [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Phragmites [Borchs1948c], Phragmites australis [Danzig1998a], Phragmites communis [Borchs1949, Danzig1972c, BenDov1994], Phragmites karko [Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Saccharum bengalense [Willia1970aDJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]; Nepal [Willia2004a]; Pakistan [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Danzig1972c, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1948c, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [MyartsKaPo1995, Danzig1998a].

BIOLOGY: Occurring between the stem and the leaf sheath of the host.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a). Description of adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Williams (1970) and by Tang (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Not known as a pest, but its collection from Saccharum bengalense indicates that it may occur on sugar-cane. Parasites in the Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy: 4]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 28, 29]; Borchs1948c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 584]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 198-199]; Danzig1972c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 581]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, host, illustration: 158]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 544]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 6, 10, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 62]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 321]; Trjapi1989 [biological control, natural enemies: 132, 218]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116, 117]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47].



Aemulantonina Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Aemulantonina Williams, 2004a: 47. Type species: Aemulantonina iseilemae Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 44 (female) [southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 47].



Aemulantonina iseilemae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina rigida Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1936: 351. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 47.

Pseudantonina rigida Varshney, 1967a: 77. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 47.

Aemulantonina iseilemae Williams, 2004a: 47. Type data: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Samalkot, on Iseilema laxum; collected by Y. Ramachandra Rao, 9.iv.1927. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Iseilema laxum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Andhra Pradesh [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: Ramakr1936 [taxonomy: 351]; Varshn1967a [taxonomy: 77]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49].



Agastococcus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Agastococcus Cox, 1987: 16. Type species: Agastococcus zelandiensis Cox, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 13 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 29]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 16].



Agastococcus zelandiensis Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Agastococcus zelandiensis Cox, 1987: 16. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Charleston State Forest, Four Mile Creek, on Dracophyllum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Epacridaceae: Dracophyllum [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 29]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29, 111].



Albertinia De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Albertinia De Lotto, 1971c: 245. Type species: Albertinia apiculata De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1971c).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 29]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; DeLott1971c [taxonomy, description: 245-246]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195].



Albertinia apiculata De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Albertinia apiculata De Lotto, 1971c: 246. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Albertinia, on Anthospermum aethiopicum. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Anthospermum aethiopicum [DeLott1971c].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1971c, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1971c).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 29]; DeLott1971c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246, 247]; Millar2002 [illustration: 207].



Allomyrmococcus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Allomyrmococcus Takahashi, 1941a: 201. Type species: Allomyrmococcus acariformis Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Takahashi (1941a), Williams (1978DJ), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 40 (female) [southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 78 (female) [China ]; Williams 1978DJ: 14 (female) [genera of Allomyrmococcus]; Williams 1978DJ: 15 (larva) [genera of Allomyrmococcini].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 30]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 6-7, 8]; Takaha1941a [taxonomy, description: 201]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 78-79]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description: 14-15]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, description: 120-121]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 49]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68].



Allomyrmococcus acariformis Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Allomyrmococcus acariformis Takahashi, 1941a: 201. Type data: THAILAND: Mt. Sutep, near Chiengrai, on Leguminosae, associated with an ant Dolichoderus sp. [= Hypoclinea sp.]. Holotype female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPRTERA Formicidae: Dolichoderus sp. [ChenWoWu2012].

HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Glochidion [Willia2002b]. Fabaceae [Takaha1941a, BenDov1994]. Raffelsiaceae: Raffelsia kerrii [Willia2002b]. Ranunculaceae: Thalictrum foliosum [Willia2002b]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [Willia2002b]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia malaccensis [Willia2002b].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Takaha1941a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Reyne (1954a) observed the association and transport of this mealybug by its attending ants, Dolichoderus sp. In all records by Williams (2002b) this species was attended by the ant Dolichoderus feae.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1978DJ), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of the female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph by Williams (1978DJ).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 30]; ChenWoWu2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 299]; Takaha1941a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-204]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79-80]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-20]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51].



Allotrionymus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Allotrionymus Takahashi, 1958: 4. Type species: Allotrionymus elongatus Takahashi, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Takahashi (1958), Kawai (1973, 1980) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 121 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 122 (female) [species Palaearctic region]; Kawai 1980: 112 (female) [species Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 30]; Kawai1973 [taxonomy, description: 312]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 7]; Takaha1958 [taxonomy, description: 4]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 121-122]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 8].



Allotrionymus boninensis Kawai

NOMENCLATURE:

Allotrionymus boninensis Kawai, 1973: 312. Type data: JAPAN: Bonin Islands, Chichi-jima, on Miscanthus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.

Allotriongmus boninensis; Tang, 1992: 122. Misspelling of genus name.

Allotrionymus boniensis; Tang, 1992: 122. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae: Miscanthus [Kawai1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1973, Kawai1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found in leaf sheath of host plant (Kawai, 1973).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 122 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kawai 1980: 112 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 30]; Kawai1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 312-314]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77].



Allotrionymus chichijimensis Kawai

NOMENCLATURE:

Allotrionymus chichijimensis Kawai, 1973: 314. Type data: JAPAN: Bonin Islands, Chichi-jima, on Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Dactyloctenium aegyptium [Kawai1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987, Kawai1973, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 122 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kawai 1980: 112 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: Kawai1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 314-316]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77].



Allotrionymus elongatus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Allotrionymus elongatus Takahashi, 1958: 4. Type data: JAPAN: Wakayama Prefecture, Shirahama, on wild grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Heteropappus altaicis [Takaha1958, Tang1992, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Takaha1958, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Takaha1958, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 122 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kawai 1980: 112 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 31]; Takaha1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124, 689]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3].



Allotrionymus multipori Kawai

NOMENCLATURE:

Allotrionymus multipori Kawai, 1973: 316. Type data: JAPAN: Chichi-jima, on Chloris radiata and Ototojima on Pennisetum sordidum. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: TAEJ, and Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Chloris radiata [Kawai1973, Tang1992, BenDov1994], Pennisetum sordidum [Kawai1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]. Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Kawai1973, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found in leaf sheaths of host plant (Kawai, 1973).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 122 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kawai 1980: 112 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 31]; Kawai1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316, 317]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125, 690]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3].



Amonostherium Morrison & Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Amonostherium Morrison & Morrison, 1922: 48. Type species: Dactylopius lichtensioides Cockerell, by original designation.

Anomostherium; Balachowsky, 1932d: lxii. Misspelling of genus name.

Anomosterium; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1960: 201. Misspelling of genus name.

Anomostherium; Martin Mateo, 1985: 86. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1950b, 1953a), McKenzie (1967), Balachowsky (1969), Tang (1992) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 320 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 46 (female) [South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China]; McKenzie 1967: 52 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 282, 283 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 286 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Balach1932d [taxonomy: lxii-lxiii]; Balach1969 [taxonomy, description: 145-152]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 31]; Ezzat1960 [taxonomy: 23]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 23-24]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 286]; Martin1985 [taxonomy: 89]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 51-52]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 22]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 8, 10]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 321-322]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 8]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 43, 45-46].



Amonostherium arabicum Ezzat

NOMENCLATURE:

Amonostherium arabicum Ezzat, 1960: 23. Type data: EGYPT: Burg el Arab, on Matthiola sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Brassicaceae: Matthiola [Ezzat1960, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Ezzat1960, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given Ezzat (1960).

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1355-1376]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 31]; Ezzat1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 154]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 322, 323].



Amonostherium hymenocleae (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius hymenocleae Cockerell, 1899l: 267. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Tucson, on Hymenoclea monogyra. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus hymenocleae; Fernald, 1903b: 103. Change of combination.

Erium hymenocleae; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Amonostherium hymenocleae; Ferris, 1953a: 287. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Hymenoclea monogyra [Cocker1899l, Fernal1903b, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1899l, Fernal1903b, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 52 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 286 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 31]; Cocker1899l [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 103]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 287-288]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122].



Amonostherium lichtensioides (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius lichtensioides Cockerell, 1897: 199. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Larimer County, Fort Collins, on Artemisia frigida. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Eriococcus artemisiae Kuwana, 1901: 399. Type data: U.S.A.: California, at the foot-hills of Sierra Morena, Stanford University, on Artemisia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1918d: 75.

Erium lichtensioides; Cockerell, 1902t: 466. Change of combination.

Eriococcus catalinae Ehrhorn, 1906: 332. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Catalina I., on Artemisia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 24.

Pseudococcus artemisiae Essig, 1909a: 38. Type data: U.S.A.: California, on Artemisia californica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1918d: 75.

Eriococcus artemisiae catalinae; Ferris, 1918d: 75. Change of status.

Amonostherium lichtensioides; Ferris, 1950b: 24. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: sagebrush mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Anthemis [BenDov1994], Artemisia [Kuwana1901, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004], Artemisia californica [Essig1909, Essig1909a, Ferris1950a, Miller1971a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Artemisia filifolia [Ferris1950a], Artemisia frigida [Cocker1897, Ferris1950a, McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Artemisia tridentata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Parthenium argentatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Audibertia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agropyron spicatum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Lippia origanoides [FoldiKo2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992]; United States of America (California [Ehrhor1906, Essig1909, Essig1909a, Kuwana1901], Colorado [Cocker1897], Nevada [McKenz1967], New Mexico [McKenz1967], New York [DownieGu2004], Texas [McKenz1967]). Neotropical: Venezuela [FoldiKo2006].

BIOLOGY: Occurring either above or below soil surface, on all parts of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

STRUCTURE: McKenzie (1967) provided a colour illustration of the adult female and its habitat.

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 52 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 286 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 31, 32]; Cocker1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 199, 200]; Cocker1902t [p. 466]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Ehrhor1906 [p. 332]; Essig1909 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31, 32]; Essig1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35,38-41]; Ferris1918b [p. 75]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 312]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Kuwana1901 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 399]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-55]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 298]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution : 46, 47].



Amonostherium parcispinosum (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriococcus parcispinosus Leonardi, 1911: 248. Type data: ARGENTINA: on Atriplex lampa. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (not avialable in IFSP); original material in BMNH; see Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

Erium parcispinosus; Morrison, 1919: 68. Change of combination.

Amonostherium parcispinosum; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 46. Change of combination.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex lampa [Leonar1911, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Leonar1911, Morris1919, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 32]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-250]; Morris1919 [taxonomy,distribution: 68]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-48].



Amonostherium prionodes Wang

NOMENCLATURE:

Amonostherium prionodes Wang, 1976TC: 342. Type data: TIBET: Hwang Fu-sheng, on Thea drupifera. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]. Styracaceae: Styrax [Wang1976TC, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Thea drupifera [Wang1976TC, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1976TC, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 32]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 323]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8]; Wang1976TC [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 342].



Amonostherium rorismarinis (Boyer de Fonscolombe)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus rorismarinis Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 217. Type data: FRANCE: Saint-Zacharie, on rosemary. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost according to D. Matile-Ferrero, 1989 personal communication.

Eriococcus rorismarini; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 726. Change of combination.

Ripersia rorismarini; Goux, 1931: 3. Change of combination.

Anomostherium rosismarini; Balachowsky, 1932d: lxii. Misspelling of genus name.

Anomostherium rosismarini; Balachowsky, 1932d: lxii. Misspelling of species name.

Amonostherium rorismarinis; Balachowsky, 1933e: 6. Change of combination.

Eriococcus rorismarinus; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1946: 101. Change of combination.

Amonosterium rosmarini; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1960: 201. Misspelling of genus and species names.

Anomostherium rorismarinus; Martin Mateo, 1985: 89. Misspelling of genus and species names.

Eriococcus rorismarinus; Martin-Mateo, 1985: 92. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Rosmarinus officinalis [Balach1932d, Goux1931, Goux1933, Balach1933e, GomezM1946, GomezM1960O, BenDov1994, Pelliz2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Boyerd1834, Goux1931, Balach1932d, Goux1933, Balach1933e, BenDov1994, Foldi2000]; Italy [Pelliz2010]; Spain [GomezM1946, GomezM1960O, Martin1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1969).

SYSTEMATICS: The author was incorrectly cited, in most pre-2000 publications, as "Fonscolombe". The correct name is "Boyer de Fonscolombe". Martin-Mateo (1985) listed this species on page 89 under Amonostherium and on page 92 placed it in Eriococcus.

CITATIONS: Balach1932d [taxonomy, host, distribution: lxii]; Balach1933e [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 101, 102]; Boyerd1834 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 217]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; GomezM1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 101]; GomezM1960O [taxonomy, host, distribution: 201]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 3]; Goux1933 [host, distribution: 236]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 89, 92]; Pelliz2010 [host, distribution: 90]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 869]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 726]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 41].



Anaparaputo Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Anaparaputo Borchsenius, 1962a: 224. Type species: Anaparaputo liui Borchsenius, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1962a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Wang 1982TC: 22 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 33]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description: 224]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 8]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 277]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 8].



Anaparaputo liui Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Anaparaputo liui Borchsenius, 1962a: 224. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Shindung, on Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 33]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 277]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8].



Anisococcus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Anisococcus Ferris, 1950b: 26. Type species: Dactylopius crawii Coquillet, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and charcters given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 48 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 40 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 45 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 55 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1964: 212 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 282 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 21 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 27 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 33]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 26-27]; KaydanGu2012 [description, phylogenetics: 9-10]; LinKoGu2013 [molecular data, phylogeny: 257]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 55]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 10]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 48].



Anisococcus abnormalis McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Anisococcus abnormalis McKenzie, 1964: 212. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Sierra County, near Sierra City, under rock. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: abnormal mealybug [McKenz1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found under rocks (McKenzie, 1964).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 55 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 212 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 33]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-214]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-57].



Anisococcus adenostomae (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus adenostomae Ferris, 1925: 230. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Diego County, near San Diego, on Adenostoma fasciculatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

Anisococcus adenostomae; Ferris, 1950b: 28. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: chamise mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Cytisus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Adenostoma fasciculatum [Ferris1925, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1925, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph of the adult female in McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 55 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 212 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 27 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 33]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Ferris1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230, 231]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-29]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56, 58, 59]; Timber1924a [biological control: 223-251].



Anisococcus crawii (Coquillett)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius crawii Coquillett, 1889: 122. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, near Los Angeles, on Audibertia [Salvia] polystachya. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus crawii; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.

Anisococcus crawii; Ferris, 1950b: 30. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: white sage mealybug [Essig1915a].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Haplopappus pinifolius [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Ramona polystachya [Essig1909a], Salvia apiana [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Salvia carnosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Salvia polystachya [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Coquil1889, Fernal1903b, Essig1909a, Essig1915a, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

SYSTEMATICS: Ferris (1918b) referred the syntype males of this species to Puto yuccae (Coquillett).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 55 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 212 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 26 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 34]; Coquil1889 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 36]; Essig1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 130]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 101]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-31]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61].



Anisococcus didymus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Anisococcus didymus Ferris, 1950b: 32. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, on "sage". Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: large-celled mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Lamiaceae: Salvia [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 55 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 212 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 27 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 34]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-33]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63].



Anisococcus ephedrae (Coquillett)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius ephedrae Coquillett, 1890: 43. Type data: U.S.A.: California, 'Los Angeles County', on Ephedra californica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus ephedrae; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.

Anisococcus ephedrae; Ferris, 1950b: 34. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: ephedra mealybug [McKenz1967]; Ephedra mealybug.



HOST: Ephedraceae: Ephedra california [Fernal1903b, Essig1909a, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], California [Fernal1903b, Essig1909a, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Nevada [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Utah [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the stems of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 55 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 212 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 27 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 34]; Coquil1890 [p. 43]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 37]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 101]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 71]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-65].



Anisococcus erbi Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Anisococcus erbi Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 49. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, between Mancopa and Los Puestos, on Wedelia glauca. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Wedelia glauca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tierra del Fuego [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 34]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49, 50].



Anisococcus imperialis McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Anisococcus imperialis McKenzie, 1967: 65. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Imperial County, near Plaster City, on Atriplex canescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: imperial mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex canescens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the stems of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 55 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 34]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-67].



Anisococcus milleri Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Anisococcus milleri Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 49. Type data: MEXICO: Puebla, on Compositae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Viguiera dentata [WilliaGr1992]. Malvaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 35]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49, 51, 52].



Anisococcus oregonensis Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Anisococcus oregonensis Ferris, 1950b: 36. Type data: U.S.A.: Washington, Grant County, Stratford, on Eriogonum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: nest mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Antennaria parviflora [KozarHuFo1989]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum umbellatum polyanthum [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994]); United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Washington [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

STRUCTURE: See color photograph of the adult female in McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 55 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 212 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 27 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 35]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 71, 72]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67, 68].



Anisococcus parasitus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Anisococcus parasitus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 52. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, Burruyacu, on Psittacanthus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Loranthaceae: Psittacanthus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Brazil (Sao Paulo [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 35]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-54].



Anisococcus quercus (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius quercus Ehrhorn, 1900: 315. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Mountain View, on Quercus chrysolepis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ferris, 1919C: 298. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus quercus; Fernald, 1903b: 108. Change of combination.

Anisococcus quercus; Ferris, 1950b: 38. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: interior live oak mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Pasania densiflora [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Quercus agrifolia [Miller1971a, BenDov1994], Quercus chrysolepis [Ehrhor1900, Fernal1903b, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Purshia tridentata [McKenz1967, McMull1978, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [McMull1978, BenDov1994]); United States of America (California [Ehrhor1900, Fernal1903b, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, Miller1971a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the small twigs or in cracks in the bark of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

STRUCTURE: See color photograph of the adult female in McKenzie (1967).

SYSTEMATICS: Anisococcus quercus has been confused with Pseudococcus agrifoliae Essig, Dactylopius crawii Coquillett and Pseudococcus quercicolus Ferris, in Ferris (1918b, 1919c). These species have been variously synonymized, but are currently all regarded as being recognizable, distinct species (Ferris, 1950a, 1953; McKenzie, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 55 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 212 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 27 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 35]; Ehrhor1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 315-317]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 108]; Ferris1919c [taxonomy, description: 298]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67, 69, 70]; McMull1978 [host, distribution: 895]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 298].



Anthelococcus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Anthelococcus McKenzie, 1964: 214. Type species: Anthelococcus simondsi McKenzie, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by McKenzie (1964, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 47 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1964: 215 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 36]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description: 214]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 71].



Anthelococcus simondsi McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Anthelococcus simondsi McKenzie, 1964: 215. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Barbara County, Lompoc, on Arctostaphylos rudis. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Simonds' mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos rudis [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Adenostoma fasciculatum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crown and roots of the host plants (McKenzie, 1964).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 36]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 215-217]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-73].



Antonina Signoret

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonia Signoret, 1872b: xxxvi. Homonym.

Antonina Signoret, 1875b: 24. Type species: Antonina purpurea Signoret, by monotypy.

Laboulbenia Lichtenstein, 1877a: 299. Type species: Laboulbenia brachypodii Lichtenstein, by monotypy. Notes: Objective synonym because of synonymy of type species.

Antonia; Beardsley, 1960a: 954. Misspelling of genus name.

Antonine; Khalid & Shafee, 1988a: 50. Misspelling of genus name.

Antonia; Tang, 1992: 19. Misspelling of genus name.

Antonia; Wu, 2001: 43. Misspelling of genus name.

BIOLOGY: Almost all species infest Poaceae (including bamboos), principally occurring either between the leaf sheaths at the base of the culm near ground level, or under the bracts or leaf sheaths on the stems and branches. (Wu, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Kuwana (1932b), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Borchsenius (1949), Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Afifi & Kosztarab (1967), Yang & Kosztarab (1967), Tereznikova (1975), Paik (1978), Kawai (1980), Paik (1978), Kawai (1980), Danzig (1980b), Williams (1985), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Tang (1992), Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999) and by Williams (2001a).

STRUCTURE: Adult females of this genus can be distinguished by: body often globular, rounded posteriorly and sclerotized at maturity; anal ring with numerous pores and 6 setae, and usually situated at base of an anal tube; antennae reduced, 1-3 segmented; legs absent or greatly reduced, represented by pleural vestiges; vulva simple, directed ventrally; tubular ducts long and slender, with flange near inner end; multilocular, trilocular and discoidal pores usually present; disc-like pores usually present on submargin of abdominal venter, each disc-like pore often with a reticulate or granular surface, and with either a well-defined or obscure rim (Wu, et al., 2012).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Williams 2004a: 39 (female) [Genera southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia]; Gavrilov 2003: 205-206 (female) [Species of Russia]; Millar 2002: 189-205 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Williams & Miller 2002: 909-910 (female) [Species on bamboo]; Willias & Miller 2002: 900 (female) [Species on Bamboo]; Williams 2001a: 847 (female) [Africa]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 23 (female) [World, Legless Mealybugs ]; Williams & Miller 1999: 524 (female) [South America]; Tang 1992: 19 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental region]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 54-55 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 38 (female) [Central and South America]; Danzig 1988: 706 (female) [species Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1988: 698 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 17 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 2 (female) [India]; Williams 1985: 35 (female) [Australia]; Wang T.C. 1982: 24-25 (female) [species China]; Danzig 1980b: 199 (female) [Far East Russia]; Kawai 1980: 122 (female) [species Japan]; Paik 1978 (female) [South Korea ]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 14-15 (female) [species World]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 12 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 44 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 74 (female) [North America]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 10-13 (larva) [World]; Beardsley 1966: 404 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Ferris 1953a: 282 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 289 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 89 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 312 (female) [Palaearcric region]; Zimmerman 1948: 148, 150 (female) [Hawaii]; Kuwana 1932b: 214-215 (female) [species Japan]; Lawson 1917: 174 (female) [species U.S.A.: Kansas].

CITATIONS: AfifiKo1967 [taxonomy, description: 12-14]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 405]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 36-37]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 311-312]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110,199]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 121]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 289]; Gavril2003 [taxonomy: 205-206]; GomezM1954 [taxonomy, description: 137-138]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 94-96]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 122]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 66]; Kuwana1932b [taxonomy, description: 213-214]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy: 122]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description: 174]; Lichte1877a [taxonomy: 299]; LinKoGu2013 [molecular data, phylogeny: 257]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 73-74]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 7, 10]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 12,101]; Signor1875b [taxonomy: 24]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 18-19]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 9]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 160]; Wang1982TC [taxonomy, description: 24]; Willia1962 [taxonomy: 6-7]; Willia1985 [taxonomy: 35,44]; Willia2001a [taxonomy, description: 833-848]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, key: 51-53]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 54-55]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68]; WilliaMi2002 [taxonomy, description: 896-911]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 20]; Wu2001 [taxonomy: 43]; WuLuNa2012 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 27-42]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description: 7-10]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 148].



Antonina antennata Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina antennata Williams, 2004a: 53. Type data: INDIA: West Bengal, Dhappa, near Calcutta, on grass (Graminae) next to saltmarsh; collected F.H. Gravely, January 1911. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (West Bengal [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) pointed out the intraspecific variation, in two taxonomic illustrations of the adult female.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-56].



Antonina australis Froggatt

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina australis Froggatt, 1904: 407. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, on Cyperus rotundus. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Williams, 1985).

Antonina australis Green, 1904c: 463. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Hunter River Flats, on Cyperus rotundus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 69. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1985: 69. Homonym of Chaetococcus australis Froggatt.

Antonina purpurea australis; Tryon, 1915: 72. Change of combination.

Kuwanina hilli Laing, 1925: 55. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Homehill, on Onion-weed, Cyperus rotundus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 69. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Brimblecombe, 1966: 5.

Antonina (Chaetococcus) australis; Goux, 1935a: 96. Change of combination.

Kuwanina australis; Brimblecombe, 1966: 5. Change of combination.

Chaetococcus australis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 75. Change of combination.

Antonina australis; Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 97. Revived combination.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus [Green1904c, Frogga1904, Laing1925a, Brimbl1966, Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Green1904c, Frogga1904, YangKo1967, Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Queensland [Laing1925a, Brimbl1966, Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]).

BIOLOGY: Develops on the roots of the host plant, and reported to cause decline and death of the plants (Froggatt, 1904).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1904c), Laing (1925a), Yang & Kosztarab (1967) and by Williams (1985). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Yang & Kosztarab (1967).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Froggatt (1904) reported from New South Wales, Australia, that this mealybug caused the decline and death of plants of Cyperus rotundus, a weed of economic significance in Australia. He also reported on attempts to introduce the coccid into other areas for the purpose of controlling the weed. Attempts to introduce the coccid to Queensland were stopped, as it was suspected that the coccid might become a pest of cultivated crops.

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 36 (first instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of first-instar nymphs]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 97 (female) [World]; Williams 1985: 69 (female) [Australia]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 11 (larva) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 75]; Brimbl1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 5]; Frogga1904 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 407-410]; Goux1935a [taxonomy: 96]; Green1904c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 463-466]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 97-99]; Laing1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55]; Tryon1915 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 72]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-71]; WuLuNa2012 [taxonomy: 36]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-15].



Antonina bambusae Khalid & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina bambusae Khalid & Shafee, 1988a: 49. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Cacchar, Silchar, Tarapur, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.

Antonine bambusae; Khalid & Shafee, 1988a: 50. Misspelling of genus name.



HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [KhalidSh1988a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [KhalidSh1988a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Khalid & Shafee (1988a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia]; Williams & Miller 2002: 909-910 (female) [Species on Bamboo].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 37]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 99-100]; KhalidSh1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49, 50]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 71, 75]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 52-53,57]; WilliaMi2002 [taxonomy: 909]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 150-151].



Antonina comperei Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina comperei Williams, 2004a: 57. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Manila, on Gramineae; collected G. Compere. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-59].



Antonina crawi Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina crawi Cockerell, 1900f: 70. Type data: JAPAN: intercepted at San Francisco, on bamboo. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 101. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Antonina crawii; Ferris, 1918d: 77. Misspelling of species name.

Antonina bambusae; Borchsenius, 1934: 13. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949: 313.

Antonina (Antonina) crawii; Goux, 1937a: 94.

Antonina crawii; McKenzie, 1967: 74. Misspelling of species name.

Antonina crawii; Tao, 1999: 9. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: cottony bamboo mealybug [McKenz1967]; cottony bamboo scale [Zimmer1948].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Acerophagus clavatus Xu [Xu1999].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [HodgsoHi1991, HendriKo1999], Arundinaria fastuosa [HendriKo1999], Arundinaria graminea [HendriKo1999], Arundinaria hindsii [HendriKo1999], Arundinaria japonica [Newste1901a, Willia1962, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Arundinaria simoni [Kuwana1902, Goux1937a, McKenz1967, Tang1992, BenDov1994], Arundinaria variegata pygmea [HendriKo1999], Bambusa [Cocker1900f, Ferris1921a, Borchs1934, Borchs1936, Gogibe1938, Borchs1949, Ferris1953a, Willia1962], Bambusa [Takaha1928, Borchs1937a, Zimmer1948, McKenz1967, Wang1981TC, Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, HodgsoHi1990], Bambusa [Kuwana1932b, HendriKo1999], Brachypodium ramon [HendriKo1999], Indocalamus herklotsii [HendriKo1999], Phragmites communis [Hadzib1983, BenDov1994], Phyllostachys [Borchs1936, Goux1937a, KawaiMaUm1971], Phyllostachys aurea [HendriKo1999], Phyllostachys nigra [Kuwana1902, McKenz1967, Tang1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Phyllostachys quilioi [Kuwana1902, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Phyllostachys reticulata [Hadzib1983, BenDov1994], Pleioblastus chino [HendriKo1999], Pleioblastus linearis [HendriKo1999], Pleioblastus simoni [Tang1992], Sasa [Siraiw1939], Sasa kurilensis [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sasamorpha gracilis [Paik1978]. Rubiaceae: Ixora stricta [HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1987, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, Borchs1949, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, YangKo1967, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]). Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1918d, Borchs1949, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, HodgsoHi1991, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Louisiana [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, HodgsoHi1991, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]). Neotropical: Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c]; Martinique [Balach1957c]. Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [HendriKo1999], Hunan [HuHeWa1992] (It is likely that the records from Hunan Province (Hu et al., 1992) are also a misidentification of A. socialis. (Wu, et al., 2012)), Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001]); Hong Kong [HendriKo1999]; Taiwan [Ferris1921a, Takaha1928, Kuwana1932b, Borchs1937a, Borchs1949, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan [Borchs1936, Borchs1937a]); China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Wu2001], Beijing (=Peking) [Wu2001], Hebei (=Hopei) [Wu2001], Henan (=Honan) [Wu2001], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Wu2001], Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1981TC]); Czech Republic [Borchs1937]; France [Goux1937a, Borchs1949, HendriKo1999, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Abkhaz ASSR [Borchs1934, Borchs1937a, Hadzib1983, BenDov1994], Adzhar ASSR [Borchs1937a, Gogibe1938, Hadzib1983, BenDov1994]); Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2013]; Japan [Cocker1900f, Ferris1921a, Kuwana1932b, Borchs1949, HodgsoHi1991, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Siraiw1939, Borchs1949, Danzig1978, Danzig1980b]); South Korea [Paik1978, KwonDaPa2003]; Spain [Balach1935b, Martin1985, HendriKo1999]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1936, Borchs1937a, Borchs1949, Terezn1975]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring at bases of leaves.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Tereznikova (1975), Tang (1977), Paik (1978), Danzig (1980b), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), by Tang (1992) and by Willias & Miller (2002). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1965a) and by Afifi & Kosztarab (1967). Description of the first-instar nymph and female second-instar nymph given by Yang & Kosztarab (1967). Description of adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=12. Colour photograph of the adult female given by Kawai (1980).

SYSTEMATICS: Specimens identified as A. crawi by Tang (1977), collected from Beijing, have been found to be a misidentification of A. socialis, and it is likely that the records from Hunan Province (Hu et al., 1992) are also a misidentification of A. socialis. The specimens identified by Wu (2001) as A. crawi are a misidentification of either A. nakaharai Williams & Miller or A. socialis Newstead. (Wu, et al., 2012) This species differs from A. graminis in possessing multilocular disc pores around the entire margin and in lacking the small invaginated pocket behind each posterior spiracle. (Moghaddam, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Parasites in the Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 10 (female) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret in Iran]; Wu et al. 2012: 38 (second insta) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of second-instar female nymphs]; Wu et al. 2012: 28 (female, adult) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females]; Williams & Miller 2002: 909-910 (female) [Species on bamboo]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 97 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 20 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 706 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Williams 1985: 44 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 24 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 122 (female) [Japan]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 14 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 74 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 13, 49 (larva) [World]; Ferris 1953a: 289 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 312 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 150 (female) [Hawaii]; Kuwana 1932b: 214 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: AfifiKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-18]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Beards1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 37, 38]; Borchs1934 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; Borchs1936 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 112]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 61]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166, 167]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 313-314]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 299]; Cocker1900f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 70, 71]; Danzig1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201, 202]; Ferris1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 211]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 292-293]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gogibe1938 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23, 24]; Goux1935a [taxonomy: 96]; Goux1937a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 93, 94]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84, 85]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 100-103]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 4]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 143]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 177]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 6]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 122]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 57]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 185]; Kuwana1917a [taxonomy: 172]; Kuwana1932b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-217, 219]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 122]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 90]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 46]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-76]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 10-12, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 62-63]; Newste1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 85]; NurBrBe1987 [taxonomy: 54]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Siraiw1939 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 68]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 338]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, life history, distribution: 22]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-22, 691]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 1]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-162]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 138, 180, 222, 313]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 285]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 81]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44, 45]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 55]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 91]; WilliaMi2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 897-900,910]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43-44]; Wu2001b [distribution: 251]; WuLuNa2012 [taxonomy: 27-29,38]; Xu1999 [biological control: 299-303]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-20]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153, 156].



Antonina elongata Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina elongata Tang, 1992: 593. Type data: CHINA: Fujian Province, in nest of ants. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Antonina elongta; Tang, 1992: 593. Misspelling of species name.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Tang1992]).

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of ants (Tang, 1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: A. elongata Tang is the nymph of a species in the A. crawi group (Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999; Wu, 2001).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 38]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 593, 662, 693]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; WuLuNa2012 [taxonomy: 27].



Antonina evelynae Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina evelynae Gavrilov, 2003: 206. Type data: RUSSIA: Sochi, Krasnodae Krai, Black Sea coast of Russian Caucasus, on Phyllostachys sp.; collected 9.vi.2001 by I. Gavrilov. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Phyllostachys [Gavril2003].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Krasnodar Kray [Gavril2003]).

BIOLOGY: Ovoviviparous species (Gavrilov, 2003).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gavrilov (2003).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2003: 205-206 (female) [Antonina species of Russia].

CITATIONS: Gavril2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-206]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, karyology: 74].



Antonina graminis (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus graminis Maskell, 1897a: 244. Type data: HONG KONG: on grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 45. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Chaetococcus graminis Maskell, 1898: 250. Type data: HONG KONG: on grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 45. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1985: 45. Notes: Type same specimen as lectotype of S. graminis.

Kermicus graminis; Cockerell, 1899a: 392. Change of combination.

Antonina graminis; Fernald, 1903b: 121. Change of combination.

Antonina indica Green, 1908a: 27. Type data: INDIA: Bengal, on 'Hariali' grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 45. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Zimmerman, 1948: 156.

Antonina littoralis Cockerell & Bueker, 1930: 1. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: near Bourail, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Watson, 1988a: 20.

Antonia graminis; Beardsley, 1960a: 954. Misspelling of genus name.

COMMON NAMES: felted grass coccid [BenDov1994, LitCa1994a]; grass-root Antonina [Zimmer1948]; rhodesgrass scale [ChadaWo1960, McKenz1967, GersonMeDu1975, BenDov1994].



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPRTERA Formicidae: Solenopsis invicta [ZhouLuZe2012].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Diomus anemicus (Fürsch) [GersonMeDu1975], Diomus rubidus (Motschulsky) [GersonMeDu1975], Hyperaspis pumila (Weise) [GersonMeDu1975], Nephus anomus (Mulsant) [GersonMeDu1975]. Cybocephalidae: Cybocephalus membranaceus (Reitter) [Blumbe1973, GersonMeDu1975], Cybocephalus(?) torvus (Endrödy-Younga) [GersonMeDu1975]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Lestodiplosis nr. aonidiellae (Harris) [GersonMeDu1975]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Marietta graminicola Timberlake [MyartsRu2000]. Encyrtidae: Anagyrus [GersonMeDu1975], Anagyrus antoninae Timberlake [Bartle1978, DeanScBo1979, Moore1988], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Anagyrus sahidi Hayat [AbdRab2001d], Dusmetia indica Burks [Burks1957], Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao) [GersonMeDu1975, Bartle1978, DeanScBo1979, Gabrie1983a, Moore1988, PrinslMy1981a, ChantoViHe2009], Stemmatosteres primus Prinsloo & Mynhardt [PrinslMy1981a]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus subaeneus (Foerster) [AbdRab2001d].

HOSTS: Cyperaceae [WilliaGr1992], Cyperus rotundus [Mamet1949], Fimbristylis spathacea [Reyne1964]. Poaceae [Takaha1928, Takaha1929, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992], Agropyron smithii [ChadaWo1960], Agrostis [WilliaWa1988a], Andropogon [HendriKo1999], Andropogon caucasicus [ChadaWo1960], Andropogon glomeratus [HelmsVi2000], Andropogon littoralis [ChadaWo1960], Andropogon nodosus [ChadaWo1960], Andropogon saccharoides [ChadaWo1960], Andropogon sericeus [ChadaWo1960], Aristida [HendriKo1999], Aristida oligantha [HelmsVi2000], Aristida spiciformis [HendriKo1999], Aristida stricta [HendriKo1999], Arthraxon hispidus [WuLuNa2012], Arundo donax [ChadaWo1960], Bambusa [AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992], Bambusa tulda [AvasthSh1987a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Bambusa tulda [AvasthSh1987], Bouteloua curtipendula [ChadaWo1960], Bouteloua fliformis [ChadaWo1960], Bouteloua hirsuta [ChadaWo1960], Brachiaria ciliatissima [ChadaWo1960], Brachiaria mutica [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Buchloe dactyloides [ChadaWo1960], Cenchrus [Willia1985, HodgsoHi1990], Cenchrus echinatus [Mamet1949, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cenchrus pauciflorus [ChadaWo1960], Cenchrus setigerus [ChadaWo1960], Chasmanthium sessiflorum [HelmsVi2000], Chloris [WilliaWa1988a, Tang1992], Chloris ciliata [ChadaWo1960], Chloris cucullata [ChadaWo1960], Chloris gayana [ChadaWo1960, McKenz1967, Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Croton [HendriKo1999], Cymbopogon citratus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cynodon [Beards1966, Tang1992, HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, HendriKo1999], Cynodon dactylon [Mamet1949, ChadaWo1960, Beards1966, GersonMeDu1975, Matile1984c, Willia1985, AvasthSh1987], Cynodon dactylon [YangKo1967, McKenz1967, Ali1970a, SinhaSaDi1985, WilliaWa1988a, Varshn1992, WilliaGr1992], Cynodon incompletus [Brimbl1966, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Cynodon slectostachyus [HendriKo1999], Cynodon transvaalensis [GersonMeDu1975], Dactylis glomerata [ChadaWo1960], Dactyloctenium aegyptium [ChadaWo1960, HendriKo1999], Dactyloctenium australe [Brimbl1966, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Dicanthelium [HelmsVi2000], Digitaria [Beards1966, Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, HendriKo1999], Digitaria abyssinica [James1934a, BenDov1994], Digitaria adscendens [Brimbl1966, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Digitaria decumbens [ChadaWo1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, FoldiKo2006], Digitaria didactyla [Mamet1949, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Digitaria hoizontalis [LincanHoCa2010], Digitaria penzii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Digitaria runyoni [ChadaWo1960], Digitaria sanguinalis [ChadaWo1960, HendriKo1999], Digitaria swazilandensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Digitaria valida [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Distichlis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Distichlis spicata [HendriKo1999], Echinochloa colonum [ChadaWo1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Echinochloa crusgalli [ChadaWo1960], Eleusine indica [ChadaWo1960], Elyonurus hirsutus munro [HendriKo1999], Elyonurus tripsacoides [ChadaWo1960], Eragrostis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Eragrostis cilianensis [HelmsVi2000], Eragrostis curvula [ChadaWo1960], Eragrostis lehmanniana [ChadaWo1960], Eragrostis oxylepis [ChadaWo1960], Eragrostis reptans [ChadaWo1960], Eragrostis spectabilis [HelmsVi2000], Eragrostis trichodes [ChadaWo1960], Eremochloa ophiuroides [ChadaWo1960, HendriKo1999], Eriochloa punctata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Festuca [KaydanKiKo2005], Festuca arundinacea [ChadaWo1960], Hilaria belangeri [ChadaWo1960], Imperata arundinacea [Kuwana1932b], Leptochloa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Leptochloa filiformis [ChadaWo1960], Lolium multiflorum [KaydanKo2010a], Melinis minutiflora [Brimbl1966, Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Melinis multiflora [HendriKo1999], Panicum [WilliaWa1988a, Tang1992, HendriKo1999], Panicum adspersum [HendriKo1999], Panicum anceps [HelmsVi2000], Panicum antidotale [ChadaWo1960], Panicum barbinode [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Panicum fasciculatum [ChadaWo1960], Panicum hallii [ChadaWo1960], Panicum hemitomon [HendriKo1999], Panicum maximum [ChadaWo1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Panicum molle [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Panicum nodatum [ChadaWo1960], Panicum purpurascens [ChadaWo1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Panicum roseum [HendriKo1999], Panicum spectabile [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Panicum texanum [ChadaWo1960], Panicum torridum [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Panicum trichoides [HendriKo1999], Panicum variegatum [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Panicum virgatum [ChadaWo1960], Pappophorum bicolor [ChadaWo1960], Paspalidium distans [Brimbl1966, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Paspalum [HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, HendriKo1999], Paspalum conjugatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Paspalum dilatatum [ChadaWo1960], Paspalum dilatatum [ChadaWo1960], Paspalum dilatatum [ChadaWo1960], Paspalum monostachyum [ChadaWo1960], Paspalum notatum [HendriKo1999], Paspalum plicatulum [ChadaWo1960], Paspalum plicatulum [ChadaWo1960], Paspalum purpurescens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pennisetum ciliare [ChadaWo1960], Pennisetum clandestinum [James1934a, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Pennisetum purpureum [HendriKo1999], Phalaris tuberosa stenoptera [ChadaWo1960], Phragmites [HendriKo1999], Poa [HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992], Rhynchelytrum repens [Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Rhynchelytrum roseum [ChadaWo1960, HendriKo1999], Saccharum officinarum [ChadaWo1960, HendriKo1999], Setaria [ChadaWo1960], Setaria geniculata [ChadaWo1960, HendriKo1999], Setaria macrostachya [ChadaWo1960], Setaria palmifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Setaria patens [HendriKo1999], Setaria verticillata [ChadaWo1960, HendriKo1999], Sinobambusa tootsii [MartinLa2011], Sorghastrum nutans [ChadaWo1960], Sorghum [Tang1992], Sorghum halepense [McKenz1967, Salaza1972, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Sorghum sudanense [ChadaWo1960], Sorghum verticilliflorum [Brimbl1966, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Sorghum vulgare [ChadaWo1960], Spartina [HendriKo1999], Spartina patens [HendriKo1999], Sporobolus asper [ChadaWo1960], Sporobolus poiretii [ChadaWo1960, HendriKo1999], Sporobolus secundatum [HendriKo1999], Sporobolus texanus [ChadaWo1960], Sporobolus virginicus [LincanHoCa2010], Stenotaphrum [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990], Stenotaphrum secundatum [McKenz1967, GersonMeDu1975, Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Stenotaphrum secundatum [ChadaWo1960], Trachypogon secundus [ChadaWo1960], Trichloris pluriflora [ChadaWo1960], Tricholaena repens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tricholaena rosea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tridens albescens [ChadaWo1960], Tridens flavus [HelmsVi2000], Uniola paniculata [HendriKo1999], Vaseyochloa multinervosa [ChadaWo1960].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Botswana [HendriKo1999]; Cameroon [MatileNo1984]; Comoros [Mamet1960, Matile1978, BenDov1994]; Gabon [HendriKo1999]; Kenya [James1934a, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, BenDov1994]; Madagascar [Mamet1954, ChadaWo1960, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Namibia (=South West Africa) [HendriKo1999]; Nigeria [Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, BenDov1994]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1949, ChadaWo1960, Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, BenDov1994]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [HendriKo1999]); Somalia [CABI1985, BenDov1994]; South Africa [ChadaWo1960, DeLott1969, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Uganda [Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, BenDov1994]; Zimbabwe [Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia [ChadaWo1960, Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ] (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Queensland [Brimbl1968a, Willia1985, YangKo1967, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]); Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia [DanzigKo1990] (Caroline Islands [CABI1985, Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Beards1966]); Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, HodgsoLa2011]; French Polynesia (Tahiti [HendriKo1999]); Guam [Beards1966, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [HendriKo1999], Hawaii [Takaha1928, Zimmer1948, Ferris1953a, ChadaWo1960, Giliom1966, McKenz1967, YangKo1967, Willia1970DJ]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a], Java [Ali1970a, Willia1970DJ, Willia2004a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Johnston Island [ChadaWo1960, Beards1966]; Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a]; Marshall Islands [ChadaWo1960, Beards1966, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; New Britain [Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, BenDov1994]; New Caledonia [CockerBu1930, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Northern Mariana Islands [ChadaWo1960, Beards1966, Willia1970DJ]; Palau [ChadaWo1960, Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [HendriKo1999]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Wake Island [Beards1966, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [ChadaWo1960, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, MyartsRu2000]; United States of America [Willia1970DJ, DanzigKo1990] (Alabama [ChadaWo1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Arizona [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Florida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Georgia [HendriKo1999], Louisiana [ChadaWo1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Mississippi [ChadaWo1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], New Mexico [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], South Carolina [HendriKo1999], Texas [Ferris1953a, ChadaWo1960, Giliom1966, McKenz1967, Salaza1972, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Chaco [GranarCl2003], Corrientes [GranarCl2003], Jujuy [Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Salta [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Santiago del Estero [GranarCl2003], Tucuman [Granar1991, BenDov1994]); Bahamas [HendriKo1999]; Bermuda [Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bolivia [HendriKo1999]; Brazil [SilvadGoGa1968, Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999] (Espirito Santo [CulikGu2005, CulikMaVe2007], Pernambuco [FoldiKo2006], Sao Paulo [Gabrie1982, Gabrie1983]); Colombia [ChadaWo1960, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] [Figuer1952, HendriKo1999, Kondo2001]; Cuba [ChadaWo1960, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Ecuador [Reyne1964, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [ChadaWo1960, Reyne1964, CABI1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; French Guiana [Remill1988, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [ChadaWo1960, CABI1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Jamaica [NurBrBe1987, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Martinique [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Netherlands Antilles (Curacao [Reyne1964, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]); Nicaragua [ChadaWo1960, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, BenDov1994]; Panama [Willia1970DJ, Salaza1972, CABI1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Paraguay [CABI1985, BenDov1994]; Peru [Salaza1972, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [ChadaWo1960, Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Nevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Suriname [Reyne1964, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [ChadaWo1960, Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ, Koteja1974b, CABI1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]. Oriental: Bangladesh [CABI1985, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Wu2001], Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Wu2001, WuLuNa2012]); Hong Kong [Maskel1897a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; India [Green1908a, ChadaWo1960, Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ, SinhaSaDi1985, NurBrBe1987, DanzigKo1990] (Andhra Pradesh [Willia2004a], Bihar [Willia2004a], Karnataka [AvasthSh1987, Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Odisha [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [AvasthSh1987, Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1987, Willia2004a], West Bengal [Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Giliom1966, Ali1970a, Willia1970DJ, Willia2004a]); Malaysia (Malaya [Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985]); Pakistan [Giliom1966, Ali1970a, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, DanzigKo1990, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]; Philippines [Pierce1931, ChadaWo1960, Ali1970a, Willia1970DJ, YangKo1967, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999] (Luzon [LitCa1994a]); Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [Ali1970a, Willia1970DJ]; Singapore [CABI1985, BenDov1994]; Sri Lanka [Green1922, ChadaWo1960, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, DanzigKo1990, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Taiwan [Takaha1929, ChadaWo1960, Giliom1966, Ali1970a, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Thailand [Giliom1966, Ali1970a, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia1970DJ, DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Canary Islands [Malump2014]; China [Maskel1898, Fernal1903b, Ferris1953a, ChadaWo1960, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, DanzigKo1990, Tang1992] (Xizang (=Tibet) [Wu2001]); Egypt [Takaha1928]; France [Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Iran [Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996, HendriKo1999, Moghad2009]; Iraq [CABI1985, BenDov1994]; Israel [GersonMeDu1975, BenDov1994]; Italy [Marott1992, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [Kuwana1932b, ChadaWo1960, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Kuwait [Giliom1966, CABI1985, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Kuwait [Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ]; Lebanon [HendriKo1999]; Libya [Giliom1966, Willia1970DJ, CABI1985, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia [CABI1985, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia [Matile1984c, BenDov1994]; Spain [SancheBe2010]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: The adult females are parthenogenetic and reproduce ovoviviparously. In Texas, USA the life cycle ranges from 60-70 days, and the mealybug develops five annual generations. Chada & Wood (1960) and Bartlett (1978e) discussed in great details the distribution, host plants, biology, economic importance and control of this pest. The invasive ant S. invicta tends the invasive mealybug Antonina graminis (Maskell) extensively and actively constructs shelters around these insects. (Zhou, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Tang (1992), Williams (2001a) and by Williams (2004a). While identifying this species the user should be aware to the following taxonomic notes. Ferris in Zimmerman (1948) illustrated trilocular pores on the female's dorsum, whereas Ferris (1953a) indicated in the key that these pores are absent. Williams (1958, 1985) pointed out that trilocular pores are present on the dorsum. Good description and illustration of the female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Yang & Kosztarab (1967).

STRUCTURE: McKenzie (1967), Parida & Moharana (1982), Nur et al. (1987) and Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=16. Colour illustration given by McKenzie (1967). Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The Rhodes-grass scale has been recorded from a wide range grasses, but severe damage was reported mainly on Rhodes-grass, Chloris gayana. Occasionally it is a pest of sugarcane, Bermuda grass, Cynodon dactylon and St. Augustine grass, Stenotaphrum secundatum. The mealybug infests principally the stem bases and the rhizomes, causing browning and wilting of the grasses (Bartlett, 1978e). Effective reduction of the pest population has been achieved following the introduction of the encyrtid Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao) into Texas, USA. (Dean et al. 1979) and in Israel (Gerson et al. 1975). Chada & Wood (1960) discussed the host range and control of the mealybug. Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978e) and by Moore (1988). In Hawaii it rarely occurs on sugarcane under field condition, and considered of no economic importance (Beardsley, 1960a).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 10 (female) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret in Iran]; Wu et al. 2012: 36 (first instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of first-instar nymphs]; Wu et al. 2012: 38 (second insta) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of second-instar female nymphs]; Wu et al. 2012: 28 (female, adult) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia]; Gavrilov 2003: 205-206 (female) [Antonina species of palearctic]; Williams & Miller 2002: 910 (female) [Species on Bamboo]; Williams 2001a: 847 (female) [Africa]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 96 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 20 (female) [China]; Williams 1985: 44 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 14, 15 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 122 (female) [Japan]; Williams D. J. 1970: 114 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 74 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 13, 49, 66 (larva) [World]; Ferris 1953a: 289 (female) [North America]; Zimmerman 1948: 150 (female) [Hawaii]; Kuwana 1932b: 214 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1355-1356]; AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; AgarwaSi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 149]; Ali1967a [host, distribution: 31-32]; Ali1968a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 31, 32]; Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 101]; Angele2003 [host, distribution: 1-70]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5, 6]; Bartle1978e [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 138-140]; Beards1960a [economic importance, host, distribution: 954-955]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 406]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 38, 39]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 34, 43]; BerlinBa1981 [host, distribution, life history: 62-67]; Blumbe1973 [biological control: 129]; BlumbeSwWy1995 [biological control: 33-44]; Brimbl1968a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control, chemical control, life history: 258-261]; Burks1957 [biological control: 124-127]; Buss2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 1-10]; Ceball2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 65-66]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 136]; ChadaWo1960 [biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, life history, ecology: 1-21]; ChantoViHe2009 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 1-6]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 299]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 38]; CockerBu1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-3]; CulikGu2005 [host, distribution: 1-8]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DahlstHa1999 [biological control: 919-933]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 40]; DeanScBa1961 [host, distribution, biological control: 952-954]; DeanScBo1979 [biological control, economic importance: 262-267]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 54]; DeLott1969 [host, distribution: 1]; DhaliwAr1994a [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 1-55]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; EtzelLe1999 [biological control: 125-197]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 121]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 294-295]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 206]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 311]; Gabrie1982 [host, distribution, biological control: 195-200]; Gabrie1983 [host, distribution, biological control: 53-64]; Gabrie1983a [host, distribution, biological control: 207-218]; GabrieVeMu1982 [biological control: 157-159]; Gavril2003 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 205-207]; GersonMeDu1975 [biological control, life history, host, distribution: 767-778]; GersonMeDu1975 [biological control: 767-779]; Ghabbo2005 [host, distribution: 16]; Giliom1966 [host, distribution: 416]; Goux1935a [taxonomy: 96]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 27]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 395, 396]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; GutierCaMe1999 [biological control: 243-252]; HagenViYa1976 [biological control: 397]; Halper1971 [host, distribution, chemical control: 141-147]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hawkin1994 [biological control: 3]; HelmsVi2000 [host, distribution: 229-231]; HelmsVi2003 [host, distribution, ecology, biological control: 403-404]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103-108]; HerzogFu1985 [biological control: 67-88]; HodgsoHi1990 [host: 5, 8, 16, 17, 20]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 143]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 27]; HoyHe1985 [biological control]; Huffak1971 [economic importance, biological control]; HuffakCa1986 [biological control, economic importance: 95-107]; HuffakSiLa1976 [biological control: 41-78]; James1934a [host, distribution: 272]; Jourdh1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 75-79]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 122]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 87]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 32]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 379]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99]; Kerric1964 [biological control: 75-79]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Kuwana1932b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 205, 219]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 388]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; MachadWiSc1970 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 339-343]; Malump2014 [distribution, host: 1805-1807]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 10]; Mamet1960 [host, distribution: 156]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 46]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 92,99]; Maskel1897a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 244]; Maskel1898 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250, 251]; Matile1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 223]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 177]; MatileNo1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 62]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-78]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 292]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 18]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 10, 12-13, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 63]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 154]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; Moore1988 [biological control, economic importance: 210-212]; MyartsRu2000 [distribution, biological control: 7-33]; NurBrBe1987 [distribution: 54]; Painte1958 [biological control, host, distribution: 267-290]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy: 19]; Pember1938 [host, distribution: 107-108]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution : 64]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Rao1957 [biological control: 376-390]; Rao1965VP [biological control: 145-149]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; ReinerVi2010 [host, distribution, economic importance, ecology: 121-128]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 68]; Reyne1964 [host, distribution: 100]; Richar1953 [host, distribution, chemical control: 426-430]; Rivera1972 [host, distribution, taxonomy, description, illustration, economic importance, life history, biological control: 2-26]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Sailer1973 [biological control: 15-27]; Salaza1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 293]; SancheBe2010 [host, distribution: 319]; Schust1965 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 272-275]; SchustBoMa1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 227-250]; SimmonBe1976 [biological control: 460]; SinhaSaDi1985 [host, distribution: 15]; Stehr1974 [biological control: 124-136]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 338]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-23, 693]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 1]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; Valeri2005 [host, distribution: 98-110]; Varshn1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; WeneRi1950 [economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control: 386]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 206]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 118]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 10, 45]; Willia2001a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host: 835-837, 847]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 91]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 55, 57, 58]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaMi2002 [taxonomy: 910]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-22]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]; WuLuNa2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 27-30, 36, 38]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 96]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-23]; ZhouLuZe2012 [ecology: 2]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-157].



Antonina hubeiana Wu

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina hubeiana Wu, 2001: 44. Type data: CHINA: Hubei, Houhe, Natural Reserve Area, under leaf sheath of Indocalamus longiauritus; collected 12 July, 1999 by Wu, San-an. H H female. Type depository: Beijing: Forestry University, Beijing, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamaus longiauritus [Wu2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hubei (=Hupei) [Wu2001]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Wu (2001).

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 28 (female, adult) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Wu2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-45]; WuLuNa2012 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 27,28,30].



Antonina maai Williams & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina maai Williams & Miller, 2002: 900. Type data: TAIWAN: Hsinkien, Taipe, Hsien, on Bambusa sp.; collected October 9, 1951, by T. Maa. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [WilliaMi2002], Bambusa multiplex [WilliaMi2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [WuLuNa2012], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [WuLuNa2012], Hainan [WuLuNa2012], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [WuLuNa2012]); Taiwan [WilliaMi2002]. Palaearctic: China [WilliaMi2002] (Beijing (=Peking) [WuLuNa2012] (Found in glass houses.)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Miller (2002).

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 28 (female, adult) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females]; Williams & Miller 2002 (female) [Species on bamboo].

CITATIONS: WilliaMi2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 900-903]; WuLuNa2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 27,28,30].



Antonina maritima Ramakrishna Ayyar

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina maritima Green, 1917: 86. Illust. Nomen nudum.

Antonina maritima Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1919a: 45. Type data: INDIA: Coimbatore, on Cynodon sp. Holotype female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Williams, 2004a).

Antonina maritima; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1921a: 345. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.

Antonina maritima Green, 1922: 396. Type data: SRI LANKA: Colombo, on Cyperus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 62. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 109.

Antonina maritima; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 64. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.

Antonina maritima; Green, 1937: 295. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.

Antonina maritima; Yang & Kosztarab, 1967: 55. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.

Antonina maritima; Ali, 1970a: 101. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.

Antonina maritima; Varshney, 1992: 64. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.

Antonina maritima; Ben-Dov, 1994: 40. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Green1922, YangKo1967, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Cynodon [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Panicum [Varshn1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Green1922, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999] (Tamil Nadu [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], West Bengal [Varshn1992]); Sri Lanka [Green1922, YangKo1967, Tang1992, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of female second-instar nymph by Yang & Kosztarab (1967). Description of adult female by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 38 (second instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of second-instar female nymphs]; Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 97 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 21 (female) [China]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 51 (larva) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 40]; Goux1935a [taxonomy: 96]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 396]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 109-111]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 23]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution : 64]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-64]; WuLuNa2012 [taxonomy: 38]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-57].



Antonina meghalayaensis Khalid & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina meghalayaensis Khalid & Shafee, 1988a: 50. Type data: INDIA: Meghalaya, Shillong, on Bambusa sp.; collected M. Khalid, 21.v.1987. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [KhalidSh1988a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Meghalaya [KhalidSh1988a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Khalid & Shafee (1988a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia]; Williams & Miller 2002: 909 (female) [Species on Bamboo].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 40]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 111]; KhalidSh1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-52]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 64]; WilliaMi2002 [taxonomy: 909].



Antonina milleri Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina zonata; Morrison, 1920: 177. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 66.

Antonina zonata; Tang, 1992. Misidentification; discovered by Wu et al., 2012: 40.

Antonina milleri Williams, 2004a: 66. Type data: CHINA: Canton [=Guangzhou], Lingnan University, on small bamboo; collected G.F. Ferris, 7.xi.1948. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; type no. no 47. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Willia2004a], Bambusa blumeana [Willia2004a], Bambusa pervariabilis [WuLuNa2012], Bambusa ventricosa [WuLuNa2012], Dendrocalamus latiflorus [WuLuNa2012], Inarundinaria nitida [WuLuNa2012], Indocalamus SP. [WuLuNa2012], Neosinocalamus affinis [WuLuNa2012], Phyllostachys bambusoides [WuLuNa2012], Phyllostachys glauca [WuLuNa2012], Phyllostachys heteroclada [WuLuNa2012], Phyllostachys nigra [WuLu2012], Phyllostachys propinqua [WuLuNa2012], Phyllostachys pubescens [WuLuNa2012], Pleioblastus amarus [WuLuNa2012], Sasa sinica [WuLuNa2012], Sasa sp. [WuLuNa2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Willia2004a], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [WuLuNa2012], Guizhou (=Kweichow) [WuLuNa2012], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [WuLuNa2012], Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) [WuLuNa2012], Yunnan [WuLuNa2012], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [WuLuNa2012]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2004a]); Philippines (Luzon [Willia2004a]); Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [WuLuNa2012], Beijing (=Peking) [WuLuNa2012], Hebei (=Hopei) [WuLuNa2012]).

BIOLOGY: Living mainly at the axils of branches, on stem nodes, and on aerial roots of various bamboos. In many cases, it also lives in ant nests in bamboo stems and branches. (Wu, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, first- and second-instar by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Williams (2004a) distinguished four forms in the first-instar nymph of this species.

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004b: 66) concluded that the records of Antonina zonata Green, by Morrison (1920: 177), Takahshi (1951a: 21), Yang & Kosztarab (1967: 59) [in part] and by Hendrick & Kosztarab (1999: 130) [in part], were misidentifications of Antonina milleri Williams, 2004a.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species is an important pest of bamboo in China, and can cause heavy damage to its hosts, even death. (Wu, et al., 2012)

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 36 (first instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of first-instar nymphs]; Wu et al. 2012: 28 (female, adult) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females]; Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia].

CITATIONS: HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 130]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 177]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-72]; WuLuNa2012 [taxonomy: 27,28,36]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 59].



Antonina nakaharai Williams & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina nakaharai Williams & Miller, 2002: 903. Type data: USA: Maryland, Glendale, on Phyllostachys sp.; collected 18.5.1977, by S. Nakahara. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria japonica [WilliaMi2002], Arundinaria variegata pygmaea [WilliaMi2002], Bambusa [WilliaMi2002], Dendrocalamus latiflorus [WuLuNa2012], Ixora stricta [WilliaMi2002], Phyllostachys aurea [WilliaMi2002], Phyllostachys aurea [WuLuNa2012], Phyllostachys glauca [WuLuNa2012], Phyllostachys viridis [WuLuNa2012], Pleioblastus amarus [WuLuNa2012], Sasa kurihensis chabomanba [WilliaMi2002], Sinobambusa tootsii [WilliaMi2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [WilliaMi2002]). Nearctic: United States of America (Louisiana [WilliaMi2002], Maryland [WilliaMi2002], New Jersey [WilliaMi2002], South Carolina [WilliaMi2002], Texas [WilliaMi2002]). Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [WuLuNa2012], Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [WuLuNa2012], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [WuLuNa2012], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [WuLuNa2012], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [WuLuNa2012]); Hong Kong [WilliaMi2002, Gavril2003]; Taiwan [WilliaMi2002]. Palaearctic: Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan [Gavril2003]); China (Beijing (=Peking) [WuLuNa2012], Henan (=Honan) [WuLuNa2012]); Georgia (Georgia [Gavril2003]); Japan [WilliaMi2002, Gavril2003]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [Gavril2003], Sakhalin Oblast [Gavril2003]).

BIOLOGY: Living in the axils of branches. (Wu, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Miller (2002).

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 36 (first instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of first-instar nymphs]; Wu et al. 2012: 28 (female, adult) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females]; Gavrilov 2003: 205-206 (female) [Antonina species of Russia]; Williams & Miller 2002: 909-910 (female) [Species on Bamboo].

CITATIONS: Gavril2003 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 206-207]; WilliaMi2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 903-906,910]; WuLu2012 [distribution, life history, taxonomy: 32,36]; WuLuNa2012 [taxonomy: 27,28].



Antonina nanlingensis Wu & Lu in Wu, et al.

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina nanlingensis Wu & Lu in Wu, et al., 2012: 32-35. Type data: CHINA: Guandong, Ruyuan county, Nanling National Forest Park [23.20°N, 115.23°E], under leaf sheath of Indocalamus longianritus, 8/22/2011, by San-an Wu and Yuan Lu. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Beijing: Forestry University, Beijing, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamus longianritus [WuLuNa2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [WuLuNa2012]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Wu, et al., 2012.

STRUCTURE: Body oblong, strongly convex at maturity and covered in a mat of white wax; body reddish-brown, becoming black-brown; derm sclerotized throughout; with a white wax tube arising from anus. (Wu, et al., 2012

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of this new species is close to A. milleri, but can be distinguished by presence of multilocular pores on the head. (Wu, et al., 2012)

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 36 (first instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of first-instar nymphs]; Wu et al. 2012: 38 (second instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of second-instar female nymphs]; Wu et al. 2012: 28 (female, adult) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females].

CITATIONS: WuLuNa2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 28,32-42].



Antonina natalensis Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina natalensis Brain, 1915: 86. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Pietermaritzburg, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Erium natalense; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Antonina indica panica; Hall, 1937: 125. Misidentification.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Cenchrus [Almeid1969, Almeid1973, BenDov1994], Chloris [Almeid1969, Almeid1973, BenDov1994], Dactyloctenium [Almeid1969, Almeid1973, BenDov1994], Eragrostis [HendriKo1999, Willia2001a], Eragrostis chalcantha [Hall1937, BenDov1994], Eragrostis superba [Almeid1969, Almeid1973, BenDov1994], Pennisetum [HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1969, Almeid1973b, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Cameroon [HendriKo1999]; Kenya [Willia2001a]; South Africa [Brain1915, Almeid1969, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, Willia2001a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, Almeid1969, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, Willia2001a]. Oriental: India [HendriKo1999].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of the plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958a), Almeida (1973b) and by Williams (2001a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Yang & Kosztarab (1967).

SYSTEMATICS: Yang and Kosztarab (1967) found distinct morphological differences between the first instar nymphs of Antonina transvaalensis and Antonina natalensis to justify their treatment as distinct species.

KEYS: Williams 2001a: 847 (female) [Africa]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 97 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 21 (female) [China]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 11 (larva) [World].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1356]; Almeid1969 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134-135]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 17]; BenDov1985a [taxonomy: 187]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 40]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 220]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 87, 88]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 80, 81]; EzzatNa1987 [taxonomy: 88]; Goux1935a [taxonomy: 96]; Hall1925 [taxonomy: 6, 7]; Hall1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 125, 126]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 111-113]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 154]; Tang1992 [taxonomy: 24]; Willia2001a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 837-840, 847]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy: 23].



Antonina panica Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina purpurea; Hall, 1923: 55. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 2001a: 840.

Antonina indica panica Hall, 1925: 6. Type data: EGYPT: Hamet el Abeed, on Panicum turgidum; 16.xi.1923, coll W.J. Hall. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2001a: 840. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Antonina indica panici Lindinger, 1931: 43. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Williams, 2001a: 840.

Antonina indica panici; Bodenheimer, 1935: 251. Misspelling of species name.

Antonina indica panica; De Lotto, 1958a: 80. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Williams, 2001a: 840. Notes: incorrect synonymy with Antonina natalensis.

Antonina indica panici; Ben-Dov, 1994: 40. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Williams, 2001a: 840. Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Antonina natalensis.

Antonina indica panici; Ben-Dov, 1994: 40. Misspelling of species name.

Antonina panica; Williams, 2001a: 840. Change of combination and rank.



HOST: Poaceae: Panicum turgidum [Hall1923, BenDov1994, Willia2001a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Willia2001a]; Egypt [Hall1923, BenDov1994, Willia2001a]; Israel [BenDov1985a, BenDov1994, Willia2001a]; Jordan [Bodenh1935, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant (Hall, 1923).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (2001a). First instar nymph described and illustrated, under the name Antonina natalensis, by Yang & Kosztarab (1967).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2001a) concluded that Antonina indica var. panica Hall, 1923 was a distinct species, and not a synonym of Antonina transvalensis Brain, as interpreted by De Lotto (1958a).

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 36 (first instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of first-instar nymphs]; Williams 2001a: 847 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 187]; BenDov1994 [taxonomy, catalogue: 40]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 34, 42]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 251]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy: 80]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Hall1923 [taxonomy: 55]; Hall1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-7]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33]; Hall1927b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 129]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 43]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 154]; Willia2001a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 840-844, 847]; WuLuNa2012 [taxonomy: 36]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-25].



Antonina parazonata Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina parazonata Williams, 2004a: 72. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Pusa, on flower heads of bamboo; collected C.S. Misra, December 1920. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Assam [Willia2004a], Bihar [Willia2004a]).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-74].



Antonina pretiosa Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina pretiosa Ferris, 1953a: 298. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, Montebello, on 'giant bamboo'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Antonina pretosa; Laflin, Gullan & Parella, 2004: 476. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: noxious bamboo mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria gigantea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Bambusa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Bambusa balcooa? [HendriKo1999], Bambusa disticha [YangKo1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Bambusa multiplex [HendriKo1999, DownieGu2004], Bambusa nana [HendriKo1999, Willia2004a], Bambusa texitilis [Wu2001], Bambusa ventricosa [WuLuNa2012], Bambusa vulgaris [HendriKo1999], Phyllostachys aurea [HendriKo1999], Pleioblastus distichus [HendriKo1999], Sasa tessellata [TangLi1988, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994], Yushania aztecorum [HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]). Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1953a, NurBrBe1987, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, DownieGu2004], Florida [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Georgia [HendriKo1999], Illinois [HendriKo1999], Louisiana [HendriKo1999], Maryland [HendriKo1999]). Neotropical: Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]. Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Wu2001], Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Wu2001], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [WuLuNa2012], Hunan [WuLuNa2012], Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) [Wu2001], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Wu2001], Yunnan [Wu2001], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001]); Hong Kong [HendriKo1999, Wu2001]; Malaysia (Malaya [HendriKo1999, Willia2004a]); Singapore [ChenWoWu2012]; Taiwan [HendriKo1999, Wu2001]. Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999] (Beijing (=Peking) [WuLuNa2012], Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994, Wu2001], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Wu2001], Xizang (=Tibet) [Wu2001]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring high on the stems of bamboo, especially in the nodes and under the bracts.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967) Tang & Li (1988), Tang (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph and female second-instar nymph by Yang & Kosztarab (1967).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=24. Colour photograph given by Johnson & Lyon (1988).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Heavy infestations produce a very unsightly condition of the bamboo (Ferris, 1950; McKenzie, 1967).

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 36 (first instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of first-instar nymphs]; Wu et al. 2012: 38 (second instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of second-instar female nymphs]; Wu et al. 2012: 28 (female, adult) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females]; Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia]; Williams & Miller 2002: 909 (female) [Species on Bamboo]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 96 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 20 (female) [China]; Wang 1982TC: 25 (female) [China]; McKenzie 1967: 74 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 11, 51 (larva) [World]; Ferris 1953a: 289 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 41]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 299]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 298-299]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 69]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 113-116]; HodgesHo2004 [host, distribution: 396-397]; JohnsoLy1988 [illustration]; LaflinGuPa2004 [host, distribution: 475-477]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-80]; NurBrBe1987 [distribution: 54]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25, 694]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 1]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17, 19]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-76]; WilliaMi2002 [taxonomy: 909]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Wu2001b [host: 251]; WuLuNa2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 27,28,36,38]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-33].



Antonina purpurea Signoret

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina purpurea Signoret, 1875b: 24. Type data: FRANCE: Cannes, on Agropyrum sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 119. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust.

Laboulbenia brachypodii Lichtenstein, 1877a: 299. Type data: FRANCE: Southern France, on Brachypodium pinnatum. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lichtenstein, 1877a: 302. Notes: Type material probably lost. D. Matile-Ferrero, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Antonina (Antonina) purpurea; Goux, 1937a: 94.

Antonia purpurea; Tang, 1992: 19. Misspelling of species name.

Antonia purpura; Wu, 2001: 43. Misspelling of genus and species names.

COMMON NAMES: false-brome scale [Parker1960]; red legless mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae [Fernal1903b, Marott1987a], Agropyron [Signor1875b, Parrot1900, Green1934e, Borchs1949, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, Kozar1983a, Marott1992], Agropyron [Marott1987a, HendriKo1999], Agropyron intermedium [YangKo1967, HendriKo1999], Agropyron repens [Kozar1983a, BenDov1994], Brachypodium [GomezM1954, KosztaKo1978, Martin1985, KosztaKo1988F], Brachypodium phoenicoides [HendriKo1999], Brachypodium pinnatum [Lichte1877a, AfifiKo1967, BenDov1994], Brachypodium ramosum [Green1934e, Goux1935a, Borchs1949, HendriKo1999], Brachypodium retusum [Foldi2000], Bromus inermis [HendriKo1999], Elymus repens [Seljak2010], Milium [Signor1875b, Parrot1900, Green1934e, Borchs1949, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, Marott1992a], Phyllostachys aurea [HendriKo1999, SancheBe2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Signor1875b, Goux1937a, Borchs1949, AfifiKo1967, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Italy [Borchs1949, YangKo1967, Tranfa1981, Marott1987a, KosztaKo1988F, Marott1992a, BenDov1994]; Slovenia [HendriKo1999] [Seljak2010]; Spain [BenDov1994, HendriKo1999] [GomezM1954, GomezM1960O, GomezM1968, Martin1985, KosztaKo1988F, Marott1992a]; Yugoslavia [Borchs1949, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, Kozar1983a, Marott1992a, BenDov1994] [Masten2007].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in the root crowns of grasses. Life history and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1934e), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Afifi & Kosztarab (1967). Good description and illustration of the first instar nymph given by Yang & Kosztarab (1967). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Foldi (2003a).

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 36 (first instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of first-instar nymphs]; Gavrilov 2003: 205-206 (female) [Antonina species of Palearctic]; Williams & Miller 2002: 910 (female) [Species on Bamboo]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 97 (female) [World]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 15 (female) [World]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 11 (larva) [World]; Borchsenius 1949: 312 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: AfifiKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 41]; BenDovMa1995 [taxonomy,host, distribution: 246]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 312-313]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 324]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 122]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003a [taxonomy: 6]; Gavril2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 205-207]; GavrilMa2008 [host, distribution: 443]; GomezM1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-141]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 202]; GomezM1965 [host, distribution: 113]; GomezM1968 [host, distribution: 557]; Goux1935a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 94]; Goux1937a [distribution: 93]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 395]; Green1934e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 509, 510, 512]; Hall1925 [taxonomy: 7]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-122]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy: 125]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 31]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 67, 68]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 140]; Lichte1877a [taxonomy: 297-303]; Lichte1879 [taxonomy, life history: 45, 46]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64-66]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 90]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Parker1960 [description, distribution, biological control: 174-177]; Parrot1900 [taxonomy, description, host: 138, 139]; SancheBe2010 [host, distribution: 319]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 101]; Signor1875b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 19-20]; WilliaMi2002 [taxonomy: 910]; Wu2001 [taxonomy: 43]; WuLuNa2012 [taxonomy: 36]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-35].



Antonina sandakanae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina sandakanae Williams, 2004a: 76. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Sandakan, Sepilok, on Schizostachyum sp.; collected S. Takagi, 31.x.1988. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bamboo [WuLuNa2012], Schizostachyum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang)); Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 28 (female, adult) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females]; Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-78]; WuLuNa2012 [distribution, host: 28,39].



Antonina socialis Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina socialis Newstead, 1901a: 85. Type data: ENGLAND: Broxbourne, under glass on Arundinaria japonica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 44. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Antonina socialis; Williams, 1962: 8. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Williams & Miller, 2002: 906. Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Antonina crawii Cockerell.

Antonina socialis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 37. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Williams & Miller, 2002: 906. Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Antonina crawi Cockerell.

Antonina crawi; Wu, 2001: 43. Misidentification.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [WilliaMi2002], Arundinaria hindsii [WilliaMi2002], Arundinaria japonica [WilliaMi2002], Arundinaria kansan [WilliaMi2002], Bambusa [WilliaMi2002], Indocalamus nanicus [WilliaMi2002], Indocalamus sp. [WuLuNa2012], Neosinocalamus affinis [WuLuNa2012], Phyllostachys aureosulcata [WuLuNa2012], Phyllostachys heteroclada [WuLuNa2012], Phyllostachys heterocycla [WuLuNa2012], Phyllostachys nigra [WuLuNa2012], Pseudosasa japonica [WilliaMi2002], Sasa japonica [WilliaMi2002], Sasa sp. [WuLuNa2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [WilliaMi2002]). Nearctic: United States of America (California [WilliaMi2002], Louisiana [WilliaMi2002]). Neotropical: Bermuda [WilliaMi2002]. Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung), Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [WuLu2012], Hainan [WuLuNa2012], Hubei (=Hupei) [WuLuNa2012], Shanghai [WuLuNa2012], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [WuLuNa2012]); Hong Kong [WilliaMi2002]; Taiwan [WuLuNa2012]. Palaearctic: China [WilliaMi2002] (Anhui (=Anhwei) [WuLuNa2012], Beijing (=Peking) [WuLuNa2012], Henan (=Honan) [WuLuNa2012]); Japan [WilliaMi2002]; United Kingdom (England [Newste1901a, Willia1962, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, WilliaMi2002] (Non-established introductions (Williams & Malumphy, 2012)), Scotland [Willia1962, BenDov1994, WilliaMi2002]).

BIOLOGY: Living in axils of branches and stem nodes. (Wu, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Miller (2002).

SYSTEMATICS: Antonina socialis has been synonymized with Antonina crawi by Williams (1962), based on the illustration of Ferris (1953). Williams & Miller (2002) reinstated the former as a valid species.

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 28 (female, adult) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females]; Williams & Miller 2002: 910 (female) [Species on Bamboo].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy: 37]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47]; Newste1901a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-86]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 87, 91]; WilliaMi2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 906-910]; WuLuNa2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 27,28,39-40].



Antonina tesquorum Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina tesquorum Danzig, 1971: 390. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Suifun near Chernyatino, on Cleistogenes sinensis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron cristatum [Wu2001], Cleistogene chinensis [WuLuNa2012], Cleistogene sp. [WuLuNa2012], Cleistogenes sinensis [Danzig1971, Tang1992, BenDov1994], Cleistogenes squarrosa [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Elymus chinensis [Danzig1974, BenDov1994], Stipa aliena [Wu2001], Stipa alieta [WuLuNa2012], Stipa grandis [Danzig1984a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Henan (=Honan) [WuLuNa2012], Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Wu2001], Ningxia (=Ningsia) [Wu2001], Shaanxi (=Shensi) [Wu2001]); Mongolia [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots and leaf bases of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1980b) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 28 (female, adult) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females]; Gavrilov 2003: 205-206 (female) [Antonina species of Russia]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 97 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 20 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 706 (female) [Far East of Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 41, 42]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 390]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 69]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200]; Danzig1984a [host, distribution: 33]; Gavril2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 205-207]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122-123]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26, 695]; TangHaTa1992 [distribution: 1]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; WuLuNa2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 28,40].



Antonina thaiensis Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, 1942b: 14. Type data: THAILAND: Bangkok, on bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Antonina zonata; Takahashi, 1951a: 21. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 78.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Takaha1942b, Takaha1951a], Bambusa vulgaris [HendriKo1999], Phragmites [Takaha1951a, HendriKo1999, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]); Philippines (Luzon [Willia2004a]); Sri Lanka [Sirise2012]; Thailand [Takaha1942b, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: The live adult female is legless, brownish black, and partially covered with white wax, with a long slender white wax tube projecting from the anal opening. The live immature stages are red. (Sirisena, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) concluded that the record under Antonina zonata by Takahashi (1951a: 21) was a misidentification of Antonina thaienesis.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia]; Williams & Miller 2002: 910 (female) [Species on bamboo]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 96 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 21 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 42]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 299]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 123-125]; Sirise2012 [description, distribution, host: 365]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14, 15]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 26]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-80]; WilliaMi2002 [taxonomy: 910].



Antonina transcaucasica (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chaetococcus transcaucasicus Borchsenius, 1949: 318. Type data: AZERBAIJAN: on Agropyrum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Notes: Types probably lost (Gavrilov, 2003).

Antonina transcaucasica; Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 125. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [TerGri1966], Agropyron [Borchs1949, TerGri1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Gavrilov (2003). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

SYSTEMATICS: Lectotype designated in Danzig & Gavrilov, 2011: female in the black circle, “t. 39 type 110/37 Chaetococcus transcaucasicus Borchs. Couch-grass? Tatoni 7.VIII.32”; paralectotypes: 3 females on the same slide.

KEYS: Gavrilov 2003: 205-206 (female) [Antonina species of Russia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 227 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 77]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318-319]; DanzigGa2011 [taxonomy: 272]; Gavril2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-208]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 125]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 91]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-230].



Antonina transvaalensis Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina transvaalensis Brain, 1915: 87. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, Daspoort, on roots of grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2001a: 844. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae [Brain1915, DeLott1958a, Willia2001a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, YangKo1967, HendriKo1999, Willia2001a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Yang & Kosztarab (1967) and by Williams (2001a).

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 36 (first instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of first-instar nymphs]; Williams 2001a: 847 (female) [Africa]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 13 (larva) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 40]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 87-88]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy: 126]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 126-127]; Willia2001a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 844-847]; WuLuNa2012 [taxonomy: 36]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-40].



Antonina vera Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina vera Borchsenius, 1956b: 675. Type data: KOREA: North Pshenyan Province, on stems of grass; collected 11 July by N. Borchsenius. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2003: 208. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Cleistogenes [Danzig1974, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Cleistogenes aquerrosa [Tang1992, Wu2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Wu2001]); Mongolia [Danzig1974, BenDov1994]; North Korea [Borchs1956b, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1956b).

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 28 (female, adult) [Key to species of Antonina Signoret currently known from China based the morphology of the adult females]; Gavrilov 2003: 205-206 (female) [Species of Russia]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 96 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 20 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 706 (female) [Far East of Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 42]; Borchs1956b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 675, 676]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 70]; Gavril2003 [taxonomy: 205]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 127-128]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 122-123]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-27, 696]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 1]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; WuLuNa2012 [distribution, host: 28,40].



Antonina vietnamensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina vietnamensis Williams, 2004a: 80. Type data: VIETNAM: Ho Chi Minh, on bamboo; collected H. Le Ruyet, 24.i.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-84].



Antonina zonata Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina zonata Green, 1919a: 175. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Teinostachyum attenuatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Chaetococcus zonatus; Tang, 1992: 29. Change of combination.

Antonina zonata; Ben-Dov, 1994: 42. Revived combination.

Chaetococcus zontatus; Tao, 1999: 11. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [HendriKo1999, Willia2004a], Bambusa [Morris1920, Takaha1951a, AfifiKo1967, YangKo1967], Bambusa blumeana [Morris1920, Tang1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Bambusa omeiensis [Wu2001], Indocalamus nanunicus [HendriKo1999], Sasa sinica [Wu2001], Semiarundinaria venusta [HendriKo1999, Willia2004a], Teinostachyum attenuatum [Green1919a, Green1922, Tang1992, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001b]); India [HendriKo1999] (Bihar [Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Tamil Nadu [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c]); Malaysia (Malaya [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]); Philippines [Morris1920, AfifiKo1967, Ali1967a, YangKo1967, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Sri Lanka [Green1919a, Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999] (Antonina zonata Green has been reported as widely distributed in China (Tang, 1992; Wang, 2001; Wu, 2001) but, based on their attached figures, Tang’s (1992) and Wang’s (2001) records are probably misidentifications of A. milleri. (Wu, et al., 2012)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1920) and Green (1922) and by Williams (2004a). Description of adult female by Tang (1992). Description and illustration of adult male by Afifi & Kosztarab (1967). Description of first-instar nymph and female second-instar nymph by Yang & Kosztarab (1967).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004b: 66) concluded that the records of Antonina zonata Green, by Morrison (1920: 177), Takahshi (1951a: 21), Yang & Kosztarab (1967: 59) [in part] and by Hendrick & Kosztarab (1999: 130) [in part], were misidentifications of Antonina milleri Williams, 2004a. Williams (2004a) concluded that the part of the record under Antonina zonata by Takahashi (1951a: 21) was a misidentification of Antonina thaienesis. Wu, et al. concluded that Antonina zonata Green as reported by Tang, 1992; Wang, 2001; Wu, 2001) are probably misidentifications of A. milleri.

KEYS: Wu et al. 2012: 36 (first instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of first-instar nymphs]; Wu et al. 2012: 38 (second instar) [Key to species of genus Antonina based on the morphology of second-instar female nymphs]; Williams 2004a: 52-53 (female) [Antonina species southern Asia]; Williams & Miller 2002: 910 (female) [Species on Bamboo]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 96 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 28 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Wang 1982TC: 25 (female) [China]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 14 (female) [World]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 10, 51 (larva) [World].

CITATIONS: AfifiKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-29]; Ali1967a [host, distribution: 32]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 42]; Goux1935a [taxonomy: 96]; Green1919a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 175-176]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 399-400]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 177]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 29-30]; TangHaTa1992 [taxonomy: 1-2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 11]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 65]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-85]; WilliaMi2002 [taxonomy: 910]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; Wu2001b [distribution: 251]; WuLuNa2012 [taxonomy: 27,38].



Antoninoides Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Antoninoides Ferris, 1953a: 300. Type species: Antonina parrotti Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1953a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: The genus Antoninoides Ferris with Antonina parrotti Cockerell as type species, contains two additional species, neither of which indicates gender. Without an indication of gender by the author, the genus name is treated as masculine. (Williams, 2011)

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 23 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 39 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 45 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 283 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 43]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 300]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 130-131]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 12]; Willia2011 [taxonomy: 67]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 58,61].



Antoninoides boutelouae (Parrott in Popenoe & Parrott)

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina boutelouae Parrott in Popenoe & Parrott, 1900: 138. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, Manhattan, on Bouteloua hirsuta. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Antoninoides boutelouae; Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 131. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Aristida oligantha [HelmsVi2000], Bahia dissecta [HendriKo1999], Bouteloua [HendriKo1999], Bouteloua gracilis [KosztaMc1969, BenDov1994], Bouteloua havardii [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Bouteloua hirsuta [PopenoPa1900, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Kansas [PopenoPa1900, YangKo1967, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], South Dakota [KosztaMc1969, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Texas [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring at the bases of the stems of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a).Good description and illustration of first-instar nymph given by Yang & Kosztarab (1967).

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 131 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 74 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 10 (larva) [World]; Ferris 1953a: 289 (female) [North America]; Lawson 1917: 174 (female) [U.S.A.: Kansas]; Lawson 1917: 174 (female) [U.S.A.: Kansas].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 37]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 290-291]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 158]; HelmsVi2000 [host, distribution: 229-231]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 131-133]; KosztaMc1969 [host, distribution: 114]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174]; PopenoPa1900 [p. 138]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-18].



Antoninoides nortoni (Parrott & Cockerell in Parrot)

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina nortoni Parrott & Cockerell in Parrot, 1899b: 280. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, Manhattan, Bluemont, on Bouteloua racemosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Antonina nortoni; Ferris, 1953a: 296. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Antoninoides nortoni; Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 133. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [WilliaGr1992], Aristida [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Aristida atricta [HendriKo1999], Aristida oligantha [HelmsVi2000], Bouteloua [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Bouteloua curtipendula [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Bouteloua racemosa [Parrot1899b, Parrot1900, YangKo1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Eragrostis secundiflora [Ferris1953a, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Colorado [HendriKo1999], Florida [HendriKo1999], Georgia [HendriKo1999], Kansas [Parrot1899b, Parrot1900, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], North Carolina [HendriKo1999], Oklahoma [HendriKo1999], Texas [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, HelmsVi2000]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring around the base of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Afifi & Kosztarab (1967). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Yang & Kosztarab (1967).

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 131 (female) [World]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 15 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 74 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 13 (larva) [World]; Ferris 1953a: 289 (female) [North America]; Lawson 1917: 174 (female) [U.S.A.: Kansas].

CITATIONS: AfifiKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 18-21]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 40, 41]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 296-297]; Goux1935a [taxonomy: 96]; HelmsVi2000 [host, distribution: 229-231]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 133-135]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175]; Parrot1899b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280, 281]; Parrot1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140]; WilliaGr1992 [illustration, host, distribution: 58, 59]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-28].



Antoninoides parrotti (Cockerell in: Fernald)

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina graminis Parrott in Popenoe & Parrott, 1900: 140. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, on Egrastis trichodes, E. pectinacea, Bulbilis dactyloides and Paspalum ciliatifolium. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 138. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Antonina graminis Maskell.

Antonina parrotti Cockerell in: Fernald, 1903b: 122. Replacement name for Antonina graminis Parrott.

Antoninoides parrotti; Ferris, 1953a: 301. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Fernal1903b, Ferris1953a, WilliaGr1992], Andropogon scoparius [HendriKo1999], Bouteloua [HendriKo1999], Bouteloua trifida [HendriKo1999], Bulbilis dactyloides [Parrot1900, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Chloris [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Chloris ciliata [HendriKo1999], Chloris cucullata [HendriKo1999], Dactyloctenium aegyptium [HelmsVi2000], Dasychloa pulchella [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Eragrostis hirsuta [HelmsVi2000], Eragrostis intermedia [HelmsVi2000], Eragrostis pectinacea [Parrot1900, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Eragrostis secundiflora [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Eragrostis trichodes [Parrot1900, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Leptoloma cognatum [HelmsVi2000], Paspalum ciliatifolium [Parrot1900, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Sporobolus [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Sporobolus argutus [HendriKo1999], Sporobolus junceus [HendriKo1999], Triodia pilosa [HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Florida [HendriKo1999], Kansas [Fernal1903b, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Mississippi [HendriKo1999], Oklahoma [HendriKo1999], Texas [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, HelmsVi2000]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring at the base of the host plant amongst its crowded culms.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999). Good description of the first-instar nymph given by Riherd (1954).

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 131 (female) [World]; Lawson 1917: 174 (female) [U.S.A.: Kansas].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 43]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 122]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 301-302]; HelmsVi2000 [host, distribution: 229-231]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-140]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-176]; Parrot1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140, 141]; Riherd1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 468-470]; Tippin1971a [host, distribution, economic importance: 179-183]; Willia2011 [taxonomy: 66]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 61, 62].



Apodastococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Apodastococcus Williams, 1985: 46. Type species: Apodastococcus onar Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 46 (female) [species Australia]; Williams 1985: 36 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 44]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 46].



Apodastococcus aldinganus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Apodastococcus aldinganus Williams, 1985: 46. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Aldinga, on roots of Banksia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Proteaceae: Banksia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant (Williams, 1985).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 46 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 44]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-48].



Apodastococcus onar Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Apodastococcus onar Williams, 1985: 48. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Yanchep, on Acacia saligna. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia saligna [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia tetragonophylla [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 46 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 44]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48, 49].



Apodastococcus tiphys Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Apodastococcus tiphys Williams, 1985: 48. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Hart's Range, on unknown host. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 46 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 44]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48, 50, 51].



Archeomyrmococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Archeomyrmococcus Williams, 2002b: 121. Type species: Archeomyrmococcus dolichoderi Williams, by original designation.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Description and definition by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 39 (female) [Genera southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description: 121]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 85-87].



Archeomyrmococcus dolichoderi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Archeomyrmococcus dolichoderi Williams, 2002b: 121. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Sumatera Barat Province, Danau Maninjau, on Coffea sp. attended by Dolichoderus furcifer; collected 15.xi.1992 by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dolichoderus furcifer (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar by Williams (2002b). Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121-124]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-87].



Asaphococcus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Asaphococcus Cox, 1987: 16. Type species: Trionymus montanus Brittin, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 17 (female) [species New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 45]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 16-17].



Asaphococcus agninus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Asaphococcus agninus Cox, 1987: 17. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Taupo, on Pittosporum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987). Illustration of the adult male in Hodgson, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Mounted adult male, apterous; very small, 559 ěm long, 228 ľm wide; rather pointed at both ends. Antennae short, 8 segmented, bases close together on anterior margin of head. Head with 2 pairs of simple eyes plus a pair of ocelli; sclerotised ridges on head much reduced. Mesothorax membranous. Body with few hair-like setae, each 10–15 ěm long. Loculate pores, each 4–6 ľm wide with 3–5 loculi, restricted to thorax. Small simple pores (ssp) present only on abdominal segment VIII; minute sclerotised pores absent. Legs short, apparently without campaniform pores on trochanter; each leg probably with 1 tibial spur; tarsal digitules (tdgt) capitate. Glandular pouch area without a pouch but with loculate pores associated with a group of setae. (Hodgson, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: The adult male of Asaphococcus agninus is superficially very like the apterous adult males of Rhizoecidae, no doubt due to convergence. Nonetheless, the males of A. agninus still have: (i) ocelli; (ii) a distinctly sclerotised postocular ridge; (iii) a strong ventral midcranial ridge; (iv) a small group of loculate pores in the area of the glandular pouches, and (v) a basally narrow penial sheath — all character states not found in Rhizoecidae but characteristic of Pseudococcidae. Unfortunately, the position of the anus could not be seen. In addition to the above character states, the apterous male Saccharicoccus sacchari has (after Afifi, 1968): (i) a distinct postoccipital ridge; (ii) a small cranial apophysis; (iii) a slender tentorial bridge; (iv) pronotal sclerites often present; (v) post-tergites well developed; (vi) transverse ridge of prosternum distinct; (vii) proepisternum + cervical sclerite quite long, clearly reaching base of postocular ridge; (viii) most other segments with some weakly sclerotised tergites and sternites; (ix) ostioles; (x) a reasonably distinct pair of glandular pouches, each with 2 long setae and a shorter seta; (xi) ventral slit of penial sheath with a pair of penial sheath processes, each with a set of fine setae; and (xii) penial sheath only about half width of abdominal segment VIII. Similarly, the apterous male of Dysmicoccus jenniferae (Williams, 1985) has most of these features and clearly keys out within the Pseudococcidae. Most of these features are unknown on apterous rhizoecine mealybugs. Miller and Polavarapu (1997) also described an apterous form of D. vaccinii but this form still retains the major box-like sclerites of the mesothorax and all the main head structures. Hardy et al. (2008) placed Asaphococcus in the Pseudococcinae. (Hodgson, 2012)

KEYS: Cox 1987: 17 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 45]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17, 112]; Hodgso2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 69-71].



Asaphococcus amissus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Asaphococcus amissus Cox, 1987: 17. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Eve's Bush, on Cyathodes fasciculata. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Epacridaceae: Cyathodes fasciculata [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 17 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 45]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-18, 113].



Asaphococcus montanus (Brittin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus montanus Brittin, 1938: 333. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Westland, Otira, on Phyllocladus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 18. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Asaphococcus montanus; Cox, 1987: 18. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Phyllocladaceae: Phyllocladus alpinus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Podocarpaceae: Phyllocladus [Britti1938, Cox1987].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Britti1938, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 17 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 45]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18, 114].



Asteliacoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Asteliacoccus Williams, 1985: 51. Type species: Asteliacoccus margaretae Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 13 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 38 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 46]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 18]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 51].



Asteliacoccus margaretae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Asteliacoccus margaretae Williams, 1985: 51. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Collin's Bonnet, on Astelia alpina. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Liliaceae: Astelia alpina [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found in leaf axils of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 46]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-53].



Asteliacoccus zelandigenus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Asteliacoccus zelandigena Cox, 1987: 18. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Canterbury, Arthur's Pass, on Astelia cockaynei. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Asteliacoccus zelandigenus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 411. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Liliaceae: Astelia [Cox1987], Astelia cockaynei [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 46]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-19, 115].



Atriplicicoccus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Atriplicicoccus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992. Type species: Atriplicicoccus tarapacanus Williams and Granara de Willink, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2002: 54-55 (female) [Species of genus]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 42 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 46]; Granar2002 [taxonomy: 51]; Granar2002 [taxonomy, description: 51-55]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 42, 61-63].



Atriplicicoccus quilmensi Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Atriplicicoccus quilmensi Granara de Willink, 2002: 52. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, Quilmes, on Atriplex lampa; collected February 1989, Granara de Willink. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex lampa [Granar2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [Granar2002]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2002).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2002: 54-55 (female) [Species of Atriplicicoccus].

CITATIONS: Granar2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-55].



Atriplicicoccus tarapacanus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Atriplicicoccus tarapacanus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 63. Type data: CHILE: Tarapaca, El Carmelo, on Atriplex desertorum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex desertorum [WilliaGr1992], Atriplex montevidensis [Granar2002], Suaeda [Granar2002]. Fabaceae: Adesmia [Granar2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Mendoza [Granar2002], Salta [Granar2002], San Luis [Granar2002]); Chile (Tarapaca [WilliaGr1992]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Dscription and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2002: 54-55 (female) [Species of Atriplicicoccus].

CITATIONS: Granar2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 54-55]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution].



Atrococcus Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus (Atrococcus) Goux, 1941: 69. Type species: Atrococcus melanovirens Goux, by original designation.

Atrococcus; Williams, 1962: 8. Change of status.

Atracoccus; Kaydan et al., 2001: 379. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Goux (1941), Williams (1962), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova(1975), Danzig (1980b), Goux (1988b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988), Tang (1992), Tang et al. (1992), Marotta (1992a) and by Danzig (1999). The great affinity of this genus with Chorizococcus, Spilococcus and Vryburgia was discussed by McKenzie (1960a, 1967), Williams (1962, 1985), Miller & McKenzie (1973), Matile-Ferrero(1979), Cox (1987), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988), Ben-Dov (1991a) and by Marotta (1992a).

SYSTEMATICS: The great affinity of this genus with Chorizococcus, Spilococcus and Vryburgia was discussed by McKenzie (1960, 1967), Williams (1962, 1985), Miller & McKenzie (1973), Matile-Ferrero (1979), Cox (1987), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Ben-Dov (1991a) and by Marotta (1992a).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 394 (female) [Genera of Korea]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 394 (female) [Atrococcus species of Korea]; Marotta 1992a: 67 (female) [Italy]; Tang 1992: 219-220 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 218 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [species Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 71 (female) [species Central Europe]; Danzig 1980b: 160 (female) [Far East Russia]; Bazarov 1975: 51-52 (female) [species Central Asia]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 36 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 56 (female) [Armenia]; Williams 1962: 8 (female) [United Kingdom].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 47]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110, 160]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description: 106-107]; Goux1941 [taxonomy, description: 69]; Goux1988 [taxonomy, description: 67]; KaydanKoYa2001 [taxonomy: 379]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 69, 71]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 394]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description: 66-67]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 19]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 9]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 163-164]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 55-56]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 7-8].



Atrococcus achilleae (Kiritchenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus achilleae Kiritchenko, 1936a: 146. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym, Evpatoria, on Euphorbia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 162. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Atrococcus achilleae; Danzig, 1972b: 329. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: yarrow mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Achillea [Kiritc1936a, TerGri1973, Danzig1980b, KosztaKo1988F, Danzig1998], Achillea distans [Kozar1985, BenDov1994], Achillea millefolium [Kiritc1936a, Kiritc1940, Borchs1949, Terezn1975, BenDov1994], Anthemis [Danzig1998], Artemisia [Danzig1980b, Danzig1998], Artemisia arenaria [Danzig1974, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Artemisia campestris [MatilePe2002], Artemisia communata [Danzig1998], Artemisia dracunculus [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Artemisia frigida [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994], Artemisia incana [Danzig1998], Artemisia prope obtusiloba [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994], Artemisia vulgaris [Mateso1968, Mateso1968a, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Centaurea [KaydanKiKo2005], Inula germanica [Kozar1983a, BenDov1994], Pyrethrum [TerGri1973, KosztaKo1988F, Danzig1998], Pyrethrum millefoliatum [Kiritc1936a, Kiritc1940, Borchs1949, Terezn1975, BenDov1994], Taraxacum [Danzig1980b, Tang1992, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Sagina [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Kochia scoparia [TangLi1988, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Sedum [Danzig1998, MatilePe2002], Sempervivum arachnoides [MatilePe2002]. Cyperaceae: Carex [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]. Dipsacaceae: Scabiosa [KaydanKiKo2005], Scabiosa uranica [KaydanUlZe2004]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Kiritc1936a, Borchs1949, TerGri1973, Terezn1975, Danzig1980b, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Astragalus [Danzig1998], Cytisus [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994], Lathyrus [MatilePe2002], Melilotus alba [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005], Trigonella [Danzig1984a, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]. Lamiaceae: Mentha [Danzig1998], Sideritis [KaydanKiKo2005], Stachys [KaydanKiKo2005], Teucrium [Danzig1998]. Liliaceae: Streptopus [Danzig1998]. Papaveraceae: Chelidonium majus [Kozar1985a]. Plumbaginaceae: Acantholimon [KaydanUlZe2004]. Ranunculaceae: Ranunculus [KaydanKiKo2005]. Rosaceae: Sanguisorba minor [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum [Danzig1998], Veronica multifida [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1973, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; Bulgaria [Kozar1985, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Danzig1998, Gavril2010]; China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]); Hungary [Kozar1983a, Kozar1985a, KosztaKo1988F, Danzig1998, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Marott1987a, KozarTrPe1984, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, Danzig1998]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, Mateso1968a, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; Mongolia [Danzig1972b, Danzig1974, Danzig1980b, Danzig1984a, Terezn1975, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; North Korea [Danzig1980b, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; Russia (Buryatia (=Buryat) Aut. Oblast [Danzig1980b, Danzig1998], Dagestan AR [Danzig1998], Primor'ye Kray [Terezn1975, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Tatarstan (=Tatar) AR [Kozar1985a]); Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Sweden [Gertss2001]; Turkey [KaydanUlTo2002, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [TerGri1973, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1998] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1936a, Borchs1949, TerGri1973, Terezn1975, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Odessa Oblast [Kiritc1936a, Kiritc1940, Borchs1949, Terezn1975, Danzig1998]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matesova (1968a) (as Atrococcus altaicus Matesova), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b), Tang & Li (1988) and by Danzig (1998). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 107 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 71 (female) [Central Europe]; Bazarov 1975: 52 (female) [Central Asia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 56 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 94 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 47-48]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 127-128]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 136]; Danzig1972b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 329, 331]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 67]; Danzig1984a [host, distribution: 33]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 110-111]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-111]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 38]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1941 [taxonomy: 81]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 87]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-149]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 71]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 140]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 203]; Kozar1985a [host, distribution: 311]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 91]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 4]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; Marott1987; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 107]; Mateso1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-155]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 350]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 101]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220, 221]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29, 31]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164, 165]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-61].



Atrococcus altaicus Matesova

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus altaicus Matesova, 1968: 107. Nomen nudum.

Atrococcus altaicus Matesova, 1968a: 154. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: vicinity of Uryl, Listvayga Range, on Artemisia vulgaris. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Atrococcus achileae; Danzig, 1980b: 162. Misidentification; discovered by Kwon et al., 2003a: 394.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Achilea distans [KwonDaPa2003a], Achilea millefolium [KwonDaPa2003a], Artemisia [KwonDaPa2003a], Artemisia arenaria [KwonDaPa2003a], Artemisia commutata [KwonDaPa2003a], Artemisia dracunculus [KwonDaPa2003a], Artemisia frigida [KwonDaPa2003a], Artemisia lavandulaefolia [KwonDaPa2003a], Artemisia prope obtusiloba [KwonDaPa2003a], Artemisia vulgaris [KwonDaPa2003a], Inula germanica [KwonDaPa2003a], Pyrethrum millefoliatum [KwonDaPa2003a]. Caryophyllaceae: Sagina [KwonDaPa2003a]. Chenopodiaceae: Kochia scoparia [KwonDaPa2003a]. Cyperaceae: Carex [KwonDaPa2003a]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [KwonDaPa2003a]. Fabaceae: Cytisus [KwonDaPa2003a], Trigonella [KwonDaPa2003a]. Rosaceae: Sanguisorba minor [KwonDaPa2003a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [KwonDaPa2003a]. Palaearctic: Mongolia [KwonDaPa2003a]. Palaearctic: Russia [KwonDaPa2003a]; South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kwon et al (2003a).

KEYS: Kwon et al 2003a: 394 (female) [Atrococcus species of Korea].

CITATIONS: Danzig1980b [taxonomy, distribution: 162]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 220]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-396]; Mateso1968 [taxonomy: 107]; Mateso1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154].



Atrococcus arakelianae (Ter-Grigorian)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus arakelianae Ter-Grigorian, 1964: 184. Type data: ARMENIA: Mt. Aragats, under stones. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Atrococcus arakelianae; Ter-Grigorian, 1973: 56. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1964, TerGri1969, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 108 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 56 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 48]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 115]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution: 32]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution: 292-295]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 221, 222]; TerGri1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 184-186]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 54]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 56-57].



Atrococcus ater Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus ater Goux, 1941: 77. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Ajaccio, on Statice sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Plumbaginaceae: Statice [Goux1941, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Setaria [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Goux1941, BenDov1994, Foldi2001, Foldi2003]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Living on the stems of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1941).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 48]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Goux1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-79]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 87]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99].



Atrococcus bartangicus Bazarov

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus bartangica Bazarov, 1975: 52. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: West Pamir, Yazgulemsk Ridge, on Scutellaria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Atrococcus bartangicus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 411. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Scutellaria [Bazaro1975, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1975, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1975). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Bazarov 1975: 52 (female) [Central Asia].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 48]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 222, 223].



Atrococcus bejbienkoi Kozár & Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus bejbienkoi Kozár & Danzig, 1976: 65. Type data: HUNGARY: Velenceferdo, on Rubus idaeus. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Bei-Bienko's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos [KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Arctostaphylos uvae-ursi [Danzig1978a, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Vaccinium [KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992, PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium vitis-idaea [Danzig1978a, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Rubus [Danzig1980b], Rubus idaeus [KozarDa1976, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]. Scrophulariaceae: Pedicularis [KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Pedicularis langsdorfii [KozarDa1976, Danzig1978a, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KozarDa1976, Danzig1978a, Danzig1980b, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Russia (Caucasus [Danzig1998], Primor'ye Kray [KozarDa1976, Danzig1978a, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, Danzig1980b, KosztaKo1988F]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Danzig (1998). Adult female redescribed by Tang (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Considered as a pest of raspberry in Hungary (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 108 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 71 (female) [Central Europe].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 48]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 73]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167, 168]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 115, 117]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration ,host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 71-73]; KozarDa1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-67]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 223, 224]; VetekPe2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3-10].



Atrococcus colchicus (Hadzibejli)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus colchicus Hadzibejli, 1960b: 299. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Adjari, on Festuca montana. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female. Illust.

Atrococcus colchicus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 67. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca montana [Hadzib1960b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1960b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1960b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 49]; Hadzib1960b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 299-302]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 67].



Atrococcus cracens Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus cracens Williams, 1962: 9. Type data: ENGLAND: Berkshire, on Achillea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus borchsenii Rasina, 1966: 7. Type data: LATVIA: Riga Jurmala, Vaivari, on Melampyrum pratense. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1978: 7.

COMMON NAME: slender mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium [KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Angelica [KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Centaurea [KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Centaurea nigra [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Centaurea scabiosa [Ossian1985, BenDov1994], Chrysanthemum [KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Chrysanthemum leucanthemum [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Crepis [Willia1962, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992, BenDov1994], Hieracium [Koteja1972, Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992, BenDov1994], Hieracium auricularia [Gertss2000], Hieracium staticifolium [KozarGuBa1994], Leontodon [KosztaKo1988F, Marott1992a], Leontodon hispidus [KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Petasites [Tang1992], Petasites amplus [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Plantago [KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Taraxacum [KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Taraxacum officinale [KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae [KaydanKo2010a]. Cyperaceae: Carex [KozarDa1976]. Dipsacaceae: Knautia arvensis [KozarGuBa1994]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium [KozarGuBa1994], Vaccinium vitis-idaea [KozarGuBa1994]. Fabaceae: Medicago sativa [KaydanKo2010a], Trifolium [KotejaZa1969, Danzig1978, KosztaKo1978, Danzig1980b, KotejaZa1983, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Vicia [KotejaZa1966, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Glechoma [KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Glechoma hederacea [Koteja1972, Koteja1972, BenDov1994], Thymus [KozarGuBa1994]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago media [KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Calamagrostis [KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Calamagrostis epigeios [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Deschampsia [KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Deschampsia caespitosa [Willia1962, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Melampyrum [KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Melampyrum pratense [Rasina1966, Koteja1971a, BenDov1994], Veronica [Willia1962, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992], Veronica chamdedrys [KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Angelica ursina [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KozarDa1976, Kozar1980, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, KozarKoSc1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Marott1992a, LongoMaPe1995]; Latvia [Rasina1966, Danzig1978, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1971a, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, Marott1992a, BenDov1994]; Russia (Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1978], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Sweden [Ossian1985, BenDov1994, Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a]; United Kingdom (England [Willia1962, Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Wales [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and leaves of herbaceous plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1962) and by Danzig (1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 108 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 71 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams 1962: 8 (female) [United Kingdom].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 49]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 7]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-168]; Dziedz1977 [taxonomy: 68]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 111]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 149]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 33]; KosztaKo1978 [description, host, distribution: 34]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 73-74]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 321]; Koteja1972 [host, distribution: 566]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75, 100]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 318]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 359]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 474]; Kozar1980 [distribution: 66]; KozarDa1976 [host, distribution: 67]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 153]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarSaSz2009 [distribution: 434]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; Malump2011 [host: 169]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 18]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 68]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 351]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 145]; Rasina1966 [p. 7]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 224]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-10]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83].



Atrococcus fuscus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus fuscus Borchsenius, 1949: 125. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: on mulberry. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998: 108. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Atrococcus fuscus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 67. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Kalidium foliatum [Danzig1998]. Fabaceae: Alhagi pseudalhagi [Danzig1998], Glycyrrhiza [Danzig1998]. Moraceae: Morus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Morus alba [Tang1992]. Orchidaceae: Zygophyllum brachypterum [Danzig1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan (Alma Ata Oblast [Danzig1998], Karaganda Oblast [Danzig1998]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig1998]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; Uzbekistan (Syrdar'ya Oblast [Danzig1998]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1998). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 107 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Bazarov 1975: 52 (female) [Central Asia]; Borchsenius 1949: 94 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 50]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 125-126]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 108-110]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 67]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 225].



Atrococcus gouxi Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus gouxi Matile-Ferrero, 1983: 630. Type data: SWITZERLAND: Parc National des Grisons, Munt La Schera, collected from soil of Alpine grassland (Caricetum firmae plant association, facies with Dryas octopetala. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Spilococcus gouxi; Tang, 1992: 268. Change of combination.



HOST: Rosaceae: Dryas octopetala [Matile1983, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Switzerland [Matile1983, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1983). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 50]; Matile1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 630, 631]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 268].



Atrococcus groenlandensis Gertsson & Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus groenlandensis Gertsson & Hodgson, 2005: 3. Type data: GREENLAND: Evighedsfjord, Kangiussaq, on Viscaria alpina; collected 20.vii.2003, by S.T. Nielsen. Holotype female. Type depository: Copenhagen: Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Department of Entomology, Denmark. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia borealis [GertssHo2005], Hieracium rigorosum [GertssHo2005]. Campanulaceae: Campanula gieseckiana [GertssHo2005]. Caryophyllaceae: Melandrium affine/triflorum [GertssHo2005], Viscaria alpina [GertssHo2005]. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi [GertssHo2005], Vaccinium [GertssHo2005]. Lamiaceae: Thymus drucei [GertssHo2005]. Onagraceae: Epilobium angustifolium [GertssHo2005]. Poaceae: Poa glauca [GertssHo2005]. Polygonaceae: Rumex acetosella [GertssHo2005]. Ranunculaceae: Coptis trifolia [GertssHo2005]. Rosaceae: Dryas integrifolia [GertssHo2005], Potentilla tridentata [GertssHo2005]. Salicaceae: Salix arctophila [GertssHo2005], Salix glauca [GertssHo2005]. Saxifragaceae: Saxifraga tricuspidata [GertssHo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Greenland [GertssHo2005].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gertsson & Hodgson (2005). Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson (2005).

KEYS: Gertsson & Hodgson 2005: 2-3 (female) [Mealybugs of Greenland]; Hodgson 2005: 3-4 (male) [Coccoidea species of Greenland]; Hodgson 2005: 3-4 (male) [Coccoidea species of Greenland].

CITATIONS: GertssHo2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-8]; Hodgso2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-9].



Atrococcus indigens (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus indigens Borchsenius, 1949: 126. Type data: RUSSIA: Bashkorotostan Aut. Oblast, on grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998: 115. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Atrococcus indigens; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 67. Change of combination.

Atracoccus ingidens; Kaydan et al., 2001: 379. Misspelling of genus and species names.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Astragalus [KaydanUlEr2007]. Poaceae [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Bashkortostan (=Bashkir) Aut. Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1998). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 108 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 219 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Borchsenius 1949: 94 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 50]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 126-127]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 136]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 115-116]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 379]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 67]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 226].



Atrococcus innermongolicus Tang in Tang & Li

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus innermongolicus Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 30. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Harqin Banner, on Artemisia apiacea. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia apiacea [TangLi1988, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 50]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 227]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30, 32]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9].



Atrococcus labiatarum Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus labiatarum Goux, 1941: 76. Type data: FRANCE: Bessenay, Rhone, on Thymus serpyllum. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Thymus serphyllum [Goux1941, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1941, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

BIOLOGY: Living on the underground parts of the host plant (Goux, 1941a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1941).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 50, 51]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-77].



Atrococcus luffi (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius luffi Newstead, 1901a: 85. Type data: ENGLAND: Channel Islands, Guernsey, on roots of Lepigonum rupestre [= Spergularia rupicola]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pseudococcus luffi; Fernald, 1903b: 106. Change of combination.

Atrococcus luffi; Williams, 1962: 11. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Silene maritima [Green1925b, Willia1962, BenDov1994], Spergularia rupicola [Newste1901a, Fernal1903b, Green1925b, Willia1962, BenDov1994]. Cistaceae: Helianthemum [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994]. Plumbaginaceae: Armeria vulgaris [Green1925b, Willia1962, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Newste1901a, Fernal1903b, Green1925b, Willia1962, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2012]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and lower stems of the host plant (Williams, 1962; Pellizzari-Scaltriti, 1991).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1925b) and by Williams (1962).

KEYS: Williams 1962: 8 (female) [United Kingdom].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 51]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 106]; Green1925b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 520-522]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; Newste1901a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86]; Pelliz1991 [host, distribution: 763, 764]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11, 12]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 81,83]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 91].



Atrococcus madraguensis Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus madraguensis Goux, 1988: 70. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, massif de Marseilleveyre, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1988, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1988).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 51]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution, life history: 70].



Atrococcus mameti Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus mameti Goux, 1988: 69. Type data: FRANCE: Rhone, Courzieu, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1988, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1988).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 51]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution, life history: 69, 70].



Atrococcus melanovirens Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus melanovirens Goux, 1941: 69. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, Madrague-de Montredon, on Camphorosma monspeliensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Camphorosma monspeliaca [Goux1941, BenDov1994, Foldi2000]. Cistaceae: Cistus monspeliensis [Goux1941].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1941, Foldi2000, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1941).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 51]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Goux1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-72, 74].



Atrococcus paludinus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus paludinus Green, 1921: 190. Type data: ENGLAND: Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, on Eupatorium cannabinum, Symphytum officinale, Urtica, Lysimachia, Convolvulus and Spiraea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Atrococcus paludinus; Goux, 1941: 80. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus impeditus Borchsenius, 1949: 124. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Abkhazia, Sukhumi Region. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 164. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980: 164.

Pseudococcus alfredii Rasina, 1966: 4. Type data: LATVIA: Tervete, on Rubus saxatilis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1978: 7.

Atrococcus impeditus; Matesova, 1968: 106. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: marsh mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Carpobrotus acinaciformis [Foldi2000]. Asteraceae: Artemisia [KosztaKo1988F], Artemisia campestris [KozarOrKo1977, BenDov1994], Cacalia hastata [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Centaurea [KaydanKiKo2005], Chrysanthemum leucanthemum [Green1934d, BenDov1994], Erigeron canadensis [KwonDaPa2003a], Eupatorium cannabinum [Green1921, Willia1962, Ossian1977, BenDov1994], Hedypnois rhagadioloides [Foldi2000], Lactuca triangulata [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Senecio [KaydanUlZe2004]. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Symphytum officinale [Green1921, Goux1931, Willia1962, Ossian1977, BenDov1994]. Cistaceae: Cistus salvifolius [KozarFr1995]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [Green1921, Willia1962, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Sedum [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b], Sedum album [Ossian1977, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Carex [Ossian1985, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Medicago minima [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Ononis matrix hispanicus [KozarFr1995], Trifolium [Goux1933, Goux1941, Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Gavril2010]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes sachalinense [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Lamium purpureum [Pelliz1991, Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Teucrium [KaydanUlEr2007]. Moraceae: Humulus lupulus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Festuca [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Psamma arenaria [Reyne1965, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum sachalinense [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Primulaceae: Lysimachia [Green1921, Willia1962, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Filipendula palmata [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Filipendula ulmaria [Ossian1977, Ossian1985, BenDov1994], Rosa rugosa [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Rubus [Koteja1971a, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F], Rubus chamaemorus [Ossian1985, BenDov1994], Rubus fruticosus [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Rubus sachalinensis [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Rubus saxatilis [Rasina1966, BenDov1994], Spiraea [Green1921, Willia1962, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Seseli osseum [KozarOrKo1977, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Urtica [Green1921, Willia1962, KosztaKo1978, Danzig1980b, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Urtica dioica [Goux1931, Goux1933a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Gavril2010]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]); Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Goux1931, Goux1933a, Goux1941, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Abkhaz ASSR [Borchs1949, Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarWa1986, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Pelliz1991, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Latvia [Rasina1966, BenDov1994]; Netherlands [Reyne1965, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; North Korea [Danzig1980b, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Norway [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1971a, Koteja1974b, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Portugal [KozarFr1995]; Romania [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Russia (Altay Kray [Danzig1980b], Kuril Islands [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Lipestsk Oblast [Gavril2003a], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1978]); South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a]; Sweden [Ossian1977, Ossian1985, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Gertss2001]; Turkey [KaydanUlTo2002, KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; United Kingdom (England [Green1921, Green1934d, Willia1962, Danzig1978, KosztaKo1988F, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and at the bases of the stems of herbaceous woody plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1962), Danzig (1980b) and by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 108 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 71 (female) [Central Europe]; Williams 1962: 8 (female) [United Kingdom]; Borchsenius 1949: 94 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 52]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 124-125]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 136]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 7]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164, 165]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy: 115]; Dziedz1977 [taxonomy: 68]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 18,25]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 111]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 36]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; Goux1933 [host, distribution: 236]; Goux1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80]; Green1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190, 191]; Green1934d [description, host, distribution: 111]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 87]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 220]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 33]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 74]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 321]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75]; KozarKiSa2004 [distrubution: 56]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 70]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 396-397]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 68]; Mateso1968 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 106, 107]; MatileGe2002 [host, distribution: 552]; Ossian1977 [host, distribution: 13]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 145]; Pelliz1991 [host, distribution: 764]; Rasina1966 [p. 4]; Reyne1965 [host, distribution: 96]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33, 35]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-14]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83].



Atrococcus parvulus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus parvulus Borchsenius, 1949: 122. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Southern Kazakhstan, Bostandikski ridge, on mulberry. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998: 110. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pseudococcus intutus Borchsenius, 1949: 123. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: on Erianthus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998: 110. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1998: 110.

Pseudococcus moricola Borchsenius, 1949: 128. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN and UZBEKISTAN: on mulberry. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998: 110. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1998: 110.

Pseudococcus centaureae Borchsenius, 1949: 129. Type data: KYRGYZSTAN: Fegranski ridge, on Centaurea sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998: 114. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1998: 114.

Atrococcus parvulus; Matesova, 1968: 106. Change of combination.

Atrococcus centaureae; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 67. Change of combination.

Atrococcus intutus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 67. Change of combination.

Spilococcus moricola; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 72. Change of combination.

Spilococcus centaureae; Tang, 1992: 264. Change of combination.



FOE: HEMIPTERA Chrysopidae: Dichochrysa prasina (Burmeister) [UlgentSzUy2013].

HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Danzig1998, KaydanKiKo2005], Artemisia tenuisecta [Danzig1998], Artemisia terra-albae [Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Centaurea [Borchs1949, Tang1992, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Linosyris [Danzig1998]. Caryophyllaceae: Silene [Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]. Clusiaceae: Hypericum scabrum [Danzig1998]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [KaydanKiKo2005]. Fabaceae: Astragalus schaginianus [Danzig1998], Glycyrrhiza uralensis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Trifolium repens [Danzig1998]. Lamiaceae: Ziziphora [Danzig1998], Ziziphora clinopodioides [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Morus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Digitalis [KaydanKiKo2005]. Plumbaginaceae: Limonium gmelini [Danzig1998], Limonium suffructicosum [Danzig1998]. Poaceae: Erianthus [Borchs1949, Tang1992, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum pamiricum [Danzig1998]. Rubiaceae: Galium [KaydanKiKo2005]. Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Danzig1998]); Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1998). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 108 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China]; Bazarov 1975: 51 (female) [Central Asia]; Bazarov 1975: 51 (female) [Central Asia]; Borchsenius 1949: 94 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 94 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 94 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 49,50,52,490]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122-130]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 110-115]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 526]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 87]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 67, 72]; Mateso1968 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 106]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 227-228,230,264,270]; Trjapi1989 [life history].



Atrococcus pauperculus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus pauperculus Danzig, 1998: 115. Type data: RUSSIA: South Primorye Kray, Sihote-Alin range, Oblachnaya Mountain. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Empetraceae: Empetrum [Danzig1998]. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos uvae-ursi [Danzig1998], Vaccinium vitis-idaea [Danzig1998]. Scrophulariaceae: Pedicularis langsdorfii [Danzig1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1998], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1998]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Danzig (1998).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 108 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 115, 118].



Atrococcus salviae (Tranfaglia)

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus salviae Tranfaglia, 1981: 13. Type data: ITALY: Forini (Avellino), on Salvia glutinosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female.

Atrococcus salviae; Tang, 1992: 230.

Atrococcus salviae; Marotta, 1992a: 69. Change of combination.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Salvia glutinosa [Tranfa1981, Marott1987a, Marott1992a, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Tranfa1981, Marott1987a, Marott1992a, Tang1992, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tranfaglia (1981). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 53]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 113]; Marott1992a [host, distribution: 69]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 230]; Tranfa1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-16].



Atrococcus saxatilis (Ter-Grigorian)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus saxatilis Ter-Grigorian, 1964: 181. Type data: ARMENIA: Aniskii Region, on Convolvulus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Atrococcus saxatilis; Ter-Grigorian, 1966: 84. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae [KaydanKo2010a]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [TerGri1964, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]. Fabaceae: Medicago sativa [TerGri1964, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]. Lamiaceae: Marrubium [TerGri1966], Marrubium goktschaicum [TerGri1964, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Phlomis [KaydanKo2010a], Salvia sp. [KaydanKo2010a]. Poaceae [TerGri1969], Agropyron repens [TerGri1964, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]. Polygonaceae: Rumex [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1964, TerGri1966, TerGri1969, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; Turkey [CebeciAr2006, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 107 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 56 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 53]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 137]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 110]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 33]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 379]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231, 232]; TerGri1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-184]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 84]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 53]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-60].



Atrococcus stellarocheae Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus stellarocheae Goux, 1988: 68. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, on Cistus salvifolius. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Atrococcus stella-rocheae; Foldi, 2001: 304. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Cistaceae: Cistus salvifolius [Goux1988, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Goux1988, BenDov1994, Foldi2003].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1988).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 53]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Goux1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68, 69, 72].



Atrococcus suaedae Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus suaedae Goux, 1941: 74. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, Endoume, on Suaeda fruticosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Atrococcus suadae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 53. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Suaeda fruticosa [Goux1941, BenDov1994]. Cistaceae: Cistus monspeliensis [Goux1941, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1941, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1941).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 53]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74].



Atrococcus zirnitsi (Rasina)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus zirnitsi Rasina, 1966: 15. Type data: LATVIA: Pure, in ants' nest. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Atrococcus zirnitsi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Latvia [Rasina1966, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found in a nest of ants (Rasina, 1966).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 53]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; Rasina1966 [p. 15].



Australicoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Australicoccus Williams, 1985: 53. Type species: Dactylopius grevilleae Fuller, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 54 (female) [species Australia]; Williams 1985: 37 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 53]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 37, 38, 53-54].



Australicoccus grevilleae (Fuller)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius grevilleae Fuller, 1899: 454. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Swan River, on Grevillea bipinnatifida. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Probably lost according to Williams (1985).

Pseudococcus grevilleae; Fernald, 1903b: 102. Change of combination.

Erium newmani Froggatt, 1916: 812. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Darlington, on Grevillea sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 54. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1985: 54.

Amonostherium confusum Morrison & Morrison, 1922: 48. Type data: AUSTRALIA. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 54. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1985: 54.

Erium newmani; Lindinger, 1935a: 122.

Australicoccus grevilleae; Williams, 1985: 54. Change of combination.



ASSOCIATE: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012].

HOSTS: Proteaceae: Dryandra [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Grevillea [DownieGu2004], Grevillea aquifolium [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Grevillea arenaria [GullanDoKn1987], Grevillea banksii [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Grevillea bipinnatifida [Fuller1899, Fernal1903b], Grevillea buxifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Grevillea eriostachyia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Grevillea ilicifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Grevillea miqueliana [GullanDoKn1987], Grevillea mucronulata [GullanDoKn1987], Grevillea phyllicoides [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Grevillea pterosperma [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Grevillea punicea [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Grevillea robusta [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Grevillea rosmarinifolia [GullanDoKn1987], Grevillea sericea [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Grevillea victoriae [GullanDoKn1987].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [DownieGu2004], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Fuller1899, Fernal1903b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 54 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 54]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 102]; Frogga1916 [p. 812]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 454]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic imoprtance: 50]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 48]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-58].



Australicoccus hibbertiae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius hibbertiae Maskell, 1892: 32. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Hibbertia linearis and H. virgata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 58. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pseudococcus hibbertiae; Fernald, 1903b: 103. Change of combination.

Australicoccus hibbertiae; Williams, 1985: 58. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Dilleniaceae: Hibbertia acicularis [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Hibbertia linearis [Maskel1892, Fernal1903b, BenDov1994], Hibbertia sericea [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Hibbertia stricta [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Hibbertia virgata [Maskel1892, Fernal1903b, Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Maskel1892, Fernal1903b] (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 54 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 54]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 54]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 103]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration,host, distribution: 32, 33]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-60].



Balanococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus Williams, 1962: 13. Type species: Ripersia scirpi Green, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1962), Danzig (1980b), Cox (1987), Koteja (1988a), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F),Tang (1992) and by Danzig (1998a).

STRUCTURE: The diagonistic characters are: body of adult female on microscope slide elongate oval; antennae with 6 or 7 segments; legs small, claw without denticle; hind coxa expanded with groups of translucent pores; 1-5 pairs of cerarii, cerarius on anal lobe each with 2 conical setae; quinquelocular pores absent; trilocular pores on both surfaces; multilocular pores distributed on the entire margin; oral collar tubular ducts short, with deep collar; living normally under the leaf sheath of Poaceae and Cyperaceae. (Li & Wu, 2014)

SYSTEMATICS: This genus comes close to Kiritshenkella.

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 394 (female) [Genera of Korea]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 396-398 (female) [Balanococcus species of Korea]; Danzig 1998a: 154 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 128 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions ]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1988: 705 (female) [species Far East of Russia]; Koteja 1988a: 121-123 (female) [World]; Cox 1987: 20-21 (female) [species New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Danzig 1980b: 186 (female) [Far East Russia]; Williams 1962: 15 (female) [United Kingdom].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 55]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 19-21]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110, 186]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, description: 154]; Gavril2010 [taxonomy: 32]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 75]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description: 119-121]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 394,396-398]; LinKoGu2013 [molecular data, phylogeny: 257]; LiWu2014 [description, distribution: 269]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 22]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 127-128]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 7, 13-15].



Balanococcus aberrans Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus aberrans Cox, 1987: 21. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Lake Sylvester, on Celmisia incana. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Celmisia discolor [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Celmisia incana [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Celmisia sessiliflora [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 55]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-22, 116].



Balanococcus acerbus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus acerbus Cox, 1987: 22. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Central Otago, Rocklands Tussock Station, in sedge axils in swamp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Cox1987], Carex flaviformis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Chionochloa rubra [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 20 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 55]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22, 117].



Balanococcus agnostus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus agnostus Cox, 1987: 22. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Hunua Range, on Myrsine australis. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Pseudopanax simplex [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myrsinaceae: Myrsine australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in crevices in trunks and under bark.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 55, 56]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22, 118].



Balanococcus agrostis Wu

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus agrostis Wu, 1999a.



HOST: Poaceae: Agrostis sp. [Wu1999a]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Henan (=Honan) [Wu1999a, LiWu2014]).

KEYS: Li & Wu 2014: 270 (female) [Key to Balanococcus species of China].

CITATIONS: LiWu2014 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 269]; Wu1999a [description, taxonomy].



Balanococcus alpigenus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus alpigenus Cox, 1987: 23. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Buller, Paparoa range, Mt. Dewar, Lochnagar Ridge, in swards. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found in swards, mats and litter (Cox, 1987).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 20 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 56]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23, 119].



Balanococcus balkanicus Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus balkanicus Gavrilov, 2010: 33. Type data: BULGARIA: Vitosha, altitude 1820 meters, under leaf sheaths of undetermined Poaceae; collected 6.vii.2008. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Gavril2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Gavril2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gavrilov (2010).

CITATIONS: Gavril2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-34].



Balanococcus boratynskii Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus boratynskii Williams, 1962: 15. Type data: ENGLAND: Berkshire, Silwood Park, on Deschampsia caespitosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: sea-shore mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Gavril2010], Deschampsia caespitosa [Willia1962, Ossian1985, Koteja1986b, Koteja1988a, KosztaKo1988F, Tang1992, BenDov1994], Elymus arenarius [Danzig1998a], Festuca [Danzig1980b, KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, KosztaKo1988F, Koteja1988a, Marott1992a, Tang1992], Festuca [BenDov1994], Poa [KozarGuBa1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Gavril2010]; Hungary [KozarWa1986, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKoSc1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, KosztaKo1988F, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Poland [Koteja1986b, KosztaKo1988F, Koteja1988a, BenDov1994]; Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig1998a], Karelia AR [Danzig1968], Primor'ye Kray [DanzigIv1976, Danzig1980b, Koteja1986b, Koteja1988a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]); Sweden [Ossian1985, BenDov1994, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; United Kingdom (England [Willia1962, Danzig1980b, Koteja1986b, Koteja1988, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1962) and by Danzig (1980b).Good description of the adult female given by Koteja (1988), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998a: 154 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 128 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 705 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja 1988a: 123 (female) [World]; Williams 1962: 15 (female) [United Kingdom].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 56]; Danzig1968 [distribution: 499]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186, 187]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154]; DanzigIv1976 [distribution: 76]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 36]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75, 76]; Koteja1986b [host, distribution: 217]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Kozar1983a [taxonomy: 140]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 4]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 33]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; Malump2011 [host: 169]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 69]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 71]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy: 219]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 145]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 129, 130]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83].



Balanococcus botulus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus botulus Cox, 1987: 23. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Whatipu Beach, on Cyperus ustulatus. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus ustulatus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Mariscus [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994] (Three Kings Islands).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 56]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23, 24, 120]; Willia2013 [distribution: 190].



Balanococcus caucasicus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus caucasicus Danzig, 1985: 116. Type data: RUSSIA: Karachay-Cherkessia AR, Teberda State Reserve, Gonachkhir River, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Danzig1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Henan (=Honan) [LiWu2014]); Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia AR [Danzig1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1985). Good description of the adult female given by Koteja (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Li & Wu 2014: 270 (female) [Key to Balanococcus species of China]; Danzig 1998a: 154 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 128 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Koteja 1988a: 122 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: Danzig1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116, 117]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 155]; LiWu2014 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 269, 270].



Balanococcus celmisiae Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus celmisiae Cox, 1987: 24. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Lake Sylvester, on Celmisia spectabilis var. spectabilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Celmisia spectabilis spectabilis [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 57]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24, 121].



Balanococcus cockaynei (Brittin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus cockaynei Brittin, 1915: 153. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Dunedin, Ardgowan, on Aciphylla sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 25. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Balanococcus cockaynei; Cox, 1987: 25. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Apiaceae: Aciphylla [Britti1915, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Aciphylla monroi [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Aciphylla subflabellata [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Anisotome aromatica [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Anisotome imbricata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Acaena [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Britti1915, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brittin (1915) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 20 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 57]; Britti1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25, 122]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198].



Balanococcus conglobatus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus conglobatus Cox, 1987: 25. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Buller, Paparoa Range, Mt. dewar, Lochnagar Ridge, in swards. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Celmisia armstrongi [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Senecio jacobaea [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Carex flaviformis [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Oreobolus pectinatus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Uncinia [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Danthonia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Festuca rubra [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 57]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25, 26, 123].



Balanococcus contextus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus contextus Cox, 1987: 26. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Rabbit Island, on Samolus repens. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Raoulia glabra [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Primulaceae: Samolus repens [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 57]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26, 124].



Balanococcus cordylinidis (Brittin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus diminutus cordylinidis Brittin, 1938: 343. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Westport, on Cordyline sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 26. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Balanococcus cordylinidis; Cox, 1987: 26. Change of combination.



FOE: DIPTERA Syrphidae: Allograpta ventralis (Miller) [Bowie2001].

HOSTS: Agavaceae: Cordyline [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Cordyline australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 20 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 57]; Bowie2001 [biological control: 1-11]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 343]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26, 125].



Balanococcus corpusenormis Kwon, Danzig & Park

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus corpusenormis Kwon, Danzig & Park, 2003a: 398. Type data: SOUTH KOREA: Daeseo-ri, Chuja, Bukjeju, Jeju-do, on Miscanthus sp.; collected G.M. Kwon, 11.vi.2001. Holotype female. Type depository: Suwon: National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Korea . Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Miscanthus [KwonDaPa2003a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kwon et al. (2003a).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 396 (female) [Balanococcus species of Korea].

CITATIONS: KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-401].



Balanococcus cortaderiae Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus cortaderiae Cox, 1987: 27. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Taupo, Raurimu, on Cortaderia fulvida. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Cortaderia fulvida [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 20 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 58]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27].



Balanococcus costacola Kwon, Danzig & Park

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus costacola Kwon, Danzig & Park, 2003a: 401. Type data: SOUTH KOREA: Daeseo-ri, Chuja, Bukjeju, Jeju-do, on unknown Gramineae; collected G.M. Kwon, 12.vi.2001. Holotype female. Type depository: Suwon: National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Korea . Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [KwonDaPa2003a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kwon et al (2003a).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 396 (female) [Balanococcus species of South Korea].

CITATIONS: KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 401-402].



Balanococcus danthoniae (Morrison)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius calceolariae; Maskell, 1884: 138. Misidentification.

Trionymus danthoniae Morrison, 1925a: 494. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Stewart Island, on Danthonia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Erium danthoniae; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Trionymus dissimilis Brittin, 1938: 341. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Dunedin, Ardgowan, on dead leaves. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 28. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1987: 27.

Balanococcus danthoniae; Cox, 1987: 27. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Phormium [Maskel1884]. Asteraceae: Diomedia [Beards1964b, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Metrosideros sp. [Willia2013]. Poaceae: Ammophila arenaria [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Chionochloa [Cox1987], Chionochloa conspicua [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Chionochloa flavescens [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Chionochloa macra [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Chionochloa palens [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Chionochloa rubra [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Dactylis glomeratus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Danthonia [Maskel1884, Morris1925a, Britti1938, BenDov1994], Hierochloe redolens [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Holcus lanatus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Poa [Beards1964b], Spinifex hirsutus [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Antipodean Islands [Beards1964b, BenDov1994]; New Zealand [Maskel1884, Morris1925a, Britti1938, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1964b).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand]; Beardsley 1964b: 238 (female) [Campbell Island]; Beardsley 1964b: 239 (male) [Campbell Island].

CITATIONS: Beards1964b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-252]; BenDov1994 [taxonomy: 58]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 342]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27, 127]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Maskel1884 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 138, 139]; Morris1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 494, 495]; Willia2013 [distribution, host: 189].



Balanococcus diminutus (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius calceolariae; Maskell, 1884: 138. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus diminutus Leonardi, 1918: 198. Type data: ITALY: Bordighera (Liguria), on Phormium sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta, 1992: 69. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus calceolariae; Ferris, 1918d: 67. Misidentification.

Trionymus diminutus; Morrison, 1925a: 495. Change of combination.

Erium diminutum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Balanococcus diminutus; Cox, 1987: 28. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: New Zealand flax mealybug.



FOES: Coccinellidae: Chilocorus renipustulatus [Borchs1949], Propylaea quattuordecimpunctata [Borchs1949]. Nitidulidae: Scymnus redtenbacheri [Borchs1949].

HOSTS: Agavaceae: Phormium [Morris1925a, Cox1987, Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Phormium colensoi [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Phormium tenax [Leonar1920, Borchs1949, Ferris1950b, Cox1987, Tang1992, Marott1992a, DownieGu2004]. Scrophulariaceae: Calceolaria [Ferris1918d].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Leonar1920, Borchs1937a, Marott1992a] (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [BenDov1994]); New Zealand [Britti1938, Borchs1949, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, Cox1987, Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: United States of America (California [Morris1925a, Borchs1937a, Borchs1949, Borchs1950b, McKenz1967, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]). Oriental: Taiwan [ChenWoWu2012]. Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, Marott1992a]; France [Foldi2001, MatileGePi2004]; Georgia (Adzhar ASSR [Borchs1937a, Borchs1949], Georgia [Borchs1949, Hadzib1983]); Italy [Leonar1918, Borchs1937a, Borchs1949, Ferris1950b, Marott1987a, Marott1992a, LongoMaPe1995]; Russia (Moscow Oblast [Borchs1937a, Borchs1949]); Ukraine (L'vov Oblast [Danzig1998a], Odessa Oblast [Danzig1998a]); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Willia1962], England [Whiteh1999], Isle of Man [WilliaMa2012], Scilly Isles [WilliaMa2012]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1920), Morrison (1925), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Cox (1987).Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Matile-Ferrero et al. (2004).

SYSTEMATICS: The records of this species from Formosa by Takahashi (1928a, 1928b) probably refer to Dysmicoccus boninsis.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1949). In the United Kingdom, it is always found on New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax, Xanthorrhoeaceae) and is occasionally a highly damaging pest, even killing plants (Williams & Malumphy, 2012).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 153 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Cox 1987: 20 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 366 (female) [Australia]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 532 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 461 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Williams 1962: 61 (female); McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America ]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 58]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165, 166]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 150-152]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 342, 343]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 299]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28, 29, 128]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 160]; DanzigGa2014 [illustration: 13]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 261-262]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 75]; LaflinGuPa2004 [host, distribution: 475-477]; Leonar1918 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-201]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 397-399]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance, host: 18,38]; MalumpHa2012 [distribution, host: 195]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 113]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 69]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 465, 466]; Morris1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 495, 496]; Poutie1922 [biological control: 3-28]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 161]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30]; Whiteh1999 [host, distribution: 187-188]; Willia1962 [host, distribution: 61]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 370-371]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, illustration: 83,84,85-86].



Balanococcus dracophylli Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus dracophylli Cox, 1987: 29. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Canterbury, Arthur's Pass, on Dracophyllum longifolium. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Epacridaceae: Dracophyllum longifolium [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 59]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29, 129].



Balanococcus gahniicola Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus gahniicola Cox, 1987: 29. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Coromandel, Little Barrier Island, on Gahnia lacera. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Gahnia lacera [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Gahnia setifolia [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 20 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 59]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29, 30, 130].



Balanococcus kwoni Pellizzari & Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus bambusum; Kwon, Danzig & Park, 2003a: 398. Misidentification; discovered by Pellizzari & Danzig, 2007: 65.

Balanococcus kwoni Pellizzari & Danzig, 2007: 65. Type data: ITALY: Padua, Botanic Gardens, on Pseudosasa japonica; collected G. Pellizzari 16.xi.2006. Holotype female. Type depository: Padova: Dipartimento Agronomia Ambientale Produzioni Vegetali - Entomologia, Italy; type no. 1328/1. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa sp. [MalumpBa2012], Bambusa vivax [MalumpBa2012], Fargesia sp. [LiWu2014], Indocalamus longiauritus [LiWu2014], Indocalamus tessellatus [LiWu2014], Pharus sp. [MalumpBa2012], Phyllostachys bambusoides [MalumpBa2012], Phyllostachys nigra [MalumpBa2012], Phyllostachys praecox [LiWu2014], Phyllostachys sp. [MalumpBa2012], Pleioblastus linearis [MalumpBa2012], Pleioblastus variegatus [MalumpBa2012], Pseudosasa japonica [PellizDa2007], Sinarundinaria nitida [MalumpBa2012], Thamnocalamus crassinodus [MalumpBa2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hubei (=Hupei) [LiWu2014], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [LiWu2014]). Palaearctic: Italy [PellizDa2007, Pelliz2010]; United Kingdom (England [MalumpBa2012]).

BIOLOGY: Feeds exclusively on Bamboo. (Williams & Malumphy, 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Pellizzari & Danzig (2007).

SYSTEMATICS: This species has been mis-identified as Balanococcus banbusum by Kwon, Danzig & Park (2003a).

KEYS: Li & Wu 2014: 270 (female) [Key to Balanococcus species of China].

CITATIONS: KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 398]; LiWu2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 270, 272-273]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance, host: 18,38]; Pelliz2010 [host, distribution: 90]; PellizDa2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-68]; UlgentPe2013 [host: 493]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83,86].



Balanococcus lianae (Koteja)

NOMENCLATURE:

Kiritshenkella lianae Koteja, 1988a: 123. Type data: POLAND: Roztocze, Huta Zlomy near Narol, on Carex fusca. Holotype female. Type depository: ISZP. Described: female. Illust.

Balanococcus lianae; Danzig, 1998a: 154. Change of combination.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Carex fusca [Koteja1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Poland [Koteja1988a, Lagows1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1988a) and by Danzig (1998a).

KEYS: Danzig 1998a: 154 (female) [Russia]; Koteja 1988a: 123 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 206]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-130]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31].



Balanococcus mayae Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus mayae Cox, 1987: 30. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Green Bay, on Dracophyllum sinclairii. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Dracophyllum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Dracophyllum sinclairii [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 59]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30, 131].



Balanococcus nelsonensis Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus nelsonensis Cox, 1987: 30. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Rabbit Island, on Juncus maritimus. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Juncaceae: Juncus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Juncus gregiflorus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Juncus maritimus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Juncus maritimus australiensis [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 59]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30, 31, 132].



Balanococcus notodanthoniae Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus notodanthoniae Cox, 1987: 31. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Kaikoura, Hapuku, on Notodanthonia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Notodanthonia [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 20 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 59]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31, 133].



Balanococcus orientalis Danzig & Ivanova

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus orientalis Danzig & Ivanova, 1976: 76. Type data: RUSSIA: Sakhalin Oblast, on Carex macrocephala. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [DanzigIv1976, Koteja1988a, Marott1992a], Carex macrocephala [DanzigIv1976, Danzig1978, Koteja1988a, Tang1992, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Marott1992a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; North Korea [DanzigIv1976, Danzig1978, Danzig1980b, Koteja1988a, BenDov1994]; Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [DanzigIv1976, Danzig1978, Koteja1988a], Sakhalin Oblast [DanzigIv1976, Danzig1976, Koteja1988a, BenDov1994]); Sardinia [LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig & Ivanova (1976) and by Danzig (1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Koteja (1988a), Marotta (1992a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 396 (female) [Balanococcus species of South Korea]; Danzig 1998a: 154 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 128 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 705 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja 1988a: 122 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 59, 60]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 7]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-189]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy: 116]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 155]; DanzigIv1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76, 77]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 401]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 70]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 133].



Balanococcus poae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius poae Maskell, 1879: 220. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: on tussock grass. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 32. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pseudococcus poae; Fernald, 1903b: 107. Change of combination.

Ripersia globatus Brittin, 1915: 155. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Dunedin, Ardgowan, on moss. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 32. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by de Boer, 1968: 328.

Pseudantonina poae; de Boer, 1968: 328. Change of combination.

Balanococcus poae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 60. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Gaultheria depressa [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Maskel1879, Maskel1890, Fernal1903b, Britti1915], Agrostis canina [Boer1968, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Chionochloa flavescens [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Chionochloa pallens [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Dactylis glomeratus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Holcus [Cox1987], Holcus lanatus [Boer1968, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Lolium perenne [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Poa [Boer1968, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Poa anceps [Boer1968], Puccinellia vesiculata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Acaena [Boer1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Maskel1879, Maskel1887a, Britti1915, Boer1968, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots and bases of host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by de Boer (1968) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 20 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 60]; Boer1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 328-331]; Britti1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155, 156]; Britti1916 [taxonomy, description: 424, 425]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31, 32]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 55]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 107, 108]; Maskel1879 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101]; Maskel1890 [description, host, distribution: 150, 151]; Maskel1891 [p. 23]; Maskel1894b [host, distribution, life history: 89, 90]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; PennelBaO1999 [host, distribution, biological control: 259-263]; PennelPoBa2005 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 329-337]; Wise1977 [taxonomy: 101].



Balanococcus santilongi Mazzeo

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus santilongi Mazzeo, 1995: 177. Type data: ITALY: Catania, Piano del Vescovo (Nicolosi), on Festuca sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Catania: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Italy. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca [Mazzeo1995].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sicily [Mazzeo1995].

BIOLOGY: The mealybugs lives on roots, in the crowns and leaf sheaths of the host plant. The adult female appears in May and lays its eggs in a wax ovisac during the summer until autumn. The species overwinters as eggs and nymphs. Likely it has one generation a year. Male is unknown.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mazzeo (1995).

CITATIONS: Mazzeo1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-180].



Balanococcus scirpi (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia scirpi Green, 1921: 192. Type data: ENGLAND: Camberley, on Scirpus caespitosa (Trichophorum caespitosum). Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Balanococcus scirpi; Williams, 1962: 17. Change of combination.

Kiritshenkella darvasica Nurmamatov, 1986: 89. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Darvask Ridge, Kalaykhusi, on grasses. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1998a: 155.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Danzig1959, KozarFr1995, BenDov1994], Trichophorum caespitosum [Green1921, Willia1962, Koteja1988a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Nurmam1986, BenDov1994, GavrilMa2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [GavrilMa2008]; Portugal [KozarFr1995]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Nurmam1986, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Green1921, Willia1962, Koteja1988a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring at the base of stems of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1921) and by Williams (1962). Good description of the adult female given by Koteja (1988a).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Nurmamatov (1986).

KEYS: Danzig 1998a: 154 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 128 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 705 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja 1988a: 122 (female) [World]; Williams 1962: 15 (female) [United Kingdom].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 60, 206]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 445]; Danzig1983 [taxonomy: 517]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 155]; DanzigIv1976 [taxonomy: 76]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 18,25]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 526]; GavrilMa2008 [host, distribution: 443]; Green1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192, 193]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134]; KozarFr1995 [host, distribution: 70]; Nurmam1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89, 90]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-18]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83].



Balanococcus sexaspinus (Brittin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus sexaspinus Brittin, 1915: 154. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Buller, Crushington, subterranean on roots of sedge. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & de Boer, 1973: 248. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Trionymus sexaspinus; Williams & de Boer, 1973: 246. Change of combination.

Balanococcus sexaspinus; Cox, 1987: 32. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae [Britti1915, Cox1987], Scirpus aucklandicus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [WilliaBo1973].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Britti1915, Britti1938, WilliaBo1973, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brittin (1915), Williams & de Boer (1973) and by Cox (1987). Good description of the adult female given by Brittin (1938).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 20 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 60]; Britti1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154, 155]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 344]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32, 33, 135]; Myers1922 [p. 198]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-248].



Balanococcus singularis (Schmutterer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus singularis Schmutterer, 1952a: 560. Type data: GERMANY: Uttenreuth, near Erlangen, on Poa pratensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Wetlenberg: The Schmutterer Collection, Germany. Described: female. Illust.

Balanococcus singularis; Danzig, 1998a: 154. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: solitary mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agrostis vulgaris [Schmut1952a, BenDov1994], Festuca ovina [KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Danzig1998a], Poa pratensis [Schmut1952a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Czech Republic [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Germany [Schmut1952a, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Lagows1996, GolanLaJa2001]; Russia (Moscow Oblast [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the leak sheaths of grasses and in the nests of ants, Lasius niger.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Schmutterer (1952a). Good description of the adult female given by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998a: 154 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 158 (female) [Central Europe].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 528]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 154-155]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, karyology: 74]; GolanLaJa2001 [host, distribution: 229-249]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 24]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 161]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 14]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 168]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1979 [host, distribution: 672]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 475]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; Schmut1952a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 560-563]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 180-181].



Balanococcus takahashii McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus takahashii McKenzie, 1964: 217. Type data: JAPAN: Saitama Prefecture, Kawagoe, on Zoysia tenuifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Balanococcus takahashi; Li & Wu, 2014: 269. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: Takahashi lawn mealybug [McKenz1964].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Zoysia japonica [KwonDaPa2003a], Zoysia tenuifolia [McKenz1964, Koteja1988a, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Beijing (=Peking) [LiWu2014]); Japan [McKenz1964, Kawai1980, Koteja1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964).Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980), Koteja (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Li & Wu 2014: 270 (female) [Key to Balanococcus species of China]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 396 (female) [Balanococcus species of South Korea]; Danzig 1998a: 154 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 128 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 705 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja 1988a: 122 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 61]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 114, 115]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, distribution: 135-136]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 403]; LiWu2014 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 269, 270]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135].



Balanococcus tunakinensis Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus tunakinensis Cox, 1987: 33. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Marlborough Sounds, Tunakino, on Cyperaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cyperaceae [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 61]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33, 136].



Balanococcus turriseta Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus turriseta Cox, 1987: 33. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Stewart Island, Codfish Island, on moss and lichen. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Bryophyta [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Lichens [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 61]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33, 137].



Balanococcus wisei (Williams & de Boer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus wisei Williams & de Boer, 1973: 248. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Mangere, on Juncus acutus. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Balanococcus wisei; Cox, 1987: 34. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Juncaceae: Juncus [WilliaBo1973, Cox1987], Juncus acutus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Juncus maritimus [WilliaBo1973].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [WilliaBo1973, Wise1977, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & de Boer (1973) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 21 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 61]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-250]; Wise1977 [distribution: 103].



Balanococcus zhejiangensis Li & Wu

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus zhejiangensis Li & Wu, 2014: 270-272. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Lin’an City (30°14'N, 119°42'E), on Phyllostachys praecox, 4/9/1999, by San-An Wu. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Beijing: Forestry University, Beijing, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Phyllostachys praecox [LiWu2014].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [LiWu2014]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Li & Wu, 2014.

SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to Balanococcus kwoni Pellizzari & Danzig, 2007, but hind coxae each are extremely wider than fore or middle coxae; only the same size of ducts present on the dorsal surface. (Li & Wu, 2014)

KEYS: Li & Wu 2014: 270 (female) [Key to Balanococcus species of China].

CITATIONS: LiWu2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 270-272].



Bimillenia Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Bimillenia Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1999: 109. Type species: Ripersia plagiolepicola Balachowsky, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1999).



Bimillenia plagiolepicola (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia plagiolepicola Balachowsky, 1930c: 123. Type data: ALGERIA: Massif de Muzaia, Oued Chiffa, under stones with a Plagiolepis ant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1999: 109. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Rhizoecus plagiolepicola; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 72. Change of combination.

Bimillenia plagiolepicola; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1999: 109. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1930c, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: This species was found in association with ants of the genus Plagiolepis.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1930c).

CITATIONS: Balach1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-124]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 466]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 72]; MatileBe1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-111].



Bolbococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Bolbococcus Williams, 2002b: 124. Type species: Bolbococcus oresbius Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 40 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 87 (female) [Species of Bolbococcus]; Williams 2002b: 125 (female) [Species of Bolbococcus.].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description: 124-125]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 87].



Bolbococcus oresbius Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Bolbococcus oresbius Williams, 2002b: 125. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Gunung Kinabalu, altitude 1560-2100 meters, on Rubus sp. attended by Dlichoderus kinabaluensis; collected 6.ii.1984. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Rubus [Willia2002b].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2002b]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dlichoderus kinabaluensis (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 87 (female) [Species of Bolbococcus]; Williams 2002b: 125 (female) [Species of Bolbococcus.].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-127]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-90].



Bolbococcus sabahanus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Bolbococcus sabahanus Williams, 2002b: 127. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Poring, Poring Hot Springs, Mount Kinabalu National Park, in nest of Dlichoderus pastorulus; collected 17.vii.1991, by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2002b]).

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Dlichoderus pastorulus (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 87 (female) [Species of Bolbococcus]; Williams 2002b: 125 (female) [Species of Bolbococcus.].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-128]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-90].



Boninococcus Kawai

NOMENCLATURE:

Boninococcus Kawai, 1973: 316. Type species: Boninococcus miscanthi Kawai, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Kawai (1973, 1980) and by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 62]; Kawai1973 [taxonomy, description: 316-318]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 116]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 136].



Boninococcus miscanthi Kawai

NOMENCLATURE:

Boninococcus miscanthi Kawai, 1973: 318. Type data: JAPAN: Bonin Islands, Chichi-jima, on Miscanthus boninensis. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: TAEJ, and Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Miscanthus boninensis [Kawai1973, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987, Kawai1973, Kawai1980, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kawai (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 62]; Kawai1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 318, 319]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 117]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136].



Borneococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Borneococcus Williams, 2002b: 129. Type species: Borneococcus pastorius Williams, by original designation.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Description and definition by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 40 (female) [Genera southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 91 (female) [Species of Borneococcus.]; Williams 2002b: 129 (female) [Species of Borneococcus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description: 129]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 91].



Borneococcus bauensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Borneococcus bauensis Williams, 2002b: 129. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sarawak, Bahagian Kuching, Lubang Angin (Wind Cave), near Bau, in nest of Dolichoderus pilinomas; collected 15.iv.1994 by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Dolichoderus pilinomas (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 91 (female) [Species of Borneococcus]; Williams 2002b: 129 (female) [Species of Borneococcus.].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-131]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-94].



Borneococcus calvescens Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Borneococcus calvescens Williams, 2002b: 131. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sarawak, Bahagian Kuching, Lubang Angin (Wind Cave), 2 km south of Bau, on a dicotyledonous shrub, attended by Dlichoderus cuspidatus; collected 14.iv.1994, by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Willia2002b]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dlichoderus cuspidatus (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 91 (female) [Species of Borneococcus]; Williams 2002b: 129 (female) [Species of Borneococcus.].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-133]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-94].



Borneococcus pastorius Williamas

NOMENCLATURE:

Borneococcus pastorius Williamas, 2002b: 133. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sarawak, Kubah National Park, Bahagian Kuching, Between Matang and Gunung Serapi, altitude 730 meters, on flower buds of Dillenia sp., attended by Dolichoderus cuspidatus; collected 11.iv.1994 by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Dilleniaceae: Dillenia [Willia2002b].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Willia2002b]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dolichoderus cuspidatus (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 91 (female) [Species of Borneococcus.]; Williams 2002b: 129 (female) [Species of Borneococcus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-96].



Brasiliputo Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Brasiliputo Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 65. Type species: Dactylopius grandis Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 38 (female) [Phenacoccinae genera of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 41 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 63]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy: 38]; GranarSz2007 [taxonomy: 38]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 65].



Brasiliputo grandis (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius grandis Hempel, 1900a: 384. Type data: BRAZIL: Ypiranga, on Myrtaceae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 65. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus grandis; Cockerell, 1902p: 252. Change of combination.

Brasiliputo grandis; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 65. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae [Hempel1900a, Hempel1900b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Cocker1902p] (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a, Hempel1900b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Hempel (1900b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 63]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 63]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 102]; Hempel1900a [p. 384]; Hempel1900b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 395, 396]; Hempel1920; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-67].



Callitricoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Callitricoccus Williams, 1985: 65. Type species: Callitricoccus probolus Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 35, 37 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 67]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 65-67].



Callitricoccus probolus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Callitricoccus probolus Williams, 1985: 67. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Roma, on Callitris columellaris. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cupressaceae: Callitris columellaris [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 67]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67, 68].



Cannococcus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Cannococcus Borchsenius, 1960e: 932. Type species: Cannococcus cannicola Borchsenius, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1960e), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 137 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 20 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 67]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy, description: 932]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 29]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 137]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 10]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 26].



Cannococcus cannicola Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Cannococcus cannicola Borchsenius, 1960e: 932. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, on Phragmites sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Phragmites [Borchs1960e, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1960e, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1960e). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 137 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 67]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 932, 934, 935]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 137, 138]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10].



Cannococcus ikshu Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Cannococcus ikshu Williams & Watson, 1988a: 26. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Southern Highlands Province, Pangia area, Talipiko, on Saccharum officinarum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Saccharum edule [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 26 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 68]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-28].



Chaetococcus Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Chaetococcus Maskell, 1898: 249. Type species: Sphaerococcus bambusae Maskell.

Choetococcus; Goux, 1937a: 94. Misspelling of genus name.

Antoninella Šulc, 1944: 148. Type species: Antonina sulci Green, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 27. Homonym of Antoninella Kiritchenko, 1938.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Green (1904), Borchsenius (1949), De Lotto (1964, 1969), Beardsley (1966), Tranfaglia (1976), Kawai (1980), Williams (1985), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tang (1992), Kosztarab (1996), Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Antoninella Sulc, 1944 (type species: Antonina sulci Green) is a subjective synonym of Chaetococcus, as well as a junior homonym of Antoninella Kiritchenko, 1938. In case of a future need to split the genus Chaetococcus, a replacement name should be introduced for Antoninella Sulc, 1944.

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Williams 2004a: 39 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 99-101 (female) [Chaetococcus species of southern Asia]; Gavrilov 2003: 205 (female) [Key to genera]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 27 (female) [World]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 22 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Williams & Miller 1999: 524 (female) [South America]; Tang 1992: 19 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 28 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 80 (female) [Central Europe]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 17 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 2 (female) [India]; Williams 1985: 69 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 36 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 22 (female) [China]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37 (female) [Armenia]; Beardsley 1966: 404 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1949: 90 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 315 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy: 406]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 75]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 314-315]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 345]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy: 1]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 120]; Gavril2003 [taxonomy: 205,208]; Goux1937a [taxonomy: 94]; Green1904c [taxonomy: 465]; Hendri1993 [taxonomy: 1-273]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 27-30]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 122-123]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 76, 79]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 79-80]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 33, 37]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 27-28]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 11]; Tranfa1976 [taxonomy: 132]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 67-69]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 99]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy: 96-98]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 29]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, description: 45]; WuLu2012 [taxonomy: 30, 32].



Chaetococcus bambusae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus bambusae Maskell, 1893b: 237. Type data: HAWAII [= SANDWICH ISLAND]: on bamboo. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 71. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Chaetococcus bambusae; Maskell, 1898: 249. Change of combination.

Kermicus bambusae; Kirkaldy, 1902: 104. Change of combination.

Antonina (Chaetococcus) bambusae; Green, 1907: 199. Change of combination.

Antonina bambusae; Ferris, 1921a: 211.

COMMON NAME: giant bamboo scale [Zimmer1948].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria sp. [WuLu2012], Bambusa [Maskel1893b, Cocker1898w, Kirkal1902, Fernal1903b, Zimmer1948, Beards1966, YangKo1967, DeLott1969], Bambusa [Takaha1939b, Wang1981TC, Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, Porcel1992, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, WilliaGr1992], Bambusa [HendriKo1999], Bambusa blumiana [HendriKo1999], Bambusa dolichomerithalla [DownieGu2004], Bambusa gigantea [Mamet1943a, Mamet1949], Bambusa glaucescens [Mamet1943a, BenDov1994], Bambusa maxima [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Bambusa multiplex [Mamet1949, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Bambusa philippinensis, Bambusa stenostachya [Ferris1921a, Takaha1928, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Bambusa textilis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Bambusa vulgaris [KawaiMaUm1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, Willia2004a], Dendrocalamus [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992], Dendrocalamus brandisii [WuLu2012], Dendrocalamus gigantea [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Dendrocalamus latiflorus [HendriKo1999], Dendrocalamus minor [WuLu2012], Dendrocalamus stricta [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Giganthochloa verticillata [HendriKo1999], Gigantochloa [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, Willia2004a], Gigantochloa aspera [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Indosasa levigata [WuLu2012], Lingnania chungii [HendriKo1999], Miscanthus [HendriKo1999], Phyllostachys [HendriKo1999], Phyllostachys nigra [HendriKo1999], Schizostachyum [Lit1997a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Central African Republic [HendriKo1999]; Mauritius [HendriKo1999]; Mozambique [HendriKo1999]; Rodriques Island [Maskel1898, Kirkal1902, Fernal1903b, Green1907, Mamet1943a, Mamet1949, BenDov1994]; Senegal [HendriKo1999]; South Africa [DeLott1969, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Tanzania [HendriKo1999]; Uganda [BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Zimbabwe [Mamet1943a]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]). Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1980, Kawai1987, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [HendriKo1999], Yap [Beards1966]); French Polynesia [HendriKo1999]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Maskel1893b, Kirkal1902, Fernal1903b, Green1907, Zimmer1948, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013], Java [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Northern Mariana Islands [HendriKo1999] (Saipan Island [Takaha1939b, BenDov1994]); Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]. Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [HendriKo1999, HodgesHo2004, DownieGu2004]). Neotropical: Bermuda [HendriKo1999]; Brazil [Cocker1898w, Kirkal1902, Fernal1903b, Green1907, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Jamaica [NurBrBe1987, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, HendriKo1999]); Suriname [YangKo1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]. Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Wu2001], Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [HendriKo1999, Wu2001], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [WuLu2012], Hainan [WuLu2012], Hubei (=Hupei) [Wu2001], Hunan [Wu2001], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [WuLu2012], Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) [Wu2001], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [HendriKo1999, Wu2001], Yunnan [HendriKo1999, Wu2001], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [HendriKo1999, Wu2001]); Hong Kong [WuLu2012]; India [Ali1970a, AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999] (Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Willia2004a]); Indonesia [Willia2004a] (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Philippines (Luzon [LitCa1994a, Lit1997a], Mindanao [Lit1997a]); Sri Lanka [Maskel1898, Kirkal1902, Fernal1903b, Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Ferris1921a, Takaha1928, Takaha1940a, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Thailand [HendriKo1999, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan [HendriKo1999]); China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, HendriKo1999] (Beijing (=Peking) [WuLu2012], Hebei (=Hopei) [Wu2001], Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1980, BenDov1994, Wu2001, WuLu2012]); Georgia (Abkhaz ASSR [HendriKo1999], Adzhar ASSR [HendriKo1999]); Italy [Porcel1992]; Japan [HendriKo1999]; Sicily [Porcel1992, BenDov1994]; Turkey [HendriKo1999, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [HendriKo1999]).

BIOLOGY: Living in groups on stem of the host beneath leaf sheath. Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922), Williams (1958), Yang & Kosztarab (1967), Williams & Watson (1988a), Porcelli (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999) and by Williams (2004a). Good description of the adult female given by Morrison & Morrison (1922), Zimmerman (1948), Williams (1985), Tang (1992) and by Porcelli (1992).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980).

KEYS: Wu & Lu 2012: 31 (female) [Key to Chinese species in the tribe Serrolecaniini Shinji]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 99-103 (female) [Chaetococcus species southern Asia]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 30 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 28 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams 1985: 69 (female) [Australia]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 11, 49, 66 (larva) [World]; Borchsenius 1949: 315 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 103-104]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy: 10]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 407]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 75, 76]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 315-316]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 137]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 299]; Cocker1898w [host, distribution: 501]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; ComperAn1961 [host, distribution, biological control: 17]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 53]; DeLott1969 [host, distribution: 2, 3]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy: 236]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 120]; Ferris1921a [host, distribution: 211]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 73]; Goux1935a [taxonomy: 95]; Goux1937a [taxonomy: 94]; Green1907 [distribution: 199]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 397, 398]; Halber1996 [host, distribution: 4-8]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-35]; HodgesHo2004 [host, distribution: 396-397]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 122, 123]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 14]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 104]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 34-35]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 388]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 145]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 21]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 237, 238]; Maskel1898 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 249, 250]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 177]; Millar2002 [illustration: 207]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 289]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description: 55-58]; NurBrBe1987 [distribution: 54]; Porcel1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-32]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 339]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 261]; Takaha1940a [host, distribution: 331]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 28-29]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 1]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 11]; UlgentPe2013 [host: 493]; Varshn1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; Wang1980 [host, distribution: 285]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 206-209]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 71]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-103]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 98, 99]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-31]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45]; WuLu2012 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 30,32-33]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 150, 151].



Chaetococcus dendrocalami Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Chaetococcus dendrocalami Williams, 2004a: 103. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak, on Dendrocalamus sp.; collected 2.x.1986, by S. Takagi. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Dendrocalamus [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 99-101 (female) [Chaetococcus species southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-105].



Chaetococcus phragmitis (Marchal)

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina phragmitis Marchal, 1909: 872. Type data: FRANCE: Agay (Var), on Phragmites gigantea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Antonina waterstoni Newstead, 1920: 182. Type data: GREECE: Macedonia, on Arundo phragmites. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female, male and first instar. Synonymy by Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988: 80. Notes: Syntypes adult and immature males and females.

Antonina (Chaetococcus) phragmitis; Goux, 1937a: 94. Notes: Misspelling of subgeneric name.

Chaetococcus phragmitis; Borchsenius, 1949: 318. Change of combination.

Antonina phragmitidis; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1968: 557. Misspelling of species name.

Chaetococcus phagmitis; Martin Mateo, 1985: 90. Misspelling of species name.

Chaetococcus phragmites; Kaydan {et al}., 2004: 221. Misspelling of species name.

Aclerda phragmitis; Ben-Dov, 2012: 43. Misspelling of genus name.

COMMON NAMES: bog-reed scale [Parker1960]; legless reed mealybug [KosztaKo1988F, Koszta1996].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Asitus phragmitis (Ferriere) [Guerri1990, Guerri1993], Boucekiella depressa Hoffer [Guerri1993], Platencyrtus parkeri Ferriere [Guerri1993, HendriKo1999], Platyrhopus meridionalis (Ferriere) [Guerri1993].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundo [HendriKo1999], Arundo donax [Parker1960, HendriKo1999], Arundo phragmites [Newste1920, AfifiKo1967, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Phragmites [Lindin1912, Bodenh1935, Borchs1949, Danzig1964, TerGri1966, GomezM1968, Terezn1975, Tranfa1976], Phragmites [Martin1985, Marott1987a, HendriKo1999], Phragmites australis [Kozar1985, KozarWa1986, KozarOs1987, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Phragmites communis [Hall1923, Kiritc1928, Balach1932d, Borchs1937a, Kiritc1940, Rungs1948, Zahrad1987, KosztaKo1988F], Phragmites communis isaica [Hall1923], Phragmites communis [Goux1935a, HendriKo1999], Phragmites communis [HendriKo1999], Phragmites gigantea [Marcha1909, Balach1932d, Balach1933e, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Phragmites isiaca [TerGri1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta [BenDov1994]); United States of America (Delaware [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996, HendriKo1999], New York [Koszta1996]). Oriental: Macau [Newste1920, AfifiKo1967, HendriKo1999]. Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Austria [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Crete [Kozar1985, Newste1920, BenDov1994]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1987, BenDov1994]; Egypt [Hall1923, Borchs1949, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; France [Marcha1909, Lindin1912, Balach1932d, Balach1933e, Borchs1949, YangKo1967, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Georgia (Abkhaz ASSR [Borchs1949, HendriKo1999]); Germany [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Greece [HendriKo1999]; Hungary [KozarWa1986, KosztaKo1978, KosztaKo1988F, KozarDr1991, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Iraq [HendriKo1999]; Israel [Bodenh1935, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Italy [Borchs1949, Tranfa1976, Marott1987a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, HendriKo1999]; Moldova [KozarOs1987, HendriKo1999]; Morocco [Rungs1948, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [HendriKo1999]); Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Spain [GomezM1968, Martin1985, HendriKo1999, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Kiritc1928, Borchs1949, Danzig1964, Terezn1975, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1937a, Kiritc1940, Borchs1949, Danzig1964, Terezn1975, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]).

BIOLOGY: Living between the leaf sheaths and the stem (Hall, 1923; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988; Kosztarab, 1996). Life history and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988). Widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin, Central Europe and Central Asia. Probably introduced to Northeastern North America (Kosztarab, 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Afifi & Kosztarab (1967), Yang & Kosztarab (1967), Gomez-Menor Ortega (1968), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Kosztarab (1996) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999). Good description of the adult female given by Hall (1923), Borchsenius (1949) and by Danzig (1964).

KEYS: Gavril2003 2003: 208 (female) [Chaetococcus species of Palearctic]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 30 (female) [World]; Kosztarab 1996: 79 (female) [Northern North USA]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 80 (female) [Central Europe]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 227 (female) [Armenia]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 15 (female) [World]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 10 (larva) [World]; Borchsenius 1949: 315 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: AfifiKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-42]; Balach1932d [host, distribution: lxv]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 6]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 76, 77]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35, 43]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 251]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 220]; Borchs1937a [host, distribution: 184]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 137]; Danzig1964 [description, host, distribution: 626]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 208]; GomezM1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 557-563]; GomezM1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 557-563]; Goux1935a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 94-96]; Goux1937a [taxonomy: 94]; Guerri1990 [biological control: 157-162]; Guerri1993 [host, distribution, biological control: 207-217]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 1, 2]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 35-40]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 33]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 99]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 219-224]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 220]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 113]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; Kiritc1940 [host, distribution: 125]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 79-82]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37, 38]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control, life history: 80-82]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; KozarDr1991 [host, distribution: 362]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 375]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 92]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; LaFace1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 254-267]; Lindin1912b [description, host, distribution: 249]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marcha1909 [description, host, distribution: 872]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 90]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182-185]; Parker1960 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 170, 172]; Rungs1948 [host, distribution: 116]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 48]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 101]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-172]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 90, 91]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227-229]; Tranfa1976 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 132]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-30]; Zahrad1987 [host, distribution, biological control: 359].



Chaetococcus sulcii (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina purpurea; Kiritshenko, 1931: 315. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949: 316.

Antonina sulcii Green, 1934e: 510. Type data: CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Brno, on Festuca valesiaca. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Antonina (Chaetococcus) sulcii; Goux, 1937a: 94.

Antoninella sulci; Šulc, 1944: 150. Change of combination.

Chaetococcus sulcii; Borchsenius, 1949: 316. Change of combination.

Chaetococcus sulci; Koteja & Zak-Ogaza, 1983: 475. Misspelling of species name.

Chaetococcus sulci; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F: 82. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: legless fescue mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Crassulaceae: Sedum [DanzigKo1974, HendriKo1999]. Poaceae: Avena fatua [Borchs1937], Brachypodium ramosum [HendriKo1999], Festuca [Kiritc1931, Goux1935a, Borchs1936, Borchs1937, KosztaKo1988F, HendriKo1999], Festuca ovina [Green1934e, Goux1935a, Schmut1955a, Sulc1944, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Festuca pallens [KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Festuca pseudodalmatica [HendriKo1999], Festuca sulcata [Terezn1975, HendriKo1999], Festuca vaginata [DanzigKo1974], Festuca valesiaca [Green1934e, KozarWa1986, Sulc1944, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Koeleria glauca [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Koeleria vallesiana [MatilePe2002], Poa nemoralis [Kozar1985a, HendriKo1999], Poa pratensis [Kozar1985a, HendriKo1999], Poa trivialis [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Czech Republic [Green1934e, Borchs1937, Borchs1949, Sulc1944, KotejaZa1983, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; France [Goux1935a, Borchs1949, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1936, Borchs1937, Borchs1949, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]); Germany [Reyne1953, Schmut1955a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Hungary [DanzigKo1974, KozarWa1986, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [MatilePe2002, Pelliz2003] (The previously recorded mealybug Chaetococcus sulcii (Green) (Ben-Dov et al., 2011) proved to be an erroneous record for Sardinia. So far, C. sulcii is known in Italy only in Valle d’Aosta (North Italy) (Matile-Ferrero & Pellizzari, 2002).); Kazakhstan (Aktyubinsk Oblast [HendriKo1999]); Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1969, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Russia (Tatarstan (=Tatar) AR [Kozar1985a, HendriKo1999]); Ukraine [Kiritc1931, Green1934e, Borchs1937, Borchs1949, Terezn1975, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994] (Donetsk Oblast [HendriKo1999], Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Odessa Oblast [HendriKo1999], Voroshilovgrad Oblast [HendriKo1999], Zaporozh'ye Oblast [HendriKo1999]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on root crowns and at the bases of the stems of grasses. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and distribution of the adult female given by Green (1934e), Sulc (1944), Afifi & Kosztarab (1967), Gomez-Menor Ortega (1968), Tereznikova (1975), and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999). Good description of the adult female given by Hall (1923), Borchsenius (1949) and by Danzig (1964).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2003: 208 (female) [Chaetococcus species of Russia]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 30 (female) [World]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 80 (female) [Central Europe]; Borchsenius 1949: 315 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 77]; Borchs1936 [host, distribution: 112]; Borchs1937 [description, host, distribution: 61]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 316-317]; DanzigKo1974 [host, distribution: 10]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 208]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 526]; Goux1935a [host, distribution: 92]; Goux1937a [taxonomy: 94]; Green1934e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 510-512]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-44]; Kiritc1931 [host, distribution: 315]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 73]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy: 125]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 82, 83]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 360]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 475, 476]; Kozar1985a [host, distribution: 311]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 92]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 351]; Pelliz2003 [host, distribution: 100]; Reyne1953 [distribution: 235]; Schmut1955a [host, distribution: 101]; Sulc1944 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-170]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172].



Chaetococcus turanicus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina phragmitis; Archangelskaya, 1937: 128. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949: 317.

Chaetococcus turanicus Borchsenius, 1949: 317. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: near Parkhar, on Phragmites sp.; collected N. Borchsenius, 11.v.1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2003: 208. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 25=95. Described: female.

Antonina turanica; Danzig, 1972b: 337. Change of combination.

Chaetococcus bambusae; Tang, 1992: 29. Misidentification; discovered by Wu & Lu, 2012: 32.

Chaetococcus turanicus; Tang, 1992: 29. Revived combination.

Antonina turanica; Ben-Dov, 1994: 42. Revived combination.

Chaetococcus turanicus; Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 44. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Calamagrostis phragmititorum [HendriKo1999], Phragmites [Borchs1949, Tang1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Phragmites communis [Archan1937, Danzig1972b, BenDov1994], Saccharum munja [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Wu2001], Ningxia (=Ningsia) [WuLu2012]); Mongolia [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]; Uzbekistan (Samarkand Oblast [Archan1937, Borchs1949, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]).

BIOLOGY: Living on stem under leaf sheath. (Wu & Lu, 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999) and by Williams (2004a). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: One slide from Borchsenius’ type series (5 females, “Chaetococcus turanicaus Borchs. on Phragmites communis, vicinity of Samarkand, VI. 1928)" was found in the collection of Zoological Institute RAS, St Petersburg. These 5 females (in much better condition in comparison with lectotype and other paralectotypes) are noted as paralectotypes by Danzig & Gavrilov, 2011.

KEYS: Wu & Lu 2012: 31 (female) [Key to Chinese species in the tribe Serrolecaniini Shinji]; Williams 2004a: 99-101 (female) [Chaetococcus species southern Asia]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 28 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Borchsenius 1949: 315 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1937 [host, distribution: 128]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 42]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 317-318]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 337]; DanzigGa2011 [taxonomy: 272]; Gavril2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 208]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-48]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 29]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-106]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45-46]; WuLu2012 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 32,34].



Chaetotrionymus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Chaetotrionymus Williams, 1985: 71. Type species: Chaetotrionymus pachylus Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 72 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 39 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 77]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 39, 71-72].



Chaetotrionymus murnpeowiensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Chaetotrionymus murnpeowiensis Williams, 1985: 72. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Murnpeowie (Hort. St.), on roots of Atriplex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 72 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 77]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72, 73].



Chaetotrionymus pachylus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Chaetotrionymus pachylus Williams, 1985: 72. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Yudnapinna, on roots of Helipterum polygalifolium. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Helipterum polygalifolium [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Helipterum pygmaeum [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex vesicaria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Erodium cygnorum [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 72 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 78]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72, 74, 75].



Chileputo Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Chileputo Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 98. Type species: Rastrococcus chilensis McKenzie, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters have been given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Szumik 2007: 38 (female) [Phenacoccinae genera of South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 41 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 78]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 41, 98-100].



Chileputo chilensis (McKenzie)

NOMENCLATURE:

Rastrococcus chilensis McKenzie, 1964: 265. Type data: CHILE: Malleco Province, Tolhuaca, on Araucaria araucana. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Chileputo chilensis; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 100. Change of combination.



HOST: Araucariaceae: Araucaria araucana [McKenz1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [McKenz1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 78]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265, 266]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 100, 101].



Chloeoon Anderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Chloeoon Anderson, 1788a: 4. Type species: Kirmes [=Kermes] choromamdelensis Anderson.

Coccus chlaeoon; Signoret, 1877: 612. Change of status. Notes: Inadmissable change of rank.

Coccus chlaeoon; Fernald, 1903b: 325. Change of status. Notes: Inadmissable change of rank.

SYSTEMATICS: The identity and vague status of this genus was first discussed by Morrison & Morrison (1966). Williams (2002) concluded after a thorough study that Chloeoon was validly established and can almost certainly be assigned to the family Pseudococcidae.

CITATIONS: Anders1788a [taxonomy, description: 4]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy: 325]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, description: 36]; Signor1877 [taxonomy: 612]; Willia2002 [taxonomy, description: 237-239].



Chloeoon choromandelensis Anderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Chloeoon choromandelensis Anderson, 1787: 4. Type data: INDIA: Madras, on grass "Oopooncargu", Aira indica. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Aira indica [Willia2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Anders1788, Willia2002].

SYSTEMATICS: Morrison & Morrison (1966) suggested that this species actually might represent Antonina graminis (Maskell, 1897). Williams (2002) noted that there are at least three species of Antonina in India feeding on grasses other than bamboo, and therefore retained C. choromandelensis as an unidentifiable species in the Pseudococcidae.

CITATIONS: Anders1787a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 1]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36]; Willia2002 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 241].



Chlorococcus Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Chlorococcus Beardsley, 1971c: 50. Type species: Chlorococcus longipes Beardsley, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Beardsley (1971c).

KEYS: Beardsley 1971c: 50-51 (female) [species Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1971c [taxonomy, description: 50-51]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 78].



Chlorococcus chloris (Beardsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus chloris Beardsley, 1963a: 230. Type data: U.S.A.: Hawaii, Pohakuloa, on Sophora chrysophylla. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Chlorococcus chloris; Beardsley, 1971c: 51. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Sophora chrysophylla [Beards1963a, Beards1971c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1963a, Beards1971c, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1963a).

KEYS: Beardsley 1971c: 51 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1963a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230-234]; Beards1971c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 78].



Chlorococcus longipes Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Chlorococcus longipes Beardsley, 1971c: 51. Type data: U.S.A.: Hawaii, Maui, Waikamoi Stream, on Myrsine sp., probably lessertiana. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrsinaceae: Myrsine [Beards1971c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1971c, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1971c).

KEYS: Beardsley 1971c: 51 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1971c [taxonomy, description, illustration host, distribution: 51-53]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 78].



Chlorococcus peleae (Beardsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus peleae Beardsley, 1959b: 47. Type data: U.S.A.: Hawaii, North Halawa Ridge, Koola Mts., on Pelea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Chlorococcus peleae; Beardsley, 1971c: 51. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Rutaceae: Pelea [Beards1959b], Pelea clusiaefolia [Beards1962, Beards1971c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1959b, Beards1962, Beards1971c, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1959b). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1962).

KEYS: Beardsley 1971c: 50 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1959b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49]; Beards1962 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 96]; Beards1971c [host, distribution: 51]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 78-79].



Chlorococcus sparsus Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Chlorococcus sparsus Beardsley, 1971c: 53. Type data: U.S.A.: Hawaii, West Maui Mountains, Honokawai Stream, on Clermontia arborescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Campanulaceae: Clermontia arborescens [Beards1971c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1971c, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1971c).

KEYS: Beardsley 1971c: 51 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1971c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-57]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 79].



Chlorococcus straussiae (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus straussiae Ehrhorn, 1916: 239. Type data: U.S.A.: Hawaii, Oahu and Molokai Is., on Straussia [Psychotria] hawaiiensis and Myrsine sp. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female.

Chlorococcus straussiae; Beardsley, 1971c: 51. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Carpentiera obovata [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994]. Myrsinaceae: Myrsine [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Myrsine [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Bobea [Beards1971c, BenDov1994], Gouldia [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Psychotria kaduana [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Straussia hawaiiensis [Ehrhor1916, Zimmer1948, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Ehrhor1916]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960). Good description of the adult female and adult male given by Ehrhorn (1916).

KEYS: Beardsley 1971c: 51 (female) [Hawaii]; Beardsley 1960: 213 (male) [Hawaii]; Zimmerman 1948: 177 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233-234]; Beards1971c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 79]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 239]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 177, 241-243].



Chnaurococcus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Chnaurococcus Ferris, 1950b: 40. Type species: Ripersia villosa Ehrhorn, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters discussed by Ferris (1950b), Ferris (1953a), Williams (1962), McKenzie (1967), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Tang (1992) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 188-189 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 188 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 83-84 (female) [species Central Europe]; Wang 1982TC: 21 (female) [China]; Kozar & Kosztarab 1976: 301 (female) [species Hungary]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37 (female) [Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 47 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1964: 215 (female) [World]; Ferris 1953a: 284 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 40 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 79]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 40]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 303]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 78, 82]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 83-84]; KozarKo1976 [taxonomy: 302]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 83]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 37]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 188]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 11]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 173]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 77]; Willia1962 [taxonomy: 7, 17].



Chnaurococcus ankazobeensis Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Chnaurococcus ankazobeensis Mamet, 1962: 163. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ankazobe District, Tsaratanana, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).

KEYS: Kozár & Kosztarab 1976: 301 (female) [Hungary].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 79]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165].



Chnaurococcus danzigae Kozár & Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Chnaurococcus danzigae Kozár & Kosztarab, 1976: 299. Type data: HUNGARY: Pecs, Misinateto Hill, on Carex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Danzig's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOST: Cyperaceae: Carex [KozarKo1976, KozarPe1989, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarKo1976, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarPe1989, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

BIOLOGY: Living on crown root of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kozár & Kosztarab (1976) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Adult female described by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 189 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 83 (female) [Central Europe]; Kozár & Kosztarab 1976: 301 (female) [Hungary].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 79, 80]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 84-85]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKo1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 299-301]; KozarPe1989 [host, distribution: 199]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 189].



Chnaurococcus trifolii (Forbes)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus trifolii Forbes, 1885a: 72. Type data: U.S.A.: Illinois, Normal, on white clover. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Dactylopius trifolii Davis, 1894: 172. Type data: U.S.A.: Michigan, on Trifolium pratense. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 111. Homonym of Dactylopius trifolii (Forbes).

Dactylopius trifolii; Osborn, 1898: 224. Change of combination.

Ripersia cockerellae Cockerell, 1901g: 52. Nomen nudum.

Ripersia confusella Cockerell, 1901g: 52. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, in nests of Lasius americanus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 41.

Ripersia tenuipes Cockerell, 1901g: 54. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Gallinas Canon, on roots of grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 303.

Ripersia trivittata Cockerell, 1901g: 55. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, under a rock with Lasius americanus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by McKenzie & Williams, 1965: 3.

Ripersia cockerellae King, 1902a: 42. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Beulah, in nest of Lasius americanus. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by McKenzie & Williams, 1965: 3.

Pseudococcus trifolii; Fernald, 1903b: 111. Change of combination.

Trionymus grindeliae Ferris, 1918d: 71. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Monterey County, Pacific Grove, on Grindelia robusta. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 41.

Trionymus trifolii; MacGillivray, 1921: 139. Change of combination.

Erium grindeliae; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Chnaurococcus trifolii; Ferris, 1950b: 41. Change of combination.

Chnaurococcus trivittatus Ferris, 1953a: 303.

COMMON NAME: clover root mealybug [Fernal1903b, McKenz1967, Koszta1996].



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPRTERA Formicidae: Lasius flavus (F.) [NewtonGlMa2011], Lasius pallitarsis (Provancher) [NewtonGlMa2011].

HOSTS: Asteraceae: Grindelia robusta [Ferris1918d, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Helianthus tuberosus [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lupinus albifrons [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Trifolium [Fernal1903b, MacGil1921, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967]. Fagaceae: Quercus agrifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Cocker1901g, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Castilleia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Ampelopsis quinquefolia [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta [NewtonGlMa2011], Ontario [Koszta1996]); United States of America (California [Ferris1918d, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Colorado [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Illinois [Fernal1903b, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Indiana [Koszta1996], Iowa [Osborn1898, Fernal1903b, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996], Michigan [Fernal1903b], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], New Mexico [Cocker1901g, King1902a, Ferris1950b, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], New York [Fernal1903b, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Ohio [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], Wisconsin [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Usually found on the roots of its host plants, and often in association with ants. Found in nest of Lasius ants (King, 1902a; Kosztarab 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1918d, 1950b, 1953a), McKenzie & Williams (1965), McKenzie (1967), Kosztarab (1996). Good description of the adult female given by King (1902a) and by MacGillivray (1921).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 82 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Kozár & Kosztarab 1976: 301 (female) [Hungary]; McKenzie 1967: 83 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1950b: 40 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 81, 82]; Cocker1901g [host, distribution: 52, 54, 55]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 111]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-42]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 303, 496]; Hollin1923 [host, distribution: 59]; King1902a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 42]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-84]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 139]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-85]; McKenzWi1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 2, 3]; NewtonGlMa2011 [distribution, ecology: 520,521]; Osborn1898 [taxonomy, distribution: 225]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 46].



Chnaurococcus villosus (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia villosa Ehrhorn, 1899: 6. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Berkeley, on Quercus agrifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus agrifoliae Essig, 1909a: 42. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Paula, on Quercus agrifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 43.

Trionymus villosa; Ferris, 1918d: 72. Change of combination.

Erium villosum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Chnaurococcus villosa; Ferris, 1950b: 43. Change of combination.

Chnaurococcus villosus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 411. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

COMMON NAME: woolly oak mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Essig1909a], Quercus agrifolia [Ehrhor1899, Essig1909a, Ferris1918d, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ehrhor1899], California [Ehrhor1899, Essig1909a, Ferris1918d, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living in the crotches of twigs and under the bark of oaks.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Kozár & Kosztarab 1976: 301 (female) [Hungary]; McKenzie 1967: 83 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1950b: 40 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 82]; Ehrhor1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 5, 6]; Essig1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35, 39-42]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72, 73]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-44]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86, 87].



Chorizococcus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus McKenzie, 1960: 692. Type species: Chorizococcus wilkeyi McKenzie, by original designation.

Chorizoccus; Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 19. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by McKenzie (1961, 1964, 1967), Williams (1962, 1970DJ, 1985), Miller & McKenzie (1971), Brookes (1977), De Lotto (1977), Matile-Ferrero (1979), Cox (1987), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval to broadly oval; membranous. With 1-5 pairs of cerarii present on posterior segments of abdomen and sometimes a pair on head also, each cerarius bearing 2 conical setae; auxiliary setae present on anal lobe pair only. Oral rim ducts, sometimes of 2 sizes, present on dorsum and commonly also on venter. Oral collar tubular ducts present, at least on venter; if present on dorsum, then restricted to marginal areas. Antennae each with 7 or 8 segments. Legs well developed, with translucent pores on hind coxae, sometimes absent. Claw stout, without a denticle. Claw digitules knobbed. Tarsal digitules minutely knobbed. Multilocular disc pores present on venter, rarely found on dorsum. Circulus present or absent, when present usually divided by intersegmental line. Anal ring normal, bearing 6 setae. Anterior and posterior ostioles present. (Tsai & Wu, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Chorizococcus McKenzie comes close to Vryburgia De Lotto in possessing dorsal oral collar tubular ducts. Oral collar tubular ducts on dorsum in Chorizococcus occur on margin only, whereas in Vryburgia, those ducts occur in transverse rows on dorsum (Williams 2004). Spilococcus Ferris is almost identical with Chorizococcus McKenzie but possesses 6-17 pairs of cerarii, six or more of which present on the abdomen. Miller and Mckenzie (1973) discussed the difficulties of assigning species to either Chorizococcus or Spilococcus. Danzig (1998) did not accept Chorizococcus and included all species with 1-17 pairs of cerarii in Spilococcus sensu lato. (Tsai & Wu, 2011)

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 42 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 106-107 (female) [Chorizococcus species southern Asia]; Granara de Willink 2003a: 88 (female) [Species of Neotropics]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Kosztarab 1996: 84-85 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Marotta 1992a: 67 (female) [Italy]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 102 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 42 (female) [Central and South America]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 87 (female) [species Central Europe]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 18 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 3 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 75 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 37 (female) [Australia]; Kozár 1984: 123 (female) [species Hungary]; Matile-Ferrero 1979: 73 (female) [Chorizococcus species on rice.]; De Lotto 1977: 25 (female) [species South Africa]; Brookes 1976: 421-422 (female) [species Australia]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 569 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1967: 45 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 88-89 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1964: 220-221 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16-17 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1960: 694-695 (female) [species North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 82]; Brooke1976 [taxonomy: 421]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 34]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, description: 25]; Granar2003a [taxonomy: 83-88]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 78, 84-85]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 86-87]; Kozar1984 [taxonomy, description: 122]; Matile1979 [taxonomy, description: 73]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description: 692-694]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description: 16]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy: 219]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 86-89]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy: 569]; MoghadAl2014 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 55]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 37]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 11]; TsaiWu2011 [description, taxonomy: 29-30]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 7, 19]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy: 124]; Willia1985 [taxonomy: 37, 75]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 106-107]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 42, 100-102]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 31].



Chorizococcus abortivus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus abortivus McKenzie, 1967: 89. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, Etiwanda, on Ericameria pinifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: abortive mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ericameria pinifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Gutierrezia sarothrae [McKenz1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Idaho [McKenz1967]).

BIOLOGY: Feeding on the crown and roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 82]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-91].



Chorizococcus abroniae McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus abroniae McKenzie, 1960: 695. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Orange County, Corona del Mar, on Abronia maritima. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: abronia mealybug [McKenz1960, McKenz1967]; Abronia mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum crystallinum [Miller1971a, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Amblyopappus pusillus [Miller1971a, BenDov1994], Franseria chamissonis [McKenz1967, Miller1971a]. Fabaceae: Lathyrus littoralis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Abronia latifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Abronia maritima [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Abronia umbellata [Miller1974a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, Miller1971a, Miller1973, Miller1974a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots, on decumbant stems and on foliage near to the ground.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1971a, 1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1971: 569 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 88 (female) [U.S.A., California ]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 694 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 82, 83]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 695-697]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-93]; Miller1971a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 298]; Miller1973 [host, distribution: 265]; Miller1974a [host, distribution: 195].



Chorizococcus achalensis Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus achalensis Granara de Willink, 2003a: 84. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cordoba, Pampa de Achala, El Condor, Ruta 20, Parqua Nacional El Condorito (altitude 2000 meters), on roots of undetermined plant; collected iv.1998, by Granara de Willink. coll. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Granar2003a]).

BIOLOGY: Found on roots of the host plant (Granara de Willink, 2003a).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2003a).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2003a: 88 (female) [Neotropic].

CITATIONS: Granar2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-85].



Chorizococcus alami Khalid & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus alami Khalid & Shafee, 1988b: 65. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh, on Psidium guajava. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [KhalidSh1988b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [KhalidSh1988b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Khalid & Shafee (1988b).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) critically discussed the identity of this species.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 106-107 (female) [Chorizococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 83]; KhalidSh1988b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65, 66]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 107].



Chorizococcus altoarcticus (Richards)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus altoarcticus Richards, 1964: 1459. Type data: CANADA: Ellesmere Island, Hazen Lake, holotype female (in yellow water traps) and paratype female and males on Dryas integrifolia and in water traps. Holotype female. Type depository: Ottawa: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Ontario, Canada. Described: female. Illust.

Chorizococcus altoarcticus; McKenzie, 1967: 88. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: high arctic mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOST: Rosaceae: Dryas integrifolia [Richar1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada [Richar1964, BenDov1994, Koszta1996].

BIOLOGY: This mealybug has been recorded from a remarkable northern latitude, about 76oN (Richards, 1964). Adults are active in mid to late August (Kosztarab, 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Richards (1964), Kosztarab (1996) and by Gertsson & Hodgson (2005).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 85 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; McKenzie 1967: 88 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 83]; GertssHo2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-20]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 111]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy: 88]; Richar1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1459-1462].



Chorizococcus aphyllonis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius aphyllonis Cockerell, 1895w: 8. Type data: U.S.A.: Washington, Wenatchee, on Aphyllon [= Orobanche] fasciculatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus aphyllonis; Fernald, 1903b: 97. Change of combination.

Spilococcus aphyllonis; Ferris, 1953a: 464. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus aphyllonis; McKenzie, 1960: 694. Change of combination.



HOST: Orobanchaceae: Orobanche fasciculatum [Cocker1895w, Fernal1903b, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Washington [Cocker1895w]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a). Good description of the adult female given by Cockerell (1895w).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 88 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 694 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 463 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 83]; Cocker1895w [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 97]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 464-465]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy: 16].



Chorizococcus bardus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Maconellicoccus bardus De Lotto, 1967: 6. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Warmbath, on Narcissus capensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Chorizococcus bardus; Williams, 1989a: 645. Change of combination.



HOST: Amaryllidaceae: Narcissus capensis [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 83]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6, 7]; Millar2002 [illustration: 222]; Willia1989a [taxonomy: 645].



Chorizococcus californicus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus californicus McKenzie, 1964: 221. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Butte County, Chico, on Eriogonum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: purple mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [McKenz1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the branches and in the axils of the branches of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 221 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 83]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-223]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96, 97].



Chorizococcus cardosoi Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus cardosoi Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 102. Type data: BRAZIL: Para, Belem, on 'Canarum rosea'. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Para  [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2003a: 88 (female) [Neotropic].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 84]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-104].



Chorizococcus caribaeus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus caribaeus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 104. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Aristidia pittieri [FoldiKo2006], Saccharum officinarum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Blanco2004]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands [WilliaGr1992]; Venezuela [FoldiKo2006].

BIOLOGY: Lives on the roots or base of shoots of the host plant (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2003a: 88 (female) [Neotropic].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 84]; Blanco2004 [host, distribution: 115-117]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 312]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-106].



Chorizococcus coniculus Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus coniculus Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 569. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Otero County, Alamogordo, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: conicalseta mealybug [MillerMc1971].



HOST: Poaceae [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living in the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1971: 569 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 84]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 569-571].



Chorizococcus coxindex McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus coxindex McKenzie, 1967: 96. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Plumas County on Eriogonum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: coxa mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the twigs of host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 88 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 84]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96, 98-99].



Chorizococcus dentatus (Lobdell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus dentatus Lobdell, 1930: 214. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, Agriculture and Mechanical College, on Ambrosia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female. Illust.

Chorizococcus dentatus; Kosztarab, 1996: 29. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: yarrow mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOST: Asteraceae: Ambrosia [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta); United States of America (Maryland [Koszta1996], Mississippi [Lobdel1930, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and crowns of the host plant. Attended by ants: Crematogaster sp. near lineolata var. subopaca, Lasius niger allienus americanus, L. niger var. neoniger. Develops three generations per year. Overwintering in egg stage (Kosztarab, 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Lobdell (1930) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 85 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 388]; Brachm1971 [taxonomy, description: 29]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 85-88]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215, 227].



Chorizococcus discretus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus discretus Williams, 1985: 78. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Cowell, on spear grass, ?Stipa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 75 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 84]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-79].



Chorizococcus eriachnis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus eriachnis Williams, 1985: 79. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Kimberley Downs, on Eriachne sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Eriachne [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 75 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 84]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79, 80].



Chorizococcus fistulosus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus fistulosus McKenzie, 1967: 99. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Trinity County, on roots of Monardella odoratissima. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: porous mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Lamiaceae: Monardella odoratissima [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants, associated with ants, Crematogaster coarctata.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 88 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 84, 85]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-101].



Chorizococcus glandulosus (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia glandulosa James, 1935: 385. Type data: KENYA: Nyeri, on Bidens pilosa. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material probably missing in BMNH (Ben-Dov, 1994).

Chorizococcus glandulosus; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 257. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [James1935, DeLott1957b, BenDov1994], Conyza volkensii [James1935, DeLott1957b, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Pennisetum clandestinum [James1935, DeLott1957b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1935, DeLott1957b, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by James (1935) and by De Lotto (1957b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 475]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213, 214]; James1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 385-387]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 257].



Chorizococcus graminis Khalid & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus graminis Khalid & Shafee, 1988b: 66. Type data: INDIA: Andaman Island, Port Blair, on wild grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [KhalidSh1988b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [KhalidSh1988b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Khalid & Shafee (1988b).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 106-107 (female) [Chorizococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 85]; KhalidSh1988b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-68]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 107-109].



Chorizococcus graysoni Brachman & Kosztarab in Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus graysoni Brachman & Kosztarab in Kosztarab, 1996: 88. Type data: U.S.A.: Virginia, Charlottesville, on oak. Holotype female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta); United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: An ovoviviparous species, developing two annual generations in USA, Virginia. Overwinters in the nymph stage. Tended by ants, Crematogaster tennesseensis (Kosztarab, 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 88 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-90].



Chorizococcus herbicola (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius herbicola Maskell, 1891b: 352. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Mulgoa, near Penrith, on Aristida vagans. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Brookes, 1970: 53. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus herbicola; Fernald, 1903b: 103. Change of combination.

Dactylopius nubicola; Fernald, 1903b: 107. Misspelling of species name.

Pseudococcus nubicola; Fernald, 1903b: 107. Misspelling of species name.

Chorizococcus herbicola; Brookes, 1970: 53. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Fernal1903b, Willia1985], Aristida vagans [Maskel1891b, Brooke1970, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Brachiaria [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Enneapogon polyphyllus [Brooke1970, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eragrostis pubescens [Brooke1970, Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Fernal1903b] (New South Wales [Maskel1891b, Brooke1970, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Northern Territory [Brooke1970, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Brooke1970, Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brookes (1970). Good description of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 75 (female) [Australia]; Brookes 1976: 421 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 85]; Brooke1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-55]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 54]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 103, 107]; Maskel1891b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 352, 353]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 81].



Chorizococcus indecisus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius neomexicanus indecisus Cockerell, 1901h: 209. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, in nests of Lasius americana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Type material apparently lost (Cox (1987).

Pseudococcus neomexicanus indecisus; Fernald, 1903b: 106. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus indecisus; McKenzie & Williams, 1965: 3. Change of combination and rank.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1901h, Fernal1903b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in ants' (Lasius americana) nests.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie & Williams (1965). Good description given by Cockerell (1901h).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 86]; Cocker1901h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 209]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 106]; McKenzWi1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 3-5].



Chorizococcus interruptus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus interruptus McKenzie, 1964: 223. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Sacramento County, Perkins, on Yucca sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: interrupted mealybug.



HOST: Agavaceae: Yucca [McKenz1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the foliage of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 86]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223, 224]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101, 102].



Chorizococcus irishi (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius irishi Cockerell, 1900d: 129. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Tempe, on Larrea tridentata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Erium irishi; Cockerell, 1902t: 466. Change of combination.

Spilococcus irishii; Ferris, 1950b: 229. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus irishii; McKenzie, 1960: 695. Change of combination.



HOST: Zygophyllaceae: Larrea tridentata [Cocker1900d, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1900d, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Clustering on the twigs, at the nodes, of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b). Good description of the adult female given by Cockerell (1900d).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 695 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 464 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 220 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 86]; Cocker1900d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 129-130]; Cocker1902t [taxonomy: 466]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-230]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy: 16].



Chorizococcus irretitus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus irretitus Williams, 2004a: 109. Type data: SRI LANKA: Horton Plains, near Nuwara Eliya, altitude 2000 m, on Gramineae; collected 19-20iii.1962 by P. Brinck. H. Anderson and L. Cederholm. Holotype female. Type depository: Lund: Museum of Zoology, Lund University, Sweden. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 106-107 (female) [Chorizococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-110].



Chorizococcus kandyensis (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus kandyensis Green, 1922: 373. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kandy, on a small wiry grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 110. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Ferrisia kandyensis; Green, 1937: 291. Change of combination.

Ferrisiana kandyensis; Ali, 1970a: 109. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus kandyensis; Williams, 1996: 4. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Green1922, Green1937, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, Green1937, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922, 1937) and by Williams (2004a). Description of adult female by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tsai & Wu 2011: 29 (female) [Key to Chorizococcus species on zoysia grasses and Ch. kandyensis]; Williams 2004a: 106-107 (female) [Chorizococcus species southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 209 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: Ali1970a [host, distribution: 109]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 163]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 373]; Green1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 291]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 209, 210]; TsaiWu2011 [taxonomy: 28-29]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 52]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-113].



Chorizococcus lachenaliae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus lachenaliae Williams, 1989a: 643. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Matjiesfontein, on Lachenalia sp. bulbs. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Liliaceae: Lachenalia [Willia1989a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Willia1989a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1989a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 86]; Willia1989a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 643-645]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 87].



Chorizococcus mireorum Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus mireorum Matile-Ferrero, 1979: 72. Type data: CAMEROON: Marouna Province, Guetale, on Oryza sativa. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Oryza sativa [Matile1979, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [Matile1979, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1979).

KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1979: 73 (female) [Chorizococcus species on rice].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 86]; Matile1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-73].



Chorizococcus montius Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus montius Williams, 1985: 81. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Mt Kosciusko, in alpine herbfield. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 75 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 87]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81, 82].



Chorizococcus multiporus Gertsson & Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus multiporus Gertsson & Hodgson, 2005: 6. Type data: GREENLAND: Zackenberg, stn 3F, in water traps; collected 8.vii.2000, by Jens Bocher. Holotype. Type depository: Copenhagen: Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Department of Entomology, Denmark. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Greenland [GertssHo2005].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female4 by Gertsson & Hodgson (2005). Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson (2005).

KEYS: Gertsson & Hodgson 2005: 2-3 (female) [Mealybugs of Greenland]; Hodgson 2005: 3-4 (male) [Coccoidea species of Greenland].

CITATIONS: Gertss2005a [host, distribution: 331-337]; GertssHo2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-8]; Hodgso2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-14].



Chorizococcus nakaharai Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus nakaharai Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 106. Type data: PUERTO RICO: Playa Las Croabas, in leaf sheath of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Galapagos Islands [LincanHoCa2010]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2003a: 88 (female) [Neotropic].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 87]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-108].



Chorizococcus neomexicanus (Tinsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius kingii neomexicana Tinsley, 1898c: 318. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Organ Mountains, on Gutierrezia sarothrae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Dactylopius neomexicanus; Cockerell, 1901h: 334. Change of status.

Pseudococcus neomexicanus; Fernald, 1903b: 106. Change of combination.

Spilococcus neomexicanus; Ferris, 1953a: 468. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus neomexicanus; McKenzie, 1960: 694. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Gutierrezia sarothrae [Tinsle1898c, Fernal1903b, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Tinsle1898c, Fernal1903b, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plants, and attended by ants, including Lasius americanus (Cockerell, 1901d).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 88 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 694 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 463 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 87]; Cocker1901d [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 334]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 106]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 468-469]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy: 16]; Tinsle1898c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318-319].



Chorizococcus oreophilus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus oreophilus Williams, 1985: 84. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Mount Kosciusko, in soil litter. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Lolium perenne [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 75 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 87]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35, 139]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83, 84].



Chorizococcus parietaricola (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus parietaricola Bodenheimer, 1943: 14. Type data: IRAQ: Ruwanduz gorge, on Parietaria judaica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1991: 7. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.

Trionymus paraetaricola; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Misspelling of species name.

Chorizococcus parietaricola; Ben-Dov, 1991: 6. Change of combination.



HOST: Urticaceae: Parietaria judaica [Bodenh1943, BenDov1991, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1991, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943). Good description of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1991).

KEYS: Moghaddam & Alikhani 2014: 56-57 (female) [Key to Chorizococcus species in the Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 87]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73]; MoghadAl2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 55, 57].



Chorizococcus pazoukii Moghaddam in Moghaddam & Alikhani

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus pazoukii Moghaddam in Moghaddam & Alikhani, 2014: 56-57. Type data: IRAN: Markazi province, Shazand, Mohajeran, N 34° 02´ 29.16˝, E 49° 24´ 40.14˝, 2000 m., 5/17/2012, by A. Alikhani),. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Tehran: Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Iran. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [MoghadAl2014].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Moghaddam & Alikhani. 2014.

STRUCTURE: Body of mounted female elongate oval to broadly oval, largest specimen 3.2 mm long and 1.8 mm wide. Anal lobes barely visible, each ventral surface bearing an apical seta about 140 ľm long. Antennae each about 470 ľm long, with 8 segments. Legs well developed, small for size of body. (Moghaddam & Alikhani. 2014)

SYSTEMATICS: Chorizococcus pazoukii comes close to C. viticola from Iran in the general distribution of oral rim tubular ducts, presence of a circulus, and translucent pores on hind tibiae. However, C. pazoukii differs from the latter species by (1) the oral rim tubular ducts being in wide bands across the head, thorax and dorsal abdominal segments (one row); (2) two sizes of oral rim tubular ducts on both surfaces (equal size); and (3) presence ofmultilocular disc pores on ventral abdominal segments VI-VIII + IX (V-VIII + IX). (Moghaddam & Alikhani. 2014)

KEYS: Moghaddam & Alikhani 2014: 56-57 (female) [Key to Chorizococcus species in the Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: MoghadAl2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 55-58].



Chorizococcus penultimatus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus penultimatus McKenzie, 1967: 105. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Inyo County, near Bishop, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: penultimate mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Poaceae [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 88]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-107].



Chorizococcus polyporus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus polyporus McKenzie, 1961: 17. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, Cajon Pass, in soil under Juniperus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: many-pored mealybug [McKenz1961, McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Juniperus [McKenz1961]. Poaceae: Sitanion hystrix [BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum fasciculatum foliolosum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eriogonum fasciculatum polifolium [McKenz1961, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1961, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and crowns of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 221 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 88]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-19]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109].



Chorizococcus psoraleae McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus psoraleae McKenzie, 1960: 703. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, San Francisquito Creek, on Psoralea physodes. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: California tea mealybug [McKenz1960, Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Aster pilosus [Koszta1996], Solidago [Koszta1996]. Fabaceae: Psoralea physodes [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Tennessee [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Found on foliage of Psoralea physodes and on root crown of Solidago.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 90 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 694 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-92]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 703-705]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-111].



Chorizococcus pusillus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus pusillus De Lotto, 1961: 233. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on roots of Bidens pilosa. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Chorizococcus pusillus; De Lotto, 1964: 347. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Indigofera [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Ocimum [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]; Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. reported chromosome number 2n=10.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 88]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233, 234]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 347]; NurBrBe1987 [distribution: 54].



Chorizococcus rostellum (Lobdell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus rostellum Lobdell, 1930: 219. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, Chickasaw County, Houston, on Digitaria sp. and Cyperus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Trionymus angustus Cockerell & Bueker, 1930a: 6. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Jennings, under a stone. Holotype female. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1985: 84.

Erium angustum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Erium rostellum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Trionymus vallis Ferris, 1950b: 275. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Sacramento, on Cynodon dactylon. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 490.

Chorizococcus rostellum; McKenzie, 1960: 694. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus rostellum; McKenzie, 1967: 113. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Trionymus rostellum; McKenzie, 1967: 113. Notes: See Williams and Granara de Willink (1992) for information on type depositories.

Allotrionymus rostellum; Kawai, 1973: 314. Change of combination. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Chorizococcus rostrellum; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F: 453. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: Bermuda grass mealybug [McKenz1967].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Marietta graminicola [Beards1957]. Encyrtidae: Anagyrus swezeyi [Beards1957, KosztaKo1988F]. Thysaniidae: Thysanus dactylopii [Beards1957].

HOSTS: Agavaceae: Phormium tenax [DeLott1973], Yucca [KosztaKo1988F], Yucca shidigera [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, DeLott1973], Cyperus esculentus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cyperus rotundus [Lobdel1930]. Platanaceae: Platanus [McKenz1967, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Beards1960, McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992], Agropyron [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Arundo donax [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Avena fatua? [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Bromus [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cenchrus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cynodon [KosztaKo1988F, Koszta1996], Cynodon bradleyi [DeLott1977, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Ferris1950b, Beards1957, McKenz1967, Salaza1972, DeLott1973, MarottTr1990, Marott1992a, WilliaGr1992], Cynodon dactylon [WilliaGr1992, Granar2003a], Deschampsia australis [Beards1957], Digitaria [Lobdel1930, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, DeLott1973], Digitaria adscendens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Digitaria decumbens [PanisFeTo1974], Eleusine indica [Lobdel1930, Beards1957, McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Oryza [Koszta1996], Panicum [Koszta1996], Panicum barbinode [Salaza1972], Panicum torridum [Beards1957, BenDov1994], Paspalum [Granar2003a], Piptatherum miliaceum [PellizPoSe2011], Setaria sphacelata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Setaria viridis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Sorghum caffrorum [Granar2003a], Sorghum halepense [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Spartina [Koszta1996], Syntherisma sanguinalis [Ferris1950b, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Zoysia [Beards1957]. Portulacaceae: Montia perfoliata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Lantana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1977, Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [CockerBu1930a, Willia1985, Marott1992a, BenDov1994]); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1957, Beards1960, NurBrBe1987, BenDov1994]). Nearctic: Canada (Alberta [BenDov1994]); Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [Koszta1996], California [Ferris1950b, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, NurBrBe1987, BenDov1994], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Florida [Koszta1996], Georgia [Koszta1996], Louisiana [Ferris1950b, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Maryland [Koszta1996], Mississippi [Lobdel1930, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Koszta1996], South Carolina [Koszta1996], Tennessee [Koszta1996], Texas [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Argentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Tucuman [Granar2003a]); Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [PanisFeTo1974, MatileEt2006]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Peru [Salaza1972, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; France [Foldi2001]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, Marott1992a, BenDov1994]; Italy [DeLott1973, Tranfa1981, KosztaKo1988F, MarottTr1990, Tranfa1981, Marott1992a, BenDov1994]; Sardinia [LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996].

BIOLOGY: Predominantly subterranean, infesting the roots of its host plants. This mealybug is common on numerous grass species, particularly on Bermuda Grass, in the southern USA (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992). Kosztarab (1996) indicated that on grasses it was found between the leaf sheaths and stem.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Lobdell (1930), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Salazar (1972), Williams (1985), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988), Marotta (1992a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).Good description of the adult female given by De Lotto (1973), Tranfaglia (1981) and by Tang (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: In Hawaii, it rarely occurs on sugarcane under field conditions and considered of no economic importance (Beardsley, 1960).

KEYS: Moghaddam & Alikhani 2014: 56-57 (female) [Key to Chorizococcus species in the Palaearctic region]; Tsai & Wu 2011: 29 (female) [Key to Chorizococcus species on zoysia grasses and Ch. kandyensis]; Granara de Willink 2003a: 88 (female) [Neotropic]; Kosztarab 1996: 92 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 122 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 87 (female) [Central Europe]; Williams 1985: 75 (female) [Australia]; Kozár 1984: 123 (female) [Hungary]; De Lotto 1977: 25 (female) [South Africa]; McKenzie 1967: 88 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1960: 213 (male) [Hawaii]; McKenzie 1960: 694 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 482 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Beards1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 209-211]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242]; Beards1960a [economic importance, host, distribution: 954-955]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 88, 89]; CockerBu1930a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6, 7]; DeLott1973 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 35, 36]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25, 26]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 275-276]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 490]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Granar2003a [host, distribution: 86-87]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-94]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 87-88]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219, 220, 233]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 70, 71]; MarottTr1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 108, 109]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 177]; McKenz1960 [p. 694]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-115]; MoghadAl2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 55, 57]; NurBrBe1987 [distribution: 54]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 293,296]; Salaza1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 292]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 126, 127]; Tippin1971a [host, distribution, economic importance: 179-183]; Tranfa1981 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 7]; TsaiWu2011 [distribution, taxonomy: 28-29]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-86]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-110].



Chorizococcus scorzonerae Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus scorzonerae Tang, 1992: 593. Type data: CHINA:Inner Mongolia, on Scorzonera divaricata. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Chorizococcus scorozonerae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 89. Misspelling of species name.

Chorizococcus scorzomerae; Tao, 1999: 11. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia scoparia [Tang1992, BenDov1994], Olgaea leucophylla [Tang1992, BenDov1994], Scorzonera divaricata [Tang1992, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Panzeria alaschanica [Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tang1992, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Moghaddam & Alikhani 2014: 56-57 (female) [Key to Chorizococcus species in the Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 89]; MoghadAl2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 55, 57]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 593, 663, 707]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 11].



Chorizococcus senarius McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus senarius McKenzie, 1967: 115. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Inyo County, on Eriogonum fasciculatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: short-antennae mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Polygonaceae: Eriogonum fasciculatum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found in tunnels formed by boring beetles.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 89]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-117].



Chorizococcus setariae (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tridiscus setariae De Lotto, 1964: 384. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Setaria verticillata. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Chorizococcus setariae; De Lotto, 1977: 26. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Cynodon [DeLott1977, BenDov1994], Setaria verticillata [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; South Africa [DeLott1977, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Infesting the leaf sheaths of the host.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1977: 25 (female) [South Africa]; De Lotto 1964: 384 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 89]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 384, 385]; DeLott1977 [host, distribution: 26].



Chorizococcus shaferi (Hollinger)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus shaferi Hollinger, 1917a: 267. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, Boone County, nr Columbia, on several named hosts. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Trionymus shaferi; Ferris, 1953a: 492. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus shaferi; McKenzie, 1960: 694. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Aster [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Lactuca canadensis [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994], Lactuca sagetifolia [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994], Solidago stricta [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Geum canadense [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Mississippi [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Missouri [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a). Good description of the adult female given by Hollinger (1923).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 221 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 695 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 90]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 492-493]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 264-271]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57, 58]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy: 16].



Chorizococcus snellingi McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus snellingi McKenzie, 1967: 117. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, Morongo Valley, on Yucca brevifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Snelling mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Agavaceae: Yucca brevifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of its host-plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 88 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 90]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-119].



Chorizococcus socialis (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus socialis Brain, 1915: 103. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Chorizococcus socialis; De Lotto, 1977: 26. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Brain1915, BenDov1994], Cynodon [DeLott1977, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, DeLott1958a, DeLott1977, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958a).

KEYS: De Lotto 1977: 25 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 90]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107, 109, 110]; DeLott1977 [host, distribution: 26]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 71].



Chorizococcus sorghi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus sorghi Williams, 1970: 125. Type data: INDIA: Gwalior, on Sorghum vulgare. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Spilococcus sorghi; Tang, 1992: 272. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Sorghum vulgare [Willia1970DJ, Tang1992, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Madhya Pradesh [Willia1970DJ, Tang1992, Varshn1992, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1970DJ) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 106-107 (female) [Chorizococcus species southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 90]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 272, 273]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 49]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125, 126, 128]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-113].



Chorizococcus srinagaricus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus srinagaricus Williams, 2004a: 115. Type data: INDIA: Kashmir, Srinagar, on Sorghum sp.; collected 12.x.1977. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Sorghum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Jammu & Kashmir [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 106-107 (female) [Chorizococcus species southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115].



Chorizococcus subalpinus Brookes

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus subalpinus Brookes, 1976: 429. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Mt. Kosciusko, in surface litter. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron repens [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Poa gunnii [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Brooke1976], Tasmania [Willia1985]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brookes (1977). Good description of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 75 (female) [Australia]; Brookes 1976: 421 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 91]; Brooke1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 86].



Chorizococcus talipikanus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus talipikanus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 33. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Southern Highlands Province, Pangia area, Talipiko, on Saccharum officinarum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 91]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-33].



Chorizococcus triunfoensis Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus triunfoensis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 110. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, El Triunfo, on Yucca sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Agavaceae: Yucca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found at base of leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2003a: 88 (female) [Neotropic].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 91]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-112].



Chorizococcus uruguayensis Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus uruguayensis Granara de Willink, 2003a: 85. Type data: URUGUAY: Paysandu, Tentacion, on Baccharis sp.; collected 7.xii.1996 by Granara de Willink. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Baccharis [Granar2003a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Uruguay [Granar2003a].

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2003a).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2003a: 88 (female) [Neotropic].

CITATIONS: Granar2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86].



Chorizococcus variabilis McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus variabilis McKenzie, 1964: 225. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, Clark County, Las Vegas, on Yucca brevifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Agavaceae: Yucca brevifolia [McKenz1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Nevada [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 221 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 91]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-227].



Chorizococcus viticola Kaydan & Kozár {in}: Fallahzadeh, Kaydan & Kozár

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus viticola Kaydan & Kozár {in}: Fallahzadeh, Kaydan & Kozár, 2010: 158. Type data: IRAN: Fars province, Beyza, on Vitis vinifera; collected 29.iv.2001, by M. Fallahzadeh. Holotype female. Type depository: Van: Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Yüzüncü Yil University, Van, Turkey. Described: female. Illust.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Nephus bipunctatus (Kugelann) [FallahKaKo2010]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus matritensis (Mercet) [FallahKaKo2010].

HOST: Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [FallahKaKo2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [FallahKaKo2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Fallahzadeh, Kaydan & Kozár (2010).

SYSTEMATICS: Among the Iranian species, C. viticola is most similar to Spilococcus alhagii, both species having cup-shaped translucent pores on the hind tibia. C. viticola can readily be distinguished from S. alhagii in having only two true cerarii (15 or 16 pairs in S. alhagii). Some cerarii-like structures have been observed on the margin on some specimens of C. viticola, but there are never more than 11, and C. viticola has a greater number of oral-rim ducts on the dorsum than on S. alhagii; C. viticola also has oral collar tubular ducts on the dorsum of the last abdominal segment, which are absent on S. alhagii. (Moghaddam, 2013)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: C. viticola is the most important pest of grapevine in some parts of Fars, Iran. The damage caused by this pest has increased in recent years (Fallahzadeh et al. 2010). Fallahzadeh & Japoshvili (2010) described the parasitoid Gyranusoidea iranica Japoshvili and Fallahzadeh (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on C. viticola

KEYS: Moghaddam & Alikhani 2014: 57 (female) [Key to Chorizococcus species in the Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: FallahKaKo2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 157-163]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 6, 17-18, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 63]; MoghadAl2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 55, 57].



Chorizococcus wilkeyi McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus wilkeyi McKenzie, 1960: 705. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Placerville, on Agoseris grandiflora. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Wilkey mealybug [McKenz1960, McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Agoseris grandiflora [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eriophyllum lanatum grandiflorum [McKenz1961, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, McKenz1961, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring at the base of the plant within the leaf sheaths.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 221 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 695 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 91, 92]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 705-707]; McKenz1961 [host, distribution: 19]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-121].



Chorizococcus wilsoni McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus wilsoni McKenzie, 1961: 19. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Fresno County, Jacalitos Canyon, nr Coalinga, on Juniperus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Wilson mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus [McKenz1961, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1961, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found on the galls of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 88 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 92]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-21]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121-123].



Chorizococcus yuccae McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus yuccae McKenzie, 1961: 21. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, Norwalk, on Yucca sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: small yucca mealybug [McKenz1967]; small Yucca mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Agavaceae: Yucca [McKenz1961, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1961, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring above ground where it feeds on the foliage of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 88 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 92]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-23]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123, 124].



Chorizococcus zoysiae Tsai & Wu

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus zoysiae Tsai & Wu, 2011: 30-39. Type data: TAIWAN: Tainan City, East district, on leaf sheaths of Korean velvet grass (Zoysia tenuifolia), 11/7/2006, by S.K. Chen. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Taipei: Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Paratypes: 13 adult females, 13 third-instar females, 8 second-instar females, 4 first-instar nymphs, same data as holotype (NTUT); 3 adult females, same data as holotype (Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan); 3 adult females, same data as holotype (BMNH).



HOST: Poaceae: Zoysia tenuifolia [TsaiWu2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [TsaiWu2011].

BIOLOGY: All stages of this mealybug stayed beneath the leaf sheath. (Tsai & Wu, 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, photograph and illustrations of adult female, 1st-instar, 2nd-instar, and 3rd-instar female nymphs in Tsai & Wu, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Body color dark-brownish, covered with thin white mealy wax. Adult female and older nymphs with white, filamentous wax secretion resembling fur and covering both mealybug and host plant. The third-instar female can be distinguished from the adult female by lacking a vulva, multilocular disc pores, and oral collar tubular ducts; and from earlier instars by bearing seven-segmented antennae. The second-instar female can be distinguished from the third-instar female and adult female by its six-segmented antennae; and from the first-instar nymph by having oral rim tubular ducts. The first-instar nymph can be distinguished from all instars by lacking oral rim and tubular ducts. It shares six-segmented antennae with the second instar, but its antennae are shorter than 130 ľm (133-161 ľm in second-instar females).(Tsai & Wu, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: This new species comes close to Chorizococcus kandyensis (Green, 1922) from Sri Lanka (redescribed by Williams 2004). Both species possess dorsal oral rim tubular ducts extending across head, thorax and abdominal I and II, and ventral multilocular disc pores around vulva only. However, this species possesses 3 pairs of cerarii (Ch. kandyensis possesses only one pair) and oral rim tubular ducts of a single size on venter (Ch. kandyensis possesses oral rim tubular ducts of two sizes), and lack of circulus (present in Ch. kandyensis). The adult female can be distinguished from all other instars by presence of a vulva opening between abdominal segments VII and VIII and by the presence of multilocular disc pores posterior to the vulva and oral collar tubular ducts on ventral abdominal segments. (Tsai & Wu, 2011)

KEYS: Tsai & Wu 2011: 29 (female) [Key to Chorizococcus species on zoysia grasses and Ch. kandyensis]; Tsai & Wu 2011: 29 (female) [Key to instars of Chorizococcus zoysiae].

CITATIONS: TsaiWu2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 30-39].



Chryseococcus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Chryseococcus Cox, 1987: 35. Type species: Dactylopius arecae Maskell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Malumphy et al. 2014: 34 (female) [key to British genera given in Williams (1962) is modified to accommodate Chryseococcus]; Cox 1987: 35-36 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 13 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 92]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 35-36]; MalumpStWi2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 30-36].



Chryseococcus arecae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius arecae Maskell, 1890: 150. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Wellington, on roots of Areca [= Rhopalostylis] sapida. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Cox (1987).

Pseudococcus arecae; Fernald, 1903b: 97. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus oamaruensis Brittin, 1915: 153. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Oamaru, on Aquilegia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & de Boer, 1973: 231. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & de Boer, 1973: 230.

Ripersia occulta Brittin, 1915: 155. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Oamaru, on roots of grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & de Boer, 1973: 231. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & de Boer, 1973: 230.

Trionymus occulta; Brittin, 1938: 334. Change of combination.

Trionymus raouliae Brittin, 1938: 334. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Maruia, on Raoulia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & de Boer, 1973: 231. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & de Boer, 1973: 230.

Trionymus dendrobii Brittin, 1938: 335. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Westport, on Dendrobium sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & de Boer, 1973: 231. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & de Boer, 1973: 230.

Trionymus oamaruensis; Brittin, 1938: 337. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus arecae; Williams & de Boer, 1973: 230. Change of combination.

Chryseococcus arecae; Cox, 1987: 36. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: golden root mealybug [MalumpStWi2014].



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Areca sapida [Maskel1890, Maskel1893b, Fernal1903b], Rhopalostylis sapida [Maskel1890, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Raoulia [Britti1938, Cox1987, WilliaBo1973, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Aethionema [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Campanulaceae: Edraianthus dalmaticus [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus deltoides [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Cyatheaceae: Cyathea dealbata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Erica [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Gentianaceae: Gentiana septemfida [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae: Dendrobium [Britti1938, WilliaBo1973, BenDov1994]. Papaveraceae: Meconopsis grandis [MalumpStWi2014], Meconopsis sp. [MalumpStWi2014]. Poaceae [Britti1915, Britti1938], Agropyron repens [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Anthoxanthum odoratum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Cortaderia [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Primulaceae: Androsace sarmentosa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Auricula [Willia1973, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Primula alpicola [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Primula capetata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Primula chungensis Balf. f. & Kingdon-Ward [MalumpStWi2014], Primula polyantha [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Aquilegia [Britti1915, WilliaBo1973, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Pulsatilla vulgaris [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Saxifragaceae: Astilbe [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [Maskel1890, Maskel1893b, Fernal1903b, Britti1915, WilliaBo1973, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: United Kingdom (Scotland [MalumpStWi2014]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants and in soil, litter, and under moss.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & de Boer (1973), Cox (1987) and by Williams (1985).

STRUCTURE: In life, the adult female mealybugs are broadly-oval, dark reddish purple, with a dusting of somewhat granular, bright golden wax; their body length is up to 3.1 mm long and breadth 2.7 mm breadth. They excrete very long, fine, curved, blue-iridescent wax filaments which are readily broken and lost. These wax filaments are excreted from oral rim ducts and are usually more numerous and conspicuous on the final-nymph stage than the adult, as the former possesses a greater number of oral rim ducts. (Malumphy, et al., 2014)

SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult females of the genus Chryseococcus are easily separated morphologically from all other mealybug genera present in Britain (and Europe) by the following suite of diagnostic characters: six or seven-segmented antennae; elongate and slender tarsal claws; long, stout dorsal setae; and oral rim-tubular ducts with associated simple pores (Malumphy, et al., 2014)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: There are no published details of Chryseococcus arecae causing economic damage and it is not an economic pest in New Zealand. It has, however, been recorded damaging a range of ornamental plants in Rosetta, Tasmania, and large populations may reduce host vigour and lower the value of ornamental plants. (Malumphy, et al., 2014)

KEYS: Cox 1987: 36 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 75 (female) [Australia]; Brookes 1976: 421 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 92, 93]; Britti1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153, 155]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 334, 337]; Cocker1894s [p. 287]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 326]; Cocker1897c [p. 240]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36, 140]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 52]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 97]; MalumpStWi2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, structure, taxonomy: 30-36]; Maskel1890 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150]; Maskel1893b [host, distribution: 231, 232]; Maskel1895 [taxonomy: 132]; Myers1922 [taxonomy: 198]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-77]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228-231, 233]; Wise1977 [taxonomy: 100].



Chryseococcus longispinus (Beardsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus longispinus Beardsley, 1964b: 247. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Campbell Island, Lyall-Beeman Saddle, on Poa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Chryseococcus longispinus; Cox, 1987: 36. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Colobanthus [Beards1964b, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Poa [Beards1964b, Cox1987, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Antipodean Islands [Beards1964b, Cox1987, BenDov1994]; New Zealand [DownieGu2004].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1964b) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 36 (female) [New Zealand]; Beardsley 1964b: 239 (female) [Campbell Island].

CITATIONS: Beards1964b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 247-250]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 93]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36, 37, 151]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71].



Cintococcus Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia (Cintococcus) Goux, 1940: 61. Type species: Ripersia cinti Balachowsky, by monotypy and original designation.

Cintococcus; Borchsenius, 1949: 43. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Goux (1940).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 93]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy: 43]; Goux1940 [taxonomy, description: 61-62]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 38].



Cintococcus cinti (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia cinti Balachowsky, 1933a: 44. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Cinto, on Trisetum flavescer subsp. pratense. Holotype female. Type depository: Marseille: Collection of L. Goux, France. Described: female. Illust.

Ripersia (Cintococcus) cinti; Goux, 1940: 61.

Cintococcus cinti; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Dactylis hispanica [Balach1933a], Trisetum flavescer pratense [Balach1933a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Balach1933a, Goux1940, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1933a).

CITATIONS: Balach1933a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 44-46]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 93]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Goux1940 [taxonomy: 61]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68].



Circaputo McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Circaputo McKenzie, 1962: 641. Type species: Circaputo hirsutus McKenzie, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by McKenzie (1962).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 45 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 93]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description: 641]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 38].



Circaputo hirsutus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Circaputo hirsutus McKenzie, 1962: 643. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Cochise County, Portal, under a rock. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: hairy Circaputo mealybug [McKenz1962]; hairy circaputo mealybug [McKenz1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [McKenz1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living under a rock, in the nest of an ant,Acanthomyops interjectus arizonicus(McKenzie, 962).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 93, 94]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 643].



Cirnecoccus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Cirnecoccus Mamet, 1967a: 98. Type species: Pseudococcus policis Mamet, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Mamet (1967a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 94]; Mamet1967a [taxonomy, description: 98].



Cirnecoccus pollicis (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pollicis Mamet, 1940: 65. Type data: MAURITIUS: Pouce Mountain, on undetermined tree. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Cirnecoccus pollicis; Mamet, 1967a: 98. Change of combination.

Cirnecoccus policis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 94. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Mamet1967a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Rodriques Island [Mamet1940, Mamet1967a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1976a). Description of adult female by Mamet (1940).

KEYS: Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 94]; Mamet1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-68]; Mamet1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-100]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101].



Clavicoccus Ferris in Zimmerman

NOMENCLATURE:

Clavicoccus Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948: 168. Type species: Clavicoccus tribulus Ferris, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948).

KEYS: Zimmerman 1948: 172 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 94]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 39]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 148, 168].



Clavicoccus erinaceus Ferris in Zimmerman

NOMENCLATURE:

Clavicoccus erinaceus Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948: 172. Type data: U.S.A.: Hawaii, Oahu, Kaumokuiki Gulch, on Abortopetalum sandwicense. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Malvaceae: Abortopetalum sandwicense [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948).

KEYS: Zimmerman 1948: 172 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 94]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-172].



Clavicoccus tribulus Ferris in Zimmerman

NOMENCLATURE:

Clavicoccus tribulus Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948: 174. Type data: U.S.A.: Hawaii, Oahu, Kaluanui, on Hibiscus. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Malvaceae: Hibiscus arnottianus [Beards1959b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 212 (male) [Hawaii]; Zimmerman 1948: 172 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1959b [host, distribution: 40]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-216]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 94]; NurBrBe1987 [distribution: 54]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-174].



Coleococcus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Coleococcus Borchsenius, 1962a: 240. Type species: Coleococcus scotophilus Borchsenius, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1962a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 99]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description: 240]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy: 1]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 43]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 443-444]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 12].



Coleococcus scotophilus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Coleococcus scotophilus Borchsenius, 1962a: 240. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Chindung, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1962a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 99]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-242]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 444]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12].



Colombiacoccus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Colombiacoccus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 1. Type species: Chnaurococcus paramosarum Balachowsky, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 42 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 99]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 42, 112-113].



Colombiacoccus paramosarum (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chnaurococcus paramosarum Balachowsky, 1959: 343. Type data: COLOMBIA: Central Andes, Popayan, on Calamagrostis effata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Colombiacoccus paramosarum; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 113. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Calamagrostis effata [Balach1959, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Balach1959, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1959) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Kozár & Kosztarab 1976: 301 (female) [Hungary].

CITATIONS: Balach1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-345]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 99]; Kondo2001 [host, distribution: 35]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-115].



Conicosoma De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Conicosoma De Lotto, 1971c: 248. Type species: Conicosoma gracile De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1971c).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 100]; DeLott1971c [taxonomy, description: 248]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195].



Conicosoma gracile De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Conicosoma gracile De Lotto, 1971c: 248. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Ladismith, on Galenia africana. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Aizoaceae: Galenia africana [DeLott1971c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1971c, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1971c).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 100]; DeLott1971c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-250]; Millar2002 [illustration: 210].



Conulicoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Conulicoccus Williams, 1985: 86. Type species: Conulicoccus beardsleyi Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 87 (female) [species Australia]; Williams 1985: 38 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 100]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 86-87].



Conulicoccus beardsleyi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Conulicoccus beardsleyi Williams, 1985: 97. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Lower Plenty, in twig galls of Eucalyptus goniocalyx. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus goniocalyx [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus melliodora [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus viminalis [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in twig galls of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 87 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 100]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89].



Conulicoccus eucalypti Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Conulicoccus eucalypti Williams, 1985: 89. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, New England National Park, under bark of Eucalyptus pauciflora. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus pauciflora [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found under the bark of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 87 (female) [Australia].



Conulicoccus pholeter Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Conulicoccus pholeter Williams, 1985: 91. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Wyperfield National Park, in old stem gall of Eucalyptus viridis. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus melliodora [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus viridis [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found in old leaf and stem galls.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 87 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 100]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89, 91, 92].



Coorongia Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Coorongia Williams, 1985: 92. Type species: Coorongia gahniae Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 38 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 100]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 92].



Coorongia gahniae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Coorongia gahniae Williams, 1985: 92. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, The Coorong, near Salt Lake Creek, on Gahnia trifida. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Gahnia trifida [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 100, 101]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-94].



Cormiococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Cormiococcus Williams, 1989a: 645. Type species: Cormiococcus dieramae Williams, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1989a).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 101]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; Willia1989a [taxonomy, description: 645-646].



Cormiococcus dieramae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Cormiococcus dieramae Williams, 1989a: 646. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Sabie, Mac Mac Forestry Station, on corms of Dierama sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Iridaceae: Dierama [Willia1989a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Willia1989a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1989a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 101]; Willia1989a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 646-648]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 87].



Crenicoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Crenicoccus Williams, 2004a: 121. Type species: Crenicoccus gullanae Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and description by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 41 (female) [genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 123 (female) [Species of Crenicoccus.].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 121-122].



Crenicoccus cladomyrmae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Crenicoccus cladomyrmae Williams, 2004a: 123. Type data: MALAYSIA: Pahang, Fraser's Hill, in hollow stem of Saraca thaipingensis; collected J. Moog, 26.ii.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Drypetes longifolia [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Saraca thaipingensis [Willia2004a], Spatholobus bracteolatus [Willia2004a]. Flacourtiaceae: Ryparosa fasciculatus [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sarawak [Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: This species was collected in Malaysia from hollow stem of Saraca Thaipingensis associated with Cladomyrma petalae ants, and from hollow stem of Ryparosa fasciculatus associated with Cladomyrma sp., and from hollow stems of Spatholobus bracteolatus, and from hollow stems of Drypetes longifolia associated with Cladomyrma sp. (Williams, 2004a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Descriprion and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 123 (female) [Species of Crenicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-125].



Crenicoccus gullanae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Crenicoccus gullanae Williams, 2004a: 125. Type data: MALAYSIA: Pahang, Fraser's Hill, in hollow stem of Ryparosa fasciculata; collected by J. Moog, 14.iii.1993. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Drypetes longifolia [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Saraca thaipingensis [Willia2004a], Spatholobus [Willia2004a], Spatholobus bracteolatus [Willia2004a]. Flacourtiaceae: Ryparosa fasciculata [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: This species was found in Malaysia in hollow stems of several host plants, associated with Cladomyrme ants (Williams, 2004a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 123 (female) [Species of Crenicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-127].



Criniticoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Criniticoccus Williams, 1960: 391. Type species: Criniticoccus ficus Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1960), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 279 (female) [species Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Tang 1992: 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 18, 20 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Paik 1978 (female) [species South Korea]; Williams 1960: 391 (female) [Solomon Islands].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 101]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 47]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 278-279]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description: 391]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 37].



Criniticoccus ficus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Criniticoccus ficus Williams, 1960: 392. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: San Cristobal, Kira Kira, between fruits of Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Lever1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring between the fruits of the host plant and attended by ants Iridomyrmex myrmecodiae.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 37 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 101]; DemontOrCo2007 [, molecular data, taxonomy: 59-64]; Lever1969 [host, distribution]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 279-280]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 392, 393]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 36-37, 39].



Criniticoccus tectus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Criniticoccus tectus Williams, 1960: 392. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Malaita, Su'u, on cacao fruits. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 39. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the fruits of the host and attended by ants Iridomyrmex myrmecodiae.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 102]; Lever1969 [host, distribution]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 280]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 392, 394, 395]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39].



Criniticoccus theobromae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Criniticoccus theobromae Williams, 1960: 395. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Santa Ysabel, Holokawa, on fruits of Theobroma cacao. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 39. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [Willia1960, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the fruits of the host plant and attended by ants Technomyrmex detorquens.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 37 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 102]; Lever1969 [host, distribution]; SzentI1961 [host, distribution: 127-147]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 280, 281]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-41].



Crisicoccus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus Ferris, 1950b: 45. Type species: Dactylopius pini Kuwana, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Ferris (1950b), Ferris (1953), Ezzat & McConnell (1956), McKenzie (1967), Kawai (1980), Williams (1985), Cox (1987, 1989), Tu et al. (1988), Williams & Watson (1988a), Kosztarab (1996), Williams & Matile-Ferrero (2005a) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2010).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 41,43 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 128-129 (female) [Crisicoccus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 394 (female) [Genera of Korea]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 403 (female) [Crisicoccus species of Korea]; Kosztarab 1996: 94 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992: 348 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Cox 1989: 2 (female) [World]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Tu et al. 1988: 74 (female) [species Taiwan]; Tu et al. 1988: 73 (female) [Taiwan]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 41 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 4 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 37 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 94 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 39 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 107 (female) [species Japan]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 125 (female) [North America]; Ezzat & McKenzie 1956: 22-23 (female) [U.S.A., Maryland]; Ferris 1953a: 284 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 304 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 102]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 37]; Cox1989 [taxonomy: 2]; DanzigGa2010 [taxonomy, description: 45]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description: 22-23]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 45]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 304]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 107]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 94]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 394,403]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 125]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 47]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 347-348]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 12]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description: 73-74]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 39, 94]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 128-129]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy: 148]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 41].



Crisicoccus acaciae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus acaciae Williams, 1985: 95. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Bundoora (La Trobe University), on Acacia melanoxylon. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia acinacea [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia melanoxylon [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found in bark crevices, flowers and foliage of its host-plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 94 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 102]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95, 96].



Crisicoccus andamanensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus andamanensis Williams, 2004a: 129. Type data: INDIA: Andaman Islands, Middie Andaman, Mayabunder, on Aegiceras sp.; collected Veena, 1.v.1991. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrsinaceae: Aegiceras [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 128-129 (female) [Crisicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-131].



Crisicoccus australis Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus australis Cox, 1987: 37. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Westland, Franz Josef Glacier, Robert's Point Track, on Olearia colensoi. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Olearia colensoi [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Senecio [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 37 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 102]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37, 38, 142].



Crisicoccus azaleae (Tinsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius azaleae Tinsley, 1898c: 319. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Jose, in Japanese nursery, on Azalea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus azaleae; Fernald, 1903b: 88. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus taxi Kanda, 1943: 51. Type data: JAPAN: Hakuraku, Yokohama, on Taxus cuspidata var. ambraculifera and on Cephalotaxus drupacea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female. Synonymy by Kawai, 1980: 109.

Crisicoccus azaleae; Ferris, 1953a: 305. Change of combination.

Planococcus azaleae; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 63. Change of combination.

Crisicoccus taxi; Kawai, 1972: 6. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: azalea mealybug [McKenz1967]; Azalea mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Cephalotaxus drupacea [Kanda1943, BenDov1994], Taxus cuspidata ambraculifera [Kanda1943, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Azalea [Tinsle1898c, Fernal1903b, Essig1909a, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Tinsle1898c, Fernal1903b, Essig1909a, Ferris1918d, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Japan [Kanda1943, Kawai1980, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and stems of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967). Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kawai 1980: 109 (female) [Japan]; McKenzie 1967: 125 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 304 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 103]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, illustration: 5, 37, 52]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 35]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-65]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 98]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, distribution: 39]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 305-306]; Kanda1943 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51-53]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6-7]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 109]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-127]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 349, 350]; Tinsle1898c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 319-320].



Crisicoccus cambodiensis (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus cambodiensis Takahashi, 1942b: 12. Type data: CAMBODIA: Angkor, on undetermined host. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Crisicoccus cambodiensis; Williams, 2004a: 131. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Takaha1942b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1942b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 128-129 (female) [Crisicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 151 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 509]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 300]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-14]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-133].



Crisicoccus caulium Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus caulium Williams, 2004a: 133. Type data: INDIA: Meghalaya, Shilong, on stems of undetermined plant; collected D. Ghosh, 24.iii.1984. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Meghalaya [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 128-129 (female) [Crisicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135].



Crisicoccus chalepus (Williams)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus chalepus Williams, 1960: 428. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal, on Ficus copiosa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 43. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Crisicoccus chalepus; Williams & Watson, 1988a: 43. Change of combination.

Trionymus chalopus; Tang, 1992: 152. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Malvaceae: Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus copiosa [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Tended by ants Iridomyrmex myrmecodiae.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 41 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 103]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158, 159]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 428-430]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43].



Crisicoccus chiponensis (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus chiponensis Takahashi, 1939c: 86. Type data: TAIWAN: Chipon near Taito, on Citrus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Crisicoccus chiponensis; Tu et al., 1988: 74. Change of combination.

Planococcoides chiponensis; Tang, 1992: 360. Change of combination.

Planococcoides chipponensis; Tao, 1999: 23. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus [Takaha1939c, TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [ChenWoWu2012]. Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1939c, TuWuLe1988, WongChCh1999].

BIOLOGY: Found 'in a fungus densely covering the root.' (Takahashi, 1939c).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given Tu et al. (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Takahashi (1939c) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999).

KEYS: Tu et al. 1988: 74 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 103]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 300]; Takaha1939c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-88]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23-24]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74, 86]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6,44].



Crisicoccus coccineus (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius coccineus Newstead, 1908c: 8. Type data: TANZANIA: Kilimanjaro, Kiraragua, on Acacia spp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pseudococcus coccineus; Sasscer, 1911: 64. Change of combination.

Eurycoccus coccineus; Williams, 1958: 217. Change of combination.

Crisicoccus coccineus; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 148. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Newste1908c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [Newste1908c, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Newstead (1908c) and by Williams (1958).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus]; Matile-Ferrero 1988: 32 (female) [Saudi Arabia, on Acacia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 158, 159]; DeLott1964 [host, distribution: 351]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy: 141-143]; Newste1908c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8, 9]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 64]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216, 217].



Crisicoccus comatus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus comatus Cox, 1987: 38. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Swanson, on Nestegis lanceolatus. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Oleaceae: Nestegis lanceolatus [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 37 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 103]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38, 143].



Crisicoccus coreanus (Kanda)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus coreanus Kanda, 1941a: 323. Type data: KOREA: Southern Korea, on Quercus phyllyraeoides and Quercus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.

Crisicoccus coreanus; Paik, 1978: 122. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Tang1992, BenDov1994], Quercus phyllyraeoides [Kanda1941a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: South Korea [Kanda1941a, Paik1978].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kanda (1941). Good description of the adult female given by Paik (1978) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 403 (female) [Crisicoccus species of South Korea]; Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 104]; Kanda1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323-324]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 403]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 422]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 350].



Crisicoccus delottoi Ezzat

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus delottoi Ezzat, 1959: 401. Type data: EGYPT: Zukari, on Statice sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Crisicoccus delotti; Abd-Rabou, 2001d: 1356. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Plumbaginaceae: Statice [Ezzat1959, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Ezzat1959, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat (1959). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, taxonomy: 1356]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 104]; Ezzat1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 401-404]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 350, 351].



Crisicoccus echinodes Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus echinodes Williams, 2004a: 135. Type data: PHILIPPINES: intercepted at USA, Los Angeles, on langsat Lansium domesticum; collected J. Albu, 9.x.1993. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 128-129 (female) [Crisicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-137].



Crisicoccus fisci Khalid & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus fisci Khalid & Shafee, 1988b: 68. Type data: INDIA: Manipur, Churachandpur, New Lamka, on Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [KhalidSh1988b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [KhalidSh1988b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Khalid & Shafee (1988b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 104]; KhalidSh1988b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68, 69]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 137].



Crisicoccus gullanae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus gullanae Williams, 1985: 95. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Healesville, Colin McKenzie Fauna Park, on Pomaderris aspera. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rhamnaceae: Pomaderris aspera [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 94 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 104]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, descripion, illustration, host, distribution: 95, 97, 98].



Crisicoccus guwahatiensis Khalid & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus guwahatiensis Khalid & Shafee, 1988b: 70. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Guwahati, on wild shrub. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [KhalidSh1988b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Khalid & Shafee (1988b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 104]; KhalidSh1988b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70, 71]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 138].



Crisicoccus hirsutus (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius hirsutus Newstead, 1897b: 166. Type data: INDIA: Bombay District, in a hollow bamboo with nests of Crematogaster sp. and Sima nigra. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pseudococcus hirsutus; Fernald, 1903b: 103. Change of combination.

Erium hirsutum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Crisicoccus hirsutus; Williams, 2004a: 138. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [Willia2004a], Mangifera indica [Willia2004a]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Bamboo [Newste1897b, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Willia2004a]. Solanaceae: Brugmansia [Willia2004a]. Verbenaceae: Tectona grandis [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Newste1897b, BenDov1994] (Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Odisha [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]); Singapore [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1897b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 128-129 (female) [Species of Crisicoccus of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 393]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 103]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Newste1897b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-167]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 344]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-140].



Crisicoccus indigenus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus indigenus Cox, 1987: 38. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Taranaki, Mt. Egmont, Stratford Plateau, on Dracophyllum filifolium. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Dracophyllum filifolium [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Dracophyllum recurvum [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 37 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 104, 105]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38, 39, 144].



Crisicoccus kimanisicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus kimanisicus Williams, 2004a: 140. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, near Kimanis, on unknown plant; collected D. Burckhardt, 13.v.1982. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 128-129 (female) [Crisicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-142].



Crisicoccus linggicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus linggicus Williams, 2004a: 142. Type data: MALAYSIA: Negeri Sembilan, Linggi Forest Reserve, on mangrove, Avicennia officinalis; collected S. Takagi, 9.xi.1986. Holotype female. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selandgor, Malaysia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Avicenniaceae: Avicennia officinalis [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williama (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 128-129 (female) [Crisicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-144].



Crisicoccus longipilosus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus longipilosus De Lotto, 1961: 234. Type data: KENYA: Mombasa, on Annona sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Crisicoccus longipilosus; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 147. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [WilliaMa2005a], Mangifera indica [WilliaMa2005a]. Annonaceae: Annona [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Ageratum [WilliaMa2005a]. Clusiaceae: Harungana madagascariensis [WilliaMa2005a]. Fabaceae: Peliostigma thonningii [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [WilliaMa2005a]. Rubiaceae: Keetia zanzibarica [WilliaMa2005a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaMa2005a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961) and by Williams & Matile-Ferrero (2005a).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 518]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 234-235]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 119]; NurBrBe1987 [structure: 55]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-149].



Crisicoccus mangrovicus Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus mangrovicus Ben-Dov, 1975a: 452. Type data: EGYPT: Sinai Peninsula, Nabek, on Avicennia marina. Holotype female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Avicennia marina [BenDov1975a, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [BenDov1975a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1975a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1357]; BenDov1975a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 452-454]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 105]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-353].



Crisicoccus matesovae (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus matesovae Danzig, 1986a: 21. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Kalbinsky Mountains, on Juniperus sabina. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Crisicoccus matesovae; Cox, 1989: 3. Change of combination.



HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus sabina [Danzig1986, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Danzig1986, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1986) and by Cox (1989). Good description of the adult female given Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams & Moghadamm (1999) discussed the close taxonomic relation of Planococcus vovae, Planococcus taigae and Crisicoccus matesovae, and suggested that possiblity that all three represent a single variable species.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 105]; Cox1989 [description, illustration: 5, 68, 74]; Danzig1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20, 21]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 353]; WilliaMo2000 [taxonomy: 38-39].



Crisicoccus matsumotoi (Siraiwa)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus matsumotoi Siraiwa, 1935: 66. Type data: JAPAN: Hokkaido, Niigata, Tokyo, Shizouka, Shimane, Okayama, Ehime and Fukuoka Prefectures, on pear, walnut, fig and maple. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost. S. Takagi, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Pseudococcus astericola Shinji, 1936: 49. Type data: JAPAN: Morioka, Iwate-ken, on Aster indicus. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Kanda, 1941d: 24. Notes: Type material lost. S. Takagi, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Crisicoccus matsumotoi; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 25. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Siraiw1935, BenDov1994], Acer buergerianum [KwonDaPa2003a], Acer palmatum [KwonDaPa2003a]. Asteraceae: Aster indicus [Shinji1936, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [Willia2004a]. Juglandaceae: Juglans regia [Siraiw1935, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Broussonetia kazinoki [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Ficus [Siraiw1935, BenDov1994], Morus alba [KwonDaPa2003a]. Rosaceae: Malus pumila [KwonDaPa2003a], Pyrus communis [Siraiw1935, BenDov1994], Pyrus ussuriensis [KwonDaPa2003a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia2004a]. Theaceae: Camelia sinensis [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Assam [Willia2004a], Sikkim [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Willia2004a]); Philippines [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Japan [Siraiw1935, BenDov1994]; South Korea [Paik1978, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Siraiwa(1935), Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Kawai (1980), Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Kawai (1980) regarded Crisicoccus seruratus (Kanda, 1933) as a synonym of C. matsumotoi (Siraiwa, 1935), but this interpretation is not accepted here.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: In Japan, the Matsumoto mealybug, Crisicoccus matsumotoi (Siraiwa), is an important pest in deciduous fruit, including grapes, pears, figs, and persimmons. Monitoring the occurrence of pests in crops by using pheromone traps would assist decisions on when to spray insecticides in a more effective and efficient manner. The activity of the synthetic 3M3B5MH was equivalent to the isolated natural pheromone. Because the structure of 3M3B5MH is relatively simple and can be synthesized easily and inexpensively, it may be possible to use it to control C. matsumotoi. (Tabata, et al., 2012)

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 128-129 (female) [Crisicoccus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 403 (female) [Crisicoccus species of South Korea]; Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kawai 1980: 107 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 105]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 300]; Cox1989 [taxonomy: 5, 37]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25]; HosseiHa2011 [molecular data: 46]; Kanda1941e [taxonomy: 24]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 6]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 403-404]; KwonHa2003 [host, distribution: 279-288]; ParkLeHa2010 [taxonomy, molecular data, , economic importance: 25-33]; Shinji1936 [p. 49]; Siraiw1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-68, 74]; TabataNaSa2012 [biological control, chemical control, economic importance, molecular data: 567-574]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145]; ZouChMi2013 [chemistry: 136].



Crisicoccus melaleucae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus melaleucae Williams, 1985: 98. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Redland Bay, on Melaleuca bracteata. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca bracteata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Melaleuca leucodendron [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 94 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 105]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-100].



Crisicoccus monodi (Balachowsky & Ferrero)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus monodi Balachowsky & Ferrero, 1969: 138. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Acacia drepanolobium. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Crisicoccus monodi; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 148. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia drepanolobium [BalachFe1969, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [BalachFe1969, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky and Ferrero (1969).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 141-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus]; Matile-Ferrero 1988: 32 (female) [Saudi Arabia, on Acacia].

CITATIONS: BalachFe1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-142]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 160]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 141-143]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy: 148].



Crisicoccus moricola Tang in Tang & Li

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus moricola Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 39. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Baotou City, on Morus alba. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Moraceae: Morus alba [TangLi1988, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Borchsenius 1949: 94 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 106]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 354, 355]; TangHaTa1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39, 41, 42]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12].



Crisicoccus myrmecophilus Wu, S.A.

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus myrmecophilus Wu, S.A., 2001: xxx. Type data: CHINA: Henan Province, Neixiang County, Getiaopa, on Cudrania tricuspidata. Holotype. Type depository: XXXXXXXXXXXX. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Moraceae: Cudrania tricuspidata.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Henan (=Honan)).



Crisicoccus orchidiradicis (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus orchidiradicis Takahashi, 1951a: 2. Type data: WEST MALAYSIA: Malaya, Cameron Highland, on roots of orchid on a wild tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Crisicoccus orchidiradicis; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 26. Change of combination.



HOST: Orchidaceae [Takaha1951a, EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Takaha1951a, EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a), Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Attended by ants of Crematogaster sp. and Lecanopteris carnosa.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 128-129 (female) [Crisicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 106]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 26, 27]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2, 3]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-147].



Crisicoccus pilosus Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus pilosus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 27. Type data: INDIA: intercepted at Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.A., on Dahlia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Dahlia [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Dscription and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 128-129 (female) [Crisicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 106]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-29]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 355]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-149].



Crisicoccus pini (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius pini Kuwana, 1902: 54. Type data: JAPAN: Kyushu, Koishiwara, on Pinus sp. and in Tokyo, Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, on Pinus pentaphylla. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, and UPLB. Described: female.

Pseudococcus pini; Fernald, 1903b: 107. Change of combination.

Crisicoccus pini; Ferris, 1950b: 46. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Kuwana pine mealybug [McKenz1967, Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies [Wang1981TC, BenDov1994], Pinus [Kuwana1902, Fernal1903b, Ferris1950b, EzzatMc1956, McKenz1967, Wang1980], Pinus densiflora [Paik1978, TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003a], Pinus koraiensis [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Pinus massoniana [MartinLa2011], Pinus nigra [Koszta1996], Pinus parviflora [EzzatMc1956], Pinus pentaphylla [Kuwana1902, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Pinus pinaster [GermaiMa2006], Pinus radiata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pinus tabulaeformis [Tang1984b, BenDov1994], Pinus thunbergiana [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Pinus thunbergii [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], District of Columbia [Koszta1996]). Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Taiwan [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: China [Tang1984b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1980, BenDov1994]); France [new]; Japan [Kuwana1902, Fernal1903b, BenDov1994]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [DanzigGa2010]); South Korea [Kanda1941a, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003a].

BIOLOGY: Occurring amongst the growing needles of pine.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), Ezzat & McConnell (1956), McKenzie (1967), Tu et al. (1988), Kosztarab (1996) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2010).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Paik (1978).

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439515 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Gill reported (in Kosztarab, 1996) that it was becoming a pest of ornamental pines in California.

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 403 (female) [Crisicoccus species of South Korea]; Kosztarab 1996: 94 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tu et al. 1988: 74 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 107 (female) [Japan]; McKenzie 1967: 125 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 304 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 106-107]; ChenChYi2006 [life history, ecology, distribution: 13-16]; DanzigGa2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-48]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-31]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 107]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-47]; GermaiMa2006 [host, distribution: 402]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 177-178]; Kanda1941a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 302]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 6]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 107]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-96]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54, 55]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 183]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy: 170]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 404]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-129]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 124]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 356]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74, 75, 87]; Wang1980 [host, distribution: 284]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66].



Crisicoccus saudiensis (Matile-Ferrero)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus saudiensis Matile-Ferrero, 1988: 30. Type data: SAUDI ARABIA: Wadi Bani Malek, on Acacia asak. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Crisicoccus saudiensis; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 148. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia asak [Matile1988, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia [Matile1988, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1988).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus]; Matile-Ferrero 1988: 32 (female) [Saudi Arabia, on Acacia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 160]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 141-143]; Matile1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-32]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy: 148].



Crisicoccus seruratus (Kanda)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus seruratus Kanda, 1933a: 133. Type data: JAPAN: Yokohama, on roots of Obelicea serurata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.

Crisicoccus seruratus; Paik, 1978: 186. Change of combination.



HOST: Ulmaceae: Abelicea serrata [Kanda1933a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kanda1933a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kanda (1933a).

SYSTEMATICS: Kawai (1980) regarded C. seruratus as a synonym of C.matsumotoi (Siraiwa, 1935), but selected the latter as the valid name, although the former was described earlier. Paik (1978) regarded C. seruratus and C. matsumotoi as distinct species and his interpretation is accepted here.

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 403 (female) [Crisicoccus species of South Korea].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 107]; Kanda1933a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 6]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 404]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 186].



Crisicoccus strigilis Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus strigilis Gavrilov, 2013: 70-71. Type data: INDONESIA: West Papua, near Manokwari, on twigs of dicotyledonous tree, 11/5/2011, by I.A. Gavrilov. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. K 892. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Gavrilov, 2013.

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body broadly oval, slightly pyriform, about 2 mm long. Eyes each about 40 ľm in diameter. Antennae each 8-segmented. Long, thick setae of different sizes scattered on dorsum and along the ventral margin. Flagellate setae of different sizes scattered on the venter. (Gavrilov, 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: Crisicoccus strigilis seems to be closely related to C. echinodes Williams, 2004 (from the Philippines), the only other species in the genus, which is characterized by unusually thick, long dorsal setae. However, C. strigilis differs from C. echinodes in the presence of well-developed anal lobe cerarii, which are absent in C. echinodes. (Gavrilov, 2013)

CITATIONS: Gavril2013 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 70-71].



Crisicoccus taxodii Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus taxodii Kosztarab, 1996: 96. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Collier county, Seminole State Park, on Taxodium sp. Holotype. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: baldcypress mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Taxodiaceae: Taxodium [Koszta1996], Taxodium distichum nutans [Koszta1996], Taxodium distichum [Koszta1996], Taxodium macronatum [Koszta1996, MunozVMaGo2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [MunozVMaGo2010]; United States of America (Florida [Koszta1996], Georgia [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 94 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-98]; MunozVMaGo2010 [distribution, host: 93-96].



Crisicoccus theobromae Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus theobromae Williams & Watson, 1988a: 43. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Northern Province, on Theobroma cacao. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Neonauclea cyrtopoda [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 128-129 (female) [Crisicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 41 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 107]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-151]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45].



Crisicoccus tokaanuensis Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus tokaanuensis Cox, 1987: 39. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Taupo, Tokaanu, on Leptospermum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Leptospermum scoparium [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 37 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 107]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39, 40, 145].



Crisicoccus tristaniae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Crisicoccus tristaniae Williams, 1985: 100. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Brisbane, on Tristania conferta. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Tristania conferta [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 94 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100, 101].



Crocydococcus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Crocydococcus Cox, 1987: 40. Type species: Trionymus cottieri Brittin, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 13 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 107]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 40].



Crocydococcus cottieri (Brittin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus cottieri Brittin, 1938: 339. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Wanganui, on Nothofagus menziesii. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 40. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Crocydococcus cottieri; Cox, 1987: 40. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Nothofagus menziesii [Britti1938, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus solandri [Cox1987].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Britti1938, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987). Good description of the adult female given by Brittin (1938).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 107, 108]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 339]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40, 146].



Cryptoripersia Cockerell {in}: Ehrhorn

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia (Cryptoripersia) Cockerell {in}: Ehrhorn, 1899: 5. Type species: Eriococcus turgipes Ehrhorn, by original designation.

Cryptoripersia; Cockerell, 1899m: 278. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1953a), De Lotto (1964), McKenzie (1964, 1967), Miller & McKenzie (1973) and by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Williams 1985: 102 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 37 (female) [Australia]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 499 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1967: 45, 47 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 130 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1964: 227 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 284 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 307 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 108]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 278]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description: 348]; Ehrhor1899 [taxonomy, description: 5]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 307]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy: 1]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description: 227]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 129-130]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description: 498]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 51]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 37, 102].



Cryptoripersia arizonensis (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia arizonensis Ehrhorn, 1899: 5. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Grand Canyon, in ants' nest. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & McKenzie, 1973: 499. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Eriococcus salinus Ehrhorn, 1911: 276. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Alameda, on 'bunchgrass'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1919c: 298.

Cryptoripersia salinus; Ferris, 1918d: 74. Change of combination.

Cryptoripersia arizonensis; Ferris, 1919a: 34. Change of combination.

Cryptoripersia salina; Lindinger, 1932f: 197. Revived status.

COMMON NAME: felt-sac mealybug [McKenz1967, MillerMc1973].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Ehrhor1899]. Poaceae [Ehrhor1899, McKenz1967], Agropyron [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Agropyron spicatum [McKenz1967], Bromus tectorum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Danthonia californica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Distichlis [Ehrhor1911, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Elymus [Ferris1919a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Sitanion hystrix [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Stipa [BenDov1994], Stipa thutberiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ehrhor1899, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], California [Ehrhor1911, Ferris1919a, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], North Dakota [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Utah [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and roots of grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967). Good description of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 499 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 130 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 307 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 108]; Ehrhor1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 5]; Ehrhor1911 [p. 276]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy: 74]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 34]; Ferris1919c [taxonomy: 298, 299]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 308-309]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 197]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-132]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 499].



Cryptoripersia corpulenta De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptoripersia corpulenta De Lotto, 1964: 348. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Ceres, on Chrysocoma tenuifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Chrysocoma tenuifolia [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 108]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 348]; Millar2002 [illustration: 230].



Cryptoripersia kingii (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia kingii Cockerell, 1896m: 222. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Dracot, with Lasius flavus. Syntypes, nymphal stages. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: immature. Notes: Type material probably lost, see De Lotto (1957), and Matile-Ferrero and Ben-Dov (1995).

Cryptoripersia kingii; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 258. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Massachusetts [Cocker1896m, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Associated with ants - Lasius flavus and L. claviger.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Cockerell (1896m).

SYSTEMATICS: Ferris (1953a) discussed some taxonomic characters of this species. The new combination by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) was based on characters of the species as observed by Douglass R. Miller in the type-series (immatures).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 475]; Cocker1896m [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 222, 223]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 496]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 258].



Cryptoripersia leucocystis Bueker

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptoripersia leucocystis Bueker, 1931: 1. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Boulder, on Poa and in nests of Lasius sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Poa [Bueker1931, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado [Bueker1931, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant and in the nests of ants (Lasius sp.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bueker (1931).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 108, 109]; Bueker1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-3].



Cryptoripersia lii (Brookes)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus lii Brookes, 1976: 422. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Tortilla Flat, on Oryza sativa. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

Cryptoripersia lii; Williams, 1985: 102. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Oryza sativa [Brooke1976, Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Brooke1976, Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brookes (1977).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 102 (female) [Australia]; Matile-Ferrero 1979: 73 (female) [Chorizococcus species on rice]; Brookes 1976: 421 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 109]; Brooke1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 422, 423]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 102].



Cryptoripersia loweri (Brookes)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus loweri Brookes, 1976: 424. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Mitchelville, on subterranean stem of undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

Cryptoripersia loweri; Williams, 1985: 102. Change of combination.



HOST: Aizoaceae: Disphyma clavellatum [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Brooke1976, Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the subterranean stems and roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brookes (1977).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 102 (female) [Australia]; Brookes 1976: 421 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 109]; Brooke1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 424, 425]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 102].



Cryptoripersia myrmecophila (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia myrmecophila Maskell, 1897a: 244. Type data: U.S.A.: Michigan, near Lansing, in ants' nests. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Cryptoripersia myrmecophila; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 258. Change of combination.

Cryptoripersia myrmecophylla; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 258. Misspelling of species name.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Michigan [Maskel1898, BenDov1994, MatileBe1995]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Maskell (1898).

SYSTEMATICS: Ferris (1955b) discussed some taxonomic characters of this species. The new combination by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) was based on characters (given in the above publication) of the species as observed in the type-series.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 475]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 54]; Maskel1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 244-245]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 258].



Cryptoripersia trichura (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia trichura Cockerell, 1901g: 55. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, hostplant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Trionymus hypolithus Shotwell, 1924: 353. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Boulder, in nest of Lasius sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Miller & McKenzie, 1973: 500.

Erium hypolithum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Cryptoripersia trichura; Ferris, 1953a: 310. Change of combination.

Cryptoripersia hypolithus; McKenzie, 1960: 706. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: anal-seta mealybug [MillerMc1973].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Ferris1953a]. Poaceae [Ferris1953a, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado [Ferris1950b, Ferris1953a, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Cocker1901g, Ferris1953a, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], North Dakota [MillerMc1973]).

BIOLOGY: Living in ants' nests on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) (as Trionymus hypolithus), Ferris (1953a) and by Miller & McKenzie (1973).

SYSTEMATICS: Ferris (1919c) synonymized Ripersia trichura and Eriococcus salinus Ehrhorn with R. arizonensis Ehrhorn, but Ferris (1953a) reinstated salinus and regarded R. arizonensis as a synonym of R. trichura, although R. arizonensis had seniority. Miller & McKenzie (1973) regard R. trichura and R. arizonensis as separate species and E.salinus as a synonym of R. arizonensis.

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 499 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 130 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 307 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 109]; Cocker1901g [description, host, distribution: 55]; Ferris1919c [taxonomy: 298, 299]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267-268]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 310-311]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy: 706]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 500-502]; Shotwe1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 353, 354].



Cryptoripersia tubulata McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptoripersia tubulata McKenzie, 1964: 228. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Plumas County, Portola, under rock, in ants' nest. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: tubulate mealybug [McKenz1964, McKenz1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Known only from under a rock, in ants' nest, Formica subpolita camponoticeps.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964, 1967).

STRUCTURE: See colour illustration in McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 499 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 130 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 109, 110]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228, 229]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132, 133].



Cyperia De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Cyperia De Lotto, 1964: 348. Type species: Pseudococcus percrassus De Lotto, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good difinition and characters given by De Lotto (1964, 1977).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 110]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description: 348-349]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, description: 26-27].



Cyperia angolica De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Cyperia angolica De Lotto, 1977: 27. Type data: ANGOLA: Novo Redondo, on Elaeis guineensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [DeLott1977, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1977, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Data on the taxonomy, synonyms, nomenclature, geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance given by Ben-Dov (1994).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 110]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-29].



Cyperia percrassa (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus percrassus De Lotto, 1961: 226. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on Cyperus papyrus. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Cyperia percrassus; De Lotto, 1964: 348. Change of combination.

Cyperia percrassa; De Lotto, 1977: 27. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

Cyperia percrassus Ben-Dov, 1994: 411. Unjustified emendation.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Cyperus papyrus [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 226]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 348].



Cypericoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Cypericoccus Williams, 1985: 103. Type species: Cypericoccus multipori Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 22 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Williams 1985: 35 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 110]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 140-141]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 103].



Cypericoccus multipori Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Cypericoccus multipori Williams, 1985: 103. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Midland Junction nr Perth, on inflorescence of Cyperus rotundus. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus [Willia1985, HendriKo1999], Mesomelaena tetragona [Willia1985, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in the inflorescence of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 111]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-144]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-105].



Cyphonococcus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Cyphonococcus Cox, 1987: 41. Type species: Dactylopius alpinus Maskell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 41 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 13 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 111]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 41].



Cyphonococcus alpinus (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius alpinus Maskell, 1884: 138. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Southern Alps, on Veronica [= Hebe] sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material apparently lost, see Cox (1987).

Pseudococcus alpinus; Fernald, 1903b: 97. Change of combination.

Trionymus alpinus; Brittin, 1938: 340. Change of combination.

Trionymus chiltoni Brittin, 1938: 340. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Cass, on Leucopogon [= Cyathodes] sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 42. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1987: 41.

Cyphonococcus alpinus; Cox, 1987: 41. Change of combination.



ASSOCIATE: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012].

HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Cyathodes [Britti1938, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Hebe [DownieGu2004], Hebe brachysiphon [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Hebe darwiniana [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Hebe stricta [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Veronica [Fernal1903b, Britti1938].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Maskel1884, Maskel1887a, Fernal1903b, Britti1938, Cox1987, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the stems of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by by Cox (1987). Good description of the adult female given by Brittin (1938).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 41 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 111]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 340, 341]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41, 42, 147]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 52]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 97]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Maskel1884 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-100]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368].



Cyphonococcus furvus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Cyphonococcus furvus Cox, 1987: 42. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Lake Sylvester, on Hebe pauciramosa masonae. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Scrophulariaceae: Hebe canterburiensis [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Hebe elliptica [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Hebe pauciramosa masonae [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 41 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 111]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42, 150].



Cyphonococcus iceryoides (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius iceryoides Maskell, 1892: 33. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Reefton District, on Fagus [= Nothofagus] fusca. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 43. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pseudococcus iceryoides; Fernald, 1903b: 103. Change of combination.

Trionymus iceryoides; Brittin, 1938: 344. Change of combination.

Cyphonococcus iceryoides; Cox, 1987: 43. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Nothofagus fusca [Maskel1892, Britti1938, BenDov1994], Nothofagus menziesii [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus solandri [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus solandri cliffortioides [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Maskel1892, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Maskell (1892) and by Cox (1987). Good description of the adult female given by Brittin (1938).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 41 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 111]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 344, 345]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43, 149]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 54]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 103]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33, 34]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198].



Delococcus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Delococcus Ferris, 1955: 5. Type species: Formicococcus tafoensis Strickland, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1955).

SYSTEMATICS: The large amount of morphological variation in species of Delottococcus makes it difficult to diagnose the genus. However, characters that are useful for identification of most specimens are: the presence of an anal bar; presence of oral-rim tubular ducts, often without a definite rim; presence of abdominal cerarii with no more than two conical setae and no auxiliary setae; presence of translucent pores on hind tibia; absence of translucent pores on hind coxa; and absence of a circulus. This is a difficult group of mealybugs to identify. It would be highly beneficial to develop molecular data that might facilitate the identification process. (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 112]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description: 5]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 55].



Delococcus tafoensis (Strickland)

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus tafoensis Strickland, 1947a: 513. Type data: GHANA: Tafo, on Theobroma cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Delococcus tafoensis; Ferris, 1955: 6. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Alstonia congensis [Strick1947a, Ferris1955, BenDov1994]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [Strick1947a, Ferris1955, BenDov1994]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [Strick1947a, Ferris1955, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Terminalia superba [Strick1947a, Ferris1955, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Guarea cedrata [Strick1947a, Ferris1955, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Cola cordifolia [Strick1947a, Ferris1955, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [Strick1947a, Ferris1955, BenDov1994], Triplochiton scleroxylon [Strick1947a, Ferris1955, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Strick1947a, Ferris1955, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living in cracks, or under flakes, of the bark of the host plants, usually on buttress roots or within 8 ft on the ground.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Strickland (1947a) and by Ferris (1955).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 112]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6]; Strick1947a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 513-515].



Delottococcus Cox & Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Delottococcus Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 487. Type species: Pseudococcus trichiliae Brain, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Cox & Ben-Dov (1986).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Cox 1989: 3 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 112]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy, description: 487-488]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MillerGi2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 614–640].



Delottococcus aberiae (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Allococcus aberiae De Lotto, 1961: 211-212. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Aberia caffra. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Delottococcus aberiae; Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 488. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Phus mucronata [MillerGi2011]. Apocynaceae: Acokanthera schimperi [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Cussonia signata [MillerGi2011], Cussonia sp. [MillerGi2011], Cussonia spicata [DeLott1977]. Celastraceae: Maytenus mossambicensis [MillerGi2011]. Compositae: Brachylaena discolor [MillerGi2011], Chrysanthemoides monilifera [MillerGi2011]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [MillerGi2011]. Ebenaceae: Euclea sp. [MillerGi2011]. Fabaceae: Acacia sp. [MillerGi2011], Erythrina sp. [MillerGi2011]. Flacourtiaceae: Aberia caffra [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Gentianaceae: Orphium frutescens [MillerGi2011]. Guttiferae: Garcinia malenjiensis [MillerGi2011]. Iridaceae: Bobartia orientalis [MillerGi2011]. Meliaceae: Trichilia emetica [MillerGi2011]. Moraceae: Ficus sp. [MillerGi2011], Ficus sycomorus [MillerGi2011]. Myricaceae: Myrica cordifolia [DeLott1977], Myrica pilulifera [DeLott1977]. Myrsinaceae: Rapanea melanophloeos [MillerGi2011]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia capensis [MillerGi2011], Psidium guajava [DeLott1961], Syzygium cordatum [MillerGi2011]. Oleaceae: Olea africana [MillerGi2011], Olea europaea [DeLott1961]. Polygalaceae: Nylandtia spinosa [MillerGi2011]. Polygonaceae: Mundia albiflora [MillerGi2011]. Proteaceae: Protea welwitschii [MillerGi2011]. Rosaceae: Cliffortia linearifolia [MillerGi2011], Pyrus malus [DeLott1961]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus limon [MillerGi2011], Citrus reticulata [MillerGi2011], Citrus sp. [MillerGi2011]. Sapotaceae: Bequaertiodendron [DeLott1977], Bequaertiodendron sp. [MillerGi2011]. Thymelaeaceae: Passerina sp. [MillerGi2011], Passerina vulgaris [MillerGi2011]. Ulmaceae: Chaetacme aristata [MillerGi2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]; Mozambique [DeLott1977, BenDov1994]; South Africa [DeLott1977, BenDov1994]; Swaziland [MillerGi2011]; Tanzania [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]; Zimbabwe [DeLott1977, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Spain [MillerGi2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

STRUCTURE: Delottococcus aberiae adult female has a wax covering that is uniformly grey, abdominal segmentation distinct, five or six pairs of caudal filaments become progressively longer posteriorly, with longest only slightly longer than antennae. Cottony ovisac longer than body of adult female, containing pale yellow eggs. All stages, including egg-laying females, present during winter on main root of Chrysanthemoides monilifera plants at Vermont, Hermanus, South Africa. (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: This species is most similar to Delottococcus elisabethae. There has been considerable confusion about the identity of this species because of extensive variation in the distribution and number of oral-collar tubular ducts and the presence of very small, obscure translucent pores on the hind femur. Oral-collar tubular ducts may be present or absent near cerarius 13 even within specimens from the same collection or on each side of one specimen. (Miller & Giliomee, 2011) Beltra, et al., (2012) stated that t was located close to V. rimariae on the phylogenetic tree, providing evidence for the existence of a southern African clade.

KEYS: Miller & Giliomee 2011: 638-639 [Key to species of Delottococcus].

CITATIONS: BeltraSoMa2012 [molecular data, phylogenetics: 167-171]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 112]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 488]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-212]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 16]; MillerGi2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 615-619].



Delottococcus confusus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Allococcus confusus De Lotto, 1977: 16. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Cape Town, on Leucadendron sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Delottococcus confusus; Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 488. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Carissa sp. [MillerGi2011]. Bruniaceae: Brunia sp. [MillerGi2011]. Labiatae: Plectranthus sp. [MillerGi2011]. Meliaceae: Trichilia emetica [MillerGi2011], Trichilia sp. [MillerGi2011]. Monimiaceae: Xymalos monospora [MillerGi2011]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [MillerGi2011]. Proteaceae: Leucadendron [DeLott1977, BenDov1994], Leucadendron argenteum [MillerGi2011], Protea caffra [MillerGi2011], Protea cynarioides [MillerGi2011], Protea sp. [MillerGi2011]. Rubiacea: Canthium subovatum [MillerGi2011]. Sapotaceae: Mimusops caffra [MillerGi2011]. Solanaceae: Lycium sp [MillerGi2011], Lycium tetrandrum [MillerGi2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1977, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Hawaiian Islands [MillerGi2011]. Nearctic: United States of America (California [MillerGi2011] (D. confusus, a species previously known only in South Africa, was discovered in 2003 at a nursery in southern California on Protea and has since been recorded on Leucadendron and Protea at several nurseries in central and southern California; on one occasion, Leucadendron plants were being defoliated by the infestation. The species is not regarded as established in California, and any infestations found are eradicated.)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1977). Redescription and illustrations in Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

STRUCTURE: Body of adult female grey or greyish green, with three or four pairs of lateral filaments, posterior-most pair is longest, about one third the length of the body. Feeding and ovipositing females occur on the undersides of leaves. The ovisac is white covering all but the anterior portion of the head, about three times the length of adult female body. The eggs are bright yellow when first laid but turn orange as they develop. (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: De Lotto (1977) referred to this species the syntypes of Pseudococcus trichiliae Brain taken on Leucadendron argentatum in Rosebank (Cape Town), South Africa. This species is most similar to Delottococcus trichiliae, lacking translucent pores on hind femur, having 19 or more setae on each hind femur, and lacking oral-collar tubular ducts near cerarii 12 and 13. Delottococcus confusus differs by having: (characters in brackets are those of D. trichiliae) more than 70 translucent pores on hind tibia (fewer than 70); some cerarian setae on head and thorax similar in thickness to dorsal setae (cerarian setae on head and thorax thick and more conical than those on dorsum of thorax). (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

KEYS: Miller & Giliomee 2011: 638-639 [Key to species of Delottococcus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 113]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 488]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-18]; MillerGi2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 619-624].



Delottococcus elisabethae (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus elisabethae Brain, 1915: 126. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Newlands, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Allococcus elisabethae; De Lotto, 1977: 19. Change of combination.

Delottococcus elisabethae; Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 488. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brain (1915). Redescription and illustration in Miller & Giliomee, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Brain (1915) wrote ‘Ovisac: Loose, cottony, white, usually more or less spherical, sometimes slightly elongate; may attain 3 mm. in length. Ova and larvae pale yellow. Adult female olivaceous-brown with opaque white wings. The two caudal filaments are white, slender, as long as the head and body together... Female (half-grown): about 1.3 mm. long, flesh-pink in colour, with very short lateral filaments and two short caudal ones, which in a few cases reached one-fourth the length of the body. 9 adult; When living the 9 is about 2 mm. long, and is pale brown to dark olivaceous-brown in colour’. (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: De Lotto (1958) synonymised it with Pseudococcus quaesitus Brain, 1915, but later, De Lotto (1977) resurrected Pseudococcus elisabethae and placed it in Allococcus. This species is most similar to Delottococcus aberiae and has often been confused with it. It is similar to D. aberiae by having 16-18 pairs of cerarii, no submarginal multilocular pores, and no oral collars near cerarius 12. Delottococcus elisabethae differs by having: (characters in brackets are those of D. aberiae) translucent pores absent from hind femur (present on hind femur), antennae shorter than 450 ěm (more than 450 ěm), femur with 19-23 setae (14-18 setae), no oral-collar tubular ducts near cerarius 13 (present on some specimens). (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

KEYS: Miller & Giliomee 2011: 638-639 [Key to species of Delottococcus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 113]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127, 128]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 488]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy: 19]; MillerGi2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 624-626].



Delottococcus euphorbiae (Ezzat & McConnell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus euphorbiae Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 77. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: intercepted in U.S.A., on Euphorbia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Allococcus meridionalis De Lotto, 1961: 212. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Bellville, on Geranium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1977: 19.

Allococcus euphorbiae; De Lotto, 1977: 19. Change of combination.

Delottococcus euphorbiae; Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 488. Change of combination.



FOE: DIPTERA Chamaemyiidae: Leucopis [Matile1983a].

HOSTS: Asclepiadaceae: Stapelia [Tranfa1981, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994]. Cactaceae: Aporocactus [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994], Chamaecereus [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994], Echinopsis [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994], Opuntia [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Cotyledon [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994], Crassula [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994], Echeveria [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994], Sedum [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994], Sempervivum [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [EzzatMc1956, DeLott1977, Matile1983a, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [DeLott1961, TranfaMa1983, Marott1987a, Matile1983a, BenDov1994], Pelargonium [Tranfa1981, TranfaMa1983, Marott1987a, Matile1983a, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994], Pelargonium zonale [MillerGi2011]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Chaetachmae aristata [DeLott1977, Matile1983a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [EzzatMc1956, DeLott1961, DeLott1977, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: France [Matile1983a, Foldi2000]; Italy [Tranfa1981, TranfaMa1983, Marott1987a, Pelliz1991, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997].

BIOLOGY: The species is biparental, oviparous, developing four annual generations in Portici, Italy. Overwintering as fertilized females (Marotta & Pagano, 1997). This species is attended by the ant Iridomyrmex humilis (Matile-Ferrero, 1983a). When the infestations are heavy, they occur on all parts of the plants except the roots. Large amounts of honeydew are produced which become contaminated with sooty mold and turn the plant black. (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and De Lotto (1961). Good description of the adult female given by Tranfaglia & Marotta (1982). Redescription and illustration in Miller & Giliomee, 2011.

STRUCTURE: See a photograph of the adult female in Tranfaglia & Marotta (1982). The body of the adult female is pinkish, covered with white wax and the abdominal segmentation is apparent. The margin of the body has 18 pairs of filaments that are subequal in size with the exception of the posterior two pairs. The penultimate pair is longer than the anterior pairs but is about half the length of the anal pair which are broad and conspicuous. The ovisac is about 1.5 times the length of the body of the adult female. In heavy infestations the ovisacs coalesce and form a white waxy mass. (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: This species is most similar to Delottococcus quaesitus by having submarginal multilocular pores and several oral-collar tubular ducts near cerarius 13. Delottococcus euphorbiae differs by having: (characters in brackets are those of D. quaesitus) submarginal multilocular pores numerous on abdomen with more than 20 on each side of body (few, less than 20), 17 or 18 pairs of cerarii (9-14 pairs); few dorsal oral rims with 2-4 on abdominal segment VII (many with 8-13 oral rims). (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

KEYS: Miller & Giliomee 2011: 638-639 [Key to species of Delottococcus]; Marotta & Pagano 1997: 114 (female) [Italian mealybugs on Geranium sp.].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 113]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 488]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-213]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-79]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; MarottPa1997 [host, distribution, life history: 99-114]; Matile1983a [host, distribution: 253-255]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 201-202]; MillerGi2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 626-628]; Pelliz1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 764]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 50]; Tranfa1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6]; Tranfa1983 [taxonomy: 455]; TranfaMa1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 53-55]; TranfaTr1984 [taxonomy: 373]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 215].



Delottococcus millari Miller & Giliomee

NOMENCLATURE:

Delottococcus millari Miller & Giliomee, 2011: 628-630. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Strandfontein, on Lycium tetrandrum, 10/5/1978, by S. Neser. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. 5640. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Laurophyllus capensis [MillerGi2011]. Solanaceae: Lycium tetrandrum [MillerGi2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [MillerGi2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Miller & Giliomee, 2011.

SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to Delottococcus aberiae by having translucent pores on the hind femur and oral collars near cerarius 13. Delottococcus millari differs by having: (characters in brackets are those of D. aberiae) several multilocular pores on the anterior margin of segments II-VII (usually VII-VIII), and 10-27 multilocular pores on thorax (1-4). (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

KEYS: Miller & Giliomee 2011: 638-639 [Key to species of Delottococcus].

CITATIONS: MillerGi2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 628-630].



Delottococcus phylicus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Allococcus phylicus De Lotto, 1977: 19. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Stellenbosch, on Phylica plumosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Delottococcus phylicus; Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 488. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Rhamnaceae: Phylica plumosa [DeLott1977, BenDov1994], Phylica pubescens [DeLott1977, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1977, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1977).

STRUCTURE: On leaves and stems of host, ovisac covers body, eggs yellow-orange, body of female lightly covered with white wax, with three or four pairs of short filaments on posterior end of body. (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to Delottococcus quaesitus by having a reduced number of cerarii, short anal ring setae, and submarginal multilocular pores. Delottococcus phylicus differs by having: (characters in brackets are those of D. quaesitus) several multilocular pores on segment III (usually without), oral collars absent near cerarius 13 (present); hind tibia 150-205 ľm long (115-288 ľm long). (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

KEYS: Miller & Giliomee 2011: 638-639 [Key to species of Delottococcus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 113, 114]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 488]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-21]; MillerGi2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 630-631].



Delottococcus proteae (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus proteae Hall, 1937: 128. Type data: ZIMBABWE [= RHODESIA]: Inyazura, on Protea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paracoccus proteae; Williams, 1958b: 8. Change of combination.

Allococcus proteae; De Lotto, 1977: 21. Change of combination.

Delottococcus proteae; Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 488. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Proteaceae: Faurea saligna [MillerGi2011], Leucadendron tinctum [FrancoRuMa2011], Protea [Hall1937, BenDov1994], Protea caffra [DeLott1977, BenDov1994], Protea cynaroides [FrancoRuMa2011], Protea longifolia [FrancoRuMa2011], Protea magnifica x susannae [FrancoRuMa2011], Protea repens [FrancoRuMa2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1977, BenDov1994] (De Lotto (1977) indicated that specimens from Pretoria on Protea caffra that he collected in 1963 represent the only series of specimens from South Africa, but they are a misidentification of D. trichiliae. (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)); Zimbabwe [Hall1937, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1937) and by Williams (1958b).

STRUCTURE: Hall (1937) wrote ‘A small ovate species in which the brownish colour is obscured by a coating of white pulverulent matter. Four short and stout caudal filaments; these are 1/3 of the length of the body of the insect. A few successively shorter marginal filaments occur on the abdominal segments, but these are poorly developed in some individuals. Ovisac of indeterminate shape. Eggs very pale brown almost yellow. Found on the terminal shoots either on the main stem or on the under surface of the base of the leaf or of matted earth and fibres and closely attended by ants.’ (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: This species is most similar to Delottococcus quaesitus. For a comparison of these species see the Systematics section of D. quaesitus.

KEYS: Miller & Giliomee 2011: 638-639 [Key to species of Delottococcus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 114]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 488]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21, 22]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution, host: 2,18,25]; Hall1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-130]; MillerGi2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 630-632]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-10]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 87].



Delottococcus quaesitus (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus quaesitus Brain, 1915: 123. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Acacia caffra and A.robusta; Grahamstown, on A. horrida. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Allococcus quaesitus; De Lotto, 1977: 22. Change of combination.

Delottococcus quaesitus; Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 488. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia caffra [Brain1915, BenDov1994], Acacia heteracantha [DeLott1977, BenDov1994], Acacia heteracantha [MillerGi2011], Acacia horrida [Brain1915, BenDov1994], Acacia karoo [MillerGi2011], Acacia robusta [Brain1915, BenDov1994], Acacia sp. [MillerGi2011], Acacia stuhlmanii [MillerGi2011]. Moraceae: Ficus sp. [MillerGi2011]

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, DeLott1958a, DeLott1977, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brain (1915), De Lotto (1958a) and by De Lotto (1977).

STRUCTURE: Brain (1915) wrote ‘The ovisacs are often collected into masses...and present a pinkish tinge...Seen singly...the ovisacs are.usually more or less button-shaped, with straight vertical sides and a rounded top. The largest.observed measured approximately 3mm.in diameter. Ova: bright orange ...Larva at first orangeyellow...later pinkish...Adult 9 may reach 4mm...pinkish at first and later purplish, with dense, white, powdery secretion. Lateral filaments short.and fragile. Caudal filaments two in number,.stout, may attain one-third the length of the body. The male puparia are apparently hidden amongst the clusters of 9 ovisacs. [The adult males] were...with the head brown...but the whole insect was ...densely powdered. They have two caudal filaments.’ Brain found heavy infestations of the.species in holes in acacia trees that were attended by ants.Hewrote ‘It was remarkable that although there were hundreds of female insects in the holes, none were observed on the twigs of the tree itself.’. (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: De Lotto (1958a) synonymised with this species both Pseudococcus elisabethae Brain, 1915 and Ps. trichiliae Brain, 1915, but later, De Lotto (1977) resurrected these species. This species is most similar to Delottococcus proteae by having translucent pores on the hind femur, oral-collar tubular ducts near cerarius 13, and 14 or fewer pairs of cerarii. Delottococcus quaesitus differs by having: (characters in brackets are those of D. proteae) five or more ventral submarginal multilocular pores on each side of abdomen, usually more than 10 (submarginal multilocular pores normally absent, rarely with up to three), dorsal setae on segment VII 24-38 ľm long (40-60 ľm), 9-19 oral-rim tubular ducts ondorsum of abdominal segment V (three or four ducts). (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

KEYS: Miller & Giliomee 2011: 638-639 [Key to species of Delottococcus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 114]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124-127]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 488]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105, 106]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24]; Millar2002 [illustration: 224]; MillerGi2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 632,634-636].



Delottococcus trichiliae (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus trichiliae Brain, 1915: 131. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Durban, on Trichilia sp.; Capetown, on Leucadendron argentatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Allococcus trichiliae; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 19. Change of combination.

Delottococcus trichiliae; Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 488. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Carissa sp. [MillerGi2011]. Meliaceae: Trichilia [Brain1915, EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994], Trichilia emetica [MillerGi2011]. Monimiaceae: Xymalos monospora [MillerGi2011]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [MillerGi2011]. Proteaceae: Leucadendron argentatum [Brain1915, EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994], Protea caffra [MillerGi2011]. Rubiacea: Canthium subovatum [MillerGi2011]. Sapotaceae: Mimusops caffra [DeLott1977, BenDov1994], Minusops sp. [MillerGi2011]

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, DeLott1958a, EzzatMc1956, DeLott1977, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brain (1915) and by Ezzat & McConnell (1956). Good description given by De Lotto (1977). Redescription in Miller & Giliomee, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Brain (1915) wrote ‘Adult female spinning ovisac, approximately 4 mm. long, pale olivaceous in colour, uniformly covered with white meal. Lateral filaments absent. Caudal filaments 2; strong, white, about one-third the length of the body. In removing insects from ovisacs these are usually broken off, so that the majority appear to have no caudal filaments. Half-grown females usually have 4 to 6 caudal filaments, the two median ones longest and thickest. Ovisac: The ovisac, when completed, is an elongate sac, which may attain 6 mm. long. It appears longer owing to the projection of the anterior half of the insect in front. The posterior half of the female is hidden by the ovisac which has parallel sides, is but slightly broader than the insect, and is broadly rounded behind. It is white and cottony, reminding one of the ovisac of a Pulvinaria.’ (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: De Lotto (1958) synonymised it with Pseudococcus quaestitus Brain, 1915, but later, De Lotto (1977) resurrected this species. This species is most similar to Delottococcus elisabethae by lacking translucent pores on the hind femur, with less than 70 translucent pores on the hind tibia, with 17 or 18 pairs of cerarii, and without oral-collar tubular ducts near cerarius 13. Delottococcus trichiliae differs by having: (characters in brackets are those of D. elisabethae) cerarian setae on head and thorax more conical than dorsal setae (some cerarian setae thin similar to those on dorsum of thorax), antennae longer than 500 ľm (less than 500 ľm), femur with 20-26 setae (13-20 setae), 15-38 ventral oral-rim tubular ducts on each side of body from anterior spiracle to segment II (6-10 ducts). (Miller & Giliomee, 2011)

KEYS: Miller & Giliomee 2011: 638-639 [Key to species of Delottococcus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 114]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-134]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 488]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 113]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 24, 25]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18, 19, 21]; MillerGi2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 636-638].



Dicranococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dicranococcus Williams, 2002b: 135. Type species: Dicranococcus subahensis Williams, by original designation.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Decsription and definition by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 40 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 151 (female) [Dicranococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 135 (female) [Species of Dicranococcus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description: 135]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 151].



Dicranococcus apiensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dicranococcus apiensis Williams, 2002b: 135. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sarawak, Gunung Mulu National Park, Pinnacles of Gunung Api, on unidentified plant, attended by Dlichoderus cuspidatus; collected 10.iii.1989 by J.H. Martin. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Willia2002b]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dlichoderus cuspidatus (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 151 (female) [Dicranococcus species]; Williams 2002b: 135 (female) [Dicranococcus species].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-137]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-153].



Dicranococcus montanus (Reyne)

NOMENCLATURE:

Hippeococcus montanus Reyne, 1954: 250. Type data: JAVA: named by Reyne (1954a) from drawings in ZMAN. Syntypes, female. Described: female.

Dicranococcus montanus; Williams, 2002b: 137. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Reyne1954, Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: This species is closely associated with ants, probably Dolichoderus gibbifer Emmery, in Java.

GENERAL REMARKS: The original description of this species by Reyne (1954, p. 250) was based on illustrations prepared by P. van der Goot in Java, probably in 1915 (see discussion by Reyne, 1954). Williams (1978) reported that no specimens are available. Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Reyne (1954).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 151 (female) [Dicranococcus species]; Williams 2002b: 135 (female) [Species of Dicranococcus]; Tang 1992: 81 (female) [China]; Williams 1978: 22 (female) [Java].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 195]; Reyne1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 247-255]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 81]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22]; Willia2002b [taxonomy: 137]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-154].



Dicranococcus sabahensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dicranococcus sabahensis Williams, 2002b: 137. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Poring, Poring Hot Springs, Mt. Kinabalu National Park, in nest of Dolichoderus cuspidatus; collected 30.v.1991 by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Dolichodorus cuspidatus (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Decsription and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 151 (female) [Dicranococcus species]; Williams 2002b: 135 (female) [Species of Dicranococcus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-139]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-156].



Dicranococcus storki Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dicranococcus storki Williams, 2002b: 139. Type data: BRUNEI: Bukit Sulang, near Lamunin; collected 20.viii.1982 by N.E. Stork. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Brunei [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Decsription and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 151 (female) [Dicranococcus species]; Williamas 2002b: 135 (female) [Species of Dicranococcus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-141]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-158].



Discococcus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Discococcus Ferris, 1953a: 314. Type species: Ehrhornia graminis Ferris, by original designation.

Discoccus; Ferris, 1955a: 79. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967) and Granara de Willink (2004a).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2004a: 82-83 (female) [Species of Discococcus]; McKenzie 1967: 44, 46 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 136 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1961: 23-24 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 283 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 314 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 115]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 314]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy: 79]; Granar2004a [taxonomy, description: 79-86]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 136]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 62].



Discococcus caricis Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Discococcus caricis Ferris, 1953a: 315. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Tuolumne County, near Sonora Pass, on Carex sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: sedge mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [McKenz1967], Carex integrata [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring at the bases of the culms of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2004a: 82-83 (female) [Species of Discococcus]; McKenzie 1967: 136 (female) [U.S.A., California ]; Ferris 1953a: 314 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 115]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 315-316]; Granar2004a [taxonomy: 83]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137, 138].



Discococcus flabellatus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Discococcus flabellatus Ferris, 1953a: 317. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, near Cima, on Stipa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: six-circuli mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2004a: 82-83 (female) [Species of Discococcus]; McKenzie 1967: 136 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 314 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 115]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 317-318]; Granar2004a [taxonomy: 83]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137, 139, 140].



Discococcus graminis (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ehrhornia graminis Ferris, 1918b: 326. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Pacific Grove, on perennial grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Discococcus graminis; Ferris, 1953a: 319. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: Ferris grass mealybug [McKenz1967]; ferris grass mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae [Ferris1918b, McKenz1967], Poa [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1918b, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Washington [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on underground stems and rootstocks of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2004a: 82-83 (female) [Species of Discoccus]; McKenzie 1967: 136 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 314 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 115]; Ferris1918b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 326-327]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319-320]; FerrisMu1936 [structure, taxonomy: 115]; Granar2004a [taxonomy: 82]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-142].



Discococcus hopi Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Discococcus hopi Ferris, 1953a: 321. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Coconino County, on Oryzopsis sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: hopi mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Oryzopsis [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Stipa thurberiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring at the bases of the leaf sheaths, and on the rootstocks and crowns of the host-plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2004a: 82-83 (female) [Species of Discoccus]; McKenzie 1967: 136 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 314 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 116]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 321-322]; Granar2004a [taxonomy: 82]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142, 143].



Discococcus huapi Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Discococcus huapi Granara de Willink, 2004a: 80. Type data: ARGENTINA: Neuquen, Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Ruta 65, entre Rio Minero y bifurcacion a Cuyin Manzano, on Stipa speciosa; collected Willink, January 2002. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa speciosa [Granar2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Neuquen [Granar2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and nymphs by Granara de Willink (2004a).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2004a: 82-83 (female) [Species of Discoccus].

CITATIONS: Granar2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-86].



Discococcus simplex Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Discococcus simplex Ferris, 1953a: 323. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Luis Obispo County, near San Miguel, on undetermined grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: simple mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Avena [Miller1974a, BenDov1994], Sitanion [Miller1971a, BenDov1994], Stipa [McKenz1967, Miller1974a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, Miller1971a, Miller1974a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2004a: 82-83 (female) [Species of Discococcus]; McKenzie 1967: 136 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 314 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 116]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323-324]; Granar2004a [taxonomy: 83]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144, 145]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 298]; Miller1974a [host, distribution: 195].



Discococcus spectabilis McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Discococcus spectabilis McKenzie, 1961: 24. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Cajon Pass, in soil beneath Juniperus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: notable mealybug [McKenz1961].



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Juniperus [McKenz1961, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Bromus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Bromus rubens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Sitanion hystrix [McKenz1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1961, Miller1971a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Feeding on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2004a: 82-83 (female) [Species of Discococcus]; McKenzie 1967: 136 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 116]; Granar2004a [taxonomy: 82]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144, 146, 147]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 298].



Distichlicoccus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950b: 48. Type species: Dactylopius salinus Cockerell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters by Ferris (1950b, 1953a), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 116 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 41 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 45 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 284 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 325 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 21 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 48 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 116]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 48]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 325]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description : 147-148]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 62]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 41, 115-116].



Distichlicoccus alkalinus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus neomexicanus alkalinus Cockerell, 1902s: 315. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Roswell, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Distichlicoccus alkalinus; Ferris, 1950b: 48. Change of combination and rank.

Chorizococcus alkalinus; McKenzie, 1960: 694. Change of combination.

Distichlicoccus alkalinus; McKenzie, 1967: 148. Revived combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Distichlis [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1902s, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 148 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America ]; McKenzie 1960: 694 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 325 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Cocker1902s [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 315, 316]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy: 48]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 326-327].



Distichlicoccus arundinis McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Distichlicoccus arundinis McKenzie, 1967: 148. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Imperial County, near El Centro, on Arundo donax. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: arundo mealybug [McKenz1967]; Arundo mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Poaceae: Arundo donax [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and within the sheathing bases of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 148 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148, 149].



Distichlicoccus californicus (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus californicus Ehrhorn, 1911: 279. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Joaquin County, near Lathrop, on Festuca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Erium californicum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Distichlicoccus californicus; Ferris, 1953a: 328. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: yellow mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Festuca [Ehrhor1911], Oryzopsis hymenoides [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ehrhor1911, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Martinique [Balach1957c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006].

BIOLOGY: Living beneath the leaf sheaths of grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 148 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 325 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 117]; Ehrhor1911 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 279]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 328-329]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 177]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-152]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 86]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-118].



Distichlicoccus digitariae Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Distichlicoccus digitariae Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 118. Type data: PUERTO RICO: Mayaguez, on Digitaria sanguinalis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Digitaria sanguinalis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 117]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-120].



Distichlicoccus fontanus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Distichlicoccus fontanus Ferris, 1950b: 49. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Sandoval County, San Ysidro, on Distichlis sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Distichlis [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the upper surface of the leaves.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 148 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 325 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 48 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 117]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-50].



Distichlicoccus megacirculus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Distichlicoccus megacirculus McKenzie, 1967: 152. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Modoc County, near Lava Beds National Monument, on Stipa thurberiana. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: large-circulus mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa thurberiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns or lower parts of the host plant, but not on the roots.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 148 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 117]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154].



Distichlicoccus oracelloides De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Distichlicoccus oracelloides De Lotto, 1969a: 2. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Orange Free State, Vredefort, on Chrysocoma tenuifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Chrysocoma tenuifolia [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the dult female given by De Lotto (1969).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 118]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-4]; Millar2002 [illustration: 220].



Distichlicoccus sahuayoensis Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Distichlicoccus sahuayoensis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 120. Type data: MEXICO: Michoacan, near Sahuayo, under rock on unknown plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 118]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-122].



Distichlicoccus salazari Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Distichlicoccus salazari Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 1222. Type data: PERU: Lambayaque, on Gossypium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Malvaceae: Gossypium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Reliable description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 118]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-124].



Distichlicoccus salinus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius salinus Cockerell, 1902a: 21. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Diego County, La Jolla, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus salinus; Fernald, 1903b: 109. Change of combination.

Distichlicoccus salinus; Ferris, 1950b: 51. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: salt grass mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Distichlis spicata [McKenz1967, Miller1971a, Miller1973, Miller1974a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Monanthochloe littoralis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992]; United States of America (California [Cocker1902a, Miller1971a, Miller1973, Miller1974a]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the upper surface of the leaf blades.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950a), McKenzie (1967), Miller (1973) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 148 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 325 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 48 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 118]; Cocker1902a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21, 22]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 109]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-52]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 325]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-156]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 298]; Miller1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265]; Miller1974a [host, distribution: 196]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124-125].



Distichlicoccus sinaloanus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Distichlicoccus sinaloanus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 124. Type data: MEXICO: Sinaloa, 19 km N.E. Chupaderos, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, WilliaGr1992].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 118]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124, 126, 127].



Distichlicoccus zacapuensis Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Distichlicoccus zacapuensis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 127. Type data: MEXICO: Michoacan, 16 km W. Zacapu, on unknown plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 118]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-129].



Diversicrus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Diversicrus De Lotto, 1971c: 250. Type species: Diversicrus longulum De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1971c).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 119]; DeLott1971c [taxonomy, description: 250]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195].



Diversicrus longulum De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Diversicrus longulum De Lotto, 1971c: 250. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Somerset West, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [DeLott1971c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1971c, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1971c).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 119]; DeLott1971c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-252]; HodgsoMiGu2011 [distribution, host, life history: 1]; Millar2002 [illustration: 210].



Doryphorococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Doryphorococcus Williams, 2002b: 141. Type species: Doryphorococcus lentiginosus Williams, by original designation.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Description and definition by Williams (2002b).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 39 (female) [Genera of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description: 141]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 158].



Doryphorococcus lentiginosus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Doryphorococcus lentiginosus Williams, 2002b: 141. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Poring Hot Springs, Mount Kinabalu National park, in nest of Dolichodorus magnipastor; collected 12.vi.1991 by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Dolichodorus magnipastor (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-143]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-159].



Drymococcus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Drymococcus Borchsenius, 1962a: 221. Type species: Drymococcus rhizophilus Borchsenius, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good difinition and characters given by Borchsenius (1962a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 276 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Wang 1982TC: 21 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 119]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description: 221]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 64]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 281]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 12].



Drymococcus rhizophilus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Drymococcus rhizophilus Borchsenius, 1962a: 221. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, on Quercus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1962a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 119]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 282]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12-13].



Dysmicoccus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus Ferris, 1950b: 53. Type species: Dactylopius brevipes Cockerell, by original designation.

Ferrisicoccus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 31. Type species: Ferrisicoccus angustus Ezzat and McConnell, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980b: 169. Notes: A subjective synonym of Dysmicoccus.

Kaicoccus Takahashi, 1958: 5. Type species: Pseudococcus kaiensis Kanda, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980b: 169.

Dysnicoccus; Martin Mateo, 1985: 91. Misspelling of genus name.

Parkermicus Khalid & Shafee, 1988: 31. Type species: Parkermicus polyanosetosus Khalid and Shafee, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 160.

Ferrsiscoccus; Tang, 1992: 277. Misspelling of genus name.

ysmicoccus; Moghaddam, 2009: 34. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Misspelling of 'ysmicoccus' for 'Dysmicoccus'.

Dysmicocus; Granara de Willink, 2009: 83. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Published as Dysmicocus varius.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris (1950b, 1953a), Balachowsky (1953d), McKenzie (1967), Danzig (1980b), Williams (1960, 1970, 1985), Miller & McKenzie (1973), Paik (1978), Kawai (1980), Cox (1987), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996), Williams (2004a) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig (1980b) regarded Ferrisicoccus a subjective synonym of Dysmicoccus, because she interpreted that the former differed from the latter only in having more than two spines on the anal lobe cerarius. However, the species of Dysmicoccus do not possess an anal-lobe bar, which is present in species of Ferisicoccus, and the cararri in Dysmicoccus species are with auxiliary setae. Danzig (1980b) regarded Kaicoccus a subjective synonym of Dysmicoccus. Based on a molecular study in Spain, Betra, et al., 2012 concluded that the presence of two Dysmicoccus species among the Pseudococcus species suggests that these two genera are paraphyletic.

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; Granara de Willink 2009: 14-16 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region]; Williams 2004a: 44 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 394 (female) [Genera of Korea]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Kosztarab 1996: 99-100 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992: 188, 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 192-193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 130-132 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1988: 703-704 (female) [species Far East of Russia]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 20 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 15 (female) [species India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 4 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 43-44 (female) [species New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Avasthi & Shafee 1986a: 435 (female) [species India]; Koteja & Lagowska 1986: 382 (female) [species Palaearctic region]; Williams 1985: 107-109 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 38 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 21 (female) [China]; Wang 1982ZQ: 36-37 (female) [species China]; Yang 1982: 84-86 (female) [species China]; Danzig 1980b: 169 (female) [Far East Russia]; Kawai 1980: 102 (female) [species Japan]; De Lotto 1977: 29 (female) [species South Africa]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 503-506 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1967: 47 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 156-158 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [species Dysmicoccus brevipes complex]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1964: 230-231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 643-644 (female) [species North America]; Williams 1962: 21 (female) [Britain]; Ezzat 1960b: 40 (female) [species Egypt]; Balachowsky 1953d: 1047 (female) [Senegal]; Ferris 1953a: 285 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54-55 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 139]; Balach1953d [taxonomy, description: 1046-1047]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 407]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 119, 168, 205]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 287]; BenDov1999 [taxonomy: 380]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 43-44, 49]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110, 169]; Danzig2009 [taxonomy: 386-390]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy: 5]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description: 31]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 53-54]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 332]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description: 11-95]; GranarScTe1997 [taxonomy, economic importance: 97]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 103, 113]; KhalidSh1988 [taxonomy, description: 31]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 79, 98-100, 126]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 92-94]; KotejaLa1986 [taxonomy: 381]; KotejaZa1979 [taxonomy: 671-672]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 394,404]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 55-56]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description: 706-707]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy: 643]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy: 230]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 156-158]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description: 503]; Moghad2009 [taxonomy: 34]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 21]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 65, 78, 98]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 151-157]; Takaha1958 [taxonomy, description: 5]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 191, 295]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 13, 14]; Willia1960 [taxoonmy, description: 397]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, key: 7, 21]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description: 130-131]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 39, 107-109]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 160-163]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 43, 129-132]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 46].



Dysmicoccus acaciarum Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus acaciarum Williams, 1985: 109. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Ballantyne's Gap, on Acacia obliquanerva. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia anceps [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia implexa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia melanoxylon [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia obliquanerva [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 119]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-111].



Dysmicoccus aciculus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus comstocki; Ferris, 1918d: 41. Misidentification.

Dysmicoccus aciculus Ferris, 1950b: 55. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Stanford University, on Pinus radiata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Monterey pine mealybug [BrownEa1967, McKenz1967].



HOST: Pinaceae: Pinus radiata [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BrownEa1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BrownEa1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on and amongst the bases of the needles.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 643 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 53 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 120]; BrownEa1967 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 12]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-56]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158, 159].



Dysmicoccus aggeris Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus aggeris Williams, 1985: 111. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Fogg Dam, near Darwin, on Pistia stratiotes. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Araceae: Pistia stratiotes [Willia1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 107 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111, 112].



Dysmicoccus alius Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus alius Granara de Willink, 2009: 16. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, on roots of Cyperus rotundus, collected 26.xi.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [Granar2009]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 14-16 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-18].



Dysmicoccus ambiguus (Morrison)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus ambiguus Morrison, 1925a: 488. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Locality and host plant not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus ambiguus; Brittin, 1938: 347. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus ambiguus; Williams & de Boer, 1973: 233. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Parsonsia capsularis [WilliaBo1973]. Araliaceae: Meryta sinclairii [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Brachyglottis [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Senecio hectori [WilliaBo1973]. Atherospermataceae: Laurelia novae-zelandiae [WilliaBo1973]. Avicenniaceae: Avicennia resinifera [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Cornaceae: Griselinia littoralis [WilliaBo1973]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus hookerianus [WilliaBo1973]. Fagaceae: Fagus [WilliaBo1973]. Liliaceae: Arthropodium [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [WilliaBo1973]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [WilliaBo1973, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum laetum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [WilliaBo1973], Metrosideros excelsa [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Macropiper excelsum [WilliaBo1973]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma [Britti1938, WilliaBo1973], Coprosma australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Hebe [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum laciniatum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Entelea arborescens [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Vitex lucens [WilliaBo1973, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Morris1925a] (Three Kings Islands).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Williams & de Boer and by Cox (1987). Good description of the adult female given by Brittin (1938).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 44 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 120]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 347, 348]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44, 150]; Morris1925a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 488, 489]; Willia2013 [distribution: 190]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-234].



Dysmicoccus amnicola Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus amnicola Williams & Watson, 1988a: 47. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Western Highlands Province, Jimi River Valley, Mugmump, on Araucaria hunsteinii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Araucariaceae: Araucaria hunsteinii [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 120]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49].



Dysmicoccus andropogonis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus andropogonis Williams, 2004a: 163. Type data: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Samalkot [Samalkota], on Andrpogon holypensis; collected V. Ramachandra Rao, 20.ix.1927. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Andropogon holypensis [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Andhra Pradesh [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165].



Dysmicoccus angustus (Ezzat & McConnell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisicoccus angustus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 31. Type data: U.S.A.: New Jersey, Riverton, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Ferrisicoccus bambusiphilus Takahashi, 1958: 7. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Yokohama and Osaka on bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1978: 8.

Dysmicoccus angustus; Danzig, 1978: 8. Change of combination.

Ferrisicoccus angustus; Ben-Dov, 1999: 380. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: narrow mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [EzzatMc1956, Takaha1958, BenDov1994], Indocalamus herklotsii [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994], Sasa kurilensis [Danzig1978, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], New Jersey [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: China [EzzatMc1956, Tang1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Takaha1958, BenDov1994]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Takahashi (1958), Danzig (1980b) and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 126 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja & Lagowska 1986: 382 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ezzat & McConnell 1956: 31 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 120-121]; BenDov1999 [taxonomy: 380]; Danzig1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history : 171, 172]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-34]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 7]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution,: 126-128]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47]; Takaha1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7, 8]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 283, 284]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14].



Dysmicoccus anicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus anicus Williams, 1985: 111. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Brisbane, on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Willia1985], Acacia implexa [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus camaldulensis [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985], South Australia [Willia1985]).

BIOLOGY: Found on the bark of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 121]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111, 113, 114].



Dysmicoccus arachidis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus arachidis Williams, 2004a: 165. Type data: INDIA: Tripura, Lembucherra, on Arachis hypogaea; collected 1963. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tripura [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-162 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-166].



Dysmicoccus arcanus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus arcanus Cox, 1987: 44. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Mt. Robert, on roots of moss. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Raoulia [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Bryophyta [Cox1987]. Poaceae [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma cheesmanii [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 44 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 121]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44, 151].



Dysmicoccus aurantius (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia aurantia Cockerell, 1901g: 51. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, with Lasius americanus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: See McKenzie and Williams (1965) for information on holotype.

Dysmicoccus aurantia; Ferris, 1953a: 334. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: orange-colored mealybug [MillerMc1973].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1901g, Ferris1953a, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Associated with ants, Lasius americanus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1973).

KEYS: Miller & Polavarapu 1997: 459 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 121]; Cocker1901g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51, 52]; Ferris1953a [host, distribution: 334]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 506-508]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 459].



Dysmicoccus bambusus (Wu)

NOMENCLATURE:

Kaicoccus bambusus Wu, 2001b: 252, 254-255, 258. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang, Tianmushan National Nature Reserve, on Phyllostachys sp., 4/14/1999, by S.A. Wu. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Tianjin: Department of Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Phyllostachys sp. [Wu2001b]

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001b]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration in Wu, 2001b.

SYSTEMATICS: This species can be distinguished from D. kaiensis by tubular ducts of two sizes and the presence of bigger tubular ducts on the margin of the dorsum.

CITATIONS: Wu2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 252, 254-255, 258].



Dysmicoccus banksi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus banksi Williams, 1985: 114. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, near Terang, on Acacia melanoxylon. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Willia1985], Acacia melanoxylon [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 121]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-116].



Dysmicoccus bonaerensis Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus bonaerensis Granara de Willink, 2009: 18. Type data: AREGENTINA: Buenos Aires, Villa Gessell, on roots of undetermined plant; collected Granara de Willink, January, 1990,. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar2009]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-21].



Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius calceolariae; Maskell, 1890: 149. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus calceolariae; Kirkaldy, 1902: 103. Misidentification.

Trechocorys calceolariae; Kirkaldy, 1904: 227. Misidentification.

Dactylopius (Pseudococcus) boninsis Kuwana, 1909a: 161. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, on sugar cane. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Zimmerman (1948) and Beardsley (1966a).

Pseudococcus boninensis Lindinger, 1914: 158. Unjustified emendation.

Dactylopius boninsis; Kuwana, 1917a: 169.

Trionymus calceolariae; Fullaway, 1923: 308. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus heterospinus Green, 1923d: 91. Type data: MADEIRA: Machico, on grasses. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 116. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Balachowsky, 1939: 260.

Pseudococcus aegyptiacus Hall, 1925: 8. Type data: EGYPT: Mit Ghamr, on Saccharum officinarum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hall, 1926a: 33.

Pseudococcus boninsis; Morrison, 1925a: 487. Change of combination.

Trionymus boninsis; Swezey, 1931: 946. Change of combination.

Trionymus taiwanus Takahashi, 1932: 41. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, on Oryza sativa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1970: 128.

Erium boninense; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Erium boninense Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Unjustified emendation.

Erium taiwanum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus zeae Kanda, 1943: 49. Type data: JAPAN: Mitsuzawa, Yokohama, on Zea mays and on Syntherisma sanguinalis var. ciliaris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female. Synonymy by Kawai, 1980: 104.

Dysmicoccus boninsis; Ferris, 1950b: 57. Change of combination.

Trionymus kayashimai Takahashi, 1951a: 14. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaysia, Selangor, Gombak, on Saccharum arundinaceum, 30.v.1944, collected R. Takahashi. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1999: 92. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1999: 92.

Trionymus merrilli Ferris, 1953a: 488. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Fort Pierce, on 'Para Grass'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Miller & Miller, 2002a: 969-970.

Dysmicoccus merrilli; McKenzie, 1960: 706. Change of combination.

Vryburgia graminea De Lotto, 1967: 25. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Durban, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1977: 29.

Dysmicoccus boniansis; Ali, 1970a: 105. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: gray sugarcane mealybug [Zimmer1948, Bartle1978e].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Pseudaphycus mundus Gahan [Moore1988], Pseudococcobius terryi Fullaway [Bynum1937], Rhopus nigriclavatus (Girault) [AbdRab2001d].

HOSTS: Araceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae [Moghad2013], Lactuca sp. [Moghad2013a]. Cannaceae: Canna [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Juniperus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Iris [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sisyrinchium [HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Takaha1941b, Ferris1953a, Willia1970DJ, KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994], Brachiaria mutica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Coix lacryma jobi [Mamet1949, Beards1966, BenDov1994], Cortaderia [HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994], Cortaderia argentata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cymbopogon citratus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cynodon [HodgsoHi1991, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Echinochloa [HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994], Echinochloa colonum [Willia1970DJ, Tang1992, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eragrostis variabilis [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Gynerium saggitatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Lasiacis divaricata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Miscanthus [KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994], Oryza sativa [Willia1970DJ, LiuTa1988, BenDov1994], Panicum [Willia1970DJ, HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994], Panicum barbinode [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Panicum maximum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Paspalum [HodgsoHi1990, KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994], Paspalum conjugatum [LincanHoCa2010], Paspalum distichum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Saccharum [Kirkal1902, HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994], Saccharum arundinaceum [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Takaha1932, Laing1933, KawaiMaUm1971, WilliaWa1988a, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Saccharum spontaneum [Willia2004a], Sorghum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sorghum halepense [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sorghum verticilliflorum [Willia1985, Tang1992, BenDov1994], Stenotaphrum [HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994], Stenotaphrum secundatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Syntherisma sanguinalis ciliaris [Kanda1943a, BenDov1994], Thysanolaena agrostis [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Tripsacum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Zea mays [Kanda1943a, Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Cissus rombifolia [Marott1987a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]; Mozambique [Saraiv1939, BenDov1994]; Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014, Mamet1943a]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1949, CABI1960, BenDov1994]; South Africa [DeLott1967, DeLott1977, BenDov1994]; Tromelin Island [Mamet1952, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]. Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kuwana1909a, Ferris1950b, Ali1970a, KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Fiji [Maskel1890, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, HodgsoLa2011]; Guam [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, Zimmer1948, Beards1960, Willia1970DJ, NurBrBe1987, BenDov1994]); New Britain [CABI1960, BenDov1994]; New Caledonia [Laing1933, Willia1970DJ, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; New Zealand [Kirkal1902, BenDov1994]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands [CABI1960, BenDov1994] (Saipan Island [Takaha1941b, BenDov1994]); Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [Willia1970DJ, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Florida [Ferris1950b, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004], Georgia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Louisiana [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Mississippi [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Barbuda [CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Tucuman [Ferris1950b, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2009]); Bahamas [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bermuda [Ferris1950b, Willia1970DJ, HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil (Espirito Santo [CulikGu2005, CulikMaVe2007], Sao Paulo [Ferris1950b, CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Cuba [CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, WilliaMaSu2001]; Dominican Republic [Ferris1950b, CABI1960, Schmut1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Grenada [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c, CABI1960, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Haiti [CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Kirkal1902, Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [Balach1957c, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Montserrat [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [Ferris1950b, CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Willia1970DJ, Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Vieques Island [CABI1960, BenDov1994]); Suriname [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia1999, Willia2004a]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [Takaha1940a, BenDov1994]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Takaha1932, Ali1970a, LiuTa1988, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; China [Wu1935, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Egypt [Hall1925, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Japan [Ferris1950b, KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1980, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Sicily [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]; Spain [BeltraSo2011].

BIOLOGY: Occurring beneath the leaf sheaths of sugarcane. The life cycle in Hawaii requires from 18 to 26 days (Zimmerman, 1948).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kanda (1943), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), De Lotto (1967) (as Vryburgia graminea), Williams (1970DJ, 1985), Williams & Watson (1988a), Liu & Tao (1988), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Granara de Willink (2009). Description and illustration of adult male by Beardsley (1960).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a).

SYSTEMATICS: Beardsley (1964) reported the occurrence of gray and white-coloured forms, which are taxonomically identical. Prior to 1970 it has frequently been misidentified as Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell), Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) and Pseudococcus saccharifolii (Green) (see Bartlett, 1978e).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The gray sugarcane mealybug has been recorded from a wide range of grasses, as well as hosts from other families, but reported as a pest of sugarcane. Generally it is a minor pest, but when attended by ants it may kill young shoots (Bartlett, 1978e). The encyrtid Aphycus terryi (Fullaway) was found an effective parasitoid in Hawaii, from where it was introduced to Southern USA (Bartlett, 1978e). Beardsley (1960a) noted that it is common on sugarcane in Hawaii and discussed it dispersal, infestation sites and the effect of ants and other factors on its populations.

KEYS: Tanaka & Uesatio 2012: 414 (female) [Key to separate four new invasive mealybug species: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Ph. defectus, Ph. parvus and P. solenopsis from other mealybugs occurring in the Ryukyu Archipelago]; Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Tang 1992: 151, 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 46 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 84 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 102 (female) [World]; De Lotto 1977: 29 (female) [South Africa ]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; Williams 1970DJ: 115 (female) [World]; De Lotto 1967: 22 (female) [South Africa]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 408 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1960: 212 (male) [Hawaii]; Ezzat 1960b: 40 (female) [Egypt]; Ferris 1953a: 332,483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America]; Zimmerman 1948: 177 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1357]; Ali1970a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105]; Balach1939 [taxonomy: 260]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 140, 141]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-217]; Beards1960a [economic importance, life history, ecology, biological control: 954-961]; Beards1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 338]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 408-409]; BeltraSo2011 [distribution, host]; BeltraSoMa2012 [molecular data, molecular data: 167-171]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 122,123,135]; Bynum1937 [host, distribution, biological control: 756-761]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; Charpe1956 [host, distribution, chemical control: 418-419]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 300]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution]; CulikGu2005 [host, distribution: 1-8]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-58]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 488-489]; Flande1943 [biological control: 117,128,137]; Flande1951b [biological control: 93-98]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 18,25]; Fullaw1923 [p. 308]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; Granar1991 [host, distribution, economic importance: 261, 262]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-22]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1923b [p. 91]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hall1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8, 9]; Hall1926a [taxonomy: 33]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, 19,]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 143]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 27]; Kanda1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 104]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14, 15]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 103]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, host, economic importance, biological importance: 227]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 30-32]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Kuwana1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-162]; Kuwana1917a [taxonomy: 171]; Laing1933 [host, distribution: 676]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; Lindin1914 [p. 158]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; LiuTa1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 63-65]; Malump2012b [distribution: 213]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12]; Mamet1952 [host, distribution: 170]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 230]; Maskel1890 [taxonomy: 149]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 177]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy: 706]; MillerMi2002a [taxonomy: 971]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 18]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 20-21, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 64]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212]; Morris1925a [taxonomy: 487]; NurBrBe1987 [taxonomy, distribution, life history: 54]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Schmut1990 [host, distribution, economic importance]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 328]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takaha1932 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Takaha1940a [host, distribution: 331]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 215]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14-15]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 195, 196]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 132]; Willia1931 [distribution, host, life history: 113]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-129]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116, 117]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-168]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-139]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaMaSu2001 [host, distribution: 73-76]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; Wolcot1955 [host, distribution: 1-5]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 177, 185-188].



Dysmicoccus brachydactylus Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus brachydactylus Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 571. Type data: CHILE: Valdivia, Caupolican, on Taraxacum officinalis. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: short-digitule mealybug [MillerMc1971].



HOST: Asteraceae: Taraxacum officinalis [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarCl2003].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [GranarCl2003]); Chile [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 124]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-24]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 571-573]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-141].



Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius bromeliae; Signoret, 1875b: 310. Misidentification.

Dactylopius brevipes Cockerell, 1893n: 267. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on pineapples. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost.

Pseudococcus brevipes; Fernald, 1903b: 98. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus bromeliae; Fernald, 1903b: 98. Misidentification.

Dactylopius (Pseudococcus) ananassae Kuwana, 1909a: 162. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, on pineapple. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Kawai, 1980: 104.

Pseudococcus missionum Cockerell, 1910: 113. Type data: ARGENTINA: Santa Ana Misiones, No. 13. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 141. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 141.

Pseudococcus bromeliae; Hempel, 1912: 24. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus bromeliae; Green, 1922: xxx. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus palauensis Kanda, 1933a: 135. Type data: PALAU ISLAND: on pineapple. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1936c: 109.

Pseudococcus cannae Green, 1934e: 162. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on rhizomes of Canna sp. and roots of Impatiens sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 168. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1958: 213.

Pseudococcus cannae Green, 1934e: 162. Unjustified replacement name for Pseudoccous bromeliae sensu Green (non: Bouche), 1922.

Pseudococcus longirostralis James, 1936: 207. Type data: TANZANIA: Bukoba, on Coffea arabica. Lectotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957b: 197.

Pseudococcus defluiteri Betrem, 1937: 43. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Djember, on Coffea robusta. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 170. Notes: Type material apparently lost.

Pseudococcus pseudobrevipes Mamet, 1941b: 58. Type data: MAURITIUS: Montagne Longue, on Ananas comosus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Beardsley, 1965c: 58.

Dysmicoccus brevipes; Ferris, 1950b: 59. Change of combination.

ysmicoccus brevipes; Moghaddam, 2009: 34. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Misspelling of ysmicoccus for Dysmicoccus.

COMMON NAMES: chanchito blanca de la pina [Gonzal1972]; pineapple mealybug [Tryon1901, McKenz1967, Bartle1978e].



ASSOCIATES: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Solenopsis geminata [CarabaWyMo2013].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis billoti Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Hyperaspis distinguenda Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Hyperaspis jocunda Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Hyperaspis silvestrii Weise [Moore1988], Scymnus aenipennis Sic [BennetSi1964], Scymnus bilucernarius Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Scymnus margipallens Mulsant [Moore1988], Scymnus ochroderus Mulsant [BennetSi1964]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Dicrodiplosis guatamalensis Felt [Moore1988], Kalodiplosis koebelei (Felt) [Moore1988], Kalodiplosis pseudococci (Felt) [Felt1933, Barnes1935, Moore1988]. Drosophilidae: Pseudiastata brasiliensis Costa Lima [Sabros1951], Pseudiastata pseudococcivora Sabrosky [Sabros1951], Pseudiastata vorax Sabrosky [Sabros1951]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus ananatis Gahan [Gahan1949, Moore1988, Pandey2002, GonzalPaJo2005, PandeyJo2006b], Anagyrus coccidicorus [Bartle1939], Anagyrus dactylopii (Howard) [Gahan1949], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Anagyrus schonherri (Westwood) [Gahan1949], Anagyrus yuccae (Coquillett) [Gahan1949], Hambletonia pseudoccina Compere [Comper1936b], Hambletonia pseudococcina Compere [Bartle1939, Moore1988, SharkoWo1997], Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastidea dactylopii Howard [AbdRab2001d]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus subaeneus (Foerster) [AbdRab2001d]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla externa [GoncalSa2001].

HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave sisalana [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Amaranthus kitensis [Granar1991a, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Mangifera indica [DeLott1964, WilliaGr1992, KinjoNaHi1996, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Willia1960, Beards1966, McKenz1967, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Annona squamosa [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Apiaceae: Apium graveolens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Caryota urens [Willia2004a], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Rhaphidophora vitiensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Areca [Willia2004a], Areca catechu [Takaha1955, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Areca lutescens [McKenz1967], Bactris palmae [CouturTaIn1996], Carpentaria acuminata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Cocos [HodgsoHi1990], Cocos nucifera [DeLott1964, GhoshGh1984, Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cocos plumosa [BenDov2012], Elaeis guineensis [CouturMaRi1985, Almeid1973b, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Hyophorbe [Beards1966], Kentia [Willia2004a], Livistona [Willia2004a], Phoenix dactylifera [BenDov1985a, BenDov1994], Ptychosperma macarthuri [Willia2004a], Rhapis [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Rhapis excelsa [daLuzBoSa2005], Roebelia [McKenz1967], Roystonea [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Sabal bermudiana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sericofera [BenDov1985a, BenDov1994]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium nidus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Emilia sonchifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Fitchia speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Sparganophorus vaillantii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Taraxacum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Balsaminaceae: Balsamina communis [Hamble1935, Lepage1938], Impatiens [Green1934c, Betrem1937, Willia2004a]. Bignoniaceae: Crescentia cujete [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [Morris1929], Cordia nodosa [Morris1922, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Brassica chinensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae [McKenz1967], Aechmea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ananas [WilliaWa1988a, HodgsoHi1990], Ananas comosus [Kuwana1909a, Betrem1937, Balach1957b, Almeid1973b, Willia1985, Marott1987a, WilliaWa1988a], Ananas comosus [Fernal1903b, Green1937, Mamet1941b, Borchs1949, Beards1959a, Beards1966, CarnerPe1986, DanzigKo1990], Ananas sativus [Morris1920, Lepage1938, DeLott1964, Almeid1973b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Bromelia [Willia2004a]. Cacataceae: Selenicereus megalanthus (K. Schum, ex Vaupel) Moran [MedinaKo2012]. Cannaceae: Canna [Green1934c, McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Canna indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Mammea americana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Cressa cretica [Hall1926, BenDov1994], Ipomoea batatas [DeLott1964, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ipomoea batatas [DeLott1964]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucumis sativus [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Cucurbita [Willia2004a], Cucurbita maxima [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita pepo [Willia1985, BenDov1994, CulikGu2005]. Cupressaceae: Juniperus torulosa [McKenz1967], Thuja [Granar1991a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae [Willia2004a], Cyperus [Lepage1938, Borchs1949, WilliaWa1988a, GranarScTe1997], Cyperus anderssonii [LincanHoCa2010], Cyperus dentatus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cyperus elegans [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cyperus ferax [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cyperus rotundus [McKenz1967, BenDov1985a, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Fimbristylis [WilliaWa1988a], Fimbristylis cymosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Rynchospora cephaloter [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Scleria [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyrus kaki [Hamble1935, Lepage1938]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Euphorbia drummondii [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Jatropha curcas [MartinBlSu2005], Manihot esculenta [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Phyllanthus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Arachis [WilliaWa1988a], Arachis hypogaea [Lepage1938, Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Desmodium [WilliaGr1992, Granar1991a, BenDov1994], Dipteryx odorata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Erythrina [WilliaWa1988a], Erythrina indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Gliricidia [Zimmer1948, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Glycine max [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, Granar1991a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inocarpus fagifer [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Medicago sativa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Meliotus indica [Beards1959a], Saraca declinata [Willia2004a], Tachigalia paniculata [Morris1922, BenDov1994], Tipuana tiu [Granar1991a, BenDov1994], Trifolium [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Trifolium pratensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Trifolium repens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia latispatha [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Hydnoraceae: Prosopanche americana [Granar1991a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Watsonia [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Juncaceae: Juncus [Hall1926, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Ocotea atirrensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ocotea sassafras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Persea americana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Persea gratissima [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, DeLott1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hibiscus [Borchs1949], Sida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Marantaceae: Calathea [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Xylocarpus [Willia2004a]. Memecylaceae: Mouriri myrtilloides [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Menyanthaceae: Nymphoides humboltiana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus rubricosta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Morus [Borchs1949], Morus alba [Lepage1938]. Musaceae: Musa [Morris1920, McKenz1967, WilliaWa1988a, MatileWi1996, KondoRaVe2008], Musa paradisiaca [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Musa sapientum [DeLott1964, Willia1985, Marott1987a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia caryophyllata [Willia2004a], Eugenia malaccensis [Willia2004a], Psidium guajava [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Nalinaceae: Beaucarnea recurvata [MazzeoSuRu2008]. Nymphaeaceae: Mphaea [Willia2004a]. Orchidaceae [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], [McKenz1967], Cypripedium ciliare [Willia2004a], Vanda sanderiana [Willia2004a]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [GhoshGh1984], Pandanus antaresensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus fragrans [Beards1966], Pandanus odoratissimus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus tectorius [Beards1966]. Piparaceae: Piper nigrum [Willia2004a]. Piperaceae: Piper betle [Takaha1942b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago major [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Balach1939], Aristida adoensis [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Brachiaria plantagnea [Hamble1935, Lepage1938], Cenchrus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Chloris gayana [Willia1985, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Chloris inflata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Hall1926, BenDov1994], Oryza sativa [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Panicum [McKenz1967, HodgsoHi1990], Panicum muticum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Panicum spectabile [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Paspalum millegrana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pennisetum purpureum [DeLott1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Rhynchelytrum repens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rhynchelytrum repens [FoldiKo2006], Saccharum [WilliaWa1988a, HodgsoHi1990], Saccharum officinarum [Ferris1950b, Mamet1957, Willia1970DJ, Granar1991a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Setaria palmifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Sorghum verticilliflorum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Sporobolus spicatus [Hall1926, BenDov1994], Tricholaena repens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Zea mays [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, DeLott1964, Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, Granar1991a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rheum rhaponticum [DeLott1964, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Rumex acetosa [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Triplaris cimingiana [Morris1929]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Anemone [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Eryobotrya japonica [Willia2004a], Fragaria vesca [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Malus sylvestris [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Prunus armeciaca [BenDov2012]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [McKenz1967, WilliaWa1988a, KondoRaVe2008], Coffea arabica [James1936, DeLott1957b, GhoshGh1984, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Coffea arabica caturra [KondoRaVe2008], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Coffea robusta [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Coffea robusta [Betrem1937, BenDov1994], Gardenia florida [Takaha1955, BenDov1994], Guettarda speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ixora triflora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Straussia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Borchs1949, Borchs1956d, BenDov1985a, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Murraya sp. [BenDov2012]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Willia2004a]. Scrophulariaceae: Orobanche [Willia2004a]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Herrania camargona [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Theobroma bicolor [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [Bennet1957, DeLott1964, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Theobroma subincatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix nilotica [BenDov1985a, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Apium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Cecropia [Morris1922, Morris1929, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Willia2004a]. Zingiberaceae: Curcuma longa [Willia2004a], Curcuma sp. [BenDov2012], Hedychium flavum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Zingiber officinale [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b, BenDov1994]; Burkina Faso [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Burundi [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Cameroon [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Chad [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Congo [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, MatileWi1996]; Guinea [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Madagascar [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Malawi [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Mali [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Mozambique [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Niger [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, MatileWi1996]; Reunion [Mamet1957, GermaiMiPa2014]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1941b, Mamet1954a, BenDov1994]; Rwanda [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Sao Tome and Principe (Principe [CABI1972b, BenDov1994], Sao Tome [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]); Senegal [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Seychelles [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Sierra Leone [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Somalia [Schmut1964, CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; South Africa [DeVillBePe1987, BenDov1994]; Sudan [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [James1936, DeLott1957b, DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Togo [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Tromelin Island [Mamet1951, Mamet1957, BenDov1994]; Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Zambia [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]. Australasian: American Samoa [WilliaWa1988a]; Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]. Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kuwana1909a, KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Cocos (=Keeling) Islands [Willia2004a]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994, ChenWoWu2012], Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Yap [Takaha1941b, BenDov1994]); Fiji [VeitchGr1921, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Guam [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, Beards1959a, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a], Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]). Australasian: Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994] (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Marshall Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Palau [Kanda1933a, Takaha1942, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tokelau [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [Laing1927, Willia1970DJ, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992]; United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Florida [Ferris1950b, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Louisiana [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Barbuda [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Chaco [GranarCl2003], Misiones [Cocker1910, BenDov1994], Salta [Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Santa Fe [GranarCl2003], Santiago del Estero [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Tucuman [Granar1991, BenDov1994, Granar2009]); Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bolivia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]; Brazil [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, Bennet1957, BenDov1994] (Bahia [CABI1972b, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006], Espirito Santo [CulikGu2005, CulikMaVe2007], Mato Grosso [CABI1972b, BenDov1994], Minas Gerais [SantaCCh1998, daLuzBoSa2005], Parana [CABI1972b, BenDov1994], Pernambuco [CABI1972b, BenDov1994], Rio Grande do Sul [GomesCRe1949, CABI1972b, BenDov1994], Santa Catarina [CABI1972b, BenDov1994], Sao Paulo [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, GomesCRe1948, BenDov1994]); Cayman Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Chile [Gonzal1972]; Colombia [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008, Kondo2008a]; Costa Rica [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MartinBlSu2005]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [Beards1959a, CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Grenada [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957b, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [Morris1920, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, PerezG2008]; Honduras [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [Cocker1893n, Fernal1903b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [Balach1957b, Beards1959a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Montserrat [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Nicaragua [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Panama [Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Paraguay [Podtia1944, CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [Soukup1945, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CouturTaIn1996]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Saint Kitts [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Lucia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Suriname [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Trinidad [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [GranarScTe1997]; Venezuela [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; Bangladesh [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Brunei [Willia2004a]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India [Green1937, CABI1972b, BenDov1994] (Bihar [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Odisha [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a], Tripura [Willia2004a]); Indonesia [CABI1972b, BenDov1994] (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia2005]; Laos [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [CABI1972b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Pakistan [CABI1972b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines [CABI1972b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a]); Singapore [CABI1972b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Green1934c, Betrem1937, Green1937, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Azores [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, PerezGCa1987, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001]; China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1980, BenDov1994]); Egypt [Willco1922, Hall1926a, Betrem1937, BenDov1994]; Iran [Moghad2004a, Moghad2009]; Israel [Borchs1956d, BenDov1985a, BenDov1994]; Italy [MazzeoSuRu2008]; Japan [Takaha1955f, KinjoNaHi1996, BenDov1994]; Lebanon [Tranfa1983, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [Balach1939, BenDov1994]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Sicily [RussoMa1997]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].

BIOLOGY: Infests the roots, leaves natural cavities of the host plant. Pataki (1974, 1975) described the moulting process.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Betrem (1937), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), Balachowsky (1957b), Mamet (1957), Beardsley (1965c), McKenzie (1967), Ghosh & Ghose (1984), Williams (1970DJ), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980). Parida & Moharana (1982), Nur et al. (1987) and Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

SYSTEMATICS: Signoret interpreted the species described as Coccus bromeliae by Bouche (1833: 49) as a mealybug, but Lindinger (1932f) showed it to be a soft scale (Coccidae). In several pre-1900 publications, as well as in Fernald (1903b), the pineapple mealybug has been erroneously named Pseudococcus bromeliae (Bouché). Ben-Dov & Cox (1990) and Ben-Dov (1993) have clarified that Bouche's original description of Coccus bromeliae Bouche (1833: 49, 1834: 20) clearly indicate that his species was a soft scale insect (Coccidae), not a mealybug, as erroneously interpreted by subsequent workers, e.g. Fernald (1903b). This point is specefically pointed out because in several pre-1990 publications, D. brevipes has been misidentified as D. bromeliae. Beardsley (1959a) clarified previous indications, e.g. Zimmerman (1948), from Hawaii about the occurrence of more than one species on pineapple, and described the closely related species D. neobrevipes.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A widely-distributed pest of pineapple on which it transmits the Pineapple Mealybug Wilt Disease (Zimmerman, 1948; Beardsley, 1965c; Bartlett, 1978e; Beardsley et al., 1982). Effective control has been achieved on pineapple in South Africa by controlling populations of the big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala F. (Petty & Tustin, 1993; Petty & Manicom, 1995). Recorded as a vector of the Cocoa trinidad Virus (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992). In Hawaii, it occurs infrequently on sugarcane and is of but minor economic importance (Beardsley, 1960a). In Hawaii, the tight association of D. brevipes with Solenopsis geminata and three other ant species has reduced the efficacy of several natural enemies, such as cecidomyiid flies, cocinellid beetles, and multiple parasitoid species. (Carabali-Banguero, et al., 2013) Ants were less attendant on mealybugs when sucrose was available. However, the ants did not kill the mealybugs when additional sugar sources could be accessed. These results may have positive implications for managing D. brevipes populations using biological control. More specifically, lower degrees of ant attendance could create a window of opportunity for other D. brevipes natural enemies, such as predators or parasitic wasps. (Carabali-Banguero, et al., 2013)

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Tanaka & Uesatio 2012: 414 (female) [Key to separate four new invasive mealybug species: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Ph. defectus, Ph. parvus and P. solenopsis from other mealybugs occurring in the Ryukyu Archipelago]; Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region.]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 15 (female) [India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1986a: 435 (female) [India]; Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 84 (female) [China]; De Lotto 1977: 29 (female) [South Africa]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; Williams 1970DJ: 115 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 408 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ezzat 1960b: 40 (female) [Egypt]; Borchsenius 1956d: 866 (female) [Israel]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 94 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 176 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1357]; Afonso1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1]; Almeid1973b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 260]; Balach1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 189-197]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Barnes1935 [host, distribution, biological control: 527]; Bartle1939 [biological control: 67-72]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 141-143]; Beards1959a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 29-31]; Beards1960a [economic importance, host, distribution: 954-955]; Beards1965c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-60]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 409-410]; BeardsSuMc1982 [life history, ecology. biological control, economic importance : 51-67]; BenDov1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 188]; BenDov1993 [taxonomy: 68]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 124-126,387]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35,]; BenDovCo1990 [taxonomy: 83]; Bennet1955 [distribuition, biological control: 413-416]; Bennet1957 [biological control, host, distribution: 569]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; BennetSi1964 [biological control: 81-94]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-46]; Blumbe2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 421-422]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 130-131]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 181]; BruntKe1971 [host, economic importance, disease transmission: 591-602]; CABI1972b [taxonomy: 1, 2]; Caltag1985 [taxonomy, biological control: 189-200]; CarabaWyMo2013 [biological control, ecology: 65-73]; CarnerPe1986 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 53]; Carter1931 [chemical control: 1233-1242]; Carter1932 [life history, ecology, economic importance: 296-304]; Carter1932a [life history, ecology, economic importance, control: 1027-1030]; Carter1933 [economic importance, host, distribution, control: 207-242]; Carter1933a [life history, ecology, economic importance: 243-259]; Carter1934 [host, distribution, life history, physiology: 424-426]; Carter1935 [structure, structure: 60-71]; Carter1935a [biological control, host, distribution: 1037-1041]; Carter1936 [structure, structure: 176-183]; Carter1937 [biological control, distribution: 370-372]; Carter1937a [life history, ecology, economic importance: 971-981]; Carter1939 [host, life history, physiology, economic importance: 273-326]; Carter1942 [economic importance, distribution: 10-15]; Carter1945 [economic importance, life history, physiology: 335-338]; Carter1945a [life history, ecology, economic importance: 305-315]; Carter1945b [host, life history, physiology, economic importance: 316-323]; Carter1946 [structure, structure: 191-194]; Carter1948 [host, life history, phsiology: 645-657]; Carter1949 [host, distribution, economic importance: 761-766]; Carter1951 [life history, physiology, host, distribution: 769-780]; Carter1952 [chemical control: 981-984]; Carter1960 [life history, ecology, biological control: 296-299]; Carter1963 [host, distribution, ilfe history, economic importance: 741-747]; Carter1973 [host, distribution: 115]; CarterCo1947 [host, life history, physiology, control: 322-348]; CarterIt1956 [host, life history, economic importance: 662-666]; CarterSc1935 [host, life history, physiology, economic importance: 396-403]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; CeciliRo1991 [economic importance, chemical control: 843-848]; CelestSaVi1991 [economic importance, chemical control: 1-2]; CelestSaVi1991 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-2]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 300]; Cocker1893n [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267]; Cocker1910 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 113]; Cocker1937 [taxonomy, economic importance: 123]; ColenSaMo2000 [life history, ecology: 248-252]; Collin1960 [economic importance: 1-3]; CollinCa1954 [host, distribution, life history, physiology, economic importance: 662-666]; Comper1936b [biological control: 171-174]; CostelWe2014 [host: 1194]; CouturTaIn1996 [host, distribution: 136]; CulikGu2005 [host, distribution: 1-8]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; daLuzBoSa2005 [host, distribution: 391-393]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 40]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 197]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 349, 350]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Felt1933 [biological control, distribution: 87-89]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 98]; FerreiLuPa1997 [chemical control, host, distribution: 176]; FerreiMoSa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 525-532]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 205]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 312]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 19,25]; Franss1937 [host, distribution, economic importance: 33-34]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Fullaw1924 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 94-98]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Gahan1949 [host, distribution, biological control: 357-360]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; GhoshGh1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-173]; GomesCRe1949 [host, distribution: 62-63]; GoncalSa2001 [life history, distribution, biological control: 387-391]; Gonzal1972 [host, distribution: 115]; Gonzal1995 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 1-128]; GonzalPaJo2005 [life history, biological control: 93-103]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 97-98]; Gray1952 [chemistry, physiology: 129-133]; Green1934c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 162]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 292]; Gunasi1989 [structure, disease transmission: 1-120]; GunasiGe1987 [structure, chemistry: 1776]; GunasiGe1989 [structure, chemistry: 1337-1341]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, distribution: 6, 7]; Hamble1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108]; Haque1984 [chemistry, host: 291-298]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HernanNiMa2011 [host: 379-380]; HodgsoHi1990 [host: 2, 6, 16, 19,]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 143]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 27]; HoyHe1985 [biological control]; HuangWoCh2002 [host, distribution: 141-146]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178]; HuSeMe2000 [economic importance, structure, chemistry: S92]; Illing1931 [economic importance, life history, control: 877-889]; JahnBeGo2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 9-28]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207, 208]; Kanda1933a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-138]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 102, 103]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 15]; KaydanCaUl2013 [economic importance: 169]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 33]; KhooOoTu1991 [distribution, economic importance]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; KondoLoQu2010 [biological control: 7-13]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 32-34]; KubiriLeTu2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 31-36]; KubiriLeTu2001a [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 37-43]; Kuwana1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 35]; Leach1940 [life history, disease transmission transmission: 1-3]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 384]; Lew1958 [host, distribution, chemical control: 114-120]; Lim1972 [host, distribution, economic importance: 15-21]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 389]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; LynchHoBa2001 [biological control: 99-125]; MalausFeWa2011 [distribution, molecular data , phylogeny: 142-155]; Malump2012b [distribution: 211]; Mamet1941b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 58]; Mamet1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 370-373]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 11,117,177,219,230]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 177]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; MatileWi1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 446]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-162]; MedinaKo2012 [host: 44]; Merny1949 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 327-331]; MillerMi2002a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 970-971]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; Model2000 [host, distribution, chemical control: 289-302]; Moghad1999 [host, distribution: 44]; Moghad2004a [host, distribution: 23,142]; Moghad2009 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18,34]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 21-22, 23, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 64]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy, life history: 48]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212, 216]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-175]; Morris1922 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133-135]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34-36]; MoutiaMa1946 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 463-464]; NickelChVa2000 [economic importance, chemistry, structure: 200-202]; NurBrBe1987 [taxonomy, life history, distribution: 54]; PachecBeBl2014 [distribution, economic importance, host, life history, phylogeny: 1-13]; Pandey2002 [life history, host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 1-263]; PandeyJo2005a [host, distribution, biological control: 1-8]; PandeyJo2006 [host, distribution, economic importance: 68-74]; PandeyJo2006a [life history, biological control: 389-401]; PandeyJo2006b [life history, biological control: 585-601]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy, life history: 19]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; Pataki1974 [life history: 177-182]; Pataki1975 [life history: 141-151]; Pember1964 [host, distribution: 689]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 129]; PerezSeMe2006 [economic importance, taxonomy: 23-27]; Petty1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-3]; Petty1987 [chemical control: 255-258]; Petty2001a [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 197-203]; PettyMa1995 [economic importance, control: 343-346]; PettyTu1993 [economic importance, control: 387-397]; PlankSm1940 [economic importance, chemical control, biological control, host, distribution: 49-76]; RadhakMaPr2003 [host, distribution: 53-54]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Real1959 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-111]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 68-69]; RochaCaSi2001 [biological control: 28]; RohrbaChHu2000 [economic importance, biological control: 111-113]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Sabros1951 [host, distribution, biological control: 623-627]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; SancheDi1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 220]; SantaCBuPr2004 [life history: 1015-1029]; SantaCCh1998 [host, distribution, economic importance: 40-57]; SantaCGoSo2001 [chemistry, host, distribution, economic importance: 467-470]; SantaCMaCi1992 [host, distribution, Life history, ecology: 135-145]; SantaCRoMa1989 [chemical control: 362]; SantaCSiRo1989 [chemical control: 413]; SantaCSoCh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 363]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 64]; Schmut1964 [host, distribution: 105]; Schmut1969 [host, distribution, economic importance]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 328]; Serran1934 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 363-377]; Serran1935 [economic importance, control: 111-124]; Sether2002 [distribution, economic importance, disease transmission: 1-182]; SetherHu2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, ecology: 31-36]; SetherKaOk2001 [economic importance, chemistry, disease transmission: 856-864]; SetherMeBu2005 [disease transmission, economic importance: 450-456]; SharkoWo1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 191-218]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 310, 311]; SinghSa1974 [host, distribution, economic importance: 298-303]; SouzaSa2000 [host, life history, ecology: 457-460]; Sulaim2000a [chemical control: 273-288]; SulaimSuCh2000 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 221-235]; SulaimSuCh2000a [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 273-278]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 74]; Takaha1936c [taxonomy: 109]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 214]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 350]; Takaha1955f [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 196-198]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; ThomasHoTh1999 [host, distribution, economic importance: 5]; Tranfa1983 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 453, 454]; Trjapi1989 [life history: 125]; Tryon1901 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 297, 298]; UllahAlDa1993 [host, distribution, life history: 77-81]; UllmanGeMc1991 [structure, chemistry: 859-861]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 132]; Varshn1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Wang1980 [host, distribution: 283]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; Westga1945 [host, distribution, economic importance: 194-196]; Willco1922 [host, distribution]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 213, 214]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 397]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-131]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 116, 118]; Willia1986c [host: 54]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-172]; Willia2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 167]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 91]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-144]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 146]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 119]; WilliaMa2012 [illustration: 84]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 87]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-55]; Wolfen1949 [chemical control: 217-220]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176, 189-201].



Dysmicoccus bundooranus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus bundooranus Williams, 1985: 118. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Bundoora (La Trobe University), on Acacia melanoxylon. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia decurrens [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia melanoxylon [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found in bark crevice of host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 126]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-120].



Dysmicoccus busoensis Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus busoensis Williams & Watson, 1988a: 55. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province, Buso, on Pandanus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 126]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-55, 57].



Dysmicoccus cacao Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus cacao Granara de Willink, 2009: 26. Type data: COLOMBIA: Palmira, roots of cacao, Theobroma; collected B. Losada S., iii.1946. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 5-250. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-28].



Dysmicoccus carens Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus carens Williams, 1970: 131. Type data: INDIA: Coimbatore, on Saccharum officinarum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Coccos nucifera [RazakJa2002]. Poaceae: Andropogon squarrosus [Willia2004a], Arundo donax [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Chloris barbata [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Cymbopogon [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Panicum antidotale [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Setaria vericillata [Willia2004a], Sorghum halepence [Varshn1992], Sorghum nitidum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sorghum sudanense [Varshn1992, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Bangladesh [Willia2004a]; India [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Odisha [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [RazakJa2002, Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1970) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) elucidated the intraspecific variation in morphological characters of the adult female, by presenting three diagramatic illustrations of the adult female.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 15 (female) [India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1986a: 435 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 126-127]; RazakAnJa1994 [host, distribution, life history: 169-174]; RazakJa2002 [host, distribution: 38-39]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 198]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 50]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-132]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-176].



Dysmicoccus caribensis Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus caribensis Granara de Willink, 2009: 28. Type data: COLOMBIA: Fresnotol, roots of Coffea sp.; collected R. Cardenas, 20-VIII-1973. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 7318072. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotroipical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-31].



Dysmicoccus castanopsus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus castanopsus Williams, 2004a: 176. Type data: MALAYSIA: Pahang, Cameron Highlands, on Castanopsis hullettii; collected S.W. Brown, 25.iii.1964. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fagaceae: Castanopsis hullettii [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-178].



Dysmicoccus casuarinarum Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus casuarinarum Williams, 1985: 120. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Hornsby Heights, on Casuarina sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina stricta [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 127]; Willia1985 [taxonomy,description, illustration, host, distribution: 120].



Dysmicoccus celmisicola (Cox)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisicoccus celmisicola Cox, 1987: 49. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Mt Arthur, on Celmisia dallii. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus celmisicola; Ben-Dov, 1999: 380. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Celmisia coriacea [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Celmisia dallii [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Celmisia spectabilis [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 168]; BenDov1999 [taxonomy: 380]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49, 158].



Dysmicoccus cocotis (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius cocotis Maskell, 1890: 149. Type data: FIJI: on Cocos nucifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pseudococcus cocotis; Fernald, 1903b: 100. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus saipanensis Siraiwa, 1933: 8. Type data: PALAU ISLANDS: Saipan Island, on Cocos nucifera. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Watson, 1988a: 57.

Dysmicoccus saipanensis; Beardsley, 1966: 57. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus cocotis; Williams & Watson, 1988a: 57. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Maskel1890, Laing1927, Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia1994]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus odoratissimus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Kosrae (=Kusaie) [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Fiji [Maskel1890, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, HodgsoLa2011]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Guam [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan Island [Siraiw1933, BenDov1994]); Tokelau [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [Laing1927, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Oriental: India [Varshn1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on stems of coconut associated with ants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Williams (1994). Good description of the adult female given by Cottier (1936). Good description of the adult male given by Cottier (1936).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 408 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 411-413]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 127]; ChenWoWu2012 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 301]; Cottie1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-31]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 53]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 100]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 28]; Laing1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36, 37]; Maskel1890 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149]; Moore2001 [host, economic importance: 232-266]; Nair1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72-82]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; VaradaDa2002 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 47-59]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 50]; Willia1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365-367]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-58].



Dysmicoccus comitatus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus comitatus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 60. Type data: IRIAN JAYA: Wisseimaren, Okaidati, in ants' nest. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found in ants' nest.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 127]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60, 62].



Dysmicoccus coorongae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus coorongae Williams, 1985: 123. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, The Coorong, on Gahnia trifida. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Gahnia trifida [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 127]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122, 123].



Dysmicoccus crassisetosus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus crassisetosus Mamet, 1962: 165. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ambatoloana, on undetermined host, in nest of Crematogaster sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Crematogaster sp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 128]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167].



Dysmicoccus dactylus Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus dactylus Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 573. Type data: CHILE: La Cruz, 'Quebrada Lo Rojas', on unidentified plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: digitule mealybug [MillerMc1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Miller & McKenzie (1971), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 128]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-33]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 573-575]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145].



Dysmicoccus darienensis Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus darienensis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 146. Type data: PANAMA: Darien, Ensenada del Guayabo, on Rubiaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Dscription and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Notropical region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 128]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-34]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration ,host, distribution: 146-147].



Dysmicoccus debregeasiae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus debregeasiae Green, 1922: 388. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya and Paradeniya on Debregeasia velutina in shelters constructed by the ant Crematogaster dohrni. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 178. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus debregeasiae; Williams, 2004a: 178. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ageratum [Willia2004a], Bidens [Willia2004a], Tridex procumber [Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Hevea brasiliensis [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Erythrina [Willia2004a], Erythrina lithosperme [Willia2004a]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum canphora [Willia2004a]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Ficus [Willia2004a], Ficus carica [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Willia2004a]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [MatileEt2006]. Rosaceae: Pyrus malus [Willia2004a], Rubus ellipticus [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Willia2004a], Coffea canephora [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia2004a]. Urticaceae: Debregeasia velutina [Green1922, BenDov1994]. Zingiberaceae: Elettaria cardamomum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]). Neotropical: Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Willia2004a]; India [Willia2004a] (Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Nepal [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Green1922, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 235 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 387]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 388]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 178]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 243-244]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-183].



Dysmicoccus delitescens Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus delitescens Cox, 1987: 45. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Marlborough, Pelorus Bridge, under dead log in association with ants. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description an illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 44 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 128]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45, 152].



Dysmicoccus dengwuensis Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus dengwuensis Ferris, 1954a: 51. Type data: CHINA: near Canton, Deng-wu-shan, on undetermined grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus dangwuensis; Yang, 1982: 86. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae [Ferris1954a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Ferris1954a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1954a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 86 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 218]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51, 52]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 198, 199]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 85, 86].



Dysmicoccus dennoi Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus dennoi Kosztarab, 1996: 100. Type data: U.S.A.: New Jersey, Ocean county, 3 miles south of Tuckerton, Great Bay Boulevard, on Spartina cynosuroides. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



FOE: Coccinellidae: Hyperaspidus venustulus (Mulsant) [Wheele2010].

HOST: Poaceae: Spartina cynosuroides [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Jersey [Koszta1996], South Carolina [Wheele2010]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 100 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-102]; Wheele2010 [host, distribution, biological control: 143-154].



Dysmicoccus desertorum McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus desertorum McKenzie, 1962: 644. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, Lincoln County, Panaca, on Chrysothamnus greenei. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: desert Dysmicoccus mealybug [McKenz1962]; desert dysmicoccus mealybug [McKenz1962].



HOST: Asteraceae: Chrysothamnus greenei [McKenz1962, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Nevada [McKenz1962, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 503 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 156-157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1964: 643 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 129]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 644-646].



Dysmicoccus difficilis (Lobdell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus difficilis Lobdell, 1930: 215. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, Agricultural and Mechanical College, on Fraxinus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus difficilis; Ferris, 1950b: 63. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Nyssaceae: Nyssa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [Lobdel1930, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Maryland [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Mississippi [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the trunk of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Lobdell (1930), Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Kosztarab 1996: 102 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 129]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-64]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-104]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 215, 228]; MillerMi2002a [taxonomy: 971].



Dysmicoccus diodium (McConnell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus diodium McConnell, 1941: 95. Type data: U.S.A.: South Carolina, Anderson, on Diodia teres. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus diodium; Ferris, 1950b: 65. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: buttonweed mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Aster [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Diodia teres [McConn1941, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Gerardia laevigata [McConn1941, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Mississippi [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], South Carolina [McConn1941, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description of the adult female given by McConnell (1941).

KEYS: Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Kosztarab 1996: 104 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 643 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 53 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 129]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-105]; McConn1941 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95, 96]; MillerMi2002a [taxonomy: 971]; ReevesRo1999 [taxonomy: 459-466].



Dysmicoccus echinochloae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus echinochloae Williams, 2004a: 183. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, Hessaraghatta, on Echinochloa colonum; collected P.L. Tandon, 7.vii.1983. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Echinochloa colonum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-185].



Dysmicoccus fimbriatulus (Cockerell & King in King)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia fimbriatulus Cockerell & King in King, 1902a: 41. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, in nest of Lasius americana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Dysmicoccus fimbriatulus; Ferris, 1953a: 333. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1901g, King1902a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in ants' nests, Lasius americana.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by King (1902a). Diagnostic taxonomy characters of the adult female discussed by Ferris (1953a).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 643 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 129]; Cocker1901g [host, distribution: 53]; Ferris1953a [host, distribution: 333]; King1902a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41, 42].



Dysmicoccus finitimus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus finitimus Williams, 1994: 366. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kakkapaliya, on Coccos nucifera. Holotype female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: Asian coconut mealybug [LitCa1994a]; asian coconut mealybug; neighbor palm mealybug [LitCaLa2006].



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Willia2004a], Cocos nucifera [Willia1994, LitCa1994a, Lit1997a, Willia2004a, LitCaLa2006], Corypha utan [Lit1997a, Willia2004a, LitCaLa2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Cocos (=Keeling) Islands [Willia1994, Willia2004a]. Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a]); Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; India (Karnataka [Willia1994, Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia1994, Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia (Malaya [Willia1994], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Maldives [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a, Lit1997a, LitCaLa2006]); Sri Lanka [Willia1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1994) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Lit1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 390]; LitCaLa2006 [host, distribution: 10-11]; Willia1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365-371]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-187].



Dysmicoccus formicicola (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia formicicola Maskell, 1892: 38. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Ashburton district, in ants' nests. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 46. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus formicicola; Williams & de Boer, 1973: 235. Change of combination.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Oreobolus pectinatus [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, Maskel1892].

BIOLOGY: Cox (1987) recorded it from the nest of Chelaner antarcticus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987). Good description of the adult female given by Williams & de Boer (1973).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 44 (female) [NewZealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 129]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-46, 153]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 53]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38, 39]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; Newste1897b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 235, 236].



Dysmicoccus furcillosus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus furcillosus Williams, 2004a: 187. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Vittal, on spadices of Areca catechu; collected 7.ix.2002. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]); Sri Lanka [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187-189].



Dysmicoccus fusagasugae Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus fusagasugae Granara de Willink, 2009: 33. Type data: COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca, Fusagasuga, on twigs of Nylandena fulva; collected X-1977, brotes. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. # 81. Described: female. Illust. Notes:



HOST: Nylandena fulva [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-36].



Dysmicoccus gracilis Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus gracilis Granara de Willink, 2009: 36. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on Mangifera indica; collected ix.2001. Holotype female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust. Notes:



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Granar2009], Schinus terebinthifolius [Granar2009]. Clusiaceae: Vismia [Granar2009]. Moraceae: Ficus [Granar2009]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [Granar2009], Espirito Santo [Granar2009], Parana [Granar2009]); Costa Rica [Granar2009]; Guyana [Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-40].



Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus grassii Leonardi, 1913b: 59. Type data: CANARY ISLANDS: collected in Italy, Rome, on imported bananas from the Canary Islands. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta, 1992a: 72. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus alazon Williams, 1960b: 239. Type data: CANARY ISLANDS: collected in England, London, on imported bananas from the Canary Islands. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Marotta, 1992: 71.

Dysmicoccus grassii; Marotta, 1987a: 107. Change of combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Platygasteridae: Allotropa musae Buhl [Buhl2005].

HOSTS: Agavaceae: Dasylirion longissimum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Eupatorium odoratum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Crescentia cujete [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Andrea inermis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [CulikMaGu2006]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Sechium edule [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Lysiloma latisiliquum [MillerMi2002a]. Lauraceae: Persea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Melastomataceae: Melastoma [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus benjamina [Gill1993], Ficus sp. [MillerMi2002a]. Musaceae: Musa [MatileWi1996, BenDov2013], Musa acuminata [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Musa sapientum [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Callistomon citrinus [MillerMi2002a]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [CarnerPe1986, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba sp. [MillerMi2002a], Coccoloba uvifera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mangle [MillerMi2002a], Rhizophora sp. [MillerMi2002a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [KondoRaVe2008], Coffea arabica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma tomentosa, Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008, Granar2009]. Verbenaceae: Tectona grandis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [MatileWi1996]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Florida [MillerMi2002a]). Neotropical: Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Belize [WilliaGr1992 , BenDov1994]; Brazil (Espirito Santo [CulikMaGu2006, CulikMaVe2007]); Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008, Granar2009]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MartinBlSu2005, Granar2009]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]). Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]). Palaearctic: Canary Islands [Willia1960b, PerezGCa1987, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001, BenDov2013]; France [GermaiMaPi2002]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [Marott1987a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1960b), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Granara de Willink (2009). Description and illustration of adult male by Afifi (1968).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Studies about the sex pheromone of the mealybug Dysmicoccus grassii, a main pest of Canary Islands banana cultivars, showed strong evidence that (-)-(R)-lavandulyl propionate and acetate in a 6:1 ratio are principal components of it. The structural elucidation of these compounds is the first step toward the development of new and ecological control methods for this important pest based on its sexual pheromone. (de Alfonso, et al., 2012)

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region]; Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-143]; Beards1965c [taxonomy: 67]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 130]; BenDov2013 [distribution, host: 72]; Buhl2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 67-69]; CarnerPe1986 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52]; CulikMaGu2006 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-12]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; deAlfoHeVe2012 [biological control, distribution, economic importance, host: 11959-11964]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 19,25]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 256]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-41]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 34]; Leonar1913b [p. 59]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; LorenzPrLo2001 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 85-101]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; MatileWi1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 445-449]; MillerMi2002a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 970-971]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 129]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 193, 194]; Willia1960b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-241]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-134]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 87, 91]; ZouChMi2013 [chemistry: 136].



Dysmicoccus hambletoni Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus hambletoni Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 148. Type data: ECUADOR: Pichilingue, on roots of Araceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Granar2009]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: All available records have been taken from roots of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 130]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-43]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-149].



Dysmicoccus henanensis Wu, S.A.

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus henanensis Wu, S.A., 2001: xxx. Type data: CHINA: Henan Province, Baotianman Nature Reserve, on Compositae. Holotype female. Type depository: XXXX. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Henan (=Honan)).



Dysmicoccus hilli (Froggatt)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius hilli Froggatt, 1916: 885. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Darwin, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1994).

Dysmicoccus hilli; Williams, 1985: 123. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia holosericea [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 131]; Frogga1916; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-125].



Dysmicoccus howrahicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus howrahicus Williams, 1985: 125. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Howrah Beach, on Casuarina stricta. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina stricta [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 131]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-127].



Dysmicoccus hurdi McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus hurdi McKenzie, 1962: 646. Type data: MEXICO: Veracruz State, Tecolutla, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: hurd dysmicoccus mealybug [McKenz1962]; Hurd Dysmicoccus mealybug [McKenz1962].



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [MalumpBa2012]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1962, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Cuba [Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by McKenzie (1962), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 158 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 131]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, host: 33]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 646-648]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-150]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 87].



Dysmicoccus hylonomus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus hylonomus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 62. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province, Bulolo, on Araucaria cunninghamii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Araucariaceae: Araucaria cunninghamii [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 46 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 131]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-64].



Dysmicoccus hypogaeus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus hypogaeus Williams, 1985: 127. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Ouse, in soil. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Hypochoeris radicata [Willia1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985], Victoria [Willia1985]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 131]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 71]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-129].



Dysmicoccus imparilis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus imparilis Williams, 2004a: 191. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, on Camellia sinensis; collected 1986. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Lithospemum [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Erythrina lithosperma [Willia2004a]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [Willia2004a]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-193].



Dysmicoccus innermongolicus Tang in Tang & Li

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus innermongolicus Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 38. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Bairin Left Banner, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 131]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 200]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-40]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13].



Dysmicoccus inquilinus (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus inquilinus Newstead, 1920: 178. Type data: GUYANA [= BRITISH GUIANA]: 'Cattle Trail Survey', on undetermined plant, protected by Acromyrmex sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 151. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Dysmicoccus inquilinus; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 151. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1920, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Dscription and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 132]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178, 179]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153].



Dysmicoccus insulae Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus insulae Williams & Watson, 1988a: 64. Type data: NORFOLK ISLAND: on Araucaria heterophylla. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Araucariaceae: Araucaria heterophylla [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Norfolk Island [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 132]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-64].



Dysmicoccus jenniferae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus jenniferae Williams, 1985: 129. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Cradle Mountain National Park, on Gahnia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Gahnia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found in the seed head of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 132]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-131].



Dysmicoccus jizani Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus jizani Matile-Ferrero, 1984c: 223. Type data: SAUDI ARABIA: Jizan, on Acanthaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Acanthaceae [Matile1984c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia [Matile1984c, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1984c). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 132]; Matile1984c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223-224]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 200-201].



Dysmicoccus joannesiae (Costa Lima)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus joannesiae Costa Lima, 1939: 7. Type data: BRAZIL: State of Rio, Queimados, on Joannesia princeps. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 153. Type depository: Rio de Janeiro: Fundacao Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus joannesiae; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 153. Change of combination.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Joannesia princeps [CostaL1939, WilliaGr1992, Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [CostaL1939, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2009]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de willink (2009.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 132]; CostaL1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1-10]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43,47-48]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-155].



Dysmicoccus junceus (McConnell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus junceus McConnell, 1941: 96. Type data: U.S.A.: Maryland, College Park, on Juncus tenuis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus junceus; Ferris, 1950b: 269. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus junceus; McKenzie, 1960: 706. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: Juncus mealybug [Koszta1996]; juncus mealybug.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Scirpus [Koszta1996]. Juncaceae: Juncus tenuis [McConn1941, Ferris1950a, McKenz1960, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agrostis [Koszta1996], Dactylis [Koszta1996], Danthonia [Koszta1996], Erigeron [Koszta1996], Panicum [Koszta1996], Phleum [Koszta1996], Setaria [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Indiana [Koszta1996], Maryland [McConn1941, Ferris1950a, McKenz1960, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996], Ohio [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1941), Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 104 (female) [Northeastern USA]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 132]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 269-270]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-107]; McConn1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96, 97]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy: 706].



Dysmicoccus kaiensis (Kanda)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus kaiensis Kanda, 1932: 387. Type data: JAPAN: Kai Province, Mt. Mitsutoge, on Calamagrostis sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female.

Kaicoccus kaiensis; Takahashi, 1958: 5. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus kaiensis; Danzig, 1971: 367. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Calamagrostis [Kanda1932, BenDov1994], Sasa kurilensis [Danzig1978, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kanda1932, BenDov1994]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Takahashi (1957) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja & Lagowska 1986: 382 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 133]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy: 367]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 8]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 174, 175]; Kanda1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 387-390]; Takaha1957 [taxonomy, description: 5]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 296].



Dysmicoccus kalyanensis (Gupta, Pramanik & Mukhopadahyay)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisicoccus kalyanensis Gupta, Pramanik & Mukhopadahyay, 2004: 71. Type data: INDIA: West bengal, Kalyani on Lannea coromandelica. Holotype female. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Lannea coromandelica [GuptaPrMu2004].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (West Bengal [GuptaPrMu2004]).

CITATIONS: GuptaPrMu2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-81].



Dysmicoccus kozari Pellizzari & Fontana

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus kozari Pellizzari & Fontana, 1996: 123. Type data: ITALY: Sardinia, S. Teodoro, near the sea, on leaves of Convolvulus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Padova: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Italy; type no. 680/2. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [PellizFo1996]. Poaceae [PellizFo1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sardinia [PellizFo1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Pellizari & Fontana (1996).

KEYS: Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy].

CITATIONS: Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123, 124, 126]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155].



Dysmicoccus lansii Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus lansii Williams, 2004a: 193. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Intercepted at Hawaii, USA, on lansone, Lansium sp.; collected O.N. Liming, 19.vii.1952. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-195].



Dysmicoccus laporteae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus laporteae Williams, 1985: 133. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Cunningham's Gap National Park, on Laportea gigas. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Urticaceae: Laportea gigas [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the underside of the leaf.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 133]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132, 133].



Dysmicoccus lasii (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia lasii Cockerell, 1896m: 223. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Methuen, with Lasius americanus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Ripersia basi; King, 1902d: 159. Change of combination.

Ripersia basi; King, 1902d: 159. Misspelling of species name.

Dysmicoccus lasii; Ferris, 1953a: 335. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: ant-nest mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia [Koszta1996], Aster [King1899], Callistephus [Koszta1996], Callistephus hortensis [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lespedeza [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Florida [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Massachusetts [Cocker1896m, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plants. Tended by ants, Acanthomyops claviger, Lasius alienus, L. americanus and L. flavus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a), Miller & McKenzie (1973) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Kosztarab 1996: 107 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 133, 134]; Britto1923 [host, distribution: 382]; Cocker1896m [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 223, 224]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Cocker1901g [taxonomy: 57]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 118]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 335-336]; Green1931a [taxonomy: 101]; King1899d [taxonomy: 254]; King1901f [host, distribution: 193]; King1902d [distribution: 159]; KingCo1897 [taxonomy: 93]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109]; MacGil1921 [host, distribution: 141]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy: 644]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy: 230]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy: 157]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy: 573]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 508-510]; MillerMi2002a [taxonomy: 971].



Dysmicoccus lemmatus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus lemmatus Williams, 1985: 133. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Wongong on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 134]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135].



Dysmicoccus lepelleyi (Betrem)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus lepelleyi Betrem, 1937: 72. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Buitezorg, Malang, Lombok, on Annona muricata and Lansium domesticum. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material apparently lost (Ben-Dov, 1994).

Criniticoccus palmae Lit, 1992: 1162. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Palawan: Tabiey, Cabigaan, Aborlan, on Caryota seedling. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 195.

Crinitococcus palmae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 101. Misspelling of genus name.

Dysmicoccus lepelleyi; Williams, 2004a: 195. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia2004a]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimola [Willia2004a], Annona muricata [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Willia2004a], Caryota [Lit1992, BenDov1994], Cocos nucifera [Willia2004a], Elaeis guineensis [Willia2004a]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [Willia2004a]. Liliaceae: Dracaena [Willia2004a]. Melastomataceae: Anplectrum divaricatus [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus edulis [Willia2004a], Ficus variegata [Willia2004a], Parartocarpus venerosus [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Willia2004a], Coffea canephora [Willia2004a], Nauclea [Lit1997a], Neoauclea [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Willia2004a], Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia2004a]. Zingiberaceae: Amomum dealbatum [Willia2004a], Nicolaia speciosa [Willia2004a]. ` Musaceae: Musa [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Lombok [Willia2004a], Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Palawan [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Lit1997a]); Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on underside of leaves, tended by ants, Dolichoderus sp. (Lit, 1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Betrem (1937), Lit (1992) (as Crniticoccus palmae and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) demonstrated the cosiderable intraspecific variation in this species and provided three diagramatic illustration of the adult female.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 101,396]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-75]; Lit1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1162-1163,1175]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, description: 35-36,44]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-200].



Dysmicoccus lepidii Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus lepidii Williams, 1985: 135. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Narromine, on Lepidium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Brassicaceae: Lepidium [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 107 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 134]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-137].



Dysmicoccus mackenziei Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus mackenziei Beardsley, 1965c: 65. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, Temple City, on Tillandsia punctulata. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: McKenzie mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Bromeliaceae: Ananas sativus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Tillandsia brachycaulos [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Tillandsia butsii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tillandsia ionantha [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Tillandsia punctulata [Beards1965c, BenDov1994], Vriesea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Inga ruiziana [Granar2009]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa [Granar2009]. Orchidaceae: Epidendrum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Granar2009]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Beards1965c, BenDov1994], Florida [MillerMi2002a]). Neotropical: Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2009]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Malump2012]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Nicaragua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Sri Lanka [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [Marott1992a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Beardsley (1965c), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992),Williams (2004a) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region]; Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [World]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex].

CITATIONS: Beards1965c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-67]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 134]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-51]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Malump2012 [distribution, host: 57]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 72, 73]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; MillerMi2002a [host, distribution, taxonomy: 970-971]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-202]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-157]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 87, 91].



Dysmicoccus maclayi Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus maclayi Gavrilov, 2013: 70-73. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: near Jayapura, on leaf of dicotyledonous tree, 10/30/2011, by I.A. Gavrilov. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. K 860. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Gavrilov, 2013.

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body broadly oval, about 2–3 mm long. Eyes each about 50 ľm in diameter. Antennae each 8-segmented, about 650 mm long. Legs well developed. Sclerotized areas of anal lobe cerarii and penultimate cerarii significantly larger than anal ring. Dorsal surface covered by thick, almost lanceolate setae. Ventral surface with flagellate setae of various sizes. (Gavrilov, 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: Dysmicoccus maclayi is unique in the genus in having cerarii situated on well-developed prominences. According to other characters, it seems to be related to Dysmicoccus castanopseus Williams, 2004, but differs in possessing tubular ducts. (Gavrilov, 2013)

CITATIONS: Gavril2013 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 70-73].



Dysmicoccus macrozamiae (Fuller)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius macrozamiae Fuller, 1897a: 1346. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Swan River, on Macrozamia frazeri. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Williams (1985).

Pseudococcus macrozamiae; Fernald, 1903b: 106. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus macrozamiae; Williams, 1985: 137. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Zamiaceae: Macrozamia frazeri [Fuller1897a, BenDov1994], Macrozamia reidlei [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1897a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 134]; Buckle1987 [life history, ecology: 53-85]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 106]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy, description: 1346]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137, 138].



Dysmicoccus mangaianus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus mangaianus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 64. Type data: COOK ISLANDS: Mangaia, Tamarua, on Pandanus odoratissimus. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus odoratissimus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 46 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 135]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65, 67].



Dysmicoccus mcdanieli (Hollinger)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus mcdanieli Hollinger, 1917a: 270. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, Boone County, on ragweed, Actinomeris alternifolia and stinging nettle. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Dysmicoccus mcdanieli; Ferris, 1953a: 337. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Actinomeris alternifolia [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994], Ambrosia trifida [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Urtica [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Missouri [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the lower surface of the leaves of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a). Redescribed as if a new species by Hollinger (1923).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 643 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 135]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 337-338]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 270]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54, 55].



Dysmicoccus milleri Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus milleri Kosztarab, 1996: 109. Type data: U.S.A.: Virginia, Accomack county, Assateague Island, Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, on Pinus taeda. Holotype. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Miller mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus [Koszta1996], Pinus elliottii [Koszta1996], Pinus taeda [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [Koszta1996], Florida [Koszta1996], Georgia [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Found under bark flakes during fall of the year (Kosztarab, 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 109 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-111].



Dysmicoccus mollis De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus mollis De Lotto, 1961: 215. Type data: UGANDA: Serere, on Arachis hypogaea. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [DeLott1961].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1961].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 135]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215, 216].



Dysmicoccus mongolicus (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Euripersia mongolica Danzig, 1969: 1579. Type data: MONGOLIA: Yuver-Khangaiski Aymak, on roots of Agropyron cristatum. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Chnaurococcus mongolicus; Tang, 1992: 189. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus mongolicus; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2011: 272. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex duriscula [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Melilotus sueveolens [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agropyron cristatum [Danzig1969, BenDov1994], Elymus chinensis [Danzig1984, BenDov1994], Stipa sibirica [Danzig1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]); Mongolia [Danzig1969, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1969) and by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 189 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 155]; Danzig1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1579, 1580]; Danzig1984a [host, distribution: 33]; DanzigGa2011 [taxonomy: 272]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 189]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63, 65, 66]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 11].



Dysmicoccus morrisoni (Hollinger)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus morrisoni Hollinger, 1917a: 270. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, on hickory. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Dysmicoccus morrisoni; Ferris, 1950b: 67. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: Morrison mealybug [Koszta1996]; pecan mealybug [MillerMc1973].



HOSTS: Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Koszta1996]. Juglandaceae: Carya alba [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Carya cordiformis [Koszta1996], Carya illinoensis [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994, Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Georgia [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Louisiana [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Mississippi [Ferris1950b, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Missouri [Hollin1917a, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Ohio [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Hollinger (1923) found it living in association with ants, Lasius neoniger and L. umbratus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), Miller & McKenzie (1973) and by Kosztarab (1996).

SYSTEMATICS: Redescribed as if a new species by Hollinger (1923).

KEYS: Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Kosztarab 1996: 111 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504, 506 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 158 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 333 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Beards1965c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 60-61]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 135, 136]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy, description: 270]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55, 56]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-113]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 510-512]; MillerMi2002a [taxonomy: 971]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459].



Dysmicoccus moundi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus moundi Williams, 1985: 137. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Tintinara, on Acacia spinescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia harpophylla [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia spinescens [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 136]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137, 139, 140].



Dysmicoccus muajatae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus muajatae Williams, 2004a: 202. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National park, Gunungg Muajat summit, 1780 meters, on a fern; collected J.H. Martin, 31.v.1985. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes:



HOST: PTERIDOPHYTA Pteridaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 202 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-204].



Dysmicoccus mundaringae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus mundaringae Williams, 1985: 140. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Mundaring, on Eucalyptus marginata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus marginata [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bark of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 137]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-142].



Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley, 1959a: 31. Type data: HAWAII: Honolulu, on Polianthes tuberosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: Annona mealybug [LitCa1994a]; annona mealybug [LitCa1994a]; Banana-kona-kaigara-musi [TanakaUe2012].



ASSOCIATES: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. HYMENOPRTERA Formicidae: Pheidole megacephala [TanakaUe2012], Tetramorium bicarinatum [TanakaUe2012].

HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave angustifolia [MillerMi2002a], Agave desmettiana [MillerMi2002a], Agave sisalana [Beards1959a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Furcraea sp. [MillerMi2002a], Polianthes tuberosa [Beards1959a, BenDov1994], Yucca elephantipes [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Yucca elephantipes [MillerMi2002a]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia2004a]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992], Annona reticulata [Beards1965c, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Annona squamosa [Willia2004a]. Apocynaceae: Plumeria acuminata [Willia2004a]. Araceae: Aglaonema treubii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Colocasia esculenta [Willia2004a], Philodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Nothopanax [Beards1959a, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Chrysalidocarpus lutescens [Willia2004a], Cocos nucifera [Beards1965c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cocos nucifera [Willia2004a]. Asteraceae: Helianthus annus [Willia2004a]. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens [Willia2004a]. Barringtoniaceae: Barringtonia speciosa [Beards1965c, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Crescentia alata [Beards1965c, BenDov1994], Millingtonia hortensis [Willia2004a], Spathodea campalunata [Willia2004a]. Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Messerschmidia argentea [Beards1959a, BenDov1994], Tournefortia argentea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Brassica olearacea [Willia2004a]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Ananas sativus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Opuntia megacantha [Beards1959a, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Beards1965c, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita maxima [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia farnesiana [Beards1959a, BenDov1994], Acacia koa [Beards1959a, BenDov1994], Albizia saman [Willia2004a], Arachis hypogaea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Machaerium robinifolium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Phaseolus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Piscidia piscipula [Beards1965c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Samanea saman [Beards1959a, BenDov1994], Tamarindus indica [Willia2004a], Vigna sesquipedalis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia latispatha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Allium cepa [Willia2004a]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Thespesia propulnea [Beards1959a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Artocarpus heterophyllus [Willia2004a], Ficus [Willia2004a]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaWa1988a, KondoRaVe2008], Musa coccinea [Willia2004a], Musa paradisiaca [Beards1965c, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Willia2004a], Syzygium malaccensis [Willia2004a]. Nalinaceae: Beaucarunea recurvata [MazzeoSuRu2008]. Orchidaceae: Brassavola cordata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Beards1959a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Pinaceae: Pinus [Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Zea mays [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Polygonoceae: Coccoloba [WilliaWa1988a]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Punica granatum [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Guettarda speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Mussaenda oona [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Beards1965c, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Solanaceae: Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Solanum melongena [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Beards1965c, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Urticaceae: Pipturus argentea [Beards1965c, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Tectona grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [Beards1959a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: American Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Fiji [Beards1965c, BenDov1994]; Guam [Beards1965c, BenDov1994]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1959a, Beards1965c, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]); Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994] (Gilbert Islands [Beards1965c, Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Marshall Islands [Beards1975, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands (Rota Island [Beards1965c, BenDov1994]); Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [Beards1965c, WilliaGr1992]; United States of America (Florida [MillerMi2002a]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008, Kondo2008a]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, Schmut1990]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2009]; Haiti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, PerezG2008]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [Beards1965c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Suriname [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: India [Willia2004a]; Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Beards1965c, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a]); Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Italy [MazzeoSuRu2008]; Japan [TanakaUe2012]; Sicily [Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997].

BIOLOGY: Detailed life history analyses on four different host plants in Qin, et al., 2011.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Beardsley (1959a), Williams & Watson (1988a), Shmutterer (1990), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Granara de Willink (2009). Description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult females by Gullan & Martin (2009).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to the pink pineapple mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) in its general appearance. However, D. neobrevipes is distinguishable from D. brevipes by the shorter dorsal setae (approximately 10-20 ľm) on the dorsum of abdominal segments VII and VIII. (Tanaka & Uesato, 2012)

KEYS: Tanaka & Uesatio 2012: 414 (female) [Key to separate four new invasive mealybug species: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Ph. defectus, Ph. parvus and P. solenopsis from other mealybugs occurring in the Ryukyu Archipelago]; Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region]; Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 506 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 408 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex]; Beardsley 1960: 212 (male) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: BaumanMuLa1993 [structure, endosymbiont: 21-24]; Beards1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-37]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 217-218]; Beards1965c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61-62]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 410-411]; Beards1975 [host, distribution: 657]; BeardsSuMc1982 [life history, ecology, biological control, economic importance: 51-66]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 137]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 40]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; GalaniWa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 7]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-52]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; GullanMa2009 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 965]; GwiazdVaDe2006 [phylogenetics: 16]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 28]; JahnBe1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 61]; JiSu2012 [distribution, host: 1-5]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 34]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 390]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; MillerMi2002a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 970-971]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; MoranBaDo1994 [molecular data, , phylogeny, symbionts: 79-83]; MuniapShWa2011 [distribution: 168-169]; MunsonBaMo1992 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 26-29]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 173-174]; NurBrBe1987 [taxonomy, distribution: 54]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5,6]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; QinWuQi2011 [life history: 1124-1128]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Schmut1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 443-445]; Sether2002 [distribution, economic importance, disease transmission: 1-182]; SetherMeBu2005 [disease transmission, economic importance: 450-456]; TanakaUe2012 [biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 413-419]; Tranfa1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 454]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-207]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-159]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 87]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-69].



Dysmicoccus nesophilus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus nesophilus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 69. Type data: FIJI: Viti Levu, Suva, on Acalypha sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Cordyline terminalis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Catharanthus roseus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Alocasia macrorhiza [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Balaka seemanni [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Fitchia speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Tournefortia argentea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [WilliaWa1988a], Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Garcinia myrtifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Lumnitzera coccinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [WilliaWa1988a], Acalypha hispida [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Aleurites moluccana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Bischofia javanica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Erythrina indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Inocarpus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia [WilliaWa1988a], Barringtonia asiatica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, HodgsoLa2011]. Liliaceae: Crinum asiaticum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Thespesia propulnea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Swietenia macrophylla [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus [WilliaWa1988a], Ficus tinctoria [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Metrosideros villosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Pisonia grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Freycinetia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Pinus caribaea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Alphitonia zizyphoides [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera gymnorhiza [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Rhizophora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Rhizophora stylosa [HodgsoLa2011]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Guettarda speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus paradisi [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Micromelum minutum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Norfolk Island [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 138]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 28]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-70, 72].



Dysmicoccus notialis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus notialis Williams, 1985: 142. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Howden, on Acacia verticillata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia decurrens [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia oxycedrus [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia ulicifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia verticillata [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 138]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142, 143, 145].



Dysmicoccus obesus (Lobdell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus obesus Lobdell, 1930: 216. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, Meridian, on Pinus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female.

Dysmicoccus obesus; Ferris, 1950b: 69. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: pine mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus taeda [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Pinus virginiana [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994, Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994], Arkansas [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994], Delaware [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Georgia [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994], Louisiana [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994], Maryland [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Mississippi [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994], North Carolina [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994], South Carolina [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994], Virginia [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under flakes of bark or around scarred places. Thompson & Colvin (1990) studied its biology on loblolly pine in USA, Arkansas and found that it develops three annual broods in May, July and September. Cytogentic observations showed that it is a bisexual species; however, males have not been observed by Thompson & Colvin (1990).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Lobdell (1930), Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Kosztarab 1996: 113 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 503 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 643 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 53 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 138]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-70]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-115]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216, 217, 229]; MillerMi2002a [taxonomy: 971]; ThompsCo1990 [life history, host, distribution: 89-98].



Dysmicoccus orchidum Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus orchidum Williams, 2004a: 207. Type data: SINGAPORE: on Phalaenopsis sp.; collected 11.x.1966. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Orchidaceae: Bulbophyllum [Willia2004a], Cymbidium finlaysonianum [Willia2004a], Dendrobium [Willia2004a], Dendrobium aureum [Willia2004a], Dendrobium dearei [Willia2004a], Dendrobium schulzei [Willia2004a], Dendrobium wardianum [Willia2004a], Grammatophyllum scriptum [Willia2004a], Phaius flavus [Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis [Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis amabilis [Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis aphrodite [Willia2004a], Phanaelopsis leudemanniana [Willia2004a], Phanaelopsis sandersana [Willia2004a], Phanelopsis grandiflora [Willia2004a], Phanelopsis schilleriana [Willia2004a], Spathoglottis petrei micholitzii [Willia2004a], Vanda [Willia2004a], Vanda boxallii [Willia2004a], Vanda coerulea [Willia2004a], Vanda limbata [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Willia2004a]; Indonesia [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-209].



Dysmicoccus ornatus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus ornatus Cox, 1987: 46. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Taupo, Tongariro National Park, near The Chateau, in nest of Chelaner antarcticus. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in nest of the ant, Chelaner antarcticus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 44 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 139]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46, 154].



Dysmicoccus papuanicus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus papuanicus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 72. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Southern Highlands Province, Mendi, Tambol Td, on Pandanus julianetti. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus julianetti [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 46 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 139]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-73].



Dysmicoccus patagonicus Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus patagonicus Granara de Willink, 2009: 53. Type data: ARGENTINA: Santa Cruz, Río Gallegos, roots of Stipa sp.; collected M.A. Delfino, 15.xi.2002. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Santa Cruz [Granar2009]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-55].



Dysmicoccus patulae (Rau)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus patulae Rau, 1938: 161. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Saratoga Springs, on Hystrix patula and other undetermined grasses. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus patulae; Ferris, 1950b: 71. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bromus [Tranfa1983, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Bromus intermedius [Foldi2000], Hystrix patula [Rau1938, BenDov1994, Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New York [Rau1938, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: France [Foldi2000]; Italy [Tranfa1983, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

BIOLOGY: Occurring exposed on the underside of the leaves of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Kosztarab 1996: 115 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; McKenzie 1967: 158 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 333 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 139]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-72]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-116]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 111]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; Rau1938 [p. 161]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Tranfa1983 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 454].



Dysmicoccus pauper Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus pauper Danzig, 1971: 366. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on Carex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Carex [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Infesting the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja & Lagowska 1986: 382 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 139]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 366, 367]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177, 178]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 203].



Dysmicoccus perissus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus perissus Williams, 1985: 145. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Lower Plenty, on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 140]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145].



Dysmicoccus perotensis Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus perotensis Granara de Willink, 2009: 55. Type data: MEXICO: Veracruz, Perote, on roots of Poaceae, collected D.R. Miller & Parker, 29-II-1972. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes:



HOST: Poaceae [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Veracruz [Granar2009]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-57].



Dysmicoccus pietroi Marotta

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus pietroi Marotta, 1992a: 73. Type data: ITALY: Campania, Centola, Capo Palinuro, on undetermined Gramineae. Holotype female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Cirsium arvense [Marott1992a, PellizFo1996]. Boraginaceae: Echium lycopsis [PellizFo1996]. Cistaceae: Cistus salvifolia [Russo1995, PellizFo1996]. Poaceae [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, PellizFo1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Sicily [Russo1995, RussoMa1997].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Marotta (1992a). Good description of the adult female given by Russo (1995).

KEYS: Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 140]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-75]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [host, distribution: 125]; Russo1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 343, 346]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 49]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155].



Dysmicoccus pini Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus pini Granara de Willink, 2009: 57. Type data: MEXICO: La Providencia, on pine; collected G.F.Ferris. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; type no. 49-1. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pinaceae [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-59].



Dysmicoccus pinicolus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus pinicolus McKenzie, 1964: 231. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, Clark County, Mountain Springs Summit, on Pinus monophylla. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: McKenzie pine mealybug [McKenz1967]; pine dysmicoccus mealybug [McKenz1964]; pine Dysmicoccus mealybug [McKenz1964].



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana wisselii [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Juniperus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Pinus monophylla [McKenz1964, BenDov1994], Pinus nelsoni [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pinus oocarpa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Nevada [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by McKenzie (1964, 1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 140]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-233]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-166]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161].



Dysmicoccus plenus Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus plenum Granara de Willink, 2009: 59. Type data: PUERTO RICO: 2 Km East of San Sebastián, on Guarea guarea; collected M.R. Smith, 25-XI-1935. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 856. Described: female. Illust. Notes:

Dysmicoccus plenus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 412. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Meliaceae: Guarea guareae [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Granar2009]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009),

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61].



Dysmicoccus polyanosetosus (Khalid & Shafee)

NOMENCLATURE:

Parkermicus polyanosetosus Khalid & Shafee, 1988: 31. Type data: INDIA: Manipur, Jiribam, on Tectona sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus polyanosetosus; Williams, 2004a: 209. Change of combination.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Tectona [KhalidSh1988, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [KhalidSh1988, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Khalid & Shafee (1988).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) discussed the taxonomic characters of this species, disputed its placement in Parkermicus and assigned it to Dysmicoccus.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 287]; KhalidSh1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-33]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 209].



Dysmicoccus polymeris Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus polymeris Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 575. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Nevada County, near Nevada City, on Lithocarpus densiflora echinoides. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: multilocular mealybug [MillerMc1971].



HOST: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus densiflora echinoides [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 140]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 575-578].



Dysmicoccus probrevipes (Morrison)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus probrevipes Morrison, 1929: 36. Type data: PANAMA, CANAL ZONE: on Cordia alliodora. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus probrevipes; Beardsley, 1965c: 62. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Ehretiaceae: Cordia gerascanthus [Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Triplaris cumingiana [Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [Granar2009]; Guyana [Morris1929, BenDov1994, Granar2009]; Panama [Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2009].

BIOLOGY: Occurring within swellings of the host plant, attended by ants, Azteca longiceps, Pseudomyrma sericea, P. christopherseni, Allomerus 8-articulatus and Crematogaster sp..

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1929), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 506 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex].

CITATIONS: Beards1965c [taxonomy: 62]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 140]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-64]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163].



Dysmicoccus prochilus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus prochilus Williams, 1985: 145. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Sandford, on Pyrus communis. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rosaceae: Pyrus communis [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 141]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-147].



Dysmicoccus psoraleae Russo & Mazzeo

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus psoraleae Russo & Mazzeo, 1997a: 151. Type data: Italy: Sicily, Messina, Castemola, inside heads of Psoralea bituminosa; collected by Russo & Mazzeo, 5.v.1995. H H female. Type depository: Catania: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Italy. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Psoralea bituminosa [RussoMa1997a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sicily [RussoMa1997a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russo & Mazzeo (1997a).

KEYS: Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy].

CITATIONS: RussoMa1997a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-157].



Dysmicoccus queenslandianus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus queenslandianus Williams, 1985: 147. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Gympie, on Macadamia ternifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Castanospermum australe [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Macadamia ternifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Stenocarpus sinuatus [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 147-149]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-149].



Dysmicoccus quercicolus (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus quercicolus Ferris, 1918d: 50. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Stevens Creek, on Quercus chrysolepis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus quercicolus; Ferris, 1950b: 73. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Ferris oak mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus densiflora [Ferris1918d, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Quercus arifolia [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994], Quercus chrysolepis [Ferris1918d, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado [Ferris1918d, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 158 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 53 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 141]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50, 51]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-74]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-168].



Dysmicoccus racemus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus racemus McKenzie, 1967: 168. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Mono County, Crowley Lake, on Castilleia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: cluster mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Carpinaceae: Carpinus [Koszta1996]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [Koszta1996]. Rosaceae: Malus [Koszta1996]. Scrophulariaceae: Castilleia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Koszta1996]. Ulmaceae: Zelkova [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and roots of its host plant and associated with the ant, Solenopsis molesta validiuscula.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 141]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-170].



Dysmicoccus radicis (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus radicis Green, 1933: 50. Type data: SURINAM: on Cyperaceae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 163. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus radicis; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 163. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus hermaphroditus [Green1933, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [CostaL1936].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [CostaL1936, Granar2009]; Suriname [Green1933, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 141]; Bunzli1935 [host, distribution: 455]; CostaL1936 [host, distribution]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63,65]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50, 51]; JohnsoAgDe2001 [life history, distribution: 1-18]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165].



Dysmicoccus radinovskyi Miller & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus radinovskyi Miller & Miller, 2002a: 972-977. Type data: USA: Florida, Dade Co., Everglades Nat. Park, on Rsychotria undata, 10/18/1972, by W.H. Pierce. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Psychotria nervosa [MillerMi2002a], Psychotria sp. [MillerMi2002a]

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [MillerMi2002a]).

BIOLOGY: Usually found on root of Psychotria growing as understory in hammocks along barrier islands of east central Florida. (Miller & Miller, 2002a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Miller & Miller, 2002a.

STRUCTURE: Body white, covered with mealy wax. the adult female can be distinguished from the third and second instars by having multilocular pores, translucent pores on hind femur and tibia, and a vulva. (Miller & Miller, 2002a)

SYSTEMATICS: Dysmicoccus radinovskyi is unusual with the terminal antennal segment being either entirely or partially subdivided, the circulus is absent, and the oral-collar tubular ducts are of 1 size. This species is close to D. diodium but differs by the diameter of the oral-collar tubular ducts which are smaller than the diameter of trilocular pores (D. diodium has oral-collar tubular ducts larger than the diameter of trilocular pores), the oral-collar tubular ducts forming a continuous row across the medial area of ventral abdominal segment 6 (D. diodium either lacks oral-collar tubular ducts or only has a few scattered oral-collar tubular ducts in the medial area of ventral abdominal segment 6), and the subdivided terminal antennal segment (D. diodium does not have a subdivided terminal antennal segment). (Miller & Miller, 2002a)

KEYS: Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)].

CITATIONS: MillerMi2002a [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 972-977].



Dysmicoccus rapaneae Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus rapaneae Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 165. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Butantan, on Rapanea umbellata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrsinaceae: Rapanea umbellata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Notropical region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 142]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63,66]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167].



Dysmicoccus rex Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus rex Granara de Willink, 2009: 63. Type data: COSTA RICA: Arboretum of Universidad de Costa Rica, on Roystonia boriniguena; collected M. Kosztarab, 25-XII-1969. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes:



HOST: Arecaceae: Roystonia boriniguena [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63,67-69].



Dysmicoccus roseotinctus (Cockerell & Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius roseotinctus Cockerell & Cockerell, 1901: 336. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Romeroville, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Type material not traced, see Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

Pseudococcus roseotinctus; Cockerell, 1902s: 316. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus roseotinctus; Ferris, 1953a: 341. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: rose-colored mealybug [MillerMc1973].



HOST: Poaceae [CockerCo1901, Ferris1953a, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [CockerCo1901, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on grass roots.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Miller & McKenzie (1973).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 503, 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 343 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 142]; Cocker1902s [p. 316]; CockerCo1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 336, 337]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 341, 342]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 513-515]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459].



Dysmicoccus rupestris Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus rupestris Cox, 1987: 47. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Marlborough, Rototiti-Bleinheim road, Stoney Creek, on roots of undetermined plant under boulder. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Prolasius advena (Cox, 1987).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 43 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 142]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47, 155].



Dysmicoccus ryani (Coquillett)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius ryani Coquillett, 1889: 122. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Orange County, Anaheim, on Cupressus macrocarpa, Thuja orientalis and Araucaria excelsa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus ryani; Fernald, 1903b: 108. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus cupressicolus Ferris, 1918d: 43. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside, on Cupressus gualelupensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 75.

Dysmicoccus ryani; Ferris, 1950b: 75. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: cypress mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Araucariaceae: Araucaria excelsa [Coquil1889, Essig1909a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Cupressus arizonicus [Ferris1918d, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cupressus guadelupensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cupressus macrocarpa [Coquil1889, Essig1909a, BenDov1994], Cupressus torulosa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Juniperus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Thuja orientalis [Coquil1889, Essig1909a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Coquil1889, Essig1909a, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967). Ferris (1950b) comments that most of the published records under the name of ryani are misindefications of Spilococcus implicatus or Spilococcus andersoni. Ferris (1918d) erroneusly synonimized Dactylopius andersoni Coleman and D. dudleyi Coleman with D.ryani.

KEYS: Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 142]; Coquil1889 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122, 123]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 37]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 142]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-76]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-172].



Dysmicoccus salmonaceus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia salmonacea Cockerell, 1901g: 54. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, La Cueva, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Dysmicoccus salmonacea; Ferris, 1950b: 77. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus salmonaceus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 412. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1901g]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under stones with ants (Ferris, 1950b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b).

KEYS: Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; McKenzie 1967: 158 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 142, 143]; Cocker1901g [description, host, distribution: 54]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-78].



Dysmicoccus salviniae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus salviniae Williams, 2004a: 211. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Trichur, on Salvinia molesta; collected Joy, v.1984. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Salviniaceae: Salvinia molesta [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-211].



Dysmicoccus saustralis Qin & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus saustralis Qin & Gullan, 1990: 760. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, summit of Mt. Barker, on Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Xanthorrhoeaceae: Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata [QinGu1990, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [QinGu1990, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Qin & Gullan (1990).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143]; QinGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 760-762].



Dysmicoccus senegalensis Balachowsky

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus senegalensis Balachowsky, 1953d: 1047. Type data: SENEGAL: Dakar, on Casuarina sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Balach1953d, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Senegal [Balach1953d, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living in dense populations on the roots of its host.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1953d).

CITATIONS: Balach1953d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1047-1050]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 143].



Dysmicoccus shintenensis (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus shintenensis Takahashi, 1934: 2. Type data: TAIWAN: Shinten near Taihoku, on plant of the Gremineae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Dysmicoccus shintensis; Tang, 1992: 204. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae [Takaha1934, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1934, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Takahashi (1934) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 143]; Takaha1934 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2-4]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 204, 205]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13].



Dysmicoccus sp.

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus sp. Mestre Novoa et al., 2011: 15. Notes: Specimens collected in Lomas de Soroa, 3/23/2000 by N. Mestre and J. Bocourt on Trophis racemosa.



HOST: Moraceae: Trophis racemosa [MestreHaEv2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [MestreHaEv2011].

CITATIONS: MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 15].



Dysmicoccus subterreus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus subterreus Williams, 2004a: 213. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Mysore, on roots of Coffea canephora; collected vii.1963. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Coffea canephora [Willia2004a]. Zingiberaceae: Elletaria cardamomum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: So far, this species has been collected off roots of the host plants (Williams, 2004a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williama (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-213].



Dysmicoccus sylvarum Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus sylvarum Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 167. Type data: COSTA RICA: Hacienda Ciruelas, 18 km W. Canas, on Guettarda deemii. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Actinidiaceae: Saurauia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Philodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Oreopanax capitatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Chaptalia mutans [FoldiKo2006]. Bombacaceae: Quararibea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cannaceae: Canna [Granar2009]. Euphorbiaceae: Alchornea latifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sapium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hampea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Guarea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musacae: Abaca [Granar2009]. Rubiaceae: Guettarda deemii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [FoldiKo2006]); Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 143]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-70]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5-9]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 167-169].



Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius texensis Tinsley, 1900: 65. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, San Diego, on Acacia farnesiana. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 169. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus radicis; Hempel, 1937: 36. Misidentification.

Dysmicoccus texensis; Ferris, 1953a: 343. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus bispinosus Beardsley, 1965c: 62. Type data: MEXICO: Temascal, Oaxaca, on Acacia cornigera. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Miller & Polavarapu, 1997: 441.

Dysmicoccus cryptus; Williams, 1970DJ: 134. Misidentification.

Dysmicoccus cryptus; Cárdenas & Posda, 2001: 45. Misidentification; discovered by Kondo, 2001: 35.



FOE: RHABDITIDA Heterorhabditidae: Heterorhabditis [AlvesMoSa2009].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Spondias mombis [MartinBlSu2005]. Araceae: Dieffenbachia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Tabebula [MartinBlSu2005]. Bromeliaceae: Vriesea macrostachya [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum antillanum [MartinBlSu2005]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Granar2009], Cyperus alternifolia [Granar2009]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia cornigera [Beards1965c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acacia farnesiana [Tinsle1900, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MillerPo1997], Acacia sphaerocephala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acacia veracruzensis [Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inga inga [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inga laurina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inga punctata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inga ruiziana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Samanea saman [MartinBlSu2005], Trifolium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus elatus [MartinBlSu2005]. Meliaceae: Cedrela mexicana [MartinBlSu2005], Guarea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Abaca [Granar2009], Musa [KondoRaVe2008], Musa paradisiaca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Musa textilis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Coffea arabica [Granar2009]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Citrus latifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma tomentosa [MartinBlSu2005], Theobroma amplexicaule [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Morris1929, Beards1965c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MillerPo1997]; United States of America (Texas [Tinsle1900, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Argentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Cordoba [Granar2009]); Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Minas Gerais [SantaCReSo2002, Granar2009]); Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2009]; Cuba [MartinBlSu2005]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2009]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [Granar2009].

BIOLOGY: Occurring inside the thorns of the host plant (Morrison, 1929).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), Beardsley (1965c) (as D. bispinosus), Williams (1970DJ), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

SYSTEMATICS: The lectotype designation by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) was not indicated on the slide (D.R. Miller, xii.1998, personal information to Yair Ben-Dov), therefore Miller & Polavarapu (1997) overlooked it, and also designated a lectotype. The latter designation was invalid, while the 1992 designation was properly indicated on the labels.

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region]; Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Miller & Polavarapu 1997: 459 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 506 (female) [North America]; Williams 1970DJ: 115 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1967: 158 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex ]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 333 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: AlemanMaMi2004 [biological control: 131-132]; Alves2006 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-110]; AlvesMoSa2009 [host, distribution, biological control: 139-143]; AndaloMoSa2004 [chemical control, biological control, host, distribution: 463-467]; Beards1965c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-64]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 122, 145]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-344]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69,71-72]; Hempel1937 [host, distribution: 36]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 34-35]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 177]; MillerMi2002a [taxonomy: 971]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 440-441,459]; Morris1929 [host, distribution: 38]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5-9]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; SantaCReSo2002 [taxonomy: 333-334]; Tinsle1900 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135]; Willia1978a [taxonomy: 47-52]; Willia1986c [host: 54]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134-137, 169-171]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88].



Dysmicoccus tibouchinae (Hambleton)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus tibouchinae Hambleton, 1935: 113. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Tibouchina mutabilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus tibouchinae; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 171. Change of combination.



HOST: Melastomataceae: Tibouchina mutabilis [Hamble1935, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hamble1935, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2009]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hambleton (1935), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 144]; Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71,74]; Hamble1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-114]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-173].



Dysmicoccus tillandsiae Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus tillandsiae Granara de Willink, 2009: 71. Type data: MEXICO: Veracruz, intercepted at Huston, at San Francisco, 25-IV-1978, at Tillandsia puctulata. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; type no. 78027-1. Described: female. Illust. Notes:



HOST: Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia puctulata [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Veracruz [Granar2009]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71,75-76].



Dysmicoccus timberlakei (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus timberlakei Cockerell, 1916a: 312. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Mateo County, Millbrae, on salt marsh grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Dysmicoccus timberlakei; Ferris, 1950b: 79. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Timberlake mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Distichlis spicata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Holcus lanatus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Cocker1916a, BenDov1994], Oregon [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in exposed situations on blades or at axils of the blades (Cockerell, 1916).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 503 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 144]; Cocker1916a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 312, 313]; Doutt1952 [taxonomy, structure: 391-397]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-80]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-174].



Dysmicoccus tococae Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus tococae Granara de Willink, 2009: 77. Type data: BRASIL: Amazonas, 100 km North of Manaus, on Tococa bullifera; collected Lapola 2004. Holotype female. Type depository: Manaus: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Colecao Sistematica da Entomologia, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Melastomataceae: Tococa bullifera [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas [Granar2009]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Notropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-79].



Dysmicoccus triadus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus triadus Williams, 1987b: 163. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Madras, on Graptophyllum indicum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Adhatoda vasica [Willia1987b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Eranthemum atropurpureum [Willia1987b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Graptophyllum indicum [Willia1987b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia1987b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Willia1987b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1987b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 144]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 205, 206]; Varshn1992 [distribution: 51]; Willia1987b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215].



Dysmicoccus trifurcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus trifurcus Williams, 2004a: 215. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Wynad, on lemon grass, Cymbopogon citratus; collected T.S. Muthukrishnan, vi.1952. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Cymbopogon citratus [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-217].



Dysmicoccus trispinosus (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus trispinosus Hall, 1923: 5. Type data: EGYPT: Nag Hamadi, on roots of Imperata cylindrica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus trispinosus; Ezzat, 1960b: 37. Change of combination.

Mirococcopsis trispinosus; Tang, 1992: 113. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia maritima [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Carex comans [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Cyperus [Ezzat1960b, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Andropogon halepensis [Willco1922, Ezzat1960b, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Arundo donax [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Cladium mariscus [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Willco1922, Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Eragrostis minor [BenDov2012], Eragrostis pilosa [Hosny1939, Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Hordeum vulgare [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Imperata cylindrica [Hall1923, BenDov1994], Panicum colonum [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Panicum viride [Hosny1939, Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Hall1923, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Zea mays [Ezzat1960b, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1923, BenDov1994]; Israel [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Usually recorded from the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat (1960b) and by Williams D.J.(1970). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 106 (female) [China]; Williams 1970DJ: 115 (female) [World]; Ezzat 1960b: 40 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1357]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 144]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35,]; Ezzat1960b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-40]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5, 6]; Hosny1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6, 7]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 113, 114]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135, 136, 138].



Dysmicoccus umbambae Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus umbambae Granara de Willink, 2009: 79. Type data: BRAZIL: on Cynara scolymus “alcachofa”, Scalua, 3-VI-1942. Holotype female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Cynara scolymus [Granar2009]. Fabaceae: Dimorphandra [Granar2009]. Rosaceae: Pyrus communis [Granar2009]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [Granar2009]. Urticaceae: Cecropia [Granar2009]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Granar2009] (Rio Grande do Sul [Granar2009], Sao Paulo [Granar2009]); Uruguay [Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and female third-instar by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-83].



Dysmicoccus vaccinii Miller & Polavarapu

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus vaccinii Miller & Polavarapu, 1997: 441. Type data: USA: New Jersey, Atlantic County, Hammonton, Variety Farms, on blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum. Holotype female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.

COMMON NAME: blueberry mealybug [MillerPo1997].



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Vaccinium ashei [MillerPo1997], Vaccinium corymbosum [MillerPo1997].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Delaware [MillerPo1997], New Jersey [MillerPo1997], North Carolina [MillerPo1997]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by the ants, Acanthomyops claviger (Roger) and Lasius neoniger Emery (Miller & Polavarapu, 1997).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female, apterous adult male, first instar numph, second and third female nymph, prepupa and pupa given by Miller & Polavarapu (1997).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Circumstantial evidence has implicated Dysmicoccus vaccinii as a vector of the Ringspot virus (belonging to the Caulimovirus group of viruses), the causal agent of the Red ringspot disease in bluberries in southern New Jersey, USA (Miller & Polavarapu, 1998).

KEYS: Miller & Polavarapu 1997: 459 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 440-460]; StuartPo2002 [host, distribution, life history: 299-304].



Dysmicoccus vacuatus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus vacuatus McKenzie, 1967: 174. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Del Norte County, near Smith River, under rock. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: small mealybug [McKenz1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under a rock associated with ants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 145]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-176].



Dysmicoccus varius Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus varius Granara de Willink, 2009: 83. Type data: VENEZUELA: Bramon, Tachira, on roots of Coffea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Granara de Willink



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Granar2009]; Venezuela [Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-86].



Dysmicoccus vescus Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus vescum Granara de Willink, 2009: 86. Type data: COLOMBIA: Teresita, on Theobroma subincanum; collected Taylor, 10-XII-1952. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Dysmicoccus vescus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 412. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma subincatum [Granar2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Granar2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2009).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2009: 12-14 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Neotropical region].

CITATIONS: Granar2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-88].



Dysmicoccus viatorius Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus viatorius Williams, 2004a: 217. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Intercepted at USA, Los Angeles, on fruit of Lansium domesticum; collected J. Black, 21.x.1983. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-219].



Dysmicoccus victorianus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus victorianus Williams, 1985: 149. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Wilson's Promontory National Park, on Sprengelia incarnata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Sprengalia incarnata [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 145]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-151].



Dysmicoccus viticis (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus viticis Green, 1929: 374. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Whangaroa, on Vitex lucens. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus ambiguus; Brittin, 1938: 347. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Cox, 1987: 47.

Dysmicoccus ambiguus; Williams & de Boer, 1973: 233. Incorrect synonymy.

Dysmicoccus viticis; Cox, 1987: 47. Revived status.



HOSTS: Alseuosmiaceae: Alseuosmia macrophylla [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Senecio hectori [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Avicenniaceae: Avicennia resinifera [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Laurelia novae-zelandiae [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Macropiper excelsum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Vitex lucens [Green1929, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Green1929, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & de Boer (1973) and by Cox (1987).

SYSTEMATICS: Dysmicoccus viticis was synonymized with D. ambiguus by Williams & de Boer (1973), who had access to the holotype only of the latter.

KEYS: Cox 1987: 44 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 145]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-48, 156]; Green1929 [p. 374]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-234].



Dysmicoccus walkeri (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius walkeri Newstead, 1891: 164. Type data: ENGLAND: Cheshire, Manley, on Agrostis vulgaris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pseudococcus walkeri; Fernald, 1903b: 112. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus kazanskyi Borchsenius, 1937: 44. Type data: RUSSIA: Northern Caucasus, Sochi region, along the road from Krasnaya Polyana to Estonka, on grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2009: 387. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 10-36. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2009: 387.

Pseudococcus rectus Borchsenius, 1949: 136. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Hissar range, environs of Ziddy Vill, on Dactylus glomeratus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2009: 387. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1969: 1579.

Dysmicoccus walkeri; Williams, 1962: 21. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus rectus; Matesova, 1968: 105. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus glandularis Bazarov, 1977: 65. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Western Pamir, Gorno-Badakhshanskaya, near Lyangar, on Phragmites communis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2009: 387.

Dysmicoccus badachshanicus Nurmamatov, 1978: 61. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Western Pamir, Vanskii Ridge, near Dzovud, on grasses. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2009: 387.

Trionymus kazanskyi; Tang, 1984b: 124. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus kazanskyi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.

Dysnicoccus walkeri; Martin Mateo, 1985: 91. Misspelling of genus name.

COMMON NAME: Walker's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Crassulaceae: Umbilicus rupestris [Foldi2000]. Cyperaceae: Carex [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Calluna [Willia1962, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Borchs1937, Tang1984b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994], Agropyron [Borchs1939a, KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Agropyron repens [Goux1933a, BenDov1994], Agrostis [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Agrostis alba [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Agrostis vulgaris [Newste1891, KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994], Arrhenaterum elatius [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Brachypodium [KosztaKo1988F, KozarGuBa1994, BenDov1994, Kozar1999a], Brachypodium distachyon [Goux1933a, BenDov1994], Brachypodium pinnatum, Brachypodium silvaticum [KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994], Bromus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Calamagrostis epigeios [Danzig1959, KotejaZa1969, BenDov1994, Gertss2000], Calamagrostis langsdorfii [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Dactylis glomerata [Goux1933a, Borchs1949, Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Elymus mollis [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Elymus repens [Seljak2010], Festuca ovina [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Holcus lanatus [Goux1933a, BenDov1994], Hordeum [Green1927, BenDov1994], Molinia coerulea [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Oryzopsis schugnanica [Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994], Phragmites [GomezM1957, Martin1985], Phragmites communis [Bazaro1977, Tang1992, Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Piptatherum multiflorum [Goux1933a, BenDov1994], Poa [Danzig1980b, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Azerbaijan [Borchs1937, Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; China [Tang1984b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1933a, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarKoSc1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a , Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1969, Danzig1974, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1979, BenDov1994, GolanLaJa2001]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [Borchs1939a, BenDov1994], Kuril Islands [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Slovenia [Kozar1983a, BenDov1994, Seljak2010]; Spain [GomezM1957, Martin1985]; Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001, Gertss2005a]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, Bazaro1971c, Bazaro1977, Nurmam1978, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Willia1962, BenDov1994], England [Newste1891, Willia1962, BenDov1994], Scotland [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Wales [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and in leaf sheaths. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Sulc (1937), Borchsenius (1949), Williams (1962), Bazarov (1977), Nurmamatov (1978), Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Marotta (1992a), Tang (1992).

KEYS: Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja & Lagowska 1986: 382 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 88]; Bazaro1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-67]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 121,130,133,145]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; Borchs1939a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 49, 50]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134-137]; Cocker1897 [taxonomy: 201]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 444]; Danzig1969 [host, distribution: 1579]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 68]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171, 173, 174]; Danzig2009 [taxonomy: 386-390]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 112]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 149]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005a [host, distribution: 36-37]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; GomezM1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-68]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 235]; Green1916 [host, distribution: 31]; Green1920 [taxonomy: 122]; Green1925b [host, distribution: 517]; Green1926a [host, distribution: 183]; Green1928a [host, distribution: 30]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-95]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74, 99]; KotejaZa1979 [host, distribution: 672]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 474]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 142]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 153]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 4]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 19]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75, 76]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 105]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 351]; Newste1891 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 164]; Nurmam1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 61, 62]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 388]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 50]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 101]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Sulc1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-92]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 124]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 199-207]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; TranfaMa1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 611-614]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-23]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83].



Dysmicoccus waustensis Qin & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus waustensis Qin & Gullan, 1990: 762. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, John Forrest National Park, on Xanthorrhoea priessii. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Xanthorrhoeaceae: Xanthorrhoea priessii [QinGu1990, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [QinGu1990, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Qin & Gullan (1990).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 146]; QinGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 762-764].



Dysmicoccus williamsi Avasthi & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus williamsi Avasthi & Shafee, 1981: 1. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Motihari, on Erianthus ravennae. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Semecarpus anacardium [Willia2004a]. Poaceae [Willia2004a], Erianthus ravennae [AvasthSh1981, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [AvasthSh1981, BenDov1994] (Bihar [Willia2004a]); Nepal [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Dscription and illustration of adult female given by Avasthi & Shafee (1981) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 15 (female) [India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1986a: 435 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-3]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 146]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 207]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219-221].



Dysmicoccus wistariae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus wistariae Green, 1923d: 218. Type data: ENGLAND: Hertfordshire, St. Albans, on Wistaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus piricola Siraiwa, 1935: 69. Type data: JAPAN: from eight prefectures, on pear, apple, Cryptomeria and cherry. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1962: 23.

Pseudococcus matsudoensis Kanda, 1935b: 85. Type data: JAPAN: Matsudo Horticultural College, Chiba Prefecture, on Sugi [= Cryptomeria sp.]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female. Synonymy by Kanda, 1941d: 25.

Pseudococcus cuspidatae Rau, 1937: 195. Type data: U.S.A.: New Jersey, East Rutherford, on Taxus brevifolia. Holotype female. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1962: 23.

Dysmicoccus cuspidatae; Ferris, 1950b: 61. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus piricola; Takahashi, 1958: 3. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus wistariae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 146. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: Taxus mealybug [Koszta1996]; taxus mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Koszta1996, KwonDaPa2003a], Acer pictum [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]. Betulaceae: Betula ermanii [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Betula tauschii [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]. Cornaceae: Cornus [Koszta1996]. Ericaceae: Pieris [Koszta1996], Rhododendron [Koszta1996]. Fabaceae: Wisteria [Beards1966]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cerasus maximowiczii [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Cerasus sachalinensis [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Crataegus [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Malus [Koszta1996], Malus pumila [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Malus sachalinensis [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Prunus [Koszta1996], Prunus serrulata spontanea [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Prunus serrulata [KwonDaPa2003a], Pyrus communis [Siraiw1935, BenDov1994], Pyrus malus [Siraiw1935, BenDov1994], Pyrus serotina culta [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Rosa multiflora [KwonDaPa2003a], Sorbus commixta [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Koszta1996], Taxus brevifolia [Rau1937, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Taxus cuspidata [Ferris1950b, Tang1984b, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003a]. Taxodiaceae: Cryptomeria [Kanda1941e, Danzig1978, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Kiribati (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]). Nearctic: Canada (Alberta); United States of America (Connecticut [Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Illinois [Koszta1996], Indiana [Koszta1996], Maine [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996], Michigan [Koszta1996], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Rau1937, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], New York [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Ohio [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], West Virginia [Koszta1996], Wisconsin [Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: China [Tang1984b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Kanda1935b, BenDov1994]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); South Korea [Kanda1941e, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Green1923d, BenDov1994] (Non-established introductions (Williams & Malumphy, 2012))).

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in USA, Connecticut, two or three in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and New York (Kosztarab, 1996). Overwinters as first instars in bark crevices (Stimmel, 1983).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) (as cuspidatae), Paik (1978), Kawai (1980), Danzig (1980b), Tang (1992) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Paik (1978).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Infested Taxus needles turn yellow and drop prematurely. Plants become stunted, while heavy infestation can kill young plants (Kosztarab, 1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 117 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 704 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 102 (female) [Japan]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 408 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 53 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 413]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 146]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 8]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174, 176]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-62]; Green1923d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217, 218]; HosseiHa2011 [molecular data: 46]; Kanda1941e [taxonomy: 146]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 7]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-118]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 404-405]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 8]; NurBrBe1987 [distribution: 54]; Siraiw1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67, 69, 75]; Takaha1958 [taxonomy, distribution: 3]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 124]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-208, 714]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23-24]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88].



Ehrhornia Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Ehrhornia Ferris, 1918b: 325. Type species: Sphaerococcus cupressi Ehrhorn, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1949), Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 39 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 283 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 87 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 147]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 178]; Ferris1918b [taxonomy, description: 325-326]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 345]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description : 176]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 66]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, key: 173].



Ehrhornia cupressi (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus cupressi Ehrhorn, 1911: 277. Type data: U.S.A. California, Santa Clara County, San Jose, on Cupressus macrocarpa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

Ehrhornia cupressi; Ferris, 1918b: 326. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: cottony cypress scale [Essig1926, BrownEa1967]; cypress bark mealybug [McKenz1967, BrownEa1967]; cypress bark scale [Ferris1953, BrownEa1967].



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Cupressus arizonica [Herber1920], Cupressus guadelupensis [Herber1920, Ferris1953a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cupressus macrocarpa [Ehrhor1911, BrownEa1967, BenDov1994], Juniperus arizonica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Juniperus californicus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Libocedrus decurrens [Herber1920, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Ehrhor1911, Herber1920, BrownEa1967, BenDov1994], Nevada [Herber1920], Oregon [Herber1920, McKenz1967]). Neotropical: Guadeloupe [Herber1920, McKenz1967].

BIOLOGY: Life history, habits and phenology described by Herbert (1920). Develops one annual generation in California. Living under the dry bark and in crevices on the trunks of its host-plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Herbert (1920), Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 147]; BrownEa1967 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 13]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, description, economic importance, control]; Ehrhor1911 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 277, 278]; Ferris1918b [taxonomy: 326]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 346-347]; FerrisMu1936 [structure, taxonomy: 115]; GwiazdVaDe2006 [phylogenetics: 16]; Herber1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, chemical control, economic importance: 1-22]; JohnsoLy1988 [illustration]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 176-178]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 290]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 85]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 173-174].



Ehrhornia fodiens Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Ehrhornia fodiens Goux, 1935b: 254. Type data: FRANCE: La Thuile, Savoie, on Juniperus communis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus communis [Goux1935b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1935b, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living in crevices in the bark of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1935b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 148]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 254-259].



Epicoccus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Epicoccus Cockerell, 1902a: 24. Type species: Coccus acaciae Maskell, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Cockerell (1902a), Brookes (1982) and by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 35 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 148]; Brooke1982 [taxonomy, description: 237-238]; Cocker1902a [taxonomy: 24-25]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 89]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 67]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 151].



Epicoccus acaciae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus acaciae Maskell, 1897: 319. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Perth, on Acacia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Brooks, 1982: 238. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Epicoccus acaciae; Cockerell, 1902a: 24. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia huegelii [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia lasiocarpa villosa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia pulchella [Brooke1982, BenDov1994], Acacia spinescens [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Brooke1982, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Maskel1897, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Brookes (1982).

SYSTEMATICS: Ben-Dov (1977:94) resurrected Lecanium acaciae Newstead, 1917, transferred it to Coccus and regarded it a valid species Coccus acaciae(Newstead). Consequently, Coccus acaciae (Newstead, 1917) became a junior secondary homonym of Coccus acaciae Maskell, 1897, which is currently known as Epicoccus acaciae (Maskell, 1897) in the Pseudococcidae. However, according to Article 59 of ICZN (1999), since the above species are now in different genera, there is no need to rename Coccus acaciae (Newstead, 1917).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 148]; Brooke1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-240]; Cocker1902a [taxonomy: 25]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 52]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319, 320]; Willia1985 [host, distribution: 151]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 6].



Erioides Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Erioides Green, 1922: 365. Type species: Erioides cuneiformis Green, by original designation.

Eriodes; Betrem, 1937: 24. Misspelling of genus name.

Erioidococcus Lindinger, 1943b: 219. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 70.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Green (1922), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 43 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 222 (female) [Erioides species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 320 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994; Betrem1937 [taxonomy: 24, 99]; Ferris1922b [taxonomy: 247]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 365]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 219]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 69-70]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 141]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 222].



Erioides cuneiformis Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia cuneiformis Cockerell, 1899a: 391. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 222.

Erioides cuneiformis Green, 1922: 365. Type data: SRI LANKA: Nuera Eliya, on Eugenia oligantha and Calophyllum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Ripersia cuneiformis Lindinger, 1943b: 219. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 222.

Erioides cuneifomis; Tang, 1992: 325. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [Green1922, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia oligantha [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 222 (female) [Erioides species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 149]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365, 366]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 219]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 325]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 41]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-224].



Erioides rimulae Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius rimulae Cockerell, 1899a: 391. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 224.

Erioides rimulae Green, 1922: 366. Type data: SRI LANKA: Nuera Eliya and Bandarawella, on Phyllanthus sp., Euonymus sp. and Loranthus longiflorus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Dactylopius rimulae Lindinger, 1943b: 219. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 224.



HOSTS: Celastraceae: Euonymus [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Phyllanthus [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Phyllanthus brachylobus [Willia2004a]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus longiflorus [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 222 (female) [Erioides species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 149]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 366, 367]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 219]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 326]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 41]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224-226].



Erium Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius (Erium) Cockerell, 1897p: 590. Type species: Dactylopius globosus Maskell, by original designation.

Erium; Cockerell, 1899m: 278. Change of status.

Erium; Fernald, 1903b: 112. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Crawford" as author.

Erium; Lindinger, 1935a: 121. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Crawford" as author.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Morrison & Morrison (1922), De Lotto (1969) and by Williams (1985).

SYSTEMATICS: Fernald (1903b) and Lindinger (1935a) credited the genus to Crawford. However, Morrison & Morrison (1966) discussed the nomenclature and concluded that the author was Cockerell.

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Williams 1985: 38 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 149-150]; Cocker1897p [taxonomy: 590]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 278]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description: 8]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 112]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description: 48-51]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 70-71]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 151-152].



Erium comosum De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Erium comosum De Lotto, 1969: 8. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Orange Free State, Clarens, on Chrysocoma tenuifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Chrysocoma tenuifolia [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1969).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 150]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-10]; Millar2002 [illustration: 232].



Erium globosum (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius globosus Maskell, 1892: 34. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, on Acacia armata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 152. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Erium globosum; Cockerell, 1899m: 278. Change of combination.



ASSOCIATE: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia armata [Maskel1892, BenDov1994], Acacia colletioides [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia howittii [Willia1985, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004], Acacia mucronata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia palustris [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia quadrimarginea [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004], South Australia [Maskel1892, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison & Morrison (1922) and by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 150]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 278]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 53]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 71]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34, 35]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-51]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 70-71]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154].



Erium pygmaeum (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus pygmaeus De Lotto, 1961: 235. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on roots of Themeda triandra. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Erium pygmaeum; De Lotto, 1969a: 417. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [DeLott1969a, Willia1970DJ], Themeda triandra [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [DeLott1969a, Willia1970DJ].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the underground parts and roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 150]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235, 236]; DeLott1969a [host, distribution: 417]; Willia1970DJ [host, distribution: 181].



Eucalyptococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalyptococcus Williams, 1985: 154. Type species: Puto gisleni Ossiannilsson, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 155 (female) [species Australia]; Williams 1985: 39 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 150]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 39, 154-155].



Eucalyptococcus brookesae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalyptococcus brookesae Williams, 1985: 155. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Mornington Peninsula, Red Hill, under bark of Eucalyptus amygdalina. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus amygdalina [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus goniocalyx [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus obliqua [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus regnana [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus viminalis [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bark of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 155 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 150]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-157].



Eucalyptococcus gisleni (Ossiannilsson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto gisleni Ossiannilsson, 1954: 3. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Porongorups, on Eucalyptus diversicolor. Holotype female. Type depository: Lund: Museum of Zoology, Lund University, Sweden. Described: female. Illust.

Eucalyptococcus gisleni; Williams, 1985: 157. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus diversicolor [Ossian1954, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Ossian1954, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found under the bark of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ossiannilsson (1954) and by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 155 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 151]; Ossian1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-7]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-159].



Eucalyptococcus hakeae Qin

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalyptococcus hakeae Qin, 1988: 3. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Woolbernup Hill, on Hakea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Perth: Spider and Insect Collection, Western Australian Museum, Western Australia, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Proteaceae: Hakea [Qin1988, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Qin1988, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the stems of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Qin (1988).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 151]; Qin1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-6].



Eucalyptococcus lobulatus (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius lobulatus Maskell, 1894b: 91. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Bendigo, on Eucalyptus globulus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 159. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus lobulatus; Fernald, 1903b: 104. Change of combination.

Eucalyptococcus lobulatus; Williams, 1985: 159. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus globulus [Maskel1894b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Maskel1894b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bark of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 155 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 151]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 54]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 104]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91, 92]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161].



Euripersia Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Euripersia Borchsenius, 1948a: 955. Type species: Euripersia amnicola Borchsenius, by original designation.

Phenacoccopsis Borchsenius, 1948a: 954. Type species: Phenacoccus agropyri Borchsenius, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig, 1971. Notes: A subjective synonym of Euripersia.

Eurypersia; Lagowska & Koteja, 1996: 33. Misspelling of genus name.

Eurypersia; Lagowska & Koteja, 1996: 33. Misspelling of genus name.

Eupersia; Kaydan, Kozar, Yasar & Erkilic, 2001: 379. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1948a, 1949), Williams (1962), Danzig (1971, 1980b), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 446-447 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 96 (female) [species Central Europe]; Danzig 1980b: 140 (female) [Far East Russia]; Tereznikova 1975: 177 (female) [species Ukraine]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 94 (female) [species Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 87, 88 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 199 (female) [Palaearctic region ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 153, 303]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy, description: 954]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 179, 199]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description: 209-210]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 109, 140]; KaydanKoYa2001 [taxonomy: 379]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 94-96]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy: 108]; LagowsKo1996 [taxonomy: 33]; Matile2004 [taxonomy: 73]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 74-75, 153]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 445-446]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 14]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 175-177]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 94]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 7, 24].



Euripersia artemisiae (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia artemisiae Hall, 1926a: 10. Type data: EGYPT: Suez Road (6th Tower), on Artemisia monosperma. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Euripersia artemisiae; Ezzat, 1962c: 160. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia monosperma [Hall1926a, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Haloxylon [Bodenh1935, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1926a, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994]; Jordan [Bodenh1935, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1926a).

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1358]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 153,154]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 250]; Ezzat1962c [taxonomy: 160]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10, 11]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155].



Euripersia cribrata cribrata (Menozzi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia cribrata cribrata Menozzi, 1933: 45. Type data: ITALY: Chiavri, in nest of the ant Solenopsis fugax. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: The type material was due to be deposited in BMNH, but Jon Martin (personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov) informed that apparently it is missing.

Euripersia cribrata cribrata; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Menozz1933, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Solenopsis fugax (Marotta, 1987a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Menozzi (1933).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 154]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; Menozz1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47].



Euripersia cribrata massiliensis (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia cribrata massiliensis Goux, 1941a: 41. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, Marseilleveyre, on Avena sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Euripersia cribrata massiliensis; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 258. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Avena [Goux1941a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1941a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Goux (1941a).

SYSTEMATICS: The new combination by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) was based on characters of the species as given in Goux (1941a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 474]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1941a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 258].



Euripersia inquilina (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia inquilina Leonardi, 1908a: 174. Type data: ITALY: Sardinia, Tempio, in nest of undetermined ants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Euripersia inquilina; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sardinia [Leonar1908a, Melis1930, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Formicidae (Marotta, 1987a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1920).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 155]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; Leonar1908a [p. 174]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 416-418]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120].



Euripersia libera (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia libera Leonardi, 1908a: 170. Type data: ITALY: Calabria, Corigliano-Calabro, on Gramineae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Euripersia libera; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Leonar1908a, Marott1987a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Leonar1908a, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1920).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 155]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; Leonar1908a [p. 170]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 414-416]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109].



Euripersia pennisetus (Tang in Tang & Li)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus pennisetus Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 53. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Wuyuan, on Aneurolepidium chinense. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Euripersia pennisetus; Tang, 1992: 453. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Aneurolepidium chinense [TangLi1988, Wu2000a], Phragmites communis [Wu2000a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994, Wu2000a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Wu 2000a: 69-70 (female) [PHenacoccus species of China]; Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 156]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 453, 454]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 220, 221]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14]; Wu2000a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 66,69-70].



Euripersia sardiniae (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia sardiniae Leonardi, 1908a: 173. Type data: ITALY: Tempio (Sardinia), in nest of an ant, Solenopsis sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Euripersia sardiyae; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.

Euripersia sardiyae; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Misspelling of species name.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sardinia [Leonar1908a, Melis1930, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1920).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 156]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; Leonar1908a [p. 173]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 421, 422]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PellizFo1996 [taxonomy, distribution: 120].



Euripersia silvestrii (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia silvestrii Leonardi, 1918: 203. Type data: ITALY: Torre de Greco, in nest of the ant Plagiolepis pygmaea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Euripersia silvestrii; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Leonar1918, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1918, 1920).

KEYS: Leonardi 1920: 414 (female) [Italy].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 156]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 444]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; Leonar1918 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-206]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 419-421]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109].



Eurycoccus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus Ferris, 1950b: 81. Type species: Pseudococcus jessica Hollinger, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Dfinition and characters by Ferris (1950b), Ferris (1953a), De Lotto (1964), Kawai (1980), Williams (1985), Cox (1987), Kosztarab (1996) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; Williams 2004a: 41,44 (female) [genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 237 (female) [Eurycoccus species of southern Asia]; Kosztarab 1996: 119 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Matile-Ferrero 1988: 32 (female) [Saudi Arabia, on Acacia]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 161 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 39 (female) [Australia]; McKenzie 1967: 47 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 285 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 348 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 81 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 158]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 48]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description: 351]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 81]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 348]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy: 141-143]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy: 109]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 76, 78, 117-119]; Matile1988 [taxonomy: 30]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 22]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 75]; Willia1984a [taxonomy: 535-536]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 39, 161]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 237].



Eurycoccus antiscius Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus antiscius Williams, 1985: 161. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Leongatha, in ant's nest. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Arctotheca calendula [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Cyatheaceae: Cyathea dealbata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Bromus unioloides [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Dactylis glomerata [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Lolium perenne [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987) and by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus]; Williams 1985: 161 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 158]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-49, 157]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy: 141-143]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163].



Eurycoccus blanchardii (King & Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia blanchardii King & Cockerell, 1897: 92. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Haverhill, in nest of Lasius claviger. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus jessica Hollinger, 1916: 411. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, Columbia, on hickory. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Kosztarab, 1996: 119.

Trionymus varus Lobdell, 1930: 222. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, West Point, on Quercus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 82.

Erium varum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Eurycoccus jessica; Ferris, 1950b: 82. Change of combination.

Eurycoccus blanchardii; Ferris, 1953a: 349. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: variable mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus, Quercus [Koszta1996], Quercus rubra [Koszta1996]. Juglandaceae: Carya cordiformis [Koszta1996], Carya illinoensis [Koszta1996], Carya ovata [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Carya ovata [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Indiana [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [KingCo1897, BenDov1994], Michigan [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Mississippi [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994], Missouri [Hollin1916], New York [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Ohio [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Living in nest of ant, Lasius claviger, in Massachusetts. Develops one annual generation in USA, Montana (Hollinger, 1916), while Kosztarab (1966) reported two annual generations in Virginia.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Lobdell (1930), Ferris (1950b), Ferris (1953a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

SYSTEMATICS: D.R. Miller reported in Kosztarab (1996) on a considerable variation in several taxonomic characters. Based on this variation, it was considered that E. blanchardii was the senior synonym of this species (Kosztarab, 1996).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus]; Kosztarab 1996: 119 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Ferris 1953a: 348 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 81 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 158]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-83]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 349-350]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy: 141-143]; Hollin1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 411-413]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description: 53]; KingCo1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 92, 93]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-121]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 111]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222, 236]; Timber1924a [biological control: 223-251].



Eurycoccus bothriochloae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus bothriochloae Williams, 1985: 163. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, on roots of Bothriochloa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Bothriochloa [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 141-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus]; Williams 1985: 161 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 158]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy: 141-143]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163, 164].



Eurycoccus campbelli Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus campbelli Kosztarab, 1996: 121. Type data: U.S.A.: Virginia, Accomack county, Chincoteague Inlet, on Ammophila breviligulata. Holotype. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Campbell mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOST: Poaceae: Ammophila breviligulata [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta); United States of America (Delaware [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], New York [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus]; Kosztarab 1996: 121 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: GranarMi2004 [taxonomy: 141-143]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121-123].



Eurycoccus chubutensis Granara de Willink & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus chubutensis Granara de Willink & Miller, 2004: 143. Type data: ARGENTINA: Chubut, Lago Puelo National Park, road to Los Hitos, on woody roots of Nothofagus dombeyii; collected January 1999, by Cuezzo and Granara de Willink. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Fagaceae: Nothofagus dombeyii [GranarMi2004].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Chubut [GranarMi2004]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, second-instar female and first instar nymph by Granara de Willink & Miler (2004)

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-148].



Eurycoccus cuniculorum Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus cuniculorum Williams, 1984a: 535. Type data: PAKISTAN: Gharo, on Tamarix indica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Salicaceae: Populus euphratica [Willia1984a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix aphylla [Willia1984a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Tamarix indica [Willia1984a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Willia1984a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in old tunnels of borers.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1984a) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus]; Williams 2004a: 237 (female) [Eurycoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 159]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy: 141-143]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 47, 51]; Willia1984a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 536-538]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 237-240].



Eurycoccus esakii (Kanda)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus esakii Kanda, 1959: 177. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Kanagawa Prefecture, Miura Peninsula, Mt. Jinmuji, on Shiia [= Castanopsis] sieboldii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female.

Eurycoccus esakii; Kawai, 1980: 109. Change of combination.



HOST: Fagaceae: Castanopsis sieboldii [Kanda1959, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kanda1959, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kanda (1959). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus]; Tang 1992: 153 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 159]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 141-143]; Kanda1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-179]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 10]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 109]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 162, 163].



Eurycoccus glomerulus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus glomerulus De Lotto, 1961: 216. Type data: KENYA: Machakos, on roots of Setaria sphacelata. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Setaria sphacelata [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 159]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 141-143].



Eurycoccus sternlichti Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus sternlichti Williams, 1958a: 22. Type data: ISRAEL: Tivon, on Quercus ithaburensis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus ithaburensis [Willia1958a, BenDov1994, SpodekBeMe2014].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Israel [Willia1958a, BenDov1994, SpodekBeMe2014].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in colonies of two to five in hollows of branches and causing galls up to 8 cm long and 2-3 mm thick. Associated with ants Crematogaster sp. (Williams, 1958a). Adult females are found in association with developing acorns, between November and December (Spodek, et al., 2014).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1958a).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 160]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35,]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 141-143]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 169,213-215]; SpodekBeMe2014 [distribution, host, illustration, life history: 111, 116, 118]; Willia1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 522].



Eurycoccus tamariscus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus tamariscus Williams, 1984a: 538. Type data: PAKISTAN: Kalabagh, on Tamarix aphylla. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix aphylla [Willia1984a, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2007], Tamarix indica [Willia1984a, BenDov1994], Tamarix sp. [Moghad2013a]

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Willia1984a, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Iran [WilliaMo2007, Moghad2009].

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bark of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1984a) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus]; Williams 2004a: 237 (female) [Eurycoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 160]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 141-143]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 19]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 22, 24, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 64]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 51]; Willia1984a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 538-540]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-240]; WilliaMo2007 [host, distribution: 43].



Eurycoccus yuccae Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus olivaceus; Ferris, 1950b: 84. Misidentification.

Eurycoccus yuccae Ferris, 1953a: 349. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, El Paso, on Yucca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Agavaceae: Yucca [Ferris1950b, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Texas [Ferris1950b, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Ferris (1953a). The original description and illustration of this species were presented by Ferris (1950b) under the name of Eurycoccus olivaceus (Cockerell).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus]; Ferris 1953a: 348 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 81 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 160, 161]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-85]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 349, 356-357]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 141-143].



Exallomochlus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Exallomochlus Williams, 2004a: 240. Type species: Pseudococcus hispidus Morrison, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; Williams 2004a: 43 (female) [genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 241 (female) [Exallomochlus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 25]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 240-241].



Exallomochlus balouchestanensis Moghaddam

NOMENCLATURE:

Exallomochlus balouchestanensis Moghaddam, 2013: 25-26. Type data: IRAN: Sistan & Balouchestan, Rask, Firouzabad, on Mangifera indica, 9/11/2000, by M. Moghaddam. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Tehran: Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Iran. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifiera indica [Moghad2013].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [Moghad2013].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Moghaddam, 2013.

SYSTEMATICS: Exallomochlus balouchestanensis is closely related to E. philippinensis Williams in possessing: (i) normal discoidal pores that are not peg-like, (ii) mid-dorsal setae on abdomen conical to moderately elongate, and (iii) short conical cerarian setae. But E. balouchastanensis differs as follows (character states on E. philippinensis in brackets): (i) the largest specimen 3.28 mm (1.85); (ii) the conical to lanceolate setae of C6-C13number only 1 or 2 (4-10); (iii) oral collar ducts present on ventral margin of segments VI and VII (absent), and (iv) multilocular disc pores present ventrally on segments V-VII (VI-VII). (Moghaddam, 2013)

CITATIONS: Moghad2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 25-26, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 64-65].



Exallomochlus camur Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Exallomochlus camur Williams, 2004a: 244. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Palawan, Irawan Forest, on fruit bases of undtermined tree, associated with ants; collected J.H. Martin, 21.i.1988. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona [Willia2004a]. Ebenaceae: Dyospyros [Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a], Sandoricum [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Ficus ulmifolia [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Willia2004a]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Litchi [Willia2004a], Nephelium [Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Philippines [Willia2004a] (Palawan [Willia2004a]); Taiwan [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: South Korea [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 241 (female) [Exallomochlus Species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-245].



Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus hispidus Morrison, 1921: 644. Type data: SINGAPORE: on Gordonia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus jacobsoni Green, 1930c: 284. Type data: SUMATRA: on Ficus retusa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1970: 120.

Erium hispidum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Cataenococcus hispidus; Williams, 1970DJ: 120. Change of combination.

Paraputo hispidus; Tang, 1992: 307. Change of combination.

Exallomochlus hispidus; Williams, 2004a: 245. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Willia2004a], Polyalthia cauliflora [Willia2004a]. Arecaceae: Caryota [Lit1997a], Cocos nucifera [Willia2004a], Licula spinosa [Willia2004a]. Bombacaceae: Durio oblongus [Willia2004a], Durio zibethinus [Willia2004a]. Cecropiaceae: Poikilospermum suaveolens [Lit1997a]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum spectabile [Willia2004a], Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Connanaceae: Rourea [Willia2004a]. Crypteroniaceae: Crypteronia griffithii [Willia2004a]. Dilleniaceae: Dillenia suffruticosa [Willia2004a], Tetracera [Willia2004a], Tetracera indica [Willia2005]. Euphorbiaceae: Bridelia [Lit1997a], Macaranga [Takaha1942, BenDov1994, Lit1997a], Macaranga dressa [Willia2004a], Macaranga gigantea [Willia2004a], Macaranga hypoleuca [Willia2004a], Macaranga stricta [Willia2004a], Macaranga triloba [Willia2004a], Mallotus paniculatus [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia [Willia2004a], Gliricidia [Willia2004a], Phanera integrifolia [Willia2004a], Saraca thaipingensis [Willia2004a]. Lauraceae [Lit1997a]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus ferruginus [Willia2004a]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Willia2004a]. Melastomataceae: Melastoma malabothricum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a]. Moraceae [Lit1997a], Artocarpus heterophyllus [Willia2004a], Ficus [Willia2004a], Ficus montana [WilliaMi2010], Ficus retusa [Green1930c, Willia1970DJ, Tang1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Tang1992]. Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, Tang1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus calophylla [Willia2004a]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhozophora apiculata [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae [Willia2004a], Morinda bracteata [Willia2005], Morinda citrifolia [Lit1997a], Neonauclea [Willia2004a], Porterandia anisophylla [Willia2004a], Uncaria [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus maxima [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Dimocarpus longan [Willia2004a], Nephelium lappaceum [Lit1997a, Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia1970DJ, Tang1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Styracaceae: Styrax benzoin [Reyne1965b, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Gordonia [Morris1921, Takaha1942, Tang1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa pedunculata [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] [Reyne1965b, Willia2004a], Sumatra [Green1930c, Willia1970DJ, Willia2004a], Sumba [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Takaha1942, Willia2004a] (Malaya [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Sabah [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sarawak [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Philippines [Willia2004a] (Luzon [Lit1997a], Mindanao [Lit1997a], Palawan [Lit1997a]); Singapore [Morris1921, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on stems and fruit of the host plant. Attended by ants - Dolichoderus bituberculatus (Green, 1930c). Found in and on an aphid gall, caused by Astegopteryx styracophila (Reyne, 1965b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1921), Green (1930c), Betrem (1937), Reyne (1965b), Williams (1970DJ) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of second-instar female by Williams (2004a).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species appears to be quite common on Theobroma cacao, but its pest status is not known.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 241 (female) [Exallomochlus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 305 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Azhar1983 [host, distribution, economic importance: 15]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 71]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-72]; Conway1951 [host, distribution]; Green1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280, 284-285]; HoKh1997 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 461-470]; KhooOoTu1991 [distribution, economic importance]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 34]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 644-647]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-155]; Takaha1942 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 63]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 307, 308]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-122]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 245-250]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 167]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 47].



Exallomochlus liti Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Exallomochlus liti Williams, 2004a: 250. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Quezon Province, Real, Philippine, National Botanic Gardens, on Poikilospermum suaveolens; collected V.P. Gapud & J.D. Recuenco, 19.viii.1989. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cecropiaceae: Poikilospermum suaveolens [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a]. Musaceae: Musa [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) elucidated the intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters, and provided two diagramatic illustrations of the adult female.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 241 (female) [Exallomochlus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-253].



Exallomochlus makilingensis (Lit)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo makilingensis Lit, 1992: 1167. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon: Laguna: Mount Makiling (on trail to Mudspring), on Pothos hermaphroditus. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust.

Exallomochlus makilingensis; Williams, 2004a: 253. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Makiling mealybug [LitCa1994a].



HOST: Araceae: Pothos hermaphroditus [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring within unopened leaves, at leaf bases and tended by Dolichoderus sp. (Lit, 1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Lit (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 241 (female) [Exxallomochlus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 285]; Lit1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1167-1168, 1178]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 392]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 253-255].



Exallomochlus philippinensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Exallomochlus philippinensis Williams, 2004a: 255. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Intercepted at USA, Los Angeles, on Lansium domesticum; collected M. Susuki, 6.iii.1982. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Costaceae: Costus speciosus [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Euphoria longana [Willia2004a], Melicoccus bijugatus [Willia2004a], Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) elucidated the intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters, and provided two diagramatic illustrations of the adult female.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 241 (female) [Exallomochlus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 255-258].



Exallomochlus sulawesicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Exallomochlus sulawesicus Williams, 2004a: 258. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga Bone national Park, Toraut, on sapling; collected J.H. Martin, 6.iv.1985. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Meliaceae: Aglaia [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Ficus [Willia2004a]. Rhizophoraceae: Brugiera [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Nauclea lanceolata [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae [Willia2004a], Nephelium [Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia2004a]. Urticaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a, Gavril2013]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 241 (female) [Exallomochlus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Gavril2013 [distribution: 73-74]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 258-260].



Exanticoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Exanticoccus Williams, 2004a: 263. Type species: Exanticoccus javanensis Williams, by original designation.

No species found.



Exilipedronia Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Exilipedronia Williams, 1960: 397. Type species: Exilipedronia sutana Williams, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (1960), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 43 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 19 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 161]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 76]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 282-283]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description: 397-398]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 260-261]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 73].



Exilipedronia globulosa Williams & Lit {in:} Williams, 2004a

NOMENCLATURE:

Exilipedronia globulosa Williams & Lit {in:} Williams, 2004a, 2004a: 261. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Palawan, Inagauan river valley, on blade surface of bamboo; collected J.H. Martin, ii.1988. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Willia2004a], Schizostachyum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Philippines [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a)

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 261-263].



Exilipedronia sutana Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Exilipedronia sutana Williams, 1960: 398. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal, on unknown tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 73. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in lines down the midribs of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 161]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 282, 283]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398, 399]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-75].



Extanticoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Extanticoccus Williams, 2004a: 263. Type species: Extanticoccus javanensis Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 39-46 (female) [Genera of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 263].



Extanticoccus javanensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Extanticoccus javanensis Williams, 2004a: 263. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Kalimati, on bamboo; collected 10.vi.1959. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-265].



Farinococcus Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Farinococcus Morrison, 1922: 137. Type species: Farinococcus multispinosus Morrison, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Morrison (1922), Ferris (1953a, 1955) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Ferris 1953a: 283 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 352 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 161]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 351]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description: 2]; Morris1922 [taxonomy, description: 137]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 77]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy: 43, 173-175].



Farinococcus multispinosus Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Farinococcus multispinosus Morrison, 1922: 137. Type data: GUYANA [= BRITISH GUIANA]: on Triplaris surinamensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



ASSOCIATES: HEMIPTERA Coccidae: Cryptostigma inquilinum (Newstead} [NascimPeKo2013], Cryptostigma urichi [NascimPeKo2013]. HYMENOPRTERA Formicidae: Pseudomyrma triplaridis Wheeler [NascimPeKo2013]. HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Pseudomyrmex viduus Ward [NascimPeKo2013].

HOSTS: Polygonaceae: Triplaris surinamensis [Morris1922, Ferris1955, BenDov1994], Triplaris weigeltiana [NascimPeKo2013]. Urticaceae: Cecropia carbonaria [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [Morris1922, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in cavities in the stems of the host plant, attended by ants, Pseudomyrma triplaridis. Attended by the ant, Pseudomyrmex viduus (F. Smith), on the internodes of Triplaris weigeltiana branches, and cohabiting with the coccid Cryptostigma inquilina (Newstead) (Ward, 1999).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1922), Ferris (1955) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 161]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3]; Morris1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-139]; NascimPeKo2013 [ecology, host, illustration, life history: 512-513]; Ward1999 [life history, ecology: 512]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175, 176].



Ferrisia Fullaway

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia Fullaway, 1923: 311. Type species: Dactylopius virgatus Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

Ferrisiana Takahashi, 1929a: 429. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 78.

Ferrisa; Freidberg et al, 1989: 31. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Borchsenius (1949), Ferris (1950b, 1953a), De Lotto (1964), Beardsley (1966), McKenzie (1967), Williams (1960a, 1985), Kawai (1980), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Only rarely do adult females of Ferrisia have a complete cover of white wax. If the bodies of Ferrisia females are cleared of soft contents and the cuticles stained and mounted on microscope slides, they are recognisable readily as belonging to Ferrisia due to the presence of dorsal enlarged tubular ducts that in life secrete the long glassy filaments. These ducts are characterised by a robust duct opening to the exterior via an irregularly circular sclerotised area bearing one or more setae and often one or more minute pores (Gullan et al. 2010).

SYSTEMATICS: In life, female mealybugs of the genus Ferrisia Fullaway are distinguished easily from other taxa of mealybugs by their long glassy filaments plus typical dorsal patterns formed by dark areas of cuticle that are bare of white wax. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Several Ferrisia species are polyphagous, or at least oligophagous, and it is likely that transfers from native to exotic host plants increase their pest status. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; González 2011: 70 (female) [Key to the genera of Pseudococcidae of primary importance to export fruit.]; Williams 2004a: 41 (female) [genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 266 (female) [Ferrisia species of southern Asia]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Tang 1992: 208-209 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 187 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 177 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 40 (female) [Central and South America ]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 18 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 3 (female) [India]; Williams 1985: 36 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 21 (female) [China]; McKenzie 1967: 45 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 179 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 404 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Ferris 1953a: 360 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 283 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 21 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 88 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 87 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 122]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 414]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 162]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 171-172]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 352]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 88]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description : 360]; Fullaw1923 [taxonomy: 309]; Gonzal2011 [taxonomy: 70]; GullanDoSt2003 [taxonomy: 723-737]; GullanKaHa2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 329-339]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 99]; KaydanGu2008 [taxonomy: 34]; KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host,, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 1-65]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 123]; LinKoGu2013 [molecular data, phylogeny: 257]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 179]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 7, 26]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 78]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy: 429]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 208-209]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 14]; Willia1960 [taxonomy: 398]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 36, 163]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, description: 1-10]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 266]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 175-177]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 75]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 149, 267].



Ferrisia claviseta (Lobdell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus claviseta Lobdell, 1930: 218. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, Mayhew, on Celtis mississippiensis. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female. Illust.

Erium claviseta; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Ferrisiana claviseta; Ferris, 1950: 89. Change of combination.

Ferrisia claviseta; McKenzie, 1967: 179. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cannabaceae: Celtus tenuifolia [KaydanGu2012]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Celtis mississippiensis [Lobdel1930, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Ulmus [Ferris1950a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Mississippi [Lobdel1930, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the bark of the host-plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b).

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of F. claviseta differs from that of F. quaintancii in having fewer ventral oral-collar tubular ducts on the abdomen and usually more numerous enlarged tubular ducts on the dorsum of the posterior abdomen, although rarely more than five such ducts. However, one adult female of F. claviseta from the type locality has no enlarged tubular ducts anywhere on its body and another two adult females each have only one of these ducts on abdominal segment VII. A more significant difference between the two species is that the minute pores on the rim of the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts of the adult female of F. claviseta are larger (2.5-5.0 ľm) than those of F. quaintancii (2.0-3.0 ľm) and usually on at least one or two enlarged ducts of F. claviseta these minute pores are paired so that the two circular pores generally lie side by side. This seems to be a unique feature of this species. Immature females of F. claviseta also have these double minute pores on the rim of some enlarged ducts but the pores are smaller (about 2 ľm across). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012).

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females]; Williams 1996: 3 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 179 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 360 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 162]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-90]; KaydanGu2012 [host, illustration, taxonomy: 11-14]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 122]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218, 230, 231]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, distribution: 179]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 4].



Ferrisia colombiana Kaydan & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia colombiana Kaydan & Gullan, 2012: 14-16. Type data: COLOMBIA: Guacamaya (intercepted at Miami, FL), on cut flower, 4/15/1988, by I. Chang. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 88-0464. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [KaydanGu2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

STRUCTURE: Ferrisia colombiana can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: absence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of abdominal segments; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts generally associated with 1 or 2 discoidal pores on derm around duct rim, each pore 4-5 ľm in diameter and almost two times larger than duct opening; dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 10-29 throughout dorsum, rim of each duct with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores (sometimes 2 pores almost merged) usually associated with duct opening; number of multilocular disc pores on venter of abdominal segments as follows: V (0 or 1), VI (6-10), VII (14-22), and VIII + IX (8-14); both pairs of ostioles present and well developed. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ED34BC70-7B40-43C2-96B0-9 C6C896886A3 Ferrisia colombiana can be readily distinguished from other species in the genus by having a small number of enlarged dorsal tubular ducts; lacking clusters of small marginal oral-collar tubular ducts; having large discodial pores associated with the ventral oral-collar tubular ducts; and by the presence of multilocular disc pores on abdominal segment VI. Ferrisia colombiana is most similar to F. pitcairnia but the adult female of F. colombiana is usually much larger than those of F. pitcairnia, and slide-mounted specimens of F. colombiana can be distinguished readily from F. pitcairnia by the presence of translucent pores on the hind legs (absent in F. pitcairnia) and by having a higher number of ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (59-75 in F. colombiana and 15-23 in F. pitcairnia). (Kayday & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females].

CITATIONS: KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, molecular data, phylogenetics, structure, taxonomy: 14-16].



Ferrisia cristinae Kaydan & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia cristinae Kaydan & Gullan, 2012: 16-19. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucumán, S. M. de Tucumán, on Tabebuia sp., 5/?/2002, by M.C. Granara de Willink. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan & Gullan, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Ferrisia cristinae can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: presence of a few (1-6 per segment) small oral-collar tubular ducts usually scattered on ventral margins of last 2-3 abdominal segments; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts generally with a minute discoidal pore touching rim of duct opening (sometimes slightly away from duct opening); dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 95-113 throughout dorsum, with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores sometimes adjacent to rim of each duct opening; number of multilocular disc-pores on venter of abdominal segments as follows: segment VI (7 or 8), VII (15-22), and VIII + IX (13-19); anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae; both pairs of ostioles present and pairs well developed; translucent pores scattered on dorsal surface of at least hind coxa. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:64440BCD-57A9-43CB-B766-7 121F7681552 Ferrisia cristinae is most similar to specimens of F. williamsi from Colombia, but in F. cristinae the discoidal pores associated with ventral oral-collar tubular ducts often do not touch the duct rim (in F. williamsi any minute discoidal pores associated with the ducts always touch the rim of the duct opening); furthermore, the translucent pores on the hind coxa of F. cristinae are mostly 0.5-2.0 ěm in diameter (mostly 2.0-3.0 ěm in diameter in F. williamsi). F. cristinae can be distinguished readily from F. kondoi by having scattered translucent pores on the hind coxa (none on hind coxa of F. kondoi), fewer trilocular pores on the anal lobes (35-45 on each lobe of F. cristinae; 58-62 on F. kondoi), and fewer ventral oral-collar ducts on the body (56-75 on F. cristinae; 87-113 on F. kondoi; excluding those on the posterior abdominal margin) but especially on the posterior abdominal segments where the number of ventral oral-collar tubular ducts is less than half of the number present in F. kondoi. The adult female of F. cristinae differs from that of F. virgata in the position of the discoidal pores, having 1 or 2 pores adjacent to the opening of most dorsal enlarged ducts and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (discoidal pores never adjacent to duct openings in F. virgata). F. cristinae can be separated from F. milleri and F.ecuadorensis by the absence of small clusters of oral-collar tubular ducts on the head, thorax and anterior abdominal segments. F. cristinae can be distinguished readily from F. uzinuri by having clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of the posterior abdominal segments (absent in F. uzinuri). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females].

CITATIONS: KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 16-19]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5-9].



Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell) new status

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius dasylirii Cockerell, 1896o: 202. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Organ, on Dasylirion wheeleri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype: Dactylopius dasylirii Cockerell [designated by Williams (1996)]: adult .: on slide with 5 other adult .., labels: Dactylopius / dasylirii / Dasylirion / wheeleri / Organ, N.M. / Sept. 27 ’96 / (Cockerell) / TYPE" "7279" and "147/11" (USNM).

Pseudococcus dasylirii; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.

Ferrisia virgata; Ferris, 1953a: 362. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Kaydan & Gullan, 2012: 19-23.



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Yucca sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Amaranthaceae: Alternanthera sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [KaydanGu2012]. Annonaceae: Annona sp. [KaydanGu2012], Annona squamosa [KaydanGu2012]. Apiaceae: Eryngium foetidum [KaydanGu2012]. Apocynaceae: Fernaldia sp. [KaydanGu2012], Hoya sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Araceae: Dieffenbachia sp. [KaydanGu2012], Nephthytis sp. [KaydanGu2012], Philodendron sp. [KaydanGu2012], Pothos sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Araliaceae: Polyscias fruticosa [KaydanGu2012]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [KaydanGu2012], Elaeis guineensis [KaydanGu2012], Syngonium sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Brassicaceae: Brassica oleracea [KaydanGu2012]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [KaydanGu2012]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [KaydanGu2012]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucumis melo [KaydanGa2010]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha sp. [KaydanGu2012], Codiaeum sp. [KaydanGu2012], Croton sp. [KaydanGu2012], Jatropha berlandii [KaydanGu2012], Poinsettia pulcherrima [KaydanGu2012]. Fabaceae: Acacia greggii [KaydanGu2012], Albizia julibrissin [KaydanGu2012], Albizia sp. [KaydanGu2012], Andira inermis [KaydanGu2012], Pithecellobium dulce [KaydanGu2012]. Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Lecythidaceae: Couroupita guianensis [KaydanGu2012]. Liliaceae: Cordyline fruticosa [KaydanGu2012]. Malvaceae: Gossypium sp. [KaydanGu2012], Hibiscus sp. [KaydanGu2012], Theobroma cacao [KaydanGu2012]. Moraceae: Morus sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Musacae: Musa sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [KaydanGu2012], Psidium sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Orchidaceae: Cattleya sp. [KaydanGu2012], Orchid sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [KaydanGu2012]. Ruscaceae: Dasylirion sp. [KaydanGu2012], Dasylirion wheeleri [Cocker1896o], Dracaena marginata [KaydanGu2012], Dracaena massangeana [KaydanGu2012]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [KaydanGu2012]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [KaydanGu2012]. Violaceae: Violeta [KaydanGu2012]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurta [KaydanGu2012], Zingiber officinale [KaydanGu2012], Zingiber sp. [KaydanGu2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands [KaydanGu2012]. Nearctic: Mexico [KaydanGu2012]; United States of America (Arizona [KaydanGu2012], California [KaydanGu2012], Florida [KaydanGu2012], New Mexico [Cocker1896o], Texas [KaydanGu2012]). Neotropical: Aruba [KaydanGu2012]; Bahamas [KaydanGu2012]; Belize [KaydanGu2012]; Brazil [KaydanGu2012]; Chile [KaydanGu2012]; Colombia [KaydanGu2012]; Costa Rica [KaydanGu2012]; Cuba [KaydanGu2012]; Ecuador [KaydanGu2012]; El Salvador [KaydanGu2012]; Guatemala [KaydanGu2012]; Honduras [KaydanGu2012]; Jamaica [KaydanGu2012] (a); Nicaragua [KaydanGu2012]; Panama [KaydanGu2012]; Venezuela [KaydanGu2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Redescription and illustration in Kaydan & Gullen, 2012.

STRUCTURE: The adult females often have rather thick setae associated with the sclerotised area surrounding the dorsal enlarged ducts. In addition, they usually have very few small ventral oral-collar tubular ducts on the margins of the posterior abdominal segments. Adult females of F. dasylirii display much variation in the presence or absence and abundance of translucent pores on the hind coxae. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Cockerell (1896) described Dactylopius dasylirii from sotol, Dasylirion wheeleri (Ruscaceae, or sometimes placed in Nolinaceae), from a collection that he made in New Mexico near the community of Organ [at 1555 m; 32°26’N 106°36'W]. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012) Ferrisia dasylirii is most similar to F. virgata as both species have ventral oral-collar tubular ducts of more than one size, clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of the last 2-3 abdominal segments, and a minute discoidal pore usually near each enlarged dorsal tubular duct and most ventral oral-collar tubular ducts but never touching the rim of the duct opening. F. dasylirii can be distinguished readily from F. virgata by the following features: (i) discoidal pores are on the outer margin of the sclerotised area around the rim of the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts on the abdomen and often each pore and its surrounding sclerotisation projects out from the margin (in F. virgata discoidal pores associated with the sclerotised area around the rim of the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts on the abdomen usually not touching the outer margin of the sclerotised area and almost never projecting out from margin; (ii) small oral-collar tubular ducts in clusters on the posterior abdomen with distal end of each duct slightly tapered towards the attachment of inner ductile (in F. virgata the distal end of each duct is rounded); (iii) antennae usually =600 ľm long with apical segment 120-150 ľm long (usually =600 ľm long with apical segment 105-125 ľm long in F. virgata); (iv) venter of abdominal segment VI usually with =15 multilocular disc pores typically forming a single, sometimes irregular, row (in F. virgata =15 pores, usually forming at least a partial double row medially); (v) translucent pores usually absent on hind coxa (in F. virgata present on dorsal surface of hind coxa, especially posterolaterally, although often few in number); (vi) each anal lobe with only 2 cerarian setae except some specimens from Dasylirion (in F. virgata sometimes with an extra 1-2 conical cerarian seta(e) that is/are more slender than the other 2 setae). F. dasylirii is also very similar to F. cristinae, F. kondoi and F. williamsi (which have ventral oral-collar tubular ducts of more than one size, and clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of the last 2 or 3 abdominal segments), however, F. dasylirii can be readily distinguished from the other three species by the position of the minute discoidal pores associated with ducts, which in F. dasylirii are always near the enlarged tubular ducts and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts but never touch the rim of the duct opening (discoidal pores always adjacent to duct openings in F. cristinae, F. kondoi and F. williamsi). F. dasylirii is also close to F. milleri and F. ecuadorensis but can be separated from these two species by the absence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the head, thorax and abdominal segments. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females].

CITATIONS: Cocker1896o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 202]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 101]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 362]; KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, phylogenetics, structure, taxonomy: 19-23].



Ferrisia ecuadorensis Kaydan & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia ecuadorensis Kaydan & Gullan, 2012: 23-25. Type data: ECUADOR: on Psidium guajava, 1/17/1975, by Waite & Wright. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. LA01417. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [KaydanGu2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan & Gullan, 2012,

STRUCTURE: Ferrisia ecuadorensis has the following combination of features: presence of large clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of all abdominal segments except abdominal segment I; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts generally with a minute discoidal pore touching rim; dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 98 throughout dorsum, with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores usually adjacent to rim of each duct opening; number of multilocular disc-pores on venter of abdominal segments as follows: segment VI (3), VII (16), and VIII + IX (12); anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae; both anterior and posterior pairs of ostioles present and well developed. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B18691C7-9133-4721-935F-0 E51497DDFB9 Ferrisia ecuadorensis is most similar to F. milleri, F. kondoi and F. virgata but the adult female is much more slender than the latter three species. The slide-mounted adult female of F. ecuadorensis can be distinguished readily from other species in the genus by having clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of all abdominal segments except segment I (present only on segments VI-VII or VII-VIII in F. kondoi and on VII-VIII in F. virgata), and each duct is distinctively shaped with a slanted inner end and a long filamentous inner ductule. The adult female of F. ecuadorensis also differs from those of F. virgata in the position of the discoidal pores, which are usually always found adjacent to the rim of duct openings of both enlarged ducts and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (discoidal pores never adjacent to rim of duct openings in F. virgata). Ferrisia ecuadorensis also is similar to F. milleri but it can be separated from this species by the absence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular on head and thorax (present in F. milleri). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females].

CITATIONS: KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, molecular data, phylogenetics, phylogeny, structure, physiology: 23-25].



Ferrisia gilli Gullan {in}: Gullan, Downie & Steffan

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia gilli Gullan {in}: Gullan, Downie & Steffan, 2003: 728. Type data: USA: California, Tulare County, Avenue 196, on pistachio [-Pistacia vera]; collected 9 May, 2002 by S.A. Steffan. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Gill's mealybug [KaydanGu2012].



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Pistacia vera [GullanDoSt2003, DownieGu2004], Toxicodendron [Gaimar2005]. Apicaceae: Fatsia japonica [GullanDoSt2003, Gaimar2005]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex vomitoria [GullanDoSt2003, Gaimar2005]. Arecaceae [GullanDoSt2003], Areca [Gaimar2005]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa [GullanDoSt2003]. Cornaceae: Cornus florida [GullanDoSt2003]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [GullanDoSt2003, Gaimar2005]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [Gaimar2005]. Juglandaceae: Juglans [Gaimar2005]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [GullanDoSt2003, Gaimar2005]. Moraceae: Morus [Gaimar2005]. Myrtaceae [GullanDoSt2003]. Poaceae: Echinchloa muricata [Gaimar2005], Echinochloa crusgalli [GullanDoSt2003]. Rosaceae: Prunus amygdalus [Gaimar2005], Prunus angustifolia [GullanDoSt2003, Gaimar2005], Prunus dulcis [GullanDoSt2003], Prunus nectarina [GullanDoSt2003]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Gaimar2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [GullanDoSt2003, DownieGu2004], California [GullanDoSt2003], Georgia [GullanDoSt2003], Louisiana [GullanDoSt2003]).

BIOLOGY: Develops annually at least three generations in San Joaquin Valley, California, USA (Gullan et al, 2003). Infestations of F. gilli are a problem in orchards and vineyards in California. (Kaydan & Gullan, 20012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult femal, third instar female, first and second instar nymph by Gullan et al. (2003). Molecular diagnosis of this species by Gullan et al. (2003).

STRUCTURE: Ferrisia gilli can be diagnosed by having the following combination of features: absence of anterior ostioles; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts of more than one size; clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of at least the posterior abdominal segments, sometimes on all body segments; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts generally associated with 1 or 2 minute discoidal pores around duct rim (never touching rim), each pore 2.5-3.5 ěm in diameter; dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 90–144 on dorsum, with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores usually associated with rim of each duct opening; number of multilocular disc pores on venter of abdominal segments as follows: 5-20 on segment VII, and 6-23 on segment VIII + IX; anterior pair of ostioles absent, posterior pairs well developed. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Kaydan & Gullen, 2012, felt that the status of F. gilli as a species distinct from F. quaintancii required confirmation even though the adult females differ substantially in morphology. For example, the adult female of F. gilli is distinguished readily from that of F. quaintancii by the presence of more than 90 enlarged tubular ducts on the dorsum, compared with 0-2 ducts on F. quaintancii. However seven samples (six from California and one from Alabama) of F. gilli that were sequenced for the study of Gullan et al. (2010) formed a group with a single immature specimen of putative F. quaintancii (from the roots of Rhus copallina in Florida) in all data partitions and analyses.

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females].

CITATIONS: DaaneCoTr2008a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 167-171]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Gaimar2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16-17]; GullanDoSt2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, molecular data,: 723-727]; GullanKaHa2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 329-339]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; KaydanGu2008 [description, distribution, host, illustration, phylogeny, structure,, taxonomy: 26-29]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5].



Ferrisia kondoi Kaydan & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia kondoi Kaydan & Gullan, 2012. Type data: COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca, Cali, 7/27/2005, on leaf of Ficus sp., by T. Kondo. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; type no. 1790. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [KaydanGu2012]. Annonoceae: Annona chirimoia [KaydanGu2012]. Crassulaceae: Echevaria sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum sp. [KaydanGu2012], Codiaeum variegatum [KaydanGu2012]. Fabaceae: Inga sp. [KaydanGu2012], Pithecellobium dulce [KaydanGu2012]. Moraceae: Ficus sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Myrtaceae: Psidium fuineense [KaydanGu2012], Syzygium malaccense [KaydanGu2012]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Rubiacea: Coffea arabica [KaydanGu2012]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber sp. [KaydanGu2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [KaydanGu2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan & Gullan, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Ferrisia kondoi can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: presence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of last 2-3 abdominal segments; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts generally with a minute discoidal pore touching rim of duct opening; dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 91–128 throughout dorsum, with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores usually adjacent to rim of each duct opening; number of multilocular disc-pores on venter of abdominal segments as follows: segment VI (8-22), VII (22-38), and VIII + IX (20-37); anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae; both pairs of ostioles present and pairs well developed; no translucent pores on hind coxa. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Ferrisia kondoi is most similar to F. williamsi and F. cristinae, but can be distinguished by lacking translucent pores on the hind coxa (present on coxa in other two species), having >60 trilocular pores on each anal lobe (=50 pores on each lobe of other two species), and having small oral-collar tubular ducts usually in tight segmental clusters on ventral margins of posterior abdominal segments with 0–7 on each side of segment VI, 6-25 on each side of VII, 8-21 on each side of VIII (these ducts either not forming tight clusters or in small clusters with each side of each segment usually with >6 ducts in other two species). F. kondoi can be distinguished from F. virgata by usually having clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of the last 3 abdominal segments (present only on VII and VIII in F. virgata), and by having 1 or 2 discoidal pores adjacent to the duct opening for both enlarged ducts and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (discoidal pores never adjacent to duct openings in F. virgata). F. kondoi can be separated from F. milleri and F. ecuadorensis by the absence of small clusters of oral-collar tubular ducts on the head, thorax and anterior abdominal segments, and the absence of translucent pores on the coxa. F. kondoi can be distinguished readily from F. uzinuri by having clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of the posterior abdominal segments (absent in F. uzinuri), and by having ventral oral-collar tubular ducts of more than one size and generally longer dorsal setae (15-70 ľm in F. kondoi, and 12-38 ľm long in F. uzinuri). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species is common in Central and South America on a diversity of edible and ornamental plants, and often is intercepted by quarantine authorities at ports in the USA.

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females].

CITATIONS: KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, molecular data, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 29-32].



Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus malvastrus McDaniel, 1962: 323. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Brownsville, on Malvastrum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Heliococcus malvastrus; McKenzie, 1967: 181. Incorrect synonymy.

Ferrisia virgata; Ben-Dov, 1980: 268. Misidentification.

Ferrisia virgata; Ben-Dov, 1980: 268. Misidentification.

Ferrisia consobrina Williams & Watson, 1988a: 77. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Elgin Downs, on Parthenium hysterophorus. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1996: 5.

Ferrisa virgata; Freidberg et al., 1989: 31. Misidentification.

Ferrisa virgata; Freidberg et al., 1989: 31. Misspelling of genus name.

Ferrisia consobrina; Hodgson & Hilburn, 1991: 143.

Ferrisia consobrina; Ben-Dov, 1994: 162. Misidentification.

Ferrisia malvastra; Williams, 1996: 5. Revived status.

Ferrisia malvastra; Williams, 1996: 5. Change of combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Neoplatycerus palestinensis (Rivnay) [TrjapiTr2002].

HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Aptenia [BenDov1991b, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [BenDov2012]. Arecaceae: Metroxylon sagu [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Metroxylon sagu [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Calotropis procera [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae [Willia2004a], Ambrosia artemisifolia [Beards1992a], Artemisia dracunculus [BenDov2012], Bidens pilosa [CulikMaGu2006], Erigeron [BenDov1991, BenDov1994], Lipochaeta integrifolia [Beards1992a], Parthenium hysterophorus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Solidago sp. [BenDov2012], Tagetes [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Echium [BenDov1991, BenDov1994], Echium angustifolium [BenDov2012]. Brassicaceae: Brassica rapa [BenDov1991, BenDov1994], Cakile lanceolata [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Epiphyllum sp. [BenDov2012], Hylocereus polyrhizus [BenDov2012], Lobivia sp. [BenDov2012], Rebutia [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris [BenDov2012], Chenopodium mariana [BenDov1991, BenDov1994], Kochia [BenDov1991, BenDov1994], Suaeda monoica [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Cressa cretica [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Sedum [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum variegatum (L.) [Sirise2012], Euphorbia [WilliaWa1988a], Euphorbia dgneri [Beards1992a], Euphorbia hirta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia negevensis [BenDov2012], Albizia julibrissin [BenDov2012], Arachis hypogaea [BenDov1991b, BenDov1994], Lotus glaucus [BenDov2013], Phaseolus vulgaris [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Mentha sp. [BenDov2012]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Caesia parviflora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ruscus aculeatus [BenDov1991, BenDov1994], Ruscus sp. [BenDov2012]. Malvaceae: Gossypium hirsutum [BenDov1991, BenDov1994], Malva sp. [BenDov2012]. Myrtaceae: Chamelaucium uncinatum [BenDov2012]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea spectabilis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Irabilis jalapa [BeltraSo2011]. Onagraceae: Oenothera drummondii [BenDov2012]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Macadamia [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Willia2004a]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus paradisi [BenDov1991b, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Leucophyllus sp. [BenDov2012], Russelia equisetiformis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Solanum luteum [BenDov2012], Solanum tuberosum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1991, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia marina [BenDov1991, BenDov1994], Tectona grandis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006]. Zygophyllaceae: Tribulus terrestris [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ascension Island [WilliaMe2007]; South Africa [BenDov1991b, BenDov1994]; Swaziland [BenDov1991b, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]); Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1992a]); Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; New Caledonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [GullanDoSt2003, DownieGu2004], California [Gill1997b]). Neotropical: Argentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992]; Brazil (Espirito Santo [CulikMaGu2006, CulikMaVe2007]); Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Venezuela [FoldiKo2006]. Oriental: India [SureshKa2008] (Karnataka [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a]); Sri Lanka [Sirise2012]. Palaearctic: Canary Islands [BenDov2013]; Israel [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]; Spain [BeltraSo2011].

BIOLOGY: Female nymphs molted three times before becoming adults while the male required four moultings. About 95% of the first instar nymphs moult in 7 to 9 days. Maturation was completed in 12-19 days (female) and 14-21 days (male). Reproduction was sexual and ovoviviparous. Females produced 467-507 nymphs per female. (Seni & Sahoo, 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Watson (1988a) (as Ferrisia consobrina), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) (as Ferrisia consobrina) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Friedberg et.al. (1989). The adult female of F. malvastra has a broadly oval body shape, both pairs of ostioles well developed, multilocular pores only immediately anterior and posterior to the vulva, and the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts often have their associated setae situated on the edge of the small sclerotised area surrounding each duct. Most importantly, the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts on adult females of this species are noticeably more slender than in other species (except for F. terani). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012) Adult males are dipterous and bnrownish in colour. They had well differentiated head, thorax and abdomen, a pair of conspicuous white wings and two long waxy caudal filaments. Their longevity was 2-3 days. (Seni & Sahoo, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: This widespread and polyphagous species was first described from Malvastrum (Malvaceae) from Texas, U.S.A., but was confused with F. virgata| for many years. Nur (1977) recognised that specimens of this species were distinct from F. virgata, although at that time this species was referred to as the parthenogenetic form of F. virgata. Subsequently Williams (1985a) described this species as the “uniparental strain” of F. virgata, based partly on Nur’s research, and later named it F. consobrina based on specimens from Queensland, Australia (Williams & Watson 1988). Subsequently, Williams (1996) discovered the synonymy of F. consobrina and H. malvastrus,revived the latter from synonymy with Dactylopius virgatus and transferred it to Ferrisia as F. malvastra. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: F. malvastra produces dieback, often resulting in death, so they have the capability to act as a biocontrol agen for parthenium control. (Seni & Sahoo, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females]; Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (adult, female) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams 2004a: 266 (female) [Ferrisia species of southern Asia]; Williams 1996: 3 (female) [World]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 77 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; McKenzie 1964: 233 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Beards1992a [host, distribution: 5]; BeltraSo2011 [distribution, host]; BenDov1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 268]; BenDov1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; BenDov1991b [host, distribution: 85, 86]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 162, 163]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35,]; BenDov2013 [distribution, host: 72]; Bennet1955 [distribuition, biological control: 413-416]; CulikMaGu2006 [host, distribution: 1-12]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 312]; Gill1997b [host, distribution: 8-9]; GullanDoSt2003 [taxonomy, molecular data, , host, distribution: 723-727]; GullanKaHa2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 329-339]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 4, 20]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 143]; KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 32-33]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-182]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; SeniSa2012 [description, host, life history: 193-194]; Sirise2012 [description, distribution, structure: 366]; SureshKa2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 155]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 74]; TataHa1991 [host, distribution, taxonomy]; TrjapiTr2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 208-209]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; WaltonPr2004 [host, distribution: 23-25]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 266-267]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-179]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distribution: 133]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-77, 79].



Ferrisia meridionalis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia meridionalis Williams, 1985f: 255. Type data: PARAGUAY: San Vincente, on leaves of Manihot esculenta. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia tenuifolia [Willia1985f, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Baccharis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997]. Clusiaceae: Hypericum perforatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [Willia1985f, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Glycine max [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [Willia1985f, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarCl2003]); Brazil [PachecBeBl2014]; Chile [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Paraguay [Willia1985f, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on leaves and stems of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985f) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

STRUCTURE: The diagnostic features of the adult female of F. meridionalis are the complete absence of multilocular pores (including from around the vulva), the absence of small tubular ducts marginally, the presence of minute translucent pores on the dorsal surface of the hind coxa, the minute pores on the rim of the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts touching the rim of the duct opening (0-2 minute pores per duct), and two pairs of well-developed ostioles. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females]; Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (adult, female) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams 1996: 3 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 163,164]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution: 98]; KaydanGu2012 [illustration, description, taxonomy: 34-35]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5-9]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 8]; Willia1985f [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 255-257]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 5]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-180].



Ferrisia milleri Kaydan & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia milleri Kaydan & Gullan, 2012: 35-37. Type data: PUERTO RICO: nr Sabana, 7/16/1977, on Calophyllum sp., by S. Nakahara. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. N-77-10. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Calophyllaceae: Calophyllum sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Fabaceae: Inga inga [KaydanGu2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [KaydanGu2012]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan & Gullan, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Ferrisia milleri can be diagnosed by having the following combination of features: clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of all body segments, but ducts usually in loose clusters; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts generally associated with 1 or 2 discoidal pores around duct rim, pores nearly as large as duct opening and very close to duct opening, each 2.5-3.5 ěm in diameter; dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 51-68 throughout dorsum, rim of each duct mostly with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores usually associated with rim of duct opening; number of multilocular disc pores on venter of abdominal segments as follows: 1-3 on VI, 12-20 on VII, and 10-23 on VIII + IX; both pairs of ostioles present and well developed; antennae 7 or 8 segmented. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D24DD971-A7FA-403A-B0A0-5 90D02B63BD7 Ferrisia milleri is most similar to F. cristinae, F. ecuadorensis, F. kondoi and F. williamsi, but can be distinguished readily by having clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of all body segments (present on segments II-VIII in F. ecuadorensis, usually confined to VI-VII in F. cristinae and F. williamsi, and VI-VII or VII-VIII in F. kondoi). The adult female of F. milleri also differs from that of F. virgata in the position of the discoidal pores, which is adjacent to the rim of each duct opening of both dorsal enlarged tubular ducts and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (discoidal pores rarely adjacent to rim of duct openings in F. virgata). This species is also similar to some specimens of F. gilli by having small oral-collar tubular duct clusters on all body segments, but can be separated from the latter by the presence of anterior ostioles and presence multilocular pores on abdominal segment VI (both features absent in F. gilli) (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012).

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females].

CITATIONS: KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 35-37].



Ferrisia multiformis Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia multiformis Granara de Willink, 1991a: 181. Type data: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, Villa Gesell, on Parthenium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Parthenium [Granar1991a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1991a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1991a).

STRUCTURE: Ferrisia multiformis has the following diagnostic features: both pairs of ostioles are present, multilocular disc pores are present only posterior to the vulva, the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts never number more than two, the hind trochanter + femur is less than 300 ěm long, with a ratio of hind trochanter + femur to tibia + tarsus of about 1.1, and the antennae are each about 400 ěm long. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females]; Williams 1996: 3 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 164]; Granar1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-183]; KaydanGu2012 [illustration, taxonomy: 37-38]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6].



Ferrisia pitcairnia Kaydan & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia pitcairnia Kaydan & Gullan, 2012. Type data: PUERTO RICO: Maricao, Road # 120, km 17.5, on Pitcairnia sp., 7/5/2003 by D.R. Miller. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; type no. 1791. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Bromeliaceae: Pitcairnia angustifolia [KaydanGu2012], Pitcairnia sp. [KaydanGu2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [KaydanGu2012]).

BIOLOGY: The collection of this species made by Alex Segarra on 5 October 2006 was from a clump of plants growing on the ground under heavy shade at 2,600 feet [793 m] elevation on a SW facing slope, and most of mealybugs were protected within the tender inner leaf whorls (few on the exterior) and they were tended by small ants. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan and Gullan, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Ferrisia pitcairnia can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: small body size; absence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of abdominal segments; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts generally associated with 1 or 2 minute discoidal pores around the rim (each pore slightly larger than duct opening, 3-4 mm in diameter); dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 13-27 throughout dorsum, rim of each duct often with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores usually adjacent to duct opening; number of multilocular disc pores on venter as follows: 0-4 on abdominal segment V, 5-9 on VI, 12-27 on VII, and 12-23 on VIII + IX, sometimes 1 pore between labium and anterior spiracle on each side; both pairs of ostioles present and well developed; antennae 7 or 8 (mostly 7) segmented. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9387D25D-0AC6-41E8-827D-9 C904B603A9F Ferrisia pitcairnia is most similar to F. colombiana but the two species can be easily separated by the much smaller size of F. pitcairnia (1.3-1.8 mm long, 0.5-1.0 mm wide) compared to F. colombiana (1.9-2.1 mm long, 1.0-1.2 mm wide); absence of translucent pores on hind legs (present in F. colombiana); and by the smaller number of ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (15-23 in F. pitcairnia and 55-75 in F. colombiana). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females].

CITATIONS: KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 39-41]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5].



Ferrisia quaintancii (Tinsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius quaintancii Tinsley, 1898b: 220. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Lake City, on Rhus copallina. Lectotype nymphal stages, by subsequent designation Williams, 1996: 6. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: immature. Notes: Misidentification in part, see Williams (1962:47).

Pseudococcus quaintancii; Fernald, 1903b: 108. Change of combination.

Erium quaintancei; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Eurycoccus quaintancei; Ferris, 1950b: 86. Misidentification.

Eurycoccus copallinae Ferris, 1953a: 349. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Gainesville and Fort Myers, on Rhus copallina. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kaydan & Gullan, 2012: 41.

Ferrisiana quaintancei; Ferris, 1953a: 362. Change of combination.

Ferrisiana quaintancei; Ferris, 1953a: 362. Misspelling of species name.

Ferrisia quaintancei; McKenzie, 1967: 179. Misspelling of species name.

Ferrisia quaintancii; McKenzie, 1967: 179. Change of combination.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Rhus copallina [Tinsle1898b, Ferris1950b, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Tinsle1898b, Ferris1950b, Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a).Ferris (1953) notes that this species is known only from the immature specimens in the type series. The combination Eurycoccus quaintancei proposed by Ferris (1950b), together with his description and illustration, are misidentifications of Eurycoccus copalinae Ferris.Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b).

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of F. quaintancii is most similar to those of F. claviseta, F. gilli and F. setosa in lacking the anterior pair of ostioles. However, the adult female of F. setosa is distinctive in having an anal ring mostly with more than 12 anal ring setae (6 setae in the other three species) and fewer than 6 multilocular pores near the vulva (many more pores in the other species). The adult female of F. quaintancii can be distinguished from that of F. gilli by having many more ventral oralcollar tubular ducts in a transverse row across most abdominal segments. It differs from the adult female of F. claviseta by the lack of paired minute pores associated with the rim of the enlarged tubular ducts of F. claviseta and by having many more ventral oral-collar ducts on the abdomen. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females]; Granara & Miller 2004: 142-143 (female) [Species of Eurycoccus]; Ferris 1953a: 349 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 81 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 159,164]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 108]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-87]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 349,362]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy: 141-143]; GullanKaHa2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 329-339]; KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 41-43]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy: 179]; Tinsle1898b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220-221]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6-7].



Ferrisia setosa (Lobdell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus setosus Lobdell, 1930: 220. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, Durant, on Liquidambar styraciflua. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female. Illust.

Erium setosum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Ferrisiana setosa; Ferris, 1950b: 91. Change of combination.

Ferrisia setosa; McKenzie, 1967: 179. Change of combination.

Ferrisia lobdellae Varshney, 1982a: 857. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1994: 164.



HOST: Altingiaceae: Liquidambar styraciflua [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Mississippi [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring near the roots of its host plant, under shelters built for them by ants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b). Varshney (1982) proposed the binomen Ferrisia lobdellae to replace F. setosa (Lobdell), because he regarded the latter homonymous with Dactylopius setosus Hempel. However, D. setosus is now

SYSTEMATICS: This species is most similar to F. claviseta, F. gilli and F. quaintancii as the adult female of all four species lacks the anterior pair of ostioles, and all four species are native to the southeastern U.S.A. However F. setosa is most distinctive in having an anal ring with numerous anal ring setae (12-36, compared with six in all other Ferrisia species). Also each anal lobe cerarius has two to four conical setae, and the openings of the posterior pair of ostioles are lightly sclerotised. There are abundant setae on the abdomen and these are especially noticeable on the venter posterior to the vulva. Multilocular pores are restricted to a few around the vulva and these typically number 1-3 or can be absent. There are about 50 enlarged tubular ducts on the dorsum, mostly marginally around body and usually with one duct on each side of each abdominal segment. There appears to be no recent collections of this species. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females]; Williams 1996: 3 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 179 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 360 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 88 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 164]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-92]; KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 44-46]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220, 221, 235]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy: 179]; Varshn1982a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 857, 858]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7].



Ferrisia terani Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia terani Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 181. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Phytolaccaceae: Phytolacca [GranarCl2003]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarCl2003].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [KaydanGu2012]. Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Brazil [PachecBeBl2014]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [KaydanGu2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of F. terani resembles the adult female of F. malvastra in having multilocular pores around the vulva only (fewer than 9 pores for F. terani) and having narrow dorsal enlarged tubular ducts, with a shaft diameter of 4.0-5.0 ěm at mid-length (unless the specimen has been over-cleared in KOH, which distorts duct width), with the ducts narrower on the head than on the abdomen. The adult female of F. terani can be distinguished from that of F. malvastra by its slender body shape (body broadly oval for F. malvastra) and by having the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts on the posterior abdominal segments with the associated setae situated inside a large sclerotised area surrounding each duct (setae usually situated on the edge of a small sclerotised area surrounding each duct in F. malvastra). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females]; Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (adult, female) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams 1996: 3 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 165]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GullanKaHa2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 329-339]; KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 46-47]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5-9]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-183].



Ferrisia uzinuri Kaydan & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia uzinuri Kaydan & Gullan, 2012: 48-50. Type data: BAHAMAS: Paradise Is., Atlantis Hotel, on Conocarpus erectus, 7/?/2002, by R. Warkentin. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; type no. 1793. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Coco nucifera [KaydanGu2012]. Combretaceae: Conocarpus erectus [KaydanGu2012], Conocarpus sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum sp. [KaydanGu2012], Croton sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Fabaceae: Phaseolus sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Polygalaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [KaydanGu2012]. Rutaceae: Citrus sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Ulmaceae: Trema lamarckiana [KaydanGu2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [KaydanGu2012]). Neotropical: Bahamas [KaydanGu2012]; Dominican Republic [KaydanGu2012]; Haiti [KaydanGu2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan & Gullan, 2012,

STRUCTURE: Ferrisia uzinuri can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: absence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of all abdominal segments; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts often with a discoidal pore touching rim, pore sometimes indistinct and usually only slightly smaller than opening of associated duct; dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 63-117 throughout dorsum, rim of each duct usually with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores typically adjacent to duct opening; auxiliary setae short (12-28, usually =20, ľm long) and slender; dorsal setae scarce, scattered and very short compared with ventral setae, each 12-38 (mostly 20-30) ľm long; multilocular disc-pores on venter of abdominal segments VI (5-9), VII (12-27), and VIII + IX (12-23); anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae; both pairs of ostioles present but anterior pair weakly developed. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ECC88117-299B-4944-94F9-3 371DFBD49F6 Dr Uzi Nur sent adult male specimens of this and other Ferrisia species to the late Dr John (Jack) W. Beardsley for study. Beardsley found morphological differences among the adult males of the samples that Nur identified as different species based on enzyme electrophoresis. For Nur’s species FK (our F. uzinuri), Beardsley reported that the adult male was the most distinctive of all of the species, being distinctly smaller, with relatively short antennae, and short setae on the legs and antennae (J.W. Beardsley, in letter to U. Nur, 9 March 1979). In further correspondence Nur noted that his species FK was so far known only from Florida and that live females "look the least virgata-like, since they lack the characteristic dark body color and markings. In other respects such as body shape and glass-like long wax filaments, they are similar to the others. Moreover, in their enzymes they are also not much more dissimilar than most of the other species to one another." (U. Nur in letter to J.W. Beardsley, 26 March 1979). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012) Ferrisia uzinuri is similar to F. virgata and F. kondoi but the adult female has a shorter body than adult females of these two species, and slide-mounted specimens of F. uzinuri can be distinguished most readily by lacking clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of the abdominal segments (usually present on segments VI-VIII or VII-VIII for F. kondoi and on VII-VIII for F. virgata) and generally shorter dorsal setae (up to 38 ěm long in F. uzinuri, compared with up to 60 ěm long in F. kondoi and up to 65 ěm long in F. virgata). The adult female of F. uzinuri also differs from that of F. virgata in the position of the discoidal pores which, if present near a duct, are always adjacent to the duct opening for both enlarged ducts and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (discoidal pores never adjacent to duct openings in F. virgata). This species also shares some morphological similarity with F. malvastra and F. terani, but can be separated from these species by having more (always more than 2) multilocular disc pores ventrally on abdominal segment VI. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females].

CITATIONS: KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 48-50].



Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius segregatus Cockerell, 1893j: 254. Type data: JAMAICA: East Street, on grass. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 183. Notes: Type material probably lost (see Wiliams & Granara de Willink, 1992).

Dactylopius virgatus Cockerell, 1893n: 178. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (see Williams, 1985).

Dactylopius virgatus farinosus Cockerell, 1893n: 178. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Propsis juliflora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 93.

Dactylopius virgatus humilis Cockerell, 1893n: 179. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Tribulus cistoides. Syntypes, nymphal stages. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: immature. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 93.

Dactylopius ceriferus Newstead, 1894c: 24. Type data: INDIA: Nungumbaukum, on Croton sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 79. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1898r: 240.

Dactylopius talini Green, 1896: 7. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Talinum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 79. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1899a: 391.

Dactylopius setosus Hempel, 1900a: 386. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Ficus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 183. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Costa Lima, 1939: 3.

Pseudococcus virgatus; Kirkaldy, 1902: 103. Change of combination.

Dactylopius magnolicida King, 1902g: 616. Type data: BRAZIL: Location and hostplant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 183. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Williams and Granara de Willink (1992).

Pseudococcus magnolicida; Cockerell, 1902p: 252. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus virgatus farinosus; Cockerell, 1902p: 252. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus segregatus; Fernald, 1903b: 109. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus virgatus humilis; Fernald, 1903b: 111. Change of combination.

Dactylopius virgatus madagascariensis Newstead, 1908: 7. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tamatave, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Mamet, 1951: 216.

Pseudococcus marchali Vayssiere, 1912: 366. Type data: GUINEA: on mango. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 93.

Pseudococcus virgatus madagascariensis; Lindinger, 1913: 68. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus bicaudatus Keuchenius, 1915: 49. Type data: JAVA: on coffee. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1916d: 51. Notes: Type material probably lost according to D. Matile-Ferrero, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Ferrisia virgata; Fullaway, 1923: 308. Change of combination.

Ferrisiana virgata; Takahashi, 1929a: 429. Change of combination.

Heliococcus malvastrus McDaniel, 1962: 323. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Brownsville, on Malvastrum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1967: 181.

Ferrisiana setosus; Ali, 1970a: 108. Change of combination.

Ferrisia neovirgata Khalid & Shafee, 1988b: 71. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Dispur, on Psidium guajava. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 268.

Dactylopius cerciferus; Tao, 1999: 14. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: grey mealybug [LitCa1994a, LitCaCa1998]; guava mealybug [Schmut1969]; striped mealybug [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]; white-tailed mealybug.



ASSOCIATE: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus melanocephalus (Zoubkoff) [LePell1968], Exochomus nigromaculatus (Goeze) [MayneGh1934], Hyperaspis vingigurrae [Mangou2008], Nephus regularis Sic. [RawatMo1968, RawatMo1970], Pullus coccidivora Ayyar [RawatMo1970], Scymnus ochroderus Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Scymnus (Pullus) syriacus [Mangou2008]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Coccodiplosis coffeae (Barnes) [Barnes1939], Diadiplosis coccidivora (Felt) [BalakrSrVe1991]. Syrphidae: Allograpta javana (Weidemann) [BalakrSrVe1991], Xanthogramma javanna [RawatMo1970]. HETEROPTERA Lygaeidae: Geocoris tricolor Fab. [RawatMo1970]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus aegyptiacus Mercet [Risbec1949], Aenasius advena Compere [RawatMo1968a, RawatMo1970, BalakrSrVe1991], Aenasius chilecito V. Trjapitsin & S. Trjapitsin [TrjapiTr1999], Aenasius ianthinus Compere [Comper1937a], Anagyrus coccidivorus Dozier [Dozier1932a], Anagyrus kamali Moursi [AbdRab2001d], Anagyrus quadri Hayat, Alam & Agarwal [BalakrSrVe1991], Anagyrus subproximus Silvestri [Risbec1949], Anathrix argyrus Burks [Burks1952], Anicetus annulatus Timberlake [BalakrSrVe1991], Anusioptera aureocincta Brues [Rosen1981b], Blepyrus insularis (Cameron) [BalakrSrVe1991, ManiKr1991b, AbdRab2001d, AwadalIbMo1999], Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal [AbdRab2001d], Homalotylus vicinus Silvestri [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastix dactylopii Howard [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastix longipennis Mercet [Risbec1949], Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus (Mercet) [AbdRab2001d], Pseudaphycus debachi Rosen [Rosen1981a], Pseudaphycus ferrisianae Bennett [Bennet1955, Rosen1981a]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus subaeneus (Foerster) [AbdRab2001d]. HYMNOPTERA Encyrtidae: Gyranusoidea citrina (Compere) [Comper1938].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Graptophyllum [CockerRo1915, BenDov1994]. Agavaceae: Agave [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Cordyline terminalis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dasylirion wheeleri [Cocker1896o, BenDov1994], Dracaena terminalis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Polianthes tuberosa [Willia2004a]. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes indica [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Althernanthera amabilis [James1933a, BenDov1994], Althernanthera versicolor [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Amaranthus [Willia1985, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Amaranthus caudatus [Willia2004a], Amaranthus oblitum [Willia2004a], Amaranthus viridis [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Cyathula prostrata [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Iresine [Willia2004a]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Mangifera indica [Vayssi1912, Beards1966, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, KinjoNaHi1996, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Rhoeidum microphyllum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Spondias purpurea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Toxicodendron radicans [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona [WilliaWa1988a], Annona cherimola [BenDov1994], Annona muricata [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Annona reticulata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Annona squamosa [Strick1947a, Ali1968, Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Apiaceae: Hydrocotyle asiatica [Willia2004a]. Apocynaceae: Holarrhena antidysenterica [Willia2004a], Mandevilla [James1933a, BenDov1994], Nerium indicum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Plumeria alba [Willia2004a], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pongamia glabra [Willia2004a], Thevetia neriifolia [Willia2004a]. Araceae: Alocasia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Anthurium [Willia2005], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cyrtosperma chamissonis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Nephthytis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Spathiphyllum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Syngonium [Willia2004a], Xanthosoma sagittifolium [CockerRo1915, Strick1947a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Araliaceae: Dieffenbachia [Beards1966, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Willia2004a], Cocos nucifera [Beards1966, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, LitCaLa2006], Elaeis guineensis [KondoRaVe2008], Phoenix dactylifera [Matile1988, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya [Willia2004a]. Asteraceae: Ageratum mexicana [Willia2004a], Gochnatia pulchra [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hymenopappus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Parthenium hysterophorus [Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Synedrella nodiflora [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tagetes minuta [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Basellaceae: Basella alba [Saxena1974]. Bignoniaceae: Amphilophium paniculatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Crescentia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Jacaranda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Spathodea nilotica [James1933a, BenDov1994], Tabebuia [Granar1991, BenDov1994]. Bixaceae: Bixa orellana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bombacaceae: Durio kutjensis [Willia2004a], Matisia paraensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cordia myxa [Moghad2013a], Tiquilia darwinii [LincanHoCa2010]. Brassicaceae: Brassica oleraceae [Saxena1974]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [Beards1966, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Plumaria acutifolia [Beards1966, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [Takaha1928, Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Casuarina oligodon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cleomaceae: Cleome rutidosperma [LitCaCa1998]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [Willia2004a], Vismia baccifera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Laguncularia racemosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Terminalia catappa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Terminalia superba [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Commelinaceae: Commelina nudiflora [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Cuscuta [Willia2004a], Ipomoea pes-caprae [LincanHoCa2010]. Convulvulaceae: Ipomoea hederacea [Ali1968]. Crassulaceae: Echeveria sp. [JiSu2012]. Cucurbitaceae: Coccinea indica [Willia2004a], Coccinia [LitCaCa1998], Cucumis melo [Saxena1974], Cucurbita maxima [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita pepo [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Trichosanthes dioica [Willia2004a]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus [Saxena1974], Rhynchospora cephalotes [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Dilleniaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Discorea esculenta [Saxena1974]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros melanoxylon [Willia2004a]. Ehretiaceae: Coldenia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Erythroxylaceae: Erythroxylum tortuosum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Laing1933, James1933a, Strick1947a, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acalypha grandis [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Acalypha hispida [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Acalypha indica [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Codiaeum [Laing1933, DeLott1964, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Codiaeum variegatum [CockerRo1915, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Croton [Takaha1928, McKenz1967, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Emblica officinalis [Willia2004a], Euphorbia pulcherrima [DeLott1964, Willia1985], Hevea brasiliensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Hippomane [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hippomane mancinella [LincanHoCa2010], Jatropha [Strick1947a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Macaranga heudolotii [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Manihot aesculifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot carthaginensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [James1933a, Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Manihot glaziovii [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994], Phyllanthus niruri [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Phyllanthus pulcher [Willia2004a], Poinsettia [Willia2004a], Ricinodendron africanum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia farnesiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Acacia pennata [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Albizia [Ali1968, WilliaWa1988a, Moghad2004a], Albizia cariba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Albizia lebek [Willia2004a], Albizia saman [Willia2004a], Amphimas pterocarpoides [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Andira inermis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Arachis hypogaea [Willia2004a], Bauhinia [Takaha1928, Ali1968, BenDov1994], Caesalpinia crista [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Caesalpinia pulcherrima [CockerRo1915, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [GautamSa1986, AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Calliandra haematocephala [Takaha1928, BenDov1994], Calpurnia [James1933a, BenDov1994], Canavalia lineata [WilliaMi2010], Cassia [Willia2004a], Cassia fistula [Willia2004a], Cassia gaudichaudi [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Desmodium abyssinica [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Dolichos tablab [Willia2004a], Erythrina fusca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Erythrina variegata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gliricidia sepium [Willia2004a], Glycine hispida [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Glycine max [Saxena1974, WilliaGr1992, Granar1991, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Indigofera hirsuta [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Inga [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inocarpus edulis [Takaha1928, BenDov1994], Leucaena glauca [Strick1947a, Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Leucaena leucocephala [Willia1985, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Medicago sativa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Mimosa pudica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, LitCaCa1998], Phaseolus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pithecellobium dulce [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Pithecellobium saman [James1933a, BenDov1994], Pongamia pinnata [MangalSuNa2012], Prosopis juliflora [BenDov1994], Samanea saman [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Sesbania [James1933a, BenDov1994], Sophora tomentosa [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Tephrosia purpurea [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994], Vigna sinensis [BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus [Willia2004a], Iris [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Salvia reflexa [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea gratissima [Takaha1928, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Lecythis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus plumosus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Eranthemum [Willia2005]. Lythraceae: Lawsonia inermis [Matile1984c, BenDov1994]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Abutilon mauritiense [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Gossypium [Strick1947a, DeLott1964, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Gossypium barbadense [WilliaMa2009b], Gossypium hirsutum [Willia2004a], Hibiscus esculenta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hibiscus mutabilis [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Strick1947a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hibiscus tiliaceus [LincanHoCa2010], Malvastrum [McDani1962, BenDov1994]. Marantaceae: Clinogyne leucantha [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach [MartinLa2011]. Menispermaceae: Cocculus laurifolius [Willia2004a], Cocculus orbiculatus [MartinLa2011]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus benghalensis [Willia2004a], Ficus carica [Moghad2013a], Ficus infectoria [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994], Ficus mcbridei [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus membranacea [MartinBlSu2005], Ficus palmeri [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus religiosa [Willia2004a], Maclura [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Morus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Morus alba [Willia2004a]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaWa1988a, Willia2004a, KondoRaVe2008], Musa paradisiaca [Strick1947a, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia javanica [Takaha1928, BenDov1994], Myrtus communis [Moghad2004a], Psidium guajava [James1933a, DeLott1964, Ali1968, KhalidSh1988b, BenDov1994, WilliaGr1992, Willia2004a, BenDovCa2006]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Jasminum [Willia2004a], Olea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae [Willia2004a]. Piperaceae: Piper belle [Willia2004a], Piper chaba [Willia2004a], Piper guineense [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Piper nigrum [Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Saxena1974], Echinochloa colonum [Saxena1974], Oryza sativa [Willia2004a], Saccharum officinarum [FoldiKo2006]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [Beards1966, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rheum rhaponticum [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [Strick1947a, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Primulaceae: Primula [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [James1933a, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Takaha1942d, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Willia2004a]. Rhamnaceae: Zizyphus spina-christi [BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Malus pumila [Willia2004a], Pyrus malus [Ali1968], Rosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Canthium glabriflorum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Coffea [Willia2004a], Coffea arabica [James1933a, DeLott1964, WilliaGr1992], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Coffea robusta [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Gardenia jasminoides [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Guettarda speciosa [Beards1966, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2009b, WilliaMi2010], Ixora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ixora parvifolia [Willia2004a], Lindenia rivalis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mitragyna situlosa [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Morinda citrifolia [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Polysphaeria multiflora [WilliaMa2009b]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Ali1968, Willia2004a, KondoRaVe2008], Citrus aurantium [Granar1979, WilliaWa1988a, Granar1991, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Citrus maxima [Willia2004a], Citrus paradisi [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Salvadoraceae: Salvadora persica [BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Bursera graveolens [LincanHoCa2010], Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a], Nephelium litchi [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Willia2004a], Mimusops [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mimusops elengi [Ali1968]. Solanaceae: Cestrum [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Datura metel [Strick1947a, BenDov1994, LitCaCa1998], Lycopersicon esculentum [Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Nicotiana tabacum [Willia2004a], Solanum biflorum [LitCaCa1998], Solanum melongena [Matile1988, WilliaGr1992, LitCaCa1998, Willia2004a], Solanum tuberosum [LitCaCa1998]. Sterculiaceae: Cola [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Guazuma tomentosa [MartinBlSu2005], Herrania nitida [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sterculia tragacantha [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [Campbe1983, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Theobroma subincatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Waltheria ovata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Thea japonica [Takaha1928, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Cistanthera papaverifera [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Triangulare: Talinum [Willia2004a]. Urticaceae: Urera [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Duranta repens [Strick1947a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Lantana [WilliaWa1988a, Willia2004a], Lantana aculeata [Willia2004a], Lantana camara [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Premna obtusifolia [Willia2004a]. Violaceae: Viola [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [BenDov1994, TrjapiTr1999]. Vochysiaceae: Vochysia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber officinale [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Tribulus cistoides [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tribulus terrestris [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [GermaiVaMa2010]; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Comoros [Matile1978, BenDov1994]; Congo [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Strick1947a, Campbe1983, BenDov1994]; Guinea [Vayssi1912, BenDov1994, Willia1996DJ, KaydanGu2012]; Guinea-Bissau [new]; Kenya [James1933a, DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Madagascar [Mamet1950, BenDov1994]; Mali [MuniapWaVa2012]; Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1949, BenDov1994]; Senegal [MuniapWaVa2012]; Seychelles [Mamet1943a, BenDov1994] (Aldabra Island [Mamet1943a, BenDov1994]); South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Sudan [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]. Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Cocos (=Keeling) Islands [Willia2004a]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Takaha1942d, Beards1966, BenDov1994], Yap [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013], Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a], Java [Keuche1915, Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994] (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Marshall Islands [Takaha1939b, BenDov1994]; New Caledonia [Laing1933, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [Reyne1961, Willia1987c, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Gavril2013]; Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Wake Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Nuevo Leon [Rosen1981a], Sonora [Rosen1981a], Veracruz [Rosen1981a]); United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996, BenDov1994], Louisiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ohio [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], Texas [McDani1962, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Catamarca [GranarCl2003], Cordoba [Granar1991, BenDov1994], La Rioja [TrjapiTr1999], Tucuman [Granar1979, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994]; Bolivia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Hempel1900a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Amazonas [FoldiKo2006], Espirito Santo [CulikMaGu2006, CulikMaVe2007]); Cayman Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoKa1995, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008, Kondo2008a, DownieGu2004]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MartinBlSu2005]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [KaydanGu2012]; Martinique [Balach1957c, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Nicaragua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [Salaza1972, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [McKenz1967, Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Nevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Saint Kitts [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Martin [MatileEt2006]); Suriname [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Trinidad [Bennet1957, Rosen1981a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [Koteja1974b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; Bangladesh [Willia2004a]; Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) [Mamet1941a, BenDov1994]; Brunei [Willia2004a]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Crowe1985, Willia2004a]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India [KhalidSh1988b, BenDov1994] (Assam [Ali1970a, Willia2004a], Bihar [Ali1970a, Willia2004a], Gujarat [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Ali1970a, Willia2004a], Karnataka [MangalSuNa2012], Kerala [Willia2004a], Madhya Pradesh [Ali1970a, RawatMo1968, RawatMo1968a, Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Ali1970a, DorgeMu1970, GodseBh2003, Willia2004a], Odisha [Willia2004a], Rajasthan [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Ali1970a, Willia2004a], Tripura [Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [Ali1970a, Willia2004a], West Bengal [Ali1970a, Willia2004a]); Indonesia [Willia2004a]; Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Takaha1942d, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995, Willia2004a]; Pakistan [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Luzon [Ali1968, LitCa1994a, LitCaCa1998]); Singapore [Willia2004a, Willia2005]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Ali1968, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Takaha1928, Ali1968, BenDov1994, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Takaha1942d, Ali1968, BenDov1994, Willia2004a, Willia2005]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Egypt [AbdRab2001d]; France [Foldi2000]; Iran [Moghad2004a, Moghad2009]; Japan [Kawai1980, KinjoNaHi1996, BenDov1994]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, Matile1984c, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: The first description of F. virgata (Cockerell 1893n) records this mealybug as numerous on a range of host plants in Jamaica. Shortly afterwards, this mealybug was described (under several different names) from India (Newstead 1894c), Sri Lanka (Green 1896), Madagascar (Newstead 1908), West Africa (Vayssičre 1912) and Java (Keuchenius 1915). This pattern of spread and abundance at new localities is typical for newly invading insect species (Liebhold & Tobin 2008) and suggests that F. virgata was carried around the world within about 10 years of its first discovery in Jamaica. However, the high abundance of F. virgata in Jamaica in 1892 suggests that it was not native to that island. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012) Awadallah et al. (1979b) found that F. virgata produced five generations per year if maintained on sprouting potato tubers at temperatures ranging from 16-29°C and 54-71% RH. These authors reported production of males if the mealybugs were maintained at high density on either potato sprouts or on Acalypha foliage, and claimed the occurrence of parthenogenetic reproduction for females maintained singly (but not isolated). Parthenogenesis is highly unlikely, especially as Ghose & Paul (1972) found that isolated virgin females did not produce any eggs. Adult females do not produce a definite ovisac but rest upon a pad of cottony white filaments on which they deposit eggs. Ferrisia virgata is clearly ovoviparous because eggs hatch usually within 30 minutes of being laid (Ghose & Paul 1972). Fecundity per adult female has been reported as 64-78 eggs (Awadallah et al. 1979b) to 222-737 eggs (Ghose & Paul 1972) under similar rearing conditions in the laboratory. In nature, the lower surface of leaves and the junction of the petiole with the stem were preferred oviposition sites on its main host plant in Egypt, A. macrophylla [this may refer to the cultivar A. wilkesiana "macrophylla"] (Awadallah et al. 1979b). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996) and by Lit et al. (1998). Description and illustration of adult male (from population in Hawaii) by Beardsley (1960). Descriptions and illustrations prior to 1980 appear to contain a combination of the diagnostic characters of both F. virgata and the very similar species F. malvastra. Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Khalid & Shafee (1988b).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in McKenzie (1967), Lit et al. (1998), Wong et al. (1999). Ferrisia virgata can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: presence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of last 2 or 3 abdominal segments; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts frequently associated with a minute discoidal pore which rarely touches rim of duct, usually distant from rim by at least half length of duct; dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 69-101 throughout dorsum, sclerotised area around rim of each duct often with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores usually not touching outer margin of sclerotised area and almost never projecting out from margin; multilocular disc-pores on venter of abdominal segments VI (11-28) (usually more than 15 in double row), VII (22-41) and VIII + IX (14–29); anal lobe cerarii each with 2-3 (generally 3) conical setae; both pairs of ostioles present; antennae usually =600 ľm long; hind coxa with translucent pores. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Biparental populations of this species have been reported from U.S.A., Maryland (Highland, 1956), Hawaii (Beardsley, 1960), Egypt (Afifi, 1968) and India (Sinha & Sayeed, 1983; Sinha et al., 1985b; Paul & Ghose, 1989). Sinha & Sayeed (1983) reported on a wide range in sex ratio (1:2.5-4 up to 1:16-17) in India. Copulatory behaviour of the male and female described by Sinha et al. (1985a). Ferrisia virgata is most similar to F. dasylirii as both species have more than one size of ventral oral-collar tubular ducts, with clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of the last 2-3 abdominal segments, and a minute discoidal pore usually near rim of each enlarged dorsal tubular duct and most ventral oral-collar tubular ducts but never touching the rim of the duct opening. F. virgata can be distinguished readily from F. dasylirii by the following features: (i) discoidal pores associated with the sclerotised area around the rim of the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts (Fig. 4Aa) on the abdomen usually not touching the outer margin of the sclerotised area and almost never projecting out from margin (in F. dasylirii most discoidal pores are on the outer margin of the sclerotised area and often each pore and its surrounding sclerotisation projects out from the margin); (ii) small oral-collar tubular ducts in clusters on the posterior abdomen with distal end of each duct rounded (in F. dasylirii the distal end of each duct is slightly tapered towards the attachment of inner ductile); (iii) antennae usually =600 ľm long with apical segment 105-125 ľm long (usually =600 ľm long with apical segment 120-150 ľm (usually >125 ľm) long in F. dasylirii); (iv) usually =15 multilocular disc pores on the venter of abdominal segment VI, typically forming at least a partial double row medially (in F. dasylirii usually =15 pores and typically forming a single, sometimes irregular, row); (v) translucent pores present on dorsal surface of hind coxa, especially posterolaterally, although often few in number (usually absent in F. dasylirii); (vi) one or both anal lobes sometimes with an extra 1-2 conical cerarian seta that are more slender than the other 2 setae (in F. dasylirii only 2 cerarian setae except some specimens from Dasylirion). F. virgata also is similar to F. cristinae, F. kondoi and F. williamsi (which all have at least two sizes of ventral oral-collar tubular ducts as well as clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of the last 2-3 abdominal segments). However, F. virgata can be readily distinguished from the other three species by the position of the minute discoidal pores associated with ducts which, in F. virgata, are always near the enlarged tubular ducts and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts but never touch the rim of the duct opening (discoidal pores always adjacent to duct openings in F. kondoi and F. williamsi and mostly adjacent in F. cristinae). F. virgata shows some similarity to F. milleri and F. ecuadorensis but can be separated easily from these two species by the absence of ventral marginal clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the head, thorax and anterior abdominal segments (F. milleri has these clusters around the entire body whereas F. ecuadorensis has clusters on all abdominal segments). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species is one of the mealybug vectors of "swollen shoot" virus disease of cacao in West Africa (Strickland, 1951, 1951a; Hanna et al., 1952, 1955, 1956; Hanna & Heatherington, 1957, 1959). Ferrisia virgata has been reported to transmit citrus tristeza virus (reported as lime dieback) on Citrus aurantifolia in Ghana (Hughes & Lister 1953). In Africa, F. virgata has been shown to prefer cocoa leaf and reproductive parts (flowers and pods) to stem tissue, and although it has been reported to produce honeydew, it is rarely ant attended (Entwistle 1972), probably because its stylets reach the phloem infrequently (Entwhistle & Longworth 1963). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females]; Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (adult, female) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 266 (female) [Ferrisia species of southern Asia]; Lit et al. 1998: 31 (female) [Philippines]; Kosztarab 1996: 124 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Williams 1996: 3 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 209 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 77 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region ]; Williams D. J. 1970: 114 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 179 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1960: 211 (male) [Hawaii]; Ferris 1953a: 360 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 88 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Adegbo1971 [life history, economic importance: 75-82]; Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 122-126]; AlamHo1965 [host, distribution, life history: 211-217]; Ali1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 125-126]; Ali1970a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 107, 108]; Angele2001 [host, distribution: 68]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustratrion, host, distribution: 18-20]; AwadalIbMo1999 [life history, biological control: 133-143]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; BalakrSrVe1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 11-19]; Barnes1939 [host, distribution, biological control]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 143, 144]; BasheeJa1964 [host, distribution: 261-266]; BaskarLaUt1999a [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 28-31]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 218-219]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 414-415]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 194]; BellotSc1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 341-392]; BenDov1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; BenDov1991b [host, distribution: 85, 86]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 164-167]; BenDovCa2006 [host, distribution: 325-326]; Bennet1955 [host, distribution, biological control: 413-416]; Bennet1957 [host, distribution, biological control: 569]; BennetSi1964 [biological control: 81-94]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-88]; BhuiyaChKa2000 [biological control: 417-420]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 172-173]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134-137]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 182]; BruntKe1971 [host, economic importance, disease transmission: 591-602]; Burks1952 [host, distribution, biological control: 179-182]; Butani1976 [host, distribution: 27]; Butani1979 [economic importance: 36-40]; CABI1966b [distribution]; Campbe1983 [economic importance, host, distribution, ecology: 137-150]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; ChackoKr1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 56-57]; ChongOe2006a [biological control]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1893n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178, 179]; Cocker1896o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 203]; Cocker1898r [taxonomy: 240]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 252]; Cocker1929d [host, distribution, biological control: 271]; Cocker1937 [taxonomy, economic importance: 123-124]; Comper1937a [host, distribution, biological control: 393,394]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; CostaL1939 [p. 3]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 281]; Crowe1985 [distribution]; CulikMaGu2006 [host, distribution: 1-12]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 40]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 352-353]; DorgeMu1970 [host, distribution, chemical control: 40-46]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Dozier1932a [biological control: 7-9]; Dutt1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 59-71]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 109,111]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-95]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 362,495]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Fullaw1923 [p. 308]; Fullaw1924 [host, distribution: 97]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Gautam1988 [distribution, biological control: 196-199]; GautamNaSr1988 [host, distribution, biological control: 12-13]; GautamSa1986 [host, distribution: 39-40]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 74]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution, host: 24]; GermaiVaMa2010 [host, distribution: 126]; GodseBh2003 [host, distribution: 1]; Goot1928 [host, distribution: 1]; GovindJoSr2003 [biological control: 96-102]; Granar1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 132-137]; Granar1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 262-263]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1896; Green1916a [host, distribution: 375]; GullanKaHa2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 329-339]; HannaHe1957 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 473-480]; HannaHeJu1952 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 334-335]; HannaJuHe1955 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 669-710]; HannaJuHe1956 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 219-227]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hattin1993 [economic importance, biological conbtrol: 20-22]; Hempel1900a [p. 386]; Highla1956 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control, chemical control: 276-277]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 4]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 143]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 28]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178]; JalilKa1971 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 237-240]; James1933a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 435]; JiSu2012 [distribution, host: 1-5]; KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 50-55]; Keuche1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 49-53]; KhalidSh1988b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71, 72]; King1902g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 616,617]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 103]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 35]; KoradaNaEd2010 [host, distribution, economic importance: 379]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 124-126]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74,99]; KumarShSa2002 [host, distribution: 177]; Laing1933 [host, distribution: 676]; Leefma1929 [host, distribution: 1]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; Lindin1913 [host, distribution: 68]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 390-391]; LitCaCa1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 35-39]; LitCaLa2006 [host, distribution: 11]; Malump2012b [distribution: 213]; Mamet1941a [host, distribution: 40]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 145,146]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, description: 215, 216]; MangalSuNa2012 [description, distribution, host, ecology: 110-116]; Mangou2008 [distribution, biological control: 294]; ManiJoKa2013 [molecular data: 244]; ManiKr1990d [biological control: 122-123]; ManiKr1991b [life history, ecology, biological control: 275-277]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47,119]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 18,75,144,201,257]; Matile1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49,50]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 225]; Matile1988 [host, distribution: 35]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 178]; McDani1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323-327]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-182]; MealybSt1987 [life history, economic importance, control: 24-30]; Millar2002 [illustration: 210]; Moghad2004a [host, distribution: 23,142]; Moghad2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 155-156]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 19]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 26-28, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 65]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; MohandKo1988 [distribution, economic importance, biological control]; MorganLuAm2013 [illustration, physiology: 6, 8-10]; MuniapWaVa2012 [distribution: 1-5]; MunroFo1936 [host, distribution: 93]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 173-174]; Newste1894c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4,5]; Newste1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-9]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 166]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 127]; Nicol1952 [chemical control: 120]; NurBrBe1987 [taxonomy, chromosomes: 53-59]; OtanesBu1939 [host, distribution, economic importance: 341-371]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5,6]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy, chromosomes: 18-20]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 8]; PaulGh2004 [chemical control: 729-732]; Peacoc1913 [host, distribution: 209]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; PillaiGoSa1991 [host, distribution: 253-260]; Posnet1947a [host, distribution, economic importance: 388-402]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 626]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; RawatMo1968 [host, distribution, biological control: 85]; RawatMo1968a [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control, chemical control: 277-282]; RawatMo1969b [host, distribution, biological control: 953-956]; RawatMo1970 [host, distribution, biological control: 516-517]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 125]; Risbec1949 [host, distribution, biological control: 578-581]; Rosen1981a [host, distribution, biological control: 251-263]; Rosen1981b [host, distribution, biological control: 53-59]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Ryan1946 [host, distribution: 124-125]; Sakimu1935a [biological control: 76-82]; Salaza1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 289-290]; SaminaJa2001 [biological control, chemical control: 535-537]; Saraiv1939 [host, distribution: 103]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; Saxena1974 [host, distribution: 367]; Schmut1964 [host, distribution: 105]; Schmut1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 100-101]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 328]; ShuklaTa1984a [host, distribution: 31]; SinhaSa1983 [life history: 140-146]; SinhaSaDi1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 13,14]; SinhaSaDi1985a [life history: 141-144]; SinhaSaSi1985 [life history: 1-5]; Smee1963 [host, distribution, economic importance: 12]; Smyth1920 [host, distribution, economic importance: 124]; Sohi1964 [host, distribution: 111]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 509]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 335]; Takaha1929a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 429]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 353]; Tang2001 [distribuion: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14]; TataHa1991 [host, distribution, taxonomy]; TrjapiTr1999 [host, distribution, biological control: 174-179]; VaissaFr2001 [host, economic importance: 41-43]; vanden2001c [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 196-208]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 132]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 52, 53]; Vayssi1912 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 366-368]; Vayssi1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 428]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 43]; Willia1958 [taxonomy: 214]; Willia1960 [host, distribution: 398]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167]; Willia1985c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 51-52]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8-9]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-272]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 167]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 91]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-186]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 146]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 119]; WilliaMa2012 [illustration: 84]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 47]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-81]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 5,42]; Zacher1913 [host, distribution, economic importance: 121]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 271-274].



Ferrisia williamsi Kaydan & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisia williamsi Kaydan & Gullan, 2012: 56-58. Type data: COLOMBIA: Quindio, Parque Nacional del Café, on bract of inflorescence of Heliconia sp., 7/30/2004, by T. Kondo. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; type no. 1792. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Erythrina sp. [KaydanGu2012], Inga edulis [KaydanGu2012], Pithecellobium dulce [KaydanGu2012]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia sp. [KaydanGu2012]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [KaydanGu2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed desscription and illustration in Kaydan & Gullan, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Ferrisia williamsi can be diagnosed by the following combination of features (based on type females only): presence of a few (0-10, usually =6, per segment) small oral-collar tubular ducts usually scattered or clustered on ventral margins of last 2-3 abdominal segments; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts with/without 1-2 minute discoidal pores, a few with 2 contiguous elliptical to elongate triangular pores touching rim of duct opening (if with discoidal pores, duct opening in slightly sclerotised area); dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 100-120 throughout dorsum, with 1 or 2 circular to oval discoidal pores usually adjacent to rim of each duct opening and at least a few adjacent as a double pore; number of multilocular disc-pores on venter of abdominal segments as follows: segment VI (2-5), VII (12-16), and VIII + IX (12-21); anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae; both pairs of ostioles present and pairs well developed; translucent pores scattered on dorsal surface of hind coxa. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:84AB7D42-7FB6-4660-B919-3 D5FD9B604AD Adult females of F. williamsi from Colombia are most similar to F. cristinae from Argentina and the two species are difficult to distinguish morphologically, but in F. williamsi any minute discoidal pores associated with the ventral oral-collar ducts always touch the rim of duct opening and are larger than those in F. cristinae (in F. cristinae, discoidal pores associated with ventral ducts often do not touch the duct rim); furthermore, the translucent pores on the hind coxa of F. williamsi are mostly 2.0-3.0 ľm in diameter (mostly 0.5-2.0 ľm in F. cristinae). F. williamsi differs from F. kondoi by having scattered translucent pores on the hind coxa (none on the coxa of F. kondoi), fewer trilocular pores on each anal lobe (36-50 in F. williamsi; 58-62 in F. kondoi), and usually fewer small oral-collar tubular ducts in each cluster on the ventral margins of the posterior abdominal segments with mostly =6 on each side of each of segments VII and VIII (6-25 on each side of VII and 8-21 on each side of VIII in F. kondoi). The adult female of F. williamsi differs from that of F. virgata in the position of the discoidal pores, having 1 or 2 pores adjacent to the opening of most dorsal enlarged ducts and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (discoidal pores never adjacent to duct openings in F. virgata). F. williamsi can be separated from F. milleri and . ecuadorensis by the absence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the head, thorax and anterior abdominal segments (clusters present on all body segments in F. milleri and all abdominal segments in F. ecuadorensis). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012) The live mature adult female of F. williamsi from Colombia has a distinctive dorsal pattern of wax that readily distinguishes it from the females of other species for which the live appearance is known. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 11-12 (female) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females].

CITATIONS: KaydanGu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 56-58].



Fijicoccus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Fijicoccus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 81. Type species: Fijicoccus casuarinae Williams and Watson, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 20 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 168]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 81, 83].



Fijicoccus casuarinae Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Fijicoccus casuarinae Williams & Watson, 1988a: 83. Type data: FIJI: Viti Levu, Suva, on Casuarina nodiflora. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina nodiflora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 168]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 28]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-83, 85].



Formicococcus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus Takahashi, 1928a: 253. Type species: Formicococcus cinnamomi Takahashi, by original designation.

Formicicoccus; Lindinger, 1932f: 197. Misspelling of genus name.

Planococcoides Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 53. Type species: Pseudococcus njalensis Laing, by original designation. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 272.

Indococcus Ali, 1967a: 35. Type species: Indococcus pipalae Ali, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 272.

Formicoccus; Wang, 1982TC: 20. Misspelling of genus name.

Formicoccus; Tang, 1984b: 125. Misspelling of genus name.

Formicoccus; Tang, 2001: 3. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Takahashi (1928a), Ferris (1955), Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Tu et al. (1988), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 43 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia]; Wu & Zheng 2001: 204-205 (female) [Formicoccus species of China]; Tang 1992: 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Tang 1992: 287 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 341 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Tang 1992: 293 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Cox 1989: 3 (female) [World]; Tu et al. 1988: 73 (female) [Taiwan]; Tu et al. 1988: 76 (female) [species Taiwan]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 3 (female) [India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 4 (female) [India]; Wang 1982: 20 (female) [China ].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 106]; Ali1967a [taxonomy, description: 35]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 169,203,350]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description: 35,53]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description: 4]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 197]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 28]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 81,157]; Takaha1928a [taxonomy, description: 253]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 292-293,358]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 17,23]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description: 75,78]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 272-274]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy: 150-152]; WuZh2001 [taxonomy, description: 200-205].



Formicococcus acanthodes (Wang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia acanthodes Wang, 1979: 270. Type data: CHINA: Xizang [= Tibet], Yadong, on Vaccinium iteophyllum. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

Indococcus acanthodes; Tang, 1992: 293. Change of combination.

Formicococcus acanthodes; ScaleNet, 2004: xx. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium iteophyllum [Wang1979, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1979, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wang (1979).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is here assigned to Formicococcus following the synonymy of Indococcus with Formicococcus, by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 293 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 293, 294]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17]; Wang1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 270-272]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 286].



Formicococcus acerneus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus acerneus Williams, 2004a: 274. Type data: PAKISTAN: Peshawar, on Acer sp.; collected M.A. Ghani, 21.xii.1962. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Aceraceae: Acer [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Decsription and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274-276].



Formicococcus anaboranae (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus anaboranae Mamet, 1959a: 403. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Anaborano, on 'Dimaka'. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcoides anaboranae; Cox, 1989: 3. Change of combination.

Formicococcus anaboranae; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 150. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Mamet1959a, BenDov1994]. Palmae: Cocos sp. [GermaiMiPa2014]

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a, BenDov1994]; Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1959a).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is here assigned to Formicococcus following the synonymy of Planococcoides with Formicococcus, by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 350]; Cox1989 [taxonomy: 3]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution, host: 24]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 402-404]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy: 150].



Formicococcus burckhardti Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus burckhardti Williams, 2004a: 276. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Kinabalu National Partk, Liwagu Trail, in sifted vegetation debris; collected D. Burckhardt, 29.iv.1987. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 276-278].



Formicococcus cameronensis (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus cameronensis Takahashi, 1951a: 5. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaysia, Cameron Highlands, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Ferrisicoccus cameronensis; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 34. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus cameronensis; Ben-Dov, 1999: 380. Change of combination.

Formicococcus cameronensis; Williams, 2004a: 278. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Attended by ants, Crematogaster sp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia]; Ezzat & McConnell 1956: 31 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 168]; BenDov1999 [taxonomy: 380]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description: 34, 35]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 285]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 278-280].



Formicococcus celtis (Strickland)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus celtis Strickland, 1947: 154. Type data: GHANA: Tafo, on Celtis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcus celtis; Williams, 1958b: 26. Change of combination.

Planococcoides celtus; Cox & Freeston, 1985: 726. Misspelling of species name.

Formicococcus celtis; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 150. Change of combination.



HOST: Urticaceae: Celtis [Strick1947, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Strick1947, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Strickland (1947) and by Williams (1958b).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is here assigned to Formicococcus following the synonymy of Planococcoides with Formicococcus, by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 350]; Strick1947 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-156]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-28]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy: 150].



Formicococcus cinnamomi Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus cinnamomi Takahashi, 1928a: 253. Type data: TAIWAN: Hokuto, Taihoku [= Taipei], on Cinnamomum camphora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Formicoccus cinnamomi; Tang et al., 1992: 5. Misspelling of genus name.

Ferrisicoccus cinnamomi; Tang, 2001: 3. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Ebenaceae: Diospyros [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora [Takaha1928a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1928a, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: China [EzzatMc1956, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Protected by the ant Crematogaster rogenhoferi.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1955), Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and by Tu et al. (1988).

KEYS: Wu & Zheng 2001: 204-205 (female) [Formicococcus species of China]; Tang 1992: 287 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tu et al. 1988: 76 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 169]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-37]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4, 5]; Takaha1928a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 253-257]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 287-288]; Tang2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75, 88]; WuZh2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 200-205].



Formicococcus cocotis Williams & Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus cocotis Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 150. Type data: TANZANIA: Zanzibar, Kidichi, on Cocos nucifera; collected 10.ix.1958, by M.J. Way. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [WilliaMa2005a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [WilliaMa2005a]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Decsription and illustration of adult female by Williams & Matile-Ferrer (2005a).

CITATIONS: WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-152].



Formicococcus comantis (Wang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo comantis Wang, 1978: 416. Type data: CHINA: Chekiang, on Fraxinus chinensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

Formicococcus comantis; Tang, 1992: 288. Change of combination.

Formicococcus commantis; Tang, 1992: 288. Change of combination.

Formicococcus commantis; Tang, 1992: 288. Misspelling of species name.

Formicoccus commantis; Tang et al., 1992: 5. Misspelling of genus and species names.

Formicococcus commantis; Tao, 1999: 15. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Oleaceae: Fraxinus chinensis [Wang1978, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Wang1978, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wang (1978) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Wu & Zheng 2001: 204-205 (female) [Formicococcus species of China]; Tang 1992: 287 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Wang 1982a: 315 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 169]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 288, 289]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; Wang1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 415, 416]; WuZh2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 200-205].



Formicococcus crassus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus crassus De Lotto, 1961: 219. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcoides crassus; Cox, 1989: 3. Change of combination.

Formicococcus crassus; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 150. Change of combination.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1961).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

SYSTEMATICS: This species is here assigned to Formicococcus following the synonymy of Planococcoides with Formicococcus, by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 350]; Cox1989 [taxonomy: 3]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219-220]; NurBrBe1987 [distribution, structure: 55]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy: 150].



Formicococcus dispersus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus dispersus Williams, 2004a: 280. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Sumatra Barat, Cagra Alam, near Badang Pelupah, 12 km north of Bukittingi, inside stems of Neonauclea sp., associated with Crematogaster sp. ants; collected J. Moog, 12.iii.1988. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-282].



Formicococcus eriobotryae Wang

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus eriobotryae Wang, 1985: 444. Type data: CHINA: Fujian Province, on Eriobotrya sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

Formicoccus eriobotryae; Tang et al., 1992: 5. Misspelling of genus name.



HOST: Rosaceae: Eriobotrya [Wang1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Wang1985, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant (Wang, 1985; Huang et al., 1986).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wang (1985). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Huang et al, (1986) recorted this mealybug as a pest of loquat in Yunxiao County, Fujian Province, china.

KEYS: Wu & Zheng 2001: 204-205 (female) [Formicococcus species of China]; Tang 1992: 287 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 170]; HuangShFa1986 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, control: 277-282,]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 289, 290]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; Wang1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 444, 445]; WuZh2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 200-205].



Formicococcus erythrinae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus erythrinae Williams, 2004a: 282. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Coorg [Kodagu], on Erythrina lithosperma; collected 28.ix.1962. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Erythrina lithosperma [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 282-284].



Formicococcus formicarii (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus formicarii Green, 1922: 368. Type data: SRI LANKA: Maha Illupalama, from nests of Crematogaster on Grewia columnaria. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Farinococcus formicarii; Green, 1937: 289. Change of combination.

Formicococcus formicarii; Williams, 2004a: 284. Change of combination.



HOST: Tiliaceae: Grewia columnaria [Green1922, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 243-244 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 317 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 161]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 289]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318, 319]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 51]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 284-286].



Formicococcus formicarius (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius formicarius Newstead, 1900: 249. Type data: INDIA: North Konkan, Matheran Hill, with Crematogaster sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Dactylopius formiceticola Newstead, 1901a: 86. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1994: 391.

Pseudococcus formiceticola; Fernald, 1903b: 102. Change of combination.

Formicococcus formicarius; Williams, 2004a: 286. Change of combination.



HOST: Staphyleaceae: Turpinia pomifera [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Newste1900, BenDov1994] (Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a). Description of adult female given by Newstead (1900).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 243-244 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 391]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 249]; Newste1900 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 249]; Newste1901a [taxonomy: 86]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 344]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 286-288].



Formicococcus formosus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus formosus De Lotto, 1961: 221. Type data: UGANDA: Kisinga, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcoides formosus; Cox, 1989: 3. Change of combination.

Formicococcus formosus; Williams & matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 150. Change of combination.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is here assigned to Formicococcus following the synonymy of Planococcoides with Formicococcus, by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 351]; Cox1989 [taxonomy: 3]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy: 150].



Formicococcus gasteris (Wang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo gasteris Wang, 1982a: 317. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan Province, on Gastrodia Elata. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

Formicococcus gastrodiae Tang, 1992: 594. Type data: CHINA: Shanxi Province, on Gastrodia elata. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Wu & Zheng, 2001: 201, 204.

Formicococcus gasteris; Wu & Zheng, 2001: 201, 204. Change of combination.

Formicococcus gastroidae; Wu & Zheng, 2001: 204. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Mis-spelling of Formicococcus gastrodiae Tang, 1992.



HOST: Orchidaceae: Gastrodia elata [Tang1992, Wang1982a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, Wang1982a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Infests the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Wang (1982a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Wu & Zheng 2001: 204-205 (female) [Formicococcus species of China]; Wang 1982a: 315 (female) [China ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 170, 283]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 594, 595, 720]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15, 21-22]; Wang1982a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 317-318]; WuZh2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 200-205].



Formicococcus greeni (Vayssiere)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lachnodius greeni Vayssiere, 1914: 156. Type data: MADAGASCAR: on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Formicococcus greeni; Mamet, 1954: 5. Change of combination.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea [Vayssi1914, Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Vayssi1914, Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of Coffea sp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Vayssiere (1914), Mamet (1954) and by Ferris (1955). Good description of the adult female given by Vayssiere (1915).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 287 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 170]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27]; Vayssi1914 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136, 137].



Formicococcus ireneus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus latipes De Lotto, 1955: 271. Type data: UGANDA: Toro, on Coffea robusta. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Pseudococcus latipes Green.

Planococcoides ireneus De Lotto, 1964: 370. Replacement name for Pseudococcus latipies De Lotto.

Formicococcus ireneus; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 150. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994], Coffea canephora [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994], Coffea robusta [DeLott1955, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b, BenDov1994]; Uganda [DeLott1955, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1955). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Afifi (1968).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is here (in ScaleNet) assigned to Formicococcus following the synonymy of Planococcoides with Formicococcus, by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, male, description, illustration: 106-110]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 19]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 351]; DeLott1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 271-273]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 370]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 118-119]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64].



Formicococcus latens Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus latens Williams, 2004a: 288. Type data: INDIA: West Bengal, Kalimpong, on roots of mulberry, Morus sp.; collected 12.xi.1963. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Moraceae: Morus [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Sikkim [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 243-244 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 288-290].



Formicococcus lindingeri (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus variabilis Hall, 1924: 5. Type data: EGYPT: Sheikh Fadl, on Saccharum officinarum, and ISRAEL: Jaffa, on S.officinarum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1980: 269.

Pseudococcus lindingeri Bodenheimer, 1924: 81. Type data: ISRAEL: Miqwe Yisrael, on Panicum colonum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1980: 269. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcus variabilis; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 101. Change of combination.

Planococcus lindingeri; Ben-Dov, 1980: 269. Change of combination.

Planococcoides lindingeri; Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 482. Change of combination.

Formicococcus lindingeri; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 150. Change of combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Leptomastidea bifasciata (Mayr) [AbdRab2001d].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [BenDov2012]. Arecaceae: Phoenix [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Phoenix canariensis [BenDov2012], Washingtonia sp. [BenDov2012]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus longus [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Trifolium [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [CoxBe1986, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Orobanchaceae: Orobanche [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agrostis [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Andropogon sudanensis [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Imperata [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Panicum colonum [Bodenh1924, BenDov1994], Panicum viride [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Poa bulbosa [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Polypogon [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Hall1924, BenDov1994], Sorghum halepense [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Sporobolus spicatus [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Zea [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Nicotiana [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum album [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1924, BenDov1994]; Israel [Bodenh1924, BenDov1980, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1970DJ). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is here (in ScaleNet) assigned to Formicococcus following the synonymy of Planococcoides with Formicococcus, by Williams (2004a).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This mealybug occurs on sugar-cane (Williams, 1970DJ) and on roots of avocado seedlings in nurseries (Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986) but there is no evidence that it is injurious to these crops.

KEYS: Cox & Ben-Dov 1986: 482 (female) [Mediterranean basin].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1362]; BenDov1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 351]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 351]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35, 42]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-83]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 482]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-103]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Hall1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-6]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance,: 68-69]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 360-361]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy: 150]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88].



Formicococcus lingnani (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus lingnani Ferris, 1954a: 52. Type data: CHINA: Canton, Lingnan University Campus, on undetermined grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcoides lingnani; Williams, 1970: 163. Change of combination.

Formicococcus lingnani; Williams, 2004a: 290. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Cyperus rotunda [Willia2004a], Oryza sativa [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Sorghum vulgare [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a]). Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Malaya [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]); Thailand [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Ferris1954a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the stems of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1954a), Williams (1970DJ) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) elucidated the intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters, and provided two diagramatic illustrations of the adult female.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 243-244 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 352]; Ferris1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 361-362]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 290-293].



Formicococcus macarangae (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus macarangae Takahashi, 1940: 18. Type data: TAIWAN: Karenko Prefecture, Garanabi, on Macaranga tanarius and Mallotus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Planococcoides macarangae; Tu et al., 1988: 78. Change of combination.

Formicococcus macarangae; ScaleNet, 2004: xx. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga sinensis [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Macaranga tanarius [Takaha1940, BenDov1994], Mallotus [Takaha1940, BenDov1994], Mallotus japonicus [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Pueraria lobata [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus microcarpa [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1940, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living in shelters constructed by ants of Crematogaster sp. (Takahashi, 1940).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1940) and by Tu et al. (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is here (in ScaleNet) assigned to Formicococcus following the synonymy of Planococcoides with Formicococcus, by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 352]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy: 106]; Takaha1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-21]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 362-363]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-79, 91].



Formicococcus mangiferacola Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus mangiferacola Williams, 2004a: 293. Type data: INDIA: Maharashtra, Sindhudurg District, Venguria, on shoots of Mangifera indica; collected N.N. Knochare, 9.x.1989. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) elucidated the intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters, and provided two diagramatic illustrations of the adult female.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 243-244 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 293-296]; WilliaMa2012 [illustration: 84]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88].



Formicococcus matileae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus matileae Williams, 2004a: 297. Type data: CAMBODIA: Phnom Penh, on Sapota [Manilkara] achras, probably Manilkara zapota. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Gracinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Burma (=Myanmar) [Willia2004a]; Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) elucidated the intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters, and provided two diagramatic illustrations of the adult female.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 297-299].



Formicococcus monticola (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus monticola Green, 1922: 378. Type data: SRI LANKA: Maskeliya and Patipola, on bamboo ('elephant grass'). Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 300. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcoides monticola; Tang, 1992: 363. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus monticola; Ben-Dov, 1994: 404. Revived combination.

Formicococcus monticola; Williams, 2004a: 300. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Green1922, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 404]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 378]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 363]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 300-302].



Formicococcus mumensis (Tang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus mumensis Tang, 1977: 34. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Huangyan County, Mumshan, on Prunus mume. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcoides mumensis; Cox, 1989: 3. Change of combination.

Formicococcus mumensis; ScaleNet, 2004: xx. Change of combination.



HOST: Rosaceae: Prunus mume [Tang1977, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1977, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1977, 1992).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is here (in ScaleNet) assigned to Formicococcus following the synonymy of Planococcoides with Formicococcus, by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 352]; Cox1989 [taxonomy: 3]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-375, 745]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25].



Formicococcus njalensis (Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus njalensis Laing, 1929a: 472. Type data: SIERRA LEONE: Njala, on coffee berries. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus exitiabilis Laing, 1944: 91. Type data: GHANA: Tafo, on Theobroma cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hall, 1945: 305.

Planococcoides njalensis; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 55. Change of combination.

Planococcus lamabokensis Balachowsky & Ferrero, 1966: 69. Type data: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: La Maboke, on Theobroma cacao. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 146.

Planococcoides lamabokensis; Cox & Freeston, 1985: 720. Change of combination.

Formicococcus lamabokensis; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 146. Change of combination.

Formicococcus njalensis; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 150. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: cacao mealybug [Bartle1978e].



FOES: Nephus ornatulus Korschefsky [Hargre1937]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Rodolia occidentalis Weise [Hargre1937]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Triommata coccotroctes Barnes [Hargre1937]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Coccophoctonus abengouroui Risbec [Risbec1949], Leptomastix longipennis Mercet [Risbec1949], Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus (Mercet) [Trjapi1989, BenDov1994].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Brillantaisia nitens [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994], Enantia chlorantha [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Uvariodendron [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Xylopia parviflora [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Carissa edulis [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Conopharyngia [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Motandra guineensis [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Voacanga africana [Hall1945, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Cussonia [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Pergularia extensa [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Aspilia latifolia [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Vernonia conferta [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Newbouldia laevis [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [Hall1945, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [Hall1945, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Harungana madagascariensis [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Telfairea occidentalis [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros canaliculata [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Alchornea cordifolia [Hall1945, BenDov1994], Antidesma laciniatum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Codiaeum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Macaranga barteri [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Macaranga heudolotii [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Microdesmis puberula [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Ricinodendron africanum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia pennata [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Albizia ferruginea [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Baphia nitida [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Cassia siamea [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Chidlowia sanguinea [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Delonix regia [Hall1945, BenDov1994], Erythrina nitida [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Hymenostegia afzelii [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Leptoderris [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994], Lonchocarpus [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Parkia filicoidea [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Platystoma africana [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea gratissima [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Combretodendron africanum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Napoleona parviflora [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Napoleona voegelii [Hall1945, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus sur [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994], Musanga smithii [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Myrianthus arboreus [Hall1945, BenDov1994]. Ochnaceae: Lophira alata [Hall1945, BenDov1994]. Olacaceae: Strombosia pustulata [Hall1945, BenDov1994]. Polygalaceae: Carpolobia lutea [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Canthium glabriflorum [Hall1945, BenDov1994], Coffea canephora [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994], Coffea excelsa [Hall1945, BenDov1994], Coffea liberica [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Craterispermum ceranthum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Cuviera acutiflora [Hall1945, BenDov1994], Mitragyna stipulosa [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Psychotria [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Randia malleifera [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Rothmannia withfieldii [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994], Sabicea ferruginea [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Fagara xanthoxyoides [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Samydaceae: Homalium [Hall1945, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Chytranthus [Hall1945, BenDov1994], Lecaniodiscus cupanioides [Hall1945, BenDov1994], Paullinia pinnata [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Phialodiscus unjugatus [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Sapotaceae: Synsepalum dulcificum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum torvum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Cola acuminata [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Cola chlamydantha [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Cola cordifolia [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Cola togoensis [Hall1945, BenDov1994], Octolobus spectabilis [Hall1945, BenDov1994], Sterculia elegantifolia [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Sterculia rhinopetala [Hall1945, BenDov1994], Sterculia setigera [Hall1945, BenDov1994], Sterculia tragacantha [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [Laing1944, BalachFe1966, Entwis1958, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Desplatsia chrysochlamys [CouturMaRi1985, Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Desplatsia dewevrei [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Desplatsia lutea [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Trema guineensis [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Tetrapleura tetraptera [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Musanga cecropioides [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [Hall1945, BenDov1994], Vitex grandifolia [Strick1947a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [CABI1974, BenDov1994]; Central African Republic [BalachFe1966, BenDov1994]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Laing1944, Campbe1983, BenDov1994]; Guinea [CABI1974, BenDov1994]; Liberia [CABI1974, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [CABI1974, BenDov1994]; Sao Tome and Principe (Principe [CABI1974, BenDov1994], Sao Tome [CABI1974, BenDov1994]); Sierra Leone [Laing1929a, Hargre1937, CABI1974, BenDov1994]; Togo [CABI1974, BenDov1994]; Zaire [CABI1974, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Magnin (1953) studied the life history and reproduction mode of this mealybug in the Ivory Coast. The dispersal by movement of crawlers was studied by Cornwell (1959), and Cornwell (1961) evaluated the role air currents in dispersal of the insect on cacao in Ghana. Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968). Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana. Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978) and by Moore (1988). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and by Balachowsky & Ferrero (1966) (as Planococcus lamabokensis). Description and illustration of the female and male larvae and adults, and the spermatophores given by Magnin (1953).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species is the most important mealybug vector of "swollen shoot" virus disease of cacao in West Africa (Strickland, 1951, 1951a; Hanna et al., 1952, 1955, 1956; Hanna & Heatherington, 1957, 1959).

CITATIONS: Adegbo1971 [life history, economic importance: 75-82]; AduAmpAdOw1999 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 24-26]; BalachFe1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-72]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 156, 157]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 351-353]; BruntKe1971 [host, economic importance, disease transmission: 591-602]; Buckle1987 [life history, ecology: 53-85]; CABI1974 [distribution]; Campbe1983 [life history: 137-151]; Campbe1984 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 163-174]; Clause1958 [economic importance, biological control: 291-310]; Cornwe1956 [host, distribution, life history, disease transmission: 137-166]; Cornwe1959 [biology: 613-630]; Cornwe1961 [biology: 175-201]; CouturMaRi1985 [taxonomy, description: 280]; CoxFr1985 [taxonomy: 720]; Entwis1958 [host, distribution, economic importance: 31-36]; Entwis1977 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 346-348]; EntwisJoDu1959 [host, distribution: 2040]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-59]; Firemp1981 [life history, ecology, economic importance: 229-232]; Firemp1982a [life history, ecology, biological control, economic importance: 100-101]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hall1945 [host, distribution: 305]; HannaHe1957 [host, distribution, economic importance, control, disease transmission: 473-480]; HannaHeJu1952 [host, distribution, economic importance, control, disease transmission: 334-335]; HannaHeMa1959 [host, distribution, economic importance, control, disease transmission: 209-225]; HannaJuHe1955 [host, distribution, economic importance, control, disease transmission: 669-710]; HannaJuHe1956 [host, distribution, economic importance, control, disease transmission: 219-227]; Hargre1937 [host, distribution: 505-520]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 472-473]; Laing1944 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-93]; MealybSt1987 [life history, economic importance, control: 24-30]; Moore1988 [biological control: 209-225]; Nicol1952 [chemical control: 120]; NicolOwSt1950 [host, distribution, economic importance: 490]; Posnet1947a [host, distribution, economic importance: 388-402]; Risbec1949 [host, distribution, biological control: 578-581]; RojterBoLe1966 [biological control, host, distribution: 110-114]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 507-508]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 315]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 146]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy: 150].



Formicococcus pauliani (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcoides pauliani Mamet, 1959a: 401. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Andohahelo, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Formicococcus pauliani; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 150. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1959a).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is here (in ScaleNet) assigned to Formicococcus following the synonymy of Planococcoides with Formicococcus, by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 352]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 400-403]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy: 150].



Formicococcus polysperes Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus polysperes Williams, 2004a: 302. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak, 2 m below ground, on roots of Macaranga triloba; collected ix.1997. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Willia2004a], Cocos nucifera [Willia2004a], Rhapis excelsa [Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga conifera [Willia2004a], Macaranga triloba [Willia2004a], Sapium baccatum [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a]. Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [Willia2004a]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber officinale [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Willia2004a], Madhya Pradesh [Willia2004a], Odisha [Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and 2nd instar female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 302-307].



Formicococcus robustus (Ezzat & McConnell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus crotonis; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1919a: 41. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 307.

Planococcoides robustus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 59. Type data: INDIA: intercepted at New York, U.S.A., on Mangifera indica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Indococcus pipalae Ali, 1967a: 35. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Wani near Pusa, on Ficus religiosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: Department of Zoology, Calcutta University, West Bengal, India. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 307.

Dysmicoccus cucurbitae Avasthi & Shafee, 1986a: 437. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh, on Cucurbita pepo. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 307.

Planococcoides robustus; Nur et al., 1987: 55. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Ezzat" as author.

Planococcoides bengalensis Ghosh & Ghose, 1988LC: 604. Type data: INDIA: Bengal, Kalyani, on Ficus bengalensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Kalyani: Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bihan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 307.

Ferrisicoccus cucurbitae; Tang, 1992: 286. Change of combination.

Ferrisicoccus psidii Mukhopadhyay & Ghose, 1994: 71. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, on Psidium guajava. Holotype female. Type depository: Kalyani: Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bihan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 307.

Dysmicoccus psidii; ScaleNet, 2001. Change of combination.

Formicococcus robustus; Williams, 2004a: 307. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Crossandra [Varshn1992, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Lannea coromendelica [Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Mangifera indica [EzzatMc1956, AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Willia2004a]. Apocynaceae: Tabernaemontana [Willia2004a]. Arecaceae: Phoenix dactylifera [AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Coniza ambigua [Varshn1992, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita maxima [Willia2004a], Cucurbita pepo [AvasthSh1986a, AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia arabica [Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Albizia lebbeck [Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Erythrina [Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Erythrina indica [Willia2004a], Prosopis spicigera [Moghad2004a]. Gnetaceae: Gnetum luofuense [MartinLa2011]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophylla [Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Ficus bengalensis [GhoshGh1988LC, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Ficus religiosa [Ali1967a, Ali1968a, BenDov1994, Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Morus [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [MukhopGh1994], Syzigium cumini [Willia2004a]. Papaveraceae: Argemone mexicana [Willia2004a]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Varshn1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Bangladesh [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; India [AvasthSh1986a, AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Andhra Pradesh [Willia2004a], Bihar [Willia2004a], Gujarat [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Madhya Pradesh [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [GodseBh2003, Willia2004a], Odisha [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [MukhopGh1994], Uttar Pradesh [Willia2004a, DownieGu2004], West Bengal [Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Iran [Moghad2004a, Moghad2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Ali (1968a), Avasthi & Shafee (1986a, 1987), Ghosh & Ghose (1988LC) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration (as Planococcoides bengalensis of the female and male larval instars by Ghosh & Ghose (1988LC).

STRUCTURE: Parida & Moharana (1982) and Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=10 in India.

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) elucidated the intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters, and provided two diagramatic illustrations of the adult female.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 293 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 15 (female) [India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1986a: 435 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: Ali1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-36]; Ali1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204]; AvasthSh1986a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 435-438]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-17,34-36]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 128,204,350,353-354]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60]; GhoshGh1988LC [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 604-610]; GodseBh2003 [host, distribution: 1]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47]; Moghad2004a [host, distribution: 23,142]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 19]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 28-29, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 65]; Mohara1990 [structure: 47-54]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy, distribution, structure: 18-20]; SinhaSaDi1985 [host, distribution: 16]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 286,295,364]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 50,53,56]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 307-311]; Willia2005 [taxonomy: 167]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88].



Formicococcus rotundatus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus rotundatus De Lotto, 1954: 110. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Acacia abyssinica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcoides rotundatus; Cox, 1989: 3. Change of combination.

Formicococcus rotundatus; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2005a: 150. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia abyssinica [DeLott1954, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1954, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1954).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is here (in ScaleNet) assigned to Formicococcus following the synonymy of Planococcoides with Formicococcus, by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 354]; DeLott1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-111]; WilliaMa2005a [taxonomy: 150].



Formicococcus schimae Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus schimae Takahashi, 1929: 40. Type data: TAIWAN: Suisha, on Schima noranhae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Formicoccus schimae; Tang et al., 1992: 5. Misspelling of genus name.

Formicoccus schimae; Tang, 2001: 3. Misspelling of genus name.



HOST: Theaceae: Schima norhanae [Takaha1929, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1929].

BIOLOGY: Protected under covers constructed by the ant Crematogaster rogenhoferi (Takahashi, 1929).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1929) and by Tu et al. (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Wu & Zheng 2001: 204-205 (female) [Formicococcus species of China]; Tang 1992: 287 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tu et al. 1988: 76 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 171]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-43]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 291]; Tang2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76, 77, 89]; WuZh2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 200-205].



Formicococcus sibolangiticus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus sibolangiticus Williams, 2004a: 311. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Sumatera Utara, Sibolangit, Forest Reserve, near Bandar Bari, on Neonauclea sp.; collected U. Mashwitz, 24.v.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 311-313].



Formicococcus simplicior (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus simplicior Green, 1922: 369. Type data: SRI LANKA: Maha Illuppalama, on unidentifeid plant, attended by ants, Oecophylla smaragdina. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 313. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Farinococcus simplicior; Green, 1937: 289. Change of combination.

Paraputo simplicior; Tang, 1992: 311. Change of combination.

Formicococcus simplicior; Williams, 2004a: 313. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Found in ants' nest, Oecophylla smaragdina.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 305 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 162]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 369]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 289]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 51]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313-315].



Formicococcus speciosus (Wang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo speciosus Wang, 1982a: 316. Type data: CHINA: Hunan Province, on Camellia oleosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

Formicococcus speciosus; Tang, 1992: 291. Change of combination.

Formicoccus speciosus; Tang et al., 1992: 5. Misspelling of genus name.



HOST: Theaceae: Camellia oleosa [Wang1982a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Wang1982a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wang (1982a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 287 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Wang 1982a: 315 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 171]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 291, 292]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; Wang1982a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316, 317].



Formicococcus tripurensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus tripurensis Williams, 2004a: 315. Type data: INDIA: Tripura, Lambucherra, on grounnuts, Arachis hypogaea; collected M. Ghosh, 9.i.1963. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tripura [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 273-274 (female) [Formicococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 315-317].



Formicococcus yanglingensis Wu, S.A. & Zheng, L.Y.

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus yanglingensis Wu, S.A. & Zheng, L.Y., 2001: 202, 204. Type data: CHINA: Shaanxi, Yangling district, in ant nest, on trunk Prunus cersifera var. purpurea; collected Wu Sanan, 2 September, 1999. Holotype; type no. BNTC. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rosaceae: Prunus cerasifera purpurea.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi)).

KEYS: Wu & Zheng 2001: 204-205 (female) [Formicococcus species of China].



Gallulacoccus Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Gallulacoccus Beardsley, 1971c: 47. Type species: Gallulacoccus tenorioi Beardsley, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Beardsley (1971c).

CITATIONS: Beards1971c [taxonomy, description: 47]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 171].



Gallulacoccus tenorioi Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Gallulacoccus tenorioi Beardsley, 1971c: 47. Type data: HAWAII: Kauai, Kahili Mt., on Metrosideros. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Gallulacoccus tenoriori; Ben-Dov, 1994: 171. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Metrosideros [Beards1971c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1971c, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: This mealybug induces pocket galls on leaves of its host plant, a species Mytrosideros (Beardsley, 1971c).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1971c).

CITATIONS: Beards1971c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 171]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 169,213-215]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 523].



Glycycnyza Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Glycycnyza Danzig, 1974a: 290. Type species: Glycycnyza turangicola Danzig, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Danzig (1974a) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female. Legs normally developed; claw without denticle. 2 pairs of ostioles present. Anal apparatus simplified, consisting of symmetrical halves; anal ring without pores, only with spinules and short setae. Multilocular and trilocular pores present. Tubular ducts widened distally (Fig. 7). Cerarii and conical setae absent. Both sides of body with flagellate setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2013a: 215-216 (female) [Key to Pseudococcidae from Russia and Neighboring Countries]; Tang 1992: 92 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 174]; Danzig1974a [taxonomy, description: 290]; DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, taxonomy: 225]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy: 1]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 93].



Glycycnyza turangicola Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Glycycnyza turangicola Danzig, 1974a: 291. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Lower Amu-Darya River, Yurgeni, on Populus diversifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Salicaceae: Populus diversifolia [Danzig1974a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Uzbekistan [Danzig1974a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: The species occurs on branches of Populus diversifolia, forming dense colonies covered with firm wax secretions. Every female is entirely covered with such dense cover, except in the area of the anal opening. In July, I.V. Rozanov simultaneously observed in colonies adult females, eggs, and 1st-instar larvae. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1974a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Body oviform, reaching 3 mm in length. Antennae 8-segmented. Legs normally developed; hind tibia with translucent pores. Circuli absent. Multilocular pores (with 10 locules) present only on 5 posterior abdominal sternites, forming transverse rows and stripes. Trilocular pores numerous over entire surface of body. Tubular ducts widened in distal part, two-sized. Large ducts forming transverse stripes over whole dorsal surface of body and stripe along ventral margin of body. Small tubular ducts forming transverse rows on ventral surface of body. Dorsal and ventral setae fine, flagellate. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 174]; Danzig1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 291]; DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 225-226]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 93].



Gomezmenoricoccus Kozár & Walter

NOMENCLATURE:

Balachowskya Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1956a: 615. Type species: Balachowskya hispanica Gomez-Menor Ortega, by original designation. Homonym of Balachowskya Peyerimhoff, 1928 in Coleoptera..

Gomezmenoricoccus Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Replacement name for Balachowskya Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1956a.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Gomez-Menor Ortega (1956a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 174]; GomezM1956a [taxonomy, description: 615-616]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68].



Gomezmenoricoccus hispanicus (Gómez-Menor Ortega)

NOMENCLATURE:

Balachowskya hispanicus Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1956a: 616. Type data: SPAIN: Tolox (Malaga), on Stipa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IEEM. Described: female. Illust.

Gomezmenoricoccus hispanicus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa [GomezM1956a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Spain [GomezM1956a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gomez-Menor Ortega (1956a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 174, 175]; GomezM1956a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 616-620]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68].



Grewiacoccus Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Grewiacoccus Brain, 1918: 108. Type species: Grewiacoccus gregalis Brain, by monotypy and original designation.

Grewiicoccus; Lindinger, 1932f: 197. Misspelling of genus name.

Grewiococcus; Lindinger, 1937: 186. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Brain (1918) and by De Lotto (1969).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 175]; Brain1918 [taxonomy, description: 108]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description: 11]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 197]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 186]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 88].



Grewiacoccus gregalis Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Grewiacoccus gregalis Brain, 1918: 108. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pienaar's River, on Grewia occidentalis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Tiliaceae: Grewia occidentalis [Brain1918, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1918, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: This species induces finger shaped pouch galls formed on the underside of leaves of the host plant (Brain, 1918).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female Brain (1918) and by De Lotto (1958a, 1969).

CITATIONS: Beards1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 85]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 175]; Brain1918 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108, 109]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-84]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-13]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 169,213-218]; HodgsoMiGu2011 [distribution, host, life history: 1]; Millar2002 [illustration: 215]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 522].



Hadrococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Hadrococcus Williams, 1985: 168. Type species: Hadrococcus pultenaceae Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 169 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 38 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 175]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 168-169].



Hadrococcus maireanae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Hadrococcus maireanae Williams, 1985: 169. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Yudnapinna, on Maireana sedifolia roots. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Bassia ventricosa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Maireana sedifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 169 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 175]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169, 170].



Hadrococcus pultenaeae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Hadrococcus pultenaeae Williams, 1985: 169. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Second Valley Forest Reserve, on stems of Pultenaea involucrata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Pultenaea involucrata [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the stems of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 169 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 175, 176]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169, 171, 172].



Hippeococcus Reyne

NOMENCLATURE:

Hippeococcus Reyne, 1954: 237. Type species: Hippeococcus rappardi Reyne, by original designation.

BIOLOGY: The described sepecies of this genus were observed to mount the back of their attending ants and to be transported by them (Reyne, 1954).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Reyne (1954), Williams (1978DJ), Tang (1992), Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 40 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 354 (female) [Hippeococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 143 (female) [Species of Hippeococcus.]; Tang 1992: 78 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams 1978DJ: 22 (female) [Java]; Ryene 1954: 257 (female) [Java].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 194]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 93]; Reyne1954 [taxonomy, description: 233-257]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 80-81]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description: 20-22]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, description: 143]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 350,354].



Hippeococcus bundericus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Hippeococcus bundericus Williams, 2002b: 143. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Gunungbunder; collected 20.v.1909, by Bryant and Palmer. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 354 (female) [Hippeococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 143 (female) [Species of Hippeococcus.].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-145]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 351,354].



Hippeococcus rappardi Reyne

NOMENCLATURE:

Hippeococcus rappardi Reyne, 1954: 239. Type data: JAVA: East, Yang Mts, Gondang Plantation, on Ficus variegata. Holotype female. Type depository: Leiden: Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, The Netherlands. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Eupatorium [Reyne1954, Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994]. Burseraceae [Willia2004a]. Lauraceae: Litsea confusa [Reyne1954, Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Ficus variegata [Reyne1954, Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Reyne1954, Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Rosaceae: Rubus [Reyne1954, Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Reyne1954, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: This species and all other members of Hippeococcus are closely associated with ants of the genus Hypoclinea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Reyne (1954), Williams (1978) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of first instar by Reyne (1954) and by Williams (1978). Description and illustration of third-instar female nymph by Reyne (1954) and by Williams (1978). Description and illustration of second-instar male nymph by Reyne (1954) and by Williams (1978).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 354 (female) [Hippeococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 143 (female) [Species of Hippeococcus]; Tang 1992: 81 (female) [China]; Williams 1978: 22 (female) [Java]; Reyne 1954: 257 (female) [Java].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 195]; Reyne1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 239-247]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 81-82]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-26]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 145]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-355].



Hippeococcus wegneri Reyne

NOMENCLATURE:

Hippeococcus wegneri Reyne, 1954: 255. Type data: JAVA: West, Tjibodas, Botanical Gardens, from nest of Dolichoderus [= Hypoclinea] gibbifer. Holotype female. Type depository: Leiden: Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, The Netherlands. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cucurbitaceae: Cyclanthera explodens [Reyne1954, Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Liliaceae: Asparagus sprengeri [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]. Piperaceae: Piper [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Reyne1954, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Always found associated with ants (see Williams, 1978).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Reyne (1954), Williams, (1978), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of first instar by Williams (1978). Description and illustration of second-instar female nymph by Williams (1978). Description and illustration of third-instar female nymph by Williams (1978).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 354 (female) [Hippeococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 143 (female) [Species of Hippeococcus]; Tang 1992: 81 (female) [China]; Williams 1978: 22 (female) [Java]; Reyne 1954: 257 (female) [Java].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 195]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 274-275]; Reyne1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 252-257]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-83]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-30]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 145-146]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 353-355].



Hopefoldia Foldi

NOMENCLATURE:

Hopefoldia Foldi, 1988: 78. Type species: Hopefoldia catherinae Foldi, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Foldi (1988) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 40 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 195]; Foldi1988 [taxonomy, description: 78]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy: 192].



Hopefoldia catherineae Foldi

NOMENCLATURE:

Hopefoldia catherineae Foldi, 1988: 78. Type data: BRAZIL: Amazonas, Manaus, on Theobroma grandiflora. Holotype female. Type depository: Manaus: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Colecao Sistematica da Entomologia, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.

Hopefoldia catherinae; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 194. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992], Theobroma grandiflora [Foldi1988, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas [Foldi1988, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on undersurface of the leaves.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Foldi (1988) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 195, 196]; Foldi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-80]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194, 195].



Hordeolicoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Hordeolicoccus Williams, 2004a: 355. Type species: Phenacoccus eugeniae Takahashi, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and description by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 39-44 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 356 (female) [Hordeolicoccus Species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 355-356].



Hordeolicoccus crypteroniae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Hordeolicoccus crypteroniae Williams, 2004a: 356. Type data: BRUNEI: Batu Apoi Forest Reserve, Kuala Belalong, inside twig of Cryptoronia paniculata, associated with Cladomyrma sp. ants,; collected C.R. Maycock, 12.x.1995. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Crypteroniaceae: Crypteronia macrophylla [Willia2004a], Crypteronia paniculata [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Brunei [Willia2004a]; Malaysia (Sarawak [Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Associated with Cladomyrma sp. ants, within twig of host plant (Williams, 2004a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 356 (female) [Hordeolicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356-358].



Hordeolicoccus eugeniae (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus eugeniae Takahashi, 1942: 63. Type data: SINGAPORE: on Eugenia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Hordeolicoccus eugeniae; Williams, 2004a: 358. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Saraca thaipingensis [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Takaha1942, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Singapore [Takaha1942, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Living in shelters constructed by ants (takahshi, 1942). Williams (2004a) reported its association with Crematogaster sp. ants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Takahashi (1942) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 356 (female) [Hordeolicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 317]; Takaha1942 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-65]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 358-362].



Hordeolicoccus glutae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Hordeolicoccus glutae Williams, 2004a: 363. Type data: MALAYSIA: Pinang, Bukit Cendana, on Gluta elegans; collected S. Takagi, 16.xi.1991. Holotype female. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selandgor, Malaysia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Gluta elegans [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 356 (female) [Hordeolicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 363-365].



Hordeolicoccus heterotrichus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Hordeolicoccus heterotrichus Williams, 2004a: 366. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Petaling jaya, on Nephelium lappaceum; collected Khoo Soo Ghee, 11.i.1971. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Burseraceae [Willia2004a]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Crypteroniaceae: Crypteronia griffithii [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Saraca thaipingensis [Willia2004a]. Myristicaceae: Knema [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a] [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 356 (female) [Hordeolicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 366-369].



Hordeolicoccus invocatus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Hordeolicoccus invocatus Williams, 2004a: 369. Type data: PHILIPPINES: intercepted at U.S.A., Chicago, on fruit of Nephelium lappaceum; collected B. Yates, 15.vi.1988. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 356 (female) [hordeolicoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 369-371].



Hordeolicoccus nephelii (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus nephelii Takahashi, 1939f: 324. Type data: MALAYA: Serdang, on Nephelium lappaceum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Phenacoccus sp. aff. nephelii; Lit, 1997: 41.

Hordeolicoccus nephelii; Williams, 2004a: 371. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Bombacaceae: Durio zibethinus [Willia2004a]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Crypteroniaceae: Crypteronia [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus [Willia2004a]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora apiculata [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Takaha1939f, Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Nephelium mutabile [Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Takaha1939f, Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sabah [Willia2004a], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Philippines [Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1939f) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 356 (female) [Hordeolicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 334]; Takaha1939f [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324-326]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 542-543]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 371-374].



Hordeolicoccus prope (near) nephelii Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Hordeolicoccus prope (near) nephelii Takahashi, 1939d: 323-326.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Gavril2013]).

SYSTEMATICS: This species nr. nephelii differs from H. nephelii in having smaller dorsal discoidal pores, each pore being about the same size or smaller than a trilocular pore. On the other hand, it differs from the second closest species, Hordeolicoccus invocatus Williams (which also has small dorsal discoidal pores) in having the cerarii situated on well-developed prominences. Moreover, Williams (2004) noted the presence of translucent pores on the hind legs of both H. nephelii and H. invocatus; the legs of the present specimens lack these pores. (Gavrilov, 2013)

CITATIONS: Gavril2013 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 74]; Takaha1939f [description: 323-326].



Humococcus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Humococcus Ferris, 1953a: 370. Type species: Ripersia hilariae Ferris, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1960, 1964, 1967), Danzig (1980b), Williams (1985), Tang (1992) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 42 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 393-394 (female) [Genera of Korea]; Tang 1992: 92 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 94 (female) [species Palaearcic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 194-196 (female) [Central and South America.]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 39, 41 (female) [Central and South America]; Danzig 1988: 698 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Williams 1985: 173 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 36, 38 (female) [Australia]; McKenzie 1967: 45, 47 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 193-194 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1964: 236 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1960: 709 (female) [species North America]; Ferris 1953a: 284 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 370 (female) [North America ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 196]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110, 194]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 370]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy: 1]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 393-394,405]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description: 709]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description: 196]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 193-194]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 94]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 93-94]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 16]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 37, 172-173]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 374]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 41, 194-196]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68].



Humococcus allantoideus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Humococcus allantoideus Williams, 1985: 173. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Tennent Creek, on sheathing leaf of Triodia pungens. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Triodia pungens [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 173 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 196]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173, 174].



Humococcus atriplicis Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Humococcus atriplicis Ferris, 1953a: 371. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, near Salt Dale, on Atriplex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: Ferris Atriplex mealybug [McKenz1967]; Ferris atriplex mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Ferris1953a, WilliaGr1992]; United States of America (California [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 194 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 236 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 709 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 370 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 196]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 371-372]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194, 195]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-197].



Humococcus caritus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Humococcus caritus McKenzie, 1960: 709. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, Lancaster, on Distichlis spicata. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: salt grass mealybug [McKenz1960].



HOST: Poaceae: Distichlis spicata [McKenz1960, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 194 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 236 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 709 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 196]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 709-711]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194, 196, 197].



Humococcus ceraricus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Humococcus ceraricus McKenzie, 1964: 236. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, Nye County, Beatty, on Sarcobatus vermiculatus. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: black-greasewood mealybug [McKenz1964].



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Sarcobatus vermiculatus [McKenz1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Nevada [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the small twigs and branches of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 193 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 236 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 196]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236-238].



Humococcus dasychloae (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Distichlicoccus dasychloae Ferris, 1953a: 330. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, near El Paso, Mt Franklin, on Dasychloa pulchella. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Humococcus dasychloae; McKenzie, 1967: 194. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Dasychloa pulchella [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Texas [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 194 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 325 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 197]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 330-331]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy: 194].



Humococcus enchylaenae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Humococcus enchylaenae Williams, 1985: 173. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Mt. Isa, on Maireana enchylaenoides. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex vesicaria [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Maireana enchylaenoides [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 173 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 197]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173, 175, 176].



Humococcus gonzalezi Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Humococcus gonzalezi Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 196. Type data: CHILE: Tarapaca, mouth of River Lluta, on Stipa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 197]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-199].



Humococcus greensladeae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Humococcus greensladeae Williams, 1985: 176. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, among grasses and litter. Holotype female. Type depository: Adelaide: South Australian Museum, South Australia, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Aristida [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Triodia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on grass roots.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 173 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 197]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-178].



Humococcus hilariae (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia hilariae Ferris, 1919a: 32. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Jornada del Muerto, 80 km north of La Cruces, on Hillaria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Humococcus hilariae; Ferris, 1953a: 373. Change of combination.

Ripersia hilaniae; Tang, 1992: 94. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: hilaria mealybug [McKenz1967]; Hilaria mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Hilaria cenchroides [Ferris1919a, BenDov1994], Muhlenbergia regens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Ferris1919a, BenDov1994], Texas [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring between the sheathing bases of the leaves.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 194 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 236 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 709 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 370 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 197]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32, 33]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 373-374]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-199]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-200].



Humococcus inornatus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Humococcus inornatus McKenzie, 1960: 711. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, Barstow, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: inornate mealybug [McKenz1960].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Franseria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Haplopappus pinifolius [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex hymenelytra [McKenz1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 194 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 236 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 709 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 197, 198]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 711-713]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 238]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199, 200].



Humococcus mackenziei Ezzat

NOMENCLATURE:

Humococcus mackenziei Ezzat, 1959b: 409. Type data: EGYPT: Alexandria, El-Max, on Zygophyllum album. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Salicornia fruticosa [Ezzat1959b, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum album [Ezzat1959b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Ezzat1959b, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Ezzat (1959b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 94 (female) [Palaearcic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 198]; Ezzat1959b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 409-412]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94-95].



Humococcus muhlenbergiae Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Humococcus muhlenbergiae Ferris, 1953a: 375. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, Gallinas Canyon, Muhlenbergia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Muhlenbergia [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Ferris (1953a).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 194 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 236 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 709 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 370 (female) [North America ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 198]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375-376].



Humococcus orientalis (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ehrhornia orientalis Borchsenius, 1949: 178. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on Artemisia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 194. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Humococcus orientalis; Danzig, 1974: 68. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Artemisia frigida [Danzig1984a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992]; Kazakhstan [Danzig1980, Mateso1957]; Mongolia [Danzig1980, Danzig1975]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Borchs1949]); South Korea [Danzig1980].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Danzig (1975, 1980b) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 94 (female) [Palaearcic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 198]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178-179]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 68]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194, 195]; Danzig1984a [host, distribution: 34]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 405]; Mateso1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-165]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-96, 724]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16].



Humococcus petilus (Brookes)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus petilus Brookes, 1976: 425. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, in soil. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

Humococcus petilus; Williams, 1985: 178. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Brooke1976, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Brookes (1976).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 173 (female) [Australia]; Brookes 1976: 421 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 198]; Brooke1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 425-427]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 178].



Humococcus porterae (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia porterae Cockerell, 1901g: 53. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, on roots of grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Humococcus porterae; Ferris, 1953a: 377. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Cocker1901g, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1901g, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on grass roots.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Ferris (1953a).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 193 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 236 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 709 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 370 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 198]; Cocker1901g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 53, 54]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377-378].



Humococcus resinophilus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia resinophila Green, 1916c: 395. Type data: INDIA: Kumaon and Kamraj, on Pinus longifolia and P. excelsa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 375. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Humococcus resinophila; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 258. Change of combination.

Humococcus resinophilus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 412. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus excelsa [Green1916c, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Pinus longifolia [Green1916c, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Himachal Pradesh [Willia2004a], Jammu & Kashmir [Green1916c, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1916c) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: The new combination by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) was based on characters of the species as observed by Douglas J. Williams in the type-series.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 476]; Green1916c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 395-397]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 258]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 48]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 150]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375-377].



Humococcus yenseni Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Humococcus yenseni Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 199. Type data: MEXICO: Sonora, Puerto Penasco, on Distichlis palmeri. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Distichlis palmeri [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 199]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-202].



Hypogeococcus Rau

NOMENCLATURE:

Hypogeococcus Rau, 1938: 159. Type species: Hypogeococcus barbarae Rau, by monotypy.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), De Lotto (1974), Kawai (1980), Miller & McKenzie (1971), Granara de Willink (1981), Miller (1983aDR), Williams (1985), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Tang 1992: 320 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 202-203 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1985: 35 (female) [Australia]; Miller 1983aDR: 190-191 (female) [species North and Central America]; Granara de Willink 1981: 64 (female) [species Americas]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 578 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1967: 44, 46 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 201 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 283 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 379 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 199]; DeLott1974 [taxonomy, description: 109]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 379]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 117]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 78, 135-137]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 201-203]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195]; Miller1983aDR [taxonomy, description: 189-190]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description: 578]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 95]; Rau1938 [taxonomy, description: 159]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 178]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 43, 202-203].



Hypogeococcus barbarae Rau

NOMENCLATURE:

Hypogeococcus barbarae Rau, 1938: 159. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Saratoga Springs, on Aster sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Rau mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Aster [Rau1938, BenDov1994], Solidago [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Maryland [Koszta1996], New York [Rau1938, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a), Miller (1973a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 137 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Miller 1983aDR: 190 (female) [North and Central America]; Granara de Willink 1981: 64 (female) [Americas]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 578 (female) [North America ]; McKenzie 1967: 201 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 379 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 199]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 380-381]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-138]; Miller1983aDR [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-194]; Rau1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution].



Hypogeococcus boharti Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Hypogeococcus boharti Miller, 1983a: 194. Type data: MEXICO: Coyula, Vera Cruz (intercepted at Hidalgo), on Orchidaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Orchidaceae: Epidendrum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Odontoglossum bictoniense [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Oncidium cristagalli [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Oncidium ornithorhychum [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sobralia [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus limon [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Belize [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Honduras [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustraion of the adult female given by Miller (1983a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 203 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller 1983aDR: 190 (female) [North and Central America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 199]; Miller1983aDR [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-200]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-206].



Hypogeococcus concordiensis Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Hypogeococcus concordiensis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 206. Type data: ARGENTINA: Entre Rios, Concordia, on 'arara'. Holotype female. Type depository: Manfredi: Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Cordoba, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Myrtus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Entre Rios [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Uruguay [WilliaGr1992, GranarScTe1997].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 203 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 200]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution: 98]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-208].



Hypogeococcus festerianus (Lizer y Trelles)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia festeriana Lizer y Trelles, 1942b: 24. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, on Cereus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 208. Type depository: Manfredi: Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Cordoba, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.

Hypogeococcus festerianus; McFadyen, 1979: 281. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cactaceae: Acanthocerus pentagonus [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Astrophytum myriostigma [MarottGa1992, BenDov1994], Cereus aethiops [Lizery1942b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cleistocactus baumannii [Willia1973a, BenDov1994], Coryphanta [MarottGa1992, BenDov1994], Echinopsis [MarottGa1992, WilliaGr1992], Eriocereus bonplandii [Willia1973a, BenDov1994], Eriocereus martinii [Willia1973a, BenDov1994], Espostoa lanata [MarottGa1992, BenDov1994], Espostoa melanostele [MarottGa1992, BenDov1994], Espostoa ritteri [MarottGa1992, BenDov1994], Harrisia martini [Klein1999], Mammillaria [MarottGa1992, BenDov1994], Notocactus [MarottGa1992, BenDov1994], Parodia [MarottGa1992, BenDov1994], Weberbaurocereus winterianus [MarottGa1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Klein1999]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Argentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Sicily [LongoMaRu1989, LongoRu1990, MarottGa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Economic importance discussed by McFadyen (1979), McFadyen & Tomley (1981) and by Marotta & Garonna (1992). Klein (1999) reported that it was introduced to South Africa for biological control of the Harrisia cactus, Harrisia martini, which has become a serious pest of pastures in this country. The mealybug became established in several localities at the Cape Province and the Transvaal, where it is successfully controlling the weed (Klein, 1999). Brinon (2008) reported on unsuccessful attempt to establish the mealybug Hypogeococcus festerianus for biological control of Acanthocereus pentagonus (Cactaceae) in New Caledonia.

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 203 (female) [Central and South America]; Granara de Willink 1981: 64 (female) [Americas].

CITATIONS: BalciuBuPu1995 [distribution, biological control: 445]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 200]; Brinon2008 [biological control: 65-66]; ClapsDe2001 [host, distribution: 81]; HoskinMcMu1988 [host, distribution, biological control: 115-123]; Klein1999 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution: 2-3]; Lizery1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-28]; LongoMaRu1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 163, 164]; LongoRu1990 [host, distribution: 114]; MarottGa1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 742, 743]; McFady1979 [taxonomy.: 281-285]; McFadyTo1978 [biological control: 108-112]; McFadyTo1981 [taxonomy: 139-143]; Paskin2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-2]; Willia1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 565-567]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 178, 179]; Willia1986c [biological control, host: 55]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-210]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 524]; ZimmerMoHo1986 [biological control: 269-275].



Hypogeococcus gilli Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Hypogeococcus gilli Miller, 1983a: 200. Type data: COSTA RICA: (intercepted at San Pedro, California), on orchid. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Orchidaceae [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Miller1983aDR, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller (1983a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 203 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller 1983aDR: 190 (female) [North and Central America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 200]; Miller1983aDR [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-202]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-212].



Hypogeococcus hamoni Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Hypogeococcus hamoni Miller, 1983a: 202. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Palatka, on Eriocaulon compressa. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Eriocaulaceae: Eriocaulon compressa [Miller1983aDR, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Miller1983aDR, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller (1983a).

KEYS: Miller 1983aDR: 191 (female) [North and Central America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 200, 201]; Miller1983aDR [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-205].



Hypogeococcus margaretae Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Hypogeococcus margaretae Miller, 1983a: 205. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, St. Lucie County, near Port St. Lucie, on Eriocaulon decangulare. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Eriocaulaceae: Eriocaulon decangulare [Miller1983aDR, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Miller1983aDR, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller (1983a).

KEYS: Miller 1983aDR: 191 (female) [North and Central America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 201]; Miller1983aDR [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-216].



Hypogeococcus mirabilis (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus mirabilis Brain, 1915: 121. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Ceres, on Borbonia cordata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Hypogeococcus mirabilis; De Lotto, 1974: 109. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Borbonia cordata [Brain1915, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cliffortia ruscifolia [DeLott1974, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brain (1915) and by De Lotto (1958a, 1974).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 201]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-123]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-101]; DeLott1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109, 110]; Millar2002 [illustration: 217].



Hypogeococcus othnius Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Hypogeococcus othnius Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 578. Type data: VENEZUELA: intercepted at Washington, D.C., on Cattleya sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Hypogeococcus otbnius; Granara de Willink, 1981: 64. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: strange mealybug [MillerMc1971].



HOSTS: Bromeliaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae: Brassia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cattleya [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994], Epidendrum [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Laelia [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Maxillaria [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Schomburgkia undulata [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Costa Rica [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Nicaragua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: All the records, so far, are based on quarantine interceptions in the USA and England (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 203 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller 1983aDR: 191 (female) [North and Central America]; Granara de Willink 1981: 64 (female) [Americas]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 578 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 201]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 578-580]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 212, 213]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88].



Hypogeococcus pungens Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Hypogeococcus festerianus; Williams, 1973a: 565. Misidentification; discovered by Williams & Granata de Willink, 1992: 215.

Hypogeococcus festerianus; McFadyen & Tomley, 1978: 139. Misidentification; discovered by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 215.

Hypogeococcus festerianus; McFadyen, 1979: 281. Misidentification; discovered by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 215.

Hypogeococcus pungens Granara de Willink, 1981: 61. Type data: ARGENTINA: Province de Tucuman, Department of Trancas, Abril, on Alternanthera pungens. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.

Hypogeococcus festerianus; Williams, 1985a: 178. Misidentification; discovered by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 215.

Hypogeococcus festerianus; Suss & Trematerra, 1986: 43. Misidentification; discovered by Russo & Mazzeo, 1997: 51.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus cachamai [TriapiLoAg2014], Anagyrus quilmes [TriapiLoAg2014].

HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes apera [MatileEt2006], Alternanthera paronychioides [TriapiLoAg2014], Alternanthera pungens [TriapiLoAg2014], Gomphrena globosa [MatileEt2006], Gomphrena globosa [GermanKaSt2014]. Apocynaceae: Mandevilla [DownieGu2004]. Cactaceae [BenDovMaSt2002], Cereus aethiops [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, ClapsDe2001], Cereus forbesi [ClapsDe2001], Cereus peruvianus [BenDovMaSt2002], Cereus validus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cleistocactus baumanii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, ClapsDe2001], Eriocereus bonplandii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eriocereus martinii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Harrisia bonplandi [ClapsDe2001], Harrisia martinii [ClapsDe2001], Hickenia microsperma [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Opuntia moniliformis (L.) Haw. ex Steud [GermanKaSt2014], Parodia microsperma [ClapsDe2001]. Polygonaceae: Alternanthera pungens [Granar1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Alternathera [GermaiGr2005], Alternathera bettzickiana [MatileEt2006]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Portulaca oleracea [MatileEt2006], Portulaca quadrifida [MatileEt2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands [GermanKaSt2014]. Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [DownieGu2004]). Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [Granar1981, BenDov1994]); Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [GermanKaSt2014]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Martinique [GermaiGr2005, MatileEt2006]; Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [GermanKaSt2014]). Palaearctic: France [BenDovMaSt2002]; Greece [BenDovMaSt2002]; Italy [SussTr1986, LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997, MazzeoSuRu2008]; Spain [BeltraSo2011].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots and aerial parts of host plant (Suss & Trematerra, 1986).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1981) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Good description and illustration of the larval instars given by Granara de Willink (1981).

SYSTEMATICS: Hypogeococcus pungens differs from its congeners in having 3 circuli, whereas other species possess a single circulus (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Accounts by McFadyen & Tomley (1978), McFadyen (1979) and Williams (1985a) indicate that this species (under the name H. festerianus) is successful in Queensland, Australia, in controlling the Cactaceous plants Eriocereus bonplandii, E. martini, E. tortuosus and Acanthocereus pentago, since its introduction from Argentina as a biological control agent (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992). This species is causing severe damage in Puerto Rico to several pecies of native columnar cacti in the subfamily Cactoideae. Additional unpublished reports suggest that H. pungens is causing serious damage to native cactus plants in Puerto Rico. (German-Ramirez, et al., 2014)

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 203 (female) [Central and South America]; Granara de Willink 1981: 64 (female) [Americas].

CITATIONS: BeltraSo2011 [distribution, host]; BeltraSoMa2012 [molecular data, phylogenetics: 167-171]; BenDovMaSt2002 [host, distribution: 186]; ClapsDe2001 [host, distribution: 81]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; GermaiGr2005 [host, distribution: 330]; GermanKaSt2014 [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 320-321]; Granar1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-64]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 178]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; McFady1979 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 281-287]; McFadyTo1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 139-143]; Millar2002 [illustration: 207]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; SussTr1986 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 43-46]; TriapiLoAg2014 [biological control, distribution, host: 201-231]; Willia1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 565-569]; Willia1985a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-215]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 524].



Hypogeococcus spinosus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Hypogeococcus spinosus Ferris, 1953a: 382. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Merced County, Delhi, on undetermined cactus. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: spinose mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Cactaceae: Astrophytum astorias [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Echinocereus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Neowerdermannia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot filamentosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Texas [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Argentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Japan [Kawai1980, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of ornamental cactus plants in the U.S.A. (R.J. Gill, personal communication, 1993).

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (adult, female) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 203 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller 1983aDR: 191 (female) [North and Central America]; Granara de Willink 1981: 64 (female) [Americas]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 578 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 201 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 379 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 202]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 382-383]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117, 118]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-203]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 8]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 327, 328]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-217].



Iberococcus Gómez-Menor Ortega

NOMENCLATURE:

Iberococcus Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1928: 356. Type species: Iberococcus andalusicus Gomez-Menor Ortega, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Gomez-Menor Ortega (1928) and by Matile-Ferrero (1984).

KEYS: Matile-Ferrero 1984a (female) [species].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 202]; GomezM1928 [taxonomy, description: 356]; Matile1984 [taxonomy, description: 292]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 95].



Iberococcus andalusicus Gómez-Menor Ortega

NOMENCLATURE:

Iberococcus andalusicus Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1928: 357. Type data: SPAIN: Almeria, Roquetas del Mar, on Statice sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Matile-Ferrero, 1984: 294. Type depository: Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spain. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Plumbaginaceae: Limonium gummiferum [Matile1984, BenDov1994], Limonium ramosissimum ramosissimum [Matile1984, BenDov1994], Statice [GomezM1928, Martin1985, BenDov1994], Statice gummifera [GomezM1965].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Spain [GomezM1928, GomezM1965, GomezM1968, Martin1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 202]; GomezM1928; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376-381]; GomezM1968 [host, distribution: 557]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 94]; Matile1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 292-294].



Iberococcus gomezmenori Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Iberococcus gomezmenori Matile-Ferrero, 1984: 295. Type data: TUNISIA: Chott El Djerid, on Limoniastrum guyonianum (Plumbaginaceae). Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Plumbaginaceae: Limoniastrum guyonianum [Matile1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tunisia [Matile1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 202]; Matile1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 295, 296].



Idiococcus Takahashi & Kanda

NOMENCLATURE:

Idiococcus Takahashi & Kanda, 1939: 52. Type species: Idiococcus bambusae Takahashi and Kanda, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Kawai (1980), Tang (1984a, 1992) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999). Definition of the genus and its separation from Serrolecanium discussed by Tang (1984a, 1984b).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 27 (female) [World]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 22 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Tang 1992: 33 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 36 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 202-203]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; Hendri1993 [taxonomy: 1-273]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-49]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 124]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 95]; TakahaKa1939 [taxonomy, description: 52]; Tang1984a [taxonomy, description: 116-121]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 35]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 16]; Wu2001 [taxonomy: 46]; WuLu2012 [taxonomy: 30,32].



Idiococcus bambusae Takahashi & Kanda

NOMENCLATURE:

Idiococcus bambusae Takahashi & Kanda, 1939: 52. Type data: JAPAN: Yokohama, on bamboo. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 52. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Idiococcophilus japonicus Tachikawa & Gordh [TachikGo1987].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria pygmaea [HendriKo1999], Bambusa [TakahaKa1939, BenDov1994], Bambusa metake [HendriKo1999], Indocalamus migoi [WuLu2012], Pleioblastus amarus [WuLu2012], Pleioblastus variegatus [TachikGo1987, HendriKo1999], Sasa [HendriKo1999], Sasa palmata [HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Jersey [HendriKo1999]). Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001]). Palaearctic: China [HendriKo1999] (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Wu2001]); Japan [TakahaKa1939, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

BIOLOGY: Living in groups on stem of the hos beneath leaf sheath.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999). Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980).

SYSTEMATICS: Hendricks and Kosztarab (1999) synonymized Idiococcus maanshanensis with Idiococcus bambusae, but Wu & Lu (2012) suggested that they should be separate species.

KEYS: Wu & Lu 2012: 31 (female) [Key to Chinese species in the tribe Serrolecaniini Shinji]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 36 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 202]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 7]; TachikGo1987 [host, distribution, biological control: 305-309]; TakahaKa1939; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 36]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46]; Wu2001b [economic importance: 251]; WuLu2012 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 30-32,35,45].



Idiococcus maanshaensis Tang & Wu in Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Idiococcus maanshaensis Tang & Wu in Tang, 1984a: 395. Type data: CHINA: Anhwei Province, Maanshan, on Indocalamus migoi. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Idiococcus maanshanensis; Tao, 1999: 16. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamus migoi [Tang1984a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1984a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Wu (in Tang, 1984a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Hendricks and Kosztarab (1999) mostly examined specimens from Japan (the lectotype is from Japan) and described multilocular disc pores on the abdominal venter when he synonomized I. maanshaensis with I. bambusae. Wu & Lu (2012) could not find them on any of the examined Chinese specimens, even when the body was unsclerotized. They suggested that Idiococcus maanshanensis should be considered to be a valid species, not a synonym of I. bambusae.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 36 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 203]; Tang1984a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102, 118-119]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36-37]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16]; WuLu2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 30].



Inopicoccus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Inopicoccus Danzig, 1971: 369. Type species: Inopicoccus setariae Danzig, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Danzig (1971, 1980b) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female ultimolarva. Antennae 6-segmented. Legs normally developed. Claw without denticle. Peritreme of spiracles with trilocular pores. Ostioles absent. Anal ring without pores, with 6 short setae. Wax glands of 3 types: multilocular and trilocular pores and simple tubular ducts. Cerarii and conical setae absent. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

SYSTEMATICS: The genus was described from an ultimolarva erroneously recognized by the author as an adult female. However, Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a, felt that the particular structure of the anal ring of Inopicoccus allowed them to consider it a distinct taxon.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2013a: 215-216 (female) [Key to Pseudococcidae from Russia and Neighboring Countries]; Tang 1992: 92 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 698 (female) [Far East of Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 204]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description: 369-371]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 192]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy: 1]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 96].



Inopicoccus setariae Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Inopicoccus setariae Danzig, 1971: 371. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Suifun near pokrovka, on Setaria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Setaria [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living in leaf axils of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female ultimolarva. Body oval, reaching 1 mm in length. Circuli absent. Multilocular pores forming transverse rows on both sides of body. Singular trilocular pores occurring along margin of body. Tubular ducts forming transverse rows on dorsal surface of body and occurring along margin of ventral surface. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 204]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 370, 371]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193]; DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 227]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 96-97].



Ityococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Ityococcus Williams, 1985: 178. Type species: Ityococcus beardsleyi Williams. Subsequently designated by Williams, 1986a: 356.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 180 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 204]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 37, 178-180]; Willia1986a [taxonomy: 356].



Ityococcus beardsleyi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Ityococcus beardsleyi Williams, 1985: 180. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, on Acacia melanoxylon. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia melanoxylon [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 180 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 204]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-183]; Willia1986a [taxonomy: 356].



Ityococcus eremocitri Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Ityococcus eremocitri Williams, 1985: 183. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, on Eremocitrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rutaceae: Eremocitrus [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 180 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 205]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182, 183].



Ityococcus milparinkae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Ityococcus milparinkae Williams, 1985: 185. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, on Acacia aneura. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia aneura [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 180 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 205]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184, 185].



Kenmorea Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Kenmorea Williams, 1985: 185. Type species: Kenmorea laxmanniae Williams, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 38 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 205]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 37, 185].



Kenmorea laxmanniae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Kenmorea laxmanniae Williams, 1985: 188. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, on Laxmannia gracilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Liliaceae: Laxmannia gracilis [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 205]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-188].



Kermicus Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Kermicus Newstead, 1897b: 170. Type species: Kermicus wroughtoni Newstead, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Newstead (1897), Tang (1992), Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Williams 2004a: 39 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 27 (female) [World]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 21 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Tang 1992: 33 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 2 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 205]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 122]; Hendri1993 [taxonomy: 1-273]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 54-55]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 99]; Newste1897b [taxonomy, description: 170]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 37-38]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 377]; WuLu2012 [taxonomy: 30].



Kermicus wroughtoni Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Kermicus wroughtoni Newstead, 1897b: 170. Type data: INDIA: Bombay District, on undetermined plant, attended by Pecophylla smaragdria. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Willia2004a], Gigantochloa [HendriKo1999], Gigantochloa scortechinii [HendriKo1999, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Newste1897b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Malaysia [HendriKo1999, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Attended by Pecophylla smaragdina and by Tetraponera ants, within stems of bamboo (Williams, 2004a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar by Williams (2004a). Description of the adult female given by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) showed that the first instars of this species are dimorphic. One form possesses ostioles and has the anal ring situated about twice its diameter from the apex of abdomen, while the other form lacks ostioles and has the anal ring is placed 4-5 times its diameter from the apex of abdomen.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 205]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55-56]; Newste1897b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170, 171]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Tang1992 [taxonomy: 38]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 53]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377-382]; Willia2005 [taxonomy: 167].



Kiritshenkella Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Kiritshenkella Borchsenius, 1948c: 583. Type species: Kiritshenkella stataria Borchsenius, by original designation.

Imperaticoccus Lit, 1992: 1165. Type species: Imperaticoccus celatus Lit, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Lit, 1997: 36. Notes: Subjective synonym of Kiritshenkella.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters of adult female by Borchsenius (1949), Williams (1970DJ), Koteja (1988a, 1989a), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 43 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 383 (female) [Kiritshenkella species of southern Asia]; Danzig 1998a: 154 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 100 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 101 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Koteja 1988a: 120-123 (female) [species World]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 3 (female) [India]; Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1960e: 931-932 (female) [species China]; Borchsenius 1949: 87 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 203-206]; Borchs1948c [taxonomy, description: 583]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 166]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, description: 155]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description: 119-121]; Koteja1989a [taxonomy, description: 299-301]; Lit1992 [taxonomy, description: 1165]; Lit1997a [taxonomy: 36-37]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 31]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 99]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 100-101]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 17]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description: 145, 148-149]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 382].



Kiritshenkella lingnani (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina lingnani Ferris, 1954a: 54. Type data: CHINA: Canton, Lingnan University Campus, on undetermined grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

Kiritshenkella lingnani; Borchsenius, 1960e: 932. Change of combination.

Imperaticoccus celatus Lit, 1992: 1166. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Mindanao: Bukidnon, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, on roots of Imperata cylindrica. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Synonymy by Lit, 1997: 37.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Ferris1954a, BenDov1994], Imperata arundinacea [Willia2004a], Imperata cylindrica [Lit1992, Lit1997a, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Andhra Pradesh [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]); Philippines (Luzon [Lit1992, Lit1997a], Mindanao [Lit1997a, Willia2004a]). Palaearctic: China [Ferris1954a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant (Lit, 1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1954a), Lit (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 383 (female) [Kiritshenkella species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 101 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Koteja 1988a: 122 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1960e: 932 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1958: 157 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 203, 206]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy: 932]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 131]; Lit1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1166-1167]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36, 37]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 361-362]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383-385].



Kiritshenkella sacchari (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia sacchari Green, 1900d: 37. Type data: INDIA: Gorakhpur, on sugarcane. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Ripersia cellulosa Hall, 1923: 7. Type data: EGYPT: Armant, Nag Hamadi, Cairo and Giza on Imperata cylindrica and Saccharum biflorum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1970: 145.

Tychea cellulosa; Lindinger, 1943c: 251. Change of combination.

Kiritshenkella stataria Borchsenius, 1948c: 583. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: on Phragmites sp. and Erianthus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998: 155. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1998a: 155.

Pseudantonina fushanensis Borchsenius, 1958: 158. Type data: CHINA: Kwantung Province, Fushan, on unidentified grass. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China, and St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1970DJ: 145.

Kiritshenkella shirakensis Hadzibejli, 1960: 57. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Pentishar Forest, on Erianthus purpurescens. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1998a: 155.

Kiritshenkella fushanensis; Borchsenius, 1960e: 931. Change of combination.

Kiritshenkella cellulosa; Ezzat, 1962b: 151. Change of combination.

Kiritshenkella sacchari; Williams, 1970: 145. Change of combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake [AbdRab2001d], Rhopus nigriclavus (Girault) [AbdRab2001d].

HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Ezzat1962b, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agropogon [Hall1926, BenDov1994], Arundo [BenDov2012], Bambusa [Takaha1928, BenDov1994], Desmostachya bipinnata [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1985, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Erianthus [Borchs1948c, BenDov1994], Erianthus purpurescens [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994, MyartsKaPo1995], Imperata arundinacea [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Imperata cylindrica [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Leersia hexandra [Willia2004a], Phragmites [Borchs1948c, BenDov1994], Phragmites communis [Hall1926, BenDov1994], Saccharum aegyptiacum [Ezzat1962b, BenDov1994], Saccharum arundinaceum [Ramakr1930, BenDov1994], Saccharum biflorum [Hall1923, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, WilliaMaSu2001], Saccharum spontaneum [Danzig1972c, BenDov1994], Sorghum [MyartsKaPo1995, Willia2004a], Sorghum nitidum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [WilliaMaSu2001]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Ghosh1940, Crowe1985, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Borchs1958, Willia1970DJ, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]); India [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Assam [Willia2004a], Bihar [Willia2004a], Gujarat [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Madhya Pradesh [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Nagaland [Willia2004a], Odisha [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Danzig1972c, KozarFoZa1996]; Egypt [Willia1970DJ, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994]); Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Israel [BenDov1985a, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1948c, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [MyartsKaPo1995].

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the leaf sheaths and on the nodes, underground stems and roots of the host plant. .

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Ezzat (1962b) (as K.cellulosa), Williams (1970DJ), Avasthi & Shafee (1987) and by Tang (1992).Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).Good description and illustration given by Hadzibejli (1960).

SYSTEMATICS: .

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: According to Williams (1970a), although widespread on sugarcane in India, this species is not a serious pest.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 383 (female) [Kiritshenkella species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 101 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Koteja 1988a: 122, 123 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1960e: 931 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1958: 157 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1359]; Archan1937 [host, distribution: 131]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24]; BenDov1985a [host, distribution: 188]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 206-207]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35, 44]; Borchs1948c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 583]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 167-168]; Borchs1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158, 159]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy: 931]; Crowe1985 [distribution]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 581]; Ezzat1962b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-154]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Green1900d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37, 38]; Hadzib1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-60]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7, 8]; Hall1926 [host, distribution: 30]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130, 131]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribition: 64]; Lindin1943c [taxonomy: 251]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 20]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 30-31, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 65]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 627]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 335]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 40]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 102-104]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 143]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 54]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-149]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 385-387]; WilliaMaSu2001 [host, distribution: 73-76].



Lachnodiella Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Lachnodiella Ihering, 1907: 680. Nomen nudum.

Lachnodiella Hempel, 1911: 52. Type species: Lachnodiella cecropiae Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.

Lachnodiella; Sasscer, 1912: 86. Notes: Incorrect citation of "von Ihering" as author.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Hempel (1911), Ferris (1955) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). by Ferris (1955a)

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 217 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 38, 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 39 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 208]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description: 1-2]; Hempel1911 [taxonomy, description: 52]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 102]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy: 86]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 43, 217].



Lachnodiella bondari (Costa Lima)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lachnodiella ? bondari Costa Lima, 1934: 134. Type data: BRAZIL: Estado da Bahia, on a woody plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [CostaL1934, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Costa Lima (1934). Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) discussed the issue of availability of the type series, and presented some morphological characteristics of the adult female.

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 217 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 208]; CostaL1934 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 217, 218].



Lachnodiella cecropiae Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Lachnodiella cecropiae Ihering, 1907: 680. Nomen nudum; discovered by Sasscer, 1912: 86.

Lachnodiella cecropiae Hempel, 1911: 52. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo and Campinas, on Cecropia adenopus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Lachnodiella cecropiae; Sasscer, 1912: 86. Notes: Incorrect citation of "von Ihering" as author.



HOST: Urticaceae: Cecropia adenopus [Hempel1911, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1911, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found on the inside of trunks of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Ferris (1955) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 217 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 208]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2]; Hempel1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52, 53]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-220].



Lachnodiella mexicana Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Lachnodiella mexicana Ferris, 1955: 2. Type data: MEXICO: State of Tamaulipas, near El Limon, host not recorded. Holotype female. Type depository: San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 217 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 208]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220-222].



Lachnodiella ocoteae Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Lachnodiella ocoteae Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 222. Type data: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Vicosa, on Ocotea sassafras. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lauraceae: Ocotea sassafras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 217 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 208]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222, 223].



Laminicoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Laminicoccus Williams, 1960: 402. Type species: Tylococcus giffardi Ehrhorn, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (1960, 1985), Beardsley (1966), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tang (1992) and by Williams & Martin (2005).

KEYS: Williams & Martin 2005: 9 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Tang 1992: 299 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 18 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Cox 1987: 50 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 39 (female) [Australia]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Williams 1960: 402 (female) [species Solomon Islands].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy: 416]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 210]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 49-50]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 103]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description: 402]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 39, 188]; WilliaMa2005 [taxonomy, description: 1-12]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 91].



Laminicoccus asteliae Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Laminicoccus asteliae Cox, 1987: 50. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Titirangi, on Astelia trinervia. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Liliaceae: Astelia [Cox1987], Astelia trinervia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Collospermum [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Williams & Martin 2005: 9 (female) [Laminicoccus species]; Cox 1987: 50 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 210]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50, 159]; WilliaMa2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3].



Laminicoccus eastopi Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Laminicoccus eastopi Cox, 1987: 50. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Central Otago, Rocklands, beating Cyathodes colensoi, Chionochloa rubra and Anthoxanthus odoratus; paratypes (same data as holotype) on Chionochloa rubra. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Cyathodes colensoi [Cox1987]. Poaceae: Anthoxanthum odoratus [Cox1987], Chionochloa rubra [Cox1987].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Williams & Martin 2005: 9 (female) [Laminicoccus species].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy: 210]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-51, 160]; WilliaMa2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3-4].



Laminicoccus flandersi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Laminicoccus flandersi Williams, 1985: 190. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, on Howeia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Gronophyllum [Willia1985, Cox1987, WilliaMa2005], Howeia [Willia1985, Cox1987, WilliaMa2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, Cox1987, WilliaMa2005]); New Zealand [Cox1987, WilliaMa2005].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 50 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 211]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51, 161]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-190]; WilliaMa2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 4].



Laminicoccus pandani (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius pandani Cockerell, 1895z: 16. Type data: MARQUESAS ISLANDS: Washington Island, on Pandanus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 91. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus pandani; Fernald, 1903b: 107. Change of combination.

Tylococcus giffardi Ehrhorn, 1916: 243. Type data: HAWAII: Honolulu, on leaves of Pandanus odoratissimus. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Beardsley, 1966: 416.

Pseudococcus carolinensis Takahashi, 1939b: 245. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Ponape, Paliker, on Pandanus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female. Synonymy by Beardsley, 1966: 416.

Pseudococcus giffardi; Ferris {in}: Zimmerman, 1948: 219. Change of combination.

Laminicoccus pandani; Beardsley, 1966: 416. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [DoaneHa1909]. Lythraceae: Pemphis acidula [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaMa2005]. Pandanaceae: Freycinetia wilderi [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus [DoaneHa1909, Takaha1939b, Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a], Pandanus fragrans [Willia1985b, BenDov1994], Pandanus odoratissimus [Ehrhor1916, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus tectorius [Beards1966], Pandanus upoluensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus veitchi [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Takaha1939b, Beards1966, WilliaMa2005]); Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005]; French Polynesia (Society Islands [DoaneHa1909], Tahiti [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]); Hawaiian Islands (Oahu [Ehrhor1916, Zimmer1948, WilliaMa2005]); Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005] (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966]); Marshall Islands [WilliaMa2005]. Australasian: Nauru [Willia1985b, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005]. Australasian: Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005].

BIOLOGY: Living on the leaves of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948) (as Pseudococcus giffardi) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Martin 2005: 9 (female) [Laminicoccus species]; Tang 1992: 299 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 91 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 416 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1960: 213 (male) [Hawaii]; Williams 1960: 402 (female) [Solomon Islands]; Zimmerman 1948: 176 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-230]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 416-417]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 211]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 243]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 107]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 28]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Takaha1939b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 245-248]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 233]; Willia1985b [host, distribution: 53]; WilliaMa2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 4-5]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-94]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176, 219-222].



Laminicoccus portiludovici (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus portiludovici Mamet, 1943: 122. Type data: MAURITIUS: Port Louis District, Cassis, on Latania verschaffeltii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Laminicoccus portiludovici; Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2009a: 98. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Mamet1954a, BenDov1994], Latania verschaffeltii [Mamet1943, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Rodriques Island [Mamet1943, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) [Mamet1954a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1943).

KEYS: Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 408]; Mamet1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-123]; Mamet1954a [host, distribution: 265]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101].



Laminicoccus samoanus Williams & Martin

NOMENCLATURE:

Laminicoccus samoanus Williams & Martin, 2005: 5. Type data: WESTERN SAMOA: Upolu, Lake Lanotho'o, on Freycinetia sp.; collected 26.iv.1924, by P.A. Buxton & G.H. Hopkins. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pandanaceae: Freycinetia [WilliaMa2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Western Samoa [WilliaMa2005].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Martin (2005).

KEYS: Willia & Martin 2005: 9 (female) [Laminicoccus species].

CITATIONS: WilliaMa2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-8].



Laminicoccus vitiensis (Green & Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus vitiensis Green & Laing, 1924: 415. Type data: FIJI: Cuvu, on coconut. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 95. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Laminicoccus vitiensis; Williams, 1960: 402. Change of combination.

Laminicoccus cocois Williams, 1960: 403. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Ontong Java, on coconut. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 95. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams & Watson, 1988a: 95.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [GreenLa1924, Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Roystonea regia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Freycinetia urvilleana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Lever1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [GreenLa1924, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005]; Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Willia & Martin 2005: 9 (female) [Laminicoccus species]; Tang 1992: 299 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 91 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1960: 402 (female) [Solomon Islands].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 211-212]; GreenLa1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 415-416]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 28]; Lever1969 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 299-300, 301-302]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 403-404]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 91]; WilliaMa2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-96].



Lanceacoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Lanceacoccus Williams, 2004a: 388. Type species: Pseudococcus moribensis Takahashi, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 43 (female) [Genera of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 388].



Lanceacoccus australasiacus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Lanceacoccus australasiacus Williams, 2004a: 389. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone national Park, Gunung Mogogonipa, on unidentified shrub; collected J.H. Martin, 22.v.1985. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Breynia rubra [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 388 (female) [Lanceacoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-390].



Lanceacoccus lithocarpi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Lanceacoccus lithocarpi Williams, 2004a: 392. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Kinabalu national Park, Pinosuk Plateau, on Lithocarpus sp.; collected S. Takagi. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 388 (female) [Lanceacoccus species od southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 391-392].



Lanceacoccus moribensis (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus moribensis Takahashi, 1951a: 10. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaya, Morib, Selangor, on Casuarina sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Australicoccus zamboangae Lit, 1992: 1159. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Zamboanga del Sur: Camp Susana, La Paz, Zamboanga City, on undetermined woody plant of Verbenaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust.

Hypogeococcus moribensis; Tang, 1992: 327. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus moribensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 404. Revived combination.

Lanceacoccus moribensis; Williams, 2004a: 392. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Verbenaceae [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines (Mindanao [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a) Lit (1992) (as Australicoccus zamoboanagae and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 388 (female) [Lanceacoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 54, 404]; Lit1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1159, 1160, 1172]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-11]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 327]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 392-394].



Lankacoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Lankacoccus Williams, 1989: 482. Type species: Phenacoccus ornatus Green, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 42 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 397 (female) [Lankacoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 212]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description: 482]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 396-397].



Lankacoccus ornatus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus ballardi; Newstead, 1917a: 18. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 1989: 484.

Phenacoccus ornatus Green, 1922: 392. Type data: SRI LANKA: Wellawaya, on Jasminum sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1989: 484. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Rastrococcus ornatus; Ferris, 1954a: 55. Change of combination.

Lankacoccus ornatus; Williams, 1989: 484. Change of combination.

Puto ornatus; Tang, 1992: 408. Change of combination.

Lankacoccus ornatus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 212. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Oleaceae: Jasminum [Green1922, Willia1989, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Jasminum lanceolarium [MartinLa2011]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Willia1989, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Thea [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; India (Karnataka [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Varshn1992, Willia2004a]); Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Sri Lanka [Green1922, Willia1989, BenDov1994, Willia1999, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 404 (female) [China]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 42 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 212]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy: 55]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 392-393]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17-18]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 408-409]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 47]; Willia1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 483-485]; Willia1999 [host, distribution: 92]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 395-396].



Lantanacoccus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Lantanacoccus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 22. Type species: Lantanacoccus sauroides Williams and Granara de Willink, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 40 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 212]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 224].



Lantanacoccus sauroides Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Lantanacoccus sauroides Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 224. Type data: HAITI: Petion-ville, on Lantana camara. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Verbenaceae: Lantana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GermaiGr2005], Lantana camara [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Haiti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, PerezG2008]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [GermaiGr2005, MatileEt2006].

BIOLOGY: This mealybug forms galls on the leaves of the host plant (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue : 212]; GermaiGr2005 [host, distribution: 330]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 169,213-218]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 178-179]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224-226]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 522].



Lenania De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Lenania De Lotto, 1964: 353. Type species: Lenania prisca De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 213]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description: 353]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233].



Lenania africana (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus africanus Brain, 1915: 160. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Somerset West on Borbonia cordata, Stellenbosch on Elytropappus rhinocerotis and on Cliffortia ruscifolia. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Lenania africana; Ben-Dov, Hodgson & Miller, 1997: 203. Change of combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Pseudococcobius dolus Prinsloo [Prinsl2003].

HOSTS: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Brain1915]. Lauraceae: Borbonia cordata [Brain1915]. Rosaceae: Cliffortia ruscifolia [Brain1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915].

CITATIONS: BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 203]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160-161]; Millar2002 [illustration: 217]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 288-289]; Prinsl2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 79-81].



Lenania prisca De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Lenania prisca De Lotto, 1964: 353. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Stellenbosch, on Cliffortia strobilifera. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rosaceae: Cliffortia strobilifera [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 213]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 353-354].



Leptococcus Reyne

NOMENCLATURE:

Leptococcus Reyne, 1961: 145. Type species: Leptococcus metroxyli Reyne, by monotypy and original designation.

Plotococcus Miller & Denno, 1977: 146. Type species: Plotococcus eugeniae Miller and Denno, by original designation. Synonymy by Kondo & Gullan, 2008: 52.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Reyne (1977), Miller & Denno (1977) (as Plotococcus), Williams & Watson (1988a) (as Plotococcus), Williams (2004a) (as Plotococcus) and by Kondo & Gullan (2008) (as Leptococcus).

STRUCTURE: Female mealybugs of the genus Leptococcus Reyne and Macrocepicoccus Morrison have unusually long legs and long slender claws. These mealybugs live on leaf surfaces and are probably parenchyma feeders (Miller and Denno 1977; Williams 2004; Kondo and Gullan 2008). Adult females and nymphs are very active when disturbed. Claws in all of these stages are long and slender.

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2008: 54 (female) [Species of Leptococcus]; Kondo et al. 2005: 215-216 (female) [Species of Plotococcus]; Williams 2004a: 42 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 397 (female) [Leptococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 407 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 41 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 18 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 213,371]; KondoGu2008 [taxonomy, description: 51-57]; KondoGuVe2005 [taxonomy, description: 213-227]; MillerDe1977 [taxonomy, description: 112,146]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 108]; Reyne1961 [taxonomy, description: 145]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 397]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, key: 41, 406-407]; WilliaHo1913 [structure: 21]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 96].



Leptococcus capixaba (Kondo {in}: Kondo et al.)

NOMENCLATURE:

Plotococcus capixaba Kondo {in}: Kondo et al., 2005: 216. Type data: BRAZIL: Espirito Santo State, Alfredo Chaves, INCAPER, Fazenda Experimental de Alfredo Chaves, on Myrciaria jaboticaba; collected 13.iv.2004, by J.A. Ventura. Holotype female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female and first instar. Illust.

Leptococcus capixaba; Kondo & Gullan, 2008: 54. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Melastomataceae: Leandra erinacea [KondoGuVe2005]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia pitanga [CulikMaGu2006], Myrciaria jaboticaba [KondoGuVe2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Espirito Santo [KondoGuVe2005, CulikMaGu2006, CulikMaVe2007], Sao Paulo [KondoGuVe2005]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, female and male nymphs by Kondo et al. (2005)

KEYS: Kondo et al. 2005: 215-216 (female) [Species of Plotococcus].

CITATIONS: CulikMaGu2006 [host, distribution: 1-12]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; KondoGu2008 [taxonomy: 51-54]; KondoGuVe2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-227].



Leptococcus eugeniae (Miller & Denno)

NOMENCLATURE:

Plotococcus eugeniae Miller & Denno, 1977: 146. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Monroe County, Lignum Vitae Key, on Eugenia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Leptococcus eugeniae; Kondo & Gullan, 2008: 54. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Lauraceae: Nectandra coriacea [MillerDe1977, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia axillaris [MillerDe1977, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum [MillerDe1977, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [MillerDe1977, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]). Neotropical: Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the underside of the leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & Denno (1977) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Good description and illustration of adult male and immature stages given by Miller & Denno (1977).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2008: 54 (female) [Species of Leptococcus]; Kondo et al. 2005: 215-216 (female) [Species of Plotococcus]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 407 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 371]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; KondoGu2008 [taxonomy: 54]; KondoGuVe2005 [taxonomy: 215-216]; MillerDe1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-138,141-156]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 407, 408].



Leptococcus grallator Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Leptococcus grallator Williams & Watson, 1988a: 99. Type data: FIJI: Viti levu, Colo-i-Suva, on Pandanus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Pandanaceae: Freycinetia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus odoratissimus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, HodgsoLa2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2008: 54 (female) [Species of Leptococcus]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 98 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 213]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 28]; KondoGu2008 [taxonomy: 54]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-98, 100].



Leptococcus hambletoni (Kondo {in}: Kondo et al.)

NOMENCLATURE:

Plotococcus hambletoni Kondo {in}: Kondo et al., 2005: 225. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, jabaquara, on Myrtaceae; collected 5.i.1935, by E.J. Hambleton. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Leptococcus hambletoni; Kondo & Gullan, 2008: 54. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae [KondoGuVe2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [KondoGuVe2005]).

KEYS: Kondo {et al.} 2005: 215-216 (female) [Species of Plotococcus].

CITATIONS: KondoGu2008 [taxonomy: 51-54]; KondoGuVe2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-227].



Leptococcus metroxyli Reyne

NOMENCLATURE:

Leptococcus metroxyli Reyne, 1961: 147. Type data: INDONESIA: Irian Jaya, Frederik-Hendrik I. [= Pulau Dolau], on Metroxylon sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & Denno, 1977: 113. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [MillerDe1977, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Metroxylon [Reyne1961, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Reyne1961, MillerDe1977, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Reyne (1961), Miller & Denno (1977), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Kondo & Gullan (2008). Description and illustration of the first-instar larva, female second-instar larva and female last-instar larva by Reyne (1961) and by Miller & Denno (1977). Description and illustration of adult male and immature stages by Reyne (1961) and by Miller & Denno (1977).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2008: 54 (female) [Species of Leptococcus]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 98 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 213]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; KondoGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-54]; MillerDe1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-117]; Reyne1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-159]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-100].



Leptococcus minutus (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus minutus Hempel, 1932: 314. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Capital, on Citrus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 409. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Described: female.

Erium minutum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Plotococcus minutus; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 409. Change of combination.

Leptococcus minutus; Kondo & Gullan, 2008: 54. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Rutaceae: Citrus [Hempel1932, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [GomesCRe1949], Sao Paulo [Hempel1932, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Hempel (1932).

KEYS: Kondo et al. 2005: 215-216 (female) [Species of Plotococcus]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 407 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 371]; GomesCRe1949 [host, distribution: 65]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 314-316]; KondoGu2008 [taxonomy: 51-54]; KondoGuVe2005 [taxonomy: 215-216]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 409-411].



Leptococcus neotropicus (Williams & Granara de Willink)

NOMENCLATURE:

Plotococcus neotropicus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 411. Type data: COLOMBIA: Cienago, on Mangifera indica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Leptococcus neotropicus; Kondo & Gullan, 2008: 52. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentalis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mangifera indica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Plumeria alba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Plumeria rubra [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [KondoRaVe2008]. Cyclanthaceae: Carludovica calnnata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Croton [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Sciacassia siamea [KondoRaVe2008]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Kondo et al. 2005: 215-216 (female) [Species of Plotococcus]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 407 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 371]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; KondoGuVe2005 [taxonomy: 215-216]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 36]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 411-413].



Leptococcus rodmani Kondo {in}: Kondo & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Leptococcus rodmani Kondo {in}: Kondo & Gullan, 2008: 54. Type data: COLOMBIA: Valle, Cali, Club Campestre Comfandi, on Guarrea guidonia; collected Takumasa Kondo, 9.ii.2007. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: cochinilla harinosa de Rodman [KondoGu2008]; cochonilha de Rodman [KondoGu2008]; Rodman's mealybug [KondoGu2008].



HOST: Meliaceae: Guarrea guidonia [KondoGu2008, KondoRaVe2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [KondoGu2008, KondoRaVe2008].

GENERAL REMARKS: Decsription and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Gullan (2008).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2008: 54 (female) [Species of Leptococcus].

CITATIONS: KondoGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-57]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 36].



Leptococcus sakai (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus sakai Takahashi, 1951a: 16. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaysia, Kuala Selangor, on Nipah palm. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Phenacoccus sakai; Miller, 1974: 179. Change of combination.

Heterococcus sakai; Tang, 1992: 494. Change of combination.

Leptococcus sakai; Tang, 1992: 494. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus sakai; Ben-Dov, 1994: 341. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Nypa [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Gnetaceae: Gnetum tenuifolium [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a)..

SYSTEMATICS: Miller (1974) referred the species to Phenacoccus, since it lacks crateriform tubular ducts. Tang (1992: 494) erroneously indicated that this species was originally described in Heterococcus.

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2008: 54 [Species of Leptococcus]; Williams 2004a: 397 (female) [Leptococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 341]; KondoGu2008 [taxonomy: 54]; Miller1974 [taxonomy: 179]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-18]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 494]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-399]; Willia2005 [taxonomy: 167-168].



Leptococcus tanycnemus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Leptococcus tanycnemus Williams, 2004a: 402. Type data: MALAYSIA: Negeri Sembilan, Cape Rachado, on Smilax sp.; collected S. Takagi, 10.xi.1986. Holotype female. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selandgor, Malaysia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Gnetaceae: Gnetm tenuifolium [Willia2004a], Gnetum microcarpum [Willia2004a]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2008: 54 (female) [Species of Leptococcus]; Williams 2004a: 397 (female) [Leptococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: KondoGu2008 [taxonomy: 54]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 400-402].



Lomatococcus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Lomatococcus Borchsenius, 1960e: 920. Type species: Lomatococcus ficiphilus Borchsenius, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1960e) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Wang 1982TC: 22 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 214]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy, description: 920]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 111]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 17].



Lomatococcus ficiphilus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Lomatococcus ficiphilus Borchsenius, 1960e: 920. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, on Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Borchs1960e, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960e, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1960e) and by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 214]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 920, 922-923]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 302-303]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17-18].



Londiania De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Londiania De Lotto, 1964: 354. Type species: Londiania obesa De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1964).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 214]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description: 354].



Londiania obesa De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Londiania obesa De Lotto, 1964: 355. Type data: KENYA: Londiani, on Panicum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Panicum [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 214]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354-355].



Maconellicoccus Ezzat

NOMENCLATURE:

Maconellicoccus Ezzat, 1958a: 380. Type species: Phenacoccus hirsutus Green, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ezzat (1958), Williams (1985), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tu et al. (1988), Tang (1992), Williams (1996b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 42 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 405 (female) [Maconnelicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1996b: 621 (female) [world]; Tu et al. 1988: 73 (female) [Taiwan]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 18 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 3 (female) [India]; Williams 1986a (female) [Africa]; Williams 1985: 191 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 36 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 118]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 216-217]; Ezzat1958a [taxonomy, description: 380]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy: 8]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 112]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 18]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description: 77]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 190-191]; Willia1996b [taxonomy, description: 617-621]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 404-405]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 100, 102].



Maconellicoccus australiensis (Green & Lidgett in Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius australiensis Green & Lidgett in Green, 1900d: 13. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, on Acacia decurrens. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Brookes, 1972: 129. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pseudococcus australiensis; Fernald, 1903b: 98. Change of combination.

Dactylopius candidus Froggatt, 1916: 883. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, on Acacia decurrens. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 191. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1985: 191.

Eurycoccus australiensis; Brookes, 1972: 129. Change of combination.

Maconellicoccus australiensis; Williams, 1985: 191. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia armata [Brooke1972, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia dealbata [Green1900b, Willia1985, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004], Acacia decurrens [Green1900b, Brooke1972], Acacia longispicata [Willia1985], Acacia mearnsii [Willia1985], Acacia melanoxylon [Willia1985], Acacia myrtifolia [Willia1985], Acacia normalis [Brooke1972], Acacia rubida [Willia1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [DownieGu2004], New South Wales [Green1900a, BenDov1994], Queensland [Brooke1972], South Australia [Brooke1972, BenDov1994], Victoria [Brooke1972, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Dscription and illustration of the adult female by Brookes (1972) and by Williams (1985).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species may cause severe damage to terminal shoots of cultivated Acacia spp. (Brookes,1972) and may kill the trees (Green, 1900b).

KEYS: Williams 1996b: 621 (female) [world]; Williams 1985: 191 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 217]; Brooke1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-132]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 98]; Green1900b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-14]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-194]; Willia1996b [taxonomy: 621].



Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus hirsutus Green, 1908a: 25. Type data: INDIA: on undetermined shrub, attended by ants (Crematogaster rogenhoferi). Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 194. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus hibisci Hall, 1921: 17. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccus quarternus Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1921a: 345. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccus glomeratus Green, 1922: 389. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Hibiscus esculentus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 194. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1985: 194.

Pseudococcus crotolariae Miller, 1932: 9. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 405.

Spilococcus perforatus De Lotto, 1954: 114. Type data: KENYA: Mombasa, on Zizyphus mucronata. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1986a: 352.

Maconellicoccus hirsutus; Ezzat, 1958a: 380. Change of combination.

Paracoccus pasaniae Borchsenius, 1962: 590. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kunming, on Pasania sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1996b: 621.

Maconellicoccus perforatus; De Lotto, 1964: 355. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus crotolariae Yunus & Ho, 1980: 52. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 405.

Phenacoccus quarternus Shafee et al., 1989: 65. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccus quarternus Varshney, 1992: 45. Nomen nudum.

Maconellicoccus pasaniae; Tang, 1992: 502. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: grape mealybug [ManiTh1987a]; hirsutus mealybug [Brooke1964, Bartle1978e, LitCa1994a]; La cochenille de l'Hibiscus [MatileEtTi2000]; pink hibiscus mealybug [Bartle1978e]; pink Hibiscus mealybug [Charle1997]; pink mealybug.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [ManiTh1987a, JayaraChGo1988, ShrikeSa1996], Hyperaspis polita Weise [FallahAbSa2013], Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) [FallahAbSa2013], Nephus [SanthaChSa1994a], Nephus (Geminosipho) fenestratus Sahlberg [FallahAbSa2013], Scymnus coccivora Aiyar [JayaraChGo1988, PersadKh2000, PadmajBaRe1995], Scymnus (Scymnus) nubilus Mulsant [FallahAbSa2013]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Diadiplosis coccidivora (Felt) [Barnes1930]. Drosophilidae: Cacoxenus (Gitonides) multidentatus Tsacas & Chassagnard [TsacasCh1999], Cacoxenus (Gitonides) oligodous Tsacas & Chassagnard [TsacasCh1999]. HYMENOPTERA Apheleinidae: Coccophagus pseudococci Compere [FallahShOs2007]. Aphelinidae: Marietta leopardiana Motschulsky. Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus [Moore1988], Anagyrus agraensis Saraswat [FallahShOs2007], Anagyrus davtylopii (Howard) [FallahShOs2007], Anagyrus greeni (Howard) [AbdRab2001d], Anagyrus kamali Moursi [Moursi1948, Moore1988, MeyerdWa1999, Sagarr1999, SagarrPeVi2000, SagarrViSt2001], Anagyrus mirzai (Agarwal & Alam), Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [AbdRab2001d, FallahShOs2007], Clausenia josefi Rosen [AbdRabHe2005], Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal [MeyerdWa1999, AbdRab2001d], Hambletonia pseudococcina Compere [CeballGr2004], Homalotylus vicinus Silvestri [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastidea abnormis [AbdRabHe2005], Leptomastix algirica [AbdRabHe2005], Leptomastix nigrocoxallis Compere [AbdRab2001d, AbdRabHe2005], Leptomastix phenacocci Compere [Comper1939c], Rhopus nigriclavus (Girault) [AbdRab2001d, AbdRabHe2005]. Platygasetridae: Allotropa utilis [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa mecrida Walker [FallahShOs2007]. Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron muscarum (L.) [FallahShOs2007]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus kurdjumovi (Nikolskaya) [FallahShOs2007], Chartocerus subaeneus (Foerster) [AbdRab2001d]. LEPIDOPTERA Lycaenidae: Spalgius epius [PatilPaPa2011].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Acanthus ilicifolius [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Eranthemum pulchellum [ChangMi1996], Pachystachys lutea [ChangMi1996], Thunbergia erecta [ChangMi1996]. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes indica [ChangMi1996], Amaranthus [ChangMi1996], Celosia cristata [ChangMi1996]. Amaryllidaceae: Calostemma [Hall1923]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia1986a, Mani1989, KinjoNaHi1996, ChangMi1996], Schinus molle [ChangMi1996], Schinus terebinthifolius [ChangMi1996], Spondias chili [ChangMi1996], Spondias cytherea [ChangMi1996], Spondias dulcis [Mani1989], Spondias mombin [Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Spondias purpurea [ChangMi1996]. Annonaceae: Annona [Ezzat1958a, Willia1986a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996, KondoRaVe2008], Annona cherimola [Matile1984c, ChangMi1996], Annona muricata [Reyne1961, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996, MarsarPePe2013], Annona reticulata [ChangMi1996], Annona squamosa [Reyne1961, Willia1985, AvasthSh1987, Mani1989, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Cananga odorata [ChangMi1996]. Apiaceae: Daucus carota [ChangMi1996], Eryngium foetidum [ChangMi1996]. Apocynaceae: Acokanthera [Hall1923, ChangMi1996], Allamanda [ChangMi1996], Allamanda cathartica [ChangMi1996], Carissa bispinosa [ChangMi1996], Carissa macrocarpa [ChangMi1996], Catharanthus roseus [ChangMi1996], Ervatamia coronaria [ChangMi1996], Nerium odorum [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Nerium oleander [ChangMi1996], Tabernamontana divaricata [ChangMi1996], Vinca minor [ChangMi1996]. Araceae: Aglaonema [ChangMi1996], Alocasia cucullata [ChangMi1996], Anthurium andraeanum [ChangMi1996], Colocasia esculenta [ChangMi1996], Dieffenbachia [ChangMi1996], Philodendron [ChangMi1996], Scindapsus aureus [ChangMi1996], Syngonium podophyllum [ChangMi1996], Xanthosoma [ChangMi1996]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Brassaia actinophylla [ChangMi1996], Schefflera [ChangMi1996], Schefflera actinophylla [ChangMi1996], Schefflera elegantissima [ChangMi1996], Sciadophyllum pulchrum [ChangMi1996]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [ChangMi1996], Phoenix dactylifera [Matile1984c, ChangMi1996], Phoenix sylvestris [Mani1989, ChangMi1996]. Asteraceae: Bidens pilesa [ChangMi1996], Chrysanthemum coronarium [Hall1923, ChangMi1996], Cosmos [Hall1923, ChangMi1996], Dahlia [Hall1923, ChangMi1996], Emilia [ChangMi1996], Gerbera [ChangMi1996], Helianthus annuus [Hall1923, ChangMi1996, FallahAbSa2013], Lactuca sativa [ChangMi1996], Mikania cordata [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Parthenium hysterophorus [Willia1985, ChangMi1996], Symedrella nodifloa [ChangMi1996], Tithonia urticifolia [Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996]. Basellaceae: Basella alba [ChangMi1996]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [ChangMi1996]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Crescentia cujete [ChangMi1996], Jacaranda mimusifolia [Hall1922, ChangMi1996], Kigelia [ChangMi1996], Tabebuia [ChangMi1996], Tabebuia heterophylla [ChangMi1996], Tecoma capensis [ChangMi1996], Tecoma grandiflora [Hall1922, Mani1989], Tecoma stans [ChangMi1996]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [DeLott1964, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996]. Boraginaceae: Cordia curassavica [ChangMi1996]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [HodgsoLa2011]. Cactaceae: Opuntia [Hall1923, ChangMi1996], Pereskia bleo [ChangMi1996]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [ChangMi1996]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Varshn1992, ChangMi1996]. Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris [ChangMi1996], Chenopodium album [Hall1923, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996]. Combretaceae: Quisqualis [Hall1923, ChangMi1996], Rhoeo [ChangMi1996], Terminalia [ChangMi1996], Terminalia catappa [Matile1984c, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Terminalia mantaly [Willia1986a, ChangMi1996]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea [ChangMi1996], Ipomoea batatas [ChangMi1996]. Crassulaceae: Kalanchoe [ChangMi1996]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucumis sativus [ChangMi1996], Cucurbita maxima [ChangMi1996], Cucurbita moschata [ChangMi1996], Cucurbita pepo. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [ChangMi1996]. Dilleniaceae: Tetracera [WilliaWa1988a]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [ChangMi1996]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Hall1922, ChangMi1996]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus [ChangMi1996]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Hall1922, Matile1984c, Willia1986a, BenDov1994], Acalypha hispida [ChangMi1996], Acalypha indica [ChangMi1996], Acalypha marginata [ChangMi1996], Codiaeum [ChangMi1996], Croton [ChangMi1996], Croton flavens [ChangMi1996], Euphorbia [ChangMi1996], Euphorbia hypercifolia [Ali1967a], Euphorbia pulcherimma [ChangMi1996], Hevea [Betrem1937], Macaranga [WilliaWa1988a], Manihot esculenta [Willia1970DJ, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Ohyllanthus amarus [ChangMi1996], Phyllanthus acidus [ChangMi1996], Phyllanthus amarus [ChangMi1996], Phyllanthus niruri [Mani1989], Ricinus communis [ChangMi1996, FallahAbSa2013]. Fabaceae: Acacia arabica [Hall1922, BenDov1994], Albizia caribaea [ChangMi1996], Albizia lebbeck [Hall1922, Ezzat1958a, Matile1984c, Willia1986a, BenDov1994], Albizia nipoides [ChangMi1996], Albizia saman [ChangMi1996], Arachis hypogaea [Hall1923, Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Bauhinia [Hall1922, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Bauhinia candicans [ChangMi1996], Bauhinia forficata [ChangMi1996], Bauhinia racemosa [ChangMi1996], Bauhinia vahlii [ChangMi1996], Bauhinia variegata [ChangMi1996], Caesalpinia coriaria [ChangMi1996], Caesalpinia decapetala [ChangMi1996], Caesalpinia pulcherrima [ChangMi1996], Caesalpinia sepiaria [ChangMi1996], Cajanus cajan [ChangMi1996], Cajanus indicus [Hall1922, Mani1989], Calliandra [ChangMi1996], Cassia [ChangMi1996], Cassia glauca [ChangMi1996], Cassia obovata [ChangMi1996], Cassia renigera [ChangMi1996], Cassia siamea [Willia1986a, Mani1989, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Centrolobium paraensis Tul. [MarsarPePe2013], Ceratonia siliqua [Hall1922, Matile1984c, ChangMi1996], Clitoria ternatea [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Crotalaria [Betrem1937], Delonix regia [ChangMi1996], Erythrina [Willia1985, Willia1986a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Erythrina corralodendrum [ChangMi1996], Erythrina crista-galli [ChangMi1996], Erythrina resinifera [ChangMi1996], Erythrina speciosa [ChangMi1996], Erythrina stricta [ChangMi1996], Erythrina variegata [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Erythrina vespertilio [ChangMi1996], Gliricidium sepium [ChangMi1996], Glycine max (L.) Merr. [Willia1985, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996, MarsarPePe2013], Grewia [ChangMi1996], Inga [ChangMi1996], Inga edulis Mart. [MarsarPePe2013], Leucaena glauca [Betrem1937, ChangMi1996], Medicago sativa [Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Mimosa pudica [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Parkinsonia aculeata [Hall1922, Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Phaseolus mungo [ChangMi1996], Phaseolus vulgaris [ChangMi1996], Poinciana regia [ChangMi1996], Prosopis sp. [Moghad2013a], Prosopis spicigera [Moghad2013a], Robinia pseudacacia [Hall1922, Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Samanea saman [Morris1920, Ali1968, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Sena italica [ChangMi1996], Sena obtusifolia [ChangMi1996], Sena siamea [ChangMi1996], Sena sulfurea [ChangMi1996], Sesbania aegyptiaca [ChangMi1996], Tamarindus indica [ChangMi1996], Templetonia [ChangMi1996], Tephrosia [Betrem1937], Vigna unguiculata [ChangMi1996]. Fagaceae: Pasania [Borchs1962, BenDov1994], Quercus [Wang1981TC, BenDov1994]. Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtis indica [ChangMi1996]. Gesneriaceae: Chrysothemis pulchella [ChangMi1996]. Lamiaceae: Clerodendrum aculeatum [ChangMi1996], Leonotis nepetifolia [ChangMi1996]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [ChangMi1996]. Lecythidaceae: Courouptia guianensis [ChangMi1996]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [ChangMi1996], Asparagus densiflorus [ChangMi1996], Asparagus officinalis [Hall1923, ChangMi1996], Asparagus setaceus [ChangMi1996], Cordyline terminalis [ChangMi1996], Dracaena [ChangMi1996]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia speciosa [ChangMi1996], Lawsonia [ChangMi1996], Lawsonia inermis [Moghad2013a]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia glabra [ChangMi1996]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus [Mani1989, CulikMaZa2013], Abutilon fruticosum Gull & Perr. [FallahAbSa2013], Abutilon indicum [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994], Althaea [ChangMi1996], Gossypium [Ezzat1958a, Brooke1964, DeLott1964, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Gossypium arboreum [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Gossypium herbaceum [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Hibiscus [Morris1920, Takaha1942b, DeLott1964, Ali1968, Willia1986a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Hibiscus acetosella [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Hibiscus boryanus [Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Hibiscus cannabinus [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Hibiscus elatus [ChangMi1996], Hibiscus esculentus [Matile1984c, Willia1986a, ChangMi1996], Hibiscus manihot [WilliaWa1988a, ChangMi1996], Hibiscus mutabilis [TuWuLe1988, Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Matile1984c, Willia1985, Willia1986a, WilliaWa1988a, Mani1989, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Hibiscus sabdariffa [Willia1986a, Mani1989, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Hibiscus schizopetalus [Ezzat1958a, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Hibiscus surattensis [DeLott1964, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Hibiscus syriacus [ChangMi1996], Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaWa1988a, ChangMi1996, WilliaMi2010], Holmskia sanguinea [ChangMi1996], Malvaviscus arboreus [ChangMi1996], Paritium [ChangMi1996], Pavonia [ChangMi1996], Sida acuta [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Thespesia lampas [Green1922, BenDov1994], Thespesia propulnea [WilliaWa1988a]. Melastomataceae: Miconia cornifolia [ChangMi1996]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [Willia1986a, ChangMi1996], Melia azedarach [ChangMi1996]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Ficus [AvasthSh1987, WilliaWa1988a], Ficus benghalensis [ChangMi1996], Ficus benjamina [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Ficus carica [Matile1984c, ChangMi1996], Ficus cunia [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Ficus elastica [ChangMi1996], Ficus indica [Mani1989], Ficus infectoria [ChangMi1996], Ficus platyphylla [Hall1922, ChangMi1996], Ficus religiosa [Mani1989, ChangMi1996, FallahAbSa2013], Ficus virens [ChangMi1996], Morus [Ali1968, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Morus alba [Takaha1928, Matile1984c, TuWuLe1988, Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Morus nigra [ChangMi1996]. Musaceae: Heliconia [ChangMi1996], Musa [Willia1985, ChangMi1996]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon [ChangMi1996], Eugenia jambolana [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Eugenia malaccensis [ChangMi1996], Myrtus communis [Matile1984c, ChangMi1996], Psidium guajava [Hall1922, Ezzat1958a, DeLott1964, Matile1984c, Willia1986a, Mani1989, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Syzygium aromaticum [Moghad2013a], Syzygium cumini [ChangMi1996], Syzygium malaccense [ChangMi1996]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Hall1922, ChangMi1996], Bougainvillea spectabilis [ChangMi1996]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [ChangMi1996], Jasminum sambac [Mani1989, ChangMi1996]. Orchidaceae: Dendrobium [ChangMi1996]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [ChangMi1996]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [ChangMi1996], Passiflora grandiflora [ChangMi1996], Passiflora quadrangularis [ChangMi1996]. Phytolacaceae: Rivina humilis [ChangMi1996]. Phytolaccaceae: Petiveria alliacea [ChangMi1996]. Piperaceae: Peperomia pellucida [ChangMi1996], Piper tuberculatum [ChangMi1996]. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago auriculata [ChangMi1996]. Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Zea mays [Hall1923, ChangMi1996]. Polygonaceae: Cocoloba uvifera [ChangMi1996]. Polypodiaceae: Nephrolepis biserrata furcans [ChangMi1996], Nephrolepis exaltata [ChangMi1996]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca oleraceae [ChangMi1996], Portulaca pilosa [ChangMi1996]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Hall1922, Mani1989, ChangMi1996]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Matile1984c, AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996]. Rhamnaceae: Colubrina arborescens [ChangMi1996], Ziziphus [ChangMi1996], Ziziphus jujuba [Willia2005], Ziziphus mucronata [DeLott1954, Willia1986a, BenDov1994], Ziziphus spina-christi [Matile1984c]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [ChangMi1996], Cydonia oblonga [ChangMi1996], Eriobotrya japonia [ChangMi1996], Prunus armeniaca [ChangMi1996], Prunus domestica [ChangMi1996], Prunus persica [ChangMi1996], Pyrus communis [ChangMi1996], Pyrus malus [Matile1984c], Rosa [ChangMi1996]. Rubiaceae: Adina cordifolia [ChangMi1996], Coffea [Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Coffea arabica [BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Haldina cordifolia [ChangMi1996], Hamelia [ChangMi1996], Ixora [ChangMi1996]. Rutaceae: Aegle marmelos [ChangMi1996], Citrus [Matile1984c, Willia1986a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996, KondoRaVe2008], Citrus aurantifolia [Willia1985], Citrus aurantium [ChangMi1996], Citrus medica acida [Brooke1964], Citrus noblis [ChangMi1996], Citrus paradisi [ChangMi1996], Citrus sinensis [Moghad2013a], Murraya exotica [ChangMi1996], Murraya koenigii [ChangMi1996], Murraya paniculata [ChangMi1996], Mussaenda [ChangMi1996]. Salicaceae: Salix [ChangMi1996]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [ChangMi1996], Dimocarpus longan [MartinLa2011], Dodonaea viscosa [Matile1984c, BenDov1994], Melicocca arvense [ChangMi1996], Melicocca bijuga [ChangMi1996]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [ChangMi1996]. Scrophulariaceae: Russelia equisetifolia [ChangMi1996], Scoparia dulcis [ChangMi1996]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [ChangMi1996], Capsicum annum [ChangMi1996], Capsicum frutescens [ChangMi1996], Cestrum nocturnum [ChangMi1996], Datura [ChangMi1996], Lycopersicon esculentum [ChangMi1996], Solanum aethiopicum [Willia1986a, BenDov1994], Solanum americanum [CulikMaZa2013], Solanum bicolor [ChangMi1996], Solanum lycopersicum L. [MarsarPePe2013], Solanum melongena [ChangMi1996], Solanum verbascifolium [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [DeLott1964, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996]. Tamaricaceae [Moghad2013], Tamarix sp. [Moghad2013a]. Tiliaceae: Corchorus olitorius [Hall1922, ChangMi1996]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria nivea [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Laportea aestuans [ChangMi1996]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrun infortunatum [Mani1989, ChangMi1996], Duranta [Willia1986a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996], Duranta repens [ChangMi1996], Lantana [ChangMi1996], Lantana camara [Matile1984c], Petrea arborea [ChangMi1996], Stachytarpheta jamaicensis [ChangMi1996], Tectona grandis [Reyne1961, Willia1986a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, ChangMi1996]. Vitaceae: Cissus verticillata [ChangMi1996], Vitis vinifera [Matile1984c, Mani1989, ChangMi1996, AminYo2005]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia [ChangMi1996]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Marieta picta Andre [FallahShOs2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [Willia1986a, BenDov1994, Willia1996b]; Burkina Faso [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Cameroon [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Central African Republic [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Chad [Willia1986a, BenDov1994, Willia1996b]; Congo [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Willia1996b]; Gabon [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Kenya [DeLott1954, Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Liberia [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Niger [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Reunion [Germai2013, GermaiMiPa2014]; Senegal [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Seychelles [BenDov1994]; Socotra Island [BenDov1994]; Somalia [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Sudan [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; United Arab Emirates [Willia1996b]; Yemen [Willia1996b]; Zaire [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Zambia [Willia1996b]; Zanzibar [BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005a]. Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [BenDov1994], Queensland [BenDov1994], South Australia [Brooke1964, BenDov1994], Western Australia [BenDov1994]); Fiji [HodgsoLa2011]; Guam [BenDov1994, ReddyMuCr2009]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [BenDov1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Willia1996b], Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Lombok [Willia1996b, Willia2004a]). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [WatsonMuSh2014]). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia1996b]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [BuckleGu1991, BenDov1994]; Tonga [BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [BenDov1994]. Nearctic: United States of America (California [GeigerDaBe2001], Florida [HoyHaNg2006, HallRoLa2008], Georgia [AristiMaBe2012], Louisiana [AristiMaBe2012], South Carolina [AristiMaBe2012], Texas [AristiMaBe2012]). Neotropical: Brazil (Espirito Santo [CulikMaZa2013], Roraima [CulikMaZa2013, MarsarPePe2013]); Colombia [KondoRaVe2008, KondoGuPo2012]; Cuba [CeballGr2004]; French Guiana [MatileEtTi2000]; Grenada [Charle1997, EtiennMaLe1998]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guyana [TambasSaNa2000]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Charle1997, MichauEv2000]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands [Charle1997, EtiennMaLe1998]; Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Barthelemy [EtiennMaLe1998, MatileEt2006], Saint Martin [MatileEt2006]); Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [Charle1997], Trinidad [Charle1997, EtiennMaLe1998]); U.S. Virgin Islands [Charle1997]; Venezuela [CermelMoGo2002]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [BenDov1994, Willia1996b]; Bangladesh [BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Brunei [BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Crowe1985, BenDov1994]; Hong Kong [BenDov1994, Willia1996b]; India [Ali1967a, ShafeeKhAh1989, Willia2004a, NagrarKrBi2009] (Andhra Pradesh [SivaRaSr1987, AvasthSh1987, Willia2004a], Assam [Willia1996b], Bihar [Willia1996b, Willia2004a], Delhi [Willia1996b], Gujarat [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Balika1999c, Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia1996b, Willia2004a], Madhya Pradesh [Willia1996b, Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia1996b, Willia2004a], Odisha [Willia1996b, Willia2004a], Punjab [Willia1996b, Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Tripura [Willia1996b, Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994], West Bengal [Willia1996b, Willia2004a]); Indonesia [Willia2004a] (Bali [Willia2004a], Sumatra [Willia1996b]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia1996b, Willia2004a]; Laos [BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia1996b, Willia2004a] (Malaya [Willia2004a]); Maldives [Willia1996b, Willia2004a]; Nepal [BenDov1994]; Pakistan [BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Luzon [Morris1920, LitCa1994a, BenDov1994]); Singapore [Willia1996b, Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Takaha1928, TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Takaha1942b, Willia2004a, DownieGu2004]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1981TC, BenDov1994]); Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, Ezzat1958a, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, AminYo2005]; Iran [FallahShOs2007, Moghad2009]; Japan [KinjoNaHi1996]; Jordan [HalayeKa2010]; Lebanon [Willia1996b]; Oman [BenDov1994]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, Matile1984c].

BIOLOGY: The life history was studied by Ghose (1972a). Causes stunted or malformed stems and leaves and can kill the plant. On Hibiscus this mealybug causes gall-like deformations of the terminal growth characterized by internode shortening, deformed leaves and thickened twigs (Ghose, 1972b; Beardsley, 1985). A female can lay more than 500 eggs at one time. Modes of transport include crawler and egg sack dispersion through wind and by movement, attaching or sticking to animals or transported objects. Nursery plants and trade of infested commodities also lead to its spread. Sometimes, ants that are attracted to its honeydew may act as protectors and movers of PHM. (Halaybeh & Katbeh-Bader, 2010) Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), developed equally well on Cucurbita pepo L. and C. maxima (Qin, et al., 2011) Aristizabal, et al., (2012) investigated the relationship between life history (fitness) of M. hirsutus and "bunchy top" symptom development on 3 hibiscus cultivars expected to have high (‘President’), low (‘Double Red’), and intermediate (‘Joanne’) levels of susceptibility. They found no major differences in the response of M. hirsutus among the 3 cultivars in terms of their survival, development rate, size, or oviposition period in laboratory tests at a temperature conducive for mealybug development. In Jordan, adult females appeared in early February with very low numbers, while the most presence of the females occurred in mid July. Males appeared also in early January and then in late July and early August. The highest number of the parasitoid, Anagyrus sp. was reported during February. According to the direction, adults were significantly the highest in North followed by West and South. (Al-Fwaeer, et al., 2014)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1920), Betrem (1937), Ezzat (1958), Williams (1958a, 1985), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams (1996b) and by Williams (2004a). Data on the distribution, external appearance, host plants, life cycle, damage and control is available at web site: http://gnv.ifas.ufl.edu/~insect

STRUCTURE: The dermal pores, ducts and wax secretion were studied by Kumar et al. (1997). Zhang et al. (2004) isolated, identified and synthesized two compounds that together constitute the female sex pheromone.

SYSTEMATICS: The male of M. hirsutus is typical of the Pseudococcinae except that there are no ventral lobes along the margin of the ventral slit on the penial sheath, In the analysis of Hardy et al. (2008), Maconellicoccus was sister to all of the other genera included in the Pseudococcinae. (Hodgson, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: In 1997, the pink hibiscus mealybug has invaded the US Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada and several other Caribbean islands, where it is damaging coffee, cotton, soybeans, citrus and some other crops (Charlet, 1997; USDA- APHIS Pamphlet, 1997). The introduction of the entomophagous Coccinellid Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and the parasitoid wasp Anagyrus kamali are recommended (Etienne et al., 1998). For 11 sets of interacting species near Madang, Papua New Guinea, coccoids attended by relatively inoffensive ants were more heavily parasitized than those attended by more aggressive ants. This has not been demonstrated previously. Ant exclusion experiments for four of these sets showed that this correlation was due to active protection of the coccoids from both predation and parazitation, though the precise form and effectiveness of this protection differed between different sets of interacting species. (Buckley & Gullan, 1991). Data on the distribution, external appearance, host plants, life cycle, damage and control is available at web site: http://gnv.ifas.ufl.edu/~insect In 2003, M. hirsutus was added to the EPPO A1 action list, and EPPO member countries were recommended to regulate it as a quarantine pest. Susikaran, et al. (2013), fount that fish oil products and C. montrouzieri can safely be used for the effective management of pink mealybug in the mulberry ecosystem.

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (adult, female) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams 2004a: 405 (female) [Maconellicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1996b: 621 (female) [world]; Williams 1985: 191 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: AbdelMFaAb2005 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 245-255]; AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1359]; AbdRab2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 129-132]; AbdRabHe2005 [biological control, distribution: 1135-1139]; AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 118-122]; AhamedChMa1999 [economic importance, life history, ecology: 265-273]; AlemanMaMi2005 [biological control: 71-72]; AlFwaeAbAl2014 [biological control, distribution, ecology, economic importance, life history: 171-177]; Ali1967a [host, distribution: 34]; Ali1968 [host, distribution: 127]; Allen2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 301-303]; AminEm1996a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 721]; AminEmYo1994 [host, structure, life history: 221-226]; AminYo2005 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 199-210]; Anonym2005 [behaviour, biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy: 413-415]; AristiMaBe2012 [life history: 89-94]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; Balach1926 [taxonomy, economic importance: 7]; Balika1999 [host, distribution: 81]; Balika1999a [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 148-149]; Balika1999b [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 149]; Balika1999c [host, distribution: 67-69]; BalikaBa2000 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 62-63]; Barnes1930 [host, distribution, biological control]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 144, 145]; BaskarLaUt1999a [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 28-31]; BaskarSrMu2002 [biological control: 54-56]; Beards1986 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 194]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 217-218,276]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-84]; Bliss2005 [life history, chemical ecology: 18]; Borchs1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 590]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Brooke1964 [host, distribution: 15]; BuckleGu1991 [biological control, host, distribution: 282-286]; CaicedSu2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 2-5]; CeballGr2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 1010]; CermelMoGo2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 103-105]; ChakraSaSe1999 [biological control: 193-203]; ChangMi1996 [economic importance, host, distribution: 1-66]; ChongOe2006 [biological control: 16-19]; ChongRoMa2008 [life history: 323-332]; Cock2003 [economic importance: 25-33]; Comper1939c [host, distribution, biological control: 36-38]; Crowe1985 [distribution]; CulikMaZa2013 [distribution, economic importance, host: 638-640]; DaaneCoTr2008a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 167-171]; DahlstHa1999 [biological control: 919-933]; DeChiGaMa1996 [biological control: 1-6]; DeLott1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-114]; DeLott1964 [host, distribution: 355]; DineshVe2011 [host, distribution, biological control: 11-17]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Dutt1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 59-71]; DuttMuSe1951 [host, distribution, ecology, economic importance: 231-237]; EtiennMaLe1998 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 173-174]; Ezzat1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 379-382]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; FallahAbSa2013 [biological control, distribution, host: 673-679]; FallahShOs2007 [host, distribution, biological control: 563-609]; FlaherWi1999 [biological control: 853-869]; Flores2005 [host, distribution, biological control]; Follet1999 [distribution, chemical control: 213-217]; Follet2004 [chemical control: 1263-1268]; FranciBlRo2007 [chemical ecology, economic importance, life history, chemistry: 440-446]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Gautam1997 [biological control]; Gautam2003 [chemical control, fumigation: 193-201]; Gautam2003a [host, distribution, biological control: 1-8]; Gautam2004 [biological control, chemical control: 338-342]; GautamCo2003 [chemical control: 259-263]; GautamDeCh1998 [biological control]; GautamDeLe1997 [biological control]; GautamPu2002 [economic importance, biological control, distribution: 87-99]; GeigerDaBe2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 19-27]; Germai2013 [distribution, host: 509]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; Ghose1972 [economic importance: 329-334]; Ghose1972a [life history: 323-332]; Goel1994 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-280]; Goel1996 [life history, biological control]; Gomez2006 [host, life history, ecology: 1]; GonzalElMo2003 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-5]; GoolsbKiMe2002 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 494-498]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-390]; Gullan2000 [taxonomy, description: 160-166]; HalayeKa2010 [distribution, life history: 67-71]; Hall1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-28]; Hall1922 [host, distribution: 43-52]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 57-61]; HallRoLa2008 [life history, phenology, host, distribution: 305-310]; HandiqBa2000 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 79-80]; HaraJa2005 [control, mechanical control: 284-288]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hawkin1994 [biological control: 3]; HodgesHo2004 [host, distribution: 396-397]; HodgesHo2006 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1-7]; Hodgso2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 67-68]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 8]; HoyHaNg1998 [host, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy: 29]; HoyHaNg2006 [host, distribution]; Hunsbe2003 [host, distribution: 343-345]; JacobsHa2003 [life history, ecology, economic importance: 1334-1339]; JalaliSiBi1999 [biological control: 293-296]; JayaraChGo1988 [biological control: 77-78]; Jones1997 [host, distribution, economic importance]; KairoPoPe2000 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 241-254]; KaydanCaUl2013 [economic importance: 169]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Klasse1999 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 1-292]; KondoGuPo2012 [biological control, distribution: 2, 14-15]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 36-37]; KumarTeDa1997 [taxonomy, structure, economic importance: 307-311]; LePell1968 [life history, biological control]; Lewis1997 [host, distribution, economic importance]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 391, 392]; Lopez1997 [host, biological control, economic importance]; Luttebico1999 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-3]; Malump2012b [distribution, host, illustration: 207,211,213]; Malump2012b [distribution, illustration: 208.211]; MalumpHaMa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 114]; Mani1988a [life history, ecology, host, distribution, biological control: 32]; ManiKr1991a [host, distribution: 103]; ManiKr1999 [host, distribution: 73-74]; ManiKr2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 152]; ManiTh1987a [biological control: 19-22]; ManiTh1987c [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 89-92]; Manjun1985a [host, distribution, economic importance: 71-76]; ManjunRaSa1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 487-495]; MaribaReVe1998 [economic importance, biological control: 222-224]; MarsarPePe2013 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy: 413-418]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 225]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 179]; MatileEtTi2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 485-486]; McComi1996 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-5]; McComi1997 [distribution, economic importance]; McComi2000 [distribution, economic importance]; Meyerd1999 [distribution, economic importance, control: 115-120]; MeyerdWa1999 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 49]; Michau2003 [biological control: 335-342]; MichauEv2000 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 97-101]; Miller2001DR [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 189-202]; Moffit1999 [economic importance, distribution, host: 1-15]; Moghad2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 155-156]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 20-21]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 31-32, 34, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 65]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy, structure: 48]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212]; Morais1997 [biological control]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-170]; Moursi1948 [biological control, host, distribution: 9-16]; MuraliBa2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 705-706]; MuthukMaTh2005 [host, distribution, chemical control: 339-344]; NagrarKrBi2009 [economic importance, host, distribution: 537-541]; NeelanCh2004 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Ni1998 [taxonomy, economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 3-11]; Nowier2005 [economic importance, control]; OliveiNaSi2001 [economic importance: 161-173]; OuvrarKoGu2013 [biological control, distribution: 2]; PadmajBaRe1995 [host, distribution, biological control: 79-81]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy, structure: 19]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; PatilPaPa2011 [biological control: 693]; PatilPaSa2011 [life history: 1553-1556]; Pena1997 [economic importance: 5]; PenaBa1999 [economic importance: 97-104]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; Persad1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1]; Persad1998 [host, distribution]; PersadKh2000 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 170-173]; PersadKh2002 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 137-149]; Pinkhime1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-2]; PlanaSaBu2004 [economic importance: 13-18]; QinWuQi2011 [life history: 1127]; RaguraPr2006 [chemical control, biological control: 28-30]; Raicho1958 [structure, life history, economic importance: 315-318]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Ranjan2006 [economic importance: 1-10]; ReddyMuCr2009 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1431-1439]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 125]; RoltscErMe2007 [biological control: 977-981]; RoltscMeWa2006 [host, distribution, biological control: 155-166]; RosasGSaVi2010 [taxonomy, host, distribution, molecular data , polymorphism, genetic structure: 1043-1050]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Sagarr1999 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 1-179]; SagarrPeVi2000 [biological control: 647-653]; SagarrViSt2001 [life history, host, distribution, biological control: 363-367]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; SagarrViSt2002 [biological control: 400-404]; SanthaChSa1994a [host, distribution, biological control: 91-95]; SaTaLu2001 [biological control: 154-160]; SatyanBaMa2003 [chemical control, biological control: 114-115]; Schmut1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, control: 101-102]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; SeeperGaZi2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 99-103]; SerranLa2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 417-425]; SerranLaMe2001 [host, distribution, life history, physiology, economic importance: 339-345]; ShafeeKhAh1989 [host, distribution: 65]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; ShreeMa2005 [physiology, chemistry: 173-186]; ShrikeSa1996 [life history, biological control: 301-302]; SilvaGQuYe2013 [distribution, economic importance: 654]; SinghGh1970 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 99-105]; SivaRaSr1987 [host, distribution, economic importance: 115-119]; Sohi1964 [host, distribution: 111]; SusikaMaSr2013 [biological control, chemical control, economic importance, host: 196-199]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 336]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 14]; Talhou2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 86-87]; TambasNaLu2001 [economic importance: 149-153]; TambasSaNa2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 85-93]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 502-503]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18]; Tourne1970 [host, distribution, biological control: 97-107]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 128, 131, 136]; TsacasCh1999 [biological control: 102, 107]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-78, 90]; UneliuElTw2011 [molecular data: 170]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 45]; VilelaZuCa2001 [economic importance]; VitullWaZh2007 [chemical ecology, life history, economic importance: 405-410]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 285]; Watson1997 [distribution, economic importance: 2]; WatsonMuSh2014 [distribution, host: 1595]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-196]; Willia1986a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-354]; Willia1986c [host: 54]; Willia1996b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 621-623]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 405-408]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 168]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 146]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 82]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 524]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 47]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-103]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 5,43]; YocumLu1997 [host, distribution, economic importance]; ZamanQaIs1996 [host, distribution, life history: 169-171]; ZettleFoGi2002 [chemical control: 1169-1173]; ZhangAm2005 [chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, physiology: 264-270]; ZhangAmSh2004 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 9601-9606]; ZhangNi2005 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 2451-2455]; ZhangNiKh2004 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 9401-9403]; ZhangWaVi2006 [life history, physiology, chemistry, chemical ecology: 621-626]; ZouChMi2013 [chemistry: 136].



Maconellicoccus lanigerus (Fuller)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius lanigerus Fuller, 1897a: 1346. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Swan River, on Acacia pulchella. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Williams, 1985).

Pseudococcus lanigerus; Fernald, 1903b: 104. Change of combination.

Eurycoccus yanchepae Brookes, 1972: 132. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Yanchep Park, on Acacia cuneata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1985: 196.

Maconellicoccus lanigerus; Williams, 1985: 196. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia cuneata [Brooke1972, BenDov1994], Acacia pulchella [Fuller1897b, Brooke1972, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Lindin1913a, Brooke1972, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brookes (1972) and by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1996b: 621 (female) [world]; Williams 1985: 191 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 219]; Brooke1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-133]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 104]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1346]; Lindin1913a [taxonomy, distribution: 346]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196, 197, 199]; Willia1996b [taxonomy: 621].



Maconellicoccus leptospermi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Maconellicoccus leptospermi Williams, 1985: 199. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, on Leptospermum flavescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Callitris columellaris [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum flavescens [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1996b: 621 (female) [world]; Williams 1985: 191 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 219]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-199]; Willia1996b [taxonomy: 621].



Maconellicoccus multipori (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Heliococcus multipori Takahashi, 1951a: 18. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaysia, Fraser's Hills, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Phenacoccus multipori; Miller, 1974: 179. Change of combination.

Maconellicoccus multipori; Tang, 1992: 502. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus multipori; Ben-Dov, 1994: 333. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Daemonorops [Willia2004a]. Bombacaceae: Durio [Willia2004a]. Cecropiaceae: Poikilospermum [Willia2004a]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia [Willia2004a]. Crypteroniaceae: Crypteronia grifithii [Willia2004a]. Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea [Willia2005]. Euphorbiaceae: Endospermum diademum [Willia2004a], Macaranga conifera [Willia2004a], Macaranga giganthea [Willia2004a], Macaranga huletti [Willia2004a], Macaranga hypoleuca [Willia2004a], Macaranga triloba [Willia2004a]. Flacourtiaceae: Ryparsoa [Willia1996b, Willia2004a]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [Willia1996b, Willia2004a]. Piperaceae: Piper betel [Willia1996b, Willia2004a], Piper nigrum [Willia1996b]. Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia1996b, Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Alectryon [Willia1996b, Willia2004a], Nephelium lappaceum [Willia1996b, Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia1996b, Willia2004a]. Ulmaceae: Gironniera parvifolia [Willia1996b, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Madhya Pradesh [Willia1996b, Willia2004a], West Bengal [Willia1996b, Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia1996b, Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Nepal [Willia1996b, Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Palawan [Willia1996b, Lit1997a]); Singapore [Willia2005]; Thailand [Willia1996b, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a), Williams (1996b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 405 (female) [Maconellicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1996b: 621 (female) [world].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 333]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37-38]; MalschKaHe2001 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 333-341]; Miller1974 [taxonomy: 179]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-20]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 502]; Willia1996b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 623-625]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 408-410]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 168]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88].



Maconellicoccus ramchensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Maconellicoccus ramchensis Williams, 1996b: 625. Type data: NEPAL: Bagmati, Ramche, on undetermined plant; S. Takagi, 15.ix.1975. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Bombacaceae: Durio [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [Willia1996b] [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1996b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 405 (female) [Maconellicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1996b: 621 (female) [world].

CITATIONS: Willia1996b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 625-626]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 410-412].



Maconellicoccus tasmaniae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Maconellicoccus tasmaniae Williams, 1985: 199. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Launceston, on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1996b: 621 (female) [world]; Williams 1985: 191 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 219]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-201]; Willia1996b [taxonomy: 621].



Maconellicoccus ugandae (Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus ugandae Laing, 1925: 53. Type data: UGANDA: Kakmiro, on Grevillea robusta. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1986a: 354. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Maconellicoccus ugandae; De Lotto, 1964: 356. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Markhamia platycalyx [DeLott1964, Willia1986a, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Bridelia micrantha [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia [DeLott1964, Willia1986a, BenDov1994], Albizia stipulata [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Laing1925a, Willia1986a, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Campbe1983, Willia1986a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Campbe1983, BenDov1994]; Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Sudan [Willia1986a, BenDov1994]; Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a].

BIOLOGY: Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968). Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Laing (1925a) and by Williams (1958b, 1986a).

KEYS: Williams 1996b: 621 (female) [world].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 219]; Campbe1983 [host, distribution, life history: 137-150]; Campbe1984 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 163-174]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 356]; Laing1925a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 53-54]; LePell1968 [life history, biological control]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26]; Willia1986a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354-256]; Willia1996b [taxonomy: 621]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 146].



Macrocepicoccus Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Macrocepicoccus Morrison, 1919a: 198. Type species: Macrocepicoccus loranthi Morrison, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Morrison (1919a), Miller & Denno (1977) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female mealybugs of the genus Leptococcus Reyne and Macrocepicoccus Morrison have unusually long legs and long slender claws. These mealybugs live on leaf surfaces and are probably parenchyma feeders (Miller and Denno 1977; Williams 2004; Kondo and Gullan 2008). Adult females and nymphs are very active when disturbed. Claws in all of these stages are long and slender.

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 41 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 220]; MillerDe1977 [taxonomy, description: 117]; Morris1919a [taxonomy, description: 198]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 113]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 41, 226-227]; WilliaHo1913 [structure: 21].



Macrocepicoccus loranthi Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Macrocepicoccus loranthi Morrison, 1919a: 198. Type data: GUYANA [= BRITISH GUIANA]: Georgetown, on Loranthus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & Denno, 1977: 117. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Morris1919a, BenDov1994], Oryctanthus amplexicantus [KondoRaVe2008], Phtirusa pyrifolia [KondoRaVe2008]. Moringaceae: Moringa [MillerDe1977, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [KondoRaVe2008]; Guyana [Morris1919a, BenDov1994]; Panama Canal Zone [MillerDe1977, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Kondo et al. (2008) recorded in Colombia fairly abundant populations of M. loranthi on mistletoe plants parasitizing Caryodendron orinocense, Persea americana and Terminalia catappa. Kondo et al. (2008) specifically indicated that all the mealybugs were found on the mistletoes and not on the host of the mistletoe suggesting that M. loranthi specializes on Loranthaceae. Recent observations of M. loranthi on Oryctanthus amplexicatus (Loranthaceae) show that aggregations of the mealybugs on the leaves are very active when disturbed (Takumasa Kondo, personal communication). This activity is not only confined to the feeding stages but also applies to the prepupae and pupae, which move rapidly. These prepupae and pupae are without any covering or cocoon-like structures and have little wax. (Williams & Hodgson, 2013)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Miller & Denno (1977) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Description and illustration of the first instar nymph, second instar female nymph, third instar female nymph and fourth instar female nymph by Miller & Denno (1977). Description and illustration of the adult male given by Miller & Denno (1977). Description and illustration of the second instar male nymph, third instar male nymph and fourth instar male nymph given by Miller & Denno (1977).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 220]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 37-38]; MillerDe1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-146]; Morris1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-203]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227, 228]; WilliaHo1913 [behaviour, structure: 21].



Maculicoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Maculicoccus Williams, 1960: 403. Type species: Trionymus malaitensis Cockerell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1960), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 188 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 19 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 220]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 113]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 211]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description: 403, 405]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 103].



Maculicoccus malaitensis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus malaitensis Cockerell, 1929a: 90. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Malaita, on coconut. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 103. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Erium malaitense; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Maculicoccus malaitensis; Williams, 1960: 405. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Cocker1929a, Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Inocarpus edulis [Willia1960, BenDov1994], Inocarpus fagifer [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus deglupta [WilliaWa1988a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [Cocker1929a, Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the fruit spathes and living in covered runways made by ants (Cockerell, 1929). Atended by ants Oecophylla smaragdina (Williams, 1960).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 220-221]; Cocker1929a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 90-91]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 211-212]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 405-407]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-105].



Madagasia Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Madagasia Mamet, 1962: 167. Type species: Madagasia ankaratrae Mamet, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 221]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description: 167].



Madagasia ankaratrae Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Madagasia ankaratrae Mamet, 1962: 167. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ankaratra, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 221]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-169].



Madagasia cincinnata Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Madagasia cincinnata Williams, 1970: 149. Type data: TANZANIA: Kilombero, Mikumi, on the underground parts of sugar-cane. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the underground parts of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1970DJ).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: According to Williams D.J.(1970), available evidence suggests that the mealybug causes no damage to sugar-cane.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 221]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-151].



Madangiacoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Madangiacoccus Williams, 1985: 201. Type species: Madangiacoccus araucariae Williams, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985) and by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 19 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1985: 38 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 222]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 201]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 105].



Madangiacoccus araucariae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Madangiacoccus araucariae Williams, 1985: 201. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Madang District, on Araucaria cunninghamii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araucariaceae: Araucaria [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Araucaria cunninghamii [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and stems of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Williams & Watson (1988a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 222]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-203]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109].



Madeurycoccus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Madeurycoccus Mamet, 1959a: 398. Type species: Madeurycoccus guari Mamet, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Mamet (1959a).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 222]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description: 398]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 114].



Madeurycoccus bicolor De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Madeurycoccus bicolor De Lotto, 1967: 8. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Melkbosstrand. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Ebenaceae: Euclea racemosa [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the collar region of the plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 222]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-9]; Millar2002 [illustration: 218].



Madeurycoccus guari Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Madeurycoccus guari Mamet, 1959a: 398. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Locality not indicated, on 'Guar'. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1959a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 222]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-401].



Malaicoccus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus Takahashi, 1950: 65. Type species: Malaicoccus riouwensis Takahashi, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Takahashi (1950), Williams (1978), Tang (1992), Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 40 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 146-147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus.]; Tang 1992: 78 (female) [China]; Williams 1978: 31-33 (female) [South East Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 222]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 114]; Takaha1950 [taxonomy, description: 65-66]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 83-84]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description: 30-32]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, description: 146-147]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 412-414].



Malaicoccus cameronensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus cameronensis Williams, 2002b: 147. Type data: MALAYSIA: Malaya, Pahang, Cameron Highlands, on Poikilospermum, with Dolichoderus tuberifer; collected 22.xi.1988, by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Urticaceae: Poikilospermum [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dolichoderus tuberifer (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-149]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 414-415].



Malaicoccus clavulatus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus clavulatus Williams, 2002b: 149. Type data: MALAYSIA: Malaya, Pahang, Bukit Rengit, attended by Dolichoderus tuberifer; collected 20i.1988 by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dolichoderus tuberifer (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-151]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 416-417]; WilliaHo1913 [behaviour, structure: 20].



Malaicoccus eastopi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus eastopi Williams, 2002b: 151. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sarawak, Gunung Mulu National Park, Long Pala, associated with Dolichoderus sp.; collected 30.vi.1978 by V.F. Eastop. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Balsaminaceae: Impatiens platypetala [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Aglaia [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dolichoderus sp. (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 417-420].



Malaicoccus formicarii Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus formicarii Takahashi, 1951: 5. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaya, Fraser's Hill. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1978DJ: 33. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Mikania scandens [Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia [Takaha1951, Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Ficus [Takaha1951, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Rubus [Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Theaceae: Anneslea crassipes [Takaha1951, BenDov1994]. Zingiberaceae: Achasma [Willia2002b, Willia2004a], Alpinia [Takaha1951, Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Takaha1951, Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Associated with ants (Williams D.J., 1978).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1978DJ). Good description and illustration of the first instar nymph given by Williams (1978DJ). Good description and illustration of the second-instar female nymph given by Williams (1978DJ). Good description and illustration of the third-instar female nymph given by Williams (1978DJ). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus]; Tang 1992: 84 (female) [China]; Williams 1978: 31 (female) [South East Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 222-223]; Takaha1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 84-85]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-36]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 153]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 419-420].



Malaicoccus khooi Williams D. J.

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus khooi Williams D. J., 1978: 39. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaysia, Genting Highlands, on Poikilospermum cordifolium, attended by ant Hypoclinea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]. Urticaceae: Poikilospermum cordifolium [Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Always attended by ants of the genus Hypoclinea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1978DJ, 2004a). Good description and illustration of the second-instar female nymph given by Williams (1978DJ). Good description and illustration of the third-instar female nymph given by Williams (1978DJ). Good description of the adult female gven by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus]; Tang 1992: 84 (female) [China]; Williams 1978: 31 (female) [South East Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 223]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 86]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-44]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 153]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 421-423].



Malaicoccus kubahensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus kubahensis Williams, 2002b: 153. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sarawak, Bahagian Kuching, Kubah National Park, West of Kuching, between Matang and Gunung Serapi, on young shoots of Uncaria sp., attended by Dolichoderus coniger; collected 11.vi.1994 by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Naucleaceae: Uncaria [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dlichoderus coniger (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-155]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 422-423].



Malaicoccus maschwitzi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus maschwitzi Williams, 2002b: 155. Type data: MALAYSIA: Perak, Bukit Larut, (Maxwell Hill), near Taiping, on unidentified plat, attended by Dolichoderus cuspidatus; collected 15.i.1983 by U. Maschwitz. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dolichoderus cuspidatus (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-157]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 424-426].



Malaicoccus moundi Williams D. J.

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus moundi Williams D. J., 1978: 44. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaya, Genting Highlands, on stems of Uncaria sp., attended by the ant Hypoclinea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Naucleaceae: Uncaria [Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by ants of the genus Hypoclinea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1978DJ, 2004a). Good description and illustration of third-instar female nymph given by Williams (1978DJ). Good description and illustration of second-instar female nymph given by Williams (1978DJ). Good description and illustration of second-instar male nymph given by Williams (1978DJ). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Williams (1978DJ).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 84 (female) [China ]; Williams 1978: 31 (female) [South East Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 223]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 86-87]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-50]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 425-427].



Malaicoccus pilulosus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus pilulosus Williams, 2002b: 157. Type data: MALAYSIA: Johor, Endau Rompin National Park, on Poikilospermum sp., attended by Dolichoderus tuberifer; collected 6.ii.1993 by U. Maschwitz. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Urticaceae: Poikilospermum [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dolichoderus tuberifer (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-159]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 427-428]; WilliaHo1913 [behaviour, structure: 20].



Malaicoccus poringensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus poringensis Williams, 2002b: 159. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Kinabalu, Poring, attended by Dilchoderus coniger; collected 18.vi.1991 by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dolichoderus coniger (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 427-430].



Malaicoccus riouwensis Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus riouwensis Takahashi, 1950: 66. Type data: INDONESIA: Riow Islands, Rempang, in association with ants of the genus Polyrhachis. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, according to Williams, 1978DJ.



HOST: Piperaceae: Piper [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Takaha1950, Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Lives in association with ants of a species of Polyrhachis (Takahashi, 1950).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1978DJ, 2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus]; Tang 1992: 84 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 223]; Takaha1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-68]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 87-88]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-52]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-162]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 430-431].



Malaicoccus sarawakensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus sarawakensis Williams, 2002b: 161. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sarawak, Miri, attended by Dolichoderus cuspidatus; collected ii.1992 by U. Maschwitz. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dlichoderus cuspidatus (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-164]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 430-433].



Malaicoccus sumatranus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus sumatranus Williams, 2002b: 164. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Lembah Anai, on Poikilospermum sp., attended by Dolichoderus tuberifer; collected 9.xi.1992 by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Urticaceae: Poikilospermum [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2002b]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dolichoderus tuberifer (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 433-436]; WilliaHo1913 [behaviour, structure: 20].



Malaicoccus takahashii Williams D. J.

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus takahashii Williams D. J., 1978: 52. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaya, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1978DJ, 2004a) and by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is probably the undescribed species from Kuala Lumpur, on Palaquium obovatum (Sapotaceae), mentioned by Takahashi (1951) when discussing M. formicarii.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus]; Tang 1992: 84 (female) [China]; Williams 1978: 31 (female) [South East Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 223]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-89, 727]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-54]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 166]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 435-436].



Malaicoccus tapahensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus tapahensis Williams, 2002b: 166. Type data: MALAYSIA: Perak, NE of Tapah, on Araceae, associated with Dolichoderus cuspidatus; collected 31.i.1994 by P. Schwendinger. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Araceae [Willia2002b].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dolichoderus cuspidatus (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-168]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 436-438].



Malaicoccus tiomanensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Malaicoccus tiomanensis Williams, 2002b: 168. Type data: MALAYSIA: pahang, Pulau Tioman, Tekek-Juara Path, on Costus sp.; collected 19.xi.1999 by J.H. Martin. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Costaceae: Costus [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]. Fabaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2002b, 2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 413-414 (female) [Malaicoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 147 (female) [Species of Malaicoccus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-170]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 438-439].



Marendellea De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Marendellea De Lotto, 1967: 10. Type species: Pseudococcus rhodesiensis Hall, by original designation.

Marendeliea; Kosztarab & Russell, 1974: 12. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1967).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 224]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description: 10]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233].



Marendellea harrisae Williams D. J.

NOMENCLATURE:

Marendellea harrisae Williams D. J., 1970: 151. Type data: NIGERIA: Samaru, Zaria, on the tillers of Sorghum vulgare. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Sorghum vulgare [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the tillers of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1970DJ).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 224]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224-225].



Marendellea rhodesiensis (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus rhodesiensis Hall, 1937: 130. Type data: ZIMBABWE [= RHODESIA]: South Marendellas, on roots of grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Marendellea rhodesiensis; De Lotto, 1967: 10. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Hall1937, DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1967, BenDov1994]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, Willia1958b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1937) and by Williams (1958b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 225]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10]; Hall1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-131]; Millar2002 [illustration: 212]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-16].



Marmyan Koteja

NOMENCLATURE:

Marmyan Koteja, 2004: 112-113. Type species: Marmyan barbarae Koteja.

GENERAL REMARKS: Koteja (2004) placed a specimen described from Myanmar (Burmese) amber in the "'primitive' neococcids (Putoidae, Pseudococcidae, Eriococcidae)." Because of the constraints of the current system, we cannot enter an incertae sedis family and, therefore, have decided to place the extinct genus Marmyan with the Pseudociccidae so that the data is available to the community of coccidologists.

STRUCTURE: Neococcid with (assumed) lateral rows of isolated ommatidia; pedicel not enlarged; cylindrical, slightly and irregularly nodose flagellar segments, first one being longest, no capitate setae; membranous wingsbearing distinct microtrichia, subcostal and cubital ridges weak, flexing patches lacking; halteres reduced; legs strong, short, bearing conspicuous setae; claw slender, slightly bent, without denticle; tarsal digitules strong, acute, ungual digitules capitate, reaching claw apex; abdomen cylindrical with groups of long, pleural setae, with a pair of glandular plates, each bearing two long setae reaching apex of penial sheath; penial sheath conical, divided into basal capsule and stylus, latter with narrow parallel-sided acute apex, both bearing conspicuous setae.

CITATIONS: Koteja2004 [description, taxonomy: 112-113].



Marmyan barbarae Koteja

NOMENCLATURE:

Marmyan barbarae Koteja, 2004: 112-113. Type data: BALTIC AMBER: Male holotype, embedded in amber from the Hukawng Valley in Northern Myanmar. Holotype male. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male. Illust.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration in Koteja, 2004.

SYSTEMATICS: The presence of distinct abdominal spiracles places this species among the archeococcids, while the body shape; size relation of the antennae and legs, distribution of abdominal spiracles and presence of wax secreting tubular ducts associated with anal tube and other waxc secreting pores on abdomen place it close to the Xylococcidae.

CITATIONS: HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 799]; Koteja2004 [description, taxonomy: 112-113].



Mascarenococcus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Mascarenococcus Mamet, 1940: 68. Type species: Mascarenococcus pandani Mamet, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Mamet (1940).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 225]; Mamet1940 [taxonomy, description: 68]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 116].



Mascarenococcus pandani Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Mascarenococcus pandani Mamet, 1940: 68. Type data: MAURITIUS: Riche en Eau, on Pandanus microcarpus. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus microcarpus [Mamet1940, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Mamet1940, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1940).

KEYS: Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 225]; Mamet1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-70]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101].



Maskellococcus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Maskellococcus Cox, 1987: 51. Type species: Dactylopius obtectus Maskell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 52 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 13 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 225]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 51-52].



Maskellococcus nothofagi Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Maskellococcus nothofagi Cox, 1987: 52. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Westland, Makaroa, on Nothofagus menziesii. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Nothofagus fusca [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus menziesii [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 52 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 225]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52, 162].



Maskellococcus obtectus (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius obtectus Maskell, 1890: 152. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: near Reefton, on Fagus [= Nothofagus] fusca. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material not located, see Ferris (1950b).

Pseudococcus obtectus; Fernald, 1903b: 107. Change of combination.

Trionymus obtectus; Brittin, 1938: 337. Change of combination.

Maskellococcus obtectus; Cox, 1987: 52. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Nothofagus fusca [Maskel1890, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus solandri [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus truncata [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987].

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bracts of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 52 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 225]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 337]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53, 163]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 55]; Maskel1890 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-153]; Myers1922 [taxonomy: 198]; Wise1977 [p. 103].



Mauricoccus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Mauricoccus Mamet, 1967a: 100. Type species: Ripersia pileae Mamet, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Mamet (1967a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 226]; Mamet1967a [taxonomy, description: 100].



Mauricoccus pileae (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia pileae Mamet, 1940: 65. Type data: MAURITIUS: Cocotte Mountain, on Pilea balfouri. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Mauricoccus pileae; Mamet, 1967a: 100. Change of combination.



HOST: Urticaceae: Pilea balfouri [Mamet1940, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Mamet1940, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1967a).

KEYS: Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 226]; Mamet1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66]; Mamet1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-102]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101].



Melanococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Melanococcus Williams, 1985: 203. Type species: Dactylopius albizziae Maskell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 204-205 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 35, 38 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 226]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 38, 203-205].



Melanococcus albizziae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius albizziae Maskell, 1892: 31. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Albizia lophantha. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 205. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Dactylopius acaciae Maskell, 1892: 33. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Acacia linearis and Acacia [= Albizia] lophantha. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 205. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1985: 205.

Pseudococcus albizziae; Fernald, 1903: 97. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus acaciae; Fernald, 1903b: 97. Change of combination.

Melanococcus albizziae; Williams, 1985: 205. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia aulacocarpa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia bayleyana [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia decurrens [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia linearis [Maskel1892, BenDov1994], Acacia longifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia mearnsii [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia melanoxylon [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia obliquanerva [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia obtusifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia penninervis [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia riceana [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Albizia lophantha [Maskel1892, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Grevillea banksii [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Maskel1892, BenDov1994] (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 205 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 226]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 52]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 259-259]; ElliotOhWy1998 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 97]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-33]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-209].



Melanococcus cobaricus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Melanococcus cobaricus Williams, 1985: 209. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Cobar, on Acacia aneura. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia aneura [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 204 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 227]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209, 210].



Melanococcus darwiniensis (Williams)

NOMENCLATURE:

Melancoccus darwiniensis Williams, 1985: 209. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Berry Springs, near Darwin, on stems and phyllodes of Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

Melancoccus darwiniensis; Williams, 1985: 209. Misspelling of genus name.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 204 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 227]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209, 211, 212].



Melanococcus fasciatus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Melanococcus fasciatus Williams, 1985: 212. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Brisbane, on Acacia longispicata. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia longispicata [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 204 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 227]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212, 213, 215].



Melanococcus froggatti Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Melanococcus froggatti Williams, 1985: 215. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Leeton, on Acacia pendula. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia pendula [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia pycnantha [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 204 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 227]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215].



Melanococcus lobulatus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizococcus lobulatus Green, 1915d: 46. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, on Acacia pendula. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 215. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Nidularia lobulata; Lindinger, 1933a: 116. Change of combination.

Melanococcus lobulatus; Williams, 1985: 215. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia pendula [Green1915d, Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Green1915d, Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 204 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: Green1915d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-47]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 116]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-217].



Melanococcus morgani Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Melanococcus morgani Williams, 1985: 217. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Paralana Springs, on Acacia aneura. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia aneura [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 204 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 227]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-219].



Melanococcus phylodii Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Melanococcus phylodii Williams, 1985: 219. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Darwin, on phyllodes of Acacia latiscens. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia latiscens [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 204 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 228]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219-221].



Melanococcus senticosus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Melanococcus senticosus Williams, 1985: 221. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, on Acacia podalyriifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia dealbata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia podalyriifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 205 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 228]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221, 222].



Melanococcus tasmaniae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Melanococcus tasmaniae Williams, 1985: 223. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Hobart, on Acacia dealbata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia dealbata [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 205 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 228]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223-224].



Melanococcus viridis (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizococcus viridis Green, 1901: 559. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Mittagong, on Acacia decurrens. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 223. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Nidularia viridis; Lindinger, 1933a: 117. Change of combination.

Melanococcus viridis; Williams, 1985: 223. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia bayleyana [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia decurrens [Green1901, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Green1901, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the young twigs and leaf stalks of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 205 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 228]; Green1901 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 559-560]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 117]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223, 225, 226].



Metadenopsis Matesova

NOMENCLATURE:

Metadenopsis Matesova, 1966: 98. Type species: Metadenopsis halogetonis Matesova, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Matesova (1966) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Legs normally developed; claw without denticle. Claw digitules not widened apically. 2 pairs of ostioles present. Anal ring strongly simplified, with several pores and 6 short setae. Multilocular pores and simple pores present. Trilocular pores absent. Tubular ducts not numerous or absent. Cerarii absent. Conical setae and spinulae absent or singular. Both sides of body with flagellate setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a) It is noteworthy that the trilocular pores and numerous conical setae covering dorsally the body of the larvae (especially, at the 1st instar) are gradually lost during the subsequent molts (Matesova, 1966)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2013a: 215-216 (female) [Key to Pseudococcidae from Russia and Neighboring Countries]; Tang 1992: 92 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1949: 87 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 228]; DanzigGa2013a [description, taxonomy: 216, 220]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy: 1]; Mateso1966 [taxonomy, description: 98]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 97-98].



Metadenopsis ceratocarpi Matesova

NOMENCLATURE:

Metadenopsis ceratocarpi Matesova, 1974: 56. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Altinchokusu Plateau, near Priarale, on Ceratocarpus arenarius. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Ceratocarpus arenarius [Mateso1974, BenDov1994], Ceratocarpus turkestanicus [Mateso1974, BenDov1994], Ceratocarpus utriculosus [Mateso1974, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1974, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: On species of the genus Ceratocarpus L. (Chenopodiaceae) in dry steppes and deserts. Females, eggs, and 1st-instar larvae occurred from the second half of May to mid-July (Matesova, 1966).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matesova (1974). Good description and illustration of the first instar nymph, second instar female nymph and third female instar nymph given by Matesova (1974). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Body oblong-oval, reaching 2 mm in length, white. Antennae 8-segmented. Legs without translucent pores. Anal ring with singular pores. Multilocular pores (with 10-12 locules) occurring over entire surface of body. Simple pores situated on both sides of body. Tubular ducts and conical setae absent. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

SYSTEMATICS: Zoological Records (1974: 135) erroneously placed this species in Metadenopus. M. ceratocarpi is very similar to Metadenopsis halogetonis, but differs in more abundant multilocular pores on the both sides of the abdomen and in the absence of tubular ducts (even in larvae), of translucent pores on the tibiae, and of conical setae at the end of the abdomen. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

KEYS: Tang 1992: 98 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 228]; DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 216-217]; Mateso1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-63]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 98-99].



Metadenopsis halogetonis Matesova

NOMENCLATURE:

Metadenopsis halogetonis Matesova, 1966: 98. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Karagandin District, Balkhasha, on Halogeton glomeratus. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Halogeton glomeratus [Mateso1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan (Karaganda Oblast [Mateso1966, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: The species develops on the roots of saltworts of the genera Halogeton C.A. Mey. and Salsola L. and also on Frankenia L. In early September, females and 1st- and 2nd-instar larvae occurred in colonies (Matesova, 1966).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matesova (1966). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Body oblong-oval, reaching 2.5 mm in length, pale pink. Antennae 8-segmented. Hind tibia with numerous translucent pores. Anal ring round, with singular pores mainly situated near setae of anal ring. Multilocular pores (with 9 or 10 locules) forming transverse rows on all segments of body. Simple pores situated on both sides of body. Tubular ducts simple, singular along ventral margin of body, varying in number from 1 or 2 on each segment to 3 or 4 on entire body. Dorsal and ventral setae fine, flagellate. Dorsal surface of posterior abdominal segment with 2 fine conical setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

KEYS: Tang 1992: 98 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 229]; DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 216-217]; Mateso1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-102]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 98].



Metadenopus Šulc

NOMENCLATURE:

Longisomus Kiritchenko, 1931: 312. Nomen nudum. Notes: Regarded as identical with Metadenopus festucae Sulc by Borchsenius, 1949: 186.

Metadenopus Šulc, 1933: 1. Type species: Metadenopus festucae Sulc, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1949), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Body elongate, subparallelsided or oval. Antennae 6-segmented. Legs with shortened and thickened segments. Claw without denticle. Only posterior ostioles present. Discoidal pores of one type: multilocular. Tubular ducts very small (their length about half diameter of multilocular pore), with collar. Cerarii and conical setae absent. Both sides of body with flagellate setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

SYSTEMATICS: Kiritshenko (1931) presented the name Longisomus in a list of coccoids, with collection data, but without dignosis either of the genus or species. Longisomus festucae Kiritshenko [NOMEN NUDUM], the single binomen listed by Kiritshenko in Longisomus, was regarded by Borchsenius (1949: 186) as indentical with Metadenopus festucae Sulc.

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2013a: 215-216 (female) [Key to Pseudococcidae from Russia and Neighboring Countries]; Tang 1992: 100 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 698 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 62 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 229]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 185]; DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 220]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy: 1]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy: 312]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 108]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 111, 119]; Sulc1933 [taxonomy, description: 1-2]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 104]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 18]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 193-194].



Metadenopus ankaranus (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia ankarana Bodenheimer, 1953a: 125. Type data: TURKEY: Ankara, on Festuca ovina. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1991: 10. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.

Metadenopus ankaranus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca ovina [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1991, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1991, BenDov1994, KaydanUlEr2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1953a). Good description of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1991).

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig & Gavrilov (2013a) suggested that Metadenopus ankaranus (Bodenheimer, 1953) seemed to have been erroneously attributed (Kozár and Walter, 1985) to the genus Metadenopus, since, according to the redescription by Ben-Dov (1991), it has a denticle on the claw and also numerous trilocular pores.

CITATIONS: BenDov1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 10]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 229]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-128]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 138]; DanzigGa2013a [taxonomy: 221]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 70].



Metadenopus connectens Bazarov

NOMENCLATURE:

Metadenopus connectens Bazarov, 1973: 79. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Pamir, on Poa marginata. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Tridiscus connectens; Tang, 1992: 119. Change of combination.

Metadenopus connectens; Ben-Dov, 1994: 229. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Elymus desistachus [Bazaro1973, BenDov1994], Festuca sulcata [Bazaro1973, BenDov1994], Hordeum turkestanicum [Bazaro1973, BenDov1994], Poa marginata [Bazaro1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1973, BenDov1994, DanzigGa2013a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female. Body purple, oval, reaching 2 mm in length. Segments of legs not thickened; hind coxa with translucent pores. Anal ring with 1 row of pores and 1 row of spinulae. Circuli 4 in number, round, subequal in size. Multilocular pores forming on dorsal surface of body 1 or 2 transverse rows on each segment, except for last segment where they occurring only along margin. On ventral surface, multilocular pores forming interrupted rows over all abdominal sternites and groups near spiracles; rest of body surface with or without singular pores. Tubular ducts with collars narrower and shorter than those in type species, arranged in transverse rows on both sides of body, but absent on posterior abdominal tergite and in median part of thoracic sternites. Flagellate setae on both sides of body fine and short. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

KEYS: Tang 1992: 119 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-81]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 229]; DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 220]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 119].



Metadenopus festucae Šulc

NOMENCLATURE:

Longisomus festucae Kiritchenko, 1931: 312. Nomen nudum; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949: 186.

Metadenopus festucae Šulc, 1933: 16. Type data: CZECH REPUBLIC: Brno, on Festuca valessiaca. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Brno: K. Sulc Collection, Moravian Museum, Czech Republic. Described: female.

Metadenopus festuceli Goux, 1941a: 43. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1994: 229.

COMMON NAME: long mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Aneurolepidium chinense [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Elymus [Danzig1972b, Danzig1978a, BenDov1994], Elymus chilensis [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994], Festuca [Terezn1975], Festuca ovina [Goux1937a, Koteja1972, BenDov1994], Festuca valesiaca [Sulc1933], Heteropappus altaicus [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992], Poa [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994], Poa pratensis [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]); Czech Republic [Sulc1933, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1937a, Goux1941a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]. Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1972b, Danzig1977a, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Poland [Koteja1972, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994]; Russia (Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]); Turkey [KaydanKo2010a]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Terezn1975, BenDov1994], Odessa Oblast [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and in the leaf sheaths of the host plant. Life history and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Body pale pink, elongate, subparallel-sided, reaching 2 mm in length. Segments of legs thickened, especially, hind femora. Hind femur and tibia with translucent pores. Anal ring with 1 (paired in places) row of pores. Circuli absent. Multilocular pores abundant over whole body, densest along margin of body. Tubular ducts with wide and deep collar, forming stripe along ventral surface of body, singular on 3 posterior abdominal sternites. Setae on most part of body surface short, fine, flagellate; those on posterior abdominal segments thicker and longer. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 229]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 186-187]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 332]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 197]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 74]; DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 220]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1941a [taxonomy, description: 41-43]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 34]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 312]; Koteja1972 [host, distribution: 568]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 472]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 92]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Sulc1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-17]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-29]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-195].



Miconicoccus Williams & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Miconicoccus Williams & Miller, 1999: 524. Type species: Miconicoccus ruebsaameni Williams & Miller, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & Miller (1999).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Williams & Miller 1999: 524 (female) [South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, description: 524-525].



Miconicoccus ruebsaameni Williams & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Miconicoccus ruebsaameni Williams & Miller, 1999: 525. Type data: PERU: Tarapoto, on Miconia ibaguensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Melastomataceae: Miconia [WilliaMi1999], Miconia ibaguensis [WilliaMi1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [WilliaMi1999].

BIOLOGY: Forming a gall in the shape of a knotty swelling on the branch (Williams & Miller, 1999).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Miller (1999). Good decription and illustration of the immature stages given by Williams & Miller (1999).

CITATIONS: GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 169,213-215]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 525-530].



Mirococcus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus Borchsenius, 1947: 142. Type species: Phenacoccus inermis Hall, by original designation.

Aegyptococcus Ezzat, 1963: 164. Type species: Phenacoccus inermis Hall, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 4. Notes: Synonymy by community of type species.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1947), Borchsenius (1949), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992 (female) [species]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973 (female) [species]; Koteja 1971a (female) [species]; Borchsenius 1949: 87 (female) [Palaearctic region ]; Borchsenius 1949: 181 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 232]; Borchs1947 [taxonomy, description: 142]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 181]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 114]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 4, 121]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 504]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 19]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 197]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 102].



Mirococcus carthalinus Hadzibejli

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus carthalinus Hadzibejli, 1963: 424. Type data: GEORGIA: several regions, on Alopecurus tiflisiensis. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Alopecurus tiflisiensis [Hadzib1963, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia [Hadzib1963, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1963).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 232]; Hadzib1963 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 424-426].



Mirococcus fossor Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus fossor Danzig, 1983: 515. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Repetek Reserve, on Carex physodes. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Heliotropium [Danzig1983, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Carex physodes [Danzig1983, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkmenistan [Danzig1983, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1983). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 504 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 232-233]; Danzig1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 515, 517]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 505].



Mirococcus inermis (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus inermis Hall, 1925: 7. Type data: EGYPT: Helwan, on roots of Zygophyllum simplex. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcus inermis; Borchsenius, 1947: 142. Change of combination.

Aegyptococcus inermis; Ezzat, 1963: 192. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: harmless mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus [Koteja1971, BenDov1994], Amaranthus viridis [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]. Asteraceae: Artemisia alba [Kozar1985, BenDov1994], Xanthium [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Xanthium strumarianum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Boraginaceae: Heliotropium europaeum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Brassicaceae: Cardaria draba [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007], Diplotaxis tenuifolia [KaydanKiKo2005], Sinapis arvensis [KaydanKiKo2005], Sisymbrium altisma [KaydanKiKo2005]. Capparidaceae: Cleome arabica [Hall1925, Rungs1937, BenDov1994], Cleome trinervia [Hall1927, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Polycarpaea repens [Ezzat1966, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007], Chenopodium album [Kiritc1931, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Spinacia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Cressa cretica [Hall1925, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Alhagi maurorum [Hall1927, BenDov1994], Medicago maritima [Goux1948b, BenDov1994, GavrilMa2008]. Frankeniaceae: Frankenia pulverulenta [Hall1925, BenDov1994]. Neuradaceae: Neurada [Rungs1937], Neurada incumbens [Bodenh1935, BenDov1994], Neurada procumbens [Vayssi1932, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Hordeum maritimum [BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum aviculare [KaydanKiKo2005]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [Willia1958b, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Neurada procumbens [BenDov2012]. Salsolaceae: Salsola kali [KaydanUlEr2007]. Zygophyllaceae: Fagonia arabica [Hall1927, BenDov1994], Fagonia mollis [Hall1927, BenDov1994], Nitraria [Rungs1937, Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Zygophyllum [Rungs1937], Zygophyllum album [Balach1927, BenDov1994], Zygophyllum geslini [Balach1927, BenDov1994], Zygophyllum simplex [Hall1925, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Sudan [Willia1958b, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1927, Rungs1937, BenDov1994]; Armenia [Borchs1947, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Egypt [Hall1925, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1948b, BenDov1994, GavrilMa2008]; Greece [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]; Israel [Bodenh1935, BenDov1994]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Morocco [Rungs1937]; Russia (Astrakhan' Oblast [Gavril2006]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Tunisia [Vayssi1932, Rungs1937, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Koteja1974b] (Nikolayev Oblast [Koteja1971, BenDov1994], Odessa Oblast [Kiritc1931, BenDov1994]); Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1958b), Ezzat (1966), Koteja (1971), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 504 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 102 (female) [Armenia]; Koteja 1971: 5 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1949: 181 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1361]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 187]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 233]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35,]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 250]; Borchs1947 [taxonomy, distribution: 142]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 181-182]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 138]; EzzatNa1987 [host, distribution: 89]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2006 [host, distribution: 787]; GavrilMa2008 [host, distribution: 443]; Goux1948b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182-184]; Hall1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-8]; Hall1927b [host, distribution: 131-132]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution: 30]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 379]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 220]; Kiritc1931 [host, distribution: 313]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 71]; Kiritc1940 [host, distribution: 121]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-116]; Koteja1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-7]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Rungs1937 [host, distribution: 334]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 505-506]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-198]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-104]; Vayssi1932 [host, distribution: 28]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-6].



Mirococcus leymicola Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus leymicola Tang, 1992: 595. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, on roots of Leymus [= Elymus] secalinum. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron cristaticum [Tang1992, BenDov1994], Elymus secalinum [Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tang1992, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 233]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 595-596, 729]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19].



Mirococcus oligadenatus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus oligadenatus Danzig, 1982a: 142. Type data: MONGOLIA: Gobi-Altayski Aymak, near Bayana, on Stipa gobica. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa gobica [Danzig1982a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1982a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1982a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 233]; Danzig1982a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-145].



Mirococcus scoparicola Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus scoparicola Tang, 1992: 596. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, on roots of Artemisia ordosica. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia ordosica [Tang1992, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Salsola passerina [Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tang1992, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 233]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 596, 730]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19].



Mirococcus sphaeroides Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus sphaeroides Danzig, 1975: 49. Type data: MONGOLIA: Ara-Khangayski Aymak, on feather-grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Danzig1975, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1975, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1975). Good description of the adult female given Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 505 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 234]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-50]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 507-508].



Mirococcus ulykpani Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcus ulykpani Danzig, 1990: 373. Type data: MONGOLIA: Sukh-Batorski aimak, Bayan-Obo Hill, on Dasiphora fruticosa. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rosaceae: Dasiphora fruticosa [Danzig1990, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1990, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1990).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 234]; Danzig1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 373-374].



Miscanthicoccus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Miscanthicoccus Takahashi, 1958: 6. Type species: Trionymus miscanthi Takahashi, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Takahashi (1958), Danzig (1980b), Tang (1992) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Danzig 1998a: 154 (female) [Russia]; Danzig 1988: 698 (female) [Far East of Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 234]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110, 189-191]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy: 158]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 137-139]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 121]; Takaha1958 [taxonomy, description: 6-7]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 139-140]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 19].



Miscanthicoccus miscanthi (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus miscanthi Takahashi, 1928: 333. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, on Miscanthus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Ripersia cellulosa; Takahashi, 1929: 40. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 1970.

Pseudantonina ostiolata Borchsenius, 1958: 160. Type data: CHINA: Chekiang Province, Hangchow, on Phragmites sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China, and St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1998a: 158.

Miscanthicoccus miscanthi; Takahashi, 1958: 6. Change of combination.

Kiritshenkella ostiolata; Yang, 1982: 57. Change of combination.

Cannococcus ostiolata; Tang, 1992: 138. Change of combination.



FOE: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis paludicola Schwartz [GordonDa2008].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Takaha1929, BenDov1994], Miscanthus [Takaha1928, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Miscanthus floridulus [Qin1991, BenDov1994], Miscanthus sinensis [Takaha1928, Takaha1929, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Phragmites [Borchs1958, Yang1982, Koteja1988a, Tang1992, BenDov1994], Phragmites australis [Danzig1998a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Koszta1996], Delaware [Stimme1996a], Maryland [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996, Stimme1996a], South Carolina [Wheele2013], Virginia [Koszta1996]). Oriental: China (Guizhou (=Kweichow) [Qin1991, BenDov1994], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Borchs1958, Yang1982, Koteja1988a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001b]); Taiwan [Takaha1928, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]. Palaearctic: China [Tang1992]; Japan [Takaha1958, Kawai1980, BenDov1994]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Develops three generations per year in Pennsylvania, USA (Stimmel, 1996a). Mealybugs were concealed between leaf sheaths and stems; white, powdery waxy material and small amounts of honeydew were evident within colonies. Symptoms of mealybug feeding occasionally consisted of purple or reddish streaks on stems. (Wheeler, 2013)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1958), Danzig (1980b), Qin (1991) and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description of the adult female given by Koteja (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Colour photography given by Kawai (1980).

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439516 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Stimmel (1996a) reported on the rapid spread of the species and its assuming pest status in USA, Pennsylvania.

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 139 (female) [Northeastern Noth USA]; Tang 1992: 137 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Koteja 1988a: 122 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1960e: 932 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1958: 157 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 234]; Borchs1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160, 161]; Borchs1960e [illustration: 929]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-192]; GordonDa2008 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-2]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 115-116]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 139-140]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 133]; Qin1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-55]; Stimme1996a [host, distribution, life history, control, economic importance: 21-23]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333-334]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 40]; Takaha1958 [host, distribution: 6-7]; TanakaOhTa2011 [ecology: 5]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 138, 139]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Wheele2013 [biological control, distribution, host: 220-224]; Wu2001b [economic importance: 251]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 57]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66].



Misericoccus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Misericoccus Ferris, 1953a: 384. Type species: Ripersia arenaria Doane and Steinweden, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; McKenzie 1967: 44 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 284 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 234]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 384]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 203]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 121].



Misericoccus arenarius (Doane & Steinweden)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia arenaria Doane & Steinweden, 1927: 85. Type data: U.S.A.: Utah, Salt Lake County, near Salt Lake City, on Bromus arenarius. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

Misericoccus arenarius; Ferris, 1953a: 384. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: pear-shaped mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bromus arenarius [DoaneSt1927, BenDov1994], Bromus rubens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Bromus tectorum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hordeum leporinum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Lolium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Stipa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Utah [DoaneSt1927, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 235]; DoaneSt1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 384-385]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-205].



Misericoccus imperatae (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia imperatae Hall, 1923: 8. Type data: EGYPT: Heliopolis, on Imperata cylindrica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Misericoccus imperatae; Ezzat, 1961: 68. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Goux1935a, BenDov1987, BenDov1994], Festuca ovina [Goux1935a, BenDov1994], Imperata cylindrica [Hall1923, Goux1935a, Ezzat1961, BenDov1994], Phragmites vulgaris [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994], Polypogon [Ezzat1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; Egypt [Hall1923, Ezzat1961, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1935a, BenDov1994]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994]; Israel [BenDov1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the stems beneath the leaf sheaths.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat (1961).

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1361]; BenDov1987 [host, distribution: 115]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 235]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35, 43]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16]; Ezzat1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-70]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Goux1935a [host, distribution: 92]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155].



Misericoccus inops De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Misericoccus inops De Lotto, 1969: 14. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Ceres, on Protea pendula. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Proteaceae: Protea pendula [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1969).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 235]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-15].



Misericoccus mallyi (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus mallyi Brain, 1915: 120. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Rosebank, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Misericoccus mallyi; De Lotto, 1967: 11. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Brain1915, BenDov1994], Avena [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, DeLott1958a, DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958a, 1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 235]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121-122]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-99]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-12]; Millar2002 [illustration: 227].



Misericoccus salsolae (Vayssiere)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia salsolae Vayssiere, 1933: 57. Type data: TUNISIA: Oued Mellal Nador, on Salsola vermiculata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Misericoccus salsolae; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Change of combination.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Salsola vermiculata [Vayssi1933, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tunisia [Vayssi1933, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Vayssiere (1933).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 235-236]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 70]; Vayssi1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-59].



Misericoccus sphaericus (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia sphaerica Balachowsky, 1930c: 122. Type data: ALGERIA: Ain-ben-Ouie, on Limoniastrum guyonianium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Misericoccus sphaerica; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Change of combination.



HOST: Plumbaginaceae: Limoniastrum guyonianum [Balach1930c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1930c, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1930c).

CITATIONS: Balach1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-123]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 236]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 70].



Misericoccus tumidus (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia tumida Newstead, 1897b: 168. Type data: ALGERIA: Flemcen, with Camponotus etlii var. concolor. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar.

Misericoccus tumida; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Change of combination.

Misericoccus tumidus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 412. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Newste1897b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1897b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 236]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 70]; Newste1897b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168].



Mizococcus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Mizococcus Takahashi, 1928: 336. Type species: Mizococcus sacchari Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Takahashi (1928) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 100 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 236]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 122]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, description: 336]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 114-115]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 19].



Mizococcus sacchari Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Mizococcus sacchari Takahashi, 1928: 336. Type data: TAIWAN: Kori, on Saccharum officinarum and Miscanthus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Ripersia sacchari; Lindinger, 1932f: 203. Change of combination. Homonym of Ripersia sacchari Green.

Ripersia takahashii Lindinger, 1932f: 203. Replacement name for Ripersia sacchari (Takahashi).

Tychea takahashii; Lindinger, 1943c: 252. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Miscanthus [Takaha1928, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Takaha1928, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1928, Takaha1929, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Takahashi (1929) presented the following observations on the habit of 'This species is completely subterranean in habit, forming a complete sac and is common. A fungus is found in enormous numbers in the sac formed by this insect and the coccid seems to live in symbiotic relation with this fungus...' .

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams D. J. (1970). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: According to Takahashi (1928), this mealybug is very injurious to sugar-cane.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 236]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 203]; Lindin1943c [taxonomy: 252]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 336-338]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution, life history: 44]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 115-116]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-155].



Mollicoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Mollicoccus Williams, 1960: 407. Type species: Mollicoccus guadalcanalanus Williams, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1960), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 17 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 237]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 123]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 508]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description: 407]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 107].



Mollicoccus guadalcanalanus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Mollicoccus guadalcanalanus Williams, 1960: 407. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal, on unidentified tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 107. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Urticaceae: Pipturus argenteus? [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]). Australasian: Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in carton shelters made by ants Iridomyrmex myrmecodiae on the leaves close to the petiole attachment of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 237]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 74]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 508]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 407-409]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109].



Mombasinia De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Mombasinia De Lotto, 1964: 356. Type species: Pseudococcus pulcherimus De Lotto, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 237]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description: 356]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233].



Mombasinia pulcherrima (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pulcherrimus De Lotto, 1961: 226. Type data: KENYA: Mombasa, on Flacourtia indica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Mombasinia pulcherrima; De Lotto, 1964: 356. Change of combination.

Mombasinia pulcherrimus; Ben-Dov, 1994. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtia indica [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 237]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-227]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 356].



Mombasinia superba De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Mombasinia superba De Lotto, 1964a: 135. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Scolopia zeyheri. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Flacourtiaceae: Scolopia zeyheri [DeLott1964a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Infesting the underside of leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 237]; DeLott1964a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-136]; Millar2002 [illustration: 212].



Moystonia Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Moystonia Williams, 1985: 226. Type species: Moystonia neboissi Williams, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (1985) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 41 (female) [Genra of southern Asia]; Williams 1985: 37 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 237]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 37, 226-228]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 440].



Moystonia bambusicola Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Moystonia bambusicola Williams, 2004a: 440. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Sandakan, on Bambusa vulgaris; collected S. Takagi, 30.x.1988. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa vulgaris [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 441-442].



Moystonia neboissi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Moystonia neboissi Williams, 1985: 228. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Moyston, host plant not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: Melbourne: National Museum of Victoria, Victoria, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good decription and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 237]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227, 228].



Mutabilicoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Mutabilicoccus Williams, 1960: 409. Type species: Farinococcus simmondsi Laing, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1960), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 328 (female) [female China ]; Tang 1992: 320 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 19 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1960: 409 (female) [Solomon Islands].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 238]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 328]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description: 409]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 109, 111].



Mutabilicoccus artocarpi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Mutabilicoccus artocarpi Williams, 1960: 409. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Malaita, on aerial roots of Artocarpus incisus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 111. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [Willia1960, BenDov1994], Artocarpus incisa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the aerial roots of the host plants and attended by ants Iridomyrmex myrmecodiae.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 328 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 111 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1960: 409 (female) [Solomon Islands].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 238]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 329]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 409-411]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-112].



Mutabilicoccus simmondsi (Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Farinococcus simmondsi Laing, 1925a: 54. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: New Britain, Kokopo, on coconut. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 112. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Mutabilicoccus simmondsi; Williams, 1960: 411. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Campnosperma brevipetiolata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Areca [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Areca macrocalyx [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cocos nucifera [Laing1925a, Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Elaeis guineensis [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Britain [Laing1925a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Usually attended by ants Iridomyrmex myrmecodiae, Anoploepis longipes,Ocecophylla smaragdina and Pheidole megacephala.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 328 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 111 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1960: 409 (female) [Solomon Islands].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 238]; Laing1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 411-414]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 91]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illusration, host, distribution: 113-115].



Mutabilicoccus vanheurni (Reyne)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eurycoccus vanheurni Reyne, 1961: 159. Type data: INDONESIA: Iryan Jaya, Mindiptana, on Artocarpus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands. Described: female. Illust.

Mutabilicoccus vanheurni; Williams & Watson, 1988a: 115. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Artocarpus [Reyne1961, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Reyne1961, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female given by Reyne (1961) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the first-instar nymph, second-instar female nymph and third-instar female nymph given by Reyne (1961).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 111 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 238]; Reyne1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-166]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-117].



Nairobia De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Nairobia De Lotto, 1964: 356. Type species: Nairobia bifrons De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1964, 1977).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 11 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 163]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 239]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description: 356-357]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, description: 29]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233].



Nairobia bifrons De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Nairobia bifrons De Lotto, 1964: 357. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Linociera battiscombei. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Oleaceae: Lonicera battiscombei [DeLott1964, Afifi1968, BenDov1994], Olea [DeLott1977, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, Afifi1968, BenDov1994]; South Africa [DeLott1977, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by DeLotto (1964). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Afifi (1968).

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-167]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 239]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 357]; DeLott1977 [host, distribution: 29-30]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; Millar2002 [illustration: 213].



Natalensia Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Natalensia Brain, 1915: 90. Type species: Natalensia fulleri Brain, by monotypy and original designation.

Natalensis; De Lotto, 1958a: 84. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Brain (1915).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 240]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description: 91-92]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy: 128]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 128].



Natalensia fulleri Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Natalensia fulleri Brain, 1915: 91. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Pietermaritzburg, on roots of grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Brain1915, DeLott1958a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, DeLott1958a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of grass in the nests of a small red ant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brain (1915) and by De Lotto (1958a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 240]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-93]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-85]; Millar2002 [illustration: 214].



Natalensia nana De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Natalensia nana De Lotto, 1961: 216. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on roots of Themeda triandra. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Themeda triandra [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 240]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-217].



Neoclavicoccus Cohic

NOMENCLATURE:

Neoclavicoccus Cohic, 1959: 88. Type species: Neoclavicoccus ferrisi Cohic, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Cohic (1959) and by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 17 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 241]; Cohic1959 [taxonomy, description: 88]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 130]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 118].



Neoclavicoccus bugnicourti Cohic

NOMENCLATURE:

Neoclavicoccus bugnicourti Cohic, 1959: 90. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: Montagne des Sources, on Baeka sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Baeka [Cohic1959, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [Cohic1959, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Cohic (1959).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 118 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 241]; Cohic1959 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90-91]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy: 118].



Neoclavicoccus ferrisi Cohic

NOMENCLATURE:

Neoclavicoccus ferrisi Cohic, 1959: 88. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: Montagne des Sources, on 'Plante de maquis serpentineux'. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [Cohic1959, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cohic (1959) and by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 118 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 241]; Cohic1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-90]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 118-120].



Neoripersia Kanda

NOMENCLATURE:

Neoripersia Kanda, 1943b: 49. Type species: Ripersia ogasawarensis Kuwana, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Beardsley (1966) and by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Takahashi (1958) indicated that Kanda's (1943b) redescription of Ripersia ogasawarensis Kuwana, 1909, the binomen designated by Kanda as type-species of Neoripersia was a misidentification of Ripersia japonica Kuwana, 1907. This appears to be a case of a misidentified type-species (see ICZN, 1985, Article 70).

KEYS: Tang 1992 (female) [species]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy: 418]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 242]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, description: 132]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 140-141]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 20].



Neoripersia japonica (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia japonica Kuwana, 1907: 186. Type data: JAPAN: Locality not indicated, on Miscanthus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Neoripersia japonica; Kawai, 1980: 115. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Miscanthus [Kuwana1907, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1907, Kuwana1917a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 141 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 242]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 115]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 169]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141-142].



Neoripersia miscanthicola (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus miscanthicola Takahashi, 1937: 70. Type data: TAIWAN: Shinten near Taihoku, on Miscanthus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Neoripersia miscanthicola; Takahashi, 1958: 7. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Miscanthus [Takaha1937, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1937, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the basal part of the stalk.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Takahashi (1937) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 141 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 242]; Takaha1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 70-72]; Takaha1958 [taxonomy: 7]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 142]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20].



Neoripersia ogasawarensis (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia agasawarensis Kuwana, 1909a: 161. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, on Miscanthus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Ripersia (Trionymus) ogasawarensis; Kuwana, 1931b: 164. Justified emendation.

Neoripersia ogasawarensis; Kanda, 1943b: 50. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Miscanthus [Kuwana1909a, Beards1966, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kuwana1909a, Beards1966, KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966).Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Kakwai (1980).

SYSTEMATICS: According to Takahashi (1958) the record of Neoripersia ogasawarensis Kuwana, by Kanda (1943b) was a misidentification of Neoripersia japonica (Kuwana).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 141 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 418-420]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 242-243]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 115]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 15]; Kuwana1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 65]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 143].



Neosimmondsia Laing

NOMENCLATURE:

Neosimmondsia Laing, 1930: 19. Type species: Neosimmondsia hirsuta Laing, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Dfinition and characters by Laing (1930), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tang (1992) and by Hardy (2007).

KEYS: Hardy 2007a: 37 (female) [Species of Neosimmondsia]; Tang 1992: 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region ]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 17 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy: 420]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 243]; Hardy2007a [taxonomy, description: 35-40]; Laing1930 [taxonomy, description: 19]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 133]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 303]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 121].



Neosimmondsia esakii Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Neosimmondsia esakii Takahashi, 1939b: 254. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Ponape, Ronkiti-Paliker, on Coelococcus amicarum and on Pandanus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Coelococcus amicarum [Takaha1939b, BenDov1994], Ponapea ledermanniana [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Takaha1939b, Beards1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Ponape Island [Takaha1939b, Beards1966, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: The inescts were protected in shelters made by the ant Camponotus irritans subsp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1939b). Description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Hardy 2007a: 37 (female) [Species of Neosimmondsia]; Tang 1992: 303 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 121 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 421]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 243]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; Hardy2007a [taxonomy: 37]; Takaha1939b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 254-258]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 303-304].



Neosimmondsia hirsuta Laing

NOMENCLATURE:

Neosimmondsia hirsuta Laing, 1930: 19. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Malayta, on coconut. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 121. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Laing1930, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Laing1930, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Hardy 2007a: 37 (female) [Species of Neosimmondsia]; Tang 1992: 303 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 121 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 243]; Hardy2007a [taxonomy: 37]; Laing1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-20]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 303]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 415-416]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-122].



Neosimmondsia hydnophytum Hardy

NOMENCLATURE:

Neosimmondsia hydnophytum Hardy, 2007a: 37. Type data: FIJI: Viti Levu, 1.75 km SE of waimoque Settlement, 850 meters, ex nest of Phidole sp. Knowlesi complex, ants inside tuber of Hydnophytum; collected P.S. Ward, 28.viii.2006. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA; type no. 15763. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Hydnophytum [Hardy2007a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [Hardy2007a].

BIOLOGY: This mealybug species was collected in nest of Phidole sp. Knowlesi complex, ants inside tuber of Hydnophytum sp. (Hardy, 2007a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hardy (2007a).

KEYS: Hardy 2007a: 37 (female) [Species of Neosimmondsia].

CITATIONS: Hardy2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-40]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 28].



Neotrionymus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Neotrionymus Borchsenius, 1948c: 581. Type species: Neotrionymus monstatus Borchsenius, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1948c, 1949), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Danzig (1980b) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998a: 154 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992 (female) [species]; Danzig 1988: 698 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 75-76 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 87 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 162 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 243]; Borchs1948c [taxonomy, description: 581-582]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description : 162]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110, 189]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, description: 156]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 133]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 20]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-77].



Neotrionymus borchsenii (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus borchsenii Danzig, 1983: 516. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Lazo Reserve, on Koeleria gracilis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Neotrionymus borchsenii; Danzig, 1998a: 154. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Koeleria gracilis [Danzig1983, Koteja1988a, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1983, Koteja1988a, Tang1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1983). Good description of the adult female given by Koteja (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998a: 156 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 128 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 705 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja 1988a: 123 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 56]; Danzig1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 516, 517]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 158]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 137]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 130].



Neotrionymus caudatus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina caudata Borchsenius, 1958: 157. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung Province, Kwangchow, on unidentified grass. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China, and St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Kiritshenkella caudata; Borchsenius, 1960e: 932. Change of combination.

Neotrionymus caudata; Danzig, 1998a: 156. Change of combination.

Neotrionymus caudatus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 412. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Poaceae [Borchs1958, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Borchs1958, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1958).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 101 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Koteja 1988a: 122 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1960e: 932 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1958: 157 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Borchs1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157, 158]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 131, 132]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 101, 102]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17].



Neotrionymus guandunensis (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina guanduensis Borchsenius, 1958: 159. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung Province, Agricultural Institute Kwangchow, on unidentified grass. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China, and St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Kiritshenkella guandunensis; Yang, 1982: 57. Change of combination.

Cannococcus guandunansis; Tang, 1992: 137. Misspelling of species name.

Cannococcus guandunensis; Tang, 1992: 138. Change of combination.

Cannococcus guanduensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 68. Misspelling of species name.

Neotrionymus guanduensis; Danzig, 1998a: 156. Change of combination.

Neotrionymus guanduensis; Danzig, 1998a: 156. Misspelling of species name.

Cannococcus guanduensis; Tao, 1999: 10. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae [Borchs1958, Yang1982, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Borchs1958, Yang1982, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1958). Good description of the adult female given by Koteja (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 137 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Koteja 1988a: 121 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1960e: 932 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1958: 157 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 68]; Borchs1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159, 160]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 133]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 138]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 57].



Neotrionymus kerzhneri Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Neotrionymus kerzhneri Danzig, 1972b: 327. Type data: MONGOLIA: Gobi-Altai Aimak, on Achnatherum splendens. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Achnatherum splendens [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan (Alma Ata Oblast [Danzig1998a], Kzyl Orda Oblast [Danzig1998a]); Mongolia [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1972b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998a: 156 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 144 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 327]; Danzig1972b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 327-328]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 156]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 146].



Neotrionymus monstatus monstatus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia cellulosa; Archangelskaya, 1937: 131. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949.

Ripersia phragmitis; Archangelskaya, 1937: 132. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949.

Neotrionymus monstatus monstatus Borchsenius, 1948c: 582. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Kirovabad, on Phragmites sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 189. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Neotrionymus ibericus Hadzibejli, 1960: 302. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Eastern Georgia, on Digraphis arundinaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980: 189.

Neotrionymus maritimus Borchsenius & Kozarzhevskaya, 1966: 40. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on Phragmites communis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980: 189.

Neotrionymus monstatus monstatus; Tang, 1984b: 124. Misspelling of species name.

Neotrionymus monstarus; Tang & Li, 1988: 26. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Digraphis arundinaceae [Hadzib1960b, BenDov1994], Erianthus purpurascens [MyartsKaPo1995], Phragmites [TerGri1966], Phragmites australis [Danzig1998a], Phragmites communis [BorchsKo1966, Danzig1972b, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, BenDov1994]; China [Tang1984b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]); Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1960b, BenDov1994]); Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Danzig1998a]; Mongolia [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [BorchsKo1966, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1948c, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1948c, BenDov1994, MyartsKaPo1995]; Ukraine (Odessa Oblast [Danzig1998a]); Uzbekistan [Borchs1948c, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius & Kozarzewskaya (1966), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Danzig (1980b), Tang & Li (1988) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

SYSTEMATICS: Tang (1992) listed N. ibericus as a separate species, however, it has been reduced to synonymy by Danzig (1980b).

KEYS: Danzig 1998a: 156 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 144 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 75 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 162 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 131]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 244]; Borchs1948c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 582]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 162-163]; BorchsKo1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38, 40]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 337]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-190]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 156]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 526]; Hadzib1957a [distribution: 100-102]; Hadzib1960b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 302-304]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 35]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 124]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-147, 732]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-27]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 85]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-77]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 222, 282].



Neotrionymus monstatus periolanus Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Neotrionymus monstatus periolanus Goux, 1953a: 1. Type data: ITALY: Periolo, near Lac Majeur, on Festuca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca [Goux1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Goux1953a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1953a). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Goux (1953a). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Goux (1953a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 244]; Goux1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-5].



Neotrionymus swetlanae Bazarov

NOMENCLATURE:

Neotrionymus swetlanae Bazarov, 1981: 262. Type data: KYRGYZSTAN: Terkskii Altay, Tugri-Su, on Calamagrostis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus swelanae; Tang, 1992: 182. Change of combination. Notes: See McKenzie & Williams (1965).

Trionymus swelanae; Tang, 1992: 182. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae: Calamagrostis [Bazaro1981].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Bazaro1981, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1981). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998a: 156 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 153 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Bazarov 1981: 262 (female) [Kirgizia].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262-264]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 245]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 158]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 182].



Neotrionymus yunnanensis (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Kiritshenkella yunnanensis Borchsenius, 1960e: 932. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Neoripersia yunnanensis; Tang, 1992: 143. Change of combination.

Neotrionymus yunannensis; Danzig, 1998a: 156. Change of combination.

Neotrionymus yunannensis; Danzig, 1998a: 156. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae [Borchs1960c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1960e, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1960e). Good description of the adult female given by Koteja (1988a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 141 (female) [China]; Koteja 1988a: 122 (female) [World]; Borchsenius 1960e: 932 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 207]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 932]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 133, 134]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 143, 144]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20].



Nesococcus Ehrhorn

NOMENCLATURE:

Nesococcus Ehrhorn, 1916: 238. Type species: Nesococcus pipturi Ehrhorn, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ehrhorn (1916) and by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 245]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, description: 238-239]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 133]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 149, 274].



Nesococcus pipturi Ehrhorn

NOMENCLATURE:

Nesococcus pipturi Ehrhorn, 1916: 246. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu Island, on Pipturus albidus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Urticaceae: Pipturus albidus [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Ehrhor1916, Beards1959b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the leaves of its host plant, usually found near the midribs.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=12

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 214 (male) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1959b [host, distribution: 55]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 234]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 245]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 246-247]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274-276].



Nesopedronia Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Nesopedronia Beardsley, 1971c: 41. Type species: Pedronia hawaiiensis Ferris, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Beardsley (1971c).

CITATIONS: Beards1971c [taxonomy, description: 41-43]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 245]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 169,213-218].



Nesopedronia acanthocauda (Beardsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia acanthocauda Beardsley, 1957a: 230. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu, Mt. Konahuanui, on Dicranopteris owhyhensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Nesopedronia acanthocauda; Beardsley, 1971c: 44. Change of combination.

Nesopedronia acanthocanda; Nur et al., 1987: 54. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Gleicheniaceae: Dicranopteris owhyhensis [Beards1957a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1957a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: This species was found within the same sort of aborted, rolled-over pinnule tips as were Pedronia dura and P. crypta (Beardsley, 1957a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1957a). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=18

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 213 (male) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-231]; Beards1959b [host, distribution: 39]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219]; Beards1971c [taxonomy: 44]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 245]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 523].



Nesopedronia cibotii (Beardsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia cibotii Beardsley, 1957a: 222. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu, Mt. Tantalus, Manoa Cliff Trail, on Cibotium chamissoni. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Nesopedronia cibotii; Beardsley, 1971c: 43. Change of combination.



HOST: Dicksoniaceae: Cibotium chamissoni [Beards1957a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1957a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: This mealybug was found on the undersurfaces of mature fronds of the host, usually along the midveins of pinnules, near where these joined the midrib of a branch pinna (Beardsley, 1957a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1957a). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=14

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 214 (male) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-224]; Beards1959b [host, distribution: 39]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219-220]; Beards1971c [taxonomy: 43]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 245]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 523].



Nesopedronia crypta (Beardsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia crypta Beardsley, 1957a: 226. Type data: HAWAII: Kauai, on Dicranopteris owhyhensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Nesopedronia crypta; Beardsley, 1971c: 43. Change of combination.



HOST: Gleicheniaceae: Dicranopteris owhyhensis [Beards1957a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1957a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1957a). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 214 (male) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-230]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220-221]; Beards1971c [taxonomy: 43]; BenDov1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 523].



Nesopedronia dura (Beardsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia dura Beardsley, 1957a: 224. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu, Mt. Kaala, on Dicranopteris linearis. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Nesopedronia dura; Beardsley, 1971c: 43. Change of combination.



HOST: Gleicheniaceae: Dicranopteris linearis [Beards1957a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1957a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: The mature mealybugs are found within what appear to be incompletely unrolled pinnule tips (Beardsley, 1957a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsly (1957a).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

CITATIONS: Beards1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224-226]; Beards1971c [taxonomy: 43]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 246]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 523].



Nesopedronia hawaiiensis (Ferris in Zimmerman)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia hawaiiensis Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948: 168. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu, Mount Lanipo, on Gleichenia linearis. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Nesopedronia hawaiiensis; Beardsley, 1971c: 43. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Gleicheniaceae: Dicranopteris emarginata [Beards1959b], Dicranopteris linearis [Beards1957a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found in the tight terminal coils of the fronds of the host (Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948) and by Beardsley (1957a). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=10

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 214 (male) [Hawaii]; Zimmerman 1948: 168 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1957a [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 220-221]; Beards1959b [host, distribution: 39]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-222]; Beards1971c [taxonomy: 43]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 246]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 523]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-169].



Nesticoccus Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Nesticoccus Tang, 1977: 28. Type species: Nesticoccus sinensis Tang, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definitions and characters given by Tang (1992) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 22 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Tang 1992: 33 (female) [China]; Wang 1982TC: 22 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 246]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 144]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description: 28]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 33-34]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 20]; Wu2001 [taxonomy: 46]; WuLu2012 [taxonomy: 30].



Nesticoccus fanjingensis Wu, S.A.

NOMENCLATURE:

Nesticoccus fanjingensis Wu, S.A., 2001: 46. Type data: CHINA: Guizhou, Fanjing Shan, under leaf sheath of bamboo; collected 1 July, 1999, by Wu san-an. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Forestry University, Beijing, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Wu2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guizhou (=Kweichow) [Wu2001]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Wu (2001).

KEYS: Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Wu2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46].



Nesticoccus sinensis Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Nesticoccus sinensis Tang, 1977: 28. Type data: CHINA: Hangzhou, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus nesticoccus Dang & Wang [DangWa2002].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [HendriKo1999], Arundinaria amabilis [Tang1992, BenDov1994], Bambusa [Tang1977, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Wu2001], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Wu2001], Shanghai [Wu2001], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001]). Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Wu2001], Shandong (=Shantung) [Wu2001], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Tang1977, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, Wu2001]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1977). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Nesticoccus sinensis Tang is an important bamboo pest (Xie & Yan, 1983) (Wu, et al., 2012)

KEYS: Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 246]; DangWa2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 289-300]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 144-145]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-29]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 80-81]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 46-47]; Wu2001b [distribution: 251]; WuLuNa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 27].



Nipaecoccus Šulc

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus Šulc, 1945: 1. Type species: Pseudococcus nipae Maskell, by monotypy and original designation. Notes:

Elizabetiella Borchsenius, 1947: 142. Type species: Dactylopius nipae Maskell, by present designation. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1948a: 953.

Calicoccus Balachowsky, 1959: 339. Type species: Calicoccus guazumae Balachowsky, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 236.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1949), Ferris (1950b), Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Williams (1985), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Calicoccus Balachowsky is a subjective synonym of Nipaecoccus, as proposed by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; Williams 2004a: 44 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 442 (female) [Nipaecoccus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 394 (female) [Genera of Korea]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Tang 1992: 320 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 239-242 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 41, 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 19 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 3 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 13 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 229 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 22 (female) [China]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 206 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1955b: 22 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 283 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 103 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 89 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 110]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 67, 246-247]; Borchs1947 [taxonomy, description: 142]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy: 953]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 260]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 53]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 103]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 388]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy: 8]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 394,405]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description: 78-79]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 206]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 32]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 26, 66, 135]; Sulc1945 [taxonomy, description: 1-48]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 332-333]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 20]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 31]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 228-229]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 442]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 41, 43, 236-242]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 122].



Nipaecoccus agathidis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus agathidis Williams, 1985: 229. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, on Agathis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Araucariaceae: Agathis robusta [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 229 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 247]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-231].



Nipaecoccus ankaratrae (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia ankaratrae Mamet, 1954: 38. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Perinet Forestry Station and Ankaratra, on Gramineae and Cyperaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Nipaecoccus ankaratrae; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 258. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae [Mamet1954, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954). The new combination by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) was based on characters of the species as observed in the type-series and as given in Mamet (1954).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 474]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-40]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 258].



Nipaecoccus annonae Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus annonae Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 242. Type data: ST. VINCENT ISLAND: Meyopothomic Valley, on Annona sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [MatileEt2006]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [MatileEt2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guadeloupe [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; San Marino [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 240 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 247]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 180]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242-244].



Nipaecoccus armatus (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriococcus armatus Hempel, 1900a: 383. Type data: BRAZIL: Ypiranga, on Baccharis sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 244. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Erium armatum; Cockerell, 1901k: 180. Change of combination.

Erium luciliae Hempel, 1932: 318. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Itarare, on Lucilia glomerata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IBSP. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 244.

Nipaecoccus armatus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 247. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [GranarScTe1997], Baccharis genistelloides [Hempel1900a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Heterothalamus spartiside [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Lucilia glomerata [Hempel1932, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Condalia lineata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a, Hempel1932, BenDov1994]); Uruguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hempel (1929) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 241 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 247]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution: 98]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383-384]; Hempel1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318-319]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 244-246].



Nipaecoccus aurilanatus (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius aurilanatus Maskell, 1890: 151. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, on Araucaria bidwilli and A. excelsa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pseudococcus aurilanatus; Fernald, 1903b: 97. Change of combination.

Nipaecoccus aurilanatus; Ferris, 1950b: 104. Change of combination.

Erium aurilanatum; Lindinger, 1957: 550. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: golden mealybug [Essig1915a, BrownEa1967, McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Araucariaceae: Agathis [Ferris1918d, McKenz1967, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Agathis ovata [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Agathis vitiensis [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Araucaria [Ferris1918d, BrownEa1967, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Araucaria bidwilli [Maskel1890, Essig1915a, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Araucaria cunninghamii [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Araucaria excelsa [Maskel1890, Essig1915a, McKenz1967, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Araucaria heterophylla [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994] (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [Maskel1890, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: United States of America (California [Essig1915a, Ferris1918d, Ferris1950, McKenz1967, BrownEa1967]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the small branches and young stems of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Cox (1987).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (1985) designated the lectotype from two original slides of Maskell (1890), but Cox (1987) disputed the adequacy of this specimen for this designation.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A fairly common pest in species of Araucaria in southern California (Brown & Eads, 1967).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 229 (female) [Australia]; McKenzie 1967: 206 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 388 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 103 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 247-248]; BrownEa1967 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 15]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-54, 164]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 52]; Doutt1952 [taxonomy, structure: 391-397]; ElliotOhWy1998 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Essig1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance : 125]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 97]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-105]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 550]; Maskel1890 [p. 151]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-207]; Myers1922 [taxonomy: 198]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 231, 232]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88].



Nipaecoccus banksiae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus banksiae Williams, 1985: 233. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Clare, on Banksia marginata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Proteaceae: Banksia integrifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Banksia marginata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Banksia serrata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Banksia spinulosa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Grevillea [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 229 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 248]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232, 233].



Nipaecoccus bolivianus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus bolivianus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 246. Type data: BOLIVIA: El Palmira, Del Oratorio, on Sida sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Parthenium hysterophorus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Sida [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bolivia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 240 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 248]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-248].



Nipaecoccus brasilicus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus brasilicus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 248. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Santo Amargo, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 240 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 248]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-250].



Nipaecoccus cacuminis Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus cacuminis Mamet, 1957: 377. Type data: REUNION: Piton des Neiges, on 'Ambaville'. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [Mamet1957, GermaiMiPa2014]; Tromelin Island [Mamet1957].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1957).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 248]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; Mamet1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376-378].



Nipaecoccus cercidii Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus filamentosus; Ferris, 1921: 82. Misidentification; discovered by Williams & Miller, 2010a.

Nipaecoccus cercidii Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 250. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, San Jose del Cabo, on Cercidium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Cercidium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Ferris (1921) and Ferris (1950b) [as Nipaecoccus filamentosus].

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 239 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 248]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-107]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-252].



Nipaecoccus coffeae (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriococcus coffeae Hempel, 1919: 453. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Campinas and Sao Paulo, on Coffea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Nipaecoccus coffeae; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 252. Change of combination.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 241 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 249]; Hempel1919; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 252-254].



Nipaecoccus compereorum Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus compereorum Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 254. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on wild plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 241 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 249]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 254-256].



Nipaecoccus delassusi (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia delassusi Balachowsky, 1926: 317. Type data: ALGERIA: Massif de l'Edough (Constantine), on Erica arborea. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta, 1992a: 79. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Anomostherium delassusi; Balachowsky, 1932d: lxii. Misspelling of genus name.

Amonostherium delassusi; Balachowsky, 1969: 148. Change of combination.

Nipaecoccus delassusi; Marotta, 1992: 79. Change of combination.



FOES: DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Dicrodyplosis [PanisKr2008]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [PanisKr2008], Leptomastidea bifsciatus (Mayr) [PanisKr2008]. NEUROPTERA Coniopterygidae: Coniopteryx lentiae Aspock & Aspock [PanisKr2008]. Hemerobiidae: Sympherobius pygmaeus [PanisKr2008].

HOSTS: Ericaceae: Erica arborea [Balach1926, Balach1930a, Goux1931, Balach1935b, GomezM1937, Marott1992a, MazzeoLoRu1994, PanisKr2008], Erica tetralix [Balach1931a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1926, Marott1992a, BenDov1994]; Corsica [new]; France [Balach1930a, Balach1931a, Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Italy [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sardinia [LongoMaPe1995]; Spain [Balach1935b, GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Nipaecoccus delassusi (Balachowsky) is found in Corsica and in the Alpes-Maritimes and Var departements, from the Mediterranean Sea to 10-20 km inland, in the scrub on Erica arborea. Ecology and biology of this mealybug and of its natural enemies are studied for the first time. The scale-insect needs of a sunny exposure in spring and early summer, preferring the young and long shoots of E. arborea. It is bisexual, oviparous and monovoltine. Egg-laying is in May-June. It has three larval instars, and the 2nd instar larvae leave the aerial parts of the tree heath in July, then coming back in April of the next year. The Neuropterans Sympherobius pygmaeus Navas (Hemerobiidae), Coniopteryx lentiae Aspöck & Aspöck (Coniopterygidae) and the Dipteran Dicrodiplosis sp. (Cecidomyiidae) are predaceous on eggs, larvae or females. Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) and Leptomastidea bifasciata (Mayr) (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) parasitise the mealybug. The protection of the N. delassusi colonies by the ant Tapinoma erraticum (Latreille) could explain the low number of individuals of each natural-enemies species.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Balachowsky (1969). Description of the adult female given by Gomez-Menor Ortega (1937).

CITATIONS: Balach1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 317-320]; Balach1930a [host, distribution: 180-181]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 101]; Balach1932d [taxonomy, host, distribution: lxiii]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 265]; Balach1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-149]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 249]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 368-371]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 3]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 98]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 202]; PanisKr2008 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 373-380]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120].



Nipaecoccus ericicola (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius ericicola Maskell, 1893b: 232. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, on Erica autumnalis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 233. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pseudococcus ericicola; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.

Nipaecoccus ericicola; Williams, 1985: 233. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Dilleniaceae: Hibbertia linearis [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Erica autumnalis [Maskel1893b, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia melanoxylon [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Dillwynia glaberrima [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Jacksonia scoparia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Pultenaea villosa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Trifolium [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Prostanthera lasianthos [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Westringia fruticosa [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum lanigerum [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Persoonia cornifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea attenuata [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Thymelaeaceae: Pimelea linifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Maskel1893b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 229 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 249]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 53]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 101]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, illustration, host, distribution: 233-237].



Nipaecoccus exocarpi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus exocarpi Williams, 1985: 237. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Doncaster, on Exocarpos cupressiformis. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Santalaceae: Exocarpos cupressiformis [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 229 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 250]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 237, 238].



Nipaecoccus filamentosus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius filamentosus Cockerell, 1893j: 254. Type data: TURKS and CAICOS ISLANDS: South Caicos, on 'a plant resembling Vaccinium'; collected by Dr. Hy. Strachan, June 1892, from Tinsley Collection. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Miller, 2010a: 330. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus filamentosus; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.

Nipaecoccus filamentosus; Ferris, 1950b: 106. Change of combination. Notes: Ferris (1950) first placed the species in Nipaecoccus, but his description also included material of N. viridis and N. cercidii.

Nipaecoccus filamentosus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 250. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Combretaceae: Bucida buceras [WilliaMi2010a]. Moraceae: Ficus sp. [Moghad2013a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [WilliaMi2010a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Haiti [WilliaMi2010a]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaMi2010a]); Turks and Caicos Islands [Cocker1893n, WilliaMi2010a]. Palaearctic: Iran [Moghad2013a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Miller (2010a). The descriptions and illustrations of the adult female, under the name Nipaecoccus filamentosus (Cockerell), by Morrison (1920), Ferris (1950b), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and others were primarily of species different from N. filamentosus and were based on at least partial misidentifications.

SYSTEMATICS: Williams & Miller (2010a) critically revised the taxonomic identity of the mealybug Nipaecoccus filamentosus (Cockerell), its geographical distribution and host plants. These authors concluded that N. filamentosus is a local species presently (in 2010) known only from the Turks and Caicos Islands, Haiti, and from Puerto Rico in the Caribbean area. This mealybug has been listed in error from the Bahamas and from Mexico and the mealybug name was wrongly applied to a similar species now known as Nipaecoccus viridis (Maskell). Furthermore, the name Dactylopius filamentosus, as first applied by Cockerell, has been recorded in error from various localities in the Old World because of erroneous synonymy early in the 19th century.

KEYS: Williams & Miller 2010a (female) [Key to Nipaecoccus species in Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 250]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-78]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 138]; Cocker1893j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1893n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 268]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 101]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-107]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Hall1937 [host, distribution: 126-127]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 66]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 10]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333-334]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20]; Tinsle1900 [taxonomy, description: 64-65]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 134, 137]; VaissaFr2001 [host, economic importance: 41-43]; Valles1965 [biological control: 259-279]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 428]; Vayssi1913 [taxonomy: 428]; Vayssi1932a [economic importance, biological control: 629-649]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 256-257]; WilliaMi2010a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 326-331]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 5,43]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 51].



Nipaecoccus filicis Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus filicis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 257. Type data: MEXICO: Puebla, near Teziutlan, on a fern. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pteridophyta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 241 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 250]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-259].



Nipaecoccus floridensis Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus floridensis Beardsley, 2001: 54. Type data: USA: Florida, Daytona Beach, on Acoelorrhaphe wightii; collected 20.4.1967 by John N. Pott. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Arecaceae: Acoelorrhaphe wrightii [Beards2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Beards2001]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Beardsley (2001).

CITATIONS: Beards2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-56].



Nipaecoccus gilli Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus gilli Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 259. Type data: MEXICO: locality not indicated, on a tree 'Sapotilo', possibly Manilkara zapota. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araceae: Dieffenbachia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 240 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 250]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259-261].



Nipaecoccus graminiellus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus gramniellus Mamet, 1962: 169. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Road to Ambalavao, on Gramineae. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Nipaecoccus graminiellus; Mamet, 1967: 61. Justified emendation.



HOST: Poaceae [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 251-252]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustraion, host, distribution: 169-171]; Mamet1967 [taxonomy: 61].



Nipaecoccus graminis (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius graminis Maskell, 1891b: 353. Nomen nudum.

Dactylopius graminis Maskell, 1892: 36. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pseudococcus graminis; Fernald, 1903b: 102. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus natalensis Brain, 1915: 100. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Tongaat and Pietermaritzburg, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1958: 209.

Trionymus natalensis; Laing, 1929a: 470. Change of combination.

Nipaecoccus graminis Williams, 1958: 209.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Brain1915, BenDov1994], Agrostis [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Oryza sativa [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Sporobolus indicus [MunroFo1936, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; South Africa [Maskel1892, Brain1915, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Uganda [Laing1929a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brain (1915) and by Williams (1958).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 251]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-103]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 54]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 102]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 470-471]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36]; MunroFo1936 [host, distribution: 93]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-211]; Willia1970DJ [host, distribution: 157-158].



Nipaecoccus guazumae (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Calicoccus guazumae Balachowsky, 1959: 340. Type data: COLOMBIA: Cali Valley, Cauca, on Guazuma ulmifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Nipaecoccus guazumae; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 261. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Cordia gerascanthus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia farnesiana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inga [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Machaerium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pithecellobium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus mitropha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma ulmifolia [Balach1959, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Balach1959, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008, Kondo2008a]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1959) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 240 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: Balach1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-341]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 251]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 38]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 180]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 261-263].



Nipaecoccus hystricosus (Cockerell & Bueker)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus hystricosus Cockerell & Bueker, 1930a: 4. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Jenolan, under stones. Holotype female. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female.

Nipaecoccus hystricosus; Williams, 1985: 237. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [CockerBu1930a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found under stones.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 229 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 251]; CockerBu1930a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-6]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distrtibution: 237, 239, 240].



Nipaecoccus jacarandae Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus jacarandae Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 261. Type data: BRAZIL: Parana, Curitiba, on Jacaranda sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Parana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 240 (female) [Central and South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 251]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 261, 264, 265].



Nipaecoccus jonmartini Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus jonmartini Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 265. Type data: PANAMA: Darien, Ensenada del Guayabo, nr Jaque, on Costus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Costaceae: Costus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Inga [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Psidium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Piper tuberculatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Isertia hypoleuca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Nephelium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Cecropia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 240 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 252]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265-268].



Nipaecoccus kosztaraborum Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus kosztaraborum Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 268. Type data: COSTA RICA: Vulcan Poas (2700 m), on Clusia odorata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Clusia odorata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Psittacanthus calyculatus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 241 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 252]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-270].



Nipaecoccus kuduyaricus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus kuduyaricus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 270. Type data: COLOMBIA: Kuduyari, on Theobroma subincatum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Theobroma subincatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 240 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 252]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribtuion: 36]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 270-272].



Nipaecoccus ledi (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus ledi Cockerell, 1911: 217. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Sand Lake, on Ledum groenlandicum. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: female.

Erium ledi; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Nipaecoccus ledi; Ferris, 1953a: 389. Change of combination.



HOST: Ericaceae: Ledum groenlandicum [Cocker1911, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New York [Cocker1911, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 206 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 388 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 252]; Cocker1911 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 217]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-390]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 8]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 86].



Nipaecoccus lycii Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus lycii Tang, 1992: 597. Type data: CHINA: Ningxia, on Lycium chinense. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Solanaceae: Lycium chinense [Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 252]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 597, 733]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20].



Nipaecoccus maireanae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus maireanae Williams, 1985: 240. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Glen Osmond, on Maireana sedifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Maireana sedifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 229 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 253]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-242].



Nipaecoccus mendozinus (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus mendozinus Leonardi, 1911a: 21. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Hyalis [=Plazia] argentata. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992.

Nipaecoccus mendozinus; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 272. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Plazia argentea [Leonar1911, Leonar1911a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Leonar1911, Leonar1911a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) but it was not based on the original material.

SYSTEMATICS: On page 255 of a reprinted-copy of Leonardi (1911a), this species was also indicated "n. sp.".

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 253]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 255-256]; Leonar1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-22]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 86]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 272].



Nipaecoccus mituensis Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus mituensis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 272. Type data: COLOMBIA: near Mitu, on Melastomataceae. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Melastomataceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 242 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 253]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 272-274].



Nipaecoccus morondavae Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus morondavae Mamet, 1962: 171. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Morondave, S. Befasy Forest, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 253]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-173].



Nipaecoccus neogaeus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus neogaeus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 274. Type data: TRINIDAD: Waller Field, on Clidemia hirta. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Inga [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Melastomataceae: Clidemia hirta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma bicolor [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 240 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 253]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 38]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274-277]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88].



Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius nipae Maskell, 1893b: 232. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, on Nipa fruticans. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Dactylopius pseudonipae Cockerell, 1897f: 302. Type data: U.S.A.: California, on palm leaves. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 109. Notes: Type material probably lost according to Ben-Dov and Matile-Ferrero (1995); synonymy also by Ben-Dov and Matile-Ferrero (1995: 248).

Ripersia serrata Tinsley, 1900: 66. Type data: TRINIDAD: Port of Spain, on a creeping vine. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 277. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 391.

Pseudococcus nipae; Cockerell, 1902p: 252. Change of combination.

Dactylopius dubia Maxwell-Lefroy, 1903: 264. Nomen nudum.

Pseudococcus pseudonipae; Fernald, 1903b: 108. Change of combination.

Ceroputo nipae; Lindinger, 1924: 179. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus magnoliae Hambleton, 1935: 110. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Magnolia grandiflora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Costa Lima, 1939: 2.

Ripersia nipae; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1937: 366. Change of combination.

Nipaecoccus nipae; Šulc, 1945: 1. Change of combination.

Nipaecoccus pseudonipae; Beardsley, 1960: 235. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: buff coconut mealybug [CaasiLLiLa2012]; cochonilha-algodao-amarelo [CarvalAg1997]; coconut mealybug [McKenz1967, Bartle1978e]; kentia mealybug [Essig1915a]; Kentia mealybug.



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Anopholepis gracilipes (Fabricius) [CaasiLLiLa2012], Dolichoderus thorcicus (Smith) [CaasiLLiLa2012], Solenopsis geminata (Jerdon) [CaasiLLiLa2012]. HYMNENOPTERA Formicidae: Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius [CaasiLLiLa2012].

FOES: Chrysopidae: Mallada basalis (Walker) [CaasiLLiLa2012]. Hemerobiidae: Micromus igorotus [CaasiLLiLa2012]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Curinus coeruleus Mulsant [Moore1988], Hyperaspis silvestrii Weise [Moore1988], Scymnus roseicollis Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Zilus viridimicans Sic. [BennetSi1964]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Pseudaphycus utilis Timberlake [Moore1988].

HOSTS: Agavaceae: Dracaena [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Dracaena draco [Balach1927, CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Yucca elephantipes [Balach1927, BenDov1994]. Alismataceae: Echinodorus palaefolius [CaasiLLiLa2012]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Balach1957c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rhus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimola [LincanHoCa2010], Annona muricata [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HodgsoLa2011], Annona reticulata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Annona squamosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CaasiLLiLa2012], Polyalthia longifolia [CaasiLLiLa2012]. Araceae: Aglaonema [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Anthurium [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994], Anthurium acaule [GomezM1937, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Epipremnum aureum [CaasiLLiLa2012], Epipremnum pinnatum [HodgsoLa2011], Monstera [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Philodendron pinnatifidum [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae [HodgsoLa2011], Archontophoenix alexandri [CaasiLLiLa2012], Areca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Areca bambu [Hempel1929, BenDov1994], Arecastrum romanzoffianum [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Arenga sacharifera [Balach1927, BenDov1994], Calyptrogyne [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Chamaedorea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Chamaerops excelsa [Balach1927, BenDov1994], Cocos nucifera [Willia1962, GomezM1967O, CarnerPe1986, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cotypha utan [CaasiLLiLa2012], Elaeis guineensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gronophyllum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hyophorbe verschaffeltii [CaasiLLiLa2012], Kentia [CarnerPe1986], Kentia belmoriana [Neves1935, BenDov1994], Kentia forestriana [Neves1935, BenDov1994], Kentiopsis [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Latania bourbonica [Bodenh1953a], Livingstonia sinensis [Balach1927, BenDov1994], Livistona rotundifolia [CaasiLLiLa2012], Nypa fruticans [Maskel1893b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pritchardia [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Ptychosperma [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rhapis humilis [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Sabal [Willia1962, BenDov1994]. Aristolochiaceae: Pinanga copelandii [CaasiLLiLa2012]. Barringtoniaceae: Barringtonia speciosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bombacaceae: Bombacopsis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Chorisia speciosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas sativus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tillandsia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cannaceae: Canna [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Caricaceae: Papaya [Balach1957c, BenDov1994]. Chrysobalanaceae: Chrysobalanus icaca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum calaba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Vismia latifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Costaceae: Costus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Costus malortianus [CaasiLLiLa2012], Costus speciosus [CaasiLLiLa2012]. Cyclanthaceae: Carludovica palmata [Neves1935, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Dilleniaceae: Curatella americana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tetracera portobellensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Alchornea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Inga [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Machaerium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pithecellobium glomeratum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sweetia dasycarpus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Hypoxidaceae: Curculigo recurvata [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Aloe ciliaris [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Asparagus sporangia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus philippinensis [CaasiLLiLa2012]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [Green1908, BenDov1994], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [LincanHoCa2010]. Melastomataceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, HodgsoLa2011], Artocarpus communis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Castilloa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus benghalensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ficus carica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus elastica [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994], Morus [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musacae: Musa ornata [CaasiLLiLa2012]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Strelitzia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus camaldulensis [CaasiLLiLa2012], Pimenta dioica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Psidium [Hempel1929, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [Zimmer1948, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008]. Oleaceae: Olea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae: Pleurothallis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Freycinetia multiflora [CaasiLLiLa2012], Pandanus [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Guadua angustifolia [CaasiLLiLa2012]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Roupala montana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Vayssi1955], Hamelia patens [MartinBlSu2005], Straussia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CarvalAg1997]. Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum oliviforme [CaasiLLiLa2012]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [Green1908, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Cola acuminata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Herrania nitida [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sterculia urens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Theobroma bicolor [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [KondoRaVe2008], Theobroma grandiflora [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Theobroma subincatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Strelitziaceae: Ravenala madagascanensis [CaasiLLiLa2012], Strelitzia augusta [Balach1927, BenDov1994]. Styracaceae: Styrax ferrugineus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Luehea seemannii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Urera [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Petrea erecta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tectona grandis [MartinBlSu2005]. Vitaceae: Vitis [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia nutans [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Alpinia purpurata [CaasiLLiLa2012], Zingiber [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [HodgsoLa2011]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1960, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a]). Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Essig1915a, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004], Florida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Louisiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Barbuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil (Parana [CABI1966b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sao Paulo [Hempel1929, BenDov1994]); Colombia [Figuer1952, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008, Kondo2008a]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MartinBlSu2005]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [Schmut1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [LincanHoCa2010]; Grenada [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [Maskel1893b, BenDov1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Nicaragua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [McKenz1967, Martor1976, BenDov1994]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Saint Kitts [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Lucia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Suriname [CABI1966b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [CABI1966b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: India (Kerala [JosephRaMo2012], West Bengal [Green1908a, BenDov1994]); Pakistan [CABI1966d, BenDov1994]; Philippines [MuniapShWa2011] (Cebu [CaasiLLiLa2012], Leyte [CaasiLLiLa2012], Luzon [CaasiLLiLa2012], Mindanao [CaasiLLiLa2012], Mindoro [CaasiLLiLa2012], Negros [CaasiLLiLa2012], Palawan [CaasiLLiLa2012]); Vietnam [CABI1966b, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1927, BenDov1994]; Azores [FrancoRuMa2011]; Canary Islands [GomezM1967O, CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001]; China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1990, BenDov1994]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001]); Hungary [KosztaKo1978, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [Balach1939, CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1974b, Dziedz1990, BenDov1994]; Portugal [Neves1935, Seabra1942, BenDov1994]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997, BenDov1994]; South Korea [Paik1978, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003a]; Spain [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994, KaydanUlEr2007]; United Kingdom (England [Green1917a, BenDov1994, MalumpBa2012] (Currently restricted to indoor plantings at The Eden Project, Cornwall), Scotland [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hempel (1929), Neves (1935), Gomez-Menor Ortega (1937), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Borchsenius (1949), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Paik (1978), Zahradnik (1990), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male by Beardsley (1960) and by Afifi (1968). Colour photographs in Caasi-Lit (2012).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of the general appearance of the adult female given by Carvalho & Aguiar (1997).

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (adult, female) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams 2004a: 442 (female) [Nipaecoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 240 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1985: 229 (female) [Australia]; McKenzie 1967: 206 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1960: 212 (male) [Hawaii]; Ferris 1953a: 388 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 103 (female) [North America]; Zimmerman 1948: 176 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1361]; Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-118]; AltierNi1999 [biological control: 919-933]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 145, 146]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 234-235]; Beards2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-57]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 253-255]; Bennet1955 [distribuition, biological control: 413-416]; Bennet1974 [biological control: 87-96]; BennetSi1964 [biological control: 81-94]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 119]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 260-262]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 182]; CaasiLLiLa2012 [distribution, host, ecology, illustration: 47-56]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 53-54]; CarvalAg1997 [life history, economic importance, description, host, distribution: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 138]; Cocker1897 [taxonomy, description: 200]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 8]; DanzigGa2014 [illustration: 13]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 54]; DenninDu1954 [chemical control: 310-316]; Dinthe1958 [host, distribution, economic importance: 421]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Dziedz1990 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36]; Essig1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 132]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-111]; Ferris1953a [host, distribution: 391]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 205]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 19,25]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 366-368]; GomezM1967O [host, distribution: 134]; HansenHaCh1991 [chemical control, economic importance: 532-536]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hempel1929 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61]; HernanRoDa2005 [biological control: 29-34]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 143]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 8]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description: 56, 57]; JosephRaMo2012 [behaviour, distribution: 1-3]; KaydanCaUl2013 [economic importance: 169]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 38]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 405-406]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; LitCaLa2006 [host, distribution, economic importance: 11-18]; Malump2012b [distribution, host, illustration: 208,211,213]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 30]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 94]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 14-261]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 180]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 194]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-211]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212, 216]; MuniapShWa2011 [distribution: 168]; Neves1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; Pember1964 [host, distribution: 689]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; Seabra1942 [distribution: 2]; Sulc1945 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-48]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 334-335, 734]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20-21]; Tinsle1900 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 66, 67]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; Vayssi1932a [economic importance, biological control: 629-648]; Vayssi1955 [host, distribution]; WheeleHe2005 [life history, ecology: 209-213]; Willia1962 [host, distribution: 31]; Willia1978a [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 242]; Willia1986c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 52]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 442-445]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 277-280]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, illustration: 83, 84, 86]; Yang2006 [biological control: 127-129]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176, 229-235].



Nipaecoccus paranipae Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus paranipae Beardsley, 2001: 56. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu Island, Punahou, Honolulu, on Areca sp. probably lutescens; collected 31.3.1966 by S.H. Au. Holotype. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Arecaceae: Areca [Beards2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu [Beards2001]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and partial illustration by Beardsley (2001).

CITATIONS: Beards2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-57].



Nipaecoccus passlowi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus passlowi Williams, 1985: 242. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Lamington National Park, on Baloghia lucida. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Baloghia lucida [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Flindersia brayleyana [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 229 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 255]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242-244].



Nipaecoccus percerosus (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus percerosus Leonardi, 1911a: 20. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Gourliea decorticans. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992.

Nipaecoccus percerosus; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 280. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Gourliea decorticans [Leonar1911, Leonar1911a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Leonar1911, Leonar1911a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) but it was not based on original material of this species.

SYSTEMATICS: On page 254 of a reprinted-copy of Leonardi (1911a), this species was also indicated "n. sp.".

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 241 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 255]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 254]; Leonar1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 86]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-282].



Nipaecoccus pitkini Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus pitkini Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 282. Type data: TRINIDAD: Maracas Valley, on Theobroma cacao. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 240 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 255]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 282-284].



Nipaecoccus pseudofilamentosus (Betrem)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pseudofilamentosus Betrem, 1937: 78. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Poenten and Estate Kalisat, on Citrus sp., Erythrina sp. and Coffea arabica. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material apparently lost.

Nipaecoccus pseudofilamentosus; Williams, 2004a: 445. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Erythrina [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Betrem1937, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Betrem (1937).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 408]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-79]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 445].



Nipaecoccus purpureus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus purpureus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 284. Type data: ARGENTINA: Santiago del Estero, Caspi Corral, on Baccharis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Baccharis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Santiago del Estero [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 241 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 255]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 284-286].



Nipaecoccus rusticus (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus rusticus Hempel, 1932: 316. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Santo Amaro, on 'plante sylvestre'. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: IBSP, and Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil. Described: female.

Erium rusticus; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Nipaecoccus rusticus; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 286. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1932, BenDov1994]).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) transferred the species to Nipaecoccus but did not redescribe it due to the poor condition of available specimen.

CITATIONS: Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 316-317]; Lindin1935a [host, distribution: 122]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 286].



Nipaecoccus scrobicularum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius scrobicularum Green, 1896: 8. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Elaeocarpus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 445. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pseudococcus scrobicularum; Fernald, 1903b: 109. Change of combination.

Nipaecoccus scrobicularum; Williams, 2004a: 445. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus [Green1896, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Humboldtia laurifolia [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1896, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Green (1922) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 442 (female) [Nipaecoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 410]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 109]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 344]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 60]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 443-447].



Nipaecoccus shillongensis Khalid & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus shillongensis Khalid & Shafee, 1988a: 52. Type data: INDIA: Meghalaya, Shillong, on undetermined shrub. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [KhalidSh1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Khalid & Shafee (1988a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 256]; KhalidSh1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52-53]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 448].



Nipaecoccus vectis Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Nipaecoccus vectis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 286. Type data: COSTA RICA: Vulcan Trazu, on Alnus jorullensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Betulaceae: Alnus jorullensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Piper imperiale [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 241 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 256]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 286-288].



Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius viridis Newstead, 1894c: 5. Type data: INDIA: Madras, Nungumbaukum, on Hygrophila spinosa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 244. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Dactylopius vastator Maskell, 1895b: 65. Type data: SANDWICH ISLANDS [= HAWAII]: Honolulu, on Citrus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Ali, 1970a: 113.

Pseudococcus albizziae; Kirkaldy, 1902: 103. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus vastator; Kirkaldy, 1902: 103. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus viridis; Fernald, 1903b: 112. Change of combination.

Dactylopius perniciosus Newstead & Willcocks, 1910: 138. Type data: EGYPT: Cairo, on Albizia lebbek. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 244. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Zimmerman, 1948: 245.

Pseudococcus solitarius Brain, 1915: 104. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Acacia spp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1958a: 110.

Ripersia theae Rutherford, 1915: 111. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on branches of tea, Camellia sinensis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1999: 91. Type depository: Paradeniya: Horticultural Crop Research and Development Institute, Sri Lanka. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1999: 91.

Pseudococcus perniciosus Newstead, 1920: 179. Type data: UGANDA: Kabete, on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1958: 220. Homonym of Pseudococcus perniciosus Newstead and Willcocks.

Pseudococcus filamentosus corymbatus Green, 1922: 379. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kandy, on Breynia patens. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 244. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1958: 212.

Trionymus sericeus James, 1936: 203. Type data: KENYA: Kitale, on Coffea arabica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 244. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1958: 212.

Pseudococcus theae; Green, 1937: 294. Change of combination.

Nipaecoccus vastator; Ferris, 1950b: 103. Change of combination.

Nipaecoccus viridis; Ali, 1970a: 113. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: karoo thorn mealybug [BenDov1994]; Karoo thorn mealybug [BenDov1994]; lebbeck mealybug [Bartle1978e, BenDov1994]; Lebbeck mealybug; spherical mealybug [BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997].



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Camponotus compressus Fabr. [SharmaSu2011], Crematogaster sp. [SharmaSu2011], Meranoplus sp. [SharmaSu2011], Oecophylla smaragdina Fabr. [SharmaSu2011], Technomyrmex albipes Smith [SharmaSu2011], Tetraponera rufonigra Jerdon [SharmaSu2011]. HYMNENOPTERA Formicidae: Myrmicaria brunnea Sanders [SharmaSu2011].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus haematocephalus Sicard, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [SharafMe1987], Exochomus melanocephalus (Zoubkoff) [FallahAbSa2013], Exochomus nigripennis Er. [SharafMe1987], Hyperaspia polita [Moghad2013, FallahAbSa2013], Hyperaspip maindroni Sicard [SinhaSaDi1985], Hyperaspis pumila Mulsant [SharafMe1987], Nephus [SinhaSaDi1985], Nephus [SharafMe1987], Nephus bipunctatus Kug. [SharafMe1987], Nephus regularis Sic. [SharafMe1987], Nephus roepki Fluiter [SharafMe1987], Nephus sp nr fenestratus [Moghad2013], Nephus (Bipunctatus) includens (Kirsch) [Moghad2013, FallahAbSa2013], Nephus (Geminosipho) fenestratus Sahlberg [FallahAbSa2013], Scymnus [SharafMe1987], Scymnus fuscatus Boh. [SharafMe1987], Scymnus near subvillosus Gze. [SharafMe1987], Scymnus (Pullus) coccidivora [SharafMe1987], Scymnus (Pullus) syriacus Mars. [SharafMe1987], Scymnus (Scymnus) nubilus Mulsant [FallahAbSa2013], Stethorus ? punctillum Weise [SharafMe1987]. Nitidulidae: Cybocephalus [SharafMe1987]. DIPTERA Cecicomyidae: Diadiplosis coccidivora (Felt) [Barnes1930]. Cecidomyiidae: Diadiplosis koebelei Koebele [SharafMe1987], Dicrodiplosis [SinhaSaDi1985], Dicrodiplosis [SharafMe1987], Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harris [FallahShOs2008a], Dicrodiplosis near pseudococci Felt [SharafMe1987], Dicrodiplosis pseudococci Felt [SharafMe1987]. Drosophilidae [SinhaSaDi1985], Cacoxenus [SharafMe1987], Cacoxenus (Gitonides) multidentatus Tsacas & Chassagnard [TsacasCh1999], Gitona perspicax [SharafMe1987], Leucopis (Indoleucopis) luteicornis Malloch [SharafMe1987]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus [SharafMe1987], Coccophagus cowperi Girault [SharafMe1987], Coccophagus perthispidis Girault [SharafMe1987], Coccophagus pseudococci Compere [SharafMe1987], Marietta leopardiana Motschulsky [AbdRab2001d], Promuscidea unfaciativentris Girault [Ali1968, SinhaSaDi1985]. Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus [SharafMe1987], Achrysopophagus aegyptiacas Mercet [SharafMe1987], Achrysopophagus io Girault [SharafMe1987], Alamella flava Agarwal [SharafMe1987], Alamella flava Agarwal [ChackoSi1980], Anagyrus aegyptiacus Moursi [SharafMe1987, Moore1988, AbdRab2001d], Anagyrus agraensis Saraswat [BeardsTr2002], Anagyrus aligarhensis Agarwal & Alam [Moghad2013], Anagyrus almoriensis Shafee et al. [SharafMe1987], Anagyrus aurantifrons Compere [LePell1959], Anagyrus dactylopii Howard [SharafMe1987, Moore1988], Anagyrus gunturiensis Shafee et al. [SharafMe1987], Anagyrus indicus Shafee et al. [SharafMe1987], Anagyrus mirzai Agarwal [SharafMe1987], Anagyrus nigroradictatus Subba Roa & Rai [SharafMe1987], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [SharafMe1987, AbdRab2001d], Anagyrus scutomacutalus Agarwal [SharafMe1987], Aphycus dactylopii Howard [Trjapi1989], Cerchysius laticeps Kerrich [SinhaSaDi1985], Chartocerus subaeneus (Foerster) [AbdRab2001d], Cheiloneurus albituniculus Hayat et al. [SharafMe1987], Coccidencyrtus [SharafMe1987], Echtroplexis terebratus Hayat et al. [SharafMe1987], ELeptomastidea alleni Noyes & Hayat, Gyranusoidea indica Shafee et al. [SharafMe1987], Homalotylus [SharafMe1987], Homalotylus albiclavatus Agarwal [SharafMe1987], Homalotylus flaminis Agarwal [SharafMe1987], Homalotylus nigritus Agarwal [SharafMe1987], Homalotylus nigritus Agarwal [SharafMe1987], Homalotylus nipaecocci Subba Rao [SinhaSaDi1985], Leptomastidea alleni Noyes & Hayat [FallahShOs2008], Leptomastix [SharafMe1987], Leptomastix dactylopii Howard [Moore1988], Leptomastix flava Mercet [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastix gunturensis Shafee [SharafMe1987], Leptomastix longicornis Khan & Shafee [FallahJaAb2014], Leptomastix nigrocoxalis Compere [SharafMe1987, AbdRab2001d], Leptomastix phenacocci Compere [SharafMe1987, Moore1988], Neodiscodes indicus Narayanan & Subba Rao [SharafMe1987], Prochiloneurus [SharafMe1987], Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus Mercet [SharafMe1987], Prochiloneurus albifuniculus Shafee et al. [SharafMe1987], Prochiloneurus hayati Shafee et al. [SharafMe1987], Prochiloneurus indicus Shafee et al. [SharafMe1987], Prochiloneurus insolitis Alam [SharafMe1987], Prochiloneurus io Girault [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus testaceus Agarwal [SharafMe1987], Protyndarichus albiclavatus Shafee et al. [SharafMe1987]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus [SinhaSaDi1985], Tetrastichus [SharafMe1987]. Eupelmidae: Anastatus [SharafMe1987]. Euryischidae: Euryischomyia alami Shafee [SharafMe1987]. Miscogasteridae [SharafMe1987]. Pteromalidae: Habrocytus [SharafMe1987], Pachryneuron muscarum (L.) [Moghad2013], Pachyneuron [SharafMe1987], Promuscidea unfaciativentris Girault [SharafMe1987]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus fimbriae [SharafMe1987], Chartocerus hyalipennis [SharafMe1987], Chartocerus kerrichi Man Mohan [SharafMe1987], Chartocerus kurdjumovi Nicol's Kaja [SharafMe1987]. Thysanidae: Thysanus [SharafMe1987]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa [SharafMe1987], Chrysopa carnea Steph. [SharafMe1987], Chrysoperla carnea [ZakeriZiFa2009].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Acanthus ilicifolius [Willia2004a], Avicennia officinalis [Moghad2013a], Hygrophila [Varshn1992], Hygrophila erecta? [SharafMe1987], Hygrophila spinosa [Newste1894, Ali1967a, Ali1970a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Peristrophe bicalyalata [Willia2004a], Sanchezia noblis [Willia2004a]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, KinjoNaHi1996, SharafMe1987, Willia2004a]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [SharafMe1987, Willia2004a]. Apocynaceae: Beaumontia [Varshn1992], Beaumontia grandiflora [SharafMe1987], Holarrhena [Varshn1992], Nerium indicum [SharafMe1987], Nerium odorum [Ali1967a, SharafMe1987], Nerium oleander [Beccar1971, Matile1988, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Nerium oleander [Hall1923, Matile1988, BenDov1994, SharafMe1987], Plumeria acutifolia [Willia2004a], Trachelospermum [Varshn1992], Trachelospermum lucidum [SharafMe1987]. Araceae: Cocos nucifera [Willia2004a]. Araliaceae: Schefflera sp. [BenDov2012]. Arecaceae: Phoenix dactylifera [SharafMe1987]. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum [AbdulR1970], Chrysanthemum [SharafMe1987], Helianthus [Varshn1992], Tagetes erecta [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda mimosifolia [Hall1923, BenDov1994, SharafMe1987], Spathodea campanulata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tabebuia pentaphylla [SharafMe1987], Tecoma grandiflora [Willia2004a]. Cactaceae: Opuntia [Varshn1992, SharafMe1987]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [SharafMe1987]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarinia [Ali1967a, Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Casuarinia equisetifolia [SharafMe1987, Willia2004a]. Cucurbitaceae [WilliaMa2005a], Cucumis [Varshn1992], Cucumis sativus [Ali1967a, SharafMe1987], Luffa [Varshn1992], Luffa aegyptiaca [SharafMe1987, Willia2004a]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Varshn1992], Diospyros lotus? [SharafMe1987]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha indica [SharafMe1987], Breynia [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Breynia patens? [Green1937, Ali1967a, BenDov1994, SharafMe1987], Emblica [Varshn1992], Emblica offinalis [Ali1967a], Euphorbia [Varshn1992], Euphorbia hirta [Ali1957a, Ali1967a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, SharafMe1987], Euphorbia prostrata? [SharafMe1987], Glochidion rubrum [Willia2004a], Jatropha curcs [Willia2004a], Jatropha gossypifolia [SharafMe1987], Jatropha integerrima [SharafMe1987], Manihot esculenta [SharafMe1987], Phyllanthus [Varshn1992], Phyllanthus amarus [SharafMe1987], Phyllanthus emblica [SharafMe1987, Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Abrus [Varshn1992], Abrus precatorius [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Acacia [Brain1915, James1933a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Acacia arabica [Ali1967a, BenDov1994, SharafMe1987, Willia2004a], Acacia modesta [SharafMe1987, Willia2004a], Albizia [James1933a, BenDov1994], Albizia falcataria [SharafMe1987], Albizia lebbek [SharafMe1987], Arachis hypogaea [Willia2004a], Caesalpinia [Green1922, Ali1967a, Varshn1992, SharafMe1987], Cajanus [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [Ali1967a, SharafMe1987], Cajanus indicus [SharafMe1987], Ceratonia [SharafMe1987], Cicer arietinum [Willia2004a], Dalbergia [Varshn1992], Dalbergia sissoo [Ali1957a, Ali1967a, SharafMe1987], Desmodium [Green1922, Ali1967a, Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Erythria indica [Willia2004a], Glycine max [SharafMe1987, Willia2004a], Leucaena insularum guamensis [SharafMe1987], Leucaena lecocephala [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Phaseolus aureus [Willia2004a], Pithecellobium [Varshn1992], Pithelobium [SharafMe1987], Prosopis spicigera [Moghad2013a], Psophocarpus tetragonolobus [SharafMe1987], Tamarindus [Reyne1961, BenDov1994], Tamarindus indica [SharafMe1987, Willia2004a], Tephrosia [Varshn1992, Willia2004a]. Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtia [Varshn1992], Flacourtia inermis [Willia2004a]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987]. Lamiaceae: Leucas aspera [Willia2004a], Ocimum sanctum [Willia2004a], Salvia splendens [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [SharafMe1987]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Asparagus densiflorus [SharafMe1987], Asparagus officinalis [SharafMe1987], Asparagus sprengeri [AbdulR1970]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus [Varshn1992], Abelmoschus esculens [Ali1967a, Ali1968, SharafMe1987, BenDov1994], Althaea rosea [SharafMe1987, Matile1988, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Gossypium [James1933a, Ali1967a, SharafMe1987, WilliaWa1988a, GhoshGh1989, Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Gossypium herbaceaum [Willia2004a], Gossypium hirsutum [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Hibiscus manihot [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Hibiscus syriacus [SharafMe1987], Sida [Willia2004a], Thespesia [Varshn1992], Thespesia populnea [Green1922, Ali1967a, SharafMe1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [SharafMe1987], Artocarpus heterophyllus [SharafMe1987, Willia2004a], Artocarpus integra [SharafMe1987, GhoshGh1989], Artocarpus integrifolia [Ali1967a, Ali1968], Artocarpus integrifolia [Willia2004a], Ficus benghalensis [Willia2004a], Ficus carica [Hall1923, AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987, BenDov1994], Ficus sycamorus [SharafMe1987], Flacourtia indica [SharafMe1987], Morus [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Morus alba [Ali1967a, AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Streblus asper [Willia2004a]. Musaceae: Musa [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Willia2004a], Myrthus communis [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987], Psidium [Varshn1992], Psidium guajava [Hall1923, SharafMe1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum [SharafMe1987, Varshn1992]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca grandiflora [Willia2004a]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [SharafMe1987]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [AbdulR1970, Beccar1971, SharafMe1987, Matile1984c, TangLi1988, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Ali1967a, AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992], Ziziphus jujuba [Willia2004a], Ziziphus mauritana [SharafMe1987, Willia2004a, FallahAbSa2013], Ziziphus spina-christi [Hall1923, James1933a, AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987, Matile1984c, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Takaha1955f, BenDov1994], Pyrus communis [AbdulR1970], Pyrus communis [SharafMe1987], Rosa [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Newste1920, James1933, James1936, DeLott1967a, SharafMe1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Coffea liberica [Willia2004a], Ixora [Ali1967a, SharafMe1987, Varshn1992]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Ferris1954a, Reyne1961, Ali1967a, Ali1968, Matile1988, WilliaWa1988a, GhoshGh1989, BenDov1994], Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1988a], Citrus aurantium [Ali1957a, AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987, BenDov1985a, BenDov1994], Citrus bergamia [AbdulR1970], Citrus bigaradia [Moghad2013a], Citrus grandis [AbdulR1970, BenDov1985a, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987, BenDov1985a, BenDov1994], Citrus maxima [SharafMe1987, Willia2004a], Citrus medica [Ali1957a, AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987, BenDov1994], Citrus medica acida [SharafMe1987], Citrus medica limetta [SharafMe1987], Citrus nobilis [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987], Citrus paradisi [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987, BenDov1985a, BenDov1994], Citrus reticulata [SharafMe1987], Citrus sinensis [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Clausena lansium [MartinLa2011], Feronia [Varshn1992], Feronia elephantum? [Ali1967a, SharafMe1987], Glycosmis [SharafMe1987, Varshn1992], Glycosmis pentaphylla [SharafMe1987], Murraya koenigii [SharafMe1987]. Sapindaceae: Dimocarpus longan [MartinLa2011], Gelonium [Varshn1992], Gelonium multiforum [Ali1967a], Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Solanaceae: Datura stramonium [Willia2004a], Lycopersicon esculentum [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987, Willia2004a], Lycopersicon melongena [SharafMe1987], Solanum [Varshn1992], Solanum melongena [Ali1967a], Solanum tuberosum [Hall1923, Ali1967a, SharafMe1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Melochia [Ali1967a, Varshn1992], Pterospermum acerifolium [Willia2004a]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Willia2004a], Thea [Varshn1992], Thea [Ruther1915], Thea sinensis [Ali1967a]. Tiliaceae: Corchorus [Varshn1992], Corchorus capsularis [SharafMe1987]. Tliaceae: Cochorus capsularis [Willia2004a]. Ulmaceae [Moghad2013]. Umbelliferae: Apium graveolens [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendron [BenDov1994], Clerodendron infortunatum [Ali1967, SharafMe1987, Willia2004a], Clerodendrum villosum [Willia2004a], Nyctanthes arbortristis [SharafMe1987, Willia2004a], Odontadenia [Willia2004a], Verbena [AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987], Vitex negunda [Willia2004a]. Vitaceae: Intsia bijuga [SharafMe1987], Protulaca grandiflora [SharafMe1987], Serianthus nelsonii [SharafMe1987], Vitis [Varshn1992], Vitis vinifera [Hall1923, Ali1967a, AbdulR1970, SharafMe1987, Willia1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973, BenDov1994]; Benin [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Burkina Faso [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Comoros [Mamet1960, Matile1978, BenDov1994]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Eritrea [SharafMe1987]; Kenya [James1933a, James1936, BenDov1994]; Madagascar [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Malawi [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Mali [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Niger [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014]; Senegal [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Seychelles [GermaiAtBa2008]; South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994]; Sudan [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Togo [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Uganda [Newste1920, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]; Zimbabwe [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, SmithBeBr1997]); Guam [SharafMe1987]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Maskel1895b, Kirkal1902, Beards1960, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [CABI1983a, BenDov1994], Java [CABI1983a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; New Caledonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands [SharafMe1987]; Papua New Guinea [Reyne1961, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Bahamas [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Bangladesh [CABI1983a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Bhutan [Willia2004a]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Crowe1985]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992, BenDov1994]); Hong Kong [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; India [Ali1967a, Ali1970a, SinhaSaDi1985, AvasthSh1987, GhoshGh1989, Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Andhra Pradesh [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Assam [Willia2004a], Bihar [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Delhi [Varshn1992], Goa [Varshn1992], Gujarat [Willia2004a], Himachal Pradesh [Varshn1992], Karnataka [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Kerala [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Madhya Pradesh [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Odisha [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Punjab [Willia2004a], Rajasthan [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], Tripura [Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [Varshn1992, Willia2004a], West Bengal [Nath1972, Varshn1992, Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [CABI1983a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Malaysia [CABI1983a, BenDov1994] [Willia2004a]; Nepal [CABI1983a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Pakistan [CABI1983a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines [CABI1983a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a, BenDov1994]); Singapore [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Ruther1915, Green1922, Green1937, Ali1967a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994]; Taiwan [Ferris1954a, BenDov1994]; Thailand [CABI1983a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a, DownieGu2004]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Algeria [SharafMe1987]; China [Borchs1956, Ferris1954a, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]); Egypt [Hall1923, CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Iran [CABI1983a, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Iraq [AbdulR1970, BenDov1994]; Israel [BenDov1985a, BenDovSwQa1985, BenDov1994]; Japan [Takaha1955f, Kawai1980, BenDov1994, KinjoNaHi1996]; Jordan [SharafMe1987, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Oman [CABI1983a, BenDov1994]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, CABI1983a, Matile1984c, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia [Matile1988, BenDov1994]; Syria [new].

BIOLOGY: On citrus it infests twigs, shoots, leaves, flower buds and fruit. The mealybug colonizes on the host's branches, twigs, shoots, leaves, flower buds and fruits, and feed on roots. From these parts, the mealybug sucks up the plant sap, causing curling and dwarfing of the terminal growth, abortion of flowers, and yellowing of leaves and dropping of fruits (Sharaf & Meyerdirk, 1987). Mean longevity of adult males is 81.3 ą 2.5 h. The estimated duration of the sexually active phase of the adult male within life span varied between mealybug species. Among the seven tested species, Ps. longispinus displayed the shortest period (34.4 h) and N. viridis the longest one (46.6 h).There is a sexual maturation period of the adult males which was indicated by maximum growth of waxy caudal filaments. (Mendel, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948) (as P. vastator, Ferris (1954), De Lotto (1957), Ali (1959), Williams (1985), Williams & Watson (1988a), Ghosh & Ghose (1989) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male by Afifi (1968) and by Ghosh & Ghose (1989). Good description of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Ghosh & Ghose (1989). Good description and illustration of the second-instar female and third-instar female given by Ghosh & Ghose (1989). Good description and illustration of the third-instar male nymph and fourth-instar male nymph given by Ghosh & Ghose (1989). There has been considerable confusion about the true identities of Nipaecoccus viridis and N. filamentosus (Cockerell). In many instances discussions about N. filamentosus pertain instead to N. viridis. Nipaecoccus filamentosus is restricted to a few islands in the Caribbean, whereas N. viridis is widespread in many of the tropical areas of the old world.

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980).

SYSTEMATICS: Tinsley (1900: 65) erroneously synonymized Dactylopius vastator Maskell with Dactylopius filamentosus Cockerell.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Nipaecoccus viridis is widerspread throughout the tropics and subtropics, attacking numerous plant species and often causing considerable damage (Clausen, 1978; Sharaf & Meyerdirk, 1987). Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (adult, female) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 442 (female) [Nipaecoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1985: 229 (female) [Australia]; McKenzie 1967: 206 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1960: 212 (male) [Hawaii]; Ferris 1953a: 388 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 103 (female) [North America]; Zimmerman 1948: 176 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbassiSi1966 [distribution, biological control: 408-410]; AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1361]; AbdulR1970 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105-108]; Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 110-114]; Ahmad1998 [host, distribution: 29]; Ali1957a [description, host, distribution, ecology: 54-57]; Ali1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-144]; Ali1967a [host, distribution: 32-33]; Ali1968 [host, distribution, bilogical control: 126-127]; AltierNi1999 [biological control: 919-933]; Anneck1969 [biological control: 849-854]; AvasthSh1987 [host, distribution: 29-30]; Barnes1930 [host, distribution, biological control: 319-329]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 146, 147]; BarZakPeCh1987 [economic importance, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 855-860]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236]; BeardsTr2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 141-142]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 194]; Bedfor1973 [biological control: 4-11]; BenDov1985a [host, distribution: 188]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 256-257]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35, 43]; BenDovSwQa1985 [host, distribution: 716]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105-107]; Buckle1987 [life history, ecology: 53-85]; Butani1979 [economic importance: 36-40]; ChackoSi1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 63-64]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Crowe1985 [distribution]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 40]; Das1959 [life history, ecology: 437-448]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 55]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228-230]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 118]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Dutt1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 59-71]; ElHaidAz1978 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 41-46]; EtzelLe1999 [biological control: 125-197]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; FallahAbSa2013 [biological control, distribution, host: 673-679]; FallahHeMo2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 81-82]; FallahJaAb2014 [biological control, host: 516]; FallahShOs2008 [host, distribution, biological control: 13-14]; FallahShOs2008a [host, distribution, biological control: 17-18]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 112]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy: 103]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-54]; FrancoSuBo2004 [biological control: 507-522]; GermaiAtBa2008 [host, distribution: 129-135]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution, host: 24]; GhoshGh1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 564-570]; GhoshGh2000 [life history, ecology: 922-925]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 379]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 293-294]; Gross1993 [life history, behaviour: 251-273]; GrossDrSt1997 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control]; GrossGeRo2000 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 234-240]; GroveDeDa2013 [distribution, host: 378]; Gullan2000 [taxonomy, description: 160-166]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 35-36]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hawkin1994 [biological control: 3]; Hayat1971 [biologica; control: 421-432]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178]; James1933a [host, distribution: 435]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-204]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 117]; KaydanCaUl2013 [economic importance: 169]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; KlaewkSu2005 [biological control: 156-162]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; LePell1959 [host, distribution, biological control]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 392]; MalipaDuSm2000 [biological control: 72]; Mamet1960 [host, distribution: 158]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 50]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 225]; Matile1988 [host, distribution: 35]; MendelGrBl1995 [biological control: 55-64]; MendelPrJa2012 [behaviour, biological control, ecology: 385-394]; Meyerd2003 [host, distribution]; Millar2002 [illustration: 228]; Moghad2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 155-156]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 21,22]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 6, 32-33, 35, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 66]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Mohara1990 [structure: 48]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212]; MossadBa1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 665]; MossadKh1996 [life history: 656]; Nath1972 [host, distribution: 6]; Nechol1995 [host, distribution, biological control: 164-165]; Nechol2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 324-329]; NecholKi1985 [life history, biological control: 32-37]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-180]; ParidaMo1982 [structure, distribution: 19]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343, 345]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 125]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Ruther1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 111]; SahaGh2001 [chemical control: 764-766]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 65]; Seraj1999 [host, distribution, chemical control: 121-128]; SharafMe1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 2-16]; SharmaSu2011 [distribution, ecology: 62-64]; SinhaSaDi1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 14-15]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 85-87]; SoleymDe2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 2]; Takaha1955f [host, distribution: 239]; Talhou2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 84-85]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 335-336]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44, 46]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 137, 316]; TsacasCh1999 [biological control: 102]; vanden1995 [host, distribution: 1-4]; vanden2001c [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 196-208]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 43]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 148-149]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 244, 245]; Willia1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 91-92]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 448-452]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 168]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 146]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 88]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 524]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-125]; ZakeriZiFa2009 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 126-139]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176, 245-254].



Nipaecoccus zapotlanus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Erium zapotlanum Cockerell, 1902t: 465. Type data: MEXICO: State of Jalisco, Zapotlan, on 'Huele de Noche'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Nipaecoccus zapotlanus; Ferris, 1955b: 22. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1902t, Ferris1955b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1955b) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 241 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 257-258]; Cocker1902t [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 465-466]; Ferris1955b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 288, 289].



Nudicauda Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Nudicauda Gavrilov, 2006: 782. Type species: Ehrhornia nigra Matesova, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Descrption and definition by Gavrilov (2006).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2006: 782 (female) [Species of Nudicauda].

CITATIONS: Gavril2006 [taxonomy, description: 781-787].



Nudicauda nigra (Matesova)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ehrhornia nigra Matesova, 1957: 164. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: at the joint of Ili and Karatal Rivers, on roots of Artemisia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Gavril2006], Artemisia austriaca [Gavril2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Gavril2006]. Palaearctic: Mongolia [Gavril2006]. Palaearctic: Russia (Astrakhan' Oblast [Gavril2006]).

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant (Gavrilov, 2006).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gavrilov (2006).

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig (1980: 194) synonymized Ehrhornia nigra Matesova, 1957, with Ehrhornia orientalis Borchsenius, 1949, but Gavrilov (2006: 783) concluded that these species are distinct, and resurrected Ehrhornia orientalis Borchsenius, as avalid species in Nudicauda.

KEYS: Gavrilov 2006: 782 (female) [Species of Nudicauda].

CITATIONS: Gavril2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 782-784]; Mateso1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-165].



Nudicauda salina (Matesova)

NOMENCLATURE:

Mirococcopsis salina Matesova, 1981: 57. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Kzil-Ordinsk District, east of Shchili, on Kochia prostrata. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Nudicauda salina; Gavrilov, 2006: 785. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Kochia prostrata [Mateso1981, BenDov1994, Gavril2006], Salsola rigida [Mateso1981, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan (Kzyl Orda Oblast [Mateso1981, BenDov1994, Gavril2006]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Matesova (1981) and by Gavrilov (2006). Description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Gavrilov 2006: 782 (female) [Species of Nudicauda]; Tang 1992: 107 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 232]; Gavril2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 785-787]; Mateso1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-60]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 111-112].



Octococcus Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Octococcus Hall, 1939: 93. Type species: Octococcus pentziae Hall, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Hall (1939) and by De Lotto (1969, 1977).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 11 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 151]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 258]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description: 30]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, description: 16]; Hall1939 [taxonomy, description: 93]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 137].



Octococcus africanus (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto africanus Brain, 1915: 151. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Town, on Tamarix articulata. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Octococcus africanus; Hall, 1939: 93. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [DeLott1977, BenDov1994]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix articulata [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958a, 1977). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Afifi (1968).

KEYS: De Lotto 1977: 30 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-155]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 258]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-117]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-32]; Hall1939 [taxonomy: 93]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Millar2002 [illustration: 219].



Octococcus minor De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Octococcus minor De Lotto, 1969: 16. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, on Chrysocoma tenuifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Chrysocoma tenuifolia [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1969).

KEYS: De Lotto 1977: 30 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 258]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-18].



Octococcus pentziae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Octococcus pentziae Hall, 1939: 93. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Middelburg, on Pentzia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Pentzia [Hall1939, Willia1958b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Hall1939, Willia1958b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1958b).

KEYS: De Lotto 1977: 30 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 259]; Hall1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-96]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-8].



Octococcus salsolicola (Priesner & Hosny)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia salsolicola Priesner & Hosny, 1935: 114. Type data: EGYPT: North of Mersa Halaib at the Red Sea Coast, on Salsola foetida. Syntypes, female. Type depository: CMAE. Described: female.

Octococcus salsolicola; Ezzat, 1962c: 163. Change of combination.

Octococcus salsolisola; Ezzat & Nada, 1987: 89. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Salsola foetida [PriesnHo1935, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [PriesnHo1935, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Priesner & Hosny (1935).

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1362]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 259]; Ezzat1962c [taxonomy: 163]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155].



Ohiacoccus Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Ohiacoccus Beardsley, 1971c: 44. Type species: Ohiacoccus cryptus Beardsley, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Beardsley (1971c).

CITATIONS: Beards1971c [taxonomy, description: 44-45]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 259].



Ohiacoccus cryptus Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Ohiacoccus cryptus Beardsley, 1971c: 45. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu, Waiane Mts., Kolekole Pass, on Metrosideros polymorpha typica. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Metrosideros polymorpha typica [Beards1971c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1971c, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1971c).

CITATIONS: Beards1971c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47]; Beards1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 85]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 259]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 523].



Oracella Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Oracella Ferris, 1950b: 112. Type species: Pseudococcus acutus Lobdell, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 47 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1964: 215 (female) [World]; Ferris 1953a: 284 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 259-260]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 112]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 78, 141]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 139]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 21]; Xie1998 [taxonomy: 81].



Oracella acuta (Lobdell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus acutus Lobdell, 1930: 213. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, Ocean Spring, on Pinus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female.

Oracella acuta; Ferris, 1950b: 113. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: acute mealybug [Koszta1996].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA : Zarhopalus debarri Sun [SunClDe2004]. Encyrtidae: Acerophagus coccois E. Smith [SunClDe2004, PanZeCh2004], Anagyrus dactylopii [RenChYu2000, PanZeCh2004]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa oracellae Masner [MasnerSuCl2004].

HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus echinata [Koszta1996], Pinus palustris [Ferris1950a, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Pinus taeda [ClarkeNeDe1992, Koszta1996], Pinus virginiana [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Koszta1996], Georgia [Koszta1996, ClarkeNeDe1992], Kentucky [Koszta1996], Louisiana [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Mississippi [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994], North Carolina [Koszta1996], South Carolina [Koszta1996], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Texas [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: China [Koszta1996] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under bark, on twigs and at base of needles. In USA, Maryland and Virginia it overwinters as second instars. In USA, Virginia it develops two or three annual generations, while four to five in USA, Georgia (Kosztarab, 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Lobdell (1930), Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Infestations of this mealybug, appeared on Pinus taeda in Georgia, USA, following five applications of pyrethroids (Clarke et al., 1992). Yang (in Kosztarab, 1996) reported that this species has been introduced into China, where it is a serious pest.

KEYS: Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Kosztarab 1996: 141 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 259-260]; ClarkeDeWa1990 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1-14]; ClarkeNeDe1992 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 1246-1252]; ClarkeSuDe1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 666]; ClarkeYuCh2010 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 129-139]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-114]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-143]; LiSuLu1994 [host, distribution, life history: 52-57]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214, 226]; MasnerSuCl2004 [distribution, biological control: 600-602]; MillerMi2002a [taxonomy: 971]; PanZeCh2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 101-104]; PanZeYe2002 [biological control: 36-38]; RenChYu2000 [economic importance, biological control: 140-143]; SunClDe2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 11-22]; SunClDe2004a [biological control: 136-139]; SunZh2003 [host, distribution, chemical control: 466-472]; Tang1995 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 31-36]; TangHuTo2001 [life history: 46-48]; TangToHu2000 [life history, ecology: 36-39]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-83]; Zhang1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 40-45].



Orococcus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Orococcus De Lotto, 1964: 357. Type species: Pseudococcus cryophilus De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1964).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 260]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description: 357].



Orococcus cryophilus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus cryophilus De Lotto, 1961: 224. Type data: KENYA: Mt. Kenya, on Festuca pilgeri. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Orococcus cryophilus; De Lotto, 1964: 357. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca pilgeri [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 260]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 357].



Orstomicoccus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Orstomicoccus Mamet, 1962: 154. Type species: Pseudococcus ankaratrae Mamet, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 260]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description: 154].



Orstomicoccus ankaratrae (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus ankaratrae Mamet, 1951: 237. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ankaratra, Manjakatompo, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France.

Orstomicoccus ankaratrae; Mamet, 1962: 154. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1951, Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Associated with Phediole sp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1951, 1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 260]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 237-238]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-156].



Orstomicoccus madecassus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Orstomicoccus madecassus Mamet, 1962: 173. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ankaratra, Manjakatompo, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 260]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-175].



Palaucoccus Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Palaucoccus Beardsley, 1966: 421. Type species: Palaucoccus gressitti Beardsley, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Beardsley (1966) and Tang (1992).

KEYS: Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description: 421]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 261]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 357].



Palaucoccus gressitti Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Palaucoccus gressitti Beardsley, 1966: 423. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Palau, E. Ngatpang, Babelthuap, on unknown host. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 422-423]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 261]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 357-358].



Palmicultor Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Palmicola Williams, 1960: 415. Type species: Ripersia palmarum Ehrhorn, by monotypy and original designation. Homonym of Palmicola Mockford, in Psocoptera.

Palmicultor Williams, 1963: 100. Replacement name for Palmicola Williams, 1960.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (1960, 1985), Williams & Watson (1988a) Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 44 (female) [genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 453 (female) [Palmicultor species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 187 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 18 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1985: 37 (female) [Australia]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy: 423]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 261]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 21]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description: 415]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 37, 245]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 452-453]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 42, 290]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 127-128].



Palmicultor browni (Williams)

NOMENCLATURE:

Palmicola browni Williams, 1960: 417. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal, on coconut. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 128. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Palmicultor browni; Williams, 1963: 100. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Arecaceae [HodgsoLa2011], Cocos nucifera [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Elaeis guineensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Howeia forsteriana [Willia1960, BenDov1994], Veitchia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Admiralty Islands [Willia1960, BenDov1994]; Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; New Britain [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Usually attended by ants Anoplolepis longipes and Pheidole megacephala.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 128 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 262]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 29]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 417-419]; Willia1985 [host, distribution: 245]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 92]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-130, 132].



Palmicultor guamensis Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Palmicultor guamensis Beardsley, 1966: 424. Type data: MARIANA ISLANDS: Guam, Merizo, on Cocos nucifera. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, HodgsoLa2011]; Guam [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 128 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 423 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 424-426]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 262]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 29]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 214]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-133].



Palmicultor lumpurensis (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus lumpurensis Takahashi, 1951a: 12. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, on Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Palmicultor bambusum Tang, 1992: 597. Type data: CHINA: Guangxi Province, Nanning, on Lingnania cerosissima. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2003: 68.

Palmicultor lumpurensis; Williams, 2003: 68. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Willia2003, Willia2004a], Bambusa [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994], Bambusa blumeana [Willia2004a], Bambusa philippinensis [Willia2004a], Lingnania cerosissima [Tang1992, BenDov1994], Pseudosasa japonica [KwonDaPa2003a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia2003]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]). Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Willia2003, HodgesHo2004]). Oriental: China (Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994, Willia2003]); Hong Kong [Willia2003]; Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines (Mindanao [Willia2003, Willia2004a]); Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a), Tang (1992), Kwon et al. (2003a) (as Balanococcus bambusum, and as Trionymus lumpurensis) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 453 (female) [Palmicultor species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 396 (female) [Balanococcus species of Korea]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 415 (female) [Trionymus species of Korea]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 415 (female) [as Trionymus lumpurensis Takahashi; Trionymus species of Korea]; Tang 1992: 153 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 261,518-519]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 75]; Hodges2002 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance]; HodgesHo2004 [host, distribution: 396-397]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-399]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 417-418]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 47]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-14]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172,597-598,736]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21]; UlgentPe2013 [host: 493]; Willia2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 68]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 453-455].



Palmicultor palmarum (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia palmarum Ehrhorn, 1916: 245. Type data: HAWAII: Honolulu, on Cocos nucifera, Latania glaucaphylla, Thrynax [Thrinax] sp. and Areca lutescens. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus oceanicus Takahashi, 1939b: 239. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Truk, Toloas, on Cocos nucifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female. Synonymy by Beardsley, 1966: 426.

Pseudococcus oceanicus kentiae Takahashi, 1939b: 242. Type data: PALAU ISLANDS: Korror, on Kentia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female. Synonymy by Beardsley, 1966: 426.

Pseudococcus palmarum; Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948: 235. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus palmarum; Cohic, 1958: 6. Change of combination.

Palmicola palmarum; Williams, 1960: 415. Change of combination.

Palmicultor palmarum; Williams, 1963: 100. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Ehrhorn's palm mealybug [LitCaLa2006].



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Areca catechu [KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994], Areca lutescens [Ehrhor1916], Borassus flabellifer [Willia2004a], Caryota mitis [MatileEt2006], Chrysalidocarpus lutescens [MatileEt2006], Cocos nucifera [Ehrhor1916, WilliaWa1988a, Varshn1992, WilliaGr1992, Lit1997a, Willia2004a], Elaeies guineensis [Willia2004a], Kentia [Takaha1939b], Latania glaucaphylla [Ehrhor1916], Licula [Willia2004a], Roystonea regia [MatileEt2006], Thrinax [Ehrhor1916], Washingtonia filifera [MatileEt2006]. Pandanaceae: Freycinetia [Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Phyllostachys [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1987, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966], Kosrae (=Kusaie) [Beards1966], Ponape Island [Beards1966], Truk Islands [Beards1966], Yap [Beards1966]); French Polynesia [Cohic1958]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Ehrhor1916]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a] (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966], Phoenix Islands [Beards1966]); Marshall Islands [Beards1966]; New Caledonia [Cohic1958]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a]; Palau [Takaha1939b, Takaha1941b, BenDov1994]; Tonga [Zimmer1948]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992]; United States of America (Florida [Howard2001], Florida [HowardMoGi2001]). Neotropical: Bahamas [Willia1981]; Bermuda [WilliaGr1992]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992]; Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Barthelemy [MatileEt2006], Saint Martin [MatileEt2006]). Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; Bangladesh [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; India (Andhra Pradesh [Willia2004a], Assam [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]); Indonesia [Willia2004a] (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Maldives [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Mindanao [Lit1997a, LitCaLa2006]); Singapore [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Canary Islands [new]; China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of the adult male by Beardsley (1960).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Cohic (1959) reported that this mealybug does little damage to adult trees but killed germinating palms.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 453 (female) [Palmicultor species of southern Asia]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 128 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 423 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1960: 212 (male) [Hawaii]; Zimmerman 1948: 176 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-233]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 426-427]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 262-263]; Cohic1958 [host, distribution: 23]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 245, 246]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; HowardMoGi2001 [distribution, host: 179]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 117]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 15]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; LitCaLa2006 [host, distribution: 12]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 180]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Takaha1939b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 242]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 214]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 214-215]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21]; Timber1919 [biological control: 197-231]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 44]; Willia1960 [taxonomy: 417]; Willia1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 243]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 456-458]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 290-292]; WilliaMa2003 [host, distribution: 178]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176, 235-241].



Paludicoccus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Paludicoccus Ferris, 1918b: 327. Type species: Pseudolecanium disticlium Kuwana, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1918b; 1953a) and by McKenzie (1967) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999). Diagnostic characters given by Mamet (1954) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Give from Morrison & Morrison (1966).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 21 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Williams & Miller 1999: 524 (female) [South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 38, 42 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 44 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 282 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 263]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; Ferris1918b [taxonomy, description: 327]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 392]; Hendri1995 [taxonomy: 98]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 146]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 211]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 143]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 292].



Paludicoccus distichlium (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudolecanium disticlium Kuwana, 1902b: 134. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, near Palo Alto, on Distichlis spicata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 149. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Sphaerococcus disticlium; Fernald, 1903b: 85. Change of combination.

Paludicoccus disticlium; Ferris, 1918b: 327. Change of combination.

Paludicoccus distichlium; Ferris, 1953a: 393.

Pseudolecanium distichlum; McConnell, 1954: 119. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: Kuwana brown mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Distichlis [HendriKo1999], Distichlis maritima [HendriKo1999], Distichlis spicata [Kuwana1902b, Miller1971a, Miller1973, Miller1974a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Kuwana1902b, Miller1971a, Miller1973, Miller1974a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Texas [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]). Neotropical: Argentina [Ferris1953a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

BIOLOGY: Living beneath the leaf sheaths of the stem and rootstocks of salt marsh grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1918d, 1953a), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue: 85]; Ferris1918b [taxonomy, description, illustration: 327, 328]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 393-394]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustrtaion, host, distribution: 146-150]; Kuwana1902b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134-135]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 119]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-213]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 299]; Miller1973 [host, distribution: 266]; Miller1974a [host, distribution: 196]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 292].



Pandanicola Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pandanicola Beardsley, 1966: 427. Type species: Trionymus pandani Takahashi, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Beardsley (1966).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 218 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy: 427]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 263].



Pandanicola esakii (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus esakii Takahashi, 1942d: 350. Type data: PALAU ISLANDS: Babeldaob, Amilik, on Pandanus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Pandanicola esakii; Beardsley, 1966: 428. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Pandanaceae: Freycinetia [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Pandanus [Takaha1942d, Beards1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Palau [Takaha1942d, Beards1966, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1942d).

KEYS: Beardsley 1966: 428 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 428-429]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 263]; Takaha1942d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 350-353].



Pandanicola pandani (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus pandani Takahashi, 1939b: 250. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Ponape, Nipit-nonoani, on Pandanus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Beardsley, 1966: 430. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Pandanicola pandani; Beardsley, 1966: 429. Change of combination.



HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Takaha1939b, Beards1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Takaha1939b, Beards1966, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966).

KEYS: Beardsley 1966: 428 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 429-430]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 264]; Takaha1939b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-254].



Papuacoccus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Papuacoccus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 135. Type species: Papuacoccus barymelus Williams and Watson, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 18 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 264]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 135].



Papuacoccus barymelus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Papuacoccus barymelus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 135. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Central Province, Bohanumu, on Casuarina sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 264]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-137].



Paracoccus Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 37. Type species: Pseudococcus burnerae Brain, by original designation.

Gossypina Salazar, 1972: 293. Type species: Gossypina glauca Salazar, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 292. Notes: Subjective synonym of Paracoccus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Williams (1985), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Paracoccus is a challenging genus taxonomically because there is considerable intraspecific variation in several character systems, making taxonomic delineation difficult (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992).Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) showed that the type-species of Gossypina was a synonym of Paracoccus solani Ezzat & McConnell, and placed it as a subjective synonym of Paracoccus.

KEYS: Hodgson & Lagowska 2011: 7 (female) [Paracoccus species in Fiji]; Williams 2004a: 42 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 459-460 (female) [Paracoccus species of southern Asia]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 294-295 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 39 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 42 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 18 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region ]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 3 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 54-56 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 246 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 37 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China]; De Lotto 1975a: 65-66 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 175,264]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 54-56]; DeLott1975a [taxonomy, description: 65]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description: 37]; Gonzal2011 [description: 156-157]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy: 5]; KaufmaMaWi2003 [life history, ecology: 429-436]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, description: 38-39]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 143]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 37, 245-246]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 458-460]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 42, 292-295]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 137-138].



Paracoccus abnormalis Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus abnormalis Cox, 1987: 56. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Rangitoto Island, in moss. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Bryophyta [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 54 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 264]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56, 165].



Paracoccus acaenae Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus acaenae Cox, 1987: 56. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Motueka, on Acaena sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Rosaceae: Acaena [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Acaena anserinifolia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Acaena sanguisorba [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found on the roots of host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 264]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-57, 166].



Paracoccus alazanensis Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus alazanensis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 296. Type data: MEXICO: Vera Cruz, 24 km W. Alazan, on unknown shrub. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 265]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 296-298].



Paracoccus albatus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus albatus Cox, 1987: 57. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Westland, Makoroa, on Coprosma parviflora. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Cassinia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Cassinia vauvilliersi [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Senecio reinoldii [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hoheria angustifolia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Hoheria populnea [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Plagianthus betulinus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Plagianthus divaricatus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myrsinaceae: Myrsine [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus nivalis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Rubus australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Coprosma lucida [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Coprosma parviflora [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Coprosma spathulata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Smilacaceae: Ripogonum scandens [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-58,167-168].



Paracoccus ascius Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus ascius Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 298. Type data: BRAZIL: Vila Velha, on unknown host. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 265]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 298-300].



Paracoccus aspratilis Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus aspratilis Cox, 1987: 58. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Fiordland, Homer Tunnel, on small plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Coprosma [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Coprosma cheesmanii [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Coprosma parviflora [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Coprosma pseudocuneata [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Coprosma serrulata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Hebe [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Hebe coarctata [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Hebe propinqua [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 265]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58, 169].



Paracoccus baccharidicola Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus baccharidicola Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 300. Type data: MEXICO: Pachua, Tulancingo, on Baccharis glutinosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Mexico: Coleccion Entomologica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Baccharis glutinosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 294 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 265]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 300-302].



Paracoccus biporus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus biporus Williams, 1985: 246. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, West Downs, on Agropyron repens and Poa gunnii. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron repens [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Poa gunnii [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 246 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 265]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-247, 249].



Paracoccus boumaensis Hodgson & Lagowska

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus boumaensis Hodgson & Lagowska, 2011: 5-7. Type data: FIJI: Taveuni, Bouma Nature Reserve, on Hibiscus sp.; collected C.J. Hodgson, 22.vii.2009. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Malvaceae: Hibiscus [HodgsoLa2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [HodgsoLa2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Lagowska (2011)

KEYS: Hodgson & Lagowska 2008b: 7 (female) [Paracoccus species in Fiji].

CITATIONS: HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7].



Paracoccus bruguierae (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus bruguierae De Lotto, 1961: 223. Type data: KENYA: Mombasa, on Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Malvaceae: Hibiscus [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994]. Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera gymnorhiza [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Chromosome number 2n=10 reported by Nur et. al (1987).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 358 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 266]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223-224]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 118]; NurBrBe1987 [structure: 54].



Paracoccus burnerae (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus burnerae Brain, 1915: 111. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Passiflora edulis, Nerium oleander, Sida rhombifolia and S. longipes (= S. dregei); Lydenburg, on Viburnum sp.; Bloemfontein on Gleditschia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Pseudococcus simulator James, 1933a: 434. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Blue Mountain coffee; and Thika, on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957b: 198.

Pseudococcus simulator James, 1933a: 434. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on blue mountain coffee, and Thika on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957: 198.

Paracoccus burnerae; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 39. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus muraltiae; De Lotto, 1957b: 198. Misidentification.

Paracoccus brunerae; Nur et al., 1987: 54. Misspelling of species name.

Allococcus burnerae; Tang, 1992: 343. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: oleander scale; Oleander scale.



HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Avecennia officinalis [Moghad2013], Jacobinia [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Acokanthera longiflora [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Beaumontia grandiflora [Hall1937, DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Carissa bispinosa [DeLott1967, BenDov1994], Nerium oleander [DeLott1967, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Caralluma caudata [DeLott1958a, DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Stapelia [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Commidendrum robustum [Matile1976, BenDov1994], Vernonia [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Berberidaceae: Berberis holstii [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Combretum erythrophyllum [DeLott1967, BenDov1994], Combretum zeyheri [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea hildebrandtii [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Uapaca kirkiana [Hall1937, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia purpurea [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Cassia [DeLott1967, BenDov1994], Dalbergia sissoo [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994], Gleditsia [Brain1915, BenDov1994], Indigofera [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Pemphis acidula [WilliaMa2009b]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [Matile1976, BenDov1994], Hibiscus fuscus [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [DeLott1967, BenDov1994], Malva [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Sida dregei [Brain1915, BenDov1994], Sida rhombifolia [Brain1915, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [Willia2004a]. Musaceae: Musa ensete [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [GermaiMiPa2014]. Oleaceae: Olea europaea [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [Brain1915, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [James1933a, BenDov1994], Polysphaeria multiflora [WilliaMa2009b]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Digitalis [DeLott1967, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967, Almeid1973, BenDov1994]; Ascension Island [WilliaMe2007]; Comoros [GermaiAtBa2008]; Kenya [James1933a, DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Namibia (=South West Africa) [DownieGu2004]; Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014]; Saint Helena [Matile1976, BenDov1994]; Seychelles (Aldabra Island [WilliaMa2009b]); South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994]; Zambia [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, BenDov1994]. Oriental: India [AvasthSh1987, Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]). Palaearctic: Iran [Moghad2013].

BIOLOGY: After solving the practical problems experienced, data could be gathered on the development of this species at constant temperatures in the laboratory and at varying temperatures in the field, as well as on its parasitoids. From these data, life tables for P. burnerae were produced (Johnson and Giliomee, 2011).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), De Lotto (1958a, 1967), Avasthi & Shafee (1983a), by Williams (2004a) and by Wakgari & Biliomee (2005).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Hattingh (1993).

SYSTEMATICS: De Lotto (1967) and De Lotto (1975) referred Brain's syntypes from Viburnum sp. and some of those from Sida longipes to different species (Paracoccus larinus De Lotto, 1975). De Lotto (1957) synonymized Ps. simulator with Ps. muraltiae Brain, but later (De Lotto, 1958a) rejected this synonym and regarded Ps. simulator conspecific with Pa. burnerae.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Hattingh (1993) noted this this mealybug among the three most important species which occur on citrus in South Africa. Reported as a citrus pest in Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa (Johnson & Giliomee, 2010).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 459-460 (female) [Paracoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 342 (female) [China]; De Lotto 1975a: 65 (female) [South Africa]; De Lotto 1964: 359 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 18]; Anneck1969 [biological control: 849-854]; AvasthSh1987 [host, distribution: 31]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 266]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-115]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-102]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-15]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, illustration: 39-41]; GermaiAtBa2008 [host, distribution: 129-135]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; Hall1937 [host, distribution: 126]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hattin1993 [economic importance: 20-22]; HosseiHa2011 [molecular data: 46]; James1933a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 434]; JohnsoGi2010 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 354-359]; JohnsoGi2013 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy: 3609-3614]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 298]; Millar2002 [illustration: 223]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 36-37, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 66]; PieterMuVu2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 23-28]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 343]; vanden2001c [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 196-208]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 56]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 460-463]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 119-120]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 81]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distribution: 133].



Paracoccus busiaensis De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus busiaensis De Lotto, 1964: 359. Type data: UGANDA: Busia, on Coleus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paracoccus busaiensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 266. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Coleus [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 358 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 266]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 359-360].



Paracoccus butcherae Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus butcherae Cox, 1987: 58. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Mt Arthur, on Dracophyllum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Epacridaceae: Dracophyllum [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 56 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 267]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-59, 170].



Paracoccus canalis (Brittin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus canalis Brittin, 1938: 343. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Buller, Maruia, on Discaria, under moss. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 59. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Trionymus zelandicus Brittin, 1938: 346. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Westland, Otira, on unknown plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation de Boer, 1967a: 141. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1987: 59.

Spilococcus zelandicus; de Boer, 1967a: 141. Change of combination.

Paracoccus canalis; Cox, 1987: 59. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Pseudopanax anomalus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Elaeocarpaceae: Aristotelia serrata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia excorticata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Discaria [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Britti1938, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987). Good description of the adult female given by Brittin (1938).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 267]; Boer1967a [taxonomy, description: 141]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 343]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60, 171].



Paracoccus cavaticus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus cavaticus Cox, 1987: 60. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Mid Canterbury, Christchurch, Riccarton Bush, on Myrsine australis. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrsinaceae: Myrsine australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum colensoi [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 267]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60, 172].



Paracoccus circuliprivis Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus circuliprivis Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 41. Type data: MEXICO: San Luis Potosi, intercepted at U.S.A., Washington, D.C., on Thompsoniella minutiflora. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Crassulaceae: Thompsonella minutiflora [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 267]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-43]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 302-303].



Paracoccus claudus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus claudus De Lotto, 1975a: 66. Type data: NAMIBIA [= SOUTH WEST AFRICA]: Keetmanshoop, on Calicorema capitata. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Amaranthaceae: Calicorema capitata [DeLott1975a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Namibia (=South West Africa) [DeLott1975a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1975a).

KEYS: De Lotto 1975a: 65 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 267]; DeLott1975a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67].



Paracoccus cognatus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus cognatus Williams, 2004a: 463. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Knthoor village [Chunekhad Estate], on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Glochidion zeylanicum [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 459-460 (female) [Paracoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 463-465].



Paracoccus coriariae (Brittin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus coriariae Brittin, 1938: 345. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Aramoho [Wanganui], on roots of Coriaria sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material possibly missing; synonymy under T. sanguineus (Cox, 1987).

Paracoccus coriariae; Cox, 1987: 60. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Avicenniaceae: Avicennia resinifera [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Coriariaceae: Coriaria [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Coriaria arborea [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Britti1938, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987). Good description of the adult female given by Brittin (1938).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 56 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 268]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 345-346]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-61, 173].



Paracoccus cryptus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus cryptus Cox, 1987: 61. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Southland, Bluecliffs near Tuatapere, on Olearia avicenniaefolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Olearia avicenniaefolia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Senecio hectori [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Griseliniaceae: Griselinia [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Hebe [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 268]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-62, 174].



Paracoccus deboerae Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus deboerae Cox, 1987: 62. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Takaka Hill, on Hoheria populnea. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Malvaceae: Hoheria populnea [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis paniculata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 56 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 268]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62, 175].



Paracoccus deceptus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus deceptus Cox, 1987: 62. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Buller, Reefton, on Gaultheria rupestris. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Gaultheria rupestris [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia excorticata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 268]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-63, 176].



Paracoccus decorus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus decorus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 302. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, Trancas, Tapia, on Compositae. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 294 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 268]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 302-305].



Paracoccus definitus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus definitus Cox, 1987: 63. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Canterbury, Arthur's Pass, on Dracophyllum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Epacridaceae: Dracophyllum [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 56 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 268]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63, 177].



Paracoccus dendricola Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus dendricola Williams & Watson, 1988a: 138. Type data: FIJI: Viti Levu, Suva, on Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Balsaminaceae: Impatiens balsamina [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Tournefortia argentea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga sanguinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Inocarpus fagifer [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Williams & Watson (1988a) suggested that this species prefers woody hosts.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Hodgson & Lagowska 2011: 7 (female) [Paracoccus species in Fiji]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 138 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 269]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7, 28]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-140, 142].



Paracoccus diversus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus diversus De Lotto, 1961: 230. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on Solanum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paracoccus diversus; De Lotto, 1964: 358. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Dichrocephala integrifolia [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Leonotis mollissima [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]; Uganda [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 359 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 269]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 269]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230-231]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 358].



Paracoccus drimydis (Brittin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus drimydis Brittin, 1938: 336. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Mid Canterbury, Riccarton Bush, on Drimydis [Pseudowintera] colorata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 64. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Paracoccus drimydis; Cox, 1987: 63. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cunoniaceae: Weinmannia racemosa [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Gaultheria rupestris [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Violaceae: Hymenanthera obovata [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Melicytus micranthus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Melicytus ramiflorus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Winteraceae: Pseudowintera colorata [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 269]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 336]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-64, 178].



Paracoccus eastopi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus eastopi Williams, 1970: 159. Type data: NIGERIA: Ibadan, beneath the old leaf bases of sugar-cane, associated with the ant Pheidole punctulata Mayr. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Allococcus eastopi; Tang, 1992: 344. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring benath the old leaf bases of the host plant in association with ants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1970DJ). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 269]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 344]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-159].



Paracoccus erigeroni (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus erigeroni James, 1935a: 236. Type data: KENYA: Kericho, on Erigeron linifloium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paracoccus erigeroni; De Lotto, 1964: 358. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Erigeron linifolium [James1935a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1935a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the rhizomes and roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1957).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 358 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 269]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-195]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 358]; James1935a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 236-237].



Paracoccus evae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus evae Williams, 2004a: 465. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Central, Bandungan, 1200 meters, on roots of Eupatorium sp., in nests of Pseudolasius sp. ants; collected E. Kaufmann, 10.x.2000. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Eupatorium [Willia2004a]. Poaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a]).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 459-46- (female) [Paracoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 465-467].



Paracoccus ferrisi Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus ferrisi Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 43. Type data: MEXICO: Intercepted at Brownsville, Texas, U.S.A., on Gardenia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Catalpa [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Coriandrum sativum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) pointed out the considerable intraspecific variation in taxonomic characters, and presented three taxonomic illustrations for the adult female.

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 270]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 305-308, 310].



Paracoccus gillianae Von Ellenrieder & Stocks

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus gillianae Von Ellenrieder & Stocks, 2014: 25-36. Type data: USA: California, San Diego Co., Fallbrook, in nursery on Agave sp., ?/?/2010, by T. Ellis and D. Kellum. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave americana [VonEllSt2014], Agave angustifolia [VonEllSt2014], Agave desmettiana [VonEllSt2014], Agave leuchajillia [VonEllSt2014], Agave mitis [VonEllSt2014], Agave potatorum [VonEllSt2014], Agave sp. [VonEllSt2014], Hesperaloe parviflora [VonEllSt2014], Yucca aloifolia [VonEllSt2014].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [VonEllSt2014]; United States of America (California [VonEllSt2014], Florida [VonEllSt2014]).

BIOLOGY: Adult females of P. gillianae produce large amounts of cottony ovisac wax that, in heavy infestations, coalesces into an unsightly mass of wax mixed with females, eggs, crawlers, and males. The mealybugs are generally restricted to the underside of the leaves and infestations are usually heavier on the lower leaves, which appear shriveled, brown, and covered in wax, and can eventually die. Infestations are occasionally attacked by a gregarious hymenopteran parasitoid and by cecidomyiid larvae (Diptera). (Von Ellenrieder & Stocks, 2014)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description. photographs and illustrations in Von Ellenrieder & Stocks, 2014.

STRUCTURE: Body of live adult female grayish, with a coating of powdery white wax; 6-15 pairs of lateral filaments of white wax on margins of abdomen, with a longer pair projecting from posterior-most segment; in older adults only posterior-most pair remains visible. Color of body in alcohol pale pink-orange, turning black in 10% KOH. (Von Ellenrieder & Stocks, 2014)

SYSTEMATICS: Adult female of Paracoccus gillianae can be differentiated from the other three New World species recorded on Agavaceae (i.e. P. marginatus, P. reductus, and P. solani) by the presence of 8 pairs of cerarii on abdomen and 1-6 pairs on cephalothorax (8 abdominal and 8-9 cephalothoracic cerarii in P. marginatus; cerarii absent in P. reductus, and 7 or fewer abdominal cerarii and no cephalothoracic cerarii in P. solani). Paracoccus gillianae further differs from P. marginatus and P. reductus by the presence of oral rim ducts in rows across dorsum of thoracic and anterior abdominal segments (restricted to margins in P. marginatus and absent in P.reductus), and from P. marginatus and P. solani by the presence of medial and submedial oral rim ducts on venter between meso- and meta-thoracic leg bases (absent in both P. marginatus and P. solani). Adult female of P. gillianae differs from that of P. glaucus from New Zealand, also recorded from Agavaceae, in having (a) oral rim ducts on the dorsum (oral rim ducts absent from dorsum in P. glaucus), and (b) cerarii on head, if present, not well defined, with the cerarian setae more slender and the trilocular pores less numerous and more loosely set than in abdominal cerarii, and never set on a sclerotized area (whereas P. glaucus has 1-3 welldefined pairs of cerarii on the head, each often situated on a sclerotized area). (Von Ellenrieder & Stocks, 2014). Adult male of P. gillianae differs from P. glaucus in (character-states for P. glaucus in parenthesis) (a) possessing multilocular pores near each anterior spiracle (absent), and (b) antennal segments III and IV about three times as long as wide (more than five times as long as wide), and from P. marginatus by the presence of fleshy setae on the legs (all setae on legs bristle-shaped in P. marginatus). (Von Ellenrieder & Stocks, 2014).

KEYS: Von Ellenrieder & Stocks 2014: 35 (female) [Portion of Williams & Granara de Willink’s (1992) key to adult female Paracoccus species modified to incorporate P. gillianae].

CITATIONS: VonEllSt2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, molecular data, taxonomy: 25-36].



Paracoccus glaucus (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius glaucus Maskell, 1879: 219. Type data: NEW ZEALAND. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 64. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pseudococcus glaucus; Fernald, 1903b: 102. Change of combination.

Trionymus morrisoni Brittin, 1938: 338. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Motueka, on Alectryon excelsum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & de Boer, 1973: 238. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1987: 64.

Paracoccus morrisoni; Williams & de Boer, 1973: 236. Change of combination.

Paracoccus glaucus; Cox, 1987: 64. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Phormium tenax [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Alseuosmiaceae: Alseuosmia macrophylla [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Schefflera digitata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Avicenniaceae: Avicennia resinifera [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Cunoniaceae: Weinmannia racemosa [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Elaeocarpaceae: Aristotelia serrata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Escalloniaceae: Carpodetus serratus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodium billardieri [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hoheria [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Neomyrtus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Macropiper excelsum [WilliaBo1973, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Pittosporum eugenioides [Maskel1879, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Rubus australis [Maskel1879, WilliaBo1973, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Coprosma colensoi [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Coprosma crassifolia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Coprosma polymorpha [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus paradisi [WilliaBo1973, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Alectryon excelsus [Britti1938, WilliaBo1973, BenDov1994], Dodonaea viscosa [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Smilacaceae: Ripogonum scandens [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Vitex lucens [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Violaceae: Melicytus ramiflorus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Viscaceae: Korthalsella lindsayi [HenderSuRo2010]. Winteraceae: Pseudowintera colorata [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Maskel1879, Maskel1887a, BenDov1994, HenderSuRo2010].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the undersides of the leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & de Boer (1973) and by Cox (1987). Illustration of the adult male in Hodgson, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Mounted adult male, quite small, total body length about 1.33 mm; antennae long, more than half total body length, with long setae; body with few setae, all hair-like (hs); fleshy setae (fs) apparently absent on body; fs on antennae 3 or 4 times longer than width of antennal segments. Wings about 1.13 total body length and about 0.35 as wide as long. (Hodgson, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Cox (1987) discussed and reasoned the selection of neotype. The adult males of P. glaucus and P. marginatus are very similar but differ as follows (character states of P. marginatus in brackets): (i) all fleshy setae on antennae long and rather setose (short and blunt); (ii) tegular setae absent (present); and (iii) loculate pores absent near anterior spiracles (present). These differences are small. (Hodgson, 2012)

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 270]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 338-339]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65, 179]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 53]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 102]; HenderSuRo2010 [host, distribution: 21]; Hodgso2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 64-66]; Maskel1879 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 219]; Maskel1884 [description : 139]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-101]; Myers1922 [taxonomy: 198]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236-238]; Wise1977 [taxonomy: 102].



Paracoccus hamoni Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus hamoni Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 310. Type data: MEXICO: intercepted at U.S.A., Florida, Zellwood, on Backebergia (= Cephalocereus) chrysomelius. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cactaceae: Backebergia chrysomelius [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Von Ellenrieder & Stocks 2014: 35 (female) [Portion of Williams & Granara de Willink’s (1992) key to adult female Paracoccus species modified to incorporate P. gillianae]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 270]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 309-312].



Paracoccus hebes Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus hebes Cox, 1987: 65. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Mt. Arthur, on Hebe coarctata. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Scrophulariaceae: Hebe coarctata [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 271]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65, 180].



Paracoccus herreni Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus herreni Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 312. Type data: MEXICO: Chiapas, Huehuatan, on Manihot esculenta. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Epidinocarsis diversicornis Howard [BentoMoMa2000, CalataSePo2001].

HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Nicaragua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

STRUCTURE: Calatayud et al. (2001) identified and synthesized the contact kairomone (from body surface of the mealybug) that is used by two encyrtid parasitoids as a host-location stimulant.

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 271]; CalataRu2006 [economic importance, life history, control, host, distribution: 1-110]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 312-314].



Paracoccus ilu (Williams)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus ilu Williams, 1970: 124. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal, Ilu, on Oryza sativa. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paracoccus ilu; Williams & Watson, 1988a: 142. Change of combination.

Allococcus ilu; Tang, 1992: 344. Change of combination.

Paracoccus ilu; Ben-Dov, 1994: 271. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Dactyloctenium aegyptium [Kawai1973, BenDov1994], Digitaria [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Oryza sativa [Willia1970DJ, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1973, Kawai1987, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [Willia1970DJ, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kawai (1973) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Hodgson & Lagowska 2011: 7 (female) [Paracoccus species in Fiji]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 138 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Kawai 1980: 111 (female) [Japan]; Matile-Ferrero 1979: 73 (female) [Chorizococcus species on rice].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 271]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7, 28]; Kawai1973 [description, host, distribution: 320]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 344]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-125]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-142].



Paracoccus insolitus (Brittin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus insolitus Brittin, 1938: 341. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Buller, Maruia, on unknown plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 66. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Paracoccus insolitus; Cox, 1987: 65. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cornaceae: Griselinia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Griselinia littoralis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Nothofagus solandri [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 56 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 271]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 341]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66, 181].



Paracoccus interceptus Lit

NOMENCLATURE:

Allococcus morrisoni Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 17. Type data: PHILIPPINES: on Lansium domesticum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcus morrisoni; Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 488. Change of combination.

Paracoccus morrisoni Lit, 1997: 41.

Paracoccus interceptus Lit, 1997a: 39. Replacement name for Paracoccus morrisoni (Brittin).



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [GermaiVaMa2010], Spondias dulcie [Willia2004a]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimola [Willia2004a]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya pachyclada [Willia2004a]. Bombacaceae: Durio [Willia2004a]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Platonia insignis [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Cynometra cauliflora [Willia2004a]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos vanprukii [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Lit1997a, Willia2004a]. Melsatomataceae: Melastoma [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophylla [Willia2004a], Ficus [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Lit1997a, Willia2004a]. Orchidaceae: Dendrobium [Willia2004a], Saccholabium blumei [Willia2004a]. Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Bambusa [Lit1997a]. Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [Lit1997a, Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Dimocarpus longan [Willia2004a], Euphoria longan [Willia2004a], Litchi chinensis [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Melicoccus bijugatus [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Zingiberaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [GermaiVaMa2010]. Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]); Brunei [Willia2004a]; India (Sikkim [Willia2004a]); Indonesia [Willia2004a]; Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Luzon [Lit1997a]); Sri Lanka [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 459-460 (female) [Paracoccus species of southern Asia]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 367]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-57]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 488]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-19]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 75]; GermaiVaMa2010 [host, distribution: 126]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39-41]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 345-346]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 466-469]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89].



Paracoccus invectus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus invectus Williams, 2004a: 469. Type data: THAILAND: Intercepted at U.S.A., Miami, on leaf of orchid; collected Z. Zorrer, 12.vi.1979. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Orchidaceae [Willia2004a], Coelogyne stricta [Willia2004a], Dendrobium parishii [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williama (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 459-460 (female) [Paracoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 468-470].



Paracoccus juniperi (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus juniperi Ehrhorn, 1906: 333. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Ashforks, on Juniperus virginiana. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & McKenzie, 1973: 524. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Spilococcus juniperi; Ferris, 1950b: 231. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus iuniperi Lindinger, 1958: 373. Unjustified emendation.

Paracoccus juniperi; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 316. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: juniper mealybug [MillerMc1973].



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Cupressus arizonica [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Juniperus pachyphloea [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Juniperus pinchoti [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Juniperus scopulorum [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Juniperus virginiana [Ehrhor1906, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [Ehrhor1906, BenDov1994], California [DownieGu2004], Florida [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Indiana [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Iowa [Ferris1950b, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Kansas [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Nebraska [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Oklahoma [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Oregon [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Utah [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of its host plants, although ovipositing females may congregate on the cones. Develops several generations per year (Calkins, 1946).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), Miller & McKenzie (1973) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This mealybug is known so far only from host plants of the family Cupressaceae and in the U.S.A. it is often a pest of Juniperus virginiana and J. pinchoti (Calkins, 1946; Miller & McKenzie, 1973).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 522 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 523 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 412 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 757 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 463 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 220 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 271]; Calkin1946 [host, distribition, life history, economic importance: 66-69]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Ehrhor1906 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333, 334]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-232]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 524-527]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 315-316].



Paracoccus kajiadoensis (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus kajiadoensis De Lotto, 1961: 231. Type data: KENYA: Kajiado, on Croton sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paracoccus kajiadoensis; De Lotto, 1964: 359. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Croton [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Datura [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 359 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 272]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-232]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 359].



Paracoccus keralae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus keralae Williams, 2004a: 470. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Quilon, on Pollinidium angustifolium; collected D.D. Gosh, 6.i.1983. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Pollinidium angustifolium [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 459-460 (female) [Paracoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 470-472].



Paracoccus larinus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus larinus De Lotto, 1975a: 68. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Sida rhombifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum [DeLott1975a, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Sida dregei [DeLott1975a, BenDov1994], Sida rhombifolia [DeLott1975a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1975a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1975a).

SYSTEMATICS: De Lotto (1975a) referred to this species the syntypes of Paracoccus burnerae (Brain) which were taken on Sida dregei (=S. longipes and Viburnum sp.

KEYS: De Lotto 1975a: 65 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 272]; DeLott1975a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-69].



Paracoccus latebrosus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus latebrosus De Lotto, 1975a: 68. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [DeLott1975a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1975a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1975a).

KEYS: De Lotto 1975a: 66 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 272]; DeLott1975a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-71].



Paracoccus leptospermi Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus leptospermi Cox, 1987: 66. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Southland, Catlis State Forest, on Leptospermum scoparium. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Leptospermum scoparium [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 56 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 272]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67, 182].



Paracoccus leucadendri Mazzeo & Franco, in: Mazzeo, Franco & Russo

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus leucadendri Mazzeo & Franco, in: Mazzeo, Franco & Russo, 2009: 63. Type data: PORTUGAL: Zambujeira do Mar, on Leucadendron cv. Rosette L. laureolum x L. elimense ssp. salterii; collected J.C. Franco, 15.xi.2007. Holotype female. Type depository: Catania: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Italy; type no. 1296.01. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Proteaceae: Leucadendron [MazzeoFrRu2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011]; Portugal [MazzeoFrRu2009].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mazzeo et al. (2009).

KEYS: Mazzeo et al. 2009: 65-68 [Mealybugs reported from Proteaceae.].

CITATIONS: FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,19,25]; MazzeoFrRu2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-68].



Paracoccus limuricus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus limuricus De Lotto, 1961: 232. Type data: KENYA: Limuru, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paracoccus limuricus; De Lotto, 1964: 359. Change of combination.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 359 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 272]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-233]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 359].



Paracoccus longicauda Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus longicauda Cox, 1987: 67. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Waitakere Range, Scenic Drive, on Podocarpus totara. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Podocarpaceae: Phyllocladus trichomanoides [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Podocarpus totara [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 273]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67, 183].



Paracoccus lycopersici Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus lycopersici Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 45. Type data: MEXICO: intercepted at Laredo, Texas, U.S.A., on Lycopersicon esculentum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Encelia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Penstemon [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Lycopersicon esculentum [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Chile [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) presented two taxonomic illustration to indicate the infra-specific variation in taxonomic characters.

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 273]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47]; Gonzal2011 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 157-159]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-318, 320].



Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 320. Type data: MEXICO: Tabasco, Benito Juarez, on Manihot esculenta. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: La cochenille du papayer [MatileEtTi2000]; papaya mealybug [MillerWiHa2001, MillerMi2002].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri [Germai2013], Scymnus sp [PatilPaPa2011]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Diadiplosis coccidarum Cockerell [MatileEt1998]. HYMENOPRTERA Encyrtidae: Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff [PatilPaPa2011], Anagrus californicus (Compere) [GalaniJaVi2011], Pseudaphycus sp. [GalaniJaVi2011]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff [NoyesSc2003], Anagyrus loecki Noyes [MuniapMeSe2006], Pseudleptomastix mexicana Noyes & Schauff [NoyesSc2003, MuniapMeSe2006]. HYMNENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagrus kamali Moursi [Germai2013]. LEPIDOPTERA Lycaenidae: Spalgius spius Westwood [PatilPaPa2011].

HOSTS: Fistulosa [MillerMi2002]. Acanthaceae: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.) [SakthiKaKa2012], Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) [SakthiKaKa2012], Pachystachys lutea [MatileEt1998]. Agavaceae: Polianthes tuberosa L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Aizoaceae: Trianthema portulacastrum L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes aspera L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Aerva lanata (L.) Juss [SakthiKaKa2012], Aerva tomentosa Forsk [SakthiKaKa2012], Alternanthera sessilis [GalaniJaVi2011], Amaranthus viridis L.? [SakthiKaKa2012], Celosia argentea L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Celosia sp. [SakthiKaKa2012], Digera muricata (L.) Mart. [SakthiKaKa2012], Selosia argentea L [SakthiKaKa2012]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica L. [GalaniJaVi2011], Spondias pinnata (L. f) Kurz [GalaniJaVi2011]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [MatileEtTi2000], Annona squamosa [MatileEtTi2000, MillerMi2002]. Apiaceae: Cantella asiatica [GalaniJaVi2011]. Apocynaceae: Alstonia marcophylla [GalaniJaVi2011], Altamanda viotacea L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Catharanthus roseus [SakthiKaKa2012], Nerium oleander [SakthiKaKa2012], Plumeria [HeuFuCo2007], Plumeria acuminata W.T. Aiton [GalaniJaVi2011], Plumeria alba [MatileEt1998, MatileEtTi2000], Plumeria rubra [MillerMi2002], Rauvolfia sperpentina (L.) Benth [SakthiKaKa2012]. Araliaceae: Cocos nucifera L. [GalaniJaVi2011]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Phoenix dactylifera L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Roystonea regia [MartinBlSu2005]. Asclepiadaceae: Celotropis gigantea L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Gymnema sylverstre F. Br. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Asteraceae: Ageratum conyzoides L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Ambrosia cumanensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Bidens pilosa L. [Germai2013], Eupatorium cannabinum L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Helianthus annuus [GalaniJaVi2011], Parthenium hysterophorus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Parthenium hysterophorus L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Tagetes erecta L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Tridax procumbens L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Vernonia cinerea (L.) [SakthiKaKa2012], Wedelia calandulacea Less [SakthiKaKa2012], Wedelia chinensis Merril [SakthiKaKa2012], Zinnia elegans Jacq [SakthiKaKa2012]. Bignoniaceae: Tecoma stans L. (Juss) [SakthiKaKa2012]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn [SakthiKaKa2012]. Burseraceae: Commiphora caudata (Wight & Arn.) [SakthiKaKa2012]. Caesalpinioideae: Bauhinia purpurea L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Cassia angustifolia Vahl [SakthiKaKa2012], Cassia auriculata L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Cassia fistula L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Tamarindus indeca L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Capparidaceae: Cleome viscosa L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileEt1998, HeuFuCo2007, GermaiPaLu2010], Carica papaya (L.) [MuniapShWa2011]. Combretaceae: Terminatia cata L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Compositae: Parthenium hysterophorus L. [PatilPaPa2011]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. [GalaniJaVi2011], Ipomoea carnea [MillerMi2002], Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Costaceae: Costus speciosus [GalaniJaVi2011]. Cucurbitaceae: Lufta acutangula (L.) Roxb [SakthiKaKa2012], Momordica charantia L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Mukia maderaspatensis L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acalypha indica L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Acalypha wilkesiana [MillerMi2002], Croton sp. [SakthiKaKa2012], Croton sparsiflorus Mor [SakthiKaKa2012], Emblica officinalis Gaertn [SakthiKaKa2012], Euphorbia hirta L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd ex Klotzsch [GermaiSoBu2014], Hevea brasiliensis [GalaniJaVi2011], Jatropha curcas L. [GalaniJaVi2011], Jatropha glandulifera L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Jatropha gossypifolia L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Jatropha integerrima [MatileEt1998, HeuFuCo2007], Jatropha multifida L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Jatropha podagrica L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Jatropha tanjorensis Ellis & Sarojz [SakthiKaKa2012], Manihot chloristica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileEtTi2000], Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Ricinus communis [MartinBlSu2005]. Fabaceae: Acacia [MillerMi2002], Acacia ferruginea DC. [SakthiKaKa2012], Acacia leucophloea L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Arachis hypogaea L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Bauhinia [MillerMi2002], Cajanus cajan [MatileEt1998], Clitoria ternatea L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Crotalaria juncea L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. [Germai2013], Erythrina abyssinica [MartinBlSu2005], Erythrina indica L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Gliricidia sepium [MartinBlSu2005], Glycine max (L.) [SakthiKaKa2012], Leucaena leucocephala {Lam.} [SakthiKaKa2012], Mimosa pigra [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mimosa pudica L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Phaseolus vulgaris [GalaniJaVi2011], Prospois juliflora (Sw.) DC. [SakthiKaKa2012], Rhynchosia minima DC [SakthiKaKa2012], Sesbania grandiflora L. [GalaniJaVi2011], Sesbania punicea Cav. [PatilPaPa2011], Tagetes erecta L. [GalaniJaVi2011], Tephrosea purpurea (L.) Pers [SakthiKaKa2012], Tephrosia noctiflora Bojer ex Baker [Germai2013], Tetramnus labialis [MatileEt1998], Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper [SakthiKaKa2012], Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek [SakthiKaKa2012], Vigna sesquipedalis [GalaniJaVi2011], Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp [SakthiKaKa2012]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia sp. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Lamiaceae: Anisomeles malabarica (L.) [SakthiKaKa2012], Coleus forskohlii Brig [SakthiKaKa2012], Mentha arvensis L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Origanum majorana L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [MillerMi2002]. Lythraceae: Punica granatum L. [GalaniJaVi2011]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia glabra [MatileEt1998], Malpyghia punicifolia L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench [SakthiKaKa2012], Abelmoschus moschalus L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Abutilon hirtum {Lam} Sweet [SakthiKaKa2012, FallahAbSa2014], Gossypium ssp. [SakthiKaKa2012], Hibiscus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileEt1998, HeuFuCo2007], Hibiscus esculentus L. [GalaniJaVi2011], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [MatileEt1998], Hibiscus sabdariffa L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Malvasicus arboreus [MatileEt1998], Sida [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sida acuta Burm [SakthiKaKa2012]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Melia dubia Cav. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. [SakthiKaKa2012], Artocarpus integrifolia L. [GalaniJaVi2011], Artocarus altilis [GalaniJaVi2011], Ficus sp. [GalaniJaVi2011], Morus alba L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Musaceae: Musa sapientum [GalaniJaVi2011]. Myricaceae: Psidium guajava L. [PatilPaPa2011]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [GalaniJaVi2011]. Nyctaginaceae: Boerhavia diffusa L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Boerhavia erecta L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Olacaceae: Jasminun spp. [GalaniJaVi2011]. Pedaliaceae: Sesamum indicum L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Piparaceae: Piper Betie L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Piperaceae: Piper longum L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Poaceae: Uniola paniculata [MillerMi2002], Zea mays [MillerMi2002]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba [MillerMi2002]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus mauritana Lamk. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Rosaceae: Raphiolepis umbellata [MillerMi2002], Rosa [MatileEt1998]. Rubiacea: Ixora spp. [GalaniJaVi2011]. Rubiaceae: Anthocephalus chinensis {Lam.} [SakthiKaKa2012], Borreria articularis (L.f.) F.N. [SakthiKaKa2012], Gardenia sp. [MuniapShWa2011], Hamelia [MillerMi2002], Ixora coccinea L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Morinda citrifolia L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Mussaenda [MatileEtTi2000], Musseanda frondosa L. [GalaniJaVi2011]. Rutaceae: Citrus paradisi [MillerMi2002], Marraya koenigii L. [GalaniJaVi2011]. Salicaceae: Calotropis gigantea L. (Ait) [SakthiKaKa2012]. Sapindaceae: Naphelium lappecium L. [GalaniJaVi2011]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Datura metel L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Lycopersicon esculentum Mill [SakthiKaKa2012], Nicotiana tabacum L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Solanum melongena L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Solanum nigrum L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Solanum torvum Sw. [SakthiKaKa2012], Solanum trilobatum L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Solanum tuberosum L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad & Wendl. [SakthiKaKa2012], Withania somnifera Dunal [SakthiKaKa2012]. Scrophulariaceae: Lawsonia inermis L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annum L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Capsicum annuum L. [GalaniJaVi2011], Cestrum nocturnum [MatileEt1998], Lycopersicon esculentum Mill [GalaniJaVi2011], Solanum melongena [MillerMi2002]. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma [MillerMi2002], Guazuma tomentosa [MartinBlSu2005], Theobroma cacao L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Tiliaceae: Corchorus sapsularis L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum paniculatum [MillerMi2002], Duranta erecta L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Lantana camara L. [SakthiKaKa2012], Tectona grandis [MartinBlSu2005]. Vitaceae: Cissus quadrangularis L. [SakthiKaKa2012]. Zygophyllaceae: Tribulus terrestris L. [SakthiKaKa2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [MuniapShWa2011]; Ghana [MuniapShWa2011, WihBi2012]; Mauritius [GermaiSoBu2014]; Reunion [GermaiPaLu2010, Germai2013, GermaiMiPa2014]; Togo [MuniapShWa2011]. Australasian: Guam [MeyerdMuWa2004, DownieGu2004]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [HeuFuCo2007], Maui [HeuFuCo2007], Oahu [HeuFuCo2007]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [MuniapShWa2008]). Australasian: Palau [MuniapMeSe2006]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MillerWiHa2001] (Baja California Norte [MillerMi2002], Colima [MillerMi2002], Guerrero [MillerMi2002], Jalisco [MillerMi2002], Michoacan [MillerMi2002], Veracruz [MillerMi2002]); United States of America (Florida [MillerWiHa2001, MillerMi2002]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [MillerWiHa2001]); Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MillerWiHa2001]; British Virgin Islands [MillerWiHa2001, MillerMi2002]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MillerWiHa2001]; Cuba [MartinBlSu2005]; Dominican Republic [MillerMi2002]; French Guiana [MatileEtTi2000]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt1998, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MillerWiHa2001]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Martinique [GermaiGr2005, MatileEt2006]; Mexico (Tabasco [MillerMi2002]); Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [MillerWiHa2001]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Saint Kitts [MillerWiHa2001]); Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Barthelemy [MatileEt1998, MillerWiHa2001, MatileEt2006], Saint Martin [MillerWiHa2001, MatileEt2006]); U.S. Virgin Islands [MillerWiHa2001]. Oriental: Bangladesh [MuniapShWa2011]; India (Arunchal Pradesh [PrasadArMo2012], Jammu & Kashmir [SharmaBhSh2013], Karnataka [PatilPaPa2011], Kerala [SharmaBhSh2013], Maharashtra [SharmaBhSh2013], Odisha [SharmaBhSh2013], Tamil Nadu [MuniapShWa2008], Tripura [SharmaBhSh2013]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [MuniapShWa2011]; Malaysia [MastoiAzNu2011]; Philippines [MuniapShWa2011] (Luzon [MuniapShWa2011]); Sri Lanka [GalaniJaVi2011, MuniapShWa2011]; Thailand [MuniapShWa2011].

BIOLOGY: Paracoccus marginatus reproduces sexually. There are three nymphal instars and no pupal stage in the wingless female, and eggs are laid in a small, white ovisac of woolly wax. The winged male has two nymphal stages, a pre-pupa and a pupal stage. There are several generations per year. (Muniappan, et al., 2009)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, nymphs, prepupa and pupa by Miller & Miller (2002).

STRUCTURE: The live adult female is soft, oval, (about 2.5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide) and is evenly covered in powdery, white wax, without any longitudinal depressions. Short waxy filaments develop around the body margin including short caudal filaments. The body contents are yellow in life but turn black in less than one day after death, even when preserved in alcohol. Muniappan, et al., 2009) Colour photograph by Heu et al. (2007). Germain et al. (2010) presented colour photo of damaged papaya fruits. Adult male P. marginatus is a sexual species. The adult male appeared yellow and was approximately 1.0mm long, with an elongate oval body widest at the thorax (about 0.3mm). The antennae are 10-segmented; the thorax and head were heavily sclerotized, and the wings were well developed; the genital capsule is distinctly sclerotized, and a pair of lateral pore clusters occurred near the apex of the abdomen. The lateral pore clusters secreted a pair of white wax caudal filaments in life. (Galanihe, et al., 2010)

SYSTEMATICS: In slide-mounted adult females from the Oriental region, this is the only species of Paracoccus that totally lacks oral rim ducts in the sub-median or median areas of the dorsum. (Muniappan, et al., 2009) Diagnostic characteristics of the slide-mounted adult female: members of the genus Paracoccus possess up to 18 pairs of cerarii on body margins, eight-segmented antennae, ventral anal lobe bars, translucent pores on the hind coxa and usually on the tibia; auxiliary setae are present in the anal lobe cerarii only, and oral rim ducts are present some-where on the body. [P. marginatus differs from other members of the genus as follows: dorsal surface with short, slender setae; cerarii numbering 16 or 17 pairs only; oral rim tubular ducts restricted to marginal areas of dorsum and venter; hind leg with translucent pores present on coxa only (Williams & Granara de Willink (1992); Miller & Miller (2002)). The eight-segmented antenna distinguishes this species from the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), which has a nine-segmented antenna. Miller & Miller (2002).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Sooty mold developing on honeydew excreted by this mealybug covers the leaves, fruits and stems, impeding photosynthesis and gaseous exchange. On papaya, P. marginatus infests the veins of older leaves, which turn yellow, dry up and are shed prematurely, and all parts of young leaves and fruits. Tender leaves become crinkled and curly; flowers and young fruits drop and shoots become bunchy. Papaya trees die within a few months of becoming infested. Infestation of Plumeria causes the leaves to curl and new leaves fail to expand fully. On Hibiscus, leaves and flowers attacked by PM become distorted and the shoots appear bunchy.(Muniappan, et al., 2009). Muniappan et al. (2006) reported on successful biological control of this species in the Republic of Palau, following the introduction of three species of encyrtid parasitoids.

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: AmarasChEp2008 [life history, ecology: 1798-1804]; AmarasMaOs2008 [life history: 630-635]; AramasMaEp2010 [biological control: 1506-1512]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 273]; CABI2000c [host, distribution: 1-2]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; GalaniJaVi2011 [biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration,, structure, taxonomy: 81-86]; GalaniWa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 7]; GermaiGr2005 [host, distribution: 330]; GermaiPaLu2010 [host, distribution, economic importance: 9-10]; GermaiSoBu2014 [distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy: 27]; GonzalViMi1999 [host, distribution, biological control: 142-143]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HeuFuCo2007 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-2]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; KaydanCaUl2013 [economic importance: 169]; Malump2012b [distribution, economic importance: 207]; MalumpHaMa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 114]; ManiJoKa2013 [host, biological control: 242]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; MartinMoPe2000 [host, distribution, economic importance]; MastoiAzNu2011 [biological control, distribution, economic importance, host: 1247]; MatileEt1998 [host, distribution, biological control: 142]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 180-181]; MatileEtTi2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 485-486]; McComi2000 [distribution, economic importance]; MeyerdMuWa2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 110-114]; MillerMi2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-23]; MillerWiHa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 179-181]; MuniapMeSe2006 [host, distribution, biological control: 212-217]; MuniapShWa2008 [description, distribution, economic importance: 37-39]; MuniapShWa2011 [biological control,description, distribution, economic importance, host: 168, 170]; MuniapShWa2011 [distribution, host: 168]; NoyesSc2003 [biological control: 180-185]; PapayaMePa2000 [host, distribution, economic importance]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; PatilPaPa2011 [biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration,,: 692-693]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; Pollar1999 [host, distribution, economic importance: 7]; PrasadArMo2012 [chemical control, distribution, host, illustration: 545-549]; SaengyBu2012 [biological control: 1-7]; SakthiKaKa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 7-9]; SharmaBhSh2013 [biological control, distribution, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 664-671]; WalkerHoMe2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 302]; WihBi2012 [distribution, host: 44]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-323].



Paracoccus melanesicus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus melanesicus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 142. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province, Buso, on Litsea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lauraceae: Litsea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 138 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 273]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-144].



Paracoccus mexicanus Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus mexicanus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 49. Type data: MEXICO: intercepted at Eagle Pass, Texas, U.S.A., on Sedum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Crassulaceae: Sedum [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992]. Fabaceae: Acacia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 273]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-52]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323-325].



Paracoccus miro (de Boer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus miro de Boer, 1967a: 138. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Aniseed Valley, on Podocarpus ferrugineus. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Paracoccus miro; Cox, 1987: 67. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Elaeocarpaceae: Aristotelia fruticosa [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Epacridaceae: Cyathodes fsciculata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Escalloniaceae: Carpodetus serratus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum ericoides [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Leptospermum scoparium [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Metrosideros perforata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Podocarpus totara [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Prumnopitys ferruginea [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Prumnopitys taxifolia [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Alectryon excelsus [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Boer1967a, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by de Boer (1967a) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 56 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 274]; Boer1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-140]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68, 184].



Paracoccus morobensis Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus morobensis Williams & Watson, 1988a: 146. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province, Buso, on an unidentified high canopy vine. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Commersonia bartramia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 138 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 274]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-147].



Paracoccus multiductus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus multiductus Cox, 1987: 68. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Mt Arthur, on Dracophyllum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Epacridaceae: Dracophyllum [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 54 (female) [New Zealand]; Beardsley 1960: 213 (male) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 274]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68, 185].



Paracoccus muraltiae (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus muraltiae Brain, 1912: 184. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Newlands, on Muraltia heisteria. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paracoccus muraltiae; De Lotto, 1964: 358. Change of combination.



HOST: Polygalaceae: Muraltia heisteria [Brain1912, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1912].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958a).

KEYS: De Lotto 1975a: 65 (female) [South Africa]; De Lotto 1964: 358 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 274]; Brain1912 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-186]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-103]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29].



Paracoccus murreeanus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus murreeanus Williams, 2004a: 472. Type data: PAKISTAN: N.E. Pakistan, Murree, on unidentified plant; collected 21.vii.1970. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 459-460 (female) [Paracoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 472-474].



Paracoccus mutabilis De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus mutabilis De Lotto, 1964: 360. Type data: NAMIBIA [= SOUTH WEST AFRICA]: Walvis Bay, on Welwitschia mirabilis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Welwitschiaceae: Welwitschia mirabilis [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Namibia (=South West Africa) [DeLott1964].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1975a: 66 (female) [South Africa]; De Lotto 1964: 359 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 360]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425].



Paracoccus myrtacearum Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus myrtacearum Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 325. Type data: CHILE: Alerce Andino National Park, on Myrtaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 274-275]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 325-327].



Paracoccus nellorensis Avasthi & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus nellorensis Avasthi & Shafee, 1983a: 398. Type data: INDIA: Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, on undetermined weed. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.

Spilococcus nellorensis; Tang, 1992: 271. Change of combination.

Paracoccus nellorensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 275. Revived combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Andhra Pradesh [AvasthSh1983a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Avasthi & Shafee (1983a) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 459-460 (female) [Paracoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1983a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-401]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 275]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, descrtiption, host, distribution: 271-272]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 56]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 474-477].



Paracoccus neocarens (Lit)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus neocarens Lit, 1992: 1163. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Mindanao: Bukidnon, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, on Paspalum conjugatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust.

Paracoccus neocarens; Lit, 1997: 39. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Paspalum conjugatum [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Lit1997a, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Mindanao [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Lit1997a, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Lit (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 459-460 (female) [Paracoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 138]; Lit1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1163,1164,1176]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 476-478].



Paracoccus niuensis Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus niuensis Williams & Watson, 1988a: 148. Type data: NIUE: Vaiea Farm, on Glochidion ramiflorum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Glochidion ramiflorum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 138 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 275]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-149].



Paracoccus nothofagi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus nothofagi Williams, 1985: 249. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Cradle Mountain National Park, on Nothofagus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fagaceae: Nothofagus [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 246 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 275]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-249].



Paracoccus nothofagicola Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus nothofagicola Cox, 1987: 68. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Taupo, on Nothofagus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Nothofagus solandri [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus solandri cliffortioides [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 54 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 275]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-69, 186]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71].



Paracoccus oneratus Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus oneratus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 327. Type data: MEXICO: No locality, on unknown host. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 294 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 275]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 327-329].



Paracoccus ordinis Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus ordinis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 329. Type data: MEXICO: Mexico, Ixtapan de la Sal, on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 275]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 329-331].



Paracoccus orsomi Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus orsomi Mamet, 1962: 175. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ankaratra, Col de Faratsiho, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 275-276]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-177].



Paracoccus parvicirculus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus parvicirculus Cox, 1987: 69. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Hunua Range, on Morelotia affinis. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Balanophoraceae: Dactylanthus taylori [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Morelotia affinis [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 276]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69, 187].



Paracoccus perperus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus perperus De Lotto, 1975a: 71. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Stellenbosch, on Anthospermum aethiopicum. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Anthospermum aethiopicum [DeLott1975a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1975a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1975a).

KEYS: De Lotto 1975a: 65 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 276]; DeLott1975a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-73].



Paracoccus pinguis De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus pinguis De Lotto, 1964: 360. Type data: TANZANIA: Mwanza, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occuring on roots of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 358 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 276]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 360-361].



Paracoccus poculiporus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus poculiporus Williams, 1985: 249. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Bulga Plateau, host plant not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found in rain forest and in subalpine woodland (Williams, 1985).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 246 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 276]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 249-251].



Paracoccus podocarpi Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus podocarpi Cox, 1987: 70. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Waitakere Range, Scenic Drive, on Podocarpus totara. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Podocarpaceae: Lagrostrobos colensoi [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Podocarpus totara [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 276-277]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70, 188].



Paracoccus ranavalonae Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus ranavalonae Mamet, 1962: 177. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Sakaraha, Lambomahandro Forest, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 277]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-179].



Paracoccus redactus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus redactus Cox, 1987: 70. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Kaihoka Lakes, on Podocarpus spicatus. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus spicatus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Podocarpus taxifolia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Prumnopitys ferruginea [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 277]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-71, 189].



Paracoccus reductus (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus reducta Ferris, 1953a: 470. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, Anza, on Agave sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

Chorizococcus reducta; McKenzie, 1960: 694. Change of combination.

Paracoccus reductus; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 331. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave [Ferris1953a, WilliaGr1992], Agave shawii [WilliaGr1992]. Bromeliaceae: Guzmania [WilliaGr1992].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992]; United States of America (California [Ferris1953a, McKenz1960]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 294 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 88 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 694 (female) [California]; McKenzie 1960: 694 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 463 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 277]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 470-471]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy: 694]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-113].



Paracoccus salviacola Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus salviacola Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 333. Type data: MEXICO: Michoacan, 8 km W. Ciudad Hidalg, on Salvia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Salvia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 277]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 335-339].



Paracoccus solani Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus solani Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 47. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Mesa, on Erigeron canadensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Gossypina glauca Salazar, 1972: 294. Type data: PERU: Valle de Tambo, on cotton [= Gossypium sp.]. Holotype female. Type depository: Lima: Centro de Introduccion y Cria de Insectos Utiles, Peru. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 335.



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave tequilero [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Erigeron canadensis [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994], Parthenium hysterophorus [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Scalesia aspera [LincanHoCa2010]. Boraginaceae: Heliotropium angiospermum [LincanHoCa2010]. Caryophyllaceae: Bougainvillea sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Combretaceae: Laguncularia racemosa [LincanHoCa2010]. Crassulaceae: Echeveria sp. [JiSu2012]. Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Chamaesyce amplexicaulis [LincanHoCa2010], Euphorbia humifusa [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Galvezia leucantha [LincanHoCa2010], Hyptis sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sida hederifolia [LincanHoCa2010], Sida spinosa [LincanHoCa2010]. Solanaceae: Solanum melongena [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Waltheria indica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Lantana sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Zygophyllaceae: Tribulus terrestris [LincanHoCa2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]). Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Peru [Salaza1972, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Salazar (1972) (as G. glauca), Williams (1985) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) discussed the intra-specific variation in some features of the adult female, and presented three taxonomic illustrations.

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1985: 246 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 343-344]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49]; JiSu2012 [distribution, host: 1-5]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; Salaza1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 294-295]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 251-253]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 335-339].



Paracoccus spinulosus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus spinulosus De Lotto, 1961: 227. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on the roots of Saccharum officinarum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paracoccus spinulosus; De Lotto, 1964: 358. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1991).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: According to Williams D. J. (1970) this species is known from one collection only, and no damage has been reported.

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 358 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 278]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227-228]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 358].



Paracoccus sporoboli (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus sporoboli James, 1936: 199. Type data: KENYA: Ruiru, on Sporobolus phillippi. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paracoccus sporoboli; Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 298. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Sporobolus philippi [James1936, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Hedyotis [Matile1976, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1936, BenDov1994]; Saint Helena [Matile1976, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by James (1936) and by De Lotto (1957b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 278]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230-231]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-200]; Matile1976 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 298].



Paracoccus tectus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus tectus De Lotto, 1964: 361. Type data: UGANDA: North Bogishu, on Erlangea tomentosa. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Erlangea tomentosa [DeLott1964].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1964].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 359 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 278]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 361].



Paracoccus townsendi (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Bergrothia townsendi Cockerell, 1893y: 404. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Cruces, on Fouquiera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Dactylopius (Bergrothia) townsendi; Newstead, 1895a: 236. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus townsendi; Fernald, 1903b: 110. Change of combination.

Erium townsendi; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Spilococcus townsendi; Ferris, 1950b: 243. Change of combination.

Paracoccus townsendi; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 339. Change of combination.



HOST: Fouquieriaceae: Fouquiera splendens [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1893y, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Ferris (1950b) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 522 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 412 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 757 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 463 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 220 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 278]; Cocker1893y [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 404-405]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 110]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-244]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-341].



Paracoccus trichinus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus trichinus De Lotto, 1964: 362. Type data: UGANDA: North Bogishu, on Galinsoga sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Galinsoga [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 358 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 279]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 362].



Paracoccus trichospermi Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus trichospermi Williams & Watson, 1988a: 150. Type data: FIJI: Viti levu, Sawani, on Trichospermum ritchii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paracoccus trichospermae; Hodgson & Lagowska, 2011: 7. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Tiliaceae: Trichospermum ritchii [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Hodgson & Lagowska 2011: 7 (female) [Paracoccus species in Fiji]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 138 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 279]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7, 28]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-150].



Paracoccus tripurae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus tripurae Williams, 2004a: 478. Type data: INDIA: Tripura, Lembucherra (or Limbuchura), on Citrus sp.; collected M.R. Ghosh, 20.vi.1962. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tripura [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 459-460 (female) [Paracoccus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 478-480].



Paracoccus tuaregensis (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus tuaregensis Balachowsky, 1951a: 199. Type data: ALGERIA: Gorges d'Amais, on Ficus salicifolius. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Paracoccus tuaregensis; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 52. Change of combination.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus salicifolius [Balach1951a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1951a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1951a). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956).

CITATIONS: Balach1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-202]; Balach1954f [host, distribution: 93]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 279]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52-53].



Paracoccus turrialbensis Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus turrialbensis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 341. Type data: COSTA RICA: Turrialba, on unknown sprouting stump. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 294 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 279]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 341-343].



Paracoccus villanuevai (Miller & McKenzie)

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus villanuevai Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 593. Type data: MEXICO: Vera Cruz, Jalapa, Rio Cedeno, on Rhus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

Paracoccus villanuevai; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 343. Change of combination.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Rhus [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the underside of the leaf of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Miller & McKenzie (1971) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 295 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 522 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 590 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 279]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 593-595]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343, 344].



Paracoccus zealandicus (Ezzat & McConnell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Allococcus zealandicus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 21. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Nelson, on Leptospermum scoparium. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcus zealandicus; Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 488. Change of combination.

Paracoccus zealandicus; Cox, 1987: 71. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Avicenniaceae: Avicennia resinifera [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Epacridaceae: Cyathodes [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Nothofagus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Leptospermum scoparium [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Violaceae: Melicytus ramiflorus [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [EzzatMc1956, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 55 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 279-280]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71, 190]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 488]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-22].



Paradiscococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paradiscococcus Williams, 1985: 253. Type species: Paradiscococcus hudsoni Williams, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

SYSTEMATICS: Species of this genus possess and anal ring without pores but with setae forming two lateral groups of 3, a character shared with Discococcus Ferris and Prorsococcus Williams. The species of all three genera are known from grasses and sedges.

KEYS: Williams 1985: 37 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 280]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 37, 253].



Paradiscococcus hudsoni Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paradiscococcus hudsoni Williams, 1985: 253. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Lindisfarne, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Poa sieberana [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on grass roots.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 280]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 253-255].



Paradoxococcus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Paradoxococcus McKenzie, 1962: 648. Type species: Paradoxococcus mcdanieli McKenzie, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by McKenzie (1962) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 47 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1964: 215 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 280]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 78, 143]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description: 648-649]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 144].



Paradoxococcus mcdanieli McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Paradoxococcus mcdanieli McKenzie, 1962: 649. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Bazos County, College Station, on Sorghum halepense. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Johnson grass mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Ammophila breviligulata [Koszta1996], Andropogon [Koszta1996], Distichlis spicata [Koszta1996], Sorghum halepense [McKenz1962, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Spartina patens [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [Koszta1996], Delaware [Koszta1996], Florida [Koszta1996, DownieGu2004], Georgia [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Mississippi [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], South Carolina [Koszta1996], Texas [McKenz1962, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Miller & Miller 2002a: 971 (female) [Key to Species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf States Region (Adult Remales)]; Kosztarab 1996: 143 (female) [northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 280]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 143-145]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 649-651]; MillerMi2002a [taxonomy: 971]; Tippin1971a [host, distribution, economic importance: 179-183].



Paraferrisia Williams & de Boer

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraferrisia Williams & de Boer, 1973: 238. Type species: Trionymus podocarpi Brittin, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & de Boer (1973) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 13 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 280]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 71-72]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description: 238].



Paraferrisia podocarpi (Brittin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus podocarpi Brittin, 1938: 347. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Motueka, on Podocarpus dacrydioides. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & de Boer, 1973: 240. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Paraferrisia podocarpi; Williams & de Boer, 1973: 238. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Podocarpaceae: Dacrydium cupressinum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Podocarpus dacrydioides [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Britti1938, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & de Boer (1973) and by Cox (1987).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 280]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 347]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72, 191]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-240].



Paramonostherium Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paramonostherium Williams, 1985: 255. Type species: Paramonostherium richardsi Williams, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

SYSTEMATICS: This genus resembles Amonostherium Morrison & Morrison and Australicoccus Williams in possessing more than two setae in the anal lobe cerarii.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 281]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 255].



Paramonostherium richardsi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paramonostherium richardsi Williams, 1985: 255. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, South Perth, on Gastrolobium parvifolium. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Gastrolobium parvifolium [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 281]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 255-257].



Paramyrmococcus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paramyrmococcus Takahashi, 1941a: 204. Type species: Paramyrmococcus chiengraiensis Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

Paramyrmecoccus; Balashowsky, 1957: 163. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Takhashi (1941a), Williams (1978), Tang (1992), Williams (2002b and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 40 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 483 (female) [Paramyrmococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 170 (female) [Species of Paramyrmococcus.]; Tang 1992: 77 (female) [China]; Williams 1978a (female) [related genera and key to species].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 281]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 145]; Takaha1941a [taxonomy, description: 204]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 89]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description: 54-56]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, description: 168-170]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 480-483].



Paramyrmococcus chiengraiensis Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paramyrmococcus chiengraiensis Takahashi, 1941a: 204. Type data: THAILAND: Chiengrai, Lampang, on undetermined vine, attended by ant Dolichoderus [= Hypoclinea] sp. Holotype female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, according to Williams, 1978DJ.

Paramyrmococcus chienqraiensis; Tang, 1992: 89. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Glochidion [Willia2004a]. Poaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Takaha1941a, Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Attended by ants of the genus Hypoclinea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1978DJ; 2002b), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 483 (female) [Paramyrmococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 170 (female) [Species of Paramyrmococcus]; Tang 1992: 89 (female) [China]; Williams 1978: 56 (female) [South East Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 281]; Takaha1941a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 204]; Takaha1942 [host, distribution: 16]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90, 737]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-56, 61]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-171]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 481-483].



Paramyrmococcus vietnamensis Williams D. J.

NOMENCLATURE:

Paramyrmococcus vietnamensis Williams D. J., 1978: 61. Type data: VIETNAM: South, Da Lat, Chute de Gauhgau, host plant not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [Willia1978DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1978) and by Williams (2004a). Good description and illustration of third-instar female nymph given by Williams D. J. (1978). Good description and illustration of second-instar female nymph given by Williams (1978). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Williams D. J. (1978).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 483 (female) [Paramyrmococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 90 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 282]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90-91]; Willia1978DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-62]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 170]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 481-483].



Parapaludicoccus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Parapaludicoccus Mamet, 1962: 179. Type species: Parapaludicoccus isaloensis Mamet, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Mamet (1962) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 22 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 282]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 150]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description: 180].



Parapaludicoccus isaloensis Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Parapaludicoccus isaloensis Mamet, 1962: 180. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Isalo, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 282]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-154]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-182].



Paraporisaccus Lu & Wu

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraporisaccus Lu & Wu, 2011: 395-399. Type species: Paraporisaccus guizhouensis Lu & Wu.

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, illustrations and photographs in Lu & Wu, 2011.

SYSTEMATICS: This genus is close to the genus Porisaccus Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999) in bag-like metathoracic legs, but can be easily distinguished by having tubular ducts, prothoracic and mesothoracic legs, and 2 or 3-segmented antennae. The genus is also similar to Paraserrolecanium Wu (2010) but differ from the later by having 2 or 3 segmented antennae and bag-like metathoracic legs. (Lu & Wu, 2011)

CITATIONS: LuWu2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 395-399].



Paraporisaccus guizhouensis Lu & Wu

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraporisaccus guizhouensis Lu & Wu, 2011: 395-399. Type data: CHINA: Guizhou, Suiyang County, Kuankuoshui Nature Reserve, on Yushania sp., 8/12/2010, by Wu San-An & Lu Yuan. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Beijing: Forestry University, Beijing, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Yushania sp. [LuWu2011]

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guizhou (=Kweichow)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Chinese, illustrations and photographs in Lu (Lv) & Wu, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Body of adult females ovate to obovate, flattened dorso-ventrally, last four abdominal segments well defined and expanded laterally. Antennae 2 or 3-segmented. Eyes present. Clypeolabral shield with an anterior projection. Prothoracic and mesothoracic legs reduced to unsegmented or segmented stub; claws usually present, without denticles; metathoracic legs represented by bag-like structures with small duct-like pores, Ostioles and circuli absent. Vulva slit-like,.directed caudally. Anal ring with pores and 6 setae. located at end of a short invaginated tube. Cerarii absent. Trilocular pores present. distributed over dorsal and ventral surface. Quinqueloculur pores and.multilocular pores absent. Oral collar tubular ducts present. short-typed. (Lu & Wu, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to the species in the genus Porisaccus Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999) in having bag-like metathoracic legs,but can be easily distinguished by having tubular ducts, prothoracic and mesothoracic legs, and 2 or 3-segmented antennae. (Lu & Wu, 2011)

CITATIONS: LuWu2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 395-399].



Paraputo Laing

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo Laing, 1929a: 473. Type species: Paraputo ritchiei Laing (= Ripersia anomala Newstead), by original designation.

Cataenococcus Ferris, 1955: 3. Type species: Dactylopius olivaceus Cockerell, by original designation. Synonymy by Tang, 1992: 304.

Catenococcus; Ferris, 1955: Fig. 5. Misspelling of genus name.

Catenococcus; McKenzie, 1960: 691. Misspelling of genus name.

Lachnodiopsis Borchsenius, 1960e: 923. Type species: Lachnodiopsis szemaoensis Borchsenius, by original designation. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 484.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Balachowsky (1954g), De Lotto (1964), McKenzie (1967), Williams (1969d), Miller & McKenzie (1971), Matile-Ferrero (1978) Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2005a: 3357 (female) [Species of Pacific region]; Williams 2004a: 44 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Tang 1992: 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Tang 1992: 297 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 305-306 (female) [species Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 74-75 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 38, 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 19 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 4 (female) [India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 4 (female) [India]; Wang 1982TC: 22 (female) [Genera of China]; Wang 1982TC: 70 (female) [Paraputo species China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 490-491 (female) [species North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 567 (female) [South America]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 81 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Williams 1960: 419 (female) [Solomon Islands].

CITATIONS: Balach1954g [taxonomy: 17]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 430]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 69, 208]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 282]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 251-256]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy, description: 923]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description: 344]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description: 3, 5]; FoldiKo2006 [taxonomy: 306]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description: 473]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 50-52]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy: 691]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 80-81]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy: 567]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 30, 102, 146]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 297,304-305]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 17, 21]; Willia1969d [taxonomy, description: 103]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 484-491]; Willia2005a [taxonomy, description: 3343-3358]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 38, 43, 73-75]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 151].



Paraputo acehicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo acehicus Williams, 2004a: 491. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Aceh, Ketambe Lauser Park, inside stems of Neonauclea sp., associated with Crematogaster sp. ants; collected U. Maschwitz, 30.x.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 251]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 490-493].



Paraputo albizzicola Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo albizzicola Borchsenius, 1962a: 228. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, on Albizzia lebbek. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Albizia lebbeck [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1962a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 305 (female) [China]; Wang 1982a: 315 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 282-283]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 251]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 306]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21].



Paraputo amydrus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo amydrus Williams, 2004a: 493. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Kepong, Forest Research Station, on Saraca thaipingensis; collected S. Takagi, 31.x.1991. Holotype female. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selandgor, Malaysia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Saraca thaipingensis [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 251]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 492-495].



Paraputo anomalus (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia anomala Newstead, 1908c: 9. Type data: TANZANIA: Kiboroto, Kilimanjaro, under bark accompanied by small black ants (Pheidole megacephala). Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paraputo ritchiei Laing, 1929a: 473. Type data: TANZANIA: Bukoba, on a tree-trunk. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1958: 217.

Paraputo multispinosa James, 1935a: 233. Type data: KENYA: Kitito, Ukamba Province, on ornamental plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Strickland, 1947a: 512.

Paraputo anomala; Williams, 1958: 217. Change of combination.

Paraputo anomalus; De Lotto, 1964: 363. Justified emendation.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Leonardoxa africana [GaumeMaMc2000], Pterolobium lacerans [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Marantaceae: Clinogyne cuspoidata [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Trichilia prieuriana [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Chlorophora excelsa [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Syzygium aromaticum [WilliaMa2005a]. Sapotaceae: Malacantha [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Cola cordifolia [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [Donald1956], Triplochiton scleroxylon [Strick1947a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [GaumeMaMc2000]; Ghana [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]; Kenya [James1935a, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [Newste1908c, Laing1929a, DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a].

BIOLOGY: Gaume et al. (2000) studied the close association and trophobiosis of this mealybug and the soft scale Houardia abdita De Lotto, with the ant Aphomomyrmex afer in hollowed twigs of the myrmecophyte Leonardoxa africana at coastal forests of Cameroon.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1955) and by Williams (1958).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 363 (female) [Africa]; Williams 1960: 419 (female) [Solomon Islands].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 283]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 251]; DeLott1964 [host, distribution: 363]; Donald1956 [host, distribution, biological control: 48-60]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5]; GaumeMaMc2000 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 84-91]; James1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 233-235]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 473-475]; Newste1908c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-10]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 65]; Strick1947a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 512-513]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-219]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 147].



Paraputo aracearum Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo aracearum Williams, 2005a: 3344. Type data: FIJI: Taveuni, on corm of taro; collected 20 August 2004, by J. Narayan. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Araceae: Colocasia [Willia2005a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [Willia2005a, HodgsoLa2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2005a).

KEYS: Williams 2005a: 3357 (female) [Species of Pacific region].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 251]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 29]; Willia2005a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3344-3346].



Paraputo areolatus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo areolatus Williams, 2004a: 495. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Ranau, Porting Hot Springs, in jollow stems of Millettia nieuwenhuisii, associated with Cladomyrma sp. ants; collected J. Moog, 7.ii.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Millettia nieuwenhuisii [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 251]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 494-497].



Paraputo asparodosensis (Foldi & Kozar)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cataenococcus asparodosensis Foldi & Kozar, 2006: 306. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Itaimbezinho, Parc National de Asparados, on Phragmites communis, attended by ants; collected I. Foldi, 16 November 1985. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 10386/2. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo asparodosensis; ScaleNet, 2006: xx. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Phragmites communis [FoldiKo2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [FoldiKo2006]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Foldi & Kozar (2006).

CITATIONS: FoldiKo2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 306-308].



Paraputo banzigeri Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo banzigeri Williams, 2004a: 497. Type data: THAILAND: Lamphun Province, Li District, Lamphun, on roots of Dimocarpus longan, inside theca of Boletus dimocarpicola, associated with Pseudolasius sp. ants; collected Pranom Chai-an, 8.vii.1997. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Sapindaceae: Dimocarpus longan [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 251]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 496-498].



Paraputo barbatus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo barbatus De Lotto, 1964: 363. Type data: TANZANIA: Longido, on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Cataenococcus barbatus; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 52. Change of combination.

Paraputo barbatus; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 252. Revived combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 363 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 69]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 251]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 363, 364]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 52].



Paraputo capillulatus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo capillulatus Williams, 2004a: 498. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak, in hollow stem of Saraca thaipingensis, associated with Cladomyrma petalae ants; collected J. Moog, 8.ii.1991. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Saraca thaipingensis [Willia2004a]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos vanprukii [Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Spatholobus [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-490 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 498-500].



Paraputo carnosae (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus carnosae Takahashi, 1951: 3. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaya, Cameron Highlands, on Lecanopteris carnosa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 500. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Paraputo carnosae; Tang, 1992: 306. Change of combination.

Tylococcus carnosae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 534. Revived combination.



HOST: Polypodiaceae: Lecanopteris carnosa [Takaha1951, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takaha1951, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Living in hollows in the rhyzomes of the plant, and associated with Crematogaster yappi.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951) and by Williams (2004a)

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 306 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 534]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Takaha1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-5]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 306-307]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 500-503].



Paraputo chimbuensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo chimbuensis Williams, 2005a: 3346. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Chimbu Province, Karimui, on rhizomes and inside stems of Elettaria cardamomum; collected 22 October 1982, by B.M. Thistleton. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Zingiberaceae: Ellataria cardamomum [Willia2005a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Willia2005a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2005a).

KEYS: Williams 2005a: 3357 (female) [Species of Pacific region].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Willia2005a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3346-3348].



Paraputo citricola Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo citricola Tang, 1992: 598. Type data: CHINA: Fujian Province, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus [Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 283]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 598, 738]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21].



Paraputo claviger Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo claviger Williams, 2004a: 503. Type data: BANGLADESH: Chittagong, on Gmelina arborea; collected C.F.C. Beeson. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Gmelina arborea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Bangladesh [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 502-504].



Paraputo colombiensis (Williams & Granara de Willink)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cataenococcus colombiensis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 75. Type data: COLOMBIA: Vaupes, Tio Barbos, on Melastomataceae. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo colombiensis; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 252. Change of combination.



HOST: Melastomataceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 69]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-77].



Paraputo comorensis Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo comorensis Mamet, 1960: 158. Type data: COMOROS: Grand-Comore, Foret de la Grille, on an undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros [Mamet1960, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of an undetermined ant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1960). Good illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1978).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 283]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Mamet1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158, 161]; Matile1978 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 51-52].



Paraputo corbetti (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus corbetti Takahashi, 1939: 111. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kuala Lumpur, on Mangifera indica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Paraputo corbetti; Williams, 2004a: 504. Change of combination.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Takaha1939, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Takaha1939, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Takahashi (1939) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 287 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 170]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Takaha1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-113]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 289]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 504-507].



Paraputo cribratus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo cribratus Williams, 2004a: 509. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Poring Hot Springs, 500 m, sifted from dipterocarp forest floor; collected D. Burckhardt, 7.v.1987. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 508-509].



Paraputo cualatensis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus cualatensis Cockerell, 1903b: 47. Type data: MEXICO: Cualata, Colima, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Farinococcus cualatensis; Ferris, 1953a: 352. Change of combination.

Cataenococcus cualatensis; Ferris, 1955: 3. Change of combination.

Paraputo cualatensis; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 252. Change of combination.



HOST: Urticaceae: Cecropia [Ferris1953a, Ferris1955, WilliaGr1992].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1903b, Ferris1953a, Ferris1955, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in galls.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a, 1955) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 491 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 81 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 352 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 69]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Cocker1903b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 47, 48]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-353]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3]; WilliaGr1992 [illustration, host, distribution: 77, 78].



Paraputo cubicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo cubicus Williams, 2004a: 511. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Ranau, Poring Hot Springs, inside stems of Neonauclea sp., associated with Cladomyrma sp. ants; collected J. Moog, 28.i.1993. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 510-511].



Paraputo danzigae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo danzigae Williams, 2004a: 513. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Road from Ranau to Telupid, inside stems of Neonauclea longipedunculata, associated with Cladomyrma sp. ants; collected J. Moog, 27.ii.1995. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Neonauclea longipedunculata [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 512-513].



Paraputo domatium Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo domatium Williams, 2004a: 515. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak, inside stems of Saraca thaipingensis, associated with Crematogaster sp. ants; collected G. Riedel, 22.iv.1994. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Vernonia arborea [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Saraca thaipingensis [Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Millettia atropurpuria [Willia2004a], Spatholobus oblongifolius [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Lepisanthes tetraphylla [Willia2004a], Pometia pinnata [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: In all records of this species it was associated with ants, mainly of Crematogaster sp. (Williams, 2004a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 514-517].



Paraputo drypetis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo drypetis Williams, 2004a: 517. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Ranau, Poring Hot Springs, inside stems of Drypetes longifolia, accociated with Cladomyrma sp. ants; collected J. Moog, 26.i.1995. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Drypetes longifolia [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 516-519].



Paraputo ductorum (Williams & Granara de Willink)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cataenococcus ductorum Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 77. Type data: MEXICO: without further data on locality and host. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo ductorum; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 252. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 70]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77, 79, 80].



Paraputo ensete (Williams & Matile-Ferrero)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cataenococcus ensete Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 1999: 146. Type data: ETHIOPIA: Awasa, on roots of Ensete ventricosum, coll. D. Peters, 13.i.1997. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo ensete; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 252. Change of combination.



HOST: Musaceae: Ensete ventricosum [WilliaMa1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ethiopia [WilliaMa1999].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Matile-Ferrero (1999).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: All the Enste plants at the type locality were infected by the "Ensete streak virus", which is probably related to Banana Streakvirus (Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 1999). Lemawork (2011) showed that the emtomopathpogenic fungi B. bassiana and M. anisopliae can be used in the integrated management of enset root mealybug.

CITATIONS: AddisAzBl2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 67-74]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; LemawoAzAl2011 [biological control: 401-404]; WilliaMa1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 145-149].



Paraputo errabundus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo errabundus Williams, 2004a: 519. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga Bone national Park, inside stems of Neonauclea sp., associated with Crematogaster sp. ants; collected U. Maschwitz, 18.ii.1993. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Meliaceae: Xylocarpus [Willia2004a]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]); Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; Brunei [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 518-521].



Paraputo formicarii (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius formicarii Ehrhorn, 1899: 6. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Grand Canyon, in ant's nests on the roots of Artemisia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & McKenzie, 1973: 491. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus formicarii; Fernald, 1903b: 102. Change of combination.

Cataenococcus formicarii; Miller & McKenzie, 1973: 491. Change of combination.

Paraputo formicarii; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 252. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ehrhor1899, Fernal1903b, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Ehrhorn (1899).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 490 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 70]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Ehrhor1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 102]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 494]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 491-493].



Paraputo gallicolus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo gallicolus Mamet, 1954: 27. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Perinet, on undetermined creeper plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Cataenococcus gallicolus; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 52. Change of combination.

Paraputo gallicolus; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 252. Revived combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: This mealybug was found in gall on twig of an undetermined creeper (Mamet, 1954), but Gullan et al. (2004) doubted whether the gall was actually induced by the mealybug.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 70]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 169,213-215]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-29]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 52]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 522].



Paraputo gigantochloae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo gigantochloae Williams, 2004a: 521. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak, at internodes of Gigantochloa schoertechini, associated with Cramatogaster sp. ants; collected A. Schellerich, 15.iii.1991. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Gigantochloa schortechini [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 520-523].



Paraputo glandulifer (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia glandulifera Newstead, 1912: 17. Type data: NAMIBIA [= SOUTH WEST AFRICA]: Klein-Namaland, Kamaggas, on Adiantum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Ripersia grandulifera; Sasscer, 1912: 87. Misspelling of species name.

Paraputo glandulifer; De Lotto, 1964: 363. Change of combination.

Cataenococcus glandulifera; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 52. Change of combination.

Paraputo glandulifera; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 252. Revived combination.



HOST: Adiantaceae: Adiantum [Newste1912, Willia1958, DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Namibia (=South West Africa) [Newste1912, Willia1958, DeLott1958, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Newstead (1912) and by Williams (1958).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 363 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 70]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; DeLott1964 [host, distribution: 362]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 52]; Newste1912 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220-222].



Paraputo glycosmis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo glycosmis Williams, 2004a: 523. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Naga Hills, on Glycosmis pentaphylla, attended by ants; collected C.F.C. Beeson. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Glycosmis pentaphylla [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Assam [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 522-525].



Paraputo guadalcanalae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo guadalcanalae Williams, 2005a: 3349. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal, Tina Lulu, on unknown plant; collected 19 March 1955 by E.S. Brown. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Willia2005a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2005a).

KEYS: Williams 2005a: 3357 (female) [Species of Pacific region].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Willia2005a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3349-3351].



Paraputo guatemalensis (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Farinococcus guatemalensis Ferris, 1953a: 354. Type data: GUATEMALA: intercepted in U.S.A., on Odontoglossum grande. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & McKenzie, 1973: 493. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Cataenococcus guatemalensis; Ferris, 1955: 3. Change of combination.

Paraputo guatemalensis; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 50. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: largeduct mealybug [MillerMc1973].



HOSTS: Bromeliaceae [BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae [Willia1992], Brassavola [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Brassia longisimum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cattleya [MillerMc1973, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Epidendrum [MillerMc1973, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Epidendrum atropurpureum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Epidendrum packleatune [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Laelia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Laelia anceps [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mormodes [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Odontoglossum [MillerMc1973, WilliaGr1992], Odontoglossum grande [Ferris1953a, Ferris1955, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Odontoglossum maculatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Oncidium [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Oncidium ansiferum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Oncidium lanceanum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Oncidium pusillum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Oncidium stiptatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Stanhopea bucephalus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [MillerMc1973, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]. Neotropical: Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bolivia [MillerMc1973, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [MillerMc1973, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [MillerMc1973, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Costa Rica [MillerMc1973, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [MillerMc1973, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [Ferris1953a, Ferris1955, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Nicaragua [MillerMc1973]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Suriname [MillerMc1973, WilliaGr1992]; Venezuela [MillerMc1973, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: This species seems to be confined to the plant family Orchidaceae, although there are records also from the Bromeliaceae.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a, 1955), Miller & McKenzie (1973) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 490 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 81 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 352 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 70]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354-355]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3]; FoldiKo2006 [taxonomy: 308]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 50]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 493-496]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-82].



Paraputo humboldtiae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lachnodius humboldtiae Green, 1922: 400. Type data: SRI LANKA: Yatiyantota, on Humboldtia laurifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Formicococcus humboldtiae; Green, 1937: 289. Change of combination.

Delococcus humboldtiae; Ferris, 1955: 5. Change of combination.

Lachnodiopsis humboldtiae; Borchsenius, 1960e: 923. Change of combination.

Paraputo humboldtiae; Williams, 2004a: 525. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Humboldtia laurifolia [Green1922, Green1937, Ferris1955, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, Green1937, Ferris1955, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Green (1937) described the association of this mealybug with ants in the hollow joints of young branches of Humboldtia laurifolia.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922), Ferris (1955) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 297 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 209]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy: 923]; Ferris1922b [taxonomy: 247-248]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-6]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 400-401]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 289]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 297-298]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 54]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 489,524-526].



Paraputo hypogeus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cataenococcus hypogeus De Lotto, 1961: 213. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Gelonium procerum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo hypogeus; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 50. Change of combination.



HOST: Sapindaceae: Gelonium procerum [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 344 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 283-284]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 252]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 50].



Paraputo ingrandi (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cataenococcus ingrandi Balachowsky, 1959: 340. Type data: COLOMBIA: Magdalena, Oeste de Santa Marta, on Capparis pachaca. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo ingrandi; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 50. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Tabebuia pentaphylla [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Cereus [Balach1959, BenDov1994]. Capparidaceae: Capparis [WilliaGr1992], Capparis pachaca [Balach1959, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros virginiana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae [WilliaGr1992], Erythrina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inga [WilliaGr1992]. Moraceae: Ficus costaricensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Trema [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Cecropia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [MillerMc1973, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Colombia [Balach1959, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1959) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: Balach1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 340-343]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 71]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Kondo2001 [host, distribution: 35]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 39]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 50]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 82-84].



Paraputo jasmini (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cataenococcus jasmini De Lotto, 1961: 214. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Jasminum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo jasmini; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 50. Change of combination.



HOST: Oleaceae: Jasminum [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 344 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 284]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215].



Paraputo kukumi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo kukumi Williams, 1960: 419. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal, on aerial roots of coconut. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 151. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Cataenococcus kukumi; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 52. Change of combination.

Paraputo kukumi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 284. Revived combination.



HOST: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the aerial roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1960), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Williams (2005a). Description and illustration of the third-istar female given by Williams (2005a).

KEYS: Williams 2005a: 3357 (female) [Species of Pacific region]; Tang 1992: 306 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 151 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1960: 419 (female) [Solomon Islands].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 284]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 52]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 308-309]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 419-421]; Willia2005a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3351-3354]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153].



Paraputo larai (Williams)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cataenococcus larai Williams, 1969d: 101. Type data: COSTA RICA: Estrella, on banana. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo larai; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 50. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Nolina recurvata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa [Willia1969d, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [Willia1969d, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found on the fruits of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1969d) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 491 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 71]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 50]; Willia1969d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-104]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 84, 85].



Paraputo latebrae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo latebrae Williams, 2004a: 526. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Poring Hot Springs, inside stems of Neonauclea sp.; collected J. Moog. 28.i.1993. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a], Neonauclea gigantea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Thailand [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 526-529].



Paraputo leveri (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus leveri Green, 1934b: 473. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: on Coccos nucifera. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 153. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paraputo leveri; Williams, 1960: 421. Change of combination.

Cataenococcus leveri; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 52. Change of combination.

Paraputo leveri; Ben-Dov, 1994: 284. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia2004a]. Araliaceae: Colocasia esculenta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Green1934b, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Balanophoraceae: Balanophora [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Bischofia javanica [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Inocarpus edulis [Willia1960, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus septica [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Syzygium aromaticum [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Coffea arabica [Willia1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Coffea canephora [Willia1987, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: American Samoa [Willia2005a]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Fiji [Willia1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2005a]. Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Willia1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2005a]; Solomon Islands [Green1934b, Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2005a]; Tonga [Willia1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2005a]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2005a]; Western Samoa [Willia2005a]. Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Thailand [Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant and tended by ants Ireneidris myops, Iridomyrmex myrmecodiae, Pheidole megacephala, Oecophylla smaragdina, Odontomachus simillimus and Technomyrmex detorquens.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1960), Beardsley (1966), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams (2004a) and by Williams (2005a).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Has been recorded as damaging the roots and killing coffee trees in Papua New Guinea (Williams, 1987).

KEYS: Williams 2005a: 3357 (female) [Species of pacific region]; Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 306 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 151 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1960: 419 (female) [Solomon Islands].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 430]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 284]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Green1934b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 473-474]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 52]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 309]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 421-423]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 530-532]; Willia2005a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3355-3357]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 91]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-155].



Paraputo limitaneus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo limitaneus Williams, 2004a: 532. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kelantan-Perak border, E.-W. highway, insice stems of Saraca thaipingensis, associated with Cladomyrma petalae ants; collected J. Moog, 16.iii.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Saraca thaipingensis [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 532-534].



Paraputo lisponotus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo lisponotus Williams, 2004a: 534. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kelantan-Perak border, E.-W. highway, insice stems of Saraca thaipingensis, associated with Cladomyrma petalae ants; collected J. Moog, 16.iii.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Saraca thaipingensis [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 534-536].



Paraputo loranthi (Strickland)

NOMENCLATURE:

Farinococcus loranthi Strickland, 1947a: 515. Type data: GHANA: Tafo, on Loranthus bangwensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Cataenococcus loranthi; Balachowsky, 1954g: 247. Change of combination.

Paraputo loranthi; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 50. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Loranthaceae: Loranthus bangwensis [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Loranthus buntingii [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Loranthus micantherus [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora racemosa [Balach1954g, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Strick1947a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]; Guinea [Balach1954g, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living in domatium inside canker, attended by Crematogaster spp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Strickland (1947a) and by Balachowsky (1954g).

CITATIONS: Balach1954g [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 247-250]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 284-285]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 50]; Strick1947a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 515-518].



Paraputo malaccensis (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus malaccensis Takahashi, 1951a: 11. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaya, Malacca, on Nipah palm. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Paraputo malaccensis; Tang, 1992: 309. Change of combination.

Paraputo malacensis; Tang, 1992: 309. Misspelling of species name.

Tylococcus malaccensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 534. Revived combination.



HOST: Arecaceae: Nypa [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 305 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 534]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-12]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 309-310]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 536-538].



Paraputo mangiferae (Betrem)

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus mangiferae Betrem, 1937: 90. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Malang, on Mangifera indica. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Ben-Dov, 1994.

Paraputo mangiferae; Williams, 2004a: 540. Change of combination.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Betrem (1937).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) discussed the identity of this species, while assigning it to Paraputo.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 170]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 89, 90]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 540].



Paraputo markhamiae (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cataenococcus markhamiae De Lotto, 1964: 344. Type data: UGANDA: Sebei, on roots of Markhamia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo markhamiae; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 52. Change of combination.



HOST: Bignoniaceae: Markhamia [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 344 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 285]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 344-345]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 52].



Paraputo marlatti Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo marlatti Williams, 2004a: 540. Type data: SRI LANKA: Newara Eliya, in ant's nest on a tree; collected C.L. Marlatt, 18.i.1902. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Original collection was taken from ants' nest on a tree (Williams, 2004a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 540-542].



Paraputo martini Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo martini Williams, 2004a: 542. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park, Toraut, on trunk of a tree under vine, Pothos sp.; collected J.H. Martin, 16.iii.1985. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 542-544].



Paraputo maschwitzi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo maschwitzi Williams, 2004a: 544. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Sumatra barat, Lake Maninjau, inside stems of Neonauclea, attended by Crematogaster sp, ants; collected U. Mashwitz, x.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiacea: Neonauclea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 544-546].



Paraputo mazoeensis (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus mazoeensis Hall, 1937: 127. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, on Acacia sp. and Zizyphus jujuba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Cataenococcus mazoensis; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 52. Change of combination. Notes: Misspelling of mazoeensis

Cataenococcus mazoensis; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 52. Misspelling of species name.

Cataenococcus mazoensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 72. Misspelling of species name.

Paraputo mazoeensis; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 253. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Hall1937, Willia1958b, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Hall1937, Willia1958b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1937, Willia1958b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1937) and by Williams (1958b).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 363 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 72]; Hall1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127, 128]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 52]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-14].



Paraputo moogi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo moogi Williams, 2004a: 546. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Sumatra Barat, road to Tapat, west of Sungeipenuh, inside stems of Neonauclea sp., associated with Crematogaster sp. ants; collected J. Moog, 16.iii.1998. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 546-548].



Paraputo myrmecophilus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo myrmecophilus Mamet, 1951: 235. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tampolo, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1951, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living in galleries of Crematogaster sp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1951).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 285]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-237].



Paraputo neonaucleae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo neonaucleae Williams, 2004a: 548. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Sumatera Barat, near Bukit Tinggi, Anai Valley, inside stems of Neonauclea cyrtopoda, associated with Crematogaster sp. ants; collected U. Maschwits, 7.xi.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 548-550].



Paraputo odontomachi (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Formicococcus odontomachi Takahashi, 1951a: 15. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kuala lumpur, on Elaeocarpus petiolatus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 550. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paraputo odontomachi; Williams, 2004a: 550. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Crypteroniaceae: Crypteronia griffithii [Willia2004a], Crypteronia macrophylla [Willia2004a]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus petiolatus [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Bischofia [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Willia2004a]; Indonesia [Willia2004a] (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Philippines [Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of the host plant in association with Odontomachus sp., and on the branches attended by Dolichederus sp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 287 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 170-171]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15, 16]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 550-553].



Paraputo olivaceus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius olivaceus Cockerell, 1896f: 36. Type data: MEXICO: Chihuahua, on Yucca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus olivaceus; Fernald, 1903b: 107. Change of combination.

Lachnodiella acritocera Chaffin, 1923: 170. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Miami, on Ocotea catesbyana. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Gainesville: Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida, USA, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 356.

Farinococcus olivaceus; Ferris, 1953a: 356. Change of combination.

Cataenococcus olivaceus; Ferris, 1955: 3. Change of combination.

Paraputo olivaceus; Tang, 1992: 304. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: olive-brown mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Yucca [Ferris1953a, Ferris1955], Yucca australis [Cocker1896f, Fernal1903b, McKenz1967], Yucca baccata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Yucca gloriosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Baccharis [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Brayodendron texanum [Ferris1953a, Ferris1955, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Ocotea catesbyana [Chaffi1923, Ferris1953a, Ferris1955, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Bertholletia sericea [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Platanaceae: Platanus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Porlieria angustifolia [Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1896f, Fernal1903b, Ferris1953a, Ferris1955, McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Florida [Chaffi1923, Ferris1953a, Ferris1955, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1953a, Ferris1955, McKenz1967, NurBrBe1987, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a, 1955), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Cockerell (1896f).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in McKenzie (1967).

SYSTEMATICS: The combination 'Eurycoccus olivaceus' and the description and illustration given under this name by Ferris (1950: 84) are misidentifications of Eurycoccus yuccae (see Ferris, 1953: 356; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992). Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=38 (from Texas, USA) and 2n=64 (from Mexico).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 490 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 81 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 72]; Chaffi1923 [p. 170]; Cocker1896f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36, 37]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 8]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 107]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356, 357]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81, 82]; NurBrBe1987 [distribution: 54]; Tang1992 [taxonomy: 304]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 84, 86].



Paraputo pahanensis (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pahanensis Takahashi, 1951a: 7. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaysia, Fraser's Hills, Pahan, on subterranean part of a plant of the Rafflesiaceae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 553. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Indococcus pahanensis; Tang, 1992: 294. Change of combination.

Paraputo pahanensis; Tang, 1992: 310. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Rafflesiaceae [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Brugmansia [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 293, 306 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 406-407]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 253]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-8]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 294, 310]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 553-555].



Paraputo palmicola Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo palmicola Williams, 2004a: 555. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Toraut, river path, on stem of palm; collected J.H. martin, 15.iii.1985. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Arecaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 555-558].



Paraputo pandanicola Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo pandanicola Williams, 2004a: 558. Type data: INDONESIA: Intercepted at U.S.A. Hawaii, on fruits of Pandanus sp.; collected R. Onzuka & A. Tamiya, 16.i.1975. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustrattion of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 557-559].



Paraputo phoradendri (Cockerell in Wheeler)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus phoradendri Cockerell in Wheeler, 1912: 133. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, on Phoradendron flavescens var. villosum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & McKenzie, 1973: 496. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lachnodius salicis Ferris, 1919a: 23. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Tucson, on Salix sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1919c: 298.

Lachnodius phoradendri; Ferris, 1919c: 298. Change of combination.

Farinococcus phoradendri; Ferris, 1953a: 358. Change of combination.

Cataenococcus phoradendri; Ferris, 1955: 4. Change of combination.

Paraputo phoradendri; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 254. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: mistletoe mealybug [MillerMc1973].



HOSTS: Salicaceae: Salix [Ferris1919a, Ferris1953a, Ferris1955, BenDov1994]. Viscaceae: Phoradendron flavescens [Ferris1953a, Ferris1955, BenDov1994], Phoradendron flavescens villosum [MillerMc1973].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1919a, Ferris1953a, Ferris1955, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living in hollow stems or in cracks in the bark and sometimes attended by ants, Crematogaster arizonensis (Ben-Dov, 1994).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1919), Ferris (1953a, 1955) and by Miller & McKenzie (1973).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 490 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 81 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 352 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 72-73]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23, 24]; Ferris1919c [taxonomy: 298]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 358-359]; Ferris1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4]; FoldiKo2006 [taxonomy: 308]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 496, 497]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30].



Paraputo podagrosus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus podagrosus Green, 1933: 49. Type data: SURINAM: on Montrichardia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 87. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Cataenococcus podagrosus; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 87. Change of combination.

Paraputo podagrosus; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 254. Change of combination.



HOST: Araceae: Montrichardia [Green1933, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Suriname [Green1933, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1933) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 73]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-50]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89].



Paraputo porosus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo porosus Borchsenius, 1962a: 226. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kunming, on Robinia pseudacacia. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Robinia pseudacacia [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1962a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 305 (female) [China]; Wang 1982a: 315 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 285]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-228]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 311]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22].



Paraputo ranauensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo ranauensis Williams, 2004a: 559. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Ranau, Poring Hot Springs, insice stems of Neonauclea gigantea, associated with Crematogaster sp. ants; collected J. Moog, 24.iii.1995. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Neonauclea gigantea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 559-561].



Paraputo ridleyi (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus ridleyi Takahashi, 1951a: 8. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaysia, Cameron Highlands, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Indococcus ridleyi; Tang, 1992: 295. Change of combination.

Paraputo ridleyi; Williams, 2004a: 561. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 293 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 204]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8, 9]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 295]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 561-563].



Paraputo riedelae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo riedelae Williams, 2004a: 563. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak, inside stems of Saraca thaipingensis, associated with Crematogaster sp. ants; collected G. Riedel, 18.ii.1994. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Saraca thaipingensis [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 563-565].



Paraputo riparius Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo riparius Williams, 2004a: 565. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park, Toraut, Tumpah riverside, on Sapindaceae, attended by ants; collected J.H. Martin, 30.iii.1985. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Sapindaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 565-567].



Paraputo rotundus (Morrison)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus rotundus Morrison, 1922: 135. Type data: GUYANA: Barakara, on Cecropia angulata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Cataenococcus rotundus; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 89. Change of combination.

Paraputo rotundus; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 254. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Urticaceae: Cecropia angulata [Morris1922, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cecropia peltata [Morris1929, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Morris1922, Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in cavities in the stems of the host plant, attended by ants, Azteca alfari.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female give by Morrison (1922) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 73]; Morris1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-137]; Morris1929 [host, distribution: 38]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89, 90].



Paraputo schellerichae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo schellerichae Williams, 2004a: 567. Type data: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak, in internodes of bamboo, Gigantochloa scortechinii, assciated with Tapinoma sp. ants; collected A. Schellerich, 20.ii.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Gigantochloa levis [Willia2004a], Gigantochloa scortechinii [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 567-569].



Paraputo sekayuensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo sekayuensis Williams, 2004a: 569. Type data: MALAYSIA: Terengganu, Kuala Berang, Sekayu Waterfall, within stems of Saraca thaipingensis, associated with Cladomyrma petalae ants; collected U. Maschwitz, 6.iii.1993. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Saraca thaipingensis [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 569-571].



Paraputo sinensis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo sinensis Borchsenius, 1962a: 224. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Sichuan, in a forest. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1994). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 305 (female) [China ]; Wang 1982a: 315 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 285]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224-226]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 312]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22].



Paraputo sinuosus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo sinuosus Williams, 2004a: 571. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Crocker Range, 1600 m near Tambunan, sifted from vegetation debris, in deep ravine; collected D. Burckhardt, 18.v.1987. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 571-573].



Paraputo spatholobi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo spatholobi Williams, 2004a: 573. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sarawak, Miri, Lambir National Park, inside stem of Spatholobus sp., associated with Cladomyrma sp. ants; collected U. Maschwitz, 24.ii.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Spatholobus [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 573-575].



Paraputo specicola Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo specicola Williams, 2004a: 575. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Ranau, Poring Hot Springs, in hollow stems of Millettia nieuwenhuisii, associated with Cladomyrma cryptata ants; collected J. Moog, 5.ii.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Millettia nieuwenhuisii [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a], Neonauclea gigantea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 575-577].



Paraputo subcorticis (Morrison)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia subcorticis Morrison, 1922: 141. Type data: GUYANA: Barakara, on unknown tree. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Cataenococcus subcorticis; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1991: 91. Change of combination.

Paraputo subcorticis; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 254. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Morris1922, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bark of the host plant, attended by ants, Tranopelta gilva.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1922) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 73]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Morris1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-142]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91, 92].



Paraputo sugonyaevi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraputo sugonyaevi Williams, 2004a: 577. Type data: VIETNAM: Hanoi, Bovi, on bamboo; collected E. Sugonyaev, 25.ii.1990. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 577-579].



Paraputo szemaoensis (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lachnodiopsis szemaoensis Borchsenius, 1960e: 923. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, on Pasania sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo szemaoensis; Williams, 2004a: 484. Change of combination.



HOST: Fagaceae: Pasania [Borchs1960e, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960e, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1960e). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 297 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 209]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 923-925]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 297]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17]; Willia2004a [taxonomy: 484].



Paraputo taquarae (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia taquarae Hempel, 1912: 58. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cantareira, inside 'taquara-ucu' [= Guadua distorta], associated with ants. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (see Wiliams & Granara de Willink, 1992).

Lachnodiella taquarae Hempel, 1920a: 345. Type data: BRAZIL: near Sao Paulo, Cantareira, on Guadua distorta. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 93. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 91.

Cataenococcus taquarae; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 92. Change of combination.

Paraputo taquarae; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 254. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Guadua distorta [Hempel1912, Hempel1920a, Lepage1938, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1912, Hempel1920a, Lepage1938, WilliaGr1992]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Hempel (1920a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 73]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; FoldiKo2006 [taxonomy: 308]; Hempel1912 [p. 58]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 345]; Lepage1938 [host, distribution: 382,389]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93].



Paraputo taylori (Williams & Granara de Willink)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cataenococcus taylori Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 94. Type data: COLOMBIA: Cano Kibiyu, on Theobroma subincanum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo taylori; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 254. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Clusia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma subincanum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 74]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94, 95].



Paraputo theaecola (Green in Green & Mann)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius theaecola Green in Green & Mann, 1907: 347. Type data: INDIA: Assam and Darjeeling, on roots of tea plants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo taraktogeni Rao, 1950: 15. Type data: INDIA: Assam, near Dibrugarh, on Taraktogenos kurtzii. Holotype female. Type depository: DPNI. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 579.

Cataenococcus theaecola; Das & Ganguli, 1961: 255. Change of combination.

Paraputo theaecola; Williams, 2004a: 579. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Flacourtiaceae: Taraktogenos kurtzii [Rao1950, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Thea [GreenMa1907, Varshn1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Rao1950, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Assam [GreenMa1907, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sikkim [Willia2004a], West Bengal [GreenMa1907, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Infesting the roots of the host plant.Infesting the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green & Mann (1907), Rao (1950) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 486-491 (female) [Paraputo species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 306 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 305 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 74,286]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; DasGa1961 [p. 255]; GreenMa1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 347, 348]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 344]; Rao1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 312-313]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 44,49].



Paraputo theobromicola (Williams & Granara de Willink)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cataenococcus theobromicola Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 96. Type data: COLOMBIA: Vaupes, River Vaupes, on Theobroma subincanum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Paraputo theobromicola; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 254. Change of combination.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma subincanum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 74]; BenDovWi2006 [taxonomy: 254]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96, 97].



Paraputo villosus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus villosus De Lotto, 1969a: 5. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Cataenococcus villosus; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 52. Change of combination.

Paraputo villosus; Ben-Dov & Williams, 2006: 254. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: De Lotto 1977: 29 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 74]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 52]; Millar2002 [illustration: 233].



Paraserrolecanium Wu, S.A.

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraserrolecanium Wu, S.A., 2010: 902. Type species: Paraserrolecanium fargesii Wu, S.A., by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Wu (2010).

SYSTEMATICS: This new genus is close to the genus Serrolecanium Shinji, 1935, but can be easily distinguished by the legs, 6-segmented antennae and a silt-like vulva, directed caudally.

CITATIONS: Wu2010 [taxonomy, description: 902-904].



Paraserrolecanium fagesii Wu, S.A.

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraserrolecanium fagesii Wu, S.A., 2010: 902-904. Type data: CHINA: Shaanxi, Fengxian county, Mount Tiantai, under leaf sheath of Fargesia sp.; collected 5 September 1999, by Wu, San-An. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Forestry University, Beijing, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Fargesia [Wu2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Wu2010]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female and 2nd-instar nymph by Wu (2010).

STRUCTURE: Body of adult female elongate to elliptical with parallel side, flattened dorso-ventrally. Antennae small, 6- segmented. Eyes present. Clypeolabral shield with prominent projection. Legs undeveloped, claw without denticles; hind coxae expanded markedly, with many invaginated small ducts. Ostioles, circuli and cerarii absent. Trilocular pores present, distributed over most of body; quinquelocular and multicular pores absent. Oral collar tubular ducts present in short type. Vulva slit-like, directed caudally. Anal ring with numerous pores and 6 setae, located at end of short tube. (Wu, 2010)

CITATIONS: Wu2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 902-904].



Paraserrolecanium fargesii Wu

NOMENCLATURE:

Paraserrolecanium fargesii Wu, 2010: 902-904. Type data: CHINA: Shaanxi (Fengxian County), Mt. Tiantai, on Fargesia sp., 9/5/1999, by San-An Wu. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Beijing: Forestry University, Beijing, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Fargesia sp. [Wu2010]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Wu2010]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Chinese and illustration in Wu, 2010.

STRUCTURE: Body of adult female elongate to elliptical with parallel sides, flattened dorsoventrally. Antennae small 6 segmented. Eyes present Clypeolabral shield with prominent projection. Legs undeveloped, claw without denticles; hind coxae expanded markedly, with many invaginated small ducts. Ostioles, circuli and cerarii absent Trilocular pores present distributed over most of body; quinquelocular and multicular pores absent Oral collar tubular ducts present in short type. Vulva slit-like, directed caudally. Anal ring with numerous pores and 6 setae, located at end of short tubes. (Wu, 2010)

CITATIONS: Wu2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 902-904].



Paratrionymus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Paratrionymus Borchsenius, 1948c: 582. Type species: Ripersia halocharis Kiritshenko, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1948c, 1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Borchsenius 1949: 87 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 165 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 286]; Borchs1948c [taxonomy, description: 582]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 165]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 147]; Tang1992 [host, distribution: 147].



Paratrionymus halocharis (Kiritshenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia halopharis Kiritshenko, 1932: 141. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: on Halocharis hispida. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Ripersia halopharis; Kiritshenko, 1932: 141. Misspelling of species name.

Ripersia halocharis; Archangelskaya, 1937: 132. Justified emendation.

Paratrionymus halocharis; Borchsenius, 1949: 165. Change of combination.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Halocharis hispida [Kiritc1932, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [Kiritc1932, BenDov1994]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Infesting the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: Archan1937 [host, distribution: 132]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 286-287]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 165-166]; Kiritc1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 147-148]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3].



Paulianodes Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Paulianodes Mamet, 1954: 29. Type species: Paulianodes madecassus Mamet, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Mamet (1954).

SYSTEMATICS: The genus Paulianodes Mamet is monotypic, with Paulianodes madecassus Mamet as type species. The author did not indicate the gender of the genus name but included a species with a masculine adjectival ending, thus the gender of the name Paulianodes is treated as masculine. (Williams, 2011)

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 287]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description: 29-30]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 150]; Willia2011 [taxonomy: 67].



Paulianodes madecassus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Paulianodes madecassus Mamet, 1954: 30. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Perinet, on a climbing bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 287]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-34].



Pedrococcus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedrococcus Mamet, 1942a: 79. Type species: Pedronia greeni Mamet, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Mamet (1942a), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 44 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 17 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 287]; Mamet1942a [taxonomy, description: 79]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 150]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 314-315]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 582]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 155].



Pedrococcus greeni (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia greeni Mamet, 1937: 173. Type data: MAURITIUS: Les Mares, on Bulbophyllum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Pedrococcus greeni; Mamet, 1942a: 79. Change of combination.



HOST: Orchidaceae: Bulbophyllum [Mamet1937, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Rodriques Island [Mamet1937, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1937, 1942a).

KEYS: Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 288]; Mamet1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173, 174]; Mamet1942a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-86]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101].



Pedrococcus longipes Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedrococcus longipes Mamet, 1942a: 83. Type data: MAURITIUS: Le pouce Mountain, on undetermined tree. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Rodriques Island [Mamet1942a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1942a).

KEYS: Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 288]; Mamet1942a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-86]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101].



Pedrococcus longisetosus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedrococcus longisetosus Mamet, 1942a: 84. Type data: MAURITIUS: Les Mares, on an indigenous orchid. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Orchidaceae [Mamet1942a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [Mamet1957, GermaiMiPa2014]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1942a, BenDov1994]; Tromelin Island [Mamet1957, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given Mamet (1942a).

KEYS: Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 288]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; Mamet1942a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-86]; Mamet1957 [host, distribution: 373]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101].



Pedrococcus madagascariensis Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedrococcus madagascariensis Mamet, 1954: 34. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Antsily, Sandrakley (primary forest), on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 288]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-36].



Pedrococcus mauritianus (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia mauritiana Mamet, 1939a: 215. Type data: MAURITIUS: Cocotte Mountain, Pilea balfouri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Pedrococcus mauritianus; Mamet, 1942a: 81. Change of combination.



HOST: Urticaceae: Pilea balfouri [Mamet1939a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Rodriques Island [Mamet1939a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the subterranean parts of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1939a, 1942a).

KEYS: Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 288]; Mamet1939a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-217]; Mamet1942a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-86]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101].



Pedrococcus poruli Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedrococcus poruli Williams, 2004a: 582. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Kinabalu National Park, Poring Hot Springs, 600 m, on unidentified plant, attended by Dolichoderus thoracicus snts; collected M. Dill, 20.vi.1994. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 582-584].



Pedrococcus simplex Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedrococcus simplex Mamet, 1943: 120. Type data: MAURITIUS: Cocotte Mountain, on undetermined tree. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Rodriques Island [Mamet1943, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1943).

KEYS: Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 288]; Mamet1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-121]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101].



Pedrococcus tinahulanus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedrococcus tinahulanus Williams, 1960: 423. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal, on small tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 155. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on underside of leaves in carton shelters made by ants Iridomyrmex myrmecodiae.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 289]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 314]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 423-425]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-157].



Pedronia Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia Green, 1922: 364. Type species: Pedronia strobilanthi Green, by original designation.

Paroundabulis; Tao, 1999: 22. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Mamet (1942b), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Beardsley (1957a), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 43 (female) [Genera southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 585 (female) [Pedronia species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Wang 1982TC: 21, 22 (female) [China]; Beardsley 1957a: 219-220 (female) [Hawaii]; Zimmerman 1948: 168 (female) [HawaiiI].

CITATIONS: Beards1957a [taxonomy, description: 218-220]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 289]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 364]; Mamet1937 [taxonomy: 173]; Mamet1942b [taxonomy, description: 149-150]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 150]; Tang1992; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 22]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 584-585]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 165, 168].



Pedronia philippiae Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia philippiae Mamet, 1954: 36. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ambatoloana, on Philippia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Ericaceae: Philippia [Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 289]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38].



Pedronia strobilanthis Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia strobilanthis Green, 1922: 364. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pedrotalagala, Nuera Eliya, on Strobilanthes sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 585. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Pedronia strobilanthus; Nur et al., 1987: 54. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Acanthaceae: Strobilanthes [Green1922, Mamet1942b, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, Mamet1942b, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1942b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 585 (female) [Pedronia species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 315 (female) [China]; Zimmerman 1948: 168 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 289]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 364-365]; Mamet1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-151]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 316]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 44]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 585-588].



Pedronia tenuispina Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia strobilanthis tenuispina Green, 1922: 364. Type data: SRI LANKA: Namunakuli Hill, Badulla District, on Strobilanthes sp. Holotype female, . Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pedrococcus tenuispina; Williams, 1960: 423. Change of combination.

Pedronia tenuispina; Varshney, 1992: 44. Change of combination.

Pedronia tenuispina; Ben-Dov, 1994: 289. Revived combination.



HOST: Acanthaceae: Strobilanthes [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams(2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 585 (female) [Pedronia species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 289]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 364]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 313-314]; Varshn1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]; Willia1960 [taxonomy: 423]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 585-588].



Pedronia tremae Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia tremae Borchsenius, 1962a: 235. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, south of Chindung, on Trema sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Urticaceae: Trema [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 315 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 289]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-237]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 316-317]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22].



Peliococcus

No valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:

Eupeliococcus Savescu, 1985: 116. Nomen nudum; discovered by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 401.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Balachowsky (1953), Danzig (2001).

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Covered with white powdery wax in life. Ovisac woolly, white. Antennae generally 9 segmented (7 or 8 segmented in P. calluneti, 8 segmented in P. spinigerus). Eyes oval, protruding on small basal cones. Labium 3 segmented, always longer than wide. Posterior spiracles always larger than anterior pair. Circulus present, rarely absent, lying between abdominal segments III and IV. Legs well developed; claw with a denticle; tarsal digutules hair-like, not capitate; claw digitules knobbed, subequal in length; claw digitules thicker than tarsal digitules. Both pairs of ostioles well developed, but anterior ostioles usually more weakly developed than posterior pair. Anal lobes well developed. Anal ring oval, with 1 inner row of pores, 1 or 2 outer rows of pores and 6 setae. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig (2001) regarded Parapedronia and Spinococcus as synonyms of Peliococcus. Most Peliococcus species have cerarii of usual type, similar to the cerarii on the majority of other mealybug genera (according to Danzig (2001), who referred to this type of cerarius as "Peliococcus type"), but in some cases (the type species of Peliococcus and species included previously in Spinococcus), each cerarius is on an elevated area with two enlarged conical setae situated close together, and with trilocular pores closely associated with the base of the enlarged setae, sometimes even touching the basal socket (Danzig, 2001) Eupeliococcus was described by Săvescu (1985) with two species from Romania, but Săvescu did not designate a type species and, therefore, according to Article 13.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (4th ed.), the name Eupeliococcus must be considered a nomen nudum. (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 209 (female) [Key to the genera of the Peliococcus species-group]; Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Russia and Palaeartci region]; Kosztarab 1996: 146 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 554-555 (female) [species China]; Goux 1990b: 301 (female) [France]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 62 (female) [Central Europe]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 154 (female) [species Central Europe]; Williams 1985: 36 (female) [Australia]; Kozar 1984: 130 (female) [species Hungary]; Danzig 1980b: 120 (female) [Far East Russia]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Tereznikova 1975: 257 (female) [species Ukraine]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 38 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 38 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 128 (female) [species Armenia]; Bazarov 1971c (female) [Central Asia]; Bazarov 1971a (female) [USSR]; McKenzie 1967: 45 (female) [North America]; Balachowsky 1953: 284 (female) [Marocco]; Ferris 1953a: 282 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 21 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 89 (female) [Palaearctic region ]; Borchsenius 1949: 242-244 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 88 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 203-204 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Balach1953 [taxonomy, description: 283]; Balach1953 [taxonomy: 282]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 152]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 282, 290-291]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 493-494]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy, description: 954]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 241-244]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 203-204]; Danzig1960 [taxonomy: 176]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 109, 118-120]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy: 118]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description: 123-154]; DanzigGa2014 [description, taxonomy]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description: 25]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 115]; Goux1989a [taxonomy, description: 301-302]; Goux1990a [taxonomy, description: 77-79]; Kaydan2014 [taxonomy: 202,209]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy: 314]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy: 155]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 145-146]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 117-119]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 153-154]; Kozar1984 [taxonomy, description: 129]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy: 114]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 39]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 53, 146, 151]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 187]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description: 116-117]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 512]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 553-554]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 22]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 28]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 200]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 257]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 175-176]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 127-128]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 6, 31]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 6, 56]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 257].



Peliococcus agriensis Kaydan

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus agriensis Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 406. Type data: TURKEY: Ađri, Mount Ađri, N: 39°36’520’’, E: 044°12’498’’, on Artemisia vulgaris, 6/7/2006, by M.B. Kaydan. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Turkey: Kaydan's Personal Collection; type no. 2811. Described: female. Illust. Unavailable name. Notes: Collected at 1635 m. Paratype: 1 adult female on a separate slide, with same data as holotype.

Peliococcus agriensis Kaydan, 2015: 214-216.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia vulgaris [Kaydan2015].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Kaydan2015].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 1.51–1.76 mm long, 0.75–0.98 mm wide. Eye marginal, 35–38 ľm wide. Antenna 9 segmented.

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus agriensis Kaydan can be distinguished from other species in the genus in having: (i) only 1 size of oral collar tubular duct in each cluster and each cluster with 1-6 (usually 3) multilocular disc pores, and (ii) quinquelocular pores present medially on the venter. P. agriensis is most similar to P. calluneti in having 1 size of oral collar tubular duct on dorsum, but P. agriensis differs from P. calluneti in having (data for P. calluneti in brackets): (i) 9 segmented antennae (7 or 8 segmented antennae), and (ii) no clusters medially on venter of head (clusters present on venter of head). (Kaydan, 2015) Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) used the name "Peliococcus agriensis" before it was made available in Kaydan, 2015. According to Article 16 (specifically 16.1 and 16.4) of the ICZN (1999), this name must be considered unavailable from their work.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].



Peliococcus balteatus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus balteatus Green, 1928a: 20. Type data: ENGLAND: Somerset, Cheddar Gorge, on Arrhenatherum elatius. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus venustus Green, 1931: 265. Type data: ICELAND: Seydisfordur, on Festuca rubra. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and NHGS. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 125.

Phenacoccus saratogensis Rau, 1937: 198. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Saratoga Springs, on Hystrix patula. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 125.

Peliococcus balteatus; Borchsenius, 1949: 244. Change of combination.

Peliococcus saratogensis; Ferris, 1950b: 116. Change of combination.

Peliococcus venustus; Ossiannilsson, 1955: 5. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: girdled mealybug [KosztaKo1988F]; Saratoga mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron repens [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Agrostis alba [Schmut1956b, BenDov1994], Arrhenatherum elatius [Green1928a, BenDov1994], Brachypodium [Gavril2010], Dactylis glomerata [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Deschampsia flexuosa [Ossian1959, BenDov1994], Festuca pratensis [Koteja1972, BenDov1994], Festuca rubra [Green1931, BenDov1994], Hystrix patula [Rau1937, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Melica [Koteja1972, BenDov1994], Sieglingia decumbens [Koteja1972, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Greenland [Gertss2005a]; United States of America (New York [Rau1937, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Gavril2010]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1956, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Germany [Schmut1956b, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Iceland [Green1931, Ossian1955, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1972, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994, Lagows1996]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Sweden [Ossian1959, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Gertss2001]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); United Kingdom (England [Green1928a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the undersurface of the leaves and in the leaf sheaths of the host plant.The species has been collected in Dryas-healths, in meadows, among grass in birch scrub, under stones, and in fell-fields, always in more or less dry localities. Lindroth (1931) found it on a slope with a luxuriant vegetation of grass and other herbs. Adults were found in July and August (Ossiannilsson, 1955).Occurring on the under side of the leaves.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1950b), Williams (1962), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Kosztarab (1996) and by Danzig (2001). Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson (2005). Ossiannilsson (1955) provided supplementary notes on the taxonomic characters of this species.

KEYS: Hodgson 2005: 3-4 (male) [Coccoidea species of Greenland]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kosztarab 1996: 148 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 514 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 119 (female) [Central Europe]; Danzig 1980b: 120 (female) [Russia]; Tereznikova 1975: 201 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 242 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 291,298,301]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 244]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 445]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 9]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-123]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125, 126]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-117]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 36-37]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005a [host, distribution: 331-337]; Green1928a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21]; Green1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-269]; Hodgso2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-19]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 148-149]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-120]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 111]; Koteja1972 [host, distribution: 569]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 33]; Ossian1955 [host, distribution, life history: 5-6]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 201]; Rau1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-201]; Schmut1956b [host, distribution: 65-66]; Schmut1980 [host, distribution: 50]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-202]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 32-33]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83]; Zahrad1956 [host, distribution: 51].



Peliococcus bantu (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus bantu Brain, 1915: 137. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Pietermaritzburg, on crowns of grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus bantu; De Lotto, 1964: 364. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Brain1915, DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots and in the crowns of grass.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Brain (1915).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 291]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-139]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 364].



Peliococcus calluneti (Lindinger)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus calluneti Lindinger, 1912b: 90. Type data: GERMANY: on Calluna vulgaris. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Weidner & Wagner, 1968).

Parapedronia calluneti; Balachowsky, 1953j: 230. Change of combination.

Spinococcus calluneti; Zahradnik, 1959a: 537. Change of combination.

Peliococcus calluneti; Trjapitzin, 1989: 126. Change of combination.

Peliococcus calluneti; Danzig, 2001: 139. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: heather mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrietta pantherina Ferričre [Schmut1955b, Trjapi1989], Leptomastix epona (Walker) [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix histrio Mayr [Schmut1955b], Prochiloneurus bolivari Mercet [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Empetraceae: Empetrum nigrum [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos uvae-ursi [Danzig1959, BenDov1994, MatilePe2002], Calluna vulgaris [Goux1931, BenDov1994], Erica cinerea [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Erica tetralix [Goux1931, BenDov1994], Oxycoccus quadripetalus [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Vaccinium myrtillus [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Vaccinium uliginosum [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Vaccinium vitis-idaea [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]. Pyrolaceae: Orthilia secunda [Danzig1960, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Fragaria vesca [Danzig1960, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Greenland [Gertss2005a]. Palaearctic: Czech Republic [Zahrad1959a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1977, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Germany [Lindin1912b, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Latvia [Rasina1959, BenDov1994]; Netherlands [Reyne1951, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Lagows1996, Koteja2000a]; Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]); Sweden [Ossian1959, KosztaKo1988F, Gertss2001]; Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and underground stems of its host plants. Life history, natural enemies and associated ants discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Schmutterer (1952), Danzig (1960), Williams (1962), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (2001). Good description of the adult female given by Schmutterer (1952) and by Tang (2001). Intraspecific variation in taxonomic characters studied by Danzig (1960).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 154 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 257 (female) [Ukraine].

CITATIONS: Balach1953j [taxonomy: 230]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 494]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 445]; Danzig1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-177]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139, 141]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 300]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005a [host, distribution: 331-337]; Gertss2011 [distribution: 40]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154-155]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473-474]; KozarzRe1977 [host, distribution: 378-379]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 351]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 195]; Podsia1981a [biological control: 159-162]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 68]; Rasina1959 [host, distribution: 108-109]; Reyne1951 [host, distribution: xxxix]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 390-391]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 515,517]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 557-558]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259-260]; Trjapi1989 [taxonomy, biological control: 126, 153, 315]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-58]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 83, 86]; Zahrad1959a [host, distribution: 537].



Peliococcus chersonensis (Kiritshenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus chersonensis Kiritshenko, 1931: 314. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccus chersonensis Kiritshenko, 1936a: 138. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on roots of Artemisia austriaca and A. maritima. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Peliococcus chersonensis; Borchsenius, 1948a: 954. Change of combination.

Spinococcus artemisiae Tereznikova, 1968: 281. Type data: UKRAINE: Kherson, on Artemisia austriaca. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Tereznikova, 1975: 203.

Peliococcus lycicola Tang, 1992: 598. Type data: CHINA: Zhongning, Ningxia, on roots of Lycium chinense. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kaydan, 2015: 213.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ajania trifida [Danzig1974, BenDov1994], Artemisia argyi [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Artemisia austriaca [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Artemisia fragrans [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994], Artemisia frigida [Danzig1974, BenDov1994], Artemisia maritima [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Artemisia marschalliana [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia schrenkiana [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia scoparia [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia sublessingiana [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Chrysanthemum indicum [KwonDaPa2003], Seriphidium compactum [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Tanacetum achilleaoides [Terezn1975, BenDov1994], Tanacetum achilleifolium [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Tragopogon [KaydanUlEr2007]. Brassicaceae: Cardaria draba [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007], Sinapis arvensis [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]. Chenopodiaceae: Kochia prostrata [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus arvensis [Kaydan2014]. Cyperaceae: Carex [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Globulariaceae: Globularia [KaydanUlEr2007]. Lamiaceae: Mentha sp. [Kaydan2014]. Rosaceae: Spiraea salicifolia [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]. Solanaceae: Lycium chinense [Tang1992, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [KaydanUlEr2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]); Italy [Pelliz2003]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2010]; Mongolia [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); South Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994, KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b), Tang & Li (1988), Tang (1992), Danzig (2001) and by Kwon et al. (2003).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: According to Danzig (2001), P. chersonensis is common on a range of herbaceous plants throughout the Palaearctic region and varies morphologically quite significantly throughout it’s range in the following characters: i) number of oral collar tubular ducts on dorsum, ii) number of clusters on dorsum and venter, iii) size and number of enlarged dorsal setae, and iv) number of dorsal cerarii. Because of this variation, Kaydan, 2015 felt that this species may represent a species complex. However, Peliococcus lycicola Tang was considered by Tang (1992) as close to P. chersonensis, only differing in the form of the circulus. As the shape of the circulus is considered a very variable character in mealybugs, even between individuals in one population, Kaydan, 2015 considered it to be a junior synonym of P. chersonensis.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 120 (female) [Russia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 176 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 292, 294]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 123]; Borchs1948a [taxonomy: 954]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 249-250]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 138]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 332]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 68]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-122]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-140]; Kaydan2015 [distribution, host, molecular data, taxonomy: 205, 213-214]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution: 30]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 380]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 220]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 314]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-139]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 255]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution, biological control: 111]; Pelliz2003 [host, distribution: 100]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 515-516,598-599,739]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 8]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-62]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22]; Terezn1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 281-283]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-205]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-182].



Peliococcus courzius Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus courzius Goux, 1989a: 304. Type data: FRANCE: Rhone, Courzieu, on Thymus serpyllum. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Thymus serpyllum [Goux1989a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1989a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1989a). Redescription and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 1.92–2.58 mm long, 1.28–1.58 mm wide. Eye marginal, 40–45 ěm wide. Antennae 9 segmented. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus courzius differs from all other Peliococcus species in having the following combination of features: (i) 2 sizes of oral collar tubular ducts on the dorsum, (ii) no circulus, and (iii) quinquelocular pores throughout venter. (Kaydan, 2015)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 292]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1989a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 304-306]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 214,216-218].



Peliococcus drabae (Savescu)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eupeliococcus drabae Savescu, 1985: 118. Type data: ROMANIA: Constanza District, Basarabi, on Lepidium draba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Brassicaceae: Lepidium draba [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 153]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-119].



Peliococcus flaveolus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia flaveola Cockerell, 1896m: 224. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Methuen, with Lasius claviger. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Ripersia cockerelli King & Tinsley, 1898: 297. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Andover, in nests of Lasius flavus under stone. Syntypes, female. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 398.

Ripersia minimus Tinsley & King, 1899: 57. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, South Lawrence, from nests of Lasius americanus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 398.

Pseudococcus cockerelli; Fernald, 1903b: 100. Change of combination.

Phenacoccus flaveolus; Ferris, 1953a: 398. Change of combination.

Peliococcus flaveolus; Kosztarab, 1996: 146. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: myrmecophile mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOST: Ericaceae: Vaccinium [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Massachusetts [Cocker1896m, BenDov1994], Michigan [Koszta1996], New Mexico [Cocker1901g, BenDov1994], New York [Koszta1996], Ohio [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Commonly collected from roots with associated ants, Lasius americanus, L. flavus and L. claviger.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 146 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 318-319]; Cocker1896m [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 224]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240]; Cocker1901g [description, host, distribution: 53]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 100]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-399]; KingTi1898 [taxonomy: 297]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 146-148]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 111]; TinsleKi1899 [taxonomy: 57].



Peliococcus globulariae (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus globulariae Goux, 1937b: 231. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, on Globularia alypum. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus globulariae; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Change of combination.



HOST: Globulariaceae: Globularia alypum [Goux1937b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1937b, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1937b). Redescription and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 0.81–0.84 mm long, 1.34–1.44 mm wide. Eye marginal, 37–45 ěm wide. Antenna 9 segmented.

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus globulariae can be distinguished from other species in the genus in having only 1 size of oral collar tubular duct in each cluster and each dorsal cluster with 3-12 multilocular disc pores. P. globulariae is closest to P. rosae but differs in having well-defined dorsal clusters on the abdominal segments, each with 8-12 multilocular disc pores, whereas clusters on P. rosae are in ill-defined, fusing into rather wide bands. (Kaydan, 2015)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 294]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1937b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-236]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 214, 218-220]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 70].



Peliococcus latitubulatus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus latitubulatus Danzig, 2001: 145. Type data: ARMENIA: Azizbekov [now Vaik] Distr., Gerger, forest, roots of wild grasses, 23.V.1953, M. Ter-Grigorian. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 294-53. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae [Danzig2001]. Papaveraceae: Papaver rhoeas [Kaydan2014].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Danzig2001]; Uzbekistan (Bukhara Oblast [Danzig2001]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (2001).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145, 150]; Kaydan2015 [distribution, host, molecular data, taxonomy: 205,214].



Peliococcus lavandulae (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius lavandulae Signoret, 1875c: 318. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Cannes, on roots of Lavandula stoechas. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material probably lost according to Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995).

Pseudococcus lavandulae; Fernald, 1903b: 104. Change of combination.

Peliococcus lavandulae; Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 249. Change of combination.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Lavandula stoechas [Signor1875c, BenDovMa1995].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Signor1875b, BenDov1994, BenDovMa1995, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Signoret (1875c).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 396]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 201]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 104]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318].



Peliococcus loculatus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus loculatus Danzig, 2001: 142. Type data: RUSSIA: Karachaevo-Cherkesia, W. Caucasus, 10 km S of Arkhyz, Kazgach river, 1600 m, from Ribes sp., 4.VIII.1976 (E. Danzig). Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 44-76. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Grossulariaceae: Ribes [Danzig2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia AR [Danzig2001]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (2001).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142, 146]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214].



Peliococcus locustus (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus locustus James, 1936: 204. Type data: KENYA: Kericho, on Hyparrhenia ruprechtii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus locustus; De Lotto, 1964: 364. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Hyparrhenia ruprechtii [James1936, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1936, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1957b).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 364 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 294]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-191]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 294]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-206].



Peliococcus marrubii (Kiritchenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Spinococcus marrubii Kiritchenko, 1931: 314. Nomen nudum.

Acanthococcus marrubii Kiritchenko, 1936a: 156. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on Marrubium praecox. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 145. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Phenacoccus multispinosus Borchsenius, 1937: 55. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 204.

Phenacoccus marrubii; Kiritshenko, 1940a: 188. Change of combination.

Spinococcus marrubii; Borchsenius, 1949: 204. Change of combination.

Peliococcus marrubii; Danzig, 2001: 145. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: hoarhound mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia dracunculus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Kochia prostrata [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Euphorbia seguieriana [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Hyssopus ambiguus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Marrubium goktschaicum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Marrubium praecox [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Thymus marschallianus [Mateso1968, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Thymus pulegioides [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994], Thymus serphyllum [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994], Thymus serpillum [KozarGuBa1994], Thymus vulgaris [MatilePe2002], Ziziphora clinopodioides [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Marribium [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Stipa sabulosa [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Hungary [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [MatilePe2002]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Russia (Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Ukraine [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and at the bases of its host plant. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Danzig (2001). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the second instar female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 154 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 257 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 128 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 204 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 495]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 54-55]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 204-206]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145,148]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 111]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy: 314]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-158]; Kiritc1940a [taxonomy: 187]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-156]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 109]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 351-352]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 562]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-259]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 87]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-130].



Peliococcus martinezi Gavrilov & Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus martinezi Gavrilov & Matile-Ferrero, 2008: 441. Type data: FRANCE: Hérault, Grabels, on twigs of Rosmarinus officinalis; collected 21.v.2007, I.A. Gavrilov. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Rosmarinus officinalis [GavrilMa2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [GavrilMa2008].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gavrilov & Matile-Ferrero (2008).

SYSTEMATICS: Gavrilov & Matile-Ferrero (2008) indicated that this species belongs to the Spinococcus group of genera. It is related to P. marrubi and to P. spinigerus.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: GavrilMa2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 441-443]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214].



Peliococcus mathisi (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Parapedronia mathisi Balachowsky, 1953j: 227. Type data: TUNISIA: Sidi Daoud (Cap Bon), on Plantago carinata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Spinococcus mathisi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Change of combination.

Peliococcus mathisi; Kaydan, 2015: 214. Change of combination.



HOST: Plantaginaceae: Plantago carinata [Balach1953j, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Foldi2001]; Tunisia [Balach1953j, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Infesting the subterranean parts of its host.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1953j).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: Balach1953j [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227-230]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 495]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73].



Peliococcus morrisoni (Kiritshenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus morrisoni Borchsenius, 1934: 13. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccus morrisoni Kiritshenko, 1936a: 141. Type data: GEORGIA: Adzhar AR, Batum, on Carpinus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 142. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Spinococcus morrisoni; Borchsenius, 1949: 206. Change of combination.

Peliococcus morrisoni; Danzig, 2001: 142. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Morrison's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]. Berberidaceae: Berberis vulgaris [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Carpinus caucasicus [TerGri1962, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Carpinus orientalis [TerGri1962, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Rosa canina [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica officinalis [Danzig1962, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Pimpinella saxifraga [Danzig1962, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Georgia [Yasnos2001] (Adzhar ASSR [Kiritc1936a, Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Hungary [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Poland [Lagows2005]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1962, BenDov1994]); Turkey [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the trunks and brances of its host plant. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Tereznikova (1975). Good description and illustration of the female last-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig (2001: 139, 142) found that the original type material of Phenacoccus morrisoni Kiritshenko, 1936: 141, included specimens of two species, namely Phenacoccus morrisoni Kiritshenko, 1936 (taken off Carpinus, Batumi, Georgia) and Peliococcus rosae Danzig, 2001 (taken off Rosa in Crimea.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 555 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 154 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 257 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 128 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 204 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 495-496]; Borchs1934 [taxonomy: 13]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 206-207]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 143]; Danzig1962 [host, distribution: 22]; Hadzib1957a [distribution: 100-102]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 103]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 219-224]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 223]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-144]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 157]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; Lagows2005 [host, distribution: 39-42]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution, life history: 128]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-134]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].



Peliococcus multispinus (Siraiwa)

NOMENCLATURE:

Synacanthococcus multispinus Siraiwa, 1939: 66. Type data: RUSSIA: Sakhalin Oblast, Odomari, on stems of Rosa rugosa. Syntypes, female. Described: female.

Spinococcus tuberculus Borchsenius, 1949: 207. Type data: RUSSIA: Amur Oblast, on poplar. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 120. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1978: 12.

Spinococcus multispinus; Danzig, 1978: 12. Change of combination.

Peliococcus multispinus; Danzig, 1980b: 120. Change of combination.

Spinococcus multispinus; Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1995: 274. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera [Danzig2001], Lonicera glehnii [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Ledum [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Thymus serpillum [KozarGuBa1994]. Poaceae [MarottTr1995]. Rosaceae: Rosa [Danzig2001], Rosa acicularis [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994], Rosa rugosa [Siraiw1939, BenDov1994], Spiraea hipericifolia [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Salicaceae: Populus [Danzig2001]. Saxifragaceae: Saxifraga [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [MarottTr1995, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Siraiw1939, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Sicily [RussoMa1997]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 555 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 120 (female) [Russia]; Borchsenius 1949: 204 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 295]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 207-208]; Danzig1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 76]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-122]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145, 147]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 109]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 48]; Siraiw1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67, 73]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 564-565].



Peliococcus ocanae Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus ocanae Goux, 1990a: 86. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Ocana, on Lavandula stoechas. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Seyneria porticcia; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 469. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Kaydan, 2015: 222.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Lavandula stoechas [Goux1990a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Goux1990a, BenDov1994, Foldi2003].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Goux (1990a). Redescription and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 1.94 mm long, 1.35 mm wide. Eye marginal, 37.5–40.0 ľm wide. Antenna 9 segmented (pseudosegmentation on segment 3). (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus ocanae can be distinguished from all other species in the genus in having each dorsal cluster with only 1 size of oral collar duct and 1-5 multilocular disc pores. P. ocanae is most similar to P. rosae, P. morrisoni and P. phyllobius but differs in the absence of quinquelocular pores on the venter and in having translucent pores on the hind tibia (absent on the other three species). Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) regarded this species as a junior synonym of Seyneria porticcia Goux, but there are two sizes of oral collar tubular ducts on the dorsum of S. porticcia, whereas there is only one size of oral collar tubular duct on P. ocanae. In addition, Seyneria is diagnosed by having oral collar tubular ducts with enlarged collars that protrude slightly from derm surface but P. ocanae does not have such oral collar tubular ducts. Therefore, Kaydan, 2015 reversed the synonymy and generic placement of P. ocenae proposed by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 296]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Goux1990a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-88]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 214, 220-222].



Peliococcus orophilus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus orophilus De Lotto, 1964: 365. Type data: TANZANIA: Mount Kilimanjaro, on Senecio sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Senecio [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 296]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365].



Peliococcus phyllobius (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus phyllobius Goux, 1938: 451. Type data: FRANCE: Toulon, on Bromus. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus phyllobius; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bromus [Goux1938, BenDov1994], Koeleria villosa [Goux1938, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1938, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1938). Redescription and illustration in Kayday, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body elongate oval, 2.74–3.72 mm long, 1.54–1.94 mm wide. Eye marginal, 60–80 ěm wide. Antenna 9 segmented. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus phyllobius can be distinguished from other species in the genus in having the following combination of characters: (i) 15 pairs of marginal cerarii; (ii) only 1 size of oral collar tubular duct in each cluster, and (iii) each dorsal cluster with only 1-3 multilocular disc pores. P. phyllobius is most similar to P. agriensis but it differs in having only 15 pairs of marginal cerarii (P. agriensis has 17 pairs). (Kaydan, 2015)

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 296-297]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 296-297]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 214, 222-224]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 70].



Peliococcus plurimus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus plurimus De Lotto, 1969: 18. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaaal, Elandshoek, on Rhus pentheri. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Rhus pentheri [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1969).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 297]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-20]; Millar2002 [illustration: 212].



Peliococcus rosae Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus morrisoni; Tereznikova, 1975: 261. Misidentification; discovered by Danzig, 2001: 142.

Peliococcus rosae Danzig, 2001: 139. Type data: UKRAINE: Crimea, southern coast, Yalta, on Rosa canina; 16.x.1932, Skorkin. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rosaceae: Rosa [Danzig2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [Danzig2001]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig2001]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (2001).

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig (2001: 139, 142) found that the original type material of Phenacoccus morrisoni Kiritshenko, 1936: 141, included specimens of two species, namely, Phenacoccus morrisoni Kiritshenko, 1936 (taken off Carpinus, Batumi, Georgia) and Peliococcus rosae Danzig, 2001 (taken off Rosa in Crimea).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palearctic region].

CITATIONS: Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-143]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 261-262].



Peliococcus schmuttereri Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus schmuttereri Savescu, 1984: 154. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucarest, Snagov, on Ulmus foliacea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Ulmaceae: Ulmus foliacea [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 298]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-155].



Peliococcus serratus (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus serratus Ferris, 1925: 231. Type data: CANADA: Ontario, Port Colborne, on Fagus americana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: beech mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Corylaceae: Corylus avellana [Tranfa1976, Marott1987a , Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Fagus [Koszta1996], Fagus americana [Ferris1925, BenDov1994], Fagus grandifolia [Ferris1950b, Russel1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [Ferris1925, BenDov1994]); United States of America (Connecticut [Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Maryland [Ferris1950b, Russel1987, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York [Ferris1925, BenDov1994], Ohio [Ferris1925, BenDov1994], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], Tennessee [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], West Virginia [Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: Italy [Tranfa1976, Marott1987a, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

BIOLOGY: In USA, Maryland it lives on Fagus grandifolia, where it develops two generations a year. Adult females settle on the bark of tree trunks and form a covering ovisac in which eggs are deposited from June until August and October through November. Eggs laid in in summer hatch in about 7-14 days while those deposited in the fall overwinter (Russell, 1987).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), Tranfaglia (1976) and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description of the adult female given by Marotta (1992a) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 150 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 298]; Ferris1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-232]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-119]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 150-151]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 82-83]; Russel1987 [host, distribution, life history: 359-362]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 521-522]; Tranfa1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134-136].



Peliococcus slavonicus (Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus latipes slavonicus Laing, 1929a: 475. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on Hordeum distychum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus slavonicus; Borchsenius, 1949: 255. Change of combination and rank.

COMMON NAMES: slavonic mealybug; Slavonic mealybug.



HOST: Poaceae: Hordeum distychum [Laing1929a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Ukraine [Laing1929a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 119 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 201 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 298]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 255-256]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121-122]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 475]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 522-523]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 206-208].



Peliococcus spiniger (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia spinigera Goux, 1938: 455. Type data: FRANCE: Bessenay (Rhone), on Thymus serpyllum. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Parapedronia spinigera; Balachowsky, 1953: 283. Change of combination.

Spinococcus spinigerus; Danzig, 1960: 178. Change of combination.

Parapedronia spinigera; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73.

Peliococcus spinigerus; Danzig, 2001: 123. Change of combination.

Peliococcus spiniger; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 413. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

Peliococcus marrubii; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014: 425. Incorrect synonymy.

Peliococcus spinigerus; Kaydan, 2015: 214. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Thymus serphyllum [Goux1938, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1938, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Goux (1938). Redescription and illustration in Kaydan, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body elongate oval, 1.08–1.43 mm long, 0.54–0.78 mm wide. Eye marginal, 37.5–45 ěm wide. Antenna 8 segmented. (Kaydan, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: Peliococcus spinigerus is most similar to P. marrubii in lacking: (i) multilocular disc pores on dorsum, and (ii) a circulus, but differs in having: (i) 12-16 dorsal oral collar tubular ducts on each abdominal segment, in an almost continuous row (P. marrubii has more than 18 dorsal oral collar tubular ducts on each abdominal segment), and (ii) 15 pairs of marginal cerarii (P. marrubii has 18 pairs). Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) regarded P. spinigerus as a junior synonym of P. marrubii, but Kaydan, 2015 regarded then as separate because of the differences mentioned above.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region].

CITATIONS: Balach1953 [taxonomy: 83]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 282]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy: 123]; Goux1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 455-458]; Kaydan2015 [description, distribution, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 214, 224-226].



Peliococcus subcorticicola Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus subcorticicola Williams, 1985: 257. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Mullaloo, on Casuarina sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living under the bark of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 299]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-259].



Peliococcus tbilisiensis Hadzibejli nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus tbilisiensis Hadzibejli, 1957a: 102. Nomen nudum.



Peliococcus tragopogoni (Savescu)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eupeliococcus tragopogoni Savescu, 1985: 117. Type data: ROMANIA: Mures District, Iernut, on Tragopogon orientalis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Tragopogon orientalis [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 153]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117, 118].



Peliococcus trispinosus (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus trispinosus James, 1936: 206. Type data: KENYA: Kabete, on Solanum tuberosum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Peliococcus trispinosus; De Lotto, 1964: 365. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Panicum maximum [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [James1936, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1936, DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and rhizomes of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1957b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 299]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-191]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 365]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-207].



Peliococcus turanicus (Kiritshenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus latipes; Kiritshenko, 1931: 313. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949.

Phenacoccus ilarius Kiritshenko, 1931: 314. Nomen nudum.

Phenacoccus turanicus Kiritshenko, 1932: 137. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Samarkand, on roots of Stenophragma (= Arabidopsis) sophia and Astragalus bactrianus and ARMENIA: Kalahjrn, on Gossypium. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 133. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Phenacoccus hilarius Kiritshenko, 1936a: 136. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym, near Kekeneiz, on Seseli gummiferum and S. dichotomum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 133. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 256.

Peliococcus terrestris Borchsenius, 1949: 254. Type data: GEORGIA: Tbilisi, on Euphorbia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 136. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 136.

Peliococcus turanicus; Borchsenius, 1949: 256. Change of combination.

Peliococcus perfidiosus Borchsenius, 1949: 257. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym and RUSSIA: North Caucasus, on 9 species of host-plants. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 133. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 133.

Peliococcus unispinus Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 23. Type data: ARMENIA: Aginskii Region, on Tragopogon sp., Taraxacum sp., Centaurea sp. and Triticum vulgare var. delfi. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2001: 136. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2001: 136.

COMMON NAME: malicious mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Descuvaria saptia [KaydanKiKo2005]. Apiaceae [Kaydan2014]. Asteraceae: Achilea millefolium [MatilePe2002, KaydanKiKo2005], Achillea [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Achillea distans [Kozar1985, BenDov1994], Artemisia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005, Gavril2006], Artemisia frigida [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Centaurea [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Cichorium intybus [KaydanKiKo2005], Crepis [KaydanKiKo2005], Jurinea [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Scorzenera [KaydanKiKo2005], Scorzonera tau-saghyz [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Senecio [KaydanKiKo2005], Seriphidium compactum [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Taraxacum [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Tragopogon [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Xanthium strumarianum [KaydanKiKo2005], Xeranthemum squarrosum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Arabidopsis sophia [Kiritc1932, BenDov1994], Cardaria draba [KaydanKiKo2005], Descurainia sophia [Moghad2013a], Diplotaxis tenuifolia [KaydanKiKo2005], Isatis [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Lepidium [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Lepidium sativum [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Rhaphanus sativus [Moghad2013a], Sisymbrium [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Sisymbrium sophia [Moghad2013], Sonchus arvensis [KaydanKiKo2005]. Cistaceae: Helianthemum [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994], Convolvulus arvensis [KaydanKiKo2005]. Dipsacaceae: Cephalaria [MatilePe2002]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Astragalus bactrianus [Kiritc1932, BenDov1994], Astragalus sp. [Moghad2013], Medicago [KaydanKiKo2005], Melilotus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Psoralea [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Trigonella [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Dracocephalum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Dracocephalum multicaule [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Lamium [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Mentha [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Salvia [Borchs1949, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]. Malvaceae: Althaea [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Gossypium [Kiritc1932, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Malva [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Papaveraceae: Papaver sp. [Kaydan2014]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Kozar1985, BenDov1994], Triticum [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare delfi [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Atraphaxis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Rosa canina [Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Nicotiana tabacum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Daucus carota [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Falcaria vulgaris [KaydanUlEr2007], Seseli dichotomum [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Seseli gummiferum [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994], Turgenia latifolia [KaydanUlEr2007]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Kiritc1932, BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]; Crete [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]; Croatia [MilekŠi2013]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Iran [Moghad2009]; Italy [Pelliz1991, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, Pelliz2005]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Russia (Astrakhan' Oblast [Gavril2006], Caucasus [Borchs1949, Terezn1975, BenDov1994]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1936a, Borchs1949, Terezn1975, BenDov1994]); Uzbekistan [Kiritc1932, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living usually on roots of the host plant; recorded from the trunk of grapevine. Lives on roots of the host plant (Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1991). Danzig (2001) reported that this species lives on the roots of different perennial herbs and bushes (Achillea, Artemisia, Centaurea, Tragopogon, Euphorbia, Lamium, Astragalus, Atraphaxis, Physalis); also recorded from Nicotiana, cotton, potato tubers and roots of wheat and wild grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1949), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Tang (1992) and by Danzig (2001). Description and illustration of adult female third-instar nymph and female second-instar nymph by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Description of adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Pellizzari (2005).

SYSTEMATICS: The extensive study by Danzig (2001) indicates that this species is widely distributed in the Palaearctic region (from Kazakhstan in the east to Italy and the west) where it exhibits a remarkable range of intraspecific variation in several taxonomic features.

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Moghaddam 2013: 39 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus Borchsenius in Iran]; Danzig 2001: 124-125 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 119 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 201 (female) [Ukraine]; Tereznikova 1975: 201 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [Armenia]; Bazarov 1971b: 91 (female) [Central Asia]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 89]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 296, 299, 300]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 300]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 254-258]; BorchsTe1956 [host, distribution: 17-27]; BorchsTe1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-27]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 139]; Danzig2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-137]; Gavril2006 [host, distribution: 787]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Kaydan2015 [distribution, host, molecular data, taxonomy: 205, 214]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution: 30]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 380]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 101]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 313-314]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-138]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 120-121]; Kiritc1940a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 186]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 92]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution, life history: 111-112]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 352]; MilekŠi2013 [description, economic importance, host, structure, ecology, taxonomy: 375-378]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 23]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, physiology, structure: 44-45, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 67]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 70]; Pelliz1991 [host, distribution: 765]; Pelliz2005 [host, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy: 20-25]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 520, 523-525]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208, 209-210]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 90]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 89, 90]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-188, 191-193]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-191].



Peliococcus unitubulatus Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus unitubulatus Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 25. Type data: ARMENIA: Aginskii Region, on Triticum compactum var. erinaceum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Tricium [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Triticum compactum erinaceum [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973).

KEYS: Ter-Grigorian 1973: 177 (female) [Armenia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 301]; BorchsTe1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 25-27]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 90]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-196].



Peliococcus vivarensis Tranfaglia

NOMENCLATURE:

Peliococcus vivarensis Tranfaglia, 1981: 9. Type data: ITALY: Napoli, Vivara, on Inula viscosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Centaurea [MazzeoRuLo1997], Inula viscosa [Tranfa1981, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Picris echioides [MazzeoRuLo1997], Senecio [MazzeoRuLo1997]. Boraginaceae: Borago [MazzeoRuLo1997].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Tranfa1981, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [MazzeoRuLo1997, RussoMa1997].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tranfaglia (1981). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kaydan 2015: 214 (female) [Key to species of Peliococcus in the Palaearctric region]; Tang 1992: 513 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 301]; Kaydan2015 [taxonomy: 214]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; MazzeoRuLo1997 [host, distribution: 20]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 52]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 525-526]; Tranfa1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-11].



Peliococcus zillae (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus zillae Hall, 1926a: 5. Type data: EGYPT: Fayed (Suez), on Zilla spinosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Phenacoccus zygophylli Archangelskaya, 1937: 130. Nomen nudum.

Peliococcus zillae; Borchsenius, 1949: 246. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Centaurea [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Zilla spinosa [Hall1926, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Glycyrrhiza [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Haplophyllum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia marina [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1926, BenDov1991, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat (1960d). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 514 (female) [China]; Bazarov 1971b: 91 (female) [Central Asia]; Ezzat 1960d: 57 (female) [Egypt]; Borchsenius 1949: 243 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1362]; Archan1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 130]; BenDov1991 [host, distribution: 11]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 301]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 246-247]; Ezzat1960d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-57]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Hall1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 526-527].



Penthococcus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Penthococcus Danzig, 1972b: 327. Type species: Penthococcus nartshukae Danzig, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Danzig (1972b) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1988: 698 (female) [Far East of Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 302]; Danzig1972b [taxonomy, description: 327-329]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 148].



Penthococcus nartshukae Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Penthococcus nartshukae Danzig, 1972b: 329. Type data: MONGOLIA: Gobi-Altai Aimak, on legumineous plant. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1972b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 302]; Danzig1972b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 328-329]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 148]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3].



Peridiococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Peridiococcus Williams, 1985: 259. Type species: Sphaerococcus stypheliae Maskell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: The genus is characterized by possessing large pores areas that seems to be an actual developements of the hind coxae.

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 22 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Williams 1985: 260 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 35 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 302]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 154]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 259-260].



Peridiococcus ethelae (Fuller)

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus ethelae Fuller, 1897a: 1346. Type data: AUSTALIA: Western Australia, Swan River, on Casuarina sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 156. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Peridiococcus ethelae; Williams, 1985: 260. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [HendriKo1999], Casuarina cristata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Casuarina crumagei [HendriKo1999], Casuarina glauca [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Casuarina luehmannii [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Fuller1897b, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]).

BIOLOGY: Causes scars on the branches of several species of Casuarina.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 154 (female) [World]; Williams 1985: 260 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 302]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy: 1346]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy: 1-15]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description: 449-450]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155-156]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 291]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-263].



Peridiococcus stypheliae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus stypheliae Maskell, 1895a: 27. Nomen nudum.

Sphaerococcus stypheliae Maskell, 1895b: 67. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Vaucluse, near Sydney, on Styphelia [Monotoca] elliptica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 263. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Peridiococcus stypheliae; Williams, 1985: 263. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Monotoca elliptica [HendriKo1999]. Fabaceae: Acacia [HendriKo1999]. Myrtaceae: Agonis elliptica [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Leptospermum [Willia1985, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Melaleuca [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1895b, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [HendriKo1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 154 (female) [World]; Williams 1985: 260 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 303]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-160]; Maskel1895a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 301]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-265].



Phyllococcus Ehrhorn

NOMENCLATURE:

Phyllococcus Ehrhorn, 1916: 236. Type species: Cissococcus oahuensis Ehrhorn, by monotypy.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948).

KEYS: Zimmerman 1948: 148 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 349]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, description: 236]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 155]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 148, 159].



Phyllococcus oahuensis (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cissococcus? oahuensis Ehrhorn, 1912: 149. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu Island, on Urera sandwichensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female.

Phyllococcus oahuensis; Ehrhorn, 1916: 236. Change of combination.



HOST: Urticaceae: Urera sandwichensis [Ehrhor1912].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Ehrhor1912]).

BIOLOGY: Forming galls on the leaves of Urera glabra and U. sandwicensis (Beardsley, 1984).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 213 (male) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223-224]; Beards1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 85]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 349]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy: 236]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 169,213-218]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 85]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 523]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-160].



Pilococcus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pilococcus Takahashi, 1928a: 257. Type species: Pilococcus miscanthi Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 100 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 349-350]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 156]; Takaha1928a [taxonomy, description: 257]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 115-116]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 23].



Pilococcus miscanthi Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pilococcus miscanthi Takahashi, 1928a: 257. Type data: TAIWAN: Urai and Takeyama, on Miscanthus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Miscanthus sinensis [Takaha1928a, Takaha1929].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1928a].

BIOLOGY: Protected by the ant Crematogaster rogenhoferi.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1928a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 350]; Takaha1928a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribtuion: 257-260]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 40]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 116]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23].



Planococcus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus Ferris, 1950b: 164. Type species: Dorthesia citri Risso, by original designation.

Allococcus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 13. Type species: Allococcus inamabilis Hambleton (= Planococcus vovae (Nasonov)), by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Cox, 1989. Notes: A subjective synonym of Planococcus.

Plannococcus; Entwistle, 1958: 64. Misspelling of genus name.

lanococcus; Moghaddam, 2009: 34. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Misspelling of lanococcus for Planococcus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Ferris (1950b), Ezzat & McConnell (1956), McKenzie (1967), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Danzig (1980b), Williams (1985), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2010).

STRUCTURE: Adult female body oval.Anal lobes with characteristic anal lobe bars. Antennae 8-segmented. Legs well developed; coxae, tibiae and sometimes femora of hind legs with translucent pores. Circulus usually present. Spiracles well developed. Multlocular pores numerous on ventral parts of abdominal segments. Tubular ducts present on both body sides; usually dorsal ducts larger and sometimes with collars. Cerarii usually totallyin 18 pairs. all cerarii with two conical setae (sometimes cerarii on head with 3 conical setae); additional flagellate setae present in C18. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2010)

SYSTEMATICS: Allococcus Ezzat & McConnell (type-species Allococcus inamabilis Hambleton [a synonym of Pseudococcus vovae Nasonov]) is a subjective synonym of Planococcus.

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; González 2011: 70 (female) [Key to the genera of Pseudococcidae of primary importance to export fruit.]; Danzig & Gavrilov 2010: 48 (female) [Species in Russia]; Kwon et al. 2004a: 394 (female) [Genera of Korea]; Williams 2004a: 43 (female) [southern Asia]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Williams & Moghaddam 1999: 39-40 (female) [species of Iran]; Kosztarab 1996: 169 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992: 365 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393-394 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1989: 3 (female) [World]; Cox 1989: 7-9 (female) [Species of the world]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Tu et al. 1988: 73 (female) [Taiwan]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 19 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 3 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 74 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox & Ben-Dov 1986: 482 (female) [Mediterranean basin]; Williams 1985: 272 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 38, 39 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 36 (female) [Armenia]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 11 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 280 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Ferris 1953a: 284 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 164 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 93-98]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 432]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 29-30, 354]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 73-74]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 481-482]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110, 168]; DanzigGa2010 [taxonomy, description: 39-40]; Entwis1958 [taxonomy: 64]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 164]; Gonzal2011 [description, distribution, distribution, structure, taxonomy: 70, 132-135]; GranarScTe1997 [taxonomy, economic importance: 97]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 168-169]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 394,406]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 280]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; Moghad2009 [taxonomy: 34]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 63]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, description: 157]; RungScEv2008a [taxonomy, molecular data, molecualr biology: 525-532]; Tang1992 [taxonomy: 364-365]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 24]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 225-226]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 80]; Willia1962 [taxonomy: 30]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 39, 272]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 43, 392-394]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68]; WilliaMo2000 [taxonomy: 32-33, 39-40]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 161, 163].



Planococcus aemulor De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus aemulor De Lotto, 1964: 372. Type data: KENYA: Ruiru, on Combretum splendens. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Combretaceae: Combretum splendens [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 354]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-13]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 372-373].



Planococcus albi Martínez & Surís nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus albi Martínez & Surís, 1996: 10. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2009: 37.

Planococcus albi Martínez & Surís, 2000: 60-61. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2009: 37-38.



Planococcus angelicus Martínez & Surís nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus angelicus Martínez & Surís, 1996: 10. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2009: 37-38.

Planococcus angelicus Martínez & Surís, 2000: 60-61. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 2009: 37-38.



Planococcus angkorensis (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus angkorensis Takahashi, 1942b: 10. Type data: CAMBODIA: Angkor, on undetermined host. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Planococcus dorsospinosus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 75. Type data: CHINA: intercepted at San Francisco, U.S.A., on Pueraria hirsuta. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 622.

Planococcus myrsinephilus Borchsenius, 1962: 585. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Siakwan, on Myrsine africana. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 21.

Planococcus sinensis Borchsenius, 1962: 586. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Siakwan, on Buddleia officinalis. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 21.

Planococcus angkorensis; Ali, 1970a: 89. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus ankorensis; Tang, 1992: 366. Revived combination.

Pseudococcus ankorensis; Tang, 1992: 366. Misspelling of species name.

Pseudococcus angkorensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 379.

Planococcus dorsospinus; Tao, 1999: 24. Misspelling of species name.

Planococcus myrisnephilus; Tao, 1999: 24. Misspelling of species name.

Planococcus angkorensis; Williams, 2004: a. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Rhus [Borchs1962, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Colocasia esculentum [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Buddlejaceae: Buddleja officinalis [Borchs1962, BenDov1994]. Daphniphyllaceae: Daphniphyllum [Borchs1962, BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Codaeum variegatum [Willia2004a], Euphorbia longan [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Pueraria hirsuta [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos vanprukii [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [Willia2004a], Ficus gibbosa [Borchs1962, BenDov1994], Morus [Borchs1962, BenDov1994]. Myrsinaceae: Myrsine africana [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Piper [Willia2004a]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea canephora [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Neonaucklea [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Litchi [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria frutescens [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Pipturus arborescens [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Lombok [Willia2004a]); India [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Karnataka [Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Takaha1942b, BenDov1994] [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Philippines [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [TuWuLe1988, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Thailand [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) (as Pl. dorsospinosus), Borchsenius (1962) (as Pl, myrsinephilus and as Pl. sinensis), Tu et al. (1988), Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1942b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Borchsenius 1962: 583 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 89]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 358-359]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 379]; Borchs1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 584-585]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 21-24]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-77]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-12]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 369-370]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 366-367]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6, 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81, 93]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 622-624].



Planococcus aphelus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus aphelus De Lotto, 1967: 16. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Somerset West, on Phylica sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rhamnaceae: Phylica [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1967) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 354]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-13]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-17].



Planococcus bagmaticus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus bagmaticus Williams, 2004a: 624. Type data: NEPAL: Kathmandu Valley, Bagmati, Godavari, on Trachelospermum; collected S. Takagi, 20.viii.1975. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Apocynaceae: Trachelospermum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [PLanococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 624-626].



Planococcus bambusifolii (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus bambusifolii Takahashi, 1951a: 9. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, on Bambusa sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 626. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Planococcus bambusifolii; Tang, 1992: 367. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus bambusifolii; Ben-Dov, 1994: 380. Revived combination.

Planococcus bambusifolii; Williams, 2004a: 626-628. Revived combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 629-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 380]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-11]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 367]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 626-628].



Planococcus bendovi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus bendovi Williams, 2004a: 628. Type data: INDIA: Tripura, Lambucherra, on Arachis hypogaea; collected M. Ghosh, 9.i.1963. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tripura [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 628-630].



Planococcus boafoensis (Strickland)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus boafoensis Strickland, 1947: 151. Type data: GHANA: Tafo, on Musanga smithii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcus boafoensis; De Lotto, 1964: 372. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Musanga smithii [Strick1947, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Strick1947].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Strick1947, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Strickland (1947), Williams (1958b) and Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 7 (female) [World ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 354-355]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-16]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 372]; Strick1947 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-154]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-32].



Planococcus cajani Mukherjee & Mukhopadhyay

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus cajani Mukherjee & Mukhopadhyay, 1999: 33. Type data: INDIA: West Bengal, Barjaguli Mohanpur, Nadia, on Cajanus cajan. Holotype female. Type depository: Kalyani: Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bihan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Cajanus cajan [MukherMu1999, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (West Bengal [MukherMu1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mukherjee & Mukhopadhyay (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a), having no access to type material of this species, discussed the identity of this species.

CITATIONS: MukherMu1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-36]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 630].



Planococcus citri (Risso)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dorthesia citri Risso, 1813: 416. Type data: FRANCE: Menton, on Citrus spp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1994).

Coccus tuliparum Bouche, 1844: 301. Type data: ENGLAND: London, on Tulipa sp. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 81. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1932f: 201.

Coccus citri; Boisduval, 1867: 348. Change of combination.

Coccus citry; Alfonso, 1875: 428. Misspelling of species name.

Dactylopius alaterni Signoret, 1875c: 309. Type data: FRANCE: probably Montpellier, on Rhamnus alaternus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Balachowsky, 1928c: 143. Notes: Synonymy also by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995:246).

Dactylopius ceratoniae Signoret, 1875c: 311. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, along the 'Corniche', in bark crevices of Ceratonia siliqua. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 246. Notes: Type material probably lost according to Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995).

Dactylopius citri; Signoret, 1875c: 312. Change of combination.

Dactylopius citri; Signoret, 1875c: 312. Notes: Incorrect citation of author.

Dactylopius cyperi Signoret, 1875c: 314. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Nice, in greenhouse, on Cyperus papyrus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 246. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 246.

Dactylopius robiniae Signoret, 1875c: 322. Type data: FRANCE: Var, Hyeres and Alpes-Maritimes, Cannes, Nice and Menton on Robinia psedoacacia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 249.

Dactylopius tuliparum; Signoret, 1875c: 323. Change of combination.

Lecanium phyllococcus Ashmead, 1879: 160. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, on orange trees. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 99. Notes: Type material depository unknown (Cox, 1989).

Coccus citry; Targioni Tozzetti, 1881: 134. Misspelling of species name.

Dactylopius brevispinus Targioni Tozzetti, 1881: 137. Type data: ITALY: Location not indicated, on various plants in the field. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 99. Notes: Type material probably lost according to G. Pellizzari-Scaltriti, 1990 personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Dactylopius destructor Comstock, 1881a: 342. Type data: U.S.A.: on houseplants in greenhouses. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 99. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1994).

Dactylopius farinosus; Cockerell, 1898g: 109. Misidentification.

Dactylopius secretus Hempel, 1900a: 387. Type data: BRAZIL: Ypiranga, in galls on leaves of a plant of the Solanaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 394.

Phenacoccus spiriferus Hempel, 1900a: 389. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on cultivated tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 394. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 16.

Phenacoccus spiniferus; Hempel, 1901: 110. Misspelling of species name.

Pseudococcus citri; Cockerell, 1902p: 252. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus cyperi; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus robiniae; Fernald, 1903b: 108. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus tuliparum; Fernald, 1903b: 111. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus alaterni; Fernald, 1903b: 97. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus ceratoniae; Fernald, 1903b: 99. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus citri coleorum Marchal, 1908: 236. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg Gardens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 132.

Dactylopius (Trechocorys) citri; Newstead, 1908: 9. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus citri phenacocciformis Brain, 1915: 116. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Rosebank, on Bouvardia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 65.

Pseudo-Coccus citris; Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1929: 5. Misspelling of species name.

Planococcus citri; Ferris, 1950b: 165. Change of combination.

Planococcoides cubanensis Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 53. Type data: CUBA: intercepted in U.S.A., on Ficus panduratae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 16.

Planococcus citricus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 69. Type data: ITALY: intercepted in U.S.A., on Citrus limonia. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1981: 48.

Planococcus cucurbitae Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 71. Type data: GRENADA: on Cucurbita sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 16.

COMMON NAMES: chanchito blanco de los citrus [Gonzal2011]; citrus mealybug [Essig1915a, McKenz1967, SmithBeBr1997]; Citrus mealybug [McKenz1967]; cochonilha-algodao [CarvalAg1997]; cotonet [Lloren1990]; kimhit hehadar; piojo de los cítricos [QuezadCoDi1972].



ASSOCIATES: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. VIRUS Closteroviridae: Ampelovirus GLRaV-3 [BahderPoAl2013].

FOES: ACARI Trombiidae: Allotrombium pulvinum Ewing [SaboorHoHa2003]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Brumoides lineatus Weise [WengHu1988], Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [Fisher1963, Clause1978, JayaraChGo1988, MichelHa1995, BaskarLaUt1999], Diomus austrinus Green [ChongOeOs2005], Diomus flavifrons (Blackburn) [Meyerd1983], Exochomus metallicus Korsch [Moore1988], Nephus bipunctatus (Kugelann) [Moore1988], Nephus bisignatus (Boheman) [KontodLyKa2005], Nephus includens Kirsch. [ArgyriStMo1976, KontodLyKa2005], Nephus reunioni [MichelHa1995], Scymnus coccivora [JayaraChGo1988], Scymnus hieki Fursch [ArgyriStMo1976], Scymnus ochroderus Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Scymnus subvillosus (Goeze) [UlgentSzUy2013]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Coccodiplosis citri Barnes [Barnes1935]. FUNGI : Cladosporium oxysporum [Moore2002]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus caridei (Brethes) [Moore1988], Coccophagus gurneyi (Compere) [Blumbe1997], Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012]. Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus aegyptiacus Mercet [Rivnay1945], Agarwalencyrtus citri (Agarwal) [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus aurantifrons Compere [Comper1939d], Anagyrus bohemani [Tsalev1972], Anagyrus dactylopii (Howard) [BasheeAsRa2014], Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault) [BlumbeVa2001], Anagyrus greeni (Howard) [AbdRab2001d], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [Clause1978, Moore1988, Blumbe1997, MahfouDh2009], Blepyrus insularis (Cameron) [AbdRab2001d], Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake) [Moore1988, Trjapi1989, JoyceHoBe2001, CeballWa2004, MahfouDh2009], Homalotylus quaylei Timberlake [Trjapi1989], Leptomastidea abnormalis (Girault) [Flande1953a, ArgyriStMo1976, Clause1978, Moore1988, MahfouDh2009], Leptomastidea aurantiaca Mercet [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix bifasciatus Compere [Moore1988], Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Clause1978, Moore1988, Trjapi1989, Blumbe1997, MahfouDh2009, BasheeAsRa2014], Leptomastix eponga (Walker) [BlumbeVa2001], Leptomastix flava Mercet [AbdRab2001d], Neoplatycerus palestinensis (Rivnay) [Rivnay1945, Trjapi1989], Pauridia peregrina Timberlake [Clause1978, Golber1982], Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus (Mercet) [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus io (Girault) [Trjapi1989], Pseudaphycus mundus Gahan [Clause1978], Tropidiophryne natalensis Compere [Comper1939d]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa kamburovi Annecke & Prinsloo [AnneckPr1976a]. Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron concolor Foerster [ArgyriStMo1976]. LEPIDOPTERA Lycaenidae: Spalgius epius [PatilPaPa2011]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa lacciperda Kimmins [Krishn1988].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Acanthus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eranthemum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Fittonia albivenis [BenDov1994], Justica carnea [GranarScTe1997], Pachystachys [BenDov1994]. Agavaceae: Dracaena [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Aizoaceae: Faucaria tigrina [BenDov2012]. Amaranthaceae: Alternanthera echincephala [LincanHoCa2010], Alternanthera philoxeroides [BenDov1994], Amaranthus [BenDov1994]. Amaryllidaceae: Hippeastrum sp. [BenDov2012]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [McKenz1967, TuWuLe1988, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KinjoNaHi1996], Rhus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Annona cherimola [Martin1985], Annona muricata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, LincanHoCa2010], Annona senegalensis [Hall1937, BenDov1994], Annona squamosa [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Adenium obesum [Moghad2013], Nerium oleander [Tsalev1968, Martin1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Aglaonema roebelinii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Anthurium sp. [BenDov2012], Arisarum vulgare [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cryptosperma chamissonis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia [Osborn1898, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia hoffmanii [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Philodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Photos sp. [BenDov2012], Rhaphidophora, Scindapsus aureus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Aralia elegantissima [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Polyscias scutellaria [LincanHoCa2010], Schefflera arboricola {Hayata} [GoszczGo2011], Schefflera sp. [BenDov2012]. Arecaceae: Chamacyparis lawsoniana [Moghad2013a], Chamaerops sp. [Moghad2013], Cocos nucifera [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Granophyllum [BenDov1994], Phoenix dactylifera [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepias sp. [BenDov2012], Hoya carnosa [MazzeoSuRu2008], Hoya nicholsoniae [BenDov1994], Huernia aspera [LincanHoCa2010], Stephanotis. Asteraceae: Aster sp. [BenDov2012], Helianthus sp. [BenDov2012], Melanthera biflora [BenDov1994], Scalesia pedunculata [LincanHoCa2010], Schomburgkia tibicinus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Senecio [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Tagetes sp. [BenDov2012], Xanthium occidentale. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [Essig1910c, Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Jacaranda [BenDov1994], Tecoma capensis [Hall1926a, BenDov1994]. Blechnaceae: Blechnum brownei [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Blechum pyramidatum [LincanHoCa2010]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Cordia dentata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cordia lutea [LincanHoCa2010], Croton scouleri [LincanHoCa2010], Trounefortia pubescens [LincanHoCa2010]. Brassicaceae: Brassica oleracea capitata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Burseraceae: Garuga pinata [BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Cactus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cereus sp. [BenDov2012], Opuntia sp. [BenDov2012]. Cannaceae: Canna coccinea [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Canna flaccida [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus barbatus [Moghad2013]. Celastraceae: Euonymus sp. [BenDov2012]. Cephalotaxaceae: Cephalotaxus drupacea [Martin1985]. Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris [BenDov2012]. Chloranthaceae: Ascarina sp. [Willia2013]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [WilliaWa1988a, McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ipomoea pes-capreae [BenDov1994], Mina lobata [BenDov1994], Stictocadia tiliifolia [LincanHoCa2010]. Crassulaceae: Crassula sp. [Moghad2013a], Echeveria [JiSu2012], Kaanchoe sp. [BenDov2012], Sedum sp. [BenDov2012]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucumis melo [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cucurbita maxima [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita moschata [Daane2000], Cucurbita pepo [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Ecballium elaterium [BenDov2012], Sechium edule. Cupressaceae: Chammaecyparis lawsoniana [Moghad2013], Cupressus sp. [Moghad2013]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cyperus papyrus [Signor1875c, Cocker1897, BenDov1994]. Dilleniaceae: Hibbertia scandens [BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [BenDov1994], Diospyros kaki [BenDov2012]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Codiaeum [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Codiaeum variegatum [MartinLa2011], Colliguaja odorifera [Mills1984], Croton sp. [BenDov2012], Croton variegatum [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Essig1910c, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Jatropha curcas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Macaranga [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ricinus communis [LincanHoCa2010]. Fabaceae: Abarema grandiflora [BenDov1994], Acacia [KozarGuBa1994], Albizia falcataria [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Arachis hypogaea [BenDov2012], Bauhinia [BenDov1994], Cassia imperalis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ceratonia siliqua [Signor1875c, BenDov1994], Delonix regia [BenDov1994], Desmodium intortum [MartinLa2011], Entada phaseoloides [BenDov1994], Erythrina caffra [BenDov2012], Erythrina corralodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gliricidia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Glycine max [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Glycine wightii [BenDov1994], Glycyrrhiza glabra [BenDov2012], Inocarpus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Leucaena glauca [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Medicago sativa [BenDov1994], Phaseolus limensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Phaseolus vulgaris, Pueraria thunbergiana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Robinia pseudoacacia [Signor1875c, BenDov1994], Trifolium alexandrinum [Hall1937, BenDov1994], Trifolium dubium, Wisteria chinensis. Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia ionantha [BenDov2012]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola koenigii. Iridaceae: Iris sp. [BenDov2012]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [Essig1915a, McKenz1967, Cox1987, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Coleus hibridus [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Mentha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ocimum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ocimum basilicum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Physostegia sp. [BenDov2012], Rosmarinus officinalis [BenDov2012]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [GranarScTe1997], Persea americana [McKenz1967, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Bertholletia excelsa [BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Asparagus oddiainalis [LincanHoCa2010]. Lythraceae: Bergenia crassifolia [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Bossypium hirsutum [BenDov2012], Gossypium purpurescens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hibiscus [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994]. Marantaceae: Maranta [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Melastomataceae: Miconia robinsoniaria [LincanHoCa2010]. Menispermaceae: Legnephora moorii [BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Castilloa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Dimocarpus longan [MartinLa2011], Ficus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ficus benjamina [Moghad2013], Ficus carica [Bodenh1926, Archan1930, Martin1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Ficus elastica [Moghad2013], Ficus nitida [Martin1985], Ficus pandurate [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus sp. [Moghad2013], Morus alba [BenDov2012]. Musacae: Musa sp. [BenDov2012]. Musaceae: Musa acuminata [PerezGCa1987], Musa sapientum [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myoporaceae: Eremophila gilesii [BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon lanceolatus [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Myrtus communis [BenDov2012], Psidium guajava [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Syzygium sp. [BenDov2012]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997]. Oleaceae: Forsythia intermedia [Moghad2013a], Fraxinus [WilliaMo2000], Fraxinus excelsior [Moghad2013], Jasminum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Olea europea [GranarScTe1997]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [Essig1910c, BenDov1994]. Paeoniaceae: Paeonia [Essig1910c, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [BenDov1994], Passiflora quadrangularis L. [GoszczGo2011], Tacsonia jasminoides [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Goux1931, BenDov1994]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Archan1930, BenDov1994]. Plumbaginoceae: Plumbago [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Bidens pilosa [BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [PellizPoSe2011], Oryza latifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Oryza sativa [Moghad2013a], Saccharum officinarum. Polygonaceae: Polygonum acuminatum [BenDov2012], Polygonum equisetiforme [BenDov2012]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca oleracea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Cryptocarpus pyriformis [LincanHoCa2010], Macadamia integrifolia [Willia1973, BenDov1994], Macadamia tetraphylla [BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [McKenz1967, Martin1985, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus integerrimus [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Rhamnus alaternus [Signor1875c, Cocker1897, BenDov1994], Ziziphus spina-christi [BenDov2012]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis [BenDov2012], Fragaria vesca [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Malus domestica [GranarScTe1997], Malus pumila [BenDov1994], Pyrus communis [GranarScTe1997], Rosa. Rubiacea: Ixora coccinea [LincanHoCa2010]. Rubiaceae: Bouvardia [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Coffea arabica [Hall1937, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994], Coffea liberica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gardenia jasminoides [Matile1988, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Morinda umbellata forsteri [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Mussaenda erythrophylla [BenDov1994], Pavetta chumanniana [Hall1937, BenDov1994]. Ruscaceae: Ruscus aculeatus [BenDov2012]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Melis1930, QuezadCoDi1972, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994, CarvalAg1997, UygunSeEr1998], Citrus aurantium [Bodenh1926, Martin1985, BenDov1988b, WilliaGr1992, Granar1991, BenDov1994], Citrus bigaradia [Moghad2013], Citrus decumanus [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [Martin1985, Marott1987a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Citrus medica [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Citrus paradisi [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Citrus reticulata [Granar1991, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Citrus sinensis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Citrus variegatum [Moghad2013], Flindersia brayleyana [BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Alectryon tomentosus [BenDov2012], Nephelium lappaceum L. [HernanNiMa2011]. Saxifragaceae: Ribes sp. [BenDov2012]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia pauciflora [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cestrum [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Duranta stramonium [BenDov2012], Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Lycopersicum esculentum [BenDov2012], Nicotiana tabacum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Salpiglossis, Solandra, Solanum cheesmaniae [LincanHoCa2010], Solanum douglasi, Solanum melongena [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Solanum nigrum [BenDov2012], Solanum tuberosum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Solanum verbascifolium auriculatum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Commersonia bartramia [BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1988a, Campbe1983, WilliaGr1992]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia alba [Moghad2013], Strelitzia gigantea [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Strelitzia nicolai [BenDov2012], Strelitzia reginae [Essig1910c, Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix aphylla [Matile1988, BenDov1994]. Thymelaeaceae: Thymelaea hirsuta [BenDov2012]. Umbelliferae: Apium [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Apium graveolens [BenDov2012]. Urticaceae: Parietaria [Bodenh1926, PellizPoSe2011], Parietaria officinalis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Parietaria sp. [BenDov2012]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [BenDov1994], Vitex trifolia. Violaceae: Viola africana [BenDov2012]. Vitaceae: Cissus sp. [BenDov2012], Vitis [WilliaMo2000], Vitis vinifera [Martin1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997, UygunSeEr1998]. Zygophyllaceae: Balanites aegyptiaca [BenDov2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973, BenDov1994]; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Comoros [Matile1978, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Campbe1983, BenDov1994]; Reunion [Mamet1957 , GermaiMiPa2014]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Seabra1921, Laing1928, BenDov1994]); Seychelles (Aldabra Island [WilliaMa2009b]); South Africa [BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, Hodgso1969c, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1987]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Kosrae (=Kusaie) [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Yap [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Hawaiian Islands (Maui [Zimmer1948], Molokai [Zimmer1948], Oahu [Zimmer1948]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]). Australasian: Kiribati (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Marshall Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [Laing1927, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Ferris1918d, Essig1909a, Essig1915a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Iowa [Osborn1898, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Catamarca [GranarCl2003], Cordoba [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Entre Rios [GranarCl2003], Salta [GranarCl2003], Tucuman [Granar1979, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Hempel1900a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Parana [FoldiKo2006], Rio Grande do Sul [GomesCRe1949, BertelBa1966]); Cayman Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Chile (Atacama [Gonzal2011], O'Higgins [Gonzal2011]); Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008, Kondo2008a]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972, BenDov1994]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Galapagos Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Grenada [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [Beders1969, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, DelaCrCh1996]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Suriname [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [GranarScTe1997]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Varshn1992, BenDov1994]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992, BenDov1994]); India [Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Gujarat [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Sikkim [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Nath1972, Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c]); Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2004a]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995, Willia2004a]; Pakistan [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines (Luzon [Willia2004a]); Sri Lanka [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia1999, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Algeria [Balach1927, BenDov1994]; Armenia [TerGri1956, TerGri1966a, BenDov1994]; Austria [Malump2011a] (Established on indoor plantings.); Azerbaijan [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; Azores [CarvalFrAg1996, LopesFiMa2008]; Bulgaria [Tschor1939, Tsalev1968, Tsalev1972, BenDov1994, TrenchTrTo2010]; Canary Islands [PerezGCa1987, MatileOr2001]; China [Borchs1956b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [Ayouta1940, Argyri1983, BenDov1994, PellizPoSe2011]; Cyprus [CABI1969]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1990, BenDov1994]; Egypt [Hall1926a, BenDov1994]; France [Risso1813, Signor1875c, Cocker1897, Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2001, MatileGePi2004]; Georgia (Georgia [Terezn1975, BenDov1994, YasnosTaCh2005]); Greece [Argyri1983, MichelHa1995]; Hungary [KosztaKo1978, BenDov1994]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, WilliaMo2000, Moghad2009]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994]; Israel [Bodenh1924, Avidov1961, BenDov1988b, BenDov1994]; Italy [Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [KinjoNaHi1996]; Jordan [new]; Lebanon [Bodenh1926, Talhou1969, BenDov1994]; Libya [Martin1954]; Madeira Islands [CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Morocco [Rungs1970]; Poland [Koteja1974b, Dziedz1990, BenDov1994]; Portugal [Seabra1930, FrancoPa1991, Fernan1992, BenDov1994, CarvalFrAg1996]. Palaearctic: San Marino [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Sardinia [Melis1930, BenDov1994, PellizFo1996]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, Matile1984c, BenDov1994]; Sicily [RussoMa1997]; Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a]; Spain [Martin1985]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Syria [Talhou1969, BenDov1994, BasheeAsRa2014]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; Tunisia [CABI1969, MahfouDh2009, HalimaGeMd2014]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, Tuncyu1970a, BenDov1994, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanKiKo2005]; Turkmenistan [Archan1930, Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]); United Kingdom (England [MalumpBa2012] (Established on indoor plants and occurs outdoors in sheltered situations during the summer.)); Uzbekistan [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; Yugoslavia [Masten2007, MastenSiKr2008].

BIOLOGY: James (1937a) showed that reproduction in sexual (in laboratory population in England) and evaluated its sex ratio. James (1938) proved that environmental humidity has no decisive effect (in laboratory population in England) on sex ratio. Nelson-Rees (1960) studied the life history and sex predetermination. Nelson-Rees (1961) described the modification of the ovary due to aging. Rotundo & Tremblay (1975c) reported on the attractiveness of virgin females to hymenopterous parasites. Rotundo & Tremblay (1982b) reported on hybridization between this species and Pl. ficus. Tranfaglia (1978), Tranfaglia & Tremblay (1982) and Tremblay et al. (1983) pointed out and evaluated the great morphological affinity (of the adult female) of this species with P. citri. Rotundo & Tremblay (1982a) bioassayed the synthetic female sex pheromone. The female sex pheromone and some analogues were field-bioassayed by Dunkelblum et al. (1987). Moreno et al. (1984) studied the complex hierarchy of male responses elicited by the female sex pheromone. Ortu & Delrio (1982) presented observations on the use of the pheromone in control of this species. Gothilf & Beck (1966) developed an artifical, defined diet for laboratory rearing of this mealybug. Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana. Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978) and by Moore (1988). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). Smith et al. (1997) reported from citrus in Australia, at least 6 annual generation (in Queensland and the Northern Territory), 4-5 gnerations in New South wales, while 3-4 in Victoria and South Australia. Mortality of Planococcus citri (Risso), was higher on green than on red or yellow variegated Coleus blumei ‘Bellevue’ (Bentham) plants, and developed faster with a higher fecundity on red variegated plants. (Qin, et al., 2011) Mean longevity for adult males is 73.3 ą 1.6 h. Planococcus citri (Risso) males may fertilize an average of nine females, with a maximum of 27 females during male life span. There is a sexual maturation period of the adult males which lasted for about 42 h., indicated by maximum growth of waxy caudal filaments. (Mendel, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Cox (1981; 1987; 1989), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2010). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960) and by Afifi (1968). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949). Cox (1981) evaluated the effect of environmental conditions on the range of variation of certain morphological characters in the adult female.

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by McKenzie (1967), Schmutterer (1990), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999) and by Matile-Ferrero et al.(2004). Several aspects of the male chromosome system studied by Nur (1966, 1967, 1968). SEM micrograph of trilocular pore and of wax secretions given by Foldi (1991). Ultrastructure of the symbionts studied by Iaccarino & Tremblay (1971). Rotundo and Tremblay (1974) described a technique for extractions of the female sex pheromone, and Rotundo & Tremblay (1982a) gave preliminary data about its activity. Rotundo & Tremblay (1975b) evaluated the attractiveness of the female sex pheromone. The female sex pheromone was isolated, identified and synthesized by Bierl-Leonhardt et al. (1981). Female sex pheromone synthesized by Gaoni (1982), Carlsen & Odden (1984) and by Wolk et al. (1986). Rotundo & Tremblay (1980a) evaluated the daily rate of release of the female sex pheromone.

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439517 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009). Tranfaglia (1978), Tranfaglia & Tremblay (1982) and Tremblay et al.(1983) pointed out and evaluated the great morphological affinity (of the adult female) of this species with P. ficus. Rotundo (1975), Rotundo & Tremblay (1975a), Rotundo & Tremblay (1976a), Tremblay et al., (1977) and Rotundo & Tremblay (1980) evaluated its degree of affinity to three mealybug species using female and male morphology, chromosome numbers, endosymbionts, serological methods and immunoelectrophoresis.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This is one the most cosmopolitan mealybugs, damaging many outdoor crops in the tropics and subtropics, as well as in greenhouse in the temperate regions (Bodenheimer, 1930a, 1951a; McKenzie, 1967; Bartlett, 1978e; Cox, 1989). A sporadic olive pest in the Mediterranean region (Swirski, 1985). Rosciglione & Castellano (1985) showed that this mealybug transmitted Grapevine Virus A (GVA) from grapevine to Nicotiana clevelandii. Lagowska (1995) reviewed the prospects for biological control in greenhouses. Hanna et al., (1956) reported that P. citri is a vector of the swollen-shoot virus disease of cacao in Ghana. Cabaleiro & Segura (1997) studied in Spain the field transmission of Grapevine Leafroll Associated Virus 3 (GLRaV-3) by the mealybug Planococcus citri; it is very likely that the studied mealybug was actually Planococcus ficus (Signoret).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 63 [Key to species of Genus Planococcus Ferris from Iran]; Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; González 2011: 135 (female) [Key to separating species of Planococcus on fruit]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 406 (female) [Planococcus species of South Korea]; Marotta & Pagano 1997: 114 (female) [Italian mealybugs on Geranium sp.]; Kosztarab 1996: 169 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 163 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Cox 1987: 74 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox & Ben-Dov 1986: 482 (female) [Mediterranean basin]; Williams 1985: 274 (female) [Australia]; McKenzie 1967: 280 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 432 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1960: 214 (male) [Hawaii]; Ferris 1950b: 164 (female) [North America ]; Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 176 (female) [Hawaii]; Lawson 1917: 177 (female) [U.S.A.: Kansas].

CITATIONS: AbdelkAfSm1998 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 483-488]; AbdElKDaKo1988 [chemical control, biological control: 270-275]; AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1362]; AblesRi1981 [biological control, economic importance: 273]; Ackono2002 [biological control: 105-112]; Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 93-98]; AhlawaPa2003 [disease transmission, life hiastory: 447-474]; Aldric1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, chemical ecology: 205-206]; Alfons1875 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 428-431]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 19]; AltierNi1999 [biological control: 975-991]; AngeleHeCe1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 27-29]; Anneck1969 [biological control: 849-854]; AnneckPr1976a [host, distribution, biological control: 105-108]; Arai1996 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 25-34]; Arai1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 263-266]; Archan1930 [host, distribution: 78]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 22]; Armita1919 [biological control: 257-260]; Ashmea1879 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160]; AtwaMoSh1987 [taxonomy, life history, chemistry: 1655-1676]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]; Avidov1961 [life history, chemical control, host, distribution: 144-148]; AvidovErGo1960 [economic importance, chemical control: 33-45]; Ayouta1940 [host, distribution: 2-4]; Ayouta1940 [host, distributuion: 2-4]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 187]; Balach1928a [taxonomy: 143]; Balach1932b [ecology: 517-522]; BalakrViGo1987 [biological control: 59-61]; BalciuBuPu1995 [biological control: 247-267]; Barnes1935 [host, distribution, biological control: 526-527]; Bartle1957 [biological control: 753-755]; Bartle1969 [biological control: 875-878]; Bartle1974 [biological control: 553-556]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 150-155]; BartleLl1958 [economic importance, host, distribution : 90-93]; BasheeAsRa2014 [biological control, distribution, host: 49, 51]; Basing1931a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 6-8,30-31]; BaskarLaUt1999 [biological control: 605-606]; BattagTrFr1997 [biological control: 3-11]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 432-434]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 195]; Beders1969 [distribution, host, chemical control: 933-940]; Beingo1957 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 23-25]; BeltraGaSo2013 [behaviour: 1492]; BeltraSoMa2012 [molecular data, phylogenetics: 167-171]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 355-358]; BenDov2006a [host, distribution: 206]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 36, 44]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-365]; BennetSi1964 [biological control: 81-94]; BernarVi1999 [chemical control, biological control: 81-84]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-69]; BierlLMoSc1981 [chemistry, physiology: 389-392]; Bishop1931 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-7]; BlachiDr2000 [host, distribution, chemical control: 316-318]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeFrSu2002 [structure, life history, biological control: 385-395]; BlumbeGrSt1997 [biological control]; BlumbeKlMe1995 [life history, biological control, structure: 157-163]; BlumbeVa2001 [life history, biological control: 191-199]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 78-81]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 45]; Bodenh1928a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 6-14]; Bodenh1930a [economic importance]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 14]; Bodenh1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, economic importance, life history, structure, physiology, ecology, biological control, chemical control: 396-454]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 119]; Boisdu1867 [taxonomy: 348]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; BongioMaMa2001 [life history, structure: 3809-3817]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 131-134]; Borden1923 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 1-10]; Bouche1844 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 301-302]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Brader1979 [chemical control, biological control: 225-254]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 182]; BrancoSoBe2008 [life history, biological control: 273-274]; Branig1916 [biological control: 304-306]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 227-228]; Brock1925 [economic importance: 349,366]; BroshToNe1989 [chemical control: 1464-1465]; BruntKe1971 [host, economic importance, disease transmission: 591-602]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 230-238]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 255-261]; BugliaFe2004 [genetics, cytology: 284-294]; BugliaPrFe1999 [structure, chemistry, life history: 71-73]; CabaleSe1997 [economic importance, ecology, disease transmission transmission: 283-287]; CABI1969 [distribution]; Calkin1983 [distribution, economic importance: 321]; Campbe1983 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 137-151]; Campbe1984 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 163-174]; CamposMaRi2003 [life history, biological control: 139-147]; CamposMaRi2003 [biological control: 139-147]; CanhilUyCa2001 [biological control: 117-125]; Capra1927 [host, distribution, biological control: 152-160]; CarlseOd1984 [structure: 501-504]; Carrer1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 521-526]; CarvalAg1997 [life history, economic importance, description, host, distribution: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; CavaliMaTr2008 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 65-68]; CeballWa2004 [host, biological control: 235-244]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 141]; ChackoKrAn1978 [biological control: 14-19]; ChackoKrRa1976 [chemical control: 118-119]; ChibirRuTk1991 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 1209-1213]; ChongOe2006a [biological control]; ChongOe2007a [biological control, host distribution, economic imporatnce: 933-944]; ChongOeOs2005 [biological control, host, distribution, life history: 39-48]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 38]; CidPeCa2010 [host, distribution, economic importance, disease transmission: 619-630]; Clause1958 [economic importance, biological control: 291-310]; Clause1958a [host, distribution, biological control: 443-447]; Cloyd1999 [life history, ecology, biological control: 1-60]; Cloyd2003 [chemical control: 1397-1399]; Cocker1893n [taxonomy, host, distribution: 267]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 200]; Cocker1898g [taxonomy: 109]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 7]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 252]; CoffeeBoRe1986 [host, distribution: 1-73]; Cole1933 [host, distribution, biological control: 855-864]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; Comper1939d [host, distribution, biological control: 13-15,]; Comper1969 [biological control: 755-764]; ComperZi1955 [biological control: 94-116]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 342-343]; CoplanPeHe1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 44-47]; CoryHi1959 [chemical control: 344-345]; CotoSa2001 [host, distribution: 60-68]; Cox1981 [taxonomy: 47-53]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74, 193]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-17]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 482-483]; Crouze1973 [host, distribution, biological control: 15-39]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DahlstHa1999 [biological control: 919-933]; DanzigGa2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 38-52]; DarvasSz1987 [host, distribution, chemical control: 343-351]; DaviesCeWa2004 [biological control: 181-188]; DeBachDiFl1951 [biological control: 347-348]; DeBachDiFl1951 [biological control: 1,14]; DeBachHu1971 [biological control: 113-140]; DeBachHuMa1976 [biological control: 255-285]; DeFlui1941 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-119]; deJongVa1988 [life history, biological control: 1079-1096]; DelabiCa1991 [host, distribution, economic importance: 53-57]; DelabiDaCa1994 [life history, ecology, economic importance: 91-103]; DelaCrCh1996 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 100-104]; DelGue1906 [host, distribution: 257-263]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 119]; DelrioOrUs1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 539-541]; DemontOrCo2007 [molecualr biology, molecular data, taxonomy: 59-64]; DenninDu1954 [chemical control: 310-316]; deSilvJoSh2002 [life history, disease transmission: 537-545]; Domeni1951 [host, distribution, biological control: 157-180]; Doutt1949 [taxonomy, structure: 835]; Doutt1951 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control: 37-40]; Doutt1952 [taxonomy, structure: 391-397]; Doutt1952a [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 343-344]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Dozier1926a [biological control: 97]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, description, economic importance, control]; Dunkel1999 [chemical ecology, chemistry: 251-276]; DunkelBeGo1987 [structure, chemistry: 863-871]; DunkelBeGo1987a [structure, chemistry: 149-154]; DunkelZaGr2002 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 213-220]; Dziedz1990 [host, distribution: 34-35]; ElekciSe2007 [host, distribution, biological control: 29-34]; ElzenKi1999 [biological control: 253-270]; Epstei1991 [structure, chemistry, chromosome]; ErkiliDe2008 [host, distribution, biological control: 297-298]; ErlerErTo2008 [chemical control, biological control: 297]; Essig1909a [taxonomy, distribution: 46]; Essig1910b [host, distribution: 339-345]; Essig1910f [biological control: 260-274]; Essig1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 126-129]; EtzelLe1999 [biological control: 125-197]; EwartMe1956 [chemistry: 441-447]; Ezzat1987 [structure: 57-62]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55, 65-67, 71]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; FargerMo1974 [life history, chemistry, biological control: 26-28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 99-100]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 61]; FerrarBuPr1998 [structure, chemistry: 45]; FerrarBuRo2001 [structure, structure: 93-101]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 494]; FieldLyMa2004 [structure, molecular data, chromsome: 109-115]; Fisher1963 [biological control: 1-39]; FlaherWi1999 [biological control: 853-869]; Flande1937 [biological control: 401-422]; Flande1943 [biological control: 117,128,137]; Flande1949a [biological control: 257-274]; Flande1951b [biological control: 93-98]; Flande1953a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 266-269]; Flande1958a [biological control: 579-584]; Flande1959b [biological control: 125-142]; Foldi1991 [structure: 163-188]; Foldi1997 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 205]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 312]; Franco1996 [life history, ecology, control: 711]; FrancoAnLe2008 [chemical ecology, ecology, life history: 230-231]; FrancoMa2001 [host, distribution: 191-196]; FrancoPa1991 [host, distribution: 282-285]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 20,25]; FrancoRuSu2002 [life history, ecology, chemical ecology, economic importance: 297-303]; FrancoRuSu2005 [life history, biological control: 232-233]; FrancoRuSu2005 [life history, ecology, chemical ecology: 232-233]; FrancoSiCa2000 [taxonomy, illustration, life history, biological control, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-142]; FrancoSiCo2008 [life history, chemical ecology, chemical ecology: 122-130]; FrancoSuBo2004 [biological control: 507-522]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Fursch1967 [biological control: 309-310]; Gaoni1982 [structure: 5215-5218]; Garcia1998JF [host, life history, biological control: 1-86]; GeorgaBuHo1972 [chemical control: 16-22]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 255]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; GharizHe2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 85-86]; Golber1982 [biological control: 86-90]; GollifJaDa1977 [host, distribution, disease transmission transmission: 171-177]; GomesCRe1949 [host, distribution: 63-64]; GomezC1932 [biological control: 1-59]; GomezC1950 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-18]; GomezC1951 [biological control, host, distribution: 21-28]; GomezC1954a [biological control, host, distribution: 19-35]; GomezM1929 [taxonomy: 5]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333-339]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; Gonzal1969 [biological control: 839-847]; Gonzal2011 [chemical control, description, distribution, illustration, life history, taxonomy,: 135-143]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; GoszczGo2011 [biological control, distribution, host: 109-110]; GothilBe1966 [life history, behavior, physiology: 489-490]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; GovindJoSr2003 [biological control: 96-102]; GradyRe1940 [host, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy: 1-32]; Granar1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-149]; Granar1991a [host, distribution: 267-268]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 97-98]; Graven2003 [biological control: 71-82]; Gray1954 [life history: 174-176]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Greath1976 [biological control, economic importance]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; GriffiTh1947 [host, distribution, chemical control: 386-388]; GrossBiGa2001 [chemical control, biological control: 219-221]; GrossDrBl1999 [economic importance, host, distribution,: 463-468]; GrossDrSt1997 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control]; GrossDuAs2002 [life history, chemical ecology, economic importance: 283-295]; GroveDeDa2013 [distribution, host: 378]; Gullan2000 [taxonomy, description: 160-166]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; GutBr1994 [chemical ecology, control: 67-75]; HagenBoMc1976 [biological control, life history: 93]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; HalimaGeMd2014 [distribution, host: 1-2]; Hall1926a [host, distribution: 6]; Hall1927d [host, distribution: 267-287]; Hall1937 [host, distribution: 126]; Hall1969 [economic importance: 823-826]; HallFo1933 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-55]; HamidMi1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 711]; HannaHeJu1952 [chemical control: 334-335]; HannaJuHe1955 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 889-710]; HannaJuHe1956 [economic importance, control, disease transmission: 219-227]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HefetzTa1990 [chemistry, chemical ecology, life history: 502-506]; HeidarJa2000 [biological control: 49-53]; HelalDoEl2000 [host, distribution]; Hempel1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-390]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, decription, host, distribution: 110-111]; HernanNiMa2011 [host: 379-380]; Hodgso1969c [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control, economic importance: 22]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 144]; HoffmaRiSh1998 [biological control: 268-293]; HogendClSw2006 [host, life history, physiology: 201-211]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description: 52, 53]; HosseiHa2011 [biological control: 46]; HoyHe1985 [biological control]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179]; HusseyBr1971 [host, distribution, biological control: 95]; IaccarTr1971 [structure: 35-48]; Iperti1961 [economic importance: 14-30]; IrenAtOk1973 [chemical control: 1]; IslamJa1992 [biological control: 17-22]; IslamJa1993a [life history, biological control: 322-324]; JacasMGa2001 [chemical control, biological control: 103-112]; Jackso1995 [biological control, life history]; JacobsReCr1978 [chemistry: 448-457]; JalaliSiBi2000 [biological control, life history: 159-162]; James1937a [life history: 429-461]; James1938 [life history: 73-79]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 127]; JaszaiDa1983 [chemical control: 198-202]; JayaraChGo1988 [biological control: 77-78]; Jeppso1969 [economic importance, chemical control, physiology: 917-921]; JiSu2012 [distribution, host: 1-5]; JohnsoGi2010 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 354-359]; JoyceHoBe2001 [life history, biological control: 49-57]; KansuUy1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 565-567]; Kaplan1996 [biological control: 215-216]; Kaplan1996 [chemical control, biological control: 215-216]; Kaplan1998 [chemical control, biological control: 165-176]; Katsoy1996 [life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 21, 83-85]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 8]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 15]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 91]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; KetterVeBi2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 199-206]; KingLe1984 [biological control: 1]; KingMo1984 [biological control: 206-222]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 263-265]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 73, 74]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 40-41]; KontodLyKa2005 [life history, biological control: 359]; KosztaKo1988F [host, distribution: 60]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KreiteAuGe2006 [distribution, economic importance, host: 143]; Kriegl1975 [host, distribution, chemical control: 71-77]; Krishn1988 [biological control: 97-98]; KrishnMa1989a [biological control, economic importance: 466]; KrishnMa1994 [host, distribution, economic importance: 12-13]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 184]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 406-408]; LaChanScBu1967 [life history, chemical control, biological control: 147]; LaflinGuPa2004 [host, distribution: 475-477]; LaflinPa2004 [host, distribution, life history: 982-988]; LafonCoHu1961 [economic importance: 37-43]; Lagows1995 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 5-10]; Lagows1995a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 375-378]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 36]; Laing1928 [host, distribution: 214-215]; Lashin1956 [distribution: 27-28]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-178]; Leach1940 [life history, disease transmission transmission: 1-3]; LedieuHeDe1989 [economic importance: 405]; LeiZaLe2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 43-44]; LeMaguFuCh2013 [economic importance, host: 416]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, disrribution: 6]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 201]; Lindin1939 [host, distribution: 37]; LiottaMiRa1977 [host, economic importance: 29-67]; LiuLiWa1995 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 3837-3843]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-461]; Lloyd1966 [life history, physiology: 265]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; LopesFiMa2008 [host, distribution: 153-154]; Lorick1970 [taxonomy, structure: 11-30]; Lorick1970a [taxonomy, structure: 1-68]; LuckFoSc2003 [biological control: 179]; MahfouDh2009 [host, distribution, biological control: 154-160]; MalagnPeDu2005 [taxonomy, molecular data: 349]; MalausFeWa2011 [distribution, molecular data , phylogeny: 142-155]; MalipaDuSm2000 [biological control: 79,88,89]; Malump2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 55-57]; Malump2012b [distribution, host: 211,213]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 30,41]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 54,57]; Mangou2006 [biological control, host, distribution]; Mani1994b [host, distribution, biological control: 351-355]; ManiKr1990d [biological control: 122-123]; ManiKr1994 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 12-13]; ManiKr1997c [host, distribution, biological control: 45-47]; ManiKr2000a [biological control: 187-189]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Martin1954 [host, distribution, economic importance: 113-116]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96]; MartinGaRi2003 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 149-161]; MartinGaRi2003a [biological control: 139-147]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 11-248]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; MastenSiKr2008 [host, distribution: 157-168]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 52]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 227]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 182]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; McCoy1985 [biological control: 481-499]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-283]; McLeod1939 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 62-68]; McLeod1962 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-33]; MealybSt1987 [life history, economic importance, control: 24-30]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14]; MendelBlIs1991 [chemical control: 103-112]; MendelBlWy1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 45S-49S]; MendelBlZe1992 [life history, ecology, chemistry: 118-124]; MendelGrBl1995 [biological control: 55-64]; MendelGrSt2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 251-265]; MendelPrJa2012 [behaviour, biological control, ecology: 395-394]; MessenBiVa1976 [biological control: 543-563]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Meyerd1983 [biological control, host, distribution: 1275-1277]; MeyerdChSu1981 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 662-664]; MeyerdFrCh1981 [economic importance, chemical control: 49-52]; MeyerdFrHa1979 [chemical control, biological control: 893-895]; MeyerdFrHa1982 [chemical control, biological control: 134-136]; MeyerdHaDe1978 [biological control: 295-299]; MichelHa1995 [economic importance, biological control, chemical control, host, distribution: 277-284]; Millar2002 [illustration: 229]; Mills1984 [economic importance: 142-144]; MilonaKoKo2008 [host, distribution: 33]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 24-25]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 5, 63-65, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 70-71]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 155]; Monast1958 [economic importance, control: 131-165]; MonastZa1959 [description, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 27-49]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212-213, 216]; MorenoFaEw1984 [life history, behavior, structure: 32-38]; MorrisKi1977 [biological control: 183-217]; Muma1969 [biological control: 863-870]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control: 1-39]; Murray1978 [host, distribution, biological control: 139-142]; Murray1978a [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 143-147]; Murray1984 [host, distribution, biological control: 141-146]; MustuKiUl2008 [biological control: 360-367]; Nath1972 [host, distribution: 6]; Nelson1960 [life history, behavior, structure: 111-137]; Nelson1961 [life history, structure: 85-91]; NestelCoSa1995 [life history, ecology: 506-512]; New1975 [biological control: 115]; Newste1908 [host, distribution: 7]; Newton1953 [host, disease transmission,: 40]; Nicol1952 [chemical control: 120]; NRC1969 [taxonomy, economic importance, ecology, biological control, chemical control]; Nur1966 [structure: 439-448]; Nur1967 [structure: 376-389]; Nur1968 [structure: 202-209]; OdinokKuIs1991 [chemistry: 555-558]; Olitsk1925 [life history, disease transmission transfer: 442]; OliverGaWo2003 [host, distribution, biological control, life history, economic importance: 163-168]; OmerCoJoWh1946 [biological control: 154]; Oncuer1994 [host, distribution, economic importance]; OrlinsRzSh1989 [biological control: 25-26]; OrtuDe1982 [life history, structure: 341-353]; Osborn1898 [host, distribution: 225]; OuvrarKoGu2013 [biological control, host, illustration, physiology: 2]; OzkanGuUy2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 135-166]; PachecBeBl2014 [distribution, economic importance, host, life history, phylogeny: 1-13]; ParrelHaVa1999 [ecology, biological control: 819-839]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; Passar1989 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 1-213]; PassarWe2004 [chemical ecology, chemistry: 2896-2899]; PatilPaPa2011 [biological control: 693]; PatraGh1994 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 1663-1668]; PelegBa1995 [economic importance, host, distribution: 263]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 60]; Peleka1974 [biological control: 14-20]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 293,296]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 44-46]; PieterMuVu2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 23-28]; PietriBiCo1969 [chemical control: 909-915]; PlantPrRe1973 [chemical control]; PolatUlKa2008 [host, life history, biology, ecology: 177-184]; Posnet1947a [host, distribution, economic importance: 388-402]; Poutie1922 [biological control: 3-28]; PrakasBh1985 [biological control: 29-32]; PrakasKu1985 [distribution, host, biological control: 53-54]; Pratt1958 [taxonomy, illustration, distribution]; QinWuQi2011 [life history: 1127]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution: 24-25]; Quilis1929 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 73-80]; RacitiBaCo2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 49-54]; RacitiTuMa1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 652-658]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; RangaSSwPa1959 [host, distribution, chemical control: 356-358]; RauppHoSa2001 [host, distribution: 203]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; ReddyBh1993 [host, distribution, biological control: 15-18]; ReddyPrBh1992 [distribution, biological control: 37-44]; ReddyPrKu1988 [distribution, biological control: 73-77]; ReddySrBh1991 [life history, biological control: 149-150]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 71-72]; RidgwaKiCa1977 [biological control: 379-416]; RiehlGaLa1964 [chemical control: 522-525]; RipaLuLa2008 [description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control : 192-197]; RipollGa1989 [biological control: 399-412]; Risbec1949 [host, distribution, biological control: 578-581]; Risso1813 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 416-420]; RisWaRu2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 39-43]; Rivnay1945 [biological control: 117-122]; Rivnay1961 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, life history: 119-124]; RoscigCa1985 [economic importance: 186-188]; Rosen1969 [biological control: 45-53]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; RosenDe1973 [biological control, taxonomy : 215-222]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; RossPeSh2010a [life history, behaviour: 54-65]; RossShPe2008 [molecular data: 37]; RothwaClWi2004 [chemical control: 1239-1244]; Rotund1975a [structure: 3-9]; RotundTr1974 [structure: 121-131]; RotundTr1975a [behavior, biological control, chemistry, life history, structure: 172-179]; RotundTr1976a [structure: 99-107]; RotundTr1980 [structure: 431-435]; RotundTr1980a [structure: 167-170]; RotundTr1982 [structure: 475-478]; RotundTr1983 [structure: 97-101]; Rubin1985 [biological control: 530-533]; Rubtso1947 [biological control, host, distribution: 63-84]; RungMiSc2009 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 8-12]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-94]; RungScEv2008 [taxonomy, molecular data: 74]; RungScEv2008a [taxonomy, molecular data,: 525-532]; Russo1958 [biological control, distribution: 141-147]; Russo1959 [economic importance, chemical control: 14-17]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; SaboorHoHa2003 [life history, ecology, biological control: 49-54]; SaccagKrPi2008 [chemistry, molecular data, taxonomy: 27-33]; SaccoPaD2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 3-8]; SadofNeCl2003 [host, life history, ecology: 463-469]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; Sailer1983 [distribution, economic importance: 15-38]; Salama1971 [physiology, life history: 1294]; SancheCaSi2001 [biological control: 1-8]; SantaCBaSo2009 [host, distribution, life history: 13-15]; Saraiv1939 [host, distribution: 103]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 261-264]; SayedSoSa1962 [life history, taxonomy: 449-457]; SayedSoSa1962a [life history, host, distribution: 459-463]; ScheelBeMe1958 [life history, physiology: 303-308]; Schmut1964 [host, distribution: 105]; Schmut1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, control: 102-104]; Schmut1990 [host, distribution]; Schmut1995 [chemical control]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 328]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 96]; Seabra1930 [host, distribution: 127]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 101]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; ShrewsBeLe2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 425-434]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 849, 873]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 309-311]; SilvaFrCa2008 [life history, reproduction: 275]; SilvaFrMe2008 [life history, physiology: 274-275]; SilvaMe1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 712]; SilvaMe1999 [life history, economic importance, ecology: 89-98]; SilvaMe2001 [life history, structure: 347-350]; SilvaMeFr2010 [life history, reproduction: 19-21]; Silves1921 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-11]; Simant1962a [economic importance: 105-112]; Simant1969 [biological control, economic importance: 889-896]; Simmon1958b [host, distribution, biological control: 475-478]; Simmon1969a [biological control: 765-767]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Smetni1991 [chemistry: 92-129]; Smit1934 [economic importance, host, distribution: 439-441]; SmitBi1934 [biological control, economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 1-41]; Smith1915 [biological control: 525-527]; Smith1917 [biological control: 262-268]; Smith1917a [host, distribution, biological control: 108-114]; Smith1958 [host, distribution, chemical control: 335-338]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 82-85]; SmithFl1950 [biological control: 362, 376, 378]; SmithFrPa1996 [biological control: 57-64]; SmithVa1967 [chemical control: 295]; SorokeNeBa2003 [chemistry, biological control: 163-168]; SoyluOr1977 [biological control: 77-112]; Speare1922 [biological control: 1-18]; Staedl1976 [life history, physiology: 228]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution: 24-25]; SumaRuDu2002 [life history, chemistry, chemical ecology: 305-312]; SureshKuGe2005a [chemical control, biological control: 360]; SuSu1996 [biological control: 714]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwinglWe1896 [host, distribution: 1-5]; Swirsk1985 [economic importance: 781-799]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 64-68]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; TabataLo2002 [chemical control: 30]; Tachik1959 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1055-1058]; Talhou1969 [host, distribution: 103-105]; Talhou2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 85-86]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 367-369]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; Targio1881 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 137-139]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-228]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 33-35]; TerGri1963 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16, 17]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 372]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-85]; ThaoWiBu2001 [structure, chemistry, economic importance: 457-458]; Thomps1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 479-482]; TollerRuDo2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 213-217]; TrabouBe1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-13]; Tranfa1978 [taxonomy: 91-93]; TranfaTr1982 [structure: 1-5]; TremblRoTr1983 [taxonomy, structure: 435-437]; TremblTrRo1977 [taxonomy, structure: 113-135]; TrenchTrTo2010 [host, distribution: 114-123]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 117, 125, 127, 145,]; Tsalev1968 [host, distribution: 206]; Tsalev1972 [host, distribution, biological control: 81]; Tschor1939 [host, distribution: 89]; Tuncyu1970a [host, distribution, economic importamce: 67-80]; TurnbuCh1961 [host, distribution, biological control]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-81, 92]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlubasKaKi2007 [molecular data,: 232-238]; UneliuElTw2011 [molecular data: 170]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; VacantPuRa1996 [biological control: 712]; vanden2001c [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 196-208]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 133]; vanLen2003a [host, distribution, biological control: 1-18]; vanLen2003b [host, distribution, biological control: 167-179]; vanLenHaKl2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 265-303]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 57]; Vierec1915 [biological control: 211]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 47-55]; Viggia1975 [biological control: 52-59]; Viggia1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 293-296]; ViggiaCa1971 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 535-541]; ViggiaCaBo1972 [chemical control, biological control: 88-103]; Vos1930 [life history, ecology, structure, physiology: 1-81]; Vos1930 [host, life history: 159-168]; WakgarGi2003 [biological control: 243-254]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1081]; WatsonBe1932 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 41-42]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 41]; WengHu1988 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 105-108]; Willia1962 [host, distribution: 39]; Willia1973 [host, distribution: 81-91]; Willia1982b [host, distribution: 442-443]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 272-274]; Willia1986c [host: 55]; Willia1999 [host, distribution: 92]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 630-633]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 168]; Willia2013 [distribution, host: 189]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 16,46]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-397]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 147]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 120]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85, 86]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 47]; WilliaMo2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33-34, 39-40]; WilliaPa2012 [description, taxonomy: 227]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; WoglumLaLa1947 [biological control: 818-820]; WoglumLaLa1947 [biological control, chemical control: 818-820]; Wolcot1955 [host, distribution: 1-5]; WolkGoDu1986 [structure: 347-348]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6,44]; Wood1962 [biological control, distribution: 8-11]; Yang1995JS [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-83]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 295-302]; YigitCa1995 [host, distribution, biological control: 25-26]; YigitCa1995a [biological control: 1-22]; YigitCaKi1992 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 251-263]; YigitCaZa1994 [biological control: 137-146]; YigitErKa2005 [biological control: 383-387]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66]; ZadaDuHa2004 [chemistry, chemical ecology, life history, ecology: 361-368]; Zahrad1990b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-31]; ZchoriBePo2005 [endosymbionts: 211-221]; ZiegleWo1975 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176, 261-270].



Planococcus dendrobii Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus dendrobii Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 73. Type data: INDIA: intercepted in HAWAII, Honolulu, on Dendrobium transparens. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Orchidaceae [Willia2004a], Cypripedium [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Dendrobium fimbriatum [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994], Dendrobium transparens [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis manii [Willia2004a], Saccolobium impallaceum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Bhutan [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; India [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [Planococcus species of world].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 358]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-20]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-75]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 369]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 633-634]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89].



Planococcus dioscoreae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus dioscoreae Williams, 1960a: 39. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Sepik District, Bunahoj, on yams. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcus dioscorea; Korada et al., 2010: 339. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Araceae: Xanthosoma sagittifolium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [Willia1960a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dioscorea alata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Willia1960a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960a), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Cox (1989). Good description of the adult male given by Afifi (1968).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 163 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, male, description, illustration: 102-106]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 358]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-20]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; KoradaNaEd2010 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 339]; Willia1960a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-40]; Willia1982b [host, distribution: 443]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-165].



Planococcus dischidiae (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus dischidiae Takahashi, 1951a: 3. Type data: WEST MALAYSIA: Malaya, Cameron Highlands, on Dischidia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Crisicoccus dischidiae; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 23. Change of combination.

Planococcus martini Cox, 1989: 52. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara, near Base Camp Toraut, on roots of Araceae ?Epipremnum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 636.

Crisicoccus dischidae; Tang, 1992: 348. Misspelling of species name.

Planococcus dischidiae; Williams, 2004a: 636. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Araceae: ? Epipremnum [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Asclepiadaceae: Dischidia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Malaysia (Malaya [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994], Sabah [Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Associated with Crematogaster sp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a), Ezzat & McKenzie (1956), Cox (1989) (as Pla. martini) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 104, 365]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 23-25]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-5]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 351, 352]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 635-636].



Planococcus dubius Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus dubius Cox, 1987: 75. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Waitakere Range, on Dracophyllum latifolium. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Dracophyllum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Dracophyllum latifolium [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 7 (female) [World]; Cox 1987: 74 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 359]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75, 194].



Planococcus epulus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus epulus De Lotto, 1964: 375. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Pterolobium lacerans. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Pterolobium lacerans [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 7 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 359]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375].



Planococcus ficus (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus vitis; Nedzilskii, 1869: 19. Misidentification; discovered by Cox & Ben-Dov, 1985: 483. Notes: The author name Nedzilskii was also transliterated by various authors as Niedielski, Nedelski, or Nedzel'skii.

Dactylopius vitis; Lichtenstein, 1870: L. Misidentification; discovered by Cox, 1989: 25.

Dactylopius ficus Signoret, 1875c: 315. Type data: FRANCE: Hyeres and Nice, on figs. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost according to Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995).

Dactylopius vitis Signoret, 1875c: 324. Unavailable name.

Dactylopius subterraneus Hempel, 1901b: 388. Type data: ARGENTINA: La Plata, on roots of cultivated grapes. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 25.

Pseudococcus ficus; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus vitis Fernald, 1903b: 112. Unavailable name.

Coccus vitis; Lindinger, 1912b: 365. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 481. Notes: Cited as Coccus vitis Nied. Unavailable Name. Incorrectly synonymized with Phenacoccus aceris.

Pseudococcus vitis Leonardi, 1920: 408. Unavailable name.

Pseudococcus citrioides Ferris, 1922a: 208. Type data: LIBYA: Guarsica. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 483.

Pseudococcus vitis Bodenheimer, 1924: 84. Unavailable name. Notes: Syntypes nymphs (probably third instar) (Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995).

Pseudococcus citri; Balachowsky & Mesnil, 1935: 729. Misidentification.

Coccus vitis Borchsenius, 1949: 132. Unavailable name. Notes: Cited as Coccus vitis Niedielski - Unavailable name. Incorrectly synonymized with Pseudococcus citri (Risso).

Dactylopius ficus; Borchsenius, 1949: 132. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 483. Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Pseudococcus citri (Risso).

Planococcus citrioides; Ferris, 1950b: 164. Change of combination.

Planococcus vitis Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 103. Unavailable name.

Planococcus ficus; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 79. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus praetermissus Ezzat, 1962c: 165. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ezzat, 1962c: 166.

Planococcus vitis Matile-Ferrero, 1984c: 227. Unavailable name.

lanococcus ficus; Moghaddam, 2009: 34. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Misspelling of ficus, lanococcus for ficus, Planococcus.

COMMON NAMES: cocciniglia farinosa della vite; cochonilha algodeo da vinha; cotonet de la vid; grapevine mealybug; la cochenille farineuse de la vigne [BalachMe1935]; Mediterranean vine mealybug [Berlin1977]; subterranean vine mealy bug [Bodenh1924]; vine mealybug [DeLott1975b].



ASSOCIATES: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. HYMENOPRTERA Formicidae: Crematogaster peringueyi (Emery) [CostelWe2014]. HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Anoplolepsis steingroeveri (Forel) [CostelWe2014]. VIRUS Closteroviridae: Ampelovirus GLRaV-3 [BahderPoAl2013].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) [FallahJaSa2011], Hyperaspis polita Weise [FallahJaSa2011], Nephus bipunctatus (Kugelann) [FallahJaSa2011], Scymnus (Pullus) syriacus Marseul [FallahAbSa2013]. DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harris [FallahJaSa2011]. Chamameyidae: Leucopis alticeps [Rzaeva1985]. HYMENOPTERA : Pachyneuron concolor [Rzaeva1985]. Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [Yasnos2001], Marietta picta (Andre) [Yasnos2001, FallahJaSa2011]. Encyrtidae: Allotropa mecrida (Walker) [Rzaeva1985, Yasnos2001], Anagyrus agraensis Saraswat [FallahJaSa2011], Anagyrus dactylopii (Howard) [FallahJaSa2011], Anagyrus mirzai Agarwal & Alam [FallahJaSa2011], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [Rzaeva1985, TrjapiTr1999, Blumbe1997, MahfouDh2009, FallahJaSa2011], Clausenia josefi Rosen [Rosen1965a, Berlin1977, Trjapi1989], Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake) [Trjapi1989, JoyceHoBe2001, MahfouDh2009], Homalotylus turkmenicus Myartseva [FallahJaSa2011], Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) [Trjapi1989, MahfouDh2009], Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Trjapi1989, MahfouDh2009, FallahJaSa2011], Leptomastix flava Mercet [Berlin1977, FallahJaSa2011], Leptomatidea abnormis (Girault) [Berlin1977, TrjapiTr1999], Neoplatycerus kemticus V. Trjapitzin & S. Triapitsyn [TrjapiTr2002], Neoplatycerus palestinensis (Rivnay) [TawfikAwIb2005a], Pauridia peregrina Timberleke [Berlin1977], Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus (Mercet) [AbdRab2001d], Prochiloneurus bolivari (Mercet) [Trjapi1989, FallahJaSa2011], Prochiloneurus pulchellus (Silvestri) [Trjapi1989], Pseudococcobius vinealis Prinsloo [Prinsl2003]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus trjapitzini (Kostukov) [FallahJaSa2011], Baryscapus sugonjaevi (Kostukov) [FallahJaSa2011]. Pteromalidae: Pachyneron muscarum (L.) [FallahJaSa2011]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus kurdjumovi (Nikolskaya) [FallahJaSa2011], Chartocerus subaeneus (Foerster) [Rzaeva1985]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa carnea [Rzaeva1985].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [EzzatMc1956, Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [EzzatMc1956]. Arecaceae: Phoenix dactylifera [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Dahlia [EzzatMc1956]. Capparidaceae: Capparis cartilaginea [BenDov2012]. Cistaceae: Cistus sp. [BenDov2012]. Cucurbitaceae: Citrullus vulgaris [Moghad2013a], Cucurbita sp. [Moghad2013]. Fabaceae: Dichrostachys glomerata [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Prosopis farcata [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Tephrosia purpurea [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Juglandaceae: Juglans [EzzatMc1956]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Punica granatum [Moghad2013]. Moraceae: Ficus [UygunSeEr1998], Ficus benjamini [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus carica [Signor1875b, EzzatMc1956, Matile1984c, Martin1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997]. Oleaceae: Olea europaea [BenDov2012]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Martin1985, WilliaMo2000]. Poaceae: Bambusa [EzzatMc1956]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [EzzatMc1956, Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Zizyphus spina-christi [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cydonia oblonga [GranarScTe1997], Malus [UygunSeEr1998], Malus domestica [GranarScTe1997], Malus pumila [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Salicaceae: Salix [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [BenDov2012]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [EzzatMc1956]. Styracaceae: Styrax officinalis [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [BenDov2012]. Vitaceae: Vitis californica [Moghad2013], Vitis persica [Moghad2013a], Vitis vinifera [Bodenh1924, Archan1930, Matile1984c, Marott1987a, Cox1989, Granar1991, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Vitis vinifera [UygunSeEr1998, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [EzzatMc1956]; South Africa [EzzatMc1956, DeLott1975b, Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico (Sonora [Arroyo2002]); United States of America (Alabama [EzzatMc1956], California [SeenoDa1994, DaaneWeBe2004], Florida [EzzatMc1956], Georgia [EzzatMc1956], Louisiana [EzzatMc1956], Maryland [EzzatMc1956], Mississippi [EzzatMc1956], North Carolina [EzzatMc1956], South Carolina [EzzatMc1956], Texas [EzzatMc1956]). Neotropical: Argentina [EzzatMc1956] (Catamarca [TrjapiTr1999], La Rioja [TrjapiTr1999], Mendoza [GranarCl2003], San Juan [TrjapiTr1999], Tucuman [Hempel1901b, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Rio Grande do Sul [FoldiKo2006]); Chile [EzzatMc1956]; Dominican Republic [EzzatMc1956]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [EzzatMc1956]); Uruguay [GranarScTe1997]. Oriental: India [Varshn1992, BenDov1994]; Pakistan [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Azerbaijan [Rzaeva1985, BenDov1994, FrancoRuMa2011]; Azores [EzzatMc1956, FrancoRuMa2011]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, PerezGCa1987, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [Argyri1983, Cox1989, BenDov1994, PellizPoSe2011]; Cyprus [Cox1989, BenDov1994, SismanUl2010]; Egypt [EzzatMc1956, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; France [Signor1875c, BenDov1994, BenDovMa1995, Foldi2001]; Greece [EzzatMc1956]; Iran [Cox1989, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996, WilliaMo2000, Moghad2009]; Iraq [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Israel [Bodenh1924, CoxBe1986, BenDov1994]; Italy [Leonar1920, Tranfa1976, Marott1987a, Duso1990, BenDov1994]; Jordan [new]; Lebanon [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Libya [Ferris1922a, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011]; Portugal [EzzatMc1956, FrancoRuMa2011]; Russia (Moscow Oblast [DanzigGa2010]); Sardinia [Melis1930, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, Matile1984c, BenDov1994]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; Slovenia [Seljak2008, Seljak2010]; Spain [GomezM1937, EzzatMc1956, Martin1985, BenDov1994]; Syria [EzzatMc1956]; Tunisia [Cox1989, BenDov1994, MahfouDh2009]; Turkey [UygunSeEr1998, KaydanKiKo2005]; Turkmenistan [Archan1930, BenDov1994]; Yugoslavia [MastenSiKr2008, Masten2009].

BIOLOGY: Duso (1989) studied the population dynamics on grapevine in Italy, observed three annual generation and evaluated sampling methods. Rotundo & Tremblay (1982) reported on hybridization between this species and Pl. citri. Mean longevity for adult males is 77.1 ą 1.5 h. Planococcus ficus (Signoret) males mated a maximum of 19 times. There is a sexual maturation period of the adult males which lasted for about 43 h., indicated by maximum growth of waxy caudal filaments. (Mendel, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1975b), Cox (1981; 1989), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2010).

STRUCTURE: The female sex phromone - monoterpene (S)-lavandulol and the corresponding ester (S)-(+)-lavandulol senecioate - was identified by Hinkens et al. (2001).

SYSTEMATICS: Planococcus vitis (Nedzilskii, 1869) OF AUTHORS (e.g. Fernald, 1903b; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956) is an unavailable name which has been erroneously used for PLanococcus ficus (Signoret, 1875) until the early 1980's. For a detailed history of the error, see Cox & Ben-Dov (1986).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of grapevine in the Mediteranean region, South Africa, Pakistan and Argentina (Ben-Dov, 1994). Cabaleiro & Segura (1997) studied in Spain the field transmission of Grapevine Leafroll Associated Virus 3 (GLRa V-3) by a mealybug which was names Planococcus citri (Risso). However, specimens from this study were sent by Cabaleiro to Yair Ben-Dov and identified as Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Yair Ben-Dov, unpublished data, July, 1998). The levels of attraction of the tested males to a pheromone source differed for Pl. ficus whose male attraction to the pheromone was significantly greater in arenas operated during 08:00-10:00 than in those operated during 16:00-18:00. (Mendel, et al., 2012)

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 63 [Key to species of Genus Planococcus Ferris from Iran]; González 2011: 135 (female) [Key to separating species of Planococcus on fruit]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams & Moghaddam 1999: 39-40 (female) [Planococcus species of Iran]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1989: 7-10 (female) [World]; Cox & Ben-Dov 1986: 482 (female) [Mediterranean basin].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1363]; AchechFaMH1999 [economic importance, chemistry, life history: 31-42]; AddisoSa2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 251-260]; Aldric1996 [chemical ecology, chemistry: 199-233]; Archan1930 [host, distribution: 78]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364-367]; Arroyo2002 [distribution, economic importance, host: 40-48]; AtwaMoSh1987 [taxonomy, life history, chemistry: 1655-1676]; Avidov1961 [host, distribution, life history]; AvidovHa1969 [host, distribution, life history]; AwadalAmTa2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 83]; BahderPoAl2013 [economic importance: 1293]; BalachMe1935 [life history, economic importance, taxonomy: 729-731]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 195]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 359-360]; BenDov2006a [host, distribution: 206]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 37, 44]; Bentle1999 [host, distribution: 2]; Berlin1977 [life history, economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 3-14]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeFrSu2002 [structure, life history, biological control: 385-395]; BlumbeKlMe1995 [life history, biological control, structure: 157-163]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 84-85]; BorbonGrGo2004 [host, distribution, disease transmission: 283-285]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy: 132]; BorgoMi2000 [life history, economic importance, disease transmission: 3-13]; CabaleSe1997 [economic importance, ecology, disease transmission transmission: 283-287]; CabaleSeGa1999 [economic importance: 40-44]; Capra1927 [host, distribution, biological control: 152-160]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 56-57]; CavaliMaTr2008 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 65-68]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 141]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 201]; CorreaGeMa2012 [description, distribution, economic importance: 1-7]; CostelWe2014 [behaviour: 1198]; Cox1981 [taxonomy: 47-53]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-17, 25-28]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 481-489]; CoxWe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 561-571]; DaaneCoTr2008a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 167-171]; DaaneMaGu2003 [biological control: 389-398]; DaaneMaWa2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 123-132]; DaaneWeBe2004 [economic importance, host, distribution]; DanzigGa2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; DeLott1975b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 125-130]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Dunkel1999 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 251-276]; Duso1990 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 3-20]; Egger1990 [economic importance, chemical control: 27-28]; EngelbKa1984 [economic importance, physiology]; EngelbKa1987 [host, distribution, disease transmission, economic importance: 23-29]; EngelbKa1990a [host, distribution, economic importance, disease transmission: 347-354]; Ezzat1962c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 165-166]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-80, 105-106]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; FallahAbSa2013 [biological control, distribution, host: 673-679]; FallahJaSa2011 [host, distribution, biological control: 427-433]; FallahSaOs2009 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 263-276]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 101, 112]; Ferris1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-204]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy: 164]; FlaherWi1999 [biological control: 853-869]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 79]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution, host: 2,20,25]; FrancoRuSu2005 [life history, biological control, ecology, chemical ecology: 232-233]; FrancoSiCo2008 [life history, chemical ecology, chemical ecology: 122-130]; GeigerDaBe2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 19-27]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 341-342]; Gonzal2008a [host, distribution, economic importance: 5-17]; Gonzal2011 [description, distribution, illustration,, life history, taxonomy: 143-151]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; Granar1991 [host, distribution, economic importance: 264, 266, 268]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 97-99]; Grande1986 [economic importance, chemical control, biological control, distribution: 27-34]; GutierDaPo2008 [biological control, host, distribution: 524-536]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HavilaBeDa2005 [control, heat-treatment, economic importance: 1109-1115]; Hempel1901b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 388-389]; HinkenMcMi2001 [structure, chemistry, life history: 1619-1621]; HosseiHa2011 [molecular data: 46]; JoyceHoBe2001 [life history, biological control: 49-57]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 91]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 37]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 222]; KolMaiLeFr2010 [life history, chemical ecology, physiology, host, distribution: 1047-1057]; KolMimZaDu2008 [chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, physiology: 229]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; LeMaguFuCh2013 [economic importance, host: 416]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 408-413]; Lichte1870 [taxonomy: L]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 54, 365]; Liu2010 [chemical control, biological control: 1-6]; LiuBeDa2010 [chemical control: 272-276]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; MahfouDh2009 [host, distribution, biological control: 154-160]; MalagnPeDu2005 [taxonomy, molecular data: 349]; MalausFeWa2011 [distribution, molecular data , phylogeny: 142-155]; Maleno1928 [taxonomy: 51-62]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, host: 33]; MansouGrRe2010 [chemical control, host, distribution: 21-33]; ManzonCa1952 [chemical control: 171-192]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 111]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96]; Masten2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 357-368]; MastenSiKr2008 [host, distribution: 157-168]; Matile1984c [host, distribution, taxonomy: 227]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; MendelGrBl1995 [biological control: 55-64]; MendelPrJa2012 [behaviour, biological control, ecology: 385-394]; MillarDaMc2002 [chemical ecology, chemistry, life history: 706-714]; Moghad2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 155-156]; Moghad2009 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25,34]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 66-67, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 71]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; MustuKiUl2008 [biological control, life history: 360-367]; MyartsNi1986 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-93]; MyburgSi1965 [host, distribution. chemical control: 296-298]; MyburgVa1969 [host, distribution, chemical control: 344-345]; Nedzil1869 [taxonomy: 19]; Orlins1985 [host, distribution: 42]; OrlinsRzSh1989 [biological control: 25-26]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution: 292]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 293]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 129]; Poutie1922 [biological control: 3-28]; Prinsl2003 [biological control: 77-89]; RoscigCa1985 [economic importance, physiology: 186-188]; Rosen1965a [biological control, host, distribution: 61-64]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; RotundTr1980 [taxonomy, chemistry: 431-435]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; Rzaeva1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 34-39]; SaccagKrPi2008 [chemistry, molecular data, , taxonomy: 27-33]; SalehSa1971 [life history, chemistry: 1661-1663]; SayedSoSa1962 [life history, taxonomy: 449-457]; SayedSoSa1962a [host, distribution, life history: 459-463]; SeenoDa1994 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 3]; Seljak2008 [host, distribution: 121-127]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 102]; SforzaDa2008 [biological control: 293-294]; Signor1875c [taxonmy: 315, 324]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; SwartBa1979 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 222-226]; TanneBeRa1989 [economic importance, physiology: 55]; TawfikAwIb2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 278]; TawfikAwIb2005a [biological control, life history, host, distribution: 279]; TollerRuDo2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 213-217]; Tranfa1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-141]; Trjapi1989 [biological control, host, distribution]; TrjapiTr1999 [host, distribution, biological control: 174-179]; TrjapiTr2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 203-210]; UlubasKaKi2007 [molecular data: 232-238]; UrbanBr2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-24]; UrbanMy2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-30]; UrbanStBr1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-22]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; VarikoBiBa2010 [life history, ecology: 943-948]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution]; VasqueCo2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 8-10]; WaltonDaPr2004 [host, distribution, chemical ecology, life history: 1089-1096]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; WaltonPr2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 524-532]; WaltonPr2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 23-25]; WaltonPr2004a [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 54-62]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 636-639]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 48]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 397, 398]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89]; WilliaMo2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 34-35, 39-40]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; ZadaDuAs2002 [chemical ecology, chemistry: 275-281]; ZadaDuAs2003 [chemistry, chemical ecology, life history: 977-987]; ZadaDuAs2008 [life history, chemistry, chemical ecology: 480-489]; ZadaDuHa2002 [chemical ecology, chemistry: 38-41]; Zandig2002 [host, distribution: 21-22].



Planococcus flagellatus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus flagellatus De Lotto, 1961: 220. Type data: UGANDA: Sebei, on Vernonia auriculifera. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Vernonia auriculifera [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Cassia petersiana [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Glycine max [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 360]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-30]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220].



Planococcus fungicola Watson & Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus fungicola Watson & Cox, 1990: 100. Type data: KENYA: Central Province, Kiambu, Box Estate, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [WatsonCo1990, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [WatsonCo1990, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of coffee in association with the fungus Diacanthodes novoguineensis (Watson & Cox, 1990).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Watson & Cox (1990).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 360]; WatsonCo1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-102].



Planococcus furcisetosus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus furcisetosus Mamet, 1959a: 404. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Maroantsera, Ambodivoangy, on ebenier. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Mamet1959a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1959a) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 7 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 360]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-32]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 404-405].



Planococcus halli Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus halli Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 81. Type data: ST KITTS: intercepted at Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on Dioscorea sp., yam. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Celastraceae: Gymnosporia spinosa [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Dioscoraceae: Dioscorea [WilliaGr1992]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea alata [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Dioscorea rotundata [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Dioscorea trifida [MatileEt2006]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [MatileEt2006]. Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [KondoRaVe2008], Coffea canephora [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pentas lanceolata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [KondoRaVe2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Ethiopia [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Gabon [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Liberia [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; South Africa [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Sudan [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bermuda [Cox1989, HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cayman Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [KondoRaVe2008]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [Cox1989, BenDov1994, PerezG2008]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Nevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Saint Kitts [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994]); Saint Lucia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Italy [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Cox (1989) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This mealybug is frequently intercepted in the U.S.A. and U.K. on yam tubers (Diospyros spp.) imported from Nigeria and West Indies (Cox, 1989).

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 361]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 32-34]; CoxWe1988 [taxonomy: 561-571]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-83]; Hodgso1991 [host, distribution: 144]; Hodgso1991a [host, distribution: 4]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 41]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Malump2012b [distribution: 211]; Marott1992 [host, distribution: 92]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 182]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 8-10]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 397, 399, 400]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89].



Planococcus hosnyi Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus hosnyi Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 83. Type data: ZIMBABWE [= RHODESIA]: on Aerangis katschii. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcus hosyni; Cox, 1989: 34. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Orchidaceae: Aerangis katschii [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Zimbabwe [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 361]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-37]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-84].



Planococcus hospitus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus hospitus De Lotto, 1961: 221. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on tubers of Eulophia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Orchidaceae: Eulophia [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 361]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-222].



Planococcus japonicus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus azaleae; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 63. Misidentification.

Planococcus japonicus Cox, 1989: 37. Type data: JAPAN: Fukuoka, Ryugezi, on Pyrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Japanese mealybug [LitCa1994a].



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Koszta1996]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus [Koszta1996]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [Koszta1996], Rhododendron indicum [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga bicolor [Lit1997a]. Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium [Willia2004a], Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora apiculata [Willia2004a]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Malus [Koszta1996], Pyrus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Koszta1996]. Theaceae: Camelia [Koszta1996]. Ulmaceae: Zelkova [Koszta1996]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber officinale [Lit1997a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996]). Oriental: India (Tripura [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a, Lit1997a], Mindanao [Lit1997a]). Palaearctic: Japan [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Koszta1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Before this species has been described it was frequently confused with Crisicoccus azaleae (Tinsley).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This mealybug caused heavy infestation on Rhododendron at the National Arboretum, Washington D.C. in 1978 (Cox, 1989).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Kosztarab 1996: 169 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 362]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 37-41]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-65]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 169, 171]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 393]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 638-641].



Planococcus kenyae (Le Pelley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus citri congoensis Mann, 1922: 629. Nomen nudum.

Pseudococcus kenyae Le Pelley, 1935: 185. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, Scott Agricultural Laboratory, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pseudococcus kenyaensis Betrem, 1936: 129. Nomen nudum.

Planococcus kenyae; Ferris, 1950b: 164. Change of combination.

Planococcus subukiaensis De Lotto, 1954: 110. Type data: KENYA: Subukia, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 41.

COMMON NAME: coffee mealybug [Bartle1978e].



FOES: DIPTERA Cecicomyidae: Coccodiplosis coffeae (Barnes) [Barnes1939]. Drosophilidae: Cacoxenus (Gitonides) multidentatus Tsacas & Chassagnard [TsacasCh1999]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus aurantifrons Compere [LePell1959], Anagyrus beneficians Compere [Moore1988], Anagyrus bugandaensis Compere [Comper1939d], Anagyrus kivuensis Compere [Comper1938, Moore1988], Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake) [Moore1988], Coccidoxenoides perminutus Girault [LePell1959], Gyranusoidea citrina (Compere) [Comper1938], Leptomastidea jeanneii Mercet [Comper1939d], Leptomastix bifasciatus Compere [Moore1988], Leptomastix dactylopii Howard [Comper1938], Tetracnemoidea coffeicola (Kerrich) [Kerric1967].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Lannea discola [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [GermaiSoBu2014]. Costaceae: Costus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Dioscoraceae: Dioscorea [KoradaNaEd2010]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Inga [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus gossypinus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Barteria fistulosa [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Cuviera angolensis [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Leptactinia [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Central African Republic [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Congo [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]; Ghana [CABI1978a, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Kenya [LePell1935, BenDov1994]; Malawi [CABI2001a]; Mauritius [GermaiSoBu2014]; Nigeria [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Sierra Leone [CABI1978a, BenDov1994]; Sudan [CABI1978a, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [CABI1978a, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Togo [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Uganda [CABI1978a, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Zaire [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Zimbabwe [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1943, 1968). Natural enemies discussed by Le Pelley (1943), Bartlett (1978e) and by Moore (1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1989). Good description and illusrtation of the adult male given by Afifi (1968).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A major pest of coffee in Kenya. This species was first recorded in 1923, misidentified then as P. citri, as a severe pest to coffee in Kenya. Initial attempts to control the pest by natural enemies failed, partly because of erroneous attempts due to the misidentification. In 1934, it was misidentified in Kenya as P. lilacinus, and further introductions of natural enemies, mainly from the far East, did not establish in Kenya (Le Pelley, 1943). Following its recognition as a distinct species (Le Pelley, 1935), a search for parasites was initiated in Uganda and neighbouring countries, and introductions were made to Kenya. Consequently, populations of the pest in Kenya decreased (Le Pelley, 1943).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 7 (female) [World]; Cox & Freeston 1985: 721 (female) [Planococcus species of cacao].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-102]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 155, 156]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 362]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; Betrem1936 [taxonomy: 129]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-64]; BruntKe1971 [host, economic importance, disease transmission: 591-602]; CABI1978a [distribution]; CABI2001a [host, distribution: 1-3]; Clause1951 [biological control: 1-8]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Comper1939d [host, distribution, biological control: 8-9,25]; Comper1969a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 5-10]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 280]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-43]; DahlstHa1999 [biological control: 919-933]; DeLott1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-113]; DeluccRoSc1976 [taxonomy, biological control: 81-91]; Doutt1967 [biological control: 3-30]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-87]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy: 164]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; GermaiSoBu2014 [distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy: 28]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; GutierCaMe1999 [biological control: 243-252]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; HuffakSiLa1976 [biological control: 41-78]; KaydanCaUl2013 [economic importance: 169]; KoradaNaEd2010 [host, distribution, economic importance: 339]; LePell1935 [economic importance: 185-188]; LePell1943 [economic importance, biological control: 78-88]; LePell1959 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 33-48]; LePell1968 [biological control]; LynchHoBa2001 [biological control: 99-125]; Mann1922 [taxonomy: 629]; MayneGh1934 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3-34]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212]; NRC1969 [taxonomy, economic importance, ecology, biological control, chemical control]; RosenDe1973 [biological control, taxonomy: 215-222]; Schmut1969 [host, distribution, economic importance]; TsacasCh1999 [biological control: 102]; Watson1997 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 3]; Wilkin1935 [host, distribution: 13,16]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89].



Planococcus kraunhiae (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius kraunhiae Kuwana, 1902: 55. Type data: JAPAN: Yokohama, on Kraunhia [= Wisteria] floribunda. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Pseudococcus kraunhiae; Fernald, 1903b: 104. Change of combination.

Dactylopius krounhiae; Kuwana, 1917a: 115. Misspelling of species name.

Planococcus krauhniae; Ferris, 1950b: 168. Misspelling of species name.

Planococcus kraunhiae; Ferris, 1950b: 168. Change of combination.

Planococcus siakwanensis Borchsenius, 1962: 586. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Hsiakuan, in crevices of twig of unidentified shrub. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 43.

COMMON NAME: Japanese mealybug [McKenz1967, Bartle1978e].



ASSOCIATE: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012].

FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus fujikona Tachikawa [Trjapi1989], Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake) [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix dactylopii Howard [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus nagasakiensis (Ishii) [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Actinidiaceae: Actinidia [KwonDaPa2003a]. Agavaceae: Agave americana [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Amaryllidaceae: Crinum asiaticum [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Nerium indicum [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Trachycarpus excelsus fortunei [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina stricta [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [KwonDaPa2003a]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Ericaceae: Rhododandron indicum [KwonDaPa2003a]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum variegatum pictum [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Mallotus japonicus [KwonDaPa2003a]. Fabaceae: Wisteria floribunda [Kuwana1902, BenDov1994]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus lanceolata [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Broussonetia kazinoki [KwonDaPa2003a], Ficus carica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Morus alba [KwonDaPa2003a]. Musaceae: Musa basjoo [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Nandinaceae: Nandina domestica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Olea chrysophylla [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Digitaria sanguinalis [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca oleracea [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cydonia sinensis [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Pyrus ussuriensis [KwonDaPa2003a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Paik1978, TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Gardenia jasminoides [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus junos [KwonDaPa2003a], Citrus nobilis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Citrus paradisi [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994]). Oriental: Philippines [Willia2004a]; Taiwan [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994, WongChCh1999]. Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Kuwana1902, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011] (Balachowsky (1939) collected this species on Ficus carica and reported that, apparently, it was not differentiable from Pseudococcus citri Risso v. coleorum Marchal. Vieira et al. (1983) did not find it in the Island. This is possibly a misidentification of Planococcus citri (Risso). (Franco, et al., 2011)); South Korea [Paik1978, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003a, KwonHa2003].

BIOLOGY: The developmental time of female Planococcus kraunhiae (Kuwana) was shorter on germinated Vicia faba L. seeds than on leaves of a Citrus sp. L. and on Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, and survival was higher on germinated V. faba seeds than on citrus leaves. (Qin, et al., 2011) Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978e). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjpitzin (1989). Sugie et al. (2008) identified, isolated and showed its attraction activity to adult males of P. kraunhiae in the field.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Paik (1978), Tu et al (1988), Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980), Wong et al. (1999).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Teshiba et al, (2009) demonstrated that a synthetic sex pheromone, 2-isopropyliden-5-methyl-4-hexen-1-yl butyrate, disrupted the mating of this mealybug.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 406 (female) [Planococcus species of South Korea]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 280 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1950b: 164 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Arai1996 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 25-34]; Arai1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 263-266]; Armita1919 [biological control: 257-260]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 169]; Borchs1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 586-587]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 104]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-46]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-169]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,20,25]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; HosseiHa2011 [molecular data: 46]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 8]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105-106]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-56]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 183]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy: 169]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 408]; KwonHa2003 [host, distribution: 279-288]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-461]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, desription, illustration, host, distribution: 283-285]; NaraiMu2002 [life history: 295-298]; ParkLeHa2010 [taxonomy, molecular data, , economic importance: 25-33]; QinWuQi2011 [life history: 1127]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Siraiw1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65, 73]; SugieTeNa2008 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 369-375]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 372-373]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6, 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; TeshibShSa2009 [life history, chemical ecology, control, host, distribution: 173-180]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 117, 127, 135, 315]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illusrtation, host, distribution: 81-82, 94]; UneliuElTw2011 [molecular data: 170]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 640-641]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7,44]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-207]; ZouChMi2013 [chemistry: 136].



Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus lilacinus Cockerell, 1905f: 128. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Lucban, Tayabas, on cultivated orange. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus tayabanus Cockerell, 1905f: 129. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Lucban, Tayabas, on cultivated cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Morrison, 1920: 176.

Dactylopius crotonis Green, 1906: 44. Nomen nudum.

Dactylopius coffeae Newstead, 1908b: 37. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on Liberian coffee. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Watson & Cox, 1990: 102. Notes: Type material lost according to Watson & Cox (1990).

Pseudococcus coffeae; Sanders, 1909a: 40. Change of combination.

Dactylopius crotonis Green, 1911: 35. Type data: SRI LANKA: Gammadurva, on Castilloa elastica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Morrison, 1920: 176.

Pseudococcus crotonis; Sasscer, 1912: 86. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus deceptor Betrem, 1937: 54. Type data: INDONOESIA: Java, on roots of coffee. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 45. Notes: Depository of type material not known (Ben-Dov, 1994).

Tylococcus mauritiensis Mamet, 1939b: 579. Type data: MAURITIUS: Corps de Garde Mountain, on Eugenia mespiloides. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 89.

Planococcus crotonis; Ferris, 1950b: 164. Change of combination.

Planococcus lilacinus; Ferris, 1950b: 164. Change of combination.

Planococcus tayabanus; Ferris, 1950b: 164. Change of combination.

Planococcus citri; Ferris, 1954a: 52. Misidentification.

Planococcus citri; McKenzie, 1967: 281. Misidentification; discovered by Cox, 1989: 45.

Planococcus indicus Avasthi & Shafee, 1987: 38. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Ernakulam, on wild plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 641.

Planococcus lilacius; Tang et. al., 1992: 7. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: Coffee mealybug [LitCa1994a]; Oriental cacao mealybug [LitCa1994a]; oriental cacao mealybug.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius) [LePell1968], Horniolus vietnamicus [IrulanKuSe2001], Pseudoscymnus pallidicollis (Mulsant) [ReddySrPr1990], Scymnus apiciflavus Motschulsky [LePell1943]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Coccodiplosis smithi (Felt) [LePell1943]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus lilacini Ferriere [LePell1943], Pseudaphycus orientalis Ferriere [LePell1943]. LEPIDOPTERA Lycaenidae: Spalgius epius [PatilPaPa2011].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia1981, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Spondias lutea [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Spondias purpurea [Morris1920, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Annona glabra [Morris1920, BenDov1994], Annona muricata [Willia1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Annona reticulata [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Annona squamosa [Morris1920, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cananga odorata [Morris1920, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Carissa arduina [LePell1943, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Willia1981, BenDov1994], Phoenix dactylifera [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Adenophyllum [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994], Ceiba pentandra [Morris1920, BenDov1994], Ochroma [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Cordia myxa [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [Green1911, BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Dipterocarpaceae: Dipterocarpus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Bridelia stipularis [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Codiaeum variegatum [Green1911, TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Euphorbia pyrifolia [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Macaranga sinensis [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Mallotus japonicus [TuWuLe1988, Cox1989, BenDov1994], Trewia nodiflora [LePell1943, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia confusa [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Albizia lebbeck [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Arachis hypogaea [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Bauhinia monandra [LePell1943, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Bauhinia purpurea [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [Willia1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Crotalaria fulva [Mamet1950, BenDov1994], Derris [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Erythrina lithospermum [Green1911, BenDov1994], Erythrina variegata [Cox1989, LePell1943, BenDov1994], Gliricidia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Gliricidia maculata [LePell1943, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Hymenaea [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Mucuna nigricans [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Prosopis juliflora [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Schizolobium excelsum [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Sesbania grandiflora [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Tamarindus indica [Willia1981, TuWuLe1988, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus carmels [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Couroupita guianensis [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia speciosa [LePell1943, BenDov1994]. Malpighiaceae: Malpigea punicifolia [Willia1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Artocarpus cummunis [Willia1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Artocarpus integrifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Castilloa elastica [Green1911, BenDov1994], Ficus ingens [WilliaMaMa2001], Ficus rubra [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Ficus sycomorus [WilliaMaMa2001], Ficus ulmifolia [Morris1920, LePell1943, BenDov1994], Streblus asper [Morris1920, BenDov1994]. Moringaceae: Moringa oleifera [Mamet1956b, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia jambos [Morris1920, BenDov1994], Eugenia mespiloides [Mamet1939b, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [Willia1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Alphitonia incana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Zizyphus jujuba [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea canephora [Morris1920, BenDov1994], Coffea sepahijala [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Gardenia jasminoides [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus aurantium [Reyne1961, BenDov1994], Citrus grandis [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Aphania loheri [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Litchi [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Takaha1942b, BenDov1994]. Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Nicotiana tabacum [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Solanum indicum [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Solanum melongena [Reyne1961, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Heritiera littoralis [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Stilaginaceae: Antidesma bunius [Morris1920, LePell1943, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Apium graveolens [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa formosana [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Premna odorata [Morris1920, BenDov1994], Tectona grandis [TuWuLe1988, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros [Mamet1960, BenDov1994]; Kenya [WilliaMaMa2001]; Madagascar [Mamet1950, BenDov1994]; Mauritius [BenDov1994]; Mozambique [WilliaMaMa2001]; Reunion [WilliaMaMa2001, GermaiMiPa2014]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1939b, Mamet1956b, BenDov1994]; Seychelles [CABI1959, Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Cocos (=Keeling) Islands [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Newste1908b, Betrem1937, Willia2004a], Lombok [CABI1995b], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Gavril2013]). Australasian: Northern Mariana Islands [CABI1959, Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [Reyne1961, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [Willia1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, PerezG2008]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [CABI1995b] [Willia2004a]; Bangladesh [CABI1995b, Cox1989, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Bhutan [Willia2004a]; Brunei [CABI1995b] [Willia2004a]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Cox1989, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, CABI1995b, Willia2004a]; India [Green1911, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, AvasthSh1987] (Bihar [CABI1995b, Willia2004a], Delhi [CABI1995b], Gujarat [CABI1995b, Willia2004a], Karnataka [CABI1995b, Willia2004a], Kerala [CABI1995b, Willia2004a], Maharashtra [CABI1995b, Willia2004a], Odisha [CABI1995b], Tamil Nadu [CABI1995b, Willia2004a], Tripura [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Willia2004a]); Indonesia [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Bali [CABI1995b], Kalimantan (=Borneo) [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Takaha1942, CABI1959, BenDov1994]; Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [CABI1995b], Sabah [Willia2004a], Sarawak [CABI1995b], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Maldives [CABI1995b, WatsonOoGi1995, Willia2004a]; Philippines [CABI1959, BenDov1994, CABI1995b, Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a]); Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [CABI1995b]; Sri Lanka [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, CABI1995b, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [TuWuLe1988, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Thailand [Takaha1942, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Cox1989, BenDov1994, CABI1995b, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Kawai1980, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Natural enemies in the Oriental and Far East regions discussed by Le Pelley (1943). Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1920), Green (1922), Ferris (1954a), Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Cox & Freeston (1985), Avasthi & Shafee (1987) (as Pl. indicus), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tu et al. (1988), Cox (1989), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Description of adult female by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980). Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) discussed the intraspecific variation of taxonomic c characters of the adult female, and provided three diagramatic illustrations from various regions.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species is a pest of cocoa throughout the Oriental region and also occurs on wide variety of economically important crops such as Citrus, guava, coffee, custard, apple and mango. Williams et al. (2001) first reported on accidental introduction of this mealybug to the African continent.

KEYS: Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 62-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 394 (female) [Planococcus species of Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 163 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Cox & Freeston 1985: 721 (female) [Planococcus species of cacao]; Beardsley 1966: 432 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39]; BasheeJa1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 261-266]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 434-435]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 361,363-364]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-57]; CABI1959 [distribution]; CABI1995b [distribution: 1-3]; ChackoBhRa1976 [host, distribution, chemical control: 118-119]; ChackoKrAn1978 [biological control: 14-19]; ChackoKrRa1976 [chemical control: 118-119]; Cocker1905f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 128-129]; Cocker1937 [taxonomy, economic importance: 124]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47]; CoxFr1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 724, 727]; DevajyBr1992 [chemistry: 103-111]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-93]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy: 164]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy: 52]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 75]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; Graham1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 543-546]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 380-381]; IrulanKuSe2000 [chemical control: 92-94]; IrulanKuSe2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 18-24]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 106]; KhooOoTu1991 [distribution, economic importance]; KhoslaAuBr1999 [structure, chemistry, life history: 3745-3751]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; KrishnMa1998 [economic importance, biological control: 207-209]; KumarPr1992 [distribution, chemical control: 65-68]; LePell1943 [host, distribution, biological control: 73-93]; LePell1968 [life history]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 393]; Mamet1939b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 579-580]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 20]; Mamet1956b [host, distribution: 303-306]; Mani1995a [host, distribution, biological control: 61-70]; Mani1995b [life history, biological control: 23-26]; ManiKr1990d [biological control: 122-123]; ManiKr2000a [biological control: 187-189]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy: 281]; MohanRaCh2002 [taxonomy, chemistry: 111-118]; Mohara1990 [structure: 48]; Moore2001 [host, economic importance: 232-266]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-177]; MukhopGh1999 [life history: 464-466]; Newste1908b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-38]; NRC1969 [taxonomy, economic importance, ecology, biological control, chemical control]; PatilPaPa2011 [biological control: 693]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; ReddyKu1998 [economic importance, biological control]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 125]; RosenDe1973 [biological control, taxonomy: 215-222]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Sander1909a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 86]; Sekhar1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 99-109]; ShuklaTa1984a [host, distribution: 31]; SreedhChAn1983 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 98-101]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 10]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 371-374]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-83, 95]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; VanMelCu2001 [biological control: 23-29]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 58]; WatsonCo1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 102, 104]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 43]; Whitne1923 [distribution: 90-95]; Willia1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 243-244]; Willia1982b [host, distribution: 443-444]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 641-647]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 400-402]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90]; WilliaMaMa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 259-260]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 47]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-167].



Planococcus litchi Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus litchi Cox, 1989: 48. Type data: HONG KONG: intercepted at Heathrow, U.K., on lychees. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Willia2004a]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Dimocarpus longan [Willia2004a], Litchi chinensis [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Brunei [Willia2004a]; Hong Kong [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Philippines [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Japan [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species is most commonly found on lychees.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 364-365]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-49]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 648-649]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 89].



Planococcus mali Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus mali Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 93. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: intercepted at Hawaii, Honolulu, on Olearia chathamica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Olearia cathamica [EzzatMc1956, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Callitris tasmanica [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Epacridaceae: Cyathodes juniperina [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia longifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia verticillata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Psoralea pinnata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Ulex [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Nothofagus fusca [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes nigrum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Phlomis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Primulaceae: Primula [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cotoneaster [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Pyrus malus [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [EzzatMc1956, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and by Cox (1987, 1989). Cox (1987, 1989). Distribution and host plant records given by

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Reported as a pest of blackcurrants in New Zealand (Cox, 1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World]; Cox 1987: 74 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 272 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 365]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-76, 195]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-52]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-95]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 274].



Planococcus mimosae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus mimosae Williams, 2004a: 649. Type data: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province, Phrao District, Ban Mai Pang, on roots of Mimosa pigra, inside thecae of the funfus Boletus dimocarpicola; collected J. Visitipanich & Y. Chanbang, 21.ix.2000. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Mimosa pigra [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 649-651].



Planococcus minor (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius calceolariae minor Maskell, 1897: 322. Type data: MAURITIUS: on roots of 'onion grass'. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1989: 52. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pseudococcus calceolariae minor; Fernald, 1903b: 99. Change of combination.

Planococcus pacificus Cox, 1981: 48. Type data: WESTERN SAMOA: intercepted in quarantine Auckland, New Zealand, on Croton leaves. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 52.

Planococcus minor; Cox, 1989: 52. Change of combination and rank.

Planococcus psidii Cox, 1989: 62. Type data: WEST MALAYSIA: Flemming Est., on Psidium guajava. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 651.

COMMON NAMES: Pacific mealybug [LitCa1994a, LitCaCa1998]; Passionvine mealybug [HoHuCh2007].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus affinis Crotch [SzentI1963], Scymnus brunnescens [ThirumGa2001]. LEPIDOPTERA Lycaenidae: Spalgis epeus (Westwood) [ReddySe1997].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Aphelandra [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Graptophyllum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Justica carnea [GranarScTe1997], Odontonema [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pachystachys coecinea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Agavaceae: Dracaena [GranarCl2003]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, BastosDeVi2007]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Mangifera indica [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Rhus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Spondias dulcis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Annona reticulata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Annona squamosa [WilliaWa1988a, TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994, LaiCh2007], Cananga odorata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Apiaceae: Apium graveolens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Adenium obesum [MatileEt2006], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Aglaonema [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Alocasia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Alocasia macrorhiza [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Cryptosperma chamissonis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia, Epipremnum pinnatum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Philodendron fonzii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pistia stratioites [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rhaphidophora vitiensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Xanthosoma nigrum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Xanthosoma sagittifolium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Aralia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hedera helix [GranarCl2003], Polyscias guilfoylei [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Schefflera actinphylla [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Balaka seemanni [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Chrysalidocarpus, Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2009b], Howeia forsteriana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sericofera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hoya. Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cichorium endivia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dahlia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Emilia sonchifolia [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Helianthus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Mikania scandens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pluchea odorata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Synedrella nodiflora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Tagetes patula [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Tithonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Wedelia biflora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Zinnia elegans [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens balsamina [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Impatiens sultani [GranarScTe1997]. Barringtoniaceae: Barringtonia asiatica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [GranarCl2003]. Bischofiaceae: Bischofia javanica [TuWuLe1988, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Heliotropium indicum [BastosDeVi2007], Tournefortia argentata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Brassica chinensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Brassica oleracea [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Raphanus sativus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Burseraceae: Canarium harveyi [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Canarium indicum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Harrisia portoricensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Lumnitzera coccinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Terminalia catappa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Commelinaceae: Commelina [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Tradescantia [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ipomoea pes-caprae [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Merremia peltata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Corynocarpaceae: Corynocarpus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Citrullus lanatus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucumis melo [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucumis sativus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita maxima [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita moschata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita pepo [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Sechium edule [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea alata [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha godseffiana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Acalypha hispida [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acalypha tricolor [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Aleurites moluccana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Antidesma [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Bridelia tomentosa [MartinLa2011], Codiaeum variegatum [WilliaWa1988a, TuWuLe1988, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Croton [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Euphorbia atoto [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Euphorbia geniculata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Euphorbia heterophylla [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Euphorbia hirta [BastosDeVi2007], Euphorbia pulcherrima [WilliaWa1988a, TuWuLe1988, Granar1991, BenDov1994], Excoecaria agallocha [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Glochidion ramiflorum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Hevea brasiliensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Jatropha curcas [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Macaranga aleuritoides [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Macaranga harveyana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Macaranga macrophylla [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Macaranga tanarius [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Mallotus japonicus [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006], Phyllanthus niruri [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ricinus communis [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia confusa [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Acacia farnesiana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Acacia holosericea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Acacia spirobis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Adenanthera pavonina [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Arachis hypogaea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Bauhinia monandra [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992], Cajanus indicus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Calliandra houstoniana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cassia alata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cassia imperialis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Centrosema pubescens [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Erythrina [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Flemingia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Gliricidia maculata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gliricidia sepium [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Glycine max [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Inocarpus fagifer [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Leucaena glauca [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Leucaena leucocephala [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Mimosa pigra [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mimosa pudica [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Mucuna pruriens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Phaseolus atropurpureus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Phaseolus lunatus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Phaseolus vulgaris [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Wisteria [Granar1991, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [GranarCl2003]. Gesneriaceae: Besleria [MatileEt2006]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia aurantiaca [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus. Lamiaceae: Coleus blumei [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Epimeredi indicum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hyptis pectinata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ocimum basilicum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Salvia officinalis [GranarCl2003]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus plumosus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Caesia parviflora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Crinum asiaticum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Loganiaceae: Fagraea racemosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pemphis acidula [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia figo [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Gossypium [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Gossypium hirsutum [BastosDeVi2007], Hibiscus manihot [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [LincanHoCa2010], Hibiscus sabadariffa [MatileEt2006], Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pavonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Sida carpinifolia [BastosDeVi2007]. Marantaceae: Maranta. Melastomataceae: Miconia robinsoniana [LincanHoCa2010]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaBu1987, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Artocarpus heterophyllus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Broussonetia papyrifera [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Castilloa elastica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus benjamina [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Ficus carica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus congesta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus elastica [MartinLa2011], Ficus opositica, Morus alba [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa sapientum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Musa velutina [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myristicaceae: Myristica macrantha [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus deglupta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Eugenia cumini [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Eugenia malaccensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [GranarCl2003]. Onagraceae: Ludwigia octovalis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae: Dendrobium veratrifolium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus edulis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus foetida [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus maliformis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus odoratissimus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [TuWuLe1988, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Piper aduncum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Piper puberulum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Zea mays [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Macadamia tetraphylla [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Alphitonia zizyphoides [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ziziphus mauritiana [MatileEt2006]. Rosaceae: Pyrus serotina [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Rosa chinensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Borreria laevis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Coffea arabica [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Coffea liberica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Gardenia jasminoides [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Guettarda speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ixora coccinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Palicourea crocea [MatileEt2006], Randia tahitensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Citrus aurantium [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, Granar1991, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Citrus paradisi [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus reticulata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Evodia hortensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pometia pinnata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Russelia equisetiformis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia hispida [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Capsicum annuum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Capsicum frutescens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Datura metel [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Datura suaveolens [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Solanum indicum [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Solanum melongena [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, LitCaCa1998], Solanum paniculatum [BastosDeVi2007], Solanum torvum [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma tomentosa [MartinBlSu2005], Kleinhovia hospita [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Triumfetta rhomboidea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Leucosyke [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pipturus argenteus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Procris pedunculata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum disparifolium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Clerodendrum fallax [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Clerodendrum paniculatum [TuWuLe1988, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Premna obtusifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Premna taitensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Stachytarpheta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Tectona grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Verbena [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Vitex trifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia nutans [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Alpinia purpurata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Elettaria cardamomum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Hedychium coronarium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Nicolaia speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Zingiber officinale [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros [GermaiAtBa2008]; Madagascar [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Mauritius [Maskel1897]; Rodriques Island [Maskel1897, Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Afrotropical: Seychelles [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Afrotropical: Seychelles (Aldabra Island [WilliaMa2009b]). Australasian: American Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Australia (New South Wales [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Northern Territory [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Queensland [Cox1989, BenDov1994], South Australia [Cox1989, BenDov1994]); Christmas Island [Willia2004a]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, HodgsoLa2011]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994] (Austral Islands [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Society Islands [Cox1989, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Java [Willia2004a], Lombok [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes)). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; New Caledonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tokelau [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Entre Rios [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Jujuy [GranarCl2003], Santa Cruz [GranarCl2003], Tucuman [Granar1991, BenDov1994]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Amazonas [FoldiKo2006], Espirito Santo [SantaCReSo2002, CulikMaVe2007], Paraiba [BastosDeVi2007]); Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MartinBlSu2005]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Grenada [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, PerezG2008]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Saint Lucia [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Suriname [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [GranarScTe1997]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; Bangladesh [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Brunei [Willia2004a]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Crowe1985, Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; India [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Gujarat [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Punjab [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a], Tripura [Willia2004a]); Indonesia [Willia2004a] (Kalimantan (=Borneo) [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Sumatra [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995, Willia2004a]; Philippines [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a, LitCaCa1998]); Singapore [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Willia2004a]; Taiwan [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994, LaiCh2007]; Thailand [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Azores [FrancoRuMa2011]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011].

BIOLOGY: Buckley & Gullan (1991) showed, in Papua New Guinea, that attendance by the aggresive ant, Iridomyrmex nitidus Mayr, reduces the rate of parasitization.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Watson (1988a), Tu et al. (1988), Cox (1989), Cox (1989) (as Pl. psidii), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Lit et al. (1998) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Lit et al. (1998). Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

SYSTEMATICS: Dactylopius calceolariae var. minor Maskell, has been synonymized with Pl. citri by Morrison (1925), but Cox (1989) distinguished between them and resurrected the former as a species in Planococcus. Ho et al. (2007) isolated the sex pheromone of the mealybug, Planococcus minor by fractionation of crude pheromone extract obtained by aeration of virgin females. The pheromone was identified as the irregular terpenoid, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-2,4-hexadienyl acetate, by mass spectrometry, microchemical tests, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The stereochemistry of the pheromone was assigned as (E) by comparison with synthetic standards of known geometry. The compound was highly attractive to males in laboratory bioassays, whereas the (Z)-isomer appeared to antagonize attraction.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Planococcus minor is a common species of many economically important plants, particularly cocoa, throughout its geographical range. Bastos et al. (2007) reported this species as pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum in Paraiba, Brazil.

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Lit et al. 1998: 32 (female) [Philippines]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 163 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BastosDeVi2007 [host, distribution, economic importance: 625-628]; BatraBrKh1987 [host, distribution: 250-251]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 365-368]; BhuiyaChKa2000 [biological control: 417-420]; BiswasGh2000 [life history, host, distribution: 929-932]; BuckleGu1991 [host, distribution, life history: 284]; Cox1981 [taxonomy, description, illustartion, host, distribution: 48-52]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-55,62-66]; Crowe1985 [distribution]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; daSilv2012 [description, economic importance, host: 468]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 54]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 99]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 20,25]; GermaiAtBa2008 [host, distribution: 129-135]; Granar1991 [host, distribution: 264]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 97, 99]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 29]; HoHuCh2007 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 1986-1996]; HosseiHa2011 [molecular data: 46]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; LaiCh2007 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 111-126]; LincanHoCa2010 [distribution, host: 6]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 393, 394]; LitCaCa1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-38]; MalausFeWa2011 [distribution, molecular data , phylogeny: 142-155]; Malump2012b [distribution, host: 211,213]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 322]; MatileEt2006 [host. distribution: 182]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 25]; Mohara1990 [structure: 48]; PachecBeBl2014 [distribution, economic importance, host, life history, phylogeny: 1-13]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; PaulGh2004 [chemical control: 729-732]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; RavuiwLuSh2009 [control, irradiation: 1774-1780]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; RungMiSc2009 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 8-12]; RungScEv2008 [taxonomy, molecular data: 74]; RungScEv2008a [taxonomy, molecular data,: 525-532]; SahooGh2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 436-445]; SahooGhMa1999 [life history, host, distribution: 41-48]; SantaCReSo2002 [host, distribution: 333-334]; ShuklaTa1984a [host, distribution: 31]; SzentI1963 [host, distribution, biological control: 67-71]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 375-376]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; ThirumGa2001 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 135-136]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-84, 96-99]; UneliuElTw2011 [molecular data: 170]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; WatsonMuSh2014 [distribution, host: 1595]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 43]; Willia1982b [host, distribution: 444-451]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 274]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 651-655]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 92]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 402-404]; WilliaMa2009 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37-38]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 120]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90, 91]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-170]; ZouChMi2013 [biological control, chemistry, economic importance: 133-134].



Planococcus musae Matile-Ferrero & Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus musae Matile-Ferrero & Williams, 1996: 448. Type data: NIGERIA: Kolo Creek, on False Horn plantain (Musa spp.). Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Musaceae: Musa [MatileWi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [MatileWi1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Williams (1996).

CITATIONS: MatileWi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 445-449].



Planococcus nigritulus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus nigritulus De Lotto, 1961: 222. Type data: ZAIRE: Katana, on Phoenix dactylifera. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Phoenix dactylifera [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Zaire [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 367]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-59]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-223]; DeLott1964 [host, distribution: 376].



Planococcus nilgiricus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus nilgiricus Williams, 2004a: 655. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri, Kollar, on unidentified plant; collected S. Takagi, 9.xii.1978. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 655-656].



Planococcus orchidi Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus orchidi Cox, 1989: 59. Type data: LIBERIA: intercepted at New York, U.S.A., on wild orchids. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Orchidaceae [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Liberia [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 368]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60].



Planococcus philippinensis Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus philippinensis Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 95. Type data: PHILIPPINES: intercepted at Honolulu, Hawaii, on Vanda sanderiana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Orchidaceae: Aerides [Willia2004a], Aerides lawrenciae [Willia2004a], Cymbidium finlaysonianum [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Eria brachystachia [Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis aphrodite [Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis grandiflora [Willia2004a], Spathoglottis [Willia2004a], Vanda merrilli [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Vanda sanderiana [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Vandopsis lissochiloides [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 368]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-62]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-97]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 376-377]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 657-658].



Planococcus planococcoides (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia planococcoides Borchsenius, 1962a: 235. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Chindung, on Buddleia officinalis. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female.

Planococcus planococcoides; Tang, 1992: 377. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Loganiaceae: Buddleia officinalis [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994]. Ternstroemiaceae: Schima wallichii [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Eurya [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1962a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 368]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 377]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25].



Planococcus principe Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus principe Cox, 1989: 62. Type data: PRINCIPE: on cocoa. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Sao Tome and Principe (Principe [Cox1989, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 368]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-63].



Planococcus radicum Watson & Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus radicum Watson & Cox, 1990: 104. Type data: NIGERIA: Bumonda, on coffee roots. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea [WatsonCo1990, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [WatsonCo1990, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [WatsonCo1990, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant (Watson & Cox, 1990).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Watson & Cox (1989).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 368]; WatsonCo1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-104].



Planococcus sp.

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus sp. Mestre Novoa et al., 2011: 15. Notes: Collected in Salto de Soroa, 6/2/2000, by N. Mestre on Centrosema plumieri and a Valle Ancón, Vińales, 6/6/1999, by N. Mestre on Coffea arabica.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Centrosema plumieri [MestreHaEv2011]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [MestreHaEv2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [MestreHaEv2011].

CITATIONS: MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 15].



Planococcus subterraneus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus subterraneus De Lotto, 1964: 377. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on roots of Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 369]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377].



Planococcus sulawesi Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus sulawesi Cox, 1989: 66. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park, Gunung Mogogonipa, on Urticaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [Willia2004a]. Urticaceae [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 369]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-68]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 658-660].



Planococcus tanzaniensis Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus tanzaniensis Cox, 1989: 72. Type data: TANZANIA: Selem, on Hevea braziliensis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Hevea braziliensis [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 369]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-72]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90].



Planococcus tiomanensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus tiomanensis Williams, 2004a: 659. Type data: MALAYSIA: Pahang, Pulau Tioman, north of Kampung Ayer Batung, on twigs of broad-leaved tree; collected J.H. Martin, 16.i.1990. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Psidium [Willia2004a]. Ulmaceae: Trema [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 659-661].



Planococcus vovae (Nasonov)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus gossipifera Rondani, 1874: 43. Type data: ITALY: on twigs of Juniperus. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Moghadamm, 1999: 39. Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Williams & Moghadamm (1999) concluded that Coccus gossipifera Rondani, 1874 was a nomen oblitum (under articles 23.9.2 and 23.9.1.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Fourth Edition, 1999), and therefore placed it as a synonym of Planococcus vovae (Nasonov, 1908).

Pseudococcus (Dactylopius) vovae Nasonov, 1909: 484. Type data: POLAND: Skolimov, on Juniperus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 168. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus gossypifer; Lindinger, 1921: 424. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus gossypifer; Lindinger, 1921: 424. Justified emendation. Notes: Incorrect emendation of gossipifer to gossypifer.

Pseudococcus gossypifer; Lindinger, 1931a: 68. Justified emendation. Notes: Incorrect emendation of gossipifer to gossypifer.

Pseudococcus inamabilis Hambleton, 1935: 112. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Cupressus glauca. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 485. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986.

Pseudococcus gossypifer; Kawecki, 1948: 2. Justified emendation. Notes: Incorrect emendation of gossipifer to gossypifer.

Pseudococcus junipericola Borchsenius, 1949: 116. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: on Juniperus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1986a: 18.

Allococcus inamabilis; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 15. Change of combination.

Allococcus vovae; Zahradnik, 1959a: 537. Change of combination.

Planococcus vovae; Danzig, 1980: 168. Change of combination.

Planococcus taigae Danzig, 1986: 19. Type data: RUSSIA: Sakhalin Oblast, on Juniperus sibirica. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov, 2010: 42.

Planococcus juniperus Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 42. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Baotou City, on Juniperus rigida. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov, 2010: 42.

Allococcus taigae; Trjapitzin, 1989: 144. Change of combination.

Crisicoccus juniperus; Tang, 1992: 352. Change of combination.

Crisicoccus taigae; Tang, 1992: 356. Change of combination.

Planococcus taigae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 369. Revived combination.

Planococcus cupressicola Lotfalizadeh, 2000b: 103-104. Nomen nudum; discovered by ScaleNet, 2004: xxx.

COMMON NAME: Nassonov's mealybug.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) [LotfalHaKh2000], Hyperaspis polita [LotfalAh2000], Nephus bipunctatus [LotfalAh2000], Nephus bisignatus (Boeheman) [DeMarz2001], Pullus [KosztaKo1988F]. DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harris [LotfalAh2000]. HETEROPTERA Lygaeidae: Geocoris quercicola [LotfalAh2000, Lotfal2000b]. HYMENOPTERA Ceraphronidae: Lygoceus [KosztaKo1988F]. Encyrtidae: Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [Blumbe1997, LotfalAh2000], Coccidoxenoides percarinus Timberlake [SengonUyKa1998], Dusmetia fascipennis [LotfalAh2000], Leptomastidea bifasciata (Mayr) [Schmut1955b, KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989]. Platygasetridae: Allotropa mecrida (Walker) [KosztaKo1988F]. HYMNENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Leptomasidea alleni Noyes & Hayat [FallahShOs2008]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla carnea [LotfalAh2000], Suarius fedtschenkoi [LotfalAh2000].

HOSTS: Araceae: Anthurium [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Cupressocyparis leylandii [FrancaCo1992, BenDov1994, MilonaKoKo2008], Cupressus [SengonUyKa1998, UygunSeEr1998, WilliaMo2000], Cupressus arizonica [KaydanKiKo2005], Cupressus glauca [Hamble1935, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cupressus goveniana [CoxBe1986, BenDov1994], Cupressus macrocarpa [Tranfa1981, CoxBe1986, Marott1987a, Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Cupressus sempervirens [CoxBe1986, FrancaCo1992, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000, KaydanKiKo2005, BenDov2013], Cupressus virginiana [CoxBe1986, BenDov1994], Juniperus [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994], Juniperus chinensis [FrancaCo1992, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Juniperus communis [Goux1946, Zahrad1956, Danzig1959, KotejaZa1966, Danzig1986, CoxBe1986, KozarWa1986], Juniperus communis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Juniperus horizontalis [KaydanKiKo2005], Juniperus nana [Danzig1986, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000], Juniperus oxycedrae [Goux1946, FrancaCo1992, BenDov1994, PellizFo1996, Foldi2000], Juniperus phoenicea [FrancaCo1992, BenDov1994], Juniperus rigida [TangLi1988, Danzig1980b, Danzig1986, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994], Juniperus rufescens [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], Juniperus sabina [Danzig1986, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Juniperus semiglobosa [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], Juniperus seravschanica [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], Juniperus sibirica [Danzig1980b, Danzig1986, BenDov1994], Juniperus thurifera [BenDov2012], Libocedrus decurrens [Willia1984b, BenDov1994], Thuja [WilliaMo2000, KaydanKiKo2005], Thuja occidentalis [CoxBe1986, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [WilliaMo2000]. Taxacaea: Taxus [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Hamble1935, Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia [TerGri1962, Danzig1986, BenDov1994]; Austria [Lindin1912b, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994, BenDov2013]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]); Corsica [WilliaMo2000, Foldi2003]; Crete [CoxBe1986, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000]; Cyprus [CoxBe1986, Cox1989, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000, SismanUl2010]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1956, Koteja1974b, Danzig1986, BenDov1994]; France [Danzig1986, BenDov1994, Foldi2000]; Georgia (Georgia [Danzig1986, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001]); Germany [Schmut1955a, Schmut1980, Cox1989, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000]; Greece [Cox1989, MilonaKo2008]; Hungary [KosztaKo1978, KozarWa1986, Cox1989, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [CoxBe1986, Cox1989, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996, WilliaMo2000, LotfalAh2000, Moghad2009]; Israel [CoxBe1986, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Italy [RobertTr1981, Tranfa1981, CoxBe1986, Marott1987a, Cox1989, Marott1992a, FrancaCo1992, BenDov1994]; Morocco [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Poland [Kaweck1948, KotejaZa1966, Cox1989, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000, Koteja2000a, GolanLaJa2001]; Portugal [FrancoRuMa2011]; Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia (Caucasus [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]); Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Spain [Danzig1986, BenDov1994, SancheBe2010]; Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001, Gertss2005a]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]; Turkey [CoxBe1986, Cox1989, BenDov1994, SengonUyKa1998, UygunSeEr1998, WilliaMo2000, KaydanKiKo2005]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig1986, BenDov1994]); United Kingdom (England [Willia1984b, CoxBe1986, Cox1989, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000]); Yugoslavia [MastenSiKr2008].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the twigs of the host plant. Life history and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). In Italy it develops two annual generation (Francardi & Covassi, 1992). Natural enemies in Italy discussed by Francardi & Covassi (1992). Biology and ecology discussed by Kozarzhevskaya (1992).Occurring on the twigs of the host plant. The available records of this species indicate that it is distributed in the eastern Palaearctic Region as compared to the western distribution of the very similar Planococcus vovae. Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). Mean longevity of adult males is 54.7 ą 1.5 h. There is a sexual maturation period of the adult males which lasted for about 30 h., indicated by maximum growth of waxy caudal filaments. (Mendel, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Roberti & Tranfaglia (1981), Cox & Ben-Dov (1986), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988F), Cox (1989), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2010). The illustration and description given by Danzig (1980b: 168) for Planococcus vovae are misidentification of Planococcus taigae Danzig (1986).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1989). Good description of the adult female given by Danzig (1986) and by Tang (1992). The redescription and illustration of P. vovae by Danzig (1980b: 168) are misidentifications of this species.Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams & Moghadamm (1999) concluded that Coccus gossipifera Rondani, 1874 was a nomen oblitum (under articles 23.9.2 and 23.9.1.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Fourth Edition, 1999), and therefore placed it as a synonym of Planococcus vovae (Nasonov, 1908). Williams & Moghadamm (1999) discussed the close taxonomic relation of Planococcus vovae, Planococcus taigae and Crisicoccus matesovae, and suggested the possiblity that all three represent a single variable species. The illustration and description given by Danzig (1980b: 168) for Planococcus vovae are misidentification of Planococcus taigae Danzig (1986).Williams & Moghadamm (1999) discussed the close taxonomic relation of Planococcus vovae, Planococcus taigae and Crisicoccus matesovae, and suggested that possiblity that all three represent a single variable species.

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 63 [Key to species of Genus Planococcus Ferris from Iran]; Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox & Ben-Dov 1986: 482 (female) [Mediterranean basin]; Borchsenius 1949: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BeltraSoMa2012 [molecular data, phylogenetics: 167-171]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 105, 369]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 37, 44]; BenDov2013 [distribution, host: 73]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeKlMe1995 [life history, biological control, structure: 157-163]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 116-117, 134-135]; Canakc1977 [host, distribution: 52]; CantinBa2001 [host, distribution, life history: 107-110]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 52]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 141]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-74]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 482, 485-487]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 444]; Danzig1980b [host, distribution: 169]; Danzig1986 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 18-21]; DanzigGa2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-45]; DeMarz2001 [biological control: 181-187]; DuanYaLi1996 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 281-284]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-17, 106]; FallahShOs2008 [host, distribution, biological control: 13-14]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 300]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 79]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; FrancaCo1992 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 1-20]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution, host: 2,20,25]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 380]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 150]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005a [host, distribution: 37]; GolanJa2002 [host, distribution, life history: 11-12]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; Goux1946 [host, distribution: 32-33]; Hamble1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-112]; HeydarMo1997 [host, distribution: 1/2]; Kaweck1948 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2-3]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 91]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 37]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 222]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control : 64-66]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 318]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 114]; Lindin1912b [host, distribution: 386]; Lindin1921 [taxonomy: 424]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 68]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Lotfal2000a [host, distribution, biological control: 31-44]; Lotfal2000b [host, distribution, biological control, taxonomy: 103-104]; LotfalAh2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 145-154]; LotfalHaKh2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 61-76]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; Marott1992a [host, distribution: 93-94]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; MastenSiKr2008 [host, distribution: 157-168]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 352]; MendelGrBl1995 [biological control: 55-64]; MendelPrJa2012 [behaviour, biological control, ecology: 395-394]; MendelPrZa2008 [life history, physiology: 231]; MilonaKo2008 [host, distribution: 35-38]; MilonaKoKo2008 [host, distribution: 33]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 26]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 67-68, 69, 99]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 71]; Nasono1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 484]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [host, distribution: 125]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 293,296]; Podsia1981a [biological control: 159-162]; RobertTr1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 305-309]; Rondan1874 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 43-68]; SancheBe2010 [host, distribution: 320]; Schmut1955b [biological control: 516]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 102]; SengonUyKa1998 [host, distribution, biological control: 128-131]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 352-357]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-44]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228-229]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 127]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-82]; TorabiVaHo2010 [host, distribution: 153-162]; Tranfa1981 [host, distribution: 6]; Trjapi1989 [taxonomy, biological control: 53, 144]; Tsalev1968 [host, distribution: 207]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentCaKa2004 [host, distribution: 102]; UlubasKaKi2007 [molecular data,: 232-238]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Willia1984b [host, distribution: 227-228]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 24]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 404-406]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 85, 86]; WilliaMo2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-40]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; Zahrad1956 [host, distribution: 50-51]; Zahrad1959a [host, distribution: 537].



Planococcus zairensis Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus zairensis Cox, 1989: 74. Type data: ZAIRE: Elisabethville [Lubumbashi], host unknown. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 370]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-76].



Pleistocerarius Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Pleistocerarius Matile-Ferrero, 1970: 179. Type species: Pleistocerarius capensis Matile-Ferrero, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Matile-Ferrero (1970).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 370]; Matile1970 [taxonomy, description: 179-182]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233].



Pleistocerarius capensis Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Pleistocerarius capensis Matile-Ferrero, 1970: 182. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Cape Town, Table Mountain, in nest of ants of Pheidole sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Matile1970, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1970).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 370]; Matile1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-184].



Poecilococcus Brookes

NOMENCLATURE:

Poecilococcus Brookes, 1981: 127. Type species: Poecilococcus longilobus Brookes, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Brookes (1981).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 35 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 371-372]; Brooke1981 [taxonomy, description: 127]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, key: 35, 275].



Poecilococcus longilobus Brookes

NOMENCLATURE:

Poecilococcus longilobus Brookes, 1981: 127. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Aroona Gorge, on Callitris columellaris. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Cupressaceae: Callitris columellaris [Brooke1981, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Brooke1981, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brookes (1981).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 372]; Brooke1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-129]; Willia1985 [host, distribution: 275].



Porisaccus Hendricks & Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Porisaccus Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 56. Type species: Serrolecanium jiuhuaensis Wu.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Gavrilov 2003: 205 (female) [Key to genera]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 27 (female) [World]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 22 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs].

CITATIONS: BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; Gavril2003 [taxonomy: 205,208]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 56-57]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Wu2001 [taxonomy: 47]; WuLu2012 [taxonomy: 35].



Porisaccus jiuhuaensis (Wu, S.J.)

NOMENCLATURE:

Serrolecanium jiuhuaensis Wu, S.J., 1984: 226. Type data: CHINA: Anhui province, Jiuhuashan, on Indocalamus migoi. Holotype female and first instar. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Porisaccus jiuhuaensis; Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 58. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Fargesia sp. [WuLu2012], Indocalamus longiauritus [Wu2001], Indocalamus migoi [Wu1984], Pleioblastus linearis [HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guizhou (=Kweichow) [WuLu2012], Hubei (=Hupei) [Wu2001]); Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [HendriKo1999]. Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Wu1984]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999). Description and illustration of nymphal instars by Wu (2005).

SYSTEMATICS: This species was first described by Wu (1984) based on specimens collected from Mt. Jiuhuashan, Anhui province, China. Later, Hendricks and Kosztarab (1999) redescribed the species based on specimens collected from Japan. The specimens of P. jiuhuaensis from China have multilocular disc pores ventrally on the last abdominal segments and have bag-like metathoracic legs 3.2-4.0 times larger than the spiracles, whereas, according to Hendricks and Kosztarab, eht specimens from Japan lack multilocular pores ventrally on the posterior abdominal segments and the bag-like metathoracic legs are only about 2.5 times large than the spiracles. Wu & Lu (3012) determined that this species was different from P. jiuhuaensis and should be considered a new species. However, Wu & Lu (2012) declined to describe this new species.

KEYS: Wu & Lu 2012: 31 (female) [Key to Chinese species in the tribe Serrolecaniini Shinji]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 57 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-61]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 28]; Wu1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-228]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47]; Wu2005 [taxonomy, description: 89-90]; Wu2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-90]; WuLu2012 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 30,31,35,37-38,40,45].



Porisaccus sasae (Siraiwa)

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina sasae Siraiwa, 1939: 68. Type data: RUSSIA: Sakhalin Oblast, Honto, on Sasa sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost according to S. Takagi, 1989 personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Serrolecanium (Antonina) sasae; Kawai, 1972: 9. Change of combination.

Serrolecanium sasae; Danzig, 1978: 11. Change of combination.

Porisaccus sasae; Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 61. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Pleioblastus [HendriKo1999], Pleioblastus simonii [HendriKo1999], Sasa [Siraiw1939, BenDov1994], Sasa boreata [HendriKo1999], Sasa kurilensis [HendriKo1999], Sasa palmata [HendriKo1999], Sasa paniculata [HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [HendriKo1999]; Russia (Sakhalin Oblast [Siraiw1939, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Siraiwa (1939), Danzig (1980b), Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999). Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980).

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 57 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 40 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 481]; Danzig1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 11]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-203]; Gavril2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 208]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-66]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 9]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-124]; Siraiw1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-69]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 41]; Wu1984 [taxonomy: 228].



Porococcus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Porococcus Cockerell, 1898j: 426. Type species: Porococcus tinctorius Cockerell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1920a, 1953a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). The species of this genus are exclusively known from plants of the Loranthaceae.

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 414 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 40 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 283 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 404 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 372-373]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description: 426]; Ferris1920a [taxonomy, description: 61]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 404]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 160]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 413-414].



Porococcus coxatus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Porococcus coxatus Ferris, 1953a: 405. Type data: PANAMA: Chiriqui Province, Volcan de Chiriqui, on mistletoe on oak. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Loranthaceae [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [Ferris1953a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found on misletoe on Quercus sp. (Ferris, 1953a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 414 (female) [Central and South America]; Ferris 1953a: 404 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 373]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 405-406]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 414, 415].



Porococcus pergandei Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Porococcus pergandei Cockerell, 1898j: 427. Type data: MEXICO: Cuautla, on mistletoe on lime. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 414. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Loranthaceae [Cocker1898j, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1898j, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found on misletoe on Citrus (Cockerell, 1898j; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 414 (female) [Central and South America]; Ferris 1953a: 404 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 373]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 427]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 407-408]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 414-417].



Porococcus tinctorius Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Porococcus tinctorius Cockerell, 1898j: 427. Type data: MEXICO: Amecameca, on mistletoe on oak. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 417. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Loranthaceae [Cocker1898j, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1898j, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and twigs of misletoe on Quercus sp. (Cockerell, 1898j).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1920a, 1953a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Ferris 1953a: 404 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Ferris1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-63]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 409-410]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 417, 418].



Promyrmococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Promyrmococcus Williams, 2002b: 170. Type species: Promyrmococcus dilli Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 40 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 662 (female) [Promyrmococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams 2002b: 172 (female) [Species of Promyrmococcus.].

CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 72]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, description: 170-172]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 662].



Promyrmococcus dilli Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Promyrmococcus dilli Williams, 2002b: 172. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Poring, Poring Hot Springs, Mt Kinabalu National Park, in nest of Dolichoderus maschwitzi; collected 2.vii.1991 by M. Dill. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: both sexes.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2002b, Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Dolichoderus maschwitzi (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and adult male by Williams (2002b). Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).Prepupa and pupa described and illustrated in Williams & Hodgson, 2013.

STRUCTURE: Adult male small, total body length about 1.3-1.5 mm; apterous. Antennae about half total body length, with long setae (probably fleshy setae, each 1.5-2.0 times longer than width of antennal segments); body with many hair-like setae, some on each segment extremely long, 450-770 ěm long; fleshy setae apparently absent on body. Trilocular pores absent; simple pores few. Head more or less without ridges or sclerites. Simple eyes (se) absent; ocelli (o) present. Mouthparts reduced and non-functional but present. Legs well developed, each with a 2-segmented tarsus (ta) and without tibial or tarsal spurs; tarsal digitules knobbed. Circulus often present between abdominal segments III and IV. Ostioles (os) present, both anteriorly and posteriorly, with strongly sclerotised margins. Glandular pouches absent but with a group of setae plus a few 5-locular pores in this position. Anus near apex of penial sheath, under abdominal segment IX. Ventrally, penial sheath (ps) with a pair of lobes medially. (Hodgson, 2012) The basic morphology of the prepupa and pupa of P. dilli is very similar to that of the adult male, except that they lack the genital structures, have (at most) 7-segmented antenna (9 segmented on the adult male) and their tarsi appear to be only one segmented. Reduced mouthparts lacking stylets are also present on the adult male. (Williams & Hodgson, 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: The male of P. dilli is apterous and rather female-like and therefore lacks most of the sclerites typical of male Pseudococcidae. However, based on the morphology of the adult male, it is clearly a member of the Pseudococcidae and Williams (2002) and Hardy et al. (2008) placed Promyrmococcus within the subfamily Pseudococcinae, based mainly on adult female characters. (Hodgson, 2012)

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 662 (female) [Promyrmococcus species]; Williams 2002b: 172 (female) [Species of Promyrmococcus].

CITATIONS: Hodgso2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 72-75]; Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-175]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 662-663]; WilliaHo1913 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 21, 22-25].



Promyrmococcus wayi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Promyrmococcus wayi Williams, 2002b: 175. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Bahagian Tawau, Quoin, near Tawau, on. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia2002b].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Dolichoderus sp. (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Williams (2002b). Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 662 (female) [Promyrmococcus species]; Williams 2002b: 172 (female) [Species of Promyrmococcus].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-178]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 662-665].



Prorsococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Prorsococcus Williams, 1985: 275. Type species: Prorsococcus acanthodus Williams, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

SYSTEMATICS: Species of this genus possess an anal ring without pores but with setae forming two lateral groups of 3, a character shared with Discococcus Ferris and Prorsococcus Williams. The species of all three genera are known from grasses and sedges.

KEYS: Williams 1985: 37 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 374]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 275].



Prorsococcus acanthodus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Prorsococcus acanthodus Williams, 1985: 275. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Dovers Hills. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Triodia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 374]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 275-278].



Pseudantonina Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina Green, 1922: 363. Type species: Pseudantonina bambusae Green, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris (1953a), Borchsenius (1960e), McKenzie (1967), Tang (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996), Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 39,41 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 22 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Kosztarab 1996: 172 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992: 100 (female) [Key to separate Pseudantonina from related genera]; Tang 1992: 100 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 421 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 38 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 45 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 286 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1960e: 926 (female) [Key to separate Pseudantonina from related genera]; Borchsenius 1958: 157 (female) [China]; Ferris 1953a: 282 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 411 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 374]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy, description: 925-926]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 411]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy: 148-149]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 363]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 160]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 76, 169, 172]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 285-286]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 163]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 116-117]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 25]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 665]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 419-421].



Pseudantonina aeria Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina aeria Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 421. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, San Miguel de Tucuman, on Tillandsia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Miller 2004: 149 (female) [Species of Pseudantonina]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 421 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 374]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 149]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 173-174]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 421-423].



Pseudantonina arundinariae McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina arundinariae McConnell, 1941: 93. Type data: U.S.A.: South Carolina, Anderson County, Anderson, on Arundinaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: arundinaria mealybug [McKenz1967]; Arundinaria mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Poaceae: Arundinaria [McConn1941, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], South Carolina [McConn1941, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring between the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1941), Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Granara & Miller 2004: 149 (female) [Species of Pseudantonina]; McKenzie 1967: 286 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 411 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 374]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 412-413]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 149]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 174-175]; McConn1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, disrtribution: 93-95, 100]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 286-287].



Pseudantonina bambusae Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina bambusae Green, 1922: 363. Type data: SRI LANKA: Nuera Eliya, on bamboo (?Teinostachyum attenuatum). Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 163. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Teinostachyum attenuatum [Green1922, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922), Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Green (1937) amended the original description.

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Miller 2004: 149 (female) [Species of Pseudantonina]; Tang 1992: 117 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1960e: 930 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 374-375]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 149]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 363-364]; Green1937 [description: 295]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-164]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 118]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 65]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 665-667].



Pseudantonina giganticoxa Lobdell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina giganticoxa Lobdell, 1930: 211. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, Agricultural and Mechanical College, on 'apparently Cyperus ovularis or echinatus'. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female.

Pseudantonina giganticoxa; Ferris, 1953a: 414.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Aristida [HendriKo1999], Cyperus [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [HendriKo1999], Mississippi [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Lobdell (1930) and by Ferris (1953a). Hoke, the author name given by Ferris (1953a)to this species, is the married name of Miss Lobdell.

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Miller 2004: 149 (female) [Species of Pseudantonina]; McKenzie 1967: 286 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 411 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 375]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 414-415]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 149]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 175]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-212, 224].



Pseudantonina magnotubulata Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina magnotubulata Borchsenius, 1960e: 930. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung Province, on bamboo. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Borchs1960e, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1960e, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1960e). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Miller 2004: 149 (female) [Species of Pseudantonina]; Tang 1992: 117 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1960e: 930 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 375]; Borchs1960e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 927, 930]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 149]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 117]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25]; WangVaXu1998 [host, distribution: 3].



Pseudantonina nakaharai Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina nakaharai Kosztarab, 1996: 172. Type data: U.S.A.: New Jersey, New Jersey Pine Barrens, on undetermined grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Nakahara mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Poaceae [Koszta1996], Panicum [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Jersey [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Miller 2004: 149 (female) [Species of Pseudantonina]; Kosztarab 1996: 172 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 149]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-174].



Pseudantonina texana Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina texana Ferris, 1953a: 416. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Biscoe County, near Quitique, on Panicum obtusum. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Panicum obtusum [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Texas [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Miller 2004: 149 (female) [Species of Pseudantonina]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 421 (female) [Central and South America]; Ferris 1953a: 411 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 375]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 416-417]; GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 149]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 176]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 423-424].



Pseudantonina vernacula Granara de Willink & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina vernacula Granara de Willink & Miller, 2004: 149. Type data: ARGENTINA: Neuquen, on Ruta 40 between La Angostura and Confluencia, on Gramineae, possibly Stipa; collected January 1999, by Granara de Willink. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa [GranarMi2004].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Neuquen [GranarMi2004]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, third- and second-instar female and first instar nymph by Granara de Willink & Miller (2004).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Miller 2004: 149 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-157].



Pseudantonina wilkeyi Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina wilkeyi Kosztarab, 1996: 174. Type data: U.S.A.: Virginia, Sussex County, Waverly, 3 miles south of route 40, on flower head of Chrysopsis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Chrysopsis [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Virginia [Koszta1996]).

KEYS: Granara de Willink & Miller 2004: 149 (female) [Species of Pseudantonina]; Kosztarab 1996: 174 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: GranarMi2004 [taxonomy, key: 149]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-176].



Pseudococcus Westwood

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudoccus; Westwood, 1840: 445. Misspelling of genus name.

Pseudococcus Westwood, 1840: 447. Type species: Dactylopius longispinus Targioni Tozzetti. Notes: Name number 2188 placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology.

Trechocorys Curtis, 1843: 444. Type species: Coccus adonidum Linnaeus, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 96. Notes: Synonymy by community of type species.

Trecochoryx; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 699. Misspelling of genus name.

Boisduvalia Signoret, 1875c: 338. Type species: Coccus laurinus Boisduval. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 96. Homonym of Boisduvalia in Diptera.. Notes: An objective synonym by community of type species.

Oudablis Signoret, 1882: clvii. Replacement name for Boisduvalia Signoret, 1875c; synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 96.

Boisduvalis; Šulc, 1944a: 49. Misspelling of genus name.

Pseudococus; Dunham, 1954: 68. Misspelling of genus name.

Pseudodocus; Dunham, 1954: 67. Misspelling of genus name.

Pseudococcs; Takahashi, 1958: 3. Misspelling of genus name.

Psendococcus; Pollard & Alleyne, 1986: 36. Misspelling of genus name.

seudococcus; Moghaddam, 2009: 34. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Misspelling of seudococcus for Pseudococcus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Borchsenius (1949), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b), Williams (1985), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Tang (1992), Kosztarab (1996) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has conserved (ICZN, 2009) the usage of the family-group name PSEUDOCOCCINI Cockerell, 1905 (type genus Pseudococcus Westwood, 1840) for the mealybugs, a speciose group including many pests of agriculture, by giving it precedence over the senior family-group name SPHAEROCOCCINI Cockerell, 1899 (type genus Sphaerococcus Maskell, 1892). Based on a molecular study in Spain, Betra, et al., 2012 concluded that the presence of two Dysmicoccus species among the Pseudococcus species suggests that these two genera are paraphyletic.

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; González 2011: 70 (female) [Key to the genera of Pseudococcidae of primary importance to export fruit.]; Williams 2004a: 42 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 393 (female) [Genera of Korea]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 408-409 (female) [Pseudococcus species of Korea]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Kosztarab 1996: 177 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992: 218 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 235-236 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 426-428 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 41 (female) [Central and South America]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 18 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 3 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 76 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 279-281 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 37 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 100 (female) [Japan]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 36 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 40 (female) [Armenia]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 11 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 45 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 288-289 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 255-256 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 639 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 654-655 (female) [North America]; Williams 1962: 39 (female) [Britain]; McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 690 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 284 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 418 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 173 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 191-192 (female) [North America ]; Borchsenius 1949: 87 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 92-97 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 176-180 (female) [Hawaii]; Borchsenius 1947b: 2110 (female) [Pseudococcus comstocki group of species]; Costa Lima 1939 (female) [Brazil]; Lawson 1917: 177 (female) [species U.S.A.: Kansas].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 131]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 435]; BeltraSoMa2012 [molecular data, phylogenetics: 170-171]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 375-376]; Bodenh1927c [distribution: 25-44]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 90]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 76]; Curtis1843 [taxonomy: 844]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 109, 156]; Dunham1954 [taxonomy: 67, 68, 72]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 96]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 170-173]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 418]; Gimpel1983 [taxonomy: 1-272]; Gonzal2011 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 70-73]; GranarScTe1997 [taxonomy, economic importance: 98]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 169,213-218]; HardyGu2008 [taxonomy, nomenclature: 24-26]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 8]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 78, 176-177]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 394,408-409]; KwonLeHa2002 [taxonomy: 145-154]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description: 177]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 288-289]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; Moghad2009 [taxonomy: 34]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 71]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 24, 141, 165-166]; PollarAl1986 [taxonomy: 36]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description: 259-260]; Signor1875c [taxonomy: 338]; Signor1882 [taxonomy: civii]; Takaha1958 [taxonomy, description: 3]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 25]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 122]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 39-40]; Westwo1840 [taxonomy, description: 445]; Willia1962 [taxonomy: 6, 39]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, key: 37, 278-281]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 667-669]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 41, 423-428]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 170-171]; Xie1998 [taxonomy: 75]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 148, 175].



Pseudococcus aberrans McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus aberrans McKenzie, 1962: 657. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, Compton, on Juniperus torulosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: aberrant mealybug [McKenz1962, McKenz1967].



HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus torulosa [McKenz1962, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1962, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 288 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 255 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 376]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 656-658]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 289-291].



Pseudococcus acirculus Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus acirculus Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 21. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Maricopa County, 30 miles East of Gila Bend on Ambrosia deltoides. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Gila Bend mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOST: Asteraceae: Ambrosia deltoides [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [GimpelMi1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 18 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-24].



Pseudococcus africanus Colizza

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus africanus Colizza, 1933: 174. Type data: MOZAMBIQUE: Namialo, on Urochloa sp. and Panicum sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material depository unknown (Ben-Dov, 1994).



HOSTS: Poaceae: Orochloa [Colizz1933, BenDov1994], Panicum [Colizz1933, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mozambique [Colizz1933, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Colizza (1933).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 378]; Colizz1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-178].



Pseudococcus agavis MacGregor

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus agavis MacGregor, 1958: 131. Type data: MEXICO: Pedregal de San Angel, D.F., on Agave americana. Holotype female. Type depository: Mexico: Coleccion Entomologica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico. Described: female. Illust.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Marietta mexicana (Howard) [MyartsRu2000].

HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave americana [MacGre1958, BenDov1994], Agave mexicana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [MacGre1958, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) stated that the material named P. ephedrae (Coquillett), variety by Cockerell (1902f) belongs to this species.

KEYS: Miller & Williams 1997: 310 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 426 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1964: 255 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 378]; MacGre1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-134]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy: 658]; MillerWi1997DR [taxonomy: 310]; MyartsRu2000 [distribution, biological control: 7-33]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 430-432].



Pseudococcus agropyri Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus agropyri Savescu, 1985: 107. Type data: ROMANIA: Constanza District, Eforie Nord, on Agropyron intermedium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Agropyron intermedium [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue : 378]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109].



Pseudococcus anestios Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus anestios Williams, 1985: 282. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, host plant not given. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 279 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 378]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 282-284].



Pseudococcus aneurae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus aneurae Williams, 1985: 284. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Ayer's Rock, on Acacia aneura. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia aneura [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 378]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 284-285].



Pseudococcus antricolens Ferris in Zimmerman

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus antricolens Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948: 181. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu, Palolo-Waialae Ridge, on Santalum freycinetianum. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Santalaceae: Santalum freycinetianum [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: The female of this species forms galls on the leaves of Solanum freycinetianum (Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 211 (male) [Hawaii]; Zimmerman 1948: 177 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-226]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 379]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 523]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177, 181-185].



Pseudococcus apomicrocirculus Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus apomicrocirculus Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 24. Type data: MEXICO: intercepted at U.S.A., Brownsville, on Epidendrum vitellinium. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Mexican orchid mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Orchidaceae: Epidendrum cochleatum [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum ocracenum [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum vitellinium [GimpelMi1996], Laelia autumnalis [GimpelMi1996], Laelia gouldiana [GimpelMi1996], Leochilus [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [GimpelMi1996]. Neotropical: Guatemala [GimpelMi1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Has been predominantly taken in quarantine from Mexico, exclusively on orchids. Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 20 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-28].



Pseudococcus apoplanus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus apoplanus Williams, 2004a: 673. Type data: INDIA: Intercepted at U.S.A., Seattle, on Orchidaceae; collected W. Taussig, 22.v.1975. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Orchidaceae [Willia2004a], Cypripedium [Willia2004a], Vanda [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 672-674].



Pseudococcus araucariarum Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus araucariarum Williams, 1985: 284. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Lankelly Creek, on Araucaria cunninghamii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araucariaceae: Araucaria bidwilli [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Araucaria cunninghamii [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Araucaria hunsteinii [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Papua New Guinea [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage and under the bark of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 171 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1985: 279, 287 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 379]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 284, 286, 287]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-173, 175].



Pseudococcus aridorum Lindinger

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus aridorum Lindinger, 1911a: 7. Type data: CANARY ISLANDS: Tenerife, Montaneta de la Horca, on Argyranthemum frutescens, Cytisus prolifer var. palmensis, Trifolium panoramitanum and on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: HMNH. Described: female.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Argyranthemum frutescens [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Chamaecytisus proliferus palmensis [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Trifolium squamosus [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Canary Islands [Lindin1911a, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Lindinger (1911a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 379]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 57-58]; Lindin1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-8]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 86].



Pseudococcus atalestus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus atalestus Williams, 1985: 287. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Iron Knob, on Acacia papyrocarpa. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia papyrocarpa [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 379]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 287-289].



Pseudococcus aurantiacus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus aurantiacus Williams, 2004a: 674. Type data: BRUNEI: Penanjong, on Callophyllum sp.; collected J.H. Martin, 26.iii.1989. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Schefflera [Willia2004a]. Clusiaceae: Callophyllum [Willia2004a], Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Crypteroniaceae: Crypteronia griffithii [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Millettia nieuwenhuisii [Willia2004a]. Flacourtiaceae: Ryparosa fasciculata [Willia2004a]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos vanprukii [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Neonauclea [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Brunei [Willia2004a]; Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 674-676]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90].



Pseudococcus baliteus Lit {in}: Lit & Calilung

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus baliteus Lit {in}: Lit & Calilung, 1994: 256. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Laguna, Mount Makiling (UPLB campus), on Ficus elastica. Holotype female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: aerial root mealybug [LitCa1994a].



HOSTS: Bombacaceae: Durio zibethinus [Willia2004a]. Cecropiaceae: Poikilospermum suaveolans [Willia2004a]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Liliaceae: Dracaena [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus odoratissimus [Willia2004a], Ficus elastica [LitCa1994, Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Osbornia octodonta [Willia2004a], Psidium guajava [Willia2004a], Syzygium [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus sinensis [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Dimocarpus longan [Willia2004a], Litchi chinensis [Willia2004a], Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Pouteria [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]); Burma (=Myanmar) [Willia2004a]; India (Uttar Pradesh [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994]); Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Occurs on young aerial roots, usually associated with ants and in mixed colonies with Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) (Lit & Calilung, 1994, 1994a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Lit & Calilung (1994).

SYSTEMATICS: Lit (1997) discussed and clarified several taxonomic characters which have been erroneously presnted in Lit & Cailung (1994).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Lit & Calilung 1994: 256 (female) [Philippines].

CITATIONS: Lit1997a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43]; LitCa1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 256-258]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 394]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 676-680]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90].



Pseudococcus bambusicola Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus bambusicola Takahashi, 1930: 1. Type data: TAIWAN: Suisha, on Bambusa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Planococcoides bambusicola; Tang, 1992: 359. Revived combination.

Pseudococcus bambusicola; Ben-Dov, 1994: 380. Revived combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Takaha1930, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1930, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1930). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 380]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-4]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 359-360]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23].



Pseudococcus barleriae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus barleriae Hall, 1939: 96. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Barleria macrostegia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Acanthaceae: Barleria macrostegia [Hall1939, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Hall1939, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1939) and by Williams (1958b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 380]; Hall1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-98]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-12].



Pseudococcus beardsleyi Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus beardsleyi Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 585. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Barbara County, Santa Cruz Island, on Arctostaphylos subcordata. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos canescens [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994], Arctostaphylos subcordata [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and branches of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 380]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 585-588].



Pseudococcus bermudensis Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus bermudensis Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 28. Type data: BERMUDA: on Juniperus bermudiana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Bermuda mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus bermudiana [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bermuda [GimpelMi1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 18 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illusrtation, host, distribution: 28-32].



Pseudococcus bingervillensis Magnin

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus bingervillensis Magnin, 1955: 238. Type data: IVORY COAST: Bingerville, on Alchornea cordifolia. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, D. Matile-Ferrero, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Alchornea cordifolia [Magnin1955, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Magnin1955, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Associated with Oecophylla longinoda.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Magnin (1955).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 380]; Magnin1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-240].



Pseudococcus brevicornis Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus brevicornis Savescu, 1984: 143. Type data: ROMANIA: Bacau District, Moldova, on Calamagrostis arundinaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Calamagrostis arundinacea [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 380]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-145].



Pseudococcus bryberia Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus bryberia Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 32. Type data: U.S.A.: Georgia, Osaabow Island, on Tillandsia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Spanish moss mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia [GimpelMi1996], Tillandsia usneoides [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [GimpelMi1996], Georgia [GimpelMi1996], Virginia [GimpelMi1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 21 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-35].



Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius calceolariae Maskell, 1879: 218. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: on Traversia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & de Boer, 1973: 241. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Dactylopius similans Lidgett, 1898: 91. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, on roots of Daphne sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Charles, Froud & Henderson, 2000: 285. Notes: Type material probably lost.

Pseudococcus similans; Fernald, 1903b: 109. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus calceolariae; Fernald, 1903b: 98. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus fragilis Brain, 1912: 186. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Constantia, on oranges. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams & de Boer, 1973: 241.

Pseudococcus citrophilus Clausen, 1915: 30. Type data: U.S.A.: California, on citrus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Riverside: UCR Entomological Teaching and Research Collection, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams & de Boer, 1973: 241.

Pseudococcus gahani Green, 1915a: 179. Type data: ENGLAND: London, on currant [= Ribes sanguinea]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 289. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams & de Boer, 1973: 241.

Erium calceolariae; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: citrophilus mealybug [Betrem1937, McKenz1967, Cox1987, SmithBeBr1997].



ASSOCIATE: VIRUS Closteroviridae: Ampelovirus CLRaV-3 [BahderPoAl2013].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [Armita1929, LaudonVi1987], Scymnus binaevatus Mulsant [Moore1988]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus gurneyi (Compere) [Comper1929, SmithCo1931, Moore1988, Blumbe1997, ParkesWa2001]. Encyrtidae: Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault) [LaudonVi1987, Trjapi1989], Arhopoideus pretiosus Timberlake [Moore1988], Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Blumbe1997], Tetracnemoidea brevicornis (Girault) [LaudonVi1987, Trjapi1989], Tetracnemoidea mediterranea (Kerrich) [Trjapi1989], Tetracnemoidea peregrina (Compere) [LaudonVi1987], Tetracnemus pretiosus Timberlake [SmithCo1931, Flande1953a]. NEUROPTERA Hemerobiidae: Sympherobius amicus Navas [Moore1988].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Apiaceae: Apium graveolens [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Tsalev1968, Willia1985, Cox1987, Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Hedera helix [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Polyscias [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Cynara scolymus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Helianthus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Helianthus tuberosus [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Senecio [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Sonchus oleraceus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Traversia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Vernonia appendiculata [Mamet1951, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Heliotropium arborescens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Brassica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Buddlejaceae: Buddleja madagascariensis [Mamet1951, BenDov1994]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [Gonzal2011]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Hypericum perforatum [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Aeonium balsamiferum [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Kalanchoe beharensis [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Sechium edule [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Schizogyne sericea [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Cassia siamea [KondoRaVe2008], Laburnum [Green1928, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Medicago sativa [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Melilotus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pisum sativum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Sophora [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Sophora microphylla [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Trifolium [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Trifolium repens [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Vicia faba [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [BenDov1994], Pelargonium [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes grossularis [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Juglandaceae: Juglans regia [McKenz1967, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Lavandula staechas [Rungs1948, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea indica [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Punica [Gonzal2011]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [Balach1935b, Martin1985, BenDov1994], Hibiscus [Balach1935b, Martin1985, BenDov1994], Malva [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Maytenus boaria [Gonzal2011], Melaleuca irbeyana [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Gymnelaea lanceolata [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Ligustrum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Orobanchaceae: Orobanche minor [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Pinus radiata [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Pittosporum undulatum [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago coronopus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Plygonaceae: Romex obtusifolia [FoldiKo2006]. Poaceae: Lolium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rheum rhaponticum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Rumex [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Polypodiaceae: Platycerium [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Grevillea banksii [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Aguilegia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ranunculus ficaria. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus [Green1928, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Cydonia oblonga [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Fragaria [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Malus pumila [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Malus silvestris [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Prunus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pyracantha [Gonzal2011], Pyrus communis [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Cox1987], Rosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Rubus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Choisya ternata [McKenz1967, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Citrus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Citrus medica [Willia1985c, BenDov1994], Citrus paradisi [Cox1987, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997]. Santalaceae: Exocarpos [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Saxifragaceae: Ribes sanguineum [Green1928, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Digitalis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hebe [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [Willia1985, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Brachychiton [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [Campbe1983, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Conium maculatum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Daucus carota [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Willia1985, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Welwitschiaceae: Welwitschia mirabilis [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Campbe1983, BenDov1994]; Madagascar [Mamet1951, BenDov1994]; Namibia (=South West Africa) [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; South Africa [Brain1912, DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Lidget1898, Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]). Australasian: New Zealand [Maskel1879, Maskel1887a, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [FoldiKo2006]); Chile [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, RipaLaLu2008a]; Colombia [KondoRaVe2008]; Saint Croix [Beatty1944]. Palaearctic: Azores [CarvalFrAg1996, FrancoRuMa2011]; Bulgaria [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001]; China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Corsica [GermaiKrRo2009]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1957, Zahrad1990b, BenDov1994]; France [GermaiKrRo2009]; Georgia (Georgia [BenDov1994, Yasnos1995, Yasnos2001]); Italy [Viggia1970a, Marott1992, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011]; Morocco [Rungs1948, BenDov1994]; Portugal [FrancoPa1991, BenDov1994, CarvalFrAg1996]; Sardinia [LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Spain [Balach1935b, BenDov1994, Martin1985]; Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Willia1962, BenDov1994], England [Green1915a, BenDov1994], Scilly Isles [Willia1985c], Scotland [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Wales [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: James (1937a) showed (as P. gahani) that reproduction is sexual (in laboratory population in England) and evaluated its sex ratio. Rotundo & Tremblay (1975a) reported on attractivity of the virgin females to hymenopterous parasites. Rotundo (1978) described a method for mass collection of virgin females. Rotundo & Tremblay (1980a) evaluated the daily release of female sex pheromone. Male flight activity was studied by Rotundo & Tremblay (1976) and by Rotundo et al. (1980). Rotundo & Tremblay (1981) observed scent trailing by the virgin female. Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana. Franco & Pereira (1992) described a method for studying the fecundity and fertility of the female. On citrus, in Australia - New South Wales and Victoria - develops 3-4 generations per year (Smith et al., 1997). Rotundo & Tremblay (1975a) reported on attractivity of the virgin females to hymenopterous parasites. Rotundo (1978) described a method for mass collection of virgin females. Rotundo & Tremblay (1980a) evaluated the daily release of female sex pheromone. Male flight activity was studied by Rotundo & Tremblay (1976) and by Rotundo et al. (1980). Rotundo & Tremblay (1981) observed scent trailing by the virgin female. Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana. Franco & Pereira (1992) described a method for studying the fecundity and fertility of the female. El-Sayed et al. (2010) identified the female sex pheromone "Headspace volatiles collected from virgin females of the citrophilous mealybug, Pseudococcus calceolariae, contain three compounds not present in the headspace of control samples. The main female-specific compound is identified as [2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropyl]m ethyl 2-acetoxy-3-methylbutanoate (chrysanthemyl 2-acetoxy-3-methylbutanoate). The other two compounds are identified as [2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropyl]m ethanol (chrysanthemol) and [2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropyl]m ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate (chrysanthemyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate). Traps baited with 100 ?g and 1000 ?g of chrysanthemyl 2-acetoxy-3-methylbutanoate captured 4- and 20-fold more males than traps baited with virgin females. Often found on roots or at ground level of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1925), Ferris (1950b), Tereznikova (1975), McKenzie (1967), Williams (1985) (both as P. calceolariae and P. similans), Cox (1987), Zahradnik (1990) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Description and illustration of adult male given by Beardsley (1962). See colour illustration in McKenzie (1967). See colour photograph in McKenzie (1967).Good description and distribution of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Cox (1987).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Ripa et al. (2008) and by Germain et al. (2009).

SYSTEMATICS: Charles et al. (2000) studied the morphological characters and mating compatibility of populations of P. calceolariae and P. similans from two widely separated regions in New zealand, and concluded that P. similans is a junior synonym of P. calceolariae.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies discussed by Barlett (1978) and by Moore (1988). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). This is a highly polyhagous species, reported as a citrus pest in California, Chile, Italy and Crimea. The history of its successful biological control in California, by introduced natural enemies from Australia, discussed by Smith & Armitage (1931), Smith & Compere (1931) and by Compere & Smith (1932).

KEYS: Wang & Wu 2010: 245 (female) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]; Miller & Williams 1997: 310 (female) [Central and South America]; Tang 1992: 235 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 427 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1987: 76 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 76 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 281 (female) [Australia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 40 (female) [Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 289 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 255 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America]; Williams 1962: 39 (female); McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 418 (female) [North America ]; Ferris 1950b: 173 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 92 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Aldric1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, chemical ecology: 205-206]; Armita1919 [biological control: 257-260]; Armita1929 [economic importance. life history, biological control: 910-915]; BahderPoAl2013 [economic importance: 1293]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 11]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 161-163]; BartleLl1958 [economic importance, host, distribution : 90-93]; Beards1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-97]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 381-382, 410]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]; BeuninMuWu1999 [taxonomy, structure, chemistry, host, distribution: 463-472]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-160]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 99-102]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; BoyceFa1947 [biological control: 702-705]; Branig1916 [host, distribution: 304-306]; Brock1927 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control: 342-344]; Campbe1983 [host, distribution: 137]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 58]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-339]; CharleFrHe2000 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 285-294]; CharleFrHe2001 [taxonomy: 165]; CharleWaBe2008 [GLRV, Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, distribution: 293]; Clause1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 30-35]; Clause1958 [economic importance, biological control: 291-310]; Clause1958a [host, distribution, biological control: 443-447]; Comper1928b [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 318,346-349]; Comper1929 [biological control: 1-3]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; Comper1969 [biological control, economic importance: 755-764]; ComperSm1932 [economic importance, biological control: 585-618]; CongdoMo1959 [host, distribution, economic importance: 481-487]; CorreaAgGe2011 [distribution, host: 46]; Cox1977a [host, distribution: 165-166]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78,80-81,197,200-201]; DanzigGa2014 [illustration: 13]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 53]; DeLott1964 [host, distribution: 380]; Delucc1969 [biological control: 871-874]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Drea1983 [biological control]; Dunkel1999 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 251-276]; ElSayeUnTw2010 [chemical ecology, chemistry: 1075-1078]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 98,109]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-182]; Flande1937 [biological control: 401-422]; Flande1940b [biological control, ecology: 245-253]; Flande1951b [biological control: 93-98]; Flande1953a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 266-269]; Flande1959b [biological control: 125-142]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 309]; FrancoMa2001 [host, distribution: 191-196]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 20,25]; FrancoSiCa2000 [taxonomy, illustration, life history, biological control, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-142]; FrancoSuBo2004 [biological control: 507-522]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; GermaiKrRo2009 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 42-44]; Giliom1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-267, 292-295]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 343]; Gonzal1969 [biological control: 839-847]; Gonzal2003a [host, distribution, economic importance: 89-98]; Gonzal2008a [host, distribution, economic importance: 5-17]; Gonzal2011 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 92-103]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; Gordh1994 [biological control: 188-205]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179-180]; Green1920 [taxonomy, description: 120, 121]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 11]; Gullan2000 [taxonomy, description: 160-166]; GutierCaMe1999 [biological control: 243-252]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; HoffmaRiSh1998 [biological control: 268-293]; HosseiHa2011 [molecular data: 46]; HuffakMeDe1971 [biological control: 16-67]; HuffakSiLa1976 [biological control: 41-78]; James1937a [life history: 446-449]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 265]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 71]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 42]; LaflinGuPa2004 [host, distribution: 475-477]; LaudonVi1987 [life history, biological control, chemical control: 167-171]; Lidget1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 91]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-468]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; LuckFo2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 231-246]; LynchHoBa2001 [biological control: 99-125]; MalausFeWa2011 [distribution, molecular data , phylogeny: 142-155]; MalipaDuSm2000 [biological control: 61,97,98,99,100]; MalumpHa2012 [distribution, host: 195]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 222-223]; Marco1959 [host, distribution, biological control: 25-30]; Marott1992a [host, distribution: 96-97]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 97]; Maskel1879 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-219]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 295-298]; McKnig1983 [economic importance, control]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Miller1935 [life history, control: 1-2]; MillerWi1997DR [taxonomy: 310]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212-213, 216]; Morris1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 492-494]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; ParkesWa2001 [life history, biological control: 74-78]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PieterMuVu2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 23-28]; RiehlBrMc1980 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 319]; RipaLaLu2008a [description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 198-202]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Rotund1975a [structure: 3-9]; Rotund1978a [life history: 162-168]; RotundTr1975a [life history: 172-179]; RotundTr1976 [life history: 108-112]; RotundTr1980 [structure: 431-435]; RotundTr1980a [life history: 167-170]; RotundTrGi1979 [life history: 266-274]; RotundTrPa1980 [life history: 31-37]; Rungs1948 [host, distribution: 116]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 102]; SilvaFrMe2008 [life history, reproduction: 274-275]; SilvaMeFr2010 [life history, reproduction: 19-21]; Simmon1969a [biological control: 765-767]; Smetni1991 [chemistry: 92-129]; Smith1917a [host, distribution, biological control: 108-114]; Smith1931 [biological control: 427,448]; SmithAr1931 [economic importance, biological control: 1-74]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 78-80]; SmithCo1928b [host, distribution, biological control: 5]; SmithCo1929 [biological control: 214-218]; SmithCo1931 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 942-945]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 239-240]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233-235]; TremblTrRo1977 [taxonomy, structure: 113-135]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 130, 159]; Tsalev1968 [host, distribution: 206]; UneliuElTw2011 [molecular data, physiology: 166-172]; vanLen2006 [biological control: 115-118]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 47-55]; Viggia1971a [host, distribution, economic importance: 55-59]; Viggia1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 193-296]; WakgarGi2004b [host, distribution, biological control: 7-11]; Whitne1923 [distribution: 90-95]; Willia1962 [host, distribution: 40]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 289-292, 327-331]; Willia1985c [host, distribution: 136]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy: 241]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 432-434]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 85, 86]; Yasnos1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 247-251]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 295-302]; Zahrad1957 [host, distribution: 47]; Zahrad1990b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-37]; ZouChMi2013 [chemistry: 136].



Pseudococcus callitris Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus callitris Williams, 1985: 292. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Brisbane, on Callitris sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Callitris columellaris [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Callitris drummondii [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Callitris muelleri [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Callitris preissi [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Callitris rhomboidea [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Santalaceae: Exocarpos cupressiformis [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 382]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; GwiazdVaDe2006 [phylogenetics: 16]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 292-294].



Pseudococcus carrietoniensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus carrietoniensis Williams, 1985: 294. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, near Carrieton, on Acacia victoriae. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia victoriae [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 382]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 294, 295].



Pseudococcus carthami Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus carthami Savescu, 1985: 109. Type data: ROMANIA: Ilfov District, Branesti, on Carthamus lanatus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Carthamus lanatus [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 382-383]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-111].



Pseudococcus casuarinae (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisiana casuarinae Takahashi, 1939b: 258. Type data: PALAU ISLANDS: Korror, Arumizu, on Casuarina sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Pseudococcus casuarinae; Beardsley, 1966: 438. Change of combination.



HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Takaha1939b, Beards1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Palau [Takaha1939b, Beards1966, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1939b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 235 (female) [China]; Beardsley 1966: 436 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 438]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 383]; Takaha1939b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 258-261].



Pseudococcus chenopodii Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus chenopodii Williams, 1985: 194. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Yudnapinna, on roots of Atriplex vesicaria. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex spongiosa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Atriplex vesicaria [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Chenopodium auricomum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Salicornia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 279 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 383]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 294, 296, 297].



Pseudococcus cimensis Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus artemisiae Green, 1923d: 92. Type data: MADEIRA: Porto Santo, on Artemisia argentea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Homonym of Pseudococcus artemisiae Essig.

Pseudococcus cimensis Green, 1924b: 48. Replacement name for Pseudococcus artemisiae Green.

Atrococcus cinenensis; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 67. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia argentea [Green1923b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [Green1923b, BenDov1994, FrancoRuMa2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1923b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 383]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 20,25]; Green1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-93]; Green1924b [taxonomy: 48]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 67].



Pseudococcus colliculosus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus colliculosus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 177. Type data: TONGA: Ha'apai group, Lifuka, Navea, on Artocarpus altilis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 171 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 388]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-177, 179].



Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana, 1902: 52. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, on mulberry tree. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, and Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Pseudococcus comstocki; Fernald, 1903b: 100. Change of combination.

seudococcus comstocki; Moghaddam, 2009: 34. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Misspelling of seudococcus for Pseudococcus.

Pseudococcus cosmtocki; Germain, 2011a: 8. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: Comstock mealybug [Bartle1978e]; comstock mealybug [Bartle1978e]; japanese mealybug [Betrem1937]; Japanese mealybug.



ASSOCIATE: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012].

FOES: HYMENOPTERA Ceraphronidae: Lygocerus [MurakaMoKa1967]. Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus nagasakiensis Ishii [MurakaMoKa1967], Anagyrus diversicornis Mercet [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus fujikona Tachikawa [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus subalbipes Ishii [MurakaMoKa1967, Trjapi1989], Aphycus sapporoensis (Compere et Annecke) [Trjapi1989], Clausenia purpurea Ishii [MurakaMoKa1967, Moore1988, Trjapi1989], Leptomastidea abnormalis (Girault) [Trjapi1989], Leptomastidea rubra Tachikawa [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix flava Mercet [Trjapi1989], Neodiscodes [Trjapi1989], Paraplatycerus citriculus Hall [Hall1974], Prochiloneurus [MurakaMoKa1967], Prochiloneurus bolivari Mercet [Trjapi1989], Pseudaphycus malinus Gahan [MurakaMoKa1967, Kajita1967, Moore1988, Trjapi1989], Zarhopalus corvinus (Girault) [MeyerdNeWa1981]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus [MurakaMoKa1967]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa burrelli Muesebeck [MurakaMoKa1967, Moore1988], Allotropa convexifrons Muesebeck [MurakaMoKa1967, MeyerdNeWa1981, Moore1988]. Pteromalidae: Hyperimerus [MurakaMoKa1967], Metastenus [MurakaMoKa1967], Ophelosia [MurakaMoKa1967]. Signiphoridae: Thysanus [MurakaMoKa1967].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Koszta1996]. Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllis vittata [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Cotinus sp. [PellizDuRa2012], Cotinus sp. [PellizDuRa2012]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Koszta1996], Ilex cornuta [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Ilex crenata microphylla [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Dieffenbachia picta [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Monstera deliciosa [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Hedera helix [PellizDuRa2012]. Asteraceae: Artemisia [Granar1991a, BenDov1994], Zinnia elegans [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Berberidaceae: Mahonia aquifolium [PellizDuRa2012]. Betulaceae: Alnus japonica [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Carpinus betulus [PellizDuRa2012]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa [Betrem1937, Ferris1950b, Koszta1996], Catalpa bignonioides [PellizDuRa2012]. Buxaceae: Buxus microphylla [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Opuntia dillenii [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Viburnum awabucki [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Viburnum tinus [PellizDuRa2012]. Celastraceae: Euonymus alatus [Betrem1937, Paik1978, BenDov1994], Masakia japonica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Crassula tetragona [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus sp. [PellizDuRa2012]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron mucronulatum [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Erythrina indica [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Glycine sp. [Moghad2013], Krauhnia [Betrem1937, BenDov1994], Roibinia pseudoacacia [Moghad2013]. Fagaceae: Castanea [Betrem1937, Ferris1950b, ShiLi1991, BenDov1994]. Ginkgoaceae: Ginkgo biloba [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus [Koszta1996]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Hypericaceae: Hypericum calycimum [PellizDuRa2012]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Betrem1937, BenDov1994], Cinnamomum camphorae [Green1922, BenDov1994], Fiwa japonica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Green1922, Betrem1937, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Aglaia odorata [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Morus [Koszta1996], Morus alba [McKenz1967, MeyerdNeWa1981, BenDov1994, PellizDuRa2012], Morus kagayamae [KreiteGe2005], Morus nigra [PellizDuRa2012], Morus pendula [PellizDuRa2012]. Musaceae: Musa [Balach1939, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Forsythia koreana [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Ligustrum ibota angustifolium [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Betrem1937, Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Philadelphaceae: Deutzia parviflora typica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Pinus [Betrem1937, BenDov1994], Pinus thunbergiana [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira [PellizDuRa2012]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [KaydanKo2010a]. Poaceae: Sasamorpha [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus [Tang1984b, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cotoneaster horizontalis [PellizDuRa2012], Cydonia oblonga [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cydonia sinensis [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Malus communis [PellizDuRa2012], Malus pumila [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Malus sylvestris [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Persica vulgaris [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Prunus laurocerasus [PellizDuRa2012], Prunus laurocerasus [PellizDuRa2012], Prunus mume [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Prunus persica [PellizDuRa2012], Pyracantha coccinea [PellizDuRa2012], Pyrus communis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pyrus serotina culta [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Betrem1937, Granar1991a, BenDov1994], Orixa japonica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Salicaceae: Populus [Koszta1996]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Koszta1996], Torreya nucifera [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Celtis willdenowiana [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Trema [Betrem1937, BenDov1994], Trema orientalis [Green1922, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [KaydanKo2010a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Saint Helena [Matile1976, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Takaha1941b, Beards1966, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan Island [Takaha1941b, BenDov1994]). Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [CABI1989, BenDov1994], Ontario [CABI1989, BenDov1994]); Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Connecticut [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Delaware [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Georgia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Illinois [Koszta1996], Indiana [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Louisiana [CABI1989, BenDov1994], Maryland [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996], Michigan [Koszta1996], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], New York [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Ohio [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], South Carolina [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Virginia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], West Virginia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Argentina (Entre Rios [Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Brazil (Minas Gerais [SantaCSiSo2002]); Colombia [Figuer1952]. Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992, BenDov1994]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Takaha1942b, BenDov1994]; Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia [TerGri1966a, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [CABI1989, BenDov1994]; Canary Islands [MatileOr2001]; China [Borchs1960b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); France [KreiteGe2005, GroussFlKr2011]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1983, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001]); Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Italy [Pelliz2005, PellizDuRa2008]; Japan [Kuwana1902, BenDov1994]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [CABI1989, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [Balach1939, BenDov1994, FrancoRuMa2011]; Moldova [CABI1989, BenDov1994]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [CABI1989, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [CABI1989, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [CABI1989, BenDov1994]); South Korea [Paik1978, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a]; Turkmenistan [Lashin1956]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the aerial parts of the host plant. Glass (1944) described the stylet penetration and feeding habits. Natural enemies discussed by Clausen (1978) and by Moore (1988). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). CMB crawlers colonize the leaf lower surface, mainly localized near the main veins. Female nymphs feed and moult on leaves, whereas 2nd instar male nymphs mostly move from leaves searching for hiding places where they secrete a cocoon and complete their development. Adult males have a very short life span and thus they are rarely encountered in the field. CMB 3rd instar nymphs and mostly adult females demonstrate a clear tendency to move towards branches and trunk searching for sheltered places to lay eggs. Females often congregate on pruning scars and nodes of branches, into crevices, under the bark where they produce a white waxy egg-sac. When high infestations take place, masses of white egg-sacs are clearly visible on trunks and old branches. Moreover, adult females may fall from leaves to ground, and this behaviour allows their passive dispersal. Many egg-sacs have been detected on dried leaves fallen on the ground. On young trees or shrubs with smooth bark, females move to the ground. Searching for sheltered places the females infest fruits, localizing in the stem end of peaches and in the calyx cavity on apples. The tendency to move from leaves to trunks, branches, fruits or other protected places increases in the 2nd and 3rd generation adult females with respect to the 1st generation adult females. (Pellizzari, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kuwana (1917), Green (1922), Ferris (1950b), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tang (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kwon et al. (2002) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male by Beardsley (1962).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Johnson & Lyon (1988) and by Pellizzari (2005). Female sex pheromone was independently isolated and identified, as (R)-3-acetoxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene (C11H18O2), by Bierl-Leonhardt et al. (1980, 1982) and by Negishi et al. (1980).

SYSTEMATICS: Several other species have frequently been misidentified as P. comstocki; see discussion on these erroneous records in Wilkey & McKenzie (1961). Takahashi (1941b) recorded P.comstocki from Micronesia on Citrus sp. and Pandanus sp., but this record has not been confirmed subsequently (Beardsley, 1966). Records from Western Samoa by Dale (1959) and Laing (1927) are based on misidentifications of Planococcus minor and Pseudococcus cryptus respectively (Williams & Watson, 1988a).Sri Lanka was included in the distribution in Green, 1922, however, this record was bosed on misidentificaations because P. comstocki, by his concept currently includes more than 10 species.(Williams, 2004a)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A serious pest of apple, pear, peach and umbrella catalpa in the Eastern states of U.S.A. (Bartlett, 1978; McKenzie, 1967). A common pest on mulberry, apple and pears in Japan (Murakami et al., 1967).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 71 (female) [Key to species of Pseudococcus Westwood in Iran]; Wang & Wu 2010: 245 (female) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]; Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 408-409 (female) [Pseudococcus species of South Korea]; Kwon et al. 2002: 152 (female) [Korea]; Kosztarab 1996: 179 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 426 (female) [Central and South America]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 40 (female) [Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 289 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 436 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 256 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 418 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1947b: 2110 (female) [P. comstocki group of species].

CITATIONS: Aldric1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, chemical ecology: 205-206]; Arai1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 263-266]; BaecksLi1990 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 1481-1485]; Baird1958 [host, distribution, biological control: 483-485]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 260]; Bartle1974 [biological control: 553-556]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 157-160]; BartleCl1972 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 1329-1332]; BashkiAr1971 [biological control: 29-30]; Beards1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-94]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 439]; BeglyaSm1977 [biological control, economic importance: 283-328]; BeltraGaSo2013 [distribution, economic importance: 1486]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 384-385]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-40]; BichinYa1985 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution, economic importance, control: 1-96]; BichnaVa1985 [economic importance, chemical control: 31]; BierlLMoSc1980 [chemistry: 399-402, 688-689]; BierlLMoSc1982 [life history, chemistry, chemical ecology: 689-699]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 107-112]; Borchs1960b [host, distribution: 214]; Boyce1947 [host, distribution, biological control: 68-70]; CABI1975a [distribution: 1-2]; CABI1989 [distribution]; Calkin1983 [distribution, economic importance: 321]; ChoSiSo2014 [biological control, life history: 209-215]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 38]; Clancy1944b [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 159-163]; Clause1951 [biological control: 1-8]; Clause1958 [economic importance, biological control: 291-310]; Clause1978 [biological control]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; CongdoMo1959 [host, distribution, economic importance: 481-487]; Cox1940 [host, distribution, biological control: 445-447]; Cutrig1951 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 123-124]; DahlstHa1999 [biological control: 919-933]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-158]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 41]; DanzigKo1991 [distribution: 1-15]; DittmeDiZh1993 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 718-731]; DriggeHa1943 [host, distribution, biological control, life history, economic importance: 222-226]; Dunkel1999 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 251-276]; ErvinMoMe1983 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 605-609]; Evans1975 [taxonomy: xvii]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; FargerMo1974 [life history, chemistry, biological control: 26-28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 100]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-179]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 205, 206]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; Glass1944 [life history: 3-16]; Granar1979 [taxonomy, description, biological control: 155-156]; Greath1986 [biological control: 289-318]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 386-387]; GroussFlKr2011 [description, distribution, economic importance, illustration, molecular data]; GuerriPe2009 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 179-182]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64-66]; HaeussCl1944 [biological control: 503-509]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; HalimaGeMd2014 [economic importance, distribution: 1]; Hall1974 [host, distribution, biological control: 19-20]; Heidar2001 [life history, ecology: 297-302]; HosseiHa2011 [molecular data: 46]; HoughClPo1945 [chemical control, biological control: 422-425]; HuangZhSo2005 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 32-34]; Huber1981 [chemical control, biological control: 357-394]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179]; JeonKiCh2003 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 43-51]; Kajita1967 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 23-29]; Kajita1967a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 29-32]; KangPa1990 [chemistry: 627-629]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 9]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-102]; KaydanCaUl2013 [distribution: 169]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 37]; Kim2000 [host, distribution, chemical control: 281-286]; KlechkLe2003 [distribution, host: 31-33]; Kobakh1965 [biological control: 323-330]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 179-182]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KreiteGe2005 [host, distribution: 132]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-54]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 183]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 409]; KwonLeHa2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-147,152]; Lashin1956 [distribution: 27-28]; LegnerBe1999 [biological control: 87-101]; LiLiWu2004 [host, distribution, life history, chemical control: 44,51]; Liu2004 [host, distribution, chemical control: 43-44]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-468]; Luppov1950 [host, distribution: 27-30]; Luppov1952 [biological control, host, distribution, chemical control: 25-29]; MalausFeWa2011 [distribution, molecular data , phylogeny: 142-155]; ManiJoKa2013 [molecular data: 244]; Martir1974 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-43]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 299]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 196]; McCullBhPi1991 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 9727-9736]; McKenz1967 [host, distribution: 526]; McLeod1962 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-33]; MeyerdNe1979 [life history, ecology, chemistry: 492-494]; MeyerdNe1979a [host, distribution, biological control: 70-73]; MeyerdNeWa1981 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 79-84]; Miller1924 [host, distribution, biological control: 163-165]; Moghad2009 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27,34]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 6, 71-72, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 72]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212-213]; Morimo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 72-89]; Muraka1966 [biological control: 139-163]; Muraka1975 [life history, biological control: 15-25]; MurakaMoKa1967 [biological control: 85-96]; Myarts1984a [biological control: 1-56]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; NAS1975 [control]; NegishUcTa1980 [chemistry: 328-333]; NegishUcTa1980 [life history, chemistry, chemical ecology: 328-333]; NikitePo1981 [host, distribution: 44]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5,6]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Painte1951 [economic importance, control]; Pelliz2005 [host, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy: 20-25]; PellizDuRa2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 158]; PellizDuRa2012 [behaviour, chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history: 209-215]; Philli1961 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 268-270]; RisWaRu2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 39-43]; RomancBe1981 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-41]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; SantaCSiSo2002 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 39-43]; Schoen1940 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 155-160]; SemyanSt1983 [host, distribution: 160-162]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; Siraiw1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65,68, 72]; SkatteSt1989 [chemistry: 93-96]; SmetniKo1983 [chemistry, biological control: 882]; SmetniRo1988 [biological control, host, distribution, chemistry: 42-43]; SorokiKu1988 [chemistry: 747-748]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 214]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 10]; TakanoTsSa2004 [chemical control: 25-32]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242-243, 747]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-38]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 372]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-53]; Trembl1999 [economic importance: 19-28]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 122, 123, 127, 132,]; UneliuElTw2011 [molecular data: 170]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 59]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 284]; Whitne1923 [distribution: 90-95]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 680-682]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 435-437]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90]; Woodsi1936 [host, distribution, economic importance: 544-546]; WuLuNa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 27]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-77]; XieXuLi1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 115-118]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; ZhouTaXi2001 [life history, host, distribution, chemistry, biological control: 65-70].



Pseudococcus concavocerarii James

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus concavocerarii James, 1934: 105. Type data: KENYA: Kitale and TANZANIA: Bukoba, on Coffea arabica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



FOE: DIPTERA Chamaemyiidae: Leucopis africana Malloch [James1934].

HOSTS: Amaryllidaceae: Hippeastrum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Aristolochiaceae: Aristolochia [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Jasminum grandiflorum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [James1934, DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Strick1947a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Strick1947a, Campbe1983, BenDov1994]; Kenya [James1934, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [James1934, BenDov1994]; Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the foliage and green stems of coffee. Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by James (1934) and by De Lotto (1957).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 385]; Campbe1983 [host, distribution, life history: 137-151]; Campbe1984 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 163-174]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192-194]; DeLott1964 [host, distribution: 379]; James1934 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-107]; MealybSt1987 [life history, economic importance, control: 24-30]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 505].



Pseudococcus corymbatus Ramakrishna Ayyar nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus corymbatus Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1919: 626. Nomen nudum.

CITATIONS: PruthiBa1960 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-113]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 344].



Pseudococcus cribata González

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus cribata González, 2011: 112-121. Type data: CHILE: Region de O'Higgins, Placilla, on table grapes. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Santiago, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Chile, Santiago, Chile . Described: both sexes. Illust.



HOST: Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus arvensis [Gonzal2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile (O'Higgins [Gonzal2011]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Spanish, photographs and illustrations in González, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Pseudococcus cribata is characterized by the presence of depressions on both sides of the dorsal midline from the last abdominal segment to the mesothorax and by having only 15 pairs of marginal filaments due to the absence of the eighth and tenth pairs. The caudal filaments are close to 100% of the length of the body and the penultimate filaments are about 50% of the caudal filaments. The ostiole secretion is reddish orange. (González, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Important microscopic characters include the lack of C8 and C10, the presence of numerous dorsal oral rim tubular ducts, an oral rim tubular duct between C15 and C16, few or no oral collar tubular ducts along the lateral margin of the thorax and head, translucent pores restricted to the femur and tibia of the third pair of legs, no discoidal pores associated with the eyes. (González, 2011)

CITATIONS: CorreaGeMa2012 [description, distribution, economic importance, molecular data: 1-7]; Gonzal2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 112-121]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 6].



Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel, 1918: 199. Type data: BRAZIL: Pennapolis, on roots of coffee. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material depository unknown (see Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992).

Pseudococcus citriculus Green, 1922: 377. Type data: SRI LANKA [= CEYLON]: Peredeniya, on Citrus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 175. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 437.

Pseudococcus comstocki; Hambleton, 1935: 106. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus comstocki; Lepage, 1938: 385. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus comstocki; Bodenheimer, 1938a: 201. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus comstocki; Costa Lima, 1939: 5. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus comstocki; Compere, 1939: 66. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus comstocki; Klein & Perzelan, 1940: 107. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus comstocki; Hayward, 1941: 81. Misidentification.

Planococcus cryptus; Silva et al., 1968: 195. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus spathoglottidis Lit, 1992: 1168. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon: Laguna: Campus of UPLB, College, on Spthoglottis plicata. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 682.

Pseudococcus mandarinus Das & Ghose, 1996: 17. Type data: INDIA: West Bengal, Pedong. Holotype female. Type depository: Kalyani: Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bihan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 682.

COMMON NAMES: citriculus mealybug [Bartle1978e]; cryptic mealybug [LitCa1994a]; ground orchid mealybug [LitCa1994a]; kimhit havuya.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Scymnus fenestratus [RivnayPe1943], Scymnus includens [RivnayPe1943], Scymnus suturalis [RivnayPe1943]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [Rivnay1946, Blumbe1997], Anusoidea luzonica Gordh [Gordh1974], Clausenia purpurea Ishii [Rivnay1946, Moore1988], Coccophagus pseudococci Compere [Flande1959], Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) [RivnayPe1943, Rivnay1946, Trjapi1989], Leptomastix flava Mercet [RivnayPe1943, Rivnay1946, Trjapi1989]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Sympherobius amicus Nav. [RivnayPe1943].

HOSTS: Adoxaceae: Viburnum tinus [SancheBe2010]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Willia2004a]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [BenDov2012], Plumeria [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Araceae: Aglaonema [Willia2004a], Amorphophallus [Willia2004a]. Arecaceae: Areca [Willia2004a], Areca catechu [Willia2004a], Cocos nucifera [Mamet1956, Willia1958, DeLott1964, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Lit1997a, Willia2004a], Cyrtostachys renda [Willia2004a], Elaeis guineensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Metroxylon [Willia2004a], Phoenix dactylifera [Willia2004a]. Asclepiadaceae: Finlaysonia [Willia2004a]. Asteraceae: Dahlia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Avicenniaceae: Avicennia germinans [MatileEt2006], Avicennia officinalis [Willia2004a]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas sativa [Willia2004a]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Garcinia kydia [Willia2004a], Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Dilleniaceae: Dillenia indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Tetracera [Willia2004a]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [BenDov2012]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton [Willia2004a], Hevea brasiliensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia purpurea [Willia2004a], Erythrina [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Gliricidia [Willia2004a], Glycine max [Willia2004a], Lithocarpus [Willia2004a], Millettia niuewenhuisii [Willia2004a], Tamarindus indica [Willia2004a]. Fagaceae [ShiLi1991]. Flacourtiaceae: Ryparosa fasciculata [Willia2004a]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [Lit1997a]. Lauraceae: Ocotea pedalifolia [Stout1979, BenDov1994], Persea americana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Crinum asiaticum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos vanpurkii [Willia2004a]. Lythraceae: Punica granatum [Willia2004a]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus tiliaceus [Willia2004a]. Melastomataceae: Melastoma melobothricum [Willia2004a]. Melastonataceae: Melastoma normale [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Artocarpus incisa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Artocarpus odoratissimus [Lit1997a], Morus [Willia2004a]. Moringaceae: Moringa oleifera [Willia2004a]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Musa sapientum [Willia2004a]. Myristicaceae: Myristica fragrans [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Willia2004a], Eugenia malaccensis [Willia2004a], Osbornia ocdonta [Lit1997a], Psidium guajava [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [Willia2004a]. Orchidaceae [Willia2004a], Coelogyne dayana [Willia2004a], Dendrobium [Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis amatilis [Willia2004a], Raphioperdalum bellatulum [Willia2004a], Spathoglottis [Willia2004a], Spathoglottis plicata [Lit1992, LitCa1994, BenDov1994, Lit1997a], Vanda teres [Willia2004a]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Pandanus upoluensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora foetida [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Bambusa [Willia2004a]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora apiculata [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Podtia1944, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Coffea liberica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Gardenia [Ferris1954, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ixora [Lit1997a], Neonauclea [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Lit1997a], Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Citrus aurantium [Green1922, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus grandis [Zimmer1948, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, LitCa1994], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Citrus paradisi [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Citrus reticulata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Citrus sinensis [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Willia2004a], Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Selaginellaceae: Selaginella [Ferris1954, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ascension Island [WilliaMe2007]; Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Mauritius [Mamet1956, Willia1958, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [Willia1958, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005a]. Australasian: American Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Lombok [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [WatsonMuSh2014]). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Argentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Hempel1918, Flande1959, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Espirito Santo [SantaCReSo2002], Minas Gerais [SantaCReSo2002]); Costa Rica [Stout1979, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Paraguay [Podtia1944, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; Bangladesh [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Bhutan [Willia2004a]; Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) [Mamet1956, BenDov1994]; Brunei [Willia2004a]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992, BenDov1994]); India [Willia2004a] (Gujarat [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Sikkim [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Nath1972]); Indonesia [Willia2004a] (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia2004a]; Laos [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995, Willia2004a]; Nepal [Willia2004a]; Philippines (Luzon [Lit1992, LitCa1994, LitCa1994a, Lit1997a], Mindanao [Lit1997a], Mindoro [Lit1997a]); Singapore [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Green1922, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Flande1959, BenDov1994]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996]; China [Ferris1954a, Borchs1956, BenDov1994]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996]; Israel [Bodenh1938a, Bodenh1951a, Avidov1961, BenDov1994]; Japan [Kawai1980, BenDov1994]; South Korea [KwonLeHa2002, KwonDaPa2003a, KwonHa2003]; Spain [SancheBe2010].

BIOLOGY: Infesting the roots of coffee (Podtiaguin, 1944), citrus (Costa Lima, 1930; Bodenheimer (1951a) and the aerial parts of the host plants. Stout (1979) studied its association with ants of Myrmelachista sp. at a rain forest in Costa Rica. Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978), Flanders (1959) and by Moore (1988). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).Occurring between leaf sheaths and pseudobulbs of the host plant (Lit, 1992). Mean longevity of adult males is 77.9 ą 2.2 h. There is a sexual maturation period of the adult males which lasted for about 39 h., indicated by maximum growth of waxy caudal filaments. (Mendel, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Costa Lima (1930b), Hempel (1937), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948) (as P. citriculus), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Lit (1992) (as Pse. spathoglottidis), Lit & Calilung (1994), Kwon et al. (2002) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male by Beardsley (1960) (as P. citriculus).

STRUCTURE: Female sex pheromone identified by Arai et al. (2003).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This mealybug is fairly polyphagous, and widely distributed in South East Asia, Tropical Africa, Mideastern Mediterranean and South America. However, it is particularly a pest of citrus in Israel, into which it was inadvertenly introduced in 1937. Following importation of the Encyrtid Clausenia purpurea Ishii, the pest was successfully controlled. The history of its introduction, control and pest status in Israel were discussed by Bodenheimer (1951a), Rivnay (1946, 1968) and by Ben-Dov (1988b).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 71 (female) [Key to species of Pseudococcus Westwood in Iran]; Wang & Wu 2010: 245 (female) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 408-409 (female) [Pseudococcus species of South Korea]; Kwon et al. 2002: 152 (female) [Korea]; Lit & Calilung 1994: 256 (female) [Philippines]; Lit & Calilung 1994: 256 (female) [Philippines]; Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 426 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 173 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 436 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1960: 212 (male) [Hawaii]; Borchsenius 1949: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 177 (female) [Hawaii]; Borchsenius 1947b: 2110 (female) [P. comstocki group of species].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-139]; Arai1996 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 25-34]; Arai1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 263-266]; Arai1998 [taxonomy, description: 24-27]; Arai2000 [life history, ecology, chemistry, chemical ecology: 525-528]; Arai2001 [life history, ecology, control: 109-114]; Arai2002 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host, distribution, chemical ecology: 69-72]; Arai2003 [biological control: 426]; AraiMi2004 [biological control: 505-510]; AraiSuHi2003 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 2213-2223]; Avidov1961 [life history, chemical control, host, distribution: 148-150]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 160, 161]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 438-439]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 385-386,412]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 37, 44]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-365]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeBeMe1999 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 155-160]; BlumbeBeMe2001 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 233-242]; BlumbeKlMe1995 [life history, biological control, structure: 157-163]; BlumbeSwWy1995 [biological control: 33-44]; Bodenh1938a [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 201-207]; Bodenh1951a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control, control: 454-471]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 112-114]; Borchs1956d [host, distribution: 863]; Cohen1969 [biological control, economic importance: 769-772]; Cohen1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 38-41]; Comper1969a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 5-10]; CostaL1939 [taxonomy: 5]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution : 41]; DasGh1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-20]; DeLott1964 [host, distribution: 379]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51]; Flande1959 [biological control, host, distribution: 880-882]; FrancoSuBo2004 [biological control: 507-522]; GarciaAlDe1992 [life history, ecology, taxonomy, economic importance: 35-44]; Gordh1974 [host, distribution, biological control: 203-206]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377-378]; GrossDrSt1997 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control]; Hamble1935 [taxonomy: 106]; HarpazRo1971 [biological control, economic importance: 458-468]; Hawkin1994 [biological control: 3]; Hempel1918 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 199-201]; Hempel1937 [host, distribution: 35-36]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179]; ItiokaIn1999 [life history, ecology, biological control: 169-177]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 9]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 101]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 409]; KwonHa2003 [host, distribution: 279-288]; KwonLeHa2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-149,152]; Lepage1938 [taxonomy: 385]; Lit1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1168-1169,1180]; Lit1997a [host, distribution: 43-45]; LitCa1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 258,260,263,267]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 394-395]; LitCaLa2006 [host, distribution: 12]; Malump2012b [distribution, host, illustration: 208,211,213]; Mamet1956 [host, distribution: 141]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 182]; MendelGrBl1995 [biological control: 55-64]; MendelPrJa2012 [behaviour, biological control, ecology: 395-394]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 73-74, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution: 72]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212]; Moore2001 [host, economic importance: 232-266]; NakahaItAr2003 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 2627-2631]; Nakao1987 [host, distribution, economic importance: 173-182]; Nath1972 [host, distribution: 7]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 5-9]; PelegBa1995 [economic importance, host, distribution: 263]; Rivnay1939 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, life history: 2-16]; Rivnay1945 [biological control: 117-122]; Rivnay1946 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 11-19]; RivnayPe1943 [economic importance, biological contro, life history, host, distribution: 9-28]; Rosen1969 [biological control: 45-53]; SancheBe2010 [host, distribution: 320]; SantaCReSo2002 [host, distribution: 333-334]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 195]; Stout1979 [life history, distribution: 309-311]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 71-74]; Tachik1959 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 1055-1058]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-31]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 241-242]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25]; UneliuElTw2011 [molecular data: 170]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 59]; WatsonMuSh2014 [distribution, host: 1595]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 45]; Wei2002 [economic importance: 66-70]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 682-687]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 437-440]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 147]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distribution: 133]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 174-175, 177]; ZchoriBePo2005 [endosymbionts, Cardinium: 211-221]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177, 208-212]; ZouChMi2013 [chemistry: 136].



Pseudococcus cunninghamii Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus cunninghamii Williams, 1985: 297. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, East Dorrigo, Brooklana, on Araucaria cunninghamii. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Araucariaceae: Araucaria cunninghamii [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 279, 287 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 386]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 297-299].



Pseudococcus darwiniensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus darwiniensis Williams, 1985: 299. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Darwin, in nest of ant Oecophylla smaragdina. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in ants' nests, Oecophylla smaragdina.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 387]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 299-301].



Pseudococcus dasyliriae Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus dasyliriae Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 35. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Ft. Stockton, on Sotol. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: sotol mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOST: Agavaceae: Dasylirion [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Texas [GimpelMi1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 19 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-38].



Pseudococcus daymananus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus daymananus Williams, 1985: 301. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Milne Bay District, Mount Dayman, on Araucaria hunsteinii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araucariaceae: Araucaria cunninghamii [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Araucaria hunsteinii [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 171 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1985: 279, 287 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 387]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 301-302]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-179,181].



Pseudococcus dendrobiorum Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus dendrobiorum Williams, 1985: 301. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Rockhampton on Dendrobium bigibbum. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Dendrobium mealybug.



HOSTS: Orchidaceae [Beards1986, Willia2004a], Ascoglossum calopterum [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cymbidium [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Dendrobium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Dendrobium bigibbum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Dendrobium canaliculatum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Dendrobium discolor [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Dendrobium johnsonae [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Dendrobium phalaenopsis [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Dendrobium phalaenopsis compactum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Phalaenopsis sanderiana [Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis schilleriana [KwonLeHa2002], Pholidota orbiculata [Willia2004a], Promatocalpum spicatum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Guam [Beards1986]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1980], Oahu [Heu1988]); Papua New Guinea [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Oriental: India [Willia2004a]; Indonesia [Willia1985, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: South Korea [KwonLeHa2002, KwonDaPa2003a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1985), Williams & Watson (1988a), Kwon et al. (2002) and by Williams (2004a).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Williams (1985) recorded several quarantine interceptions of this species, from Australia, at U.S.A., at Miami, Florida, at Honolulu, Hawaii; from Australia, Queensland at New Zealand; from Australia at Papua New Guinea; from Australia at England; and from Australia, at Indonesia.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudcoccus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 408 (female) [Pseudococcus species of Korea]; Kwon et al. 2002: 152 (female) [Pseudococcus species of Korea]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 173 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: Beards1980 [host, distribution: 189]; Beards1986 [host, distribution: 9]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 387]; ChoJeKa2013 [distribution, host: 405]; Heu1988 [host, distribution: 20]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 409-410]; KwonLeHa2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-151]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 301, 303, 304]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 687-689]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 180-181].



Pseudococcus dispar McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus dispar McKenzie, 1962: 659. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Inyo County, Owens Valley, on Populus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: dispar mealybug [McKenz1962].



HOSTS: Juglandaceae: Juglans [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Salicaceae: Populus [McKenz1962, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living under the bark in association with ants, Camponotus sp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 289 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 255 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 388]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 659-661]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 291-293].



Pseudococcus diversus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus diversus McKenzie, 1964: 256. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Alameda County, Oakland, on Cupressus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: diverse mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Cupressus [McKenz1964, BenDov1994], Juniperus squamata meyeri [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the bark of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 288 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 255 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 388]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 256-258]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 293].



Pseudococcus dolichomelos Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus dolichomelos Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 38. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Cameron County, nr. Brownsville, on roots of composite. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: false trochanter mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Amaryllidaceae: Narcissus [GimpelMi1996]. Asteraceae: Taraxacum officinale [GimpelMi1996]. Clusiaceae: Hypericum virginicum [GimpelMi1996]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [GimpelMi1996]. Fabaceae: Lupinus [GimpelMi1996], Trifolium pratense [GimpelMi1996], Vicia faba [GimpelMi1996]. Onagraceae: Oenothera [GimpelMi1996]. Poaceae [GimpelMi1996]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum [GimpelMi1996], Rumex [GimpelMi1996]. Rosaceae: Prunus persica [GimpelMi1996]. Solanaceae: Lycopersicon lycopersicum [GimpelMi1996]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria cylindrica [GimpelMi1996]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber officinalis [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [GimpelMi1996]). Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [GimpelMi1996], Florida [GimpelMi1996], Maryland [GimpelMi1996], Michigan [GimpelMi1996], New York [GimpelMi1996], North Carolina [GimpelMi1996], South Carolina [GimpelMi1996], Texas [GimpelMi1996], West Virginia [GimpelMi1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 18 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-42].



Pseudococcus donrileyi Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus donrileyi Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 43. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Mercedes, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Riley citrus mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Pithocellobium flexicaule [GimpelMi1996]. Rutaceae: Citrus [GimpelMi1996], Citrus paradisi [GimpelMi1996], Citrus sinensis [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [GimpelMi1996]; United States of America (Texas [GimpelMi1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 19 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-46].



Pseudococcus dorsospinosus Wirjati

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus dorsospinosus Wirjati, 1958: 14. Type data: INDONESIA: West Java, Janlappa Nature Reserve, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: IPBI. Described: female and first instar.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Wirjat1958, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Wirjat1958, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wirjati (1958).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 388]; Wirjat1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-17].



Pseudococcus dybasi Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus dybasi Beardsley, 1966: 439. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Palau, Dybas, under bark of unknown tree. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Tended by ants under bark flakes of live tree.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 235 (female) [China]; Beardsley 1966: 436 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 439-441]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 388]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 244-245].



Pseudococcus dysmicus Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus dysmicus Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 46. Type data: U.S.A.: Washington, Kittias County, Cle Elum, on Centaurea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: western trochanter mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [GimpelMi1996], Centaurea [GimpelMi1996], Erigeron [GimpelMi1996], Madia [GimpelMi1996]. Fabaceae: Glycine max [GimpelMi1996], Trifolium [GimpelMi1996]. Rosaceae: Rubus [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [GimpelMi1996], Nebraska [RethwiBoTo2013], North Dakota [GimpelMi1996], Oregon [GimpelMi1996], Utah [GimpelMi1996], Washington [GimpelMi1996]).

BIOLOGY: Observations in by Rethwisch, et al. 2013 noted that an adult female western trochanter mealybug was usually present even as very young mealybugs (crawlers) were emerging from the filamentous white colored ovisac. The ovisacs were always associated with Bradyrhizobium nodules in crevices created by root and nodule formation, but were not observed on nodules on feeder roots which were smaller and formed after those present on tap roots. Ovisacs were noted to range from 33-99 mm below the soil surface, averaging 66 mm.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Rethwisch, et al., 2013 reported that in Nebraska western trochanter mealybugs were found only on soybeans that had been treated with Optimize 400 (EMD BioSciences (now Novozymes BioAg), active ingredient 5 lipochito oligosaccharide (LCO technology) and inoculant 5 Bradyrhizobium japonicum). This treatment is known to stimulate early root growth and increase soybean root growth/nodules compared to untreated soybeans. Soybean roots with this treatment may have been more advanced in growth and therefore more accessible to mealybugs and/or producing greater quantities of attractant substances to P. dysmicus at time of initial colonization.

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 18 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-49]; RethwiBoTo2013 [distribution, economic importance, host: 376-376].



Pseudococcus edgeworthiae (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius edgeworthiae Cockerell, 1897p: 589. Type data: JAPAN: on stems of Edgeworthia papyifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus edgeworthiae; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.



HOST: Thymelaeaceae: Edgeworthia papyifera [Cocker1897p, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Cocker1897p, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Cockerell (1897p).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 388-389]; Cocker1897p [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 589]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 101].



Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius, 1947b: 2110. Type data: COLOMBIA: intercepted in Russia, Leningrad, on banana spurs. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 51. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: banana mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [GimpelMi1996]. Apocynaceae: Plumeria [MatileEt2006]. Araceae: Aglaonema [GimpelMi1996], Dieffenbchia [GimpelMi1996]. Boraginaceae: Tournefortia psilostachya [LincanHoCa2010]. Convolvulaceae: Argyreia nervosa [MatileEt2006]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum variegatum [MatileEt2006]. Fabaceae: Glycine max [MatileEt2006]. Musaceae: Musa [Borchs1947b, GimpelMi1996], Musa paradisiaca [BenDov1994], Musa sapientum [GimpelMi1996]. Piparaceae: Piper nigrum [CulikMaGu2006]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [GimpelMi1996], Coffea canephora [CulikMaGu2006], Ixora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia [MatileEt2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Espirito Santo [CulikMaGu2006, CulikMaVe2007]); Colombia [Borchs1947b, Borchs1948d, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [GimpelMi1996]; Ecuador [GimpelMi1996]; Galapagos Islands [LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [GimpelMi1996]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [GimpelMi1996]; Martinique [GermaiGr2005, MatileEt2006]; Panama [GimpelMi1996]; Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Martin [MatileEt2006]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Good description of third instar female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Gimpel & Miller (1996) have shown that P. elisae has been misidentified or confused with P. jackbeardsleyi in several pre-1996 publications. Therefore, the descriptions and illustrations of the adult female - under the name P. elisae - by Beardsley (1986a), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Lit & Calilung (1994) pertain to Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi. Caution should be exercised when using the citations given below, since many pretain mostly to P. jackbeardsleyi and only partly to P. elisae.

STRUCTURE: The species has 17, rarely 16, pairs of thin waxy filaments that are short on the head and long on the anal lobe. The length of the body is 2.6(1.7-1.8) mm long; body length / caudal filament is 2.1(0.9-1.8). The body is lightly dusted with a white wax that does not completely conceal the pale orange body; the crushed body of the adult female is reddish brown. An ovisac is produced that is longer than or equal to the length of the body of the adult female and encloses the eggs. The species occurs on the foliage and the fruit of the host. (Gimpel & Miller, 1996)

SYSTEMATICS: Borchsenius (1948d) again referred to this species as sp. n., however, Borchsenius' (1947b) description satisfies Article 13 of the International Code, therefore the species should be dated 1947.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A common, polyphagous mealybug in the Neotropical region attacking many cultivated plants. (Williams & Watson, 1988b) Gimpel & Miller, 1996 stated that this species was often confused with the polyphagous Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi and, with few exceptions, is known only from banana and is restricted to the area of northern South America and Central America.

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 19 (female) [World]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 137 (larva) [World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 427 (female) [Central and South America]; Borchsenius 1947b: 2110 (female) [P. comstocki group of species].

CITATIONS: Beards1986a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-34]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 389]; Borchs1947b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2110]; CulikMaGu2006 [host, distribution: 1-12]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; GermaiGr2005 [host, distribution: 330]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-53, 137-139]; KaydanCaUl2013 [economic importance: 169]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; LitCa1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 258-259, 264]; LitCaVi1990 [host, distribution: 707]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 182]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 217]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; Willia1986c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 53]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 440-443]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-183].



Pseudococcus elscholtriae Shinji

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus elscholtriae Shinji, 1936: 50. Type data: JAPAN: Morioka, Iwate-ken, on 'Elscholtria patrini' [= Elsholzia ciliata]. Syntypes, female. Described: female.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Elsholzia ciliata [Shinji1936, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Shinji1936, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Shinji (1936).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 389]; Shinji1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50].



Pseudococcus epidendrus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus epidendrus Williams, 1985: 306. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Belanglo, on Pinus radiata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Dilleniaceae: Hibbertia scandens [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Pinus radiata [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 279 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 389-390]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 305, 306].



Pseudococcus eremophilae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus eremophilae Williams, 1985: 306. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, on Eremophila sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myroporaceae: Eremophila [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 390]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 306-308].



Pseudococcus eremosus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus eremosus Williams, 1985: 308. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, in cane grass litter. Holotype female. Type depository: Adelaide: South Australian Museum, South Australia, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 279 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 390]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 308-310].



Pseudococcus eriocerei Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus eriocerei Williams, 1973a: 569. Type data: ARGENTINA: Formosa State, on roots of Eriocereus bonplandii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: Eriocereus mealybug [GimpelMi1996]; eriocereus mealybug [MillerGi1996].



HOSTS: Cactaceae: Cleistocactus leaumanni [GimpelMi1996], Eriocereus bonplandii [Willia1973a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber officinalis [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Willia1973a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996].

BIOLOGY: Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) suggested that it appears to be confined to cacti of the Cereeae group. Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 427 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [caatlogue: 390]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-56]; Willia1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 568-570]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 443, 444].



Pseudococcus espeletiae Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus espeletiae Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 443. Type data: COLOMBIA: Paramo of Monserrate, 3 km E. Bogota, on Espeletia grandiflora. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Espeletia grandiflora [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 426 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 390]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 443, 445-447].



Pseudococcus eucalypticus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus eucalypticus Williams, 1985: 310. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, on Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus camaldulensis [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus cladocalyx [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus ficifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus saligna [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus siderophloa [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 390-391]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 310-311].



Pseudococcus farnesianae (Targioni Tozzetti)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius farnesianae Targioni Tozzetti, 1888: 436. Type data: ITALY: location not indicated, on Acacia farnesiana. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost according to J. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1989 personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Pseudococcus farnesianae; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia farnesiana [Marott1987a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Targio1888, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Targioni Tozzetti (1888).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 391]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 111]; Targio1888 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 436]; Tinsle1900 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 66].



Pseudococcus floriger Ferris in Zimmerman

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus floriger Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948: 212. Type data: HAWAII: Maui, on Dracaena aurea. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Agavaceae: Dracaena aurea [Zimmer1948, Beards1959b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 211 (male) [Hawaii]; Zimmerman 1948: 180 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1959b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 43]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227-228]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 391]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180, 212-215].



Pseudococcus galapagoensis Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus galapagoensis Morrison, 1924a: 148. Type data: ECUADOR: Galapagos Islands, Eden Island, N.W. coast of Indefatigable, on ground plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Galapogos mealybug [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Galapagos Islands [Morris1924a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, LincanHoCa2010].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996). No specimens were available for Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) revision of mealybugs of South America.

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 18 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 391-392]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-59]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; Morris1924a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-150]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 447].



Pseudococcus gallicola Ehrhorn

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus gallicola Ehrhorn, 1916: 241. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu Island, Palolo Valley, on Santalum littorale and S. ellipticum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Santalaceae: Santalum ellipticum [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994], Santalum littorale [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: The young larvae station themselves on the underside of the very young, tender leaves, and by irritation cause a depression in the leaf, which grows very quickly, forming a deep, pocket-like gall (Ehrhorn, 1916). Live in galls on the upper side of leaves of Santalum ellipticum S. freycineatianum, S. littorale and S. haleakalae (Beardsley, 1984).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948).

SYSTEMATICS: Althought Ferris refers to a "holotype slide", this slide apparently contains more than one specimen, and the reference cannot be regarded as being a lectotype designation.

KEYS: Zimmerman 1948: 177 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 85]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 392]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 241, 242]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 523]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177, 213-219].



Pseudococcus gilbertensis Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus gilbertensis Beardsley, 1966: 441. Type data: KIRIBATI [= GILBERT ISLANDS]: Tarawa Atoll, on Calophyllum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus gibertensis; Tang, 1992: 236. Misspelling of species name.

Pseudococcus qilbertensis; Tang, 1992: 245. Misspelling of species name.

Pseudococcus apodemus Williams, 2004a: 669. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Intercepted at U.S.A., Los Angeles, on Mangifera indica; collected A. Yadao, 27.i.1994. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2005: 168.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia2004a]. Apiaceae: Ligustrum sinensis [Willia2005]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Bischofia javanica [KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae [Willia2004a]. Gnetaceae: Gnetum gnemon [Willia2004a]. Liliaceae: Asparagus lucidus [Willia2005]. Moraceae: Ficus [Willia2005]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia2005], Fortunella japonica [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Chrysophyllum cainito [Willia2004a]. Solanaceae: Lycium griseolum [KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994]; Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Kiribati (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]). Oriental: Hong Kong [Willia2005]; Philippines [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Beardsley (1966), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Williams (2004a) (as Pseudococcus apodemus Williams).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2005) observed that several characters of Pseudococcus apdemus Williams, fall within the range of variation of Pseudococcus gilbertensis Beardsley, and concluded that the former was a junior synonym of P. gilbertensis.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 173 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 436 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 441-443]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 392]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 15-16]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 245-246]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 669-671]; Willia2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 168]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-185].



Pseudococcus goodeniae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus goodeniae Williams, 1985: 313. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, on Goodenia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Goodeniaceae: Goodenia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 392]; GoolsbKi2005 [biological control, host, distribution: 1320]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 312-313].



Pseudococcus gouxi Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus gouxi Savescu, 1984: 150. Type data: ROMANIA: Constanta District, Badabag, on Lolium perene. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Lolium perenne [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 150]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-150].



Pseudococcus graminivorus Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus graminivorus Savescu, 1985: 104. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucarest, on Bromus inermis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Bromus inermis [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 392-393]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-105].



Pseudococcus grayi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus grayi Williams, 1985: 313. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Southern Highlands Province, on Araucaria cunninghamii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Araucariaceae: Araucaria cunninghamii [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 171 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1985: 279, 287 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 393]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313-315]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-186].



Pseudococcus hypergaeus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus hypergaeus Williams, 1985: 315. Type data: SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Port Augusta, on Avicennia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Avicenniaceae: Avicennia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Acacia decurrens [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Trifolium pratense [Willia1985, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Ulex [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Ulex europaeus [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Haloragidaceae: Haloragis erecta [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Prostanthera lasianthus [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Plagianthus divaricatus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus macrorhyncha [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus melliodora [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus viminalis [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Leptospermum lanigerum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tristania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Leucospermum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Persoonia cornifolia. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus arboreus [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum aviculare [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985], Queensland [Willia1985], South Australia [Willia1985], Tasmania [Willia1985], Victoria [Willia1985]); New Zealand [Cox1987].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the aerial parts of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 76 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 280, 281 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 393]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-79, 198]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 315-317].



Pseudococcus importatus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus importatus McKenzie, 1960: 725. Type data: U.S.A.: California, intercepted at Honolulu, Hawaii, on Vanda sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: imported mealybug [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Bromeliaceae [GimpelMi1996]. Orchidaceae: Angraecum [GimpelMi1996], Barkeria [GimpelMi1996], Bifrenaria harrisoniae [GimpelMi1996], Brassavola [GimpelMi1996], Brassavola perrinii [GimpelMi1996], Brassia [GimpelMi1996], Brassia caudata [GimpelMi1996], Catasetum [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Cattleya bicolor [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Cattleya dolosa [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya forbesii [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya gigas [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya harrisoniae [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya schillerianae [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya skinnerii [GimpelMi1996], Cyrtopodium punctatissium [GimpelMi1996], Dendrobium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Epidendrum atropurpureum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum faleatum [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum fragrans [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum prismatocarpum [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum spondiala [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum stamfordianum [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum tampense [GimpelMi1996], Laelia cattleya [GimpelMi1996], Laelia crispa [GimpelMi1996], Laelia purpurata [GimpelMi1996], Laelia superbians [GimpelMi1996], Lycaste [GimpelMi1996], Melicocca bijugatus [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a], Mormodes [GimpelMi1996], Odontoglossum aperum [GimpelMi1996], Odontoglossum bictoniense [WilliaGr1992], Odontoglossum cervantesii [GimpelMi1996], Odontoglossum citrosnum [GimpelMi1996], Odontoglossum grande [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Odontoglossum pulchellum [GimpelMi1996], Odontoglossum stellatum [GimpelMi1996], Odontoglossum victoriensis [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Oncidium bicallosum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium cartagineosi [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium cavendianum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Oncidium crispum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium cyboletta [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium incurvum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium jonesianum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium marshallianum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium ninitum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium retemeyerianum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium splendidum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium trulliferum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium varicosum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium wentworthianum [GimpelMi1996], Rodriguezia [GimpelMi1996], Schomburghkia lyonsii [GimpelMi1996], Stanhopea [GimpelMi1996], Vanda [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Zygopetalum cochleare [GimpelMi1996]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea jamaicensis [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [GimpelMi1996]; South Africa [GimpelMi1996]. Nearctic: Canada [GimpelMi1996]; Mexico [GimpelMi1996]; United States of America (California [McKenz1960, Johnst1964, BenDov1994], Florida [GimpelMi1996]). Neotropical: Argentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; Colombia [GimpelMi1996, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [GimpelMi1996]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; Jamaica [GimpelMi1996]; Panama [GimpelMi1996]; Paraguay [GimpelMi1996]; Peru [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [GimpelMi1996]); Venezuela [GimpelMi1996]. Oriental: Philippines [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [GimpelMi1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring exposed on the leaves of its host plants. Allavailable records of this species have been taken from orchids.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by McKenzie (1960, 1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Gimpel & Miller (1996) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of third instar female by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Johnson (1964) reported this mealybug as an orchid pest in California.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 20 (female) [World]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 137 (larva) [World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 428 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 288 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 255 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 393-394]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-64, 140-142]; Johnst1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 122-124]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 725-727]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 298-300]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 689-691]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 447-449]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 81].



Pseudococcus insularis Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus insularis Morrison, 1924a: 150. Type data: ECUADOR: Galapagos Islands, South Seymur, under a stone. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: island mealybug [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Galapagos Islands [Morris1924a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, LincanHoCa2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1924a) and by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 19 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 394]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64-66]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; Morris1924a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-152]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 449].



Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus elisae; Beardsley, 1986: 31. Misidentification; discovered by Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 66.

Pseudococcus elisae; Beardsley, 1986a: 31. Misidentification. Notes: Misidentification of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi in part. The illustration in this publication is of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi

Pseudococcus elisae; Williams & Watson, 1988: 31. Misidentification. Notes: Misidentification of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi in part. The illustration in this publication is of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi

Pseudococcus elisae; Williams, 1988a: 123. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus elisae; Williams, 1988b: 123. Misidentification; discovered by Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 66.

Pseudococcus elisae; Lit et al., 1990: 707. Misidentification. Notes: Misidentification of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi in part.

Pseudococcus elisae; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 440. Misidentification. Notes: Misidentification of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi in part. The illustration in this publication is of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi

Pseudococcus elisae; Lit & Caillung, 1994: 258. Misidentification. Notes: Misidentification of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi in part.

Pseudococcus elisae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 389. Misidentification. Notes: Misidentification of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi in part.

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 66. Type data: MEXICO: Chiapas, on fruit of Musa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Jack Beardsley mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



FOE: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri [ManiJoKa2013].

HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave [GimpelMi1996], Cordyline terminalis [Shyles2013], Dracaena [GimpelMi1996], Yucca [GimpelMi1996]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [GimpelMi1996], Spondias [GimpelMi1996]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimola [GimpelMi1996], Annona muricata [GimpelMi1996, FoldiKo2006], Annona squamosa [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a], Anonna squamosa [Shyles2013]. Annonoceae: Annona [GimpelMi1996]. Apocynaceae: Fernaldia [GimpelMi1996], Nerium oleander [GimpelMi1996], Plumeria [GimpelMi1996]. Araceae: Aglaonema [GimpelMi1996], Aglaonema commutatum [GimpelMi1996], Aglaonema simplex [GimpelMi1996], Anthurium [GimpelMi1996], Dieffenbachia [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a]. Araliaceae: Aralia [GimpelMi1996]. Arecaceae: Cocos [GimpelMi1996]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya carnosa [GimpelMi1996]. Asteraceae: Bidens bipinnata [GimpelMi1996], Eupatorium odoratum [Willia2004a]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [GimpelMi1996]. Boraginaceae: Cordia curassavica [GimpelMi1996]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [GimpelMi1996]. Cactaceae [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a], Acanthocereus [GimpelMi1996], Cereus [GimpelMi1996], Cereus peruvianus [GimpelMi1996], Coryphanta cubensis [GimpelMi1996], Melocactus [GimpelMi1996], Rhipsalis mesembrianthemoides [GimpelMi1996]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [GimpelMi1996], Carica papaya [ManiJoKa2013]. Cucurbitaceae [GimpelMi1996], Coccinia grandis [GimpelMi1996], Cucumis melo [GimpelMi1996], Cucurbita [GimpelMi1996], Cucurbita pepo [GimpelMi1996], Sechium edule [GimpelMi1996], Trichosanthes cumumesina [Willia2004a]. Dilleniaceae: Acrotrema cestatum [Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha wilkesiana, Aporusa aurita [Willia2004a], Chamaesyce [GimpelMi1996], Codiaeum [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a], Croton [GimpelMi1996], Euphorbia [Willia2004a], Hura crepitans [GimpelMi1996], Ipomoea [GimpelMi1996], Ipomoea batatas [GimpelMi1996], Jatropha [GimpelMi1996], Jatropha curca [GimpelMi1996], Manihot esculenta [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Acacia [GimpelMi1996], Aeschynomene americana [GimpelMi1996], Cajanus cajan [GimpelMi1996], Cajanus indicus [GimpelMi1996], Haematoxylum campechianum [GimpelMi1996], Mucuna [GimpelMi1996], Phaseolus limensis [GimpelMi1996], Pueraria javanica [GimpelMi1996], Tamarindus [GimpelMi1996], Tamarindus indica [GimpelMi1996]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [GimpelMi1996]. Gesneriaceae: Streptocarpus sp. [Shyles2013]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [GimpelMi1996]. Iridaceae: Iris [GimpelMi1996]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [GimpelMi1996], Mentha [GimpelMi1996], Ocimum [GimpelMi1996], Salvia [GimpelMi1996]. Lauraceae: Persea [GimpelMi1996]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [GimpelMi1996], Gossypium barbadense [GimpelMi1996], Hibiscus [GimpelMi1996], Hibiscus cannabinus [GimpelMi1996], Hibiscus exculentus [GimpelMi1996]. Moraceae: Ficus [GimpelMi1996], Ficus decora [GimpelMi1996], Ficus tricolor [GimpelMi1996], Morus [GimpelMi1996]. Moringaceae: Moringa oleifera [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a]. Musaceae: Musa [GimpelMi1996, KondoRaVe2008], Musa paradasiaca [GimpelMi1996], Musa sapientum [GimpelMi1996]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Willia2004a], Eugenia [GimpelMi1996], Psidium [GimpelMi1996], Psidium guajava [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Willia2004a]. Oleaceae: Jasminum multiform [Shyles2013]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis [Willia2004a]. Orchidaceae: Cattleya [GimpelMi1996], Cycnoches [GimpelMi1996], Dendrobium [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a], Dendrobium tortile [GimpelMi1996], Mormolyca balsamina [GimpelMi1996], Paphiopedilum [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a]. Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [GimpelMi1996]. Poaceae: Cymbopogon citratus [GimpelMi1996], Zea mays [GimpelMi1996]. Polygonaceae: Rumex [GimpelMi1996]. Proteaceae: Macadamia [GimpelMi1996]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [GimpelMi1996]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [KondoRaVe2008], Coffea arabica [GimpelMi1996], Gardenia jasminoides [GimpelMi1996]. Rutaceae: Citrus [GimpelMi1996, KondoRaVe2008], Citrus aurantiifolia [GimpelMi1996], Citrus aurantium [KondoRaVe2008], Citrus paradisi [GimpelMi1996]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [GimpelMi1996], Litchi chinensis [GimpelMi1996], Nephelium [GimpelMi1996], Nephelium lappaceum [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum cainito [GimpelMi1996]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [GimpelMi1996], Capsicum annuum [Willia2004a], Capsicum fructescens [GimpelMi1996], Lycopersicon esculentum [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a, GermaiMiPa2014], Physalis peruviana [GimpelMi1996], Physalis pubescens [GimpelMi1996], Solanum [GimpelMi1996], Solanum melongena [GimpelMi1996], Solanum tuberosum [GimpelMi1996], Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & H. Wendl., [Sirise2012]. Sterculiaceae: Melochia tomentosa [GimpelMi1996], Theobroma cacao [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a, KondoRaVe2008]. Umbelliferae: Apium graveolens [GimpelMi1996]. Verbenaceae: Lantana [Willia2004a], Lantana camara [GimpelMi1996]. Vitaceae: Vitis [GimpelMi1996]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia [GimpelMi1996], Alpinia purpurata [GimpelMi1996], Phaeomeria [GimpelMi1996], Zingiber officinale [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [NGuessWaBr2014]; Reunion [Germai2013, GermaiMiPa2014]; Seychelles [GermaiAtBa2008]. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [GimpelMi1996]); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [GimpelMi1996]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013], Java [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Kiribati [MuniapShWa2011]; Papua New Guinea [MuniapShWa2011]; Tuvalu [MuniapShWa2011]. Nearctic: Canada [GimpelMi1996]; Mexico [GimpelMi1996]; United States of America (Florida [GimpelMi1996], Texas [GimpelMi1996]). Neotropical: Aruba [GimpelMi1996]; Bahamas [GimpelMi1996]; Barbados [GimpelMi1996]; Belize [GimpelMi1996]; Brazil [GimpelMi1996] (Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Rio Grande do Sul [FoldiKo2006]); Colombia [GimpelMi1996, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Costa Rica [GimpelMi1996]; Cuba [GimpelMi1996]; Dominican Republic [GimpelMi1996]; El Salvador [GimpelMi1996]; Galapagos Islands [GimpelMi1996]; Guatemala [GimpelMi1996]; Haiti [GimpelMi1996, PerezG2008]; Honduras [GimpelMi1996]; Jamaica [GimpelMi1996]; Martinique [GimpelMi1996]; Panama [GimpelMi1996]; Panama Canal Zone [GimpelMi1996]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [GimpelMi1996]); Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Martin [MatileEt2006]); Trinidad and Tobago [GimpelMi1996]; U.S. Virgin Islands [GimpelMi1996]; Venezuela [GimpelMi1996]. Oriental: Brunei [Willia2004a]; India (Tamil Nadu [ManiJoKa2013]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [MuniapShWa2011]; Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Maldives [Willia2004a]; Philippines [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a]; Singapore [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Sirise2012]; Taiwan [GimpelMi1996]; Thailand [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gimpel & Miller (1996) and by Williams (2004a). The description and illustration of the adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) should be used while considering the comments of Gimpel & Miller (1996). Description and illustration of third instar female by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

STRUCTURE: This mealybug is greyish in colour; thin filaments around the body, caudal pair about one half of the length of the body, and ovisac covering hind part of the body (Williams 2004a). Body of the female oval to elongate. Antenna 8 segmented. Legs well developed, translucent pores present on hind femur and hind tibia. Discoidal pores present near eye on sclerotised rim. Cerarii 17 pairs. Anal lobe cerari with 2 conical setae and many trilocular pores on sclerotised area. All other cerarii on a membranous area. Anal lobe and penultimate cerari with oral collar tubular duct between them. Ventral surface with slender setae. The invasive mealybug is grayish in color; thin filaments around the body, caudal pair about one half of the length of the body, and ovisac covering hind part of the body. (Mani, et al., 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: This species has been most commonly confused with P. elisae Borchsenius and (P. landoi (Balachowsky) (see Gimpel & Miller, 1996).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species has been most commonly collected on banana, tomato, potato, pepper and Hibiscus (Gimpel & Miller, 1996).

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 19 (female) [World]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 137 (larva) [World].

CITATIONS: Beards1986 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 31]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 309]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 76]; Germai2013 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 509-510]; GermaiAtBa2008 [host, distribution: 129-135]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution, host: 24]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-72, 142-144]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 42-43]; ManiJoKa2013 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, molecular data: 242-245]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 183]; MuniapShWa2011 [distribution, host: 168,171]; NGuessWaBr2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 1690-1693]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 8-10]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 217]; Shyles2013 [behaviour, description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 106-107]; Sirise2012 [description, distribution, host, structure: 366]; Willia1988b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 123]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 691-693]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 440-443]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 90, 91]; WilliaWa1988 [taxonomy].



Pseudococcus kawecki Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus kawecki Savescu, 1984: 147. Type data: ROMANIA: Cluj District, Iernut, on Tragopogon pratensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Tragopogon pratensis [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 394-395]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-148].



Pseudococcus kikuyuensis James

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus kikuyuensis James, 1935a: 235. Type data: KENYA: Kikuyu Reserve, on Canthium nitens. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Acokanthera schimperi [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Phyllanthus discoideus [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia abyssinica [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Flacourtiaceae: Aberia caffra [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Flacourtia indica [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Ficus hochstetteri [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Canthium nitens [James1935a, BenDov1994], Coffea arabica [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1935, DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Sudan [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the foliage of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by James (1935a) and by De Lotto (1957b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 395]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-197]; DeLott1964 [host, distribution: 380]; James1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236].



Pseudococcus kingii (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius kingii Cockerell, 1897c: 240. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachuetts, Methuen, in nests of Lasius claviger. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus kingii; Tinsley, 1899: 45. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Ferris, 1953a: 419.

Dactylopius sorghiellus kingii; King, 1899a: 111. Change of status.

Pseudococcus sorghiellus kingii; Fernald, 1903b: 110. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus kingii; Ferris, 1953a: 419. Revived status.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Massachusetts [Cocker1897c, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in the nests of ants; Lasius americanus, L. claviger and L. flavus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 289 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 256 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 418 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Cocker1897c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 240, 241]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 110]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 110]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 419-420, 496]; King1899a [taxonomy: 111]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy: 182].



Pseudococcus kosztarabi Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus kosztarabi Savescu, 1984: 145. Type data: ROMANIA: locality not given, on a plant of Umbeliferae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Umbelliferae [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 395]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-146].



Pseudococcus kozari Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus kozari Savescu, 1984: 149. Type data: ROMANIA: Bistrita-Nasaud District, Bistrita and Bacau District, Ocna, on Poa pratensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Poa pratensis [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 395]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-150].



Pseudococcus kraussi Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus kraussi Williams & Watson, 1988a: 185. Type data: FRENCH POLYNESIA: Austral Islnads, Tubuai, Mahu, on Pandanus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 173 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 395]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185,187-188].



Pseudococcus kusaiensis Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus kusaiensis Beardsley, 1966: 443. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Kusaie, Oakley, on Boehmeria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Urticaceae: Boehmeria [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Kosrae (=Kusaie) [Beards1966, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Beardsley 1966: 437 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 443-445]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 396]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 246].



Pseudococcus laingi Bodenheimer

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus laingi Bodenheimer, 1953a: 121. Type data: TURKEY: Kaya-ardi near Nigde, on grass. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Ben-Dov & Harpaz, 1985).



HOST: Poaceae [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1953a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 396]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121-123]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 142]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102].



Pseudococcus landoi (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracoccus landoi Balachowsky, 1959: 345. Type data: COLOMBIA: Cordoba, Alto Sinu, 4 km Tukuru, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus landoi; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 449. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Lando mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Yucca elephantipes [GimpelMi1996]. Anacardiaceae: Schinus terebinthifolius [GimpelMi1996]. Araceae: Philodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Araliaceae: Anthutium [GimpelMi1996], Diffenbachia [GimpelMi1996]. Chrysobalanaceae: Licania tomentosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [GimpelMi1996], Mabea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [FoldiKo2006]. Fabaceae: Phaseolus lunatus [GimpelMi1996]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [GimpelMi1996]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus [GimpelMi1996]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [GimpelMi1996], Ficus benjamini [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaGr1992, GimpelMi1996]. Orchidaceae [GimpelMi1996]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [Balach1959, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Piper duritum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [GimpelMi1996], Coffea canephora [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sickingia maxonii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Vochysiaceae: Vochysia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurea [GimpelMi1996], Zingiber [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [GimpelMi1996]. Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [GimpelMi1996]); Brazil [WilliaGr1992, GimpelMi1996] (Amazonas [FoldiKo2006]); Colombia [Balach1959, WilliaGr1992, GimpelMi1996]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, GimpelMi1996]; Cuba [GimpelMi1996]; Ecuador [GimpelMi1996]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, GimpelMi1996]; Guyana [GimpelMi1996]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, GimpelMi1996]; Nicaragua [GimpelMi1996]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, GimpelMi1996]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balacowsky (1959) and by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Good description and illustration of the third instar female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 18 (female) [World]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 137 (larva) [World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 427 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: Balach1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 345-347]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 396]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 309]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-75, 145-149]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 449-450]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90].



Pseudococcus leptotrichotus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus leptotrichotus Williams, 2004a: 693. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sarawak, Gunung Mulu National park, in leaf nest of Oecophylla sp. ants; collected V.F. Eastop, 27.v.1978. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Found in leaf nest of Oecophylla sp. ants (Williams, 2004a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adulr female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 693-695].



Pseudococcus linearis Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus linearis Williams & Watson, 1988a: 188. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Western Highlands Province, Mugmump, Jimi River Valley, on Araucaria hunsteinii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Araucariaceae: Araucaria hunsteinii [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 171 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 396]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-190].



Pseudococcus longipes Leonardi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus longipes Leonardi, 1908a: 166. Type data: ITALY: Pisa, Botanical Gardens, on Alocasia macrorica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Araceae: Alocasia macrorhiza [Leonar1908a, Marott1987a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1908, 1920).

KEYS: Leonardi 1920: 382 (female) [Italy].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 397]; Leonar1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-168]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 404-406]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 111].



Pseudococcus longisetosus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus longisetosus Ferris, 1918d: 46. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Mateo County, Woodside, under stone, associated with ants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: long-setae mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus diversiloba [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Orobanchaceae: Orobanche tuberosa [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994]. Plumbaginaceae: Armeria vulgaris [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Castilleia foliolosa [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the underground stems and roots of its host plants, sometimes associated with ants, Crematogaster lineolata (Ferris, 1918d).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1918d, 1950b, 1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 289 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 256 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 397]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-47]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-184]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 300-302].



Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus adonidum; Auctorum ({non} Linnaeus, 1767), 1767. Misidentification; discovered by De Lotto, 1965: 226. Notes: This name has been used incorrectly by most authors until its status was clarified by De Lotto (1965).

Pediculus coffeae Linnaeus, 1767. Unavailable name. Notes: When citing Leder. 1762, to. 9 under Coccus adonidum, Linnaeus (1767) added the name Pediculus coffeae as though Ledermüler had proposed the name. Ledermüler only discussed a species under the nameKoffee-baumlaus and never named the species as Pediculus coffeae. Because Linnaeus associated the name Pediculus coffeae with the reference to Ledermüler's illustration, the name Pediculus coffeae was made valid, although unintentionally, and at the same time became a synonym of Coccus adonimum. The specific name coffeae Linnaeus, as published in the binomen Pediculus coffeae, was suppressed under the plenary powers and placed on the Official Index of Rejected Names in Zoology (Name Number 1118) by Melville (1983).

Coccus avenidum; Thiery de Menonville, 1787: 344. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Misspelling of Coccus adonidum (see Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 10).

Pseudococcus adonidum; Westwood, 1840: 118. Misidentification; discovered by De Lotto, 1965: 226.

Coccus laurinus Boisduval, 1867: 353. Type data: FRANCE: Central France on Laurus nobilis and Marsseile on fig. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912b: 364. Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Synonymy, as a synonym of Pseudococcus adonidum.

Dactylopius longispinus Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 75. Type data: ITALY: Florence, Botanical Gardens, on Cycas revoluta. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Miller, 1981: 82-83. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female.

Dactylopius adonidum; Signoret, 1875c: 306. Misidentification; discovered by De Lotto, 1965: 226.

Dactylopius hoyae Signoret, 1875c: 317. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Cannes, in greenhouse, on Hoya carnosa. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 248. Notes: Type material probably lost according to Ben-Dov and Matile-Ferrero (1995).

Dactylopius pteridis Signoret, 1875c: 321. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg garden, in greenhouses, on Pteris argirea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 105.

Boisduvalia lauri; Signoret, 1875c: 338. Change of combination.

Dactylopius longifilis Comstock, 1881a: 344. Type data: U.S.A., on a variety of plants in greenhouses. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Notes: Type material probably lost.

Oudablis lauri; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.

Dactylopius longispinous; Osborn, 1898: 225. Misspelling of species name.

Pseudococcus longispinus; Cockerell, 1902p: 252. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus hoyae; Fernald, 1903: 103. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus laurinus; Fernald, 1903b: 104. Change of combination.

Dactylopius adonidum Auctorum, 1965. Nomen nudum. Notes: This name has been used incorrectly by most authors since 1758 until De Lotto (1965) clarified that it was a wrongly used and associated with the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti).

Pseudococcus adonidum Auctorum, 1965. Nomen nudum.

Pseudococcus adonidum; Savescu, 1982: 260. Notes: Incorrect citation of Pseudococcus adonidum Geoffroy, 1762.

Pseudococcus longispinus; Williams & Watson, 1988a: 190. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni" as author.

COMMON NAMES: Chanchito blanco de Cola larga [RipaLaLu2008a]; Cochinilla algodonosa de los invernáculos [RipaLaLu2008a]; Cochinilla harinosa de los invernáculos [RipaLaLu2008a]; cotonet longispino [Lloren1990]; kimhit aruqat zanav; long tailed mealybug [Essig1915a, McKenz1967, Koszta1996]; long-tailed mealybug; longtailed mealybug.



ASSOCIATES: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. VIRUS : Trichovirus Grapevine A [NGuessWaBr2014]. Caulimoviridae: Badnavirus Cacao swollen shoot virus [NGuessWaBr2014]. Closteroviridae: Ampelovirus GLRaV-3 [BahderPoAl2013].

FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus gurneyi (Compere) [Blumbe1997]. Encyrtidae: Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault) [Moore1988, Trjapi1989, Goolsb1994, BlumbeVa2001], Anagyrus psudococci (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Anarhopus sydneyensis Timberlake [Flande1953a, Moore1988, Trjapi1989], Arhopoideus peregrinus Compere [Moore1988], Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastidea rubra Tachikawa [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Blumbe1997, BlumbeVa2001], Leptomastix eponga (Walker) [BlumbeVa2001], Pseudaphycus angelicus (Howard) [Goolsb1994], Pseudaphycus flavidulus (Brethes) [DaaneCoTr2008], Tetracnemoidea peregrina (Compere) [Trjapi1989], Tetracnemoides sydneyensis (Timberlake) [Goolsb1994]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus subaeneus (Foerster) [RosenArWo1992, AbdRab2001d].

HOSTS: Adiantaceae: Adiantum [Cox1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Agavaceae: Cordyline terminalis [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dracaena [Martin1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Dracaena godseffiana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Dracaena reflexa [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Phormium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Phormium tenax [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Yucca [KozarFr1995]. Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mangifera indica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimola [Gonzal2011], Annona muricata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cananga odorata [Matile1978, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Carissa grandiflora [BenDov2012], Nerium oleander [Tsalev1968, CarnerPe1986, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Plumeria rubra [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Rauvolfia serpentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Aglaonema [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Alocasia macrorhiza [CarnerPe1986, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Anthurium [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Caladium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Colocasia antiquorum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Colocasia esculenta [Willia2004a], Dieffenbachia, Dieffenbachia amoena [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Monstera deliciosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Phillodendron [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Philodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Xanthosoma [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Schefflera arboricola. Arecaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Areca catechu [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Chamaedorea elatior [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994], Chamaedorea elegans [Hadzib1983], Chrysalidocarpus lutescens [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Cocos nucifera [Mamet1949, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Dictyosperma alba [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Howeia, Metroxylon [Hadzib1983], Metroxylon sagu [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Oredoxa [Mamet1951, BenDov1994], Phoenix canariensis [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Rhapis, Salacca zalacca [LitCa1994], Washingtonia sonorae [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya carnosa [Signor1875c, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Aspidiaceae: Nephrodium. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium mollae [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994], Dryopteris mollis. Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium, Cineraria [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Kleinia neriifolia [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Senecio [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Aucubaceae: Aucuba japonica [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda mimosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ananas comosus [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Buxaceae: Buxus hyaraca [Moghad2013]. Cactaceae: Epiphyllum [Leonar1920, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Opuntia [Essig1915a, BenDov1994, MazzeoSuRu2008]. Cannaceae: Canna [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [Mamet1949, BenDov1994]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina. Celastraceae: Euonymus sp. [Moghad2013a]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [LitCa1994, BenDov1994]. Commelinaceae: Tradescantia virginiana. Costaceae: Costus [Willia2004a]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [BenDov2012]. Cunoniaceae: Ceratopetalum gummiferum. Cycadaceae: Cycas [Betrem1937, Tsalev1968, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cycas revoluta [EzzatRa1962, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cycas ruminiana [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cyperus albostriatus [Leonar1920, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Davaliaceae: Nephrolepis. Dennstaedtiaceae: Hypolepis tenuifolia. Dilleniaceae: Hibbertia scandens. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Gonzal2011]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus reticulatus. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Codiaeum varigatum [WatsonMuSh2014], Croton [Leonar1920, Betrem1937, Marott1987a, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Glochidion, Macaranga [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Ricinus communis [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Tsalev1968, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Acacia cyclops [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Acacia linifolia, Acacia majorera [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Acacia simplex [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Bauhinia [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Cytisus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Dolichos [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Erythrina, Erythrina insignis [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994], Flemingia congesta [Willia2004a], Lotus bertheloti [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Medicago sativa, Mimosa [Betrem1937, BenDov1994], Phaseolus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Robinia pseudacacia [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Sophora microphylla [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Sophora toromiro [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtia sepiaria [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Pelargonium zonale [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Gesneriaceae: Streptocarpus. Hemerocallidaceae: Phormium tenax [BenDov2012]. Hernandiaceae: Hernandia peltata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Hydrangaceae: Hydrangea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Hymenophyllaceae: Hymenophylum [GomezM1946, Martin1985]. Juglandaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Juglans regia [Gonzal2011]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [Essig1915a, WilliaGr1992]. Lauraceae: Litsea laurifolia [Matile1978, BenDov1994], Persea americana [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Aloe arborescens [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Asparagus officinalis [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Dracaena sp. [BenDov2012], Ruscus aculeatus [BenDov2012]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [Tsalev1968, CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia glabra [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [EzzatRa1962, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Artocarpus communis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Artocarpus integrifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cecropia peltata [MartinBlSu2005], Ficus [BenDov2013], Ficus benghalensis [BenDov2012], Ficus carica [CarnerPe1986, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Ficus elastica [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Ficus hilli, Ficus indica [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Ficus nekbuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus nitida [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Ficus septica [Willia1960a, BenDov1994], Morus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa paradisiaca [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Musa sapientum [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum acuminatum [BenDov2012], Myoporum loetum [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon viminalis, Choricarpia leptopetala, Eucalyptus tereticornis [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Eugenia caryophyllata [DeLott1964, Matile1978, BenDov1994], Myrtus communis [BenDov2012], Pimenta dioica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Psidium [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Tristania conferta. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea spectabilis [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus, Jasminum azonium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Jasminum officinale [GomezM1937, EzzatRa1962, Martin1985, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Olea europaea [LongoRu1988, BenDov1994], Olea europea [Gonzal2011]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis cordifolia [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Nephrolepis exaltata [Mamet1949, CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [CarnerPe1986, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae: Dendrobium, Diacrium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Phalaenopsis [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Raphiopedalum [Willia2004a], Sobralia macrantha [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Vanda suaya [Willia2004a]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Willia2004a], Pandanus amaryllifolius [Willia2004a], Pandanus utilis [Mamet1949, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [CarnerPe1986, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Phytolacaceae: Petiveria alliacea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Cedrus atlantica [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Picea, Pinus [Willia2004a], Pinus eldarica [BenDov2012], Pinus halepensis, Pinus insularis [Willia2004a], Pinus radiata. Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [Willia2004a]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Goux1931a, Martin1985, BenDov1994, PellizPoSe2011], Pittosporum floribundum [Willia2004a], Pittosporum pentandrum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pittosporum undulatum [BenDov2012]. Platanaceae: Plantanus orientalis [Gonzal2011], Platanus. Plumbaginaceae: Limonium [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rumex [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Ruprechtia ramiflora [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Polypodiaceae: Drynaria, Platycerium bifurcatum. Primulaceae: Cyclamen [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Primula obconica [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Banksia, Macadamia ternifolia [Willia1973, BenDov1994]. Pteridaceae: Acrostichum aureum [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Pteris argirea [Signor1875c, BenDov1994]. Pteridophyta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rhoea discolor [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera eripetala [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cydonia oblonga, Fragaria vesca, Malus pumila [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Prunus domestica [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Pyrus americana [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Pyrus communis [Cox1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Pyrus polycarpa [Willia2004a], Rubus roridus [Mamet1949, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Citrus reticulata [Gonzal2011], Coffea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Coffea arabica [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Coffea canephora [Willia2004a], Gardenia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ixora triflora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Choisya ternata, Citrus [Betrem1937, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus aurantium [Marott1987a, Granar1991a, BenDov1994], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus latipes [Willia2004a], Citrus limon [BenDov2012], Citrus maxima [Willia2004a], Citrus paradisi [Cox1987, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Pometia [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara achras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Hebe [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Veronica speciosa [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Nicotiana maritima, Solanum camanulatum, Solanum melongena [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum. Stangeriaceae: Stangeria paradoxa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Stangeria schizodon [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Brachichito acerifolium [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Sterculia, Theobroma cacao [DeLott1964, Campbe1983, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia gigantea [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Thymelaeaceae: Daphne odora. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Cissus antartica [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Cissus rombifolia [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitis vinifera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Vitis vinifera [Cox1987, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Zamiaceae: Dion edule [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Encephalartos gratus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Macrozamia fawcetti [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Zamia [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Zingiberaceae: Catimbium speciosum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Hedychium coccineum [Malump2012b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [Vayssi1913]; Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990]; Comoros [Mamet1960, Matile1978, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Campbe1983, BenDov1994, WihBi2012]; Kenya [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Malawi [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Reunion [Mamet1952, GermaiMiPa2014]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1949, Mamet1956b, BenDov1994]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Seabra1921, CABI1984b, BenDov1994]); South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [DeLott1964, CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Tromelin Island [Mamet1952, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997, DownieGu2004], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Hawaiian Islands [Zimmer1948]. Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Lombok [Willia2004a]). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [WatsonMuSh2014]). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]). Australasian: New Caledonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; New Zealand [Ward1966, Cox1987, BenDov1994]; Norfolk Island [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Alabama [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], California [Essig1915a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Connecticut [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Florida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Illinois [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Indiana [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Iowa [Osborn1898, CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Kansas [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Maryland [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Massachusetts [King1899, BenDov1994], Michigan [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Missouri [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], New Jersey [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], New York [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], North Carolina [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Pennsylvania [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Tennessee [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Texas [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Washington [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Wisconsin [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Cocker1895q, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Barbuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Buenos Aires [GranarCl2003], Catamarca [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Entre Rios [GranarCl2003], Jujuy [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Mendoza [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], San Juan [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tucuman [Granar1979, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil (Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Rio Grande do Sul [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Santa Catarina [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sao Paulo [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Chile [Gonzal1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, RipaLaLu2008a]; Colombia [Figuer1952, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Costa Rica [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MartinBlSu2005]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Easter Island [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Galapagos Islands [LincanHoCa2010]; Grenada [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [Salaza1972, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [CABI1984b, Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Nevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Saint Kitts [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Saint Martin [MatileEt2006]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Uruguay [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) [Mamet1954a, BenDov1994]; Brunei [Willia2004a]; India [CABI1984b, Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Meghalaya [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]); Indonesia [CABI1984b, BenDov1994] (Sumatra [Green1930c]); Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Philippines [Willia2004a] (Mindanao [LitCa1994]); Singapore [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Takaha1929a, BenDov1994]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [CABI1984b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Algeria [Balach1927, BenDov1994]; Armenia [TerGri1954, TerGri1966a, BenDov1994]; Austria [Malump2011a] (Established on indoor plantings.); Azores [CABI1984b, BenDov1994, CarvalFrAg1996, LopesFiMa2008]; Bulgaria [Tsalev1968, KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994, TrenchTrTo2010]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, PerezGCa1987, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001, BenDov2013]; China [CABI1984b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Corsica [CABI1984b, BenDov1994, Foldi2003]; Crete [Argyri1983, CABI1984b, BenDov1994, PellizPoSe2011]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1990, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]; Egypt [Hall1922, EzzatRa1962, BenDov1994]; France [Signor1875b, Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001, MatileGePi2004]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1983, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001]); Greece [BenDov1994, MilonaKo2008]; Hungary [Kozar1980, BenDov1994]; Iran [CABI1984b, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996]; Israel [Bodenh1935, Avidov1961, BenDov1994]; Italy [Leonar1920, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [Kawai1980, BenDov1994]; Jordan [new]; Latvia [Rasina1955, BenDov1994]; Lebanon [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [Balach1939, BenDov1994, CarvalFrAg1996]; Malta [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Morocco [Rungs1970, CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]; Portugal [CABI1984b, Fernan1992, BenDov1994, KozarFr1995, CarvalFrAg1996]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Willia1973, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: San Marino [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Sardinia [LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; South Korea [KwonLeHa2002, KwonDaPa2003a]; Spain [Balach1935b, GomezM1946, Martin1985, BenDov1994]; Tunisia [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]; Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Willia1962, BenDov1994, MalumpBa2012]); Yugoslavia [CABI1984b, BenDov1994] [Masten2007].

BIOLOGY: Various aspects of behaviour and biology under laboratory conditions in the Netherlands wre studied by Bayer (1929). Pataki (1975) presented observations on the moulting process. Life cycle in New Zealand described by Cox (1979). Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana. Smith et al. (1997) indicated that on citrus in Australia - Queensland and Northern Territory - it develops 4-6 genertaions per year, while 3-4 generations in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. Mean longevity of adult males is 58.8 ą 2.2 h. The estimated duration of the sexually active phase of the adult male within life span varied between mealybug species. Among the seven tested species, Ps. longispinus displayed the shortest period (34.4 h) and N. viridis the longest one (46.6 h). There is a sexual maturation period of the adult males which was indicated by maximum growth of waxy caudal filaments. (Mendel, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Lit & Calilung (1994) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male given by Beardsley (1960). Good description and illustration of the female second-instar nymph and female last-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by McKenzie (1967), Cox (1979), de Villiers et al. (1987), Johnson & Lyon (1988), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Foldi (2003a) and by Matile-Ferrero et al.(2004). Rotundo (1975), Tremblay et al., 1977 and Rotundo and Tremblay (1980) evaluated its degree of affinity to three mealybug species using male and female morphology, chromosome numbers, endosymbionts, serological studies and immuno-electrophoresis. Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=8. Molyneux et al. (1990) gave a chemical analysis of the honeydew. Munson et al. (1992) and Baumann et al. (1993) studied the relationship of endosymbionts of this mealybug, of D. neobrevipes, of Ps. maritimus and of aphids, and concluded that those of the mealybug are related and phylogenetically are distinct from those of aphids.

SYSTEMATICS: Until the 1960s' most of the publications relating to this species have been under either Dactylopius adonidum (L.) or Pseudococcus adonidum (L.). De Lotto (1965) critically studied the nomenclature and proved that Coccus adonidum Linnaeus, 1767, was not a scale insect, and resurrected Dactylopius longispinus Targioni Tozzetti, 1867 as the senior synonym of the long tailed mealybug. For a detailed discussion see De Lotto (1965) and Williams (2007b).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Widely distributed in the nature, on a large range of plants, over most territories of the tropical and subtropical regions, and in greenhouses in temperate zones. Has been reported as a citrus pest in California, Florida (Clausen, 1915; Bartlett, 1978e) Israel (Rivnay, 1968; Avidov & Harpaz, 1969; Ben-Dov, 1988b) and South Africa. Reported as a pest of apple and pear in New Zealand (Ward, 1966). A frequent pest of ornamentals outdoors and in greenhouses (Bartlett, 1978; Johnson & Lyon, 1988; Zahradnik, 1990). Reported as a pest of avocado in Chile (Ripa, et al. 2008). During the 1970s' it became a severe pest of avocado in Israel, as a result of the lethal effect of drift of synthetic insecticides from neighbouring cotton fields, on natural enemies of the mealybug. Swirsky et al. (1980) studied and discussed this case of re-establishment of efficient biological control of this potential pest in avocado plantations in Israel. Rosciglione & Castellano (1985) showed that this mealybug transmitted Grapevine Virus A (GVA) from grapevine to Nicotiana clevelandii. Tanne et al., (1989b) ascertained that it transmitted Leafroll Virus from infected grapevine to virus-free grapevines.

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 71 (female) [Key to species of Pseudococcus Westwood in Iran]; Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Wang & Wu 2010: 245 (female) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]; Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 408 (female) [Pseudococcus species of Korea]; Kwon et al. 2002: 152 (female) [Korea]; Marotta & Pagano 1997: 114 (female) [Italian mealybugs on Geranium sp.]; Kosztarab 1996: 182 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Lit & Calilung 1994: 256 (female) [Philippines]; Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 426-428 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 173 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Cox 1987: 76 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 40 (female) [Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 288 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 436 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 255 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America]; Williams 1962: 39 (female) [England]; Beardsley 1960: 211 (male) [Hawaii]; McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 418 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 173 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 92 (female) [Palaarctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 176 (female) [Hawaii]; Lawson 1917: 177 (female) [U.S.A.: Kansas].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1368]; AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; AltierNi1999 [biological control: 975-991]; Arai1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 263-266]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; Avidov1961 [life history, chemical control, host, distribution: 150-151]; AvidovHa1969 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 190-191]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 187]; Balach1932b [ecology: 517-522]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 10]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 258]; BalciuBuPu1995 [biological control: 247-267]; BarrasJeWa1994 [life history, ecology: 1205-1208]; Bartle1969 [biological control: 875-878]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 164-166]; BartleLl1958 [economic importance, host, distribution : 90-93]; BaumanMuLa1993 [structure: 21-24]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-210]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 437-438]; BeltraSoMa2012 [molecular data, phylogenetics: 137-171]; BenDov1988a [host, distribution, economic importance: 1075-1081]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 397-400]; BenDov2006a [host, distribution: 206]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 37, 44]; BenDov2013 [distribution, host: 73]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; Berles1893 [taxonomy: 74]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-36]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeFrSu2002 [structure, life history, biological control: 385-395]; BlumbeVa2001 [life history, biological control: 191-199]; Boas1906 [taxonomy: 65]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution : 250]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Bodenh1951a [host, distribution: 471-472]; Boisdu1867 [taxonomy: 353]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160, 161]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 97-99]; Bordag1914 [distribution]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 181]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 228]; BruntKe1971 [host, economic importance, disease transmission: 591-602]; CABI1984b [distribution]; Campbe1972 [host, distribution, biological control: 43]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 58-60]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 142]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-338]; CharleWaBe2008 [disease transmission, distribution: 293]; ChenCh2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 239-244]; ChongOe2006a [biological control]; Clause1915 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 35-41]; Clause1958 [economic importance, biological control: 291-310]; Clause1958a [host, distribution, biological control: 443-447]; Cocker1893cc [host, distribution: 103]; Cocker1893n [taxonomy, host, distribution: 266]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 325]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 201]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 252]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 341-342, 344]; CongdoMo1959 [host, distribution, economic importance: 481-487]; Conway1951 [host, distribution: 159-164]; CoplanPeHe1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 44-47]; CorreaAgGe2011 [distribution, host: 46]; CorreaGeMa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 1-7]; Cottie1938 [host, distribution, chemical control: 332-333]; Cox1979 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-2]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-80, 199]; CoyierRo1986 [host, economic importance: 1-3]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; CurkovCa2005 [chemical control: 609-615]; DaaneCoTr2008 [distribution, biological control: 43-57]; DaaneCoTr2008a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 167-171]; DaaneMaGu2003 [biological control: 389-398]; DahlstHa1999 [biological control: 919-933]; DarvasVi1983 [chemical control: 455-463]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DeBachFl1947 [host, distribution, control: 9,27]; DeBachFl1947b [biological control, host, distribution: 1-3]; DeBachHu1971 [biological control: 113-140]; DeLott1965 [taxonomy: 226-229]; DeVillDu1984 [chemical control, biological control: 17-20]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Dozier1926a [biological control: 97]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, description, economic importance, control]; EcobicBiAl2004 [chemical control: 137-142]; Essig1909a [taxonomy: 36]; Essig1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 130, 131]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; EzzatRa1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-145]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 104]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 62]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-176]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 205]; FlaherWi1999 [biological control: 853-869]; Flande1932 [host, distribution: 1240-1241]; Flande1940d [host, distribution, biological control: 146,154-155]; Flande1940e [host, distribution, biological control: 3-5]; Flande1953a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 266-269]; Flande1959b [biological control: 125-142]; Fletch1951 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1-24]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 79]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Foldi2003a [taxonomy: 5]; FrancoMa2001 [host, distribution: 191-196]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 21,25]; FrancoSiCa2000 [taxonomy, illustration, life history, biological control, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-142]; FrancoSuBo2004 [biological control: 507-522]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Furnes1977 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 319-332]; GeigerDaBe2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 19-27]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 255]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 25]; Giliom1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267-273, 293]; GillanCo2001 [life history, behaviour, structure: 279-285]; GollifJaDa1977 [host, distribution, disease transmission: 171-177]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 343-345]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 95]; Gonzal1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 115]; Gonzal1991 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control: 3-7]; Gonzal2003a [host, distribution, economic importance: 89-98]; Gonzal2008a [host, distribution, economic importance: 5-17]; Gonzal2011 [illustration: 28]; Gonzal2011 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy: 104-111]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; Goolsb1994 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 1-168]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; Granar1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 135, 138-143]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 97, 99]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; Greig1944 [host, distribution, control]; GroveDeDa2013 [distribution, host: 378]; Gullan2000 [taxonomy, description: 160-166]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61-62]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11-12]; Hall1937 [host, distribution: 127]; Hamlen1975a [chemical control: 223-226]; Hanson1963 [host, distribution]; HardyGu2008 [taxonomy, nomenclature: 24-26]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 144]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description: 53]; HollinAr2005 [mechanical control: 289-298]; HosseiHa2011 [molecular data: 46]; James1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-84]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 127]; JaszaiDa1983 [chemical control: 198-202]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-101]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 91]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 263]; KlattNe2002 [biological control: 2039-2044]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; KondoLoQu2010 [biological control: 7-13]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 43]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 182-184]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 67]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 12]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 185]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 410]; KwonLeHa2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153]; LaflinGuPa2004 [host, distribution: 475-477]; LambdiJo2001 [structure, structure: 113-117]; Lashin1956 [distribution: 27-28]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178-180]; Leach1940 [life history, disease transmission: 1-3]; LedieuHeDe1989 [economic importance: 405]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 399-404]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6]; Lindin1909c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 450]; Lindin1939 [host, distribution: 37]; LiottaMiRa1977 [host, economic importance: 29-67]; LitCa1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259, 265]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-468]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; LopesFiMa2008 [host, distribution: 153-154]; LuckShKe1999 [biological control: 225-242]; MalausFeWa2011 [distribution, molecular data , phylogeny: 142-155]; MalipaDuSm2000 [biological control: 71]; Malump2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 55-57]; Malump2012b [distribution, host: 211,213]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 30-31,41]; MalumpHa2012 [distribution, host: 195]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 55-56,57]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 15-16]; Mamet1952 [host, distribution: 170]; Mamet1954a [host, distribution: 265]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-233]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 111]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96-97]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; MartinWoO1999 [host, distribution, chemical control: 22-24]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 19-270]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 53]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 183]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 196]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; McConnSh1986 [chemical control: 263-265]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distriburtion: 303-305]; McMurt1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 247-252]; MendelPrJa2012 [behaviour, biological control, ecology: 395-394]; MendelPrZa2008 [life history, physiology: 231]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 15]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Millar2002 [illustration: 217]; MillarMoMc2009 [chemistry, chemical ecology: 2683-2685]; Miller1935 [life history, control: 1-2]; MilonaKo2008 [host, distribution: 35-38]; Mo2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control, biological control, life history: 1-3]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 74-76, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 72]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; Mohara1990 [structure: 48]; MolyneCaDr1990 [host, distribution: 1899-1909]; Monast1962 [description, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 109-115]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212]; Moore2001 [host, economic importance: 232-266]; MoranBaDo1994 [molecular data, phylogeny,: 79-83]; MunsonBaMo1992 [host, distribution: 26-30]; MurthyGi1976 [chemical control: 3]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; Nair1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72-82]; NeumanFoHo2010 [biological control: 107-113]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Osborn1898 [taxonomy, distribution: 225]; PaieroMaHa2003 [host, distribution: 115-129]; Paoli1927a [host, distribution: 382-387]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; Pataki1975 [life history: 141-151]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 60]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 293,296]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 217]; Perkin1982 [economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 5]; Petty1987 [chemical control: 255-258]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; PieterMuVu2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 23-28]; Poutie1922 [biological control: 3-28]; PowellHo1979 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; RadhakMaPr2003 [host, distribution: 53-54]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 68]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; RipaLaLu2008a [description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 180-191]; RisWaRu2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 39-43]; Rivnay1968 [biological control: 64-65]; RoscigCa1985 [economic importance]; RosenArWo1992 [biological control, life history: 241-253]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Rotund1975a [structure: 3-9]; RotundTr1980 [structure: 431-435]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-94]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; SaccagKrPi2008 [chemistry, molecular data, taxonomy: 27-33]; Salaza1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-281]; SandanChRa2005 [biological control: 311-314]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 260-261]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 96]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 102]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 842, 860]; Signor1875c [taxonomy: 306, 321, 338]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 80-82]; Stehr1974 [biological control: 124-136]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution: 25-26]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwirskIzWy1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 415-426]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 69-71]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Takaha1929a [host, distribution: 429]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 247-248]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; TanneBeRa1989a [economic importance: 63-64]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25-26]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 122]; Targio1867 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 75]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-233]; TerGri1954 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61, 62]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-44]; Timber1919 [biological control: 197-231]; TremblTrRo1977 [structure: 113-135]; TrenchTrTo2010 [host, distribution: 114-123]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 55, 56, 130, 145, 15]; Tsalev1968 [host, distribution: 206]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlubasKaKi2007 [molecular data,: 232-238]; UneliuElTw2011 [molecular data: 170]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; Valent1963 [biological control: 6-13]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; vanden1995 [host, distribution: 1-4]; vanden2001c [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 196-208]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 133]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 60]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 429]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 47-55]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 48]; WakgarGi2004a [host, distribution: 1-5]; WakgarGi2004b [host, distribution, biological control: 7-11]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; WaltonPr2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 23-25]; Ward1966 [host, distribution: 453]; WatsonBe1932 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 41-42]; WatsonMuSh2014 [distribution, host: 1595]; Westwo1840 [taxonomy: 118]; WihBi2012 [distribution: 44]; Willia1960 [host, distribution: 426]; Willia1962 [host, distribution: 39-40]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 317, 318]; Willia1986c [host: 54]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 695-699]; Willia2007b [taxonomy: 439]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 7,10,29,30]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 92]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 450-452]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 147]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 84, 85, 86]; WilliaPa2012 [taxonomy: 228]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-192, 194]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 32]; WysokiIzSw1976 [host, distribution, economic importance: 81-90]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 78-79]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; Zahrad1990b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-40]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176, 178-181]; ZouChMi2013 [biological control, chemistry, economic importance: 128-131]; ZouMi2009 [chemical ecology, chemistry, structure: 7207-7209].



Pseudococcus lycopodii Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus lycopodii Beardsley, 1959b: 44. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu, North Halawa Ridge, on Lycopodium cernuum. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodium cernuum [Beards1959b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1959b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by given by Beardsley (1959b). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=10

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 211 (male) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1959b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-47]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228-229]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 400].



Pseudococcus macrocirculus Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus macrocirculus Beardsley, 1966: 445. Type data: PALAU ISLANDS: Ngerkabesang Island, on Barringtonia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Cryptosperma [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Barringtoniaceae: Barringtonia [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Sonneratiaceae: Sonneratia caseolaris [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Beardsley 1966: 436 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 445-447]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 400]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 248-249].



Pseudococcus macswaini McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus macswaini McKenzie, 1962: 661. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Cochise County, Portal, under rock in nest of ant. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [McKenz1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living under rocks in ants' nests, Acanthomyops interjectus arizonicus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 289 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 256 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 400]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 661-663].



Pseudococcus mandio Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus mandio Williams, 1985g: 545. Type data: PARAGUAY: Fulgencio-Yegros, on Manihot esculenta. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: mandio mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [Willia1985g, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, FoldiKo2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Willia1985g, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Willia1985g, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996] (Amazonas [FoldiKo2006]); Paraguay [Willia1985g, WilliaGr1992, GimpelMi1996].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots or underground stems of cassava.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985g), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 21 (female) [World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 427 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 545]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 309]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-79]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; PegoraPr1997 [host, distribution, chemical control: 164]; Willia1985g [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 545-547]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 452-454].



Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius maritimus Ehrhorn, 1900: 316. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Cruz, on roots of Eriogonum latifolium. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller et al., 1984: 710. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus bakeri Essig, 1910c: 341. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Ventura County, on walnut [= Juglans regia]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller et al., 1984: 710. Type depository: San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 187.

Pseudococcus omniverae Hollinger, 1917a: 271. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, Boone County, near Columbia, on Tilia americana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1918d: 48.

Pseudococcus maritimus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 401. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: American grape mealybug; Baker's mealybug [Essig1915a]; canchitos blancos de la uva de mesa [Gonzal1983RH]; cotonet maritimo [Lloren1990]; grape mealybug [McKenz1967, Bartle1978e, Koszta1996, GimpelMi1996]; ocean mealybug [Betrem1937].



ASSOCIATES: VIRUS Closteroviridae: Ampelovirus GLRaV-3 [BahderPoAl2013], Ampelovirus LChV2 [MekuriSmBe2013], LChV-2 [NGuessWaBr2014].

FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus gurneyi (Compere) [Blumbe1997]. Encyrtidae: Acerophagus notativentris (Girault) [FlaherJePe1982], Aenasius paulistus Compere [Comper1937a], Anagyrus yuccae (Coquillet) [FlaherJePe1982], Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Blumbe1997], Pseudleptomastix squammulata (Girault) [FlaherJePe1982], Zarhopalus corvinus (Girault) [FlaherJePe1982]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus subaeneus [RosenArWo1992]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa californica [DouttHa1950].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [GimpelMi1996], Acer saccharinum [GimpelMi1996]. Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Altingiaceae: Liquidambar styraciflora [GimpelMi1996]. Amaranthaceae: Alternathera [Granar1991a, BenDov1994]. Amaryllidaceae: Alternathera pungens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Narcissus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Anacardiaceae: Rhus diversiloba [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Tapirira edulis [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona hastata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex vomitoria [GimpelMi1996]. Araceae: Zantedeschia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) [GoszczGo2011]. Asteraceae: Erigeron [Betrem1937, BenDov1994], Haplopappus ericoides [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Parthenium [Granar1991a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solidago sempervirens [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Berberidaceae: Berberis compacta gracilis [GimpelMi1996]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Caprinaceae: Ostrya virginiana [GimpelMi1996]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea [Granar1991a, BenDov1994]. Cornaceae: Cornus florida [GimpelMi1996]. Corylaceae: Corylus americana [GimpelMi1996]. Cupressaceae: Cupressus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Juniperus maritima [GimpelMi1996], Thuja [GimpelMi1996]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Granar1991a, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [GimpelMi1996]. Ericaceae: Arbutus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Rhododendron [GimpelMi1996], Rhododendron maximum [GimpelMi1996], Vaccinium [GimpelMi1996]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia julibrissin [TerGri1954, BenDov1994], Astragalus [GimpelMi1996], Genista [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Gleditsia triacanthos [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Medicago sativa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Psoralea macrostachya [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Robinia [GimpelMi1996], Trifolium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Gentianaceae: Eustoma russelianum [GimpelMi1996]. Juglandaceae: Carya [GimpelMi1996], Juglans regia. Lamiaceae: Ramona stachyoides [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea [GimpelMi1996], Sassafras [GimpelMi1996]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Abutilon striatum (Gillies) [GoszczGo2011]. Moraceae: Maclura [GimpelMi1996], Morus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Strelitzia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Boerhavia nivea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus caroliniana [GimpelMi1996]. Orchidaceae: Chysis aurea [GimpelMi1996], Odontoglossum grande [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora auriculata Kunth. [GoszczGo2011], Passiflora quadrangularis [GoszczGo2011]. Platanaceae: Platanus [GimpelMi1996]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [GimpelMi1996], Eriogonum latifolium [Ehrhor1900, Essig1909a, BenDov1994], Polygonum [GimpelMi1996]. Proteaceae: Grevillea [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cotoneaster [GimpelMi1996], Cydonia [GimpelMi1996], Malus [GimpelMi1996], Malus sylvestris, Prunus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Prunus tomentosa [GimpelMi1996], Pyrus [GimpelMi1996], Pyrus communis [Ferris1950b, Granar1991a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rubus vitifolius [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Citrus grandis Merr. [GoszczGo2011]. Sambucaceae: Sambucus [GimpelMi1996], Sambucus glauca [Essig1910b, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Cestrum [Granar1991a, BenDov1994], Solanum melongena [MatileEt2006]. Taxaceae: Taxus [GimpelMi1996], Taxus adpressa [GimpelMi1996], Taxus baccata [GimpelMi1996]. Tiliaceae: Tilia americana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Celtis occidentalis [GimpelMi1996], Ulmus [GimpelMi1996]. Vitaceae: Vitis [McKenz1967, Gonzal1983RH, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]). Nearctic: Canada [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]; Mexico [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arkansas [GimpelMi1996], California [Ehrhor1900, Essig1909a, Essig1915a, McKenz1967, FlaherJePe1982, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Connecticut [GimpelMi1996], Delaware [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], District of Columbia [GimpelMi1996], Florida [GimpelMi1996], Georgia [GimpelMi1996], Illinois [GimpelMi1996], Indiana [GimpelMi1996], Iowa [GimpelMi1996], Maryland [GimpelMi1996], Massachusetts [GimpelMi1996], Michigan [GimpelMi1996], Missouri [Hollin1917, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], New Hampshire [GimpelMi1996], New Jersey [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], New York [GimpelMi1996], Ohio [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Oregon [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pennsylvania [GimpelMi1996], Rhode Island [GimpelMi1996], Tennessee [GimpelMi1996], Texas [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Vermont [GimpelMi1996], Virginia [GimpelMi1996], Washington [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, DownieGu2004], West Virginia [GimpelMi1996]). Neotropical: Argentina (Mendoza [Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Salta [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Tucuman [Granar1991, BenDov1994]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Chile [Gonzal1983RH, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [Figuer1952]; French Guiana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976]). Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1954, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011] (Reported by Balachowsky (1939) from specimens collected at Funchal, Câmara de Lobos and S.Vicente, on several ornamental plants and Trifolium sp., in 1936. According to the present knowledge on the Pseudococcus maritimus complex (Miller et al. 1984, Gimpel & Miller 1996) this is possibly a misidentification of P. viburni.); Poland [Koteja1974b, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: In California it develops two annual generations, and overwintering takes place in ovisac or as first instar crawlers. Feeding and injury are primarily on leaves, but adult females migrate to the trunk for oviposition (Flaherty et al., 1982). Grimes & Cone (1985) provided data on the life history and biology. Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978) and by Grimes & Cones (1985). The effect of natural enemies on pupulation dynamics in Washington (USA) was studied by Grassawitz & Burts (1995). Life history studies were made of Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) reared in the laboratory on potato sprouts at a LD 16:8 photoperiod and ca. 24C. The female mealybug had three larval instars while the male had four. Stadia were determined for all stages except the egg and first instar . Average number of eggs produced was 57.0 (n=38). Larger females (length in mm) produced more eggs than smaller females (P< 0.001, n=20). Mating was necessary for egg production. Five pheromone traps were placed in a Concord grape vineyard in August 1983 during adult male emergence: three were baited with 10 P. maritimus virgin females each; two raps were not baited. The baited traps collected 98.5% of all trapped males, suggesting that mature virgin female grape mealybugs produce a male attractant. Natural enemies of the grape mealybug were collected as they were encountered in the field. These included a parasite, Pseudaphycus angelicus (Howard), and a hyperparasite, Pachyneuron sp. Larvae of Chrysopa carnea Stephens and C. oculata Say preyed on early instars of grape mealybugs occuring under rough bark of the grape vine. In mid-August 1981 and 1982, adults of Coccinella transversoguttata Faldemnann were observed in the vineyard feeding on mealybugs on grape clusters. (Grimes & Cone, 1985). The emergence of males from their cocoons and the longevity of males were minimally affected by the presence or absence of the sex pheromone. Because Ps. maritimus cannot reproduce asexually, unmated females in areas treated with pheromone for disruption of mating could not reproduce and compromise the efficacy of pheromone-based control. Second, males of Ps. maritimus live for several days and are capable of mating numerous times over multiple days, so that pheromone coverage would have to be continuous and robust for extended periods when males were active to be effective. In addition, unmated female mealybugs can live for several months, further increasing the requirements for continuous pheromone coverage to prevent males from finding them. (Watersworth & Millar, 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Good description and illustration of the third instar female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Good description of the adult female, first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1949). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960). Pseudococcus affinis has been frequently misidentified as P. maritimus, leading to numerous records of the latter species from throughout the world. In fact, P. maritimus appears to be confined to the New World. Williams & Granara de Willink (1992: 456) erroneusly stated that this mealybug is common in Australia, however it has not been recorded from that continent. Therefore, the CABI (1980) distribution map of this species should be revised.

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967) and by Gonzalez (1983; 1983a). Munson et al. (1992) studied the relationship of endosymbionts of this mealybug, of P. longispinus, of D. neobrevipes and of aphids, and concluded that those of the mealybugs are related and phylogenetically are distinct from those of aphids.

SYSTEMATICS: Pseudococcus affinis has been frequently misidentified as P.maritimus, leading to numerous records of the latter species from throughout the world.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: As indicated above it is a polyphagous species, however, it has been reported in California mainly as a pest of grape, pear and apricot (Bartlett, 1978; Flaherty et al., 1982) Chemigation is the preferable means to control Ps. maritimus in vineyards because it does not disrupt populations of natural enemies that are effective at keeping Ps. maritimus populations low and it targets all feeding instars. (Bahder, et al., 2013)

KEYS: Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (female, adult) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; Wang & Wu 2010: 245 (female) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 20 (female) [World]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 137 (larva) [World]; Kosztarab 1996: 184 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 235 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 427 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 289 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 457 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 256 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1960: 212 (male) [Hawaii]; McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 418 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 173 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 92 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 177 (female) [Hawaii]; Borchsenius 1947b: 2110 (female) [P. comstocki group of species].

CITATIONS: Aldric1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, chemical ecology: 205-206]; AltierNi1999 [biological control: 975-991]; Armita1919 [biological control: 257-260]; BahderPoAl2013 [economic importance, host, molecular data, taxonomy, chemical control: 1292-1298]; Bartle1969 [biological control: 975-878]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 166-168]; BartleLl1958 [economic importance, host, distribution : 90-93]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230-231]; BeltraGaSo2013 [behaviour: 1492]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 401-402]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40, 41]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161, 162]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 102-107]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Branig1916 [biological control: 304-306]; Brock1925 [economic importance: 349,366]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-339]; Clause1924 [biological control, economic importance, life history: 252-265]; Comper1937a [host, distribution, biological control: 402-403]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; CorreaAgGe2011 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 46]; CottieHaJa1952 [host, distribution, chemical control: 266-276]; DaaneCoTr2008a [hosy, distribution, economi importance, biological control: 167-171]; DaaneMaGu2003 [biological control: 389-398]; DaaneSiFa2007 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 583-596]; DavidsDiFl1991 [chemical control: 1-47]; Doutt1949 [taxonomy, structure: 835]; Doutt1952 [taxonomy, structure: 391-397]; DouttHa1950 [biological control, host, distribution: 94-96]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; DunleyMi1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 656]; Ehrhor1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316, 317]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 36]; Essig1910c [taxonomy: 341]; Essig1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distibution, life history, economic control: 126]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-49]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187-188]; FerrisMu1936 [structure, taxonomy: 115-122]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 207]; FlaherJePe1982 [taxonomy, description, economic importance, biological control: 160-164]; FlaherPeBe1982 [chemical control, economic importance, host, distribution: 15-16]; FlaherPhLe1992 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 159-165]; FlaherWi1999 [biological control: 853-869]; FlaherWiSt1985 [biological control: 501-520]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution, host: 2,21,25]; GeigerDa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 291-301]; GeigerDaBe2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 19-27]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 79-83, 147-149]; Gonzal1983aRH [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control: 3-7]; Gonzal1983RH [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control: 44-50]; Gonzal1991 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control: 3-7]; Gonzal2003a [host, distribution, economic importance: 89-98]; Gonzal2008a [host, distribution, economic importance: 5-17]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; GoszczGo2011 [distribution, host: 110-111]; GrasswJa2008 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, economic importance, disease transmission: 268-275]; Green1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121, 122]; GrimesCo1985 [life history, ecology, biological control: 554-558]; GrimesCo1985a [chemical control: 3-6]; HansenHeNe2006 [control: 221-229]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy: 271]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description: 55]; HoyHe1985 [biological control]; JensenStBr1954 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 11]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, host, life history, biological control, economic importance : 184-186]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; Lagows1995a [economic importance, biological control: 375-378]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-468]; MacPheCaVa1976 [biological control: 337-358]; MadsenWe1962 [life history, behaviour, ecology, chemical control: 849-850]; MadsenWo1964 [chemical control: 281-283]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 11,255]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 183]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 306-309]; McLeod1962 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-33]; MekuriSmBe2013 [economic importance, illustration, molecular data: 851]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; MillerGiWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 708-711]; MoranBaDo1994 [molecular data, , phylogeny, symbionts: 79-83]; MunsonBaMo1992 [structure: 26-30]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; Neiswa1949 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 41-44]; Nougar1918 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 511-514]; NRC1969 [taxonomy, economic importance, ecology, biological control, chemical control]; OrdoghTa1983 [chemical control: 417-419]; OuvrarKoGu2013 [biological control, economic importance: 2]; PachecBeBl2014 [distribution, economic importance, host, life history, phylogeny: 1-13]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 9]; RosenArWo1992 [biological control, life history: 241-253]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 64]; Smith1917a [host, distribution, biological control,: 108-114]; Smith1958 [host, distribution, chemical control: 335-338]; SmithFl1950 [biological control: 362, 376, 378]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; TatePo1937 [host, distribution: 1-20]; TerGri1954 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 62]; TippinBiCh2003 [chemical control: 246-250]; TurnbuCh1961 [host, distribution, biological control]; UneliuElTw2011 [molecular data: 170]; WaterwMi2012 [behaviour, biological control, life history: 949-956]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 454-456]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90]; XieXuLi1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 115-118]; YokoyaMiCr2001 [economic importance, chemical control, life history, ecology: 984-988]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177, 222-225]; ZouChMi2013 [biological control, chemistry, economic importance: 131-133].



Pseudococcus marshallensis Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus marshallensis Beardsley, 1966: 447. Type data: MARSHALL ISLANDS: Imroj, on Artocarpus altilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Piptutrus [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Marshall Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Beardsley 1966: 437 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 447-449]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 402]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 250-251].



Pseudococcus masakensis James

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus masakensis James, 1936: 208. Type data: UGANDA: Bukoba-Masaka Road, on Themeda triandra. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Themeda triandra [James1936, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [James1936, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by James (1936) and by De Lotto (1957b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 402]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-199]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-209].



Pseudococcus mascarensis Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus mascarensis Mamet, 1957: 378. Type data: REUNION ISLAND: Plaine des Palmistes, on Pandanus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Mamet1957, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [Mamet1957, GermaiMiPa2014]; Tromelin Island [Mamet1957, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1957).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 402]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 25]; Mamet1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 378-380].



Pseudococcus megasetosus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus megasetosus McKenzie, 1967: 309. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, San Gabriel Mts, in colony of ants, Formica subpolita. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: large setae mealybug [McKenz1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living in ant colony, Formica subpolita.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 288 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 402]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 309-311].



Pseudococcus mendiculus Ferris in Zimmerman

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus mendiculus Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948: 223. Type data: HAWAII: Maui, Kanaio, on Myrsine sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrsinaceae: Myrsine [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948).

KEYS: Zimmerman 1948: 180 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 402]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180, 223-228].



Pseudococcus meridionalis Prado in Correa et al.

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus sp. 1 González, 2003a: 5-17. Nomen nudum.

Pseudococcus rubigena González, 2011: 122-131. Illust. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by González & Prado, 2012: 67.

Pseudococcus meridionalis Prado in Correa et al., 2011: 47-53. Type data: CHILE: La Serena, on Punica granatum, 10/5/2002, by Col., M. Zambrano. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Santiago, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Chile, Santiago, Chile . Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes: four adult females with same data as the holotype



HOSTS: Punicaceae: Punica granatum [CorreaAgGe2011]. Rosaceae: Pyrus pyridolia [CorreaAgGe2011]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [CorreaAgGe2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [CorreaAgGe2011] (O'Higgins [Gonzal2011]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Deailed description and illustration in Correa, et al., 2011) Description of female, adult male, host plants, and life cycle in Spanish, photographs and illustrations in González, 2011.

STRUCTURE: P. meridionalis shows four long caudal tails; the length of the wax tail of cerarius 2 reaches less than half the length of the wax tail of the anal cerarius. Boby color is dark gray. A compact ovisac is produced containing orange color eggs. (Correa, et al., 2011)Body of adult female oval, purplish pink, covered with a waxy white granulation. Body of newly molted third instar nymph purplish brown. Body of adult 2.4 to 2.8 mm long, 1.5 to 1.7 mm wide. Lateral filaments cylindrical, clavate, caudal pair about 90% of body length, antepenultimate pair about 40%. Dorsolateral abdominal segments with a narrow submarginal band that is without wax that runs the length of the body parallel to the body margin. (González, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: P. meridionalis belongs to the Pseudococcus maritimus complex, characterized by the presence of discoidal pores near the eyes and is very similar to P. maritimus and P. viburni. Marginal OR between cerarii 15 and 16, an important diagnostic character of P. maritimus is missing from P. meridionalis. Other important characters of P. meridionalis include OC present in ventromarginal areas of thorax, translucent pores present on hind tibia and femur, and discoidal pores near eyes not located on sclerotized rim. (Correa, et al., 2011) The most relevant diagnostic characters include 1) the presence of 1(0-1) discoidal pores near the base of the eye; 2) without a submarginal dorsal oral rim tubular duct (OR) between C15 and C16, 3) about 30 oral collar tubular ducts along the lateral margin of the thorax, 4) ostiole secretion red. (González, 2011)

CITATIONS: CorreaAgGe2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, molecular data, structure, taxonomy: 47-53]; CorreaGeMa2012 [description, distribution, economic importance, molecular data: 1-7]; Gonzal2011 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure, taxonomy: 122-131]; GonzalPr2012 [taxonomy: 67].



Pseudococcus microadonidum Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus microadonidum Beardsley, 1966: 449. Type data: KIRIBATI [= GILBERT ISLANDS]: Marakei Atoll, on coconut. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Seychelles [Willia1981, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Kiribati [Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Marshall Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Recorded as causing damage to coconut (Williams, 1981).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 173 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 437 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 449-452]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 403]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 251-252]; Willia1981 [host, distribution, economic importance: 244]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-194].



Pseudococcus microcirculus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus microcirculus McKenzie, 1960: 729. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Contra Costa County, Lafayette, on orchid. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: orchid mealybug [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Cactaceae [GimpelMi1996]. Orchidaceae [GimpelMi1996], Ansellia [CamporPe1991, BenDov1994], Ansellia africana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Brassavola [GimpelMi1996], Brassavola nodosa [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Brassia maculata [GimpelMi1996], Broughtonia [GimpelMi1996], Broughtonia sanguinea [GimpelMi1996], Calanthe vestita [GimpelMi1996], Catasetum [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, CamporPe1991, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Cattleya [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya amethytoglossa [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya gigas [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya intermedia [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya nigritian [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya schillerana [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya skinneri autumalis [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya velutina [GimpelMi1996], Coelogyne [GimpelMi1996], Cyrtopodium punctatum [GimpelMi1996], Dendrobium [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Diacrium bicornatum [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum alatum [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum atropurpureum [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum nemorale [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Epidendrum ocvacenum [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum variegatum [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum vitellinum [GimpelMi1996], Gomesia [GimpelMi1996], Gongora maculata [GimpelMi1996], Laelia [GimpelMi1996], Laelia anceps [GimpelMi1996], Laelia gouldiana [GimpelMi1996], Laelia majalis [GimpelMi1996], Laelia rubescens [GimpelMi1996], Laelia sinaovana [GimpelMi1996], Laelia xanthina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Lanium [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994], Lycaste [GimpelMi1996], Lycaste barringtoniae [GimpelMi1996], Odontoglossum [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Odontoglossum grande [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium [CamporPe1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Oncidium cavendishianum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium lanceanum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium luridum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium splendidum [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium sprucei [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium triquetrum [GimpelMi1996], Persea [GimpelMi1996], Phalaenopsis [GimpelMi1996], Schomburgkia [GimpelMi1996], Schomburgkia lyonsii [GimpelMi1996], Sobralia maculata [GimpelMi1996], Stanhopea grandiflora [GimpelMi1996], Tillandsia [GimpelMi1996], Vanda [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Florida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Maryland [GimpelMi1996]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [GimpelMi1996], Barbuda [GimpelMi1996]); Belize [GimpelMi1996]; Bermuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [GimpelMi1996]; Cuba [GimpelMi1996, MestreHaEv2011]; Dominican Republic [GimpelMi1996]; Guatemala [GimpelMi1996]; Haiti [GimpelMi1996, PerezG2008]; Honduras [GimpelMi1996]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; Panama Canal Zone [GimpelMi1996]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]); Venezuela [GimpelMi1996]. Palaearctic: Belgium [GimpelMi1996]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]; France [PicartMa2000, Foldi2001, MatileGePi2004]; Sicily [CamporPe1991, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [GimpelMi1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring predominently on the subterranean portions of the orchid, although when infestations become heavy it feeds exposed upon the foliage (McKenzie, 1967; Camporese & Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1991).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Good description and illustration of the third instar female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Good description and distribution of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

STRUCTURE: McKenzie (1967) provided a colour illustration of the adult female and its habitat. Colour photograph by Camporese & Pellizzari Scaltriti (1991) and by Matile-Ferrero et al. (2004).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Regarded a pest of orchids in California (Johnston, 1964). Camporese & Pellizzari Scaltriti (1991) reported that it was found on roots of orchids imported to Italy from Brazil.

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 20 (female) [World]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 136 (larva) [World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 427 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 288 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 255 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 654 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 403]; CamporPe1991 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 59-61]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-87, 149-151]; Johnst1964 [economic importance: 122-124]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution, economic importance: 12-13]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 728-730]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 311-313]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 16]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 217]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 456-458]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 81].



Pseudococcus microosteoli Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus microosteoli Savescu, 1985: 107. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucarest, on Agropyron intermedium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Agropyron intermedium [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 403]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-108].



Pseudococcus mintaroicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus mintaroicus Williams, 1985: 320. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Mintaro, on Acacia armata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia armata [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 403]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319-320].



Pseudococcus moldavicus Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus moldavicus Savescu, 1985: 103. Type data: ROMANIA: Iassy District, Cristesi, on Poa pratensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Poa pratensis [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 404]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-104].



Pseudococcus montanus Ehrhorn

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus montanus Ehrhorn, 1916: 242. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu Island, on Freycinetia arnotti and Astelia veratroides. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus perforatus; Zimmerman, 1948: 228. Revived status.



HOSTS: Liliaceae: Astelia veratroides [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Freycinetia arborea [Beards1959b, BenDov1994], Freycinetia arnotti [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Ehrhor1916, Beards1959b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living between the bases of the leaves of their host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948). Good description of the adult female given by Ehrhorn (1916). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 212 (male) [Hawaii]; Zimmerman 1948: 177 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1959b [host, distribution: 47]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-232]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 404]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 242]; Timber1919 [biological control: 197-231]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177, 228-231].



Pseudococcus multiductus Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus multiductus Beardsley, 1966: 452. Type data: PALAU ISLANDS: Ngerehelong, Babelthuap, on unknown host. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1959b, 1966). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Beardsley 1966: 436 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1959b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-55]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-241]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 452-454]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 404]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 252-253].



Pseudococcus multiporus Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus multiporus Savescu, 1984: 143. Type data: ROMANIA: Vrancea District, Odobesi, on Phalaris canariensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Phalaris canariensis [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 405]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-144].



Pseudococcus nakaharai Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus nakaharai Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 87. Type data: MEXICO: San Luis Pt., on Echinocactus durango. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Nakahara mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Araceae: Philodendron [GimpelMi1996]. Cactaceae: Acanthocereus [GimpelMi1996], Ariocarpus [GimpelMi1996], Ariocarpus retusus [GimpelMi1996], Ariocarpus trigonus [GimpelMi1996], Astrophytum [GimpelMi1996], Astrophytum myriostigina [GimpelMi1996], Astrophytum ornatum [GimpelMi1996], Carnegiea [GimpelMi1996], Carnegiea giganthea [GimpelMi1996], Cephalocereus [GimpelMi1996], Cephalocereus columna-trajani [GimpelMi1996], Cephalocereus palmeri [GimpelMi1996], Cephalocereus polylophus [GimpelMi1996], Cephalocereus senilis [GimpelMi1996], Cereus [GimpelMi1996], Coryphantha [GimpelMi1996], Coryphantha asterias [GimpelMi1996], Coryphantha durangensis [GimpelMi1996], Coryphantha elephantidens [GimpelMi1996], Echinocactus [GimpelMi1996], Echinocactus grussonii [GimpelMi1996], Ferocactus [GimpelMi1996], Ferocactus glaucescens [GimpelMi1996], Glandulicactus [GimpelMi1996], Glandulicactus unicinatus [GimpelMi1996], Lemaireocereus [GimpelMi1996], Lemaireocereus marginatus [GimpelMi1996], Lemaireocereus pruinosus [GimpelMi1996], Leuchtenbergia [GimpelMi1996], Leuchtenbergia principis [GimpelMi1996], Lophophora [GimpelMi1996], Lophophora williamsii [GimpelMi1996], Mammillaria [GimpelMi1996], Mammillaria bertrandis [GimpelMi1996], Mammillaria bicornuta [GimpelMi1996], Mammillaria calacantha [GimpelMi1996], Mammillaria candida [GimpelMi1996], Mammillaria marginatus [GimpelMi1996], Mammillaria parkinsonii [GimpelMi1996], Notocactus [GimpelMi1996], Notocactus leninghausii [GimpelMi1996], Obregonia [GimpelMi1996], Obregonia denegrii [GimpelMi1996], Opuntia [GimpelMi1996], Opuntia microdasys [GimpelMi1996], Stenocactus [GimpelMi1996], Thelocactus [GimpelMi1996], Thelocactus bicolor [GimpelMi1996], Thelocactus conothelos [GimpelMi1996], Wilcoxia schimolli [GimpelMi1996]. Crassulaceae: Echeveria [GimpelMi1996]. Fouquieriaceae: Fouquieria [GimpelMi1996], Fouquieria fasciculata [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [GimpelMi1996]; United States of America (California [GimpelMi1996], District of Columbia [GimpelMi1996], Florida [GimpelMi1996], Texas [GimpelMi1996]). Neotropical: Guatemala [GimpelMi1996]. Palaearctic: Japan [GimpelMi1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Good description and illustration of the third instar female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 19, 20 (female) [World]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 137 (larva) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, description: 87-93, 152-154].



Pseudococcus neomaritimus Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus comstocki; Fullaway, 1946: 157. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus neomaritimus Beardsley, 1966: 454. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Yap Island, on Crotalaria incana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: new sea mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Plumeria acutifolia [GimpelMi1996]. Asteraceae: Tridax procumbens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Wedelia biflora [Beards1975, BenDov1994]. Blechnaceae: Blechnum pyramidalum [Beards1966, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea pescarpae [Beards1975, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha indica [Beards1966, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Fabaceae: Crotalaria incana [Beards1966, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Vigna morinalus [Beards1975, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [Beards1966, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Hibiscus [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Yap [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Guam [GimpelMi1996]; Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Marshall Islands [Beards1975, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 20 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 235 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 173 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 436, 457 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 454-456]; Beards1975 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 658]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 405]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy: 157]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-96]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 253-254]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 90]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-196].



Pseudococcus neomicrocirculus Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus neomicrocirculus Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 96. Type data: VENEZUELA: La Guayia, intercpted at Brownsville, U.S.A., on Cattleya sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Venezuela orchid mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Orchidaceae: Cattleya [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya gaskelliana [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya speciossisima [GimpelMi1996], Oncidium [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [GimpelMi1996]; Guatemala [GimpelMi1996]; Venezuela [GimpelMi1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 20 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-100].



Pseudococcus nitidus Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus nitidus Brain, 1915: 143. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Acacia caffra. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia caffra [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brain (1915) and by De Lotto (1958a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 405]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-104].



Pseudococcus notabilis Leonardi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus notabilis Leonardi, 1918: 201. Type data: ITALY: Ventimiglia, on Myoporum tuberculatum and Nicotiana sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Notes: See Wilkey & McKenzie (1962: 24) for information on type depository.



HOSTS: Myoporaceae: Myoporum tuberculatum [Leonar1918, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Nicotiana [Leonar1918, Marott1987a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Leonar1918, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1918, 1920).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 405]; Leonar1918 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-203]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 406-408]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 112]; Poutie1922 [biological control: 3-28].



Pseudococcus nudus Ferris in Zimmerman

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus nudus Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948: 235. Type data: HAWAII: Maui, Haleakala, on Dubautia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Dubautia [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948).

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

KEYS: Zimmerman 1948: 180 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 405]; NurBrBe1987 [structure: 55]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180, 235-237].



Pseudococcus occiduus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus occiduus De Lotto, 1961: 225. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on Coffea robusta. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [WilliaMa1995, BenDovCa2006]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaMa1995]. Apocynaceae: Acokanthera schimperi [DeLott1961, BenDov1994, WilliaMa1995], Nerium oleander [DeLott1961, BenDov1994, WilliaMa1995]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [WilliaMa1995]. Euphorbiaceae: Bridelia macrantha [WilliaMa1995], Sapium ellipticum [DeLott1961, BenDov1994, WilliaMa1995]. Moraceae: Ficus [WilliaMa1995], Ficus vogeliana [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994, WilliaMa1995]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [DeLott1961, BenDov1994, WilliaMa1995]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1961, BenDov1994, WilliaMa1995], Coffea canephora [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994, WilliaMa1995], Coffea robusta [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, WilliaMa1995]. Tliaceae: Triumfetta rhomboidea [WilliaMa1995].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973, BenDov1994]; Cameroon [WilliaMa1995]; Congo [WilliaMa1995]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994, WilliaMa1995]; Ethiopia [WilliaMa1995]; Ghana [WilliaMa1995]; Guinea-Bissau [WilliaMa1995, BenDovCa2006]; Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994, WilliaMa1995]; Mali [WilliaMa1995]; Nigeria [WilliaMa1995]; Senegal [WilliaMa1995]; Sudan [WilliaMa1995]; Tanzania [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]; Uganda [DeLott1961, BenDov1994, WilliaMa1995]; Zaire [DeLott1961, BenDov1994, WilliaMa1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961) and by Williams & Matile-Ferrero (1995).

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 19]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 405-406]; BenDovCa2006 [host, distribution: 325-326]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 280]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-226]; DeLott1964 [host, distribution: 380]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 119]; WilliaMa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-4].



Pseudococcus odermatti Miller & Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus odermatti Miller & Williams, 1997: 306. Type data: COSTA RICA: on Aglaonema sp. Holotype male. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [MillerWi1997DR]. Araceae: Aglaonema [MillerWi1997DR]. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [MillerWi1997DR]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros blancoi [MillerWi1997DR]. Myrsinaceae: Rapanea nerifolia [MartinLa2011]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira [MillerWi1997DR]. Rosaceae: Pyracantha [MillerWi1997DR]. Rutaceae: Citrus latifolia [MillerWi1997DR], Citrus paradisi [MillerWi1997DR].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [MillerWi1997DR]). Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [MillerWi1997DR, DownieGu2004]). Neotropical: Bahamas [MillerWi1997DR]; Belize [MillerWi1997DR]; Costa Rica [MillerWi1997DR]. Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [MillerWi1997DR]); India (Meghalaya [Willia2004a]). Palaearctic: Japan [MillerWi1997DR].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Miller & Williams (1997) and by Williams (2004a). Good description and illustration of the female third-inster nymph given by Miller & Williams (1997).

KEYS: Wang & Wu 2010: 245 (female) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]; Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Miller & Williams 1997: 310 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 48]; MillerWi1997DR [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 305-311]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 700-703].



Pseudococcus ogasawarensis Kawai

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus ogasawarensis Kawai, 1973: 323. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara [= Bonin] Islands, Chichi-jima, on Celtis boninensis, Trema argentea, Ligustrum micranthum and Haha-jima on Bischoffia javanica. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan, and TAEJ. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Bischofia javanica [Kawai1973, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum micranthum [Kawai1973, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Celtis boninensis [Kawai1973, BenDov1994], Trema argentea [Kawai1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1973, Kawai1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kawai (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 406]; Kawai1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323-325]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 102]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 254-255].



Pseudococcus onustus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus onustus Williams, 1985: 320. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, near Carrieton, on Acacia victoriae. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia victoriae [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 280, 281 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 406]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-322].



Pseudococcus orchidicola Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus orchidicola Takahashi, 1939b: 242. Type data: MARIANNA ISLANDS: Rota, Sabana, on an orchid. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Beardsley, 1966: 459. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Cordyline terminalis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Alocasia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Alocasia macrorhiza [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cyrtosperma chamissonis [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Epipremnum pinnatum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Monstera deliciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Scindapsus aureus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Balanophoraceae: Balanophora fungosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Merremia peltata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia bihai [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus integra [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa sapientum [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae [Takaha1939b, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Freycinetia urvilleana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Pandanus tectorius [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Macropiper [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Piper nigrum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Kosrae (=Kusaie) [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Kiribati [Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Marshall Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands [Takaha1939b, Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tokelau [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966) and by Williams & Watson (1988a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 173 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 437 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 457-460]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 406]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 29]; Takaha1939b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242-245]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 255-256]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-198, 200].



Pseudococcus pandanicola Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pandanicola Takahashi, 1939b: 248. Type data: PALAU ISLANDS: Babeldaob, Ngarard-Ngarasumao, on Pandanus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Laminicoccus pandanicola; Tang, 1992: 301. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus pandanicola; Williams & Martin, 2005: 9. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Pandanaceae: Freycinetia [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Pandanus [Takaha1942b, Beards1966, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966]); Palau [Takaha1939b, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2005].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female Takahashi (1939b) and by Williams & Martin (2005). Description of adult female by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 299 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Beardsley 1966: 435 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 460]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 211]; Takaha1939b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-249]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 301]; WilliaMa2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-12].



Pseudococcus peregrinabundus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus columbianus Borchsenius, 1947b: 2110. Type data: COLOMBIA: intercepted in Russia, Leningrad, on Musa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 100.

Pseudococcus peregrinabundus Borchsenius, 1947b: 2110. Type data: COLOMBIA: intercepted in Russia, Leningrad, on Musa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pseudococcus colombianus; Borchsenius, 1948d: 420. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: foreign mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOST: Musaceae: Musa [Borchs1947b, Borchs1948d, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Borchs1947b, Borchs1948d, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, Kondo2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1947b, 1948d), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 19 (female) [World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 427 (female) [Central and South America]; Borchsenius 1948d: 418 (female) [P. comstocki group of species]; Borchsenius 1947b: 2110 (female) [P. comstocki group of species].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 384, 407]; Borchs1947b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2110]; Borchs1948d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 420]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-103]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 434-436].



Pseudococcus perforatus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus perforatus Ferris, 1935a: 133. Type data: FRENCH POLYNESIA: Tahiti, on Pandanus sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material probably lost (see Williams & Watson, 1988a).



HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Ferris1935a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: French Polynesia [Ferris1935a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1935a). Ferris in Zimmerman (1948: 288) comments that this species, which has been synonymized with P. montanus, is distinct.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 407]; Ferris1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135].



Pseudococcus pertusus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pertusus McKenzie, 1967: 318. Type data: U.S.A.: California, El Dorado County, near Smith Flat, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: perforated mealybug [McKenz1967, GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967) and by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 20 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 288 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 407]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-106]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 318-320].



Pseudococcus philippinicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus philippinicus Williams, 2004a: 703. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Palawan, Irawan Forest, on woody sapplings, attended by ants; collected J.H. Martin, 19.i.1988. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Dracaena [WangWu2010]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Melicoccus bijugatus [Willia2004a], Nephelium [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Willia2004a] (Palawan [Willia2004a]). Palaearctic: China (Beijing (=Peking) [WangWu2010]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult female and nymphs by Wang & Wu (2010).

KEYS: Wang & Wu 2010: 245 (female) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]; Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: WangWu2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-246]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 702-704].



Pseudococcus pipturicolus Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus dorsispinosus Beardsley, 1959b: 40. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu, Koolau Mts., Waikane Trail, on Pipturus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Pseudococcus dorsospinosus Wirjati, 1958.

Pseudococcus pipturicolus Beardsley, 1963a: 230. Replacement name for Pseudococcus dorsispinosus Beardsley.



HOST: Urticaceae: Pipturus [Beards1959b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1959b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female (as P. dorsispinosus given by Beardsley (1959b). Good description and illustration of the adult male (as P. dorsospinus) given by Beardsley (1960). Nur et al. (1987) reported chormosome number 2n= .

STRUCTURE: Nur et al. (1987) reported chormosome number 2n=10.

SYSTEMATICS: Beardsley (1959b) described this species as Pseudococcus dorsispinosus. Later, (Beardsley, 1963a) gave an unpublished opinion of Harold Morrison, who pointed out that dorsispinosus Beardsley differ only in the connecting vowel of the compound word from dorsospinosus Wirjati (1958), and therefore under provisions of Articles 57(f) and 58(10) of the ICZN must be reagarded a junior homonym of dorsospinosus Wirjati (1958). Consequently, Beardsley (1963a) introduced the replacement name Pseudococcus pipturicolus (Ben-Dov et al., 1997).

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 211 (male) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1959b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-43]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-227]; Beards1963a [taxonomy: 230]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 407]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 204].



Pseudococcus pithecellobii Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pithecellobii Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 107. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Hidalgo County, Intersection Rt. 492-374, on Pithecellobium flexicaula. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: Ebony mealybug [GimpelMi1996]; ebony mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOST: Fabaceae: Pithecellobium flexicaula [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Texas [GimpelMi1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 20 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-110].



Pseudococcus pittospori Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pittospori Williams, 1985: 322. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, on Pittosporum bicolor. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum bicolor [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 407]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 322-324].



Pseudococcus prunicolus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus prunicolus McKenzie, 1964: 260. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, White Pine County, Cherry Creek, on Prunus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: prune pseudococcus mealybug [McKenz1964].



HOST: Rosaceae: Prunus [McKenz1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Nevada [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Feeding on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 288-289 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 255 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 408]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-262].



Pseudococcus pseudobscurus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pseudobscurus McKenzie, 1964: 262. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Obispo County, Santa Lucia Range, on Cupressus goveniana. Holotype female and first instar. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: false obscure mealybug [McKenz1964].



HOST: Cupressaceae: Cupressus goveniana [McKenz1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the cones of the host plant, in association with ants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 289 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 256 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 408]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262-264]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-322].



Pseudococcus pseudocitriculus Betrem

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pseudocitriculus Betrem, 1937: 47. Type data: INDONESIA: Central Java, Estate Soekaboemi on Tephrosia vogelii, and East Java, Residentie Besoeki on Coffea robusta and Sonchus arvensis. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material not known.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Sonchus arvensis [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Tephrosia vogelii [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea robusta [Betrem1937, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Betrem (1937).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) discussed the taxonomic identity of this species.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 408]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-50]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 704].



Pseudococcus pseudoperrisii Rasina

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pseudoperrisii Rasina, 1971: 3. Type data: LATVIA: Barta, on Luzula pilosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Riga: Museum of the Plant Protection Institute, Latvia. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Luzula pilosa [Rasina1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Latvia [Rasina1971, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Rasina (1971).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 408-409]; Rasina1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-6].



Pseudococcus puertoricensis Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus puertoricensis Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 110. Type data: PUERTO RICO: on Cactus leaf. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Puerto Rican mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOST: Cactaceae [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [GimpelMi1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 19, 20 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-113].



Pseudococcus queenslandicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus queenslandicus Williams, 1985: 324. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, on Araucaria cunninghammii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Araucariaceae: Araucaria cunninghamii [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bark or on the foliage of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985) and by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 171 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1985: 279, 287 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 409]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324-325]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-200, 203].



Pseudococcus quinyambiensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus quinyambiensis Williams, 1985: 324. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Quinyambie Station, on Calocephalus multifloris. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Calocephalus multifloris [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Myoporaceae: Mypoporum insulare [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 279 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 409]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324, 326, 327].



Pseudococcus saccharicola Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus saccharicola Takahashi, 1928: 331. Type data: TAIWAN: Shinkwa, on Saccharum officinarum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Trionymus oryzae Wirjati, 1959: 14. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Bogor, near Tjimanggu, on Oryza sativa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IPBI. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 705.

Dysmicoccus oryzae; Williams, 1970DJ: 135. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: yellowish sugarcane mealybug [LitCa1994a].



FOE: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis scutifera (Mulsant) [WheeleEvVa2010].

HOSTS: Poaceae [Willia2004a], Arundo donax [Willia2004a], Brachiaria mutica [Willia2004a], Chloris barbata [WheeleEvVa2010], Chloris radiata [WheeleEvVa2010], Cynodon dactylon [WheeleEvVa2010], Eriochloa polystachya [Willia2004a], Imperata exaltata [Willia2004a], Oryza sativa [Wirjat1959, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Saccharum bengalense [Willia2004a], Saccharum officinarum [Takaha1928, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, LitCa1994, Willia2004a, WheeleEvVa2010], Saccharum robustum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Saccharum spontaneum [Willia2004a], Sorghum halepense [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Wirjat1959, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: British Virgin Islands [WheeleEvVa2010]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; Bangladesh [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; India [PruthiRa1942, Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Pakistan [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines (Luzon [LitCa1994a, Willia2004a], Mindanao [LitCa1994]); Sri Lanka [Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Takaha1928, BenDov1994, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Life history of this species was studied by Rao (1942). This mealybug lives on lower surface of the leaves, and on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Wirjati (1959) (as Trionymus oryzae Wirjati), Williams (1970DJ), Williams & Watson (1988a), Lit & Calilung (1994) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Psudococcus viburni (Signoret) was listed in Williams (2004a: 36) as a synonym of Pseudococcus saccharicola Takahashi; this was a lapsus calami. Williams (1970a) suggested that Trionymus oryzae Wirjati, 1959, may prove to be a synonym of D. boninsis, but later (Williams, 2004a) he synonymized the former with Pse. saccharicola.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Williams (1970DJ) reports that this species is injurious to sugar-cane in India, killing young plants and causing yellow spots on the leaves of older plants.

KEYS: Wang & Wu 2010: 245 (female) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]; Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Lit & Calilung 1994: 256 (female) [Philippines]; Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 173 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1970DJ: 115 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: AgarwaSi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 149]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 139,409-410]; LitCa1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259-260, 266]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 394, 395]; Rao1942 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 79-85]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 331-332]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 256-257]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; Timber1919 [biological control: 197-231]; Varshn1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60]; WheeleEvVa2010 [host, distribution, biological control: 565-575]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135,167-169]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 705-708]; Willia2005 [taxonomy: 167]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201, 203]; Wirjat1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7,45].



Pseudococcus savescui Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus borchsenii Savescu, 1984: 147. Type data: ROMANIA: Constanta District, Basarabi, on Artemisia absinthium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Homonym of Pseudococcus borchsenii Rasina.

Pseudococcus savescui Ben-Dov, 1994: 410. Replacement name for Pseudococcus borchsenii Savescu.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia absinthium [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 410]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-149].



Pseudococcus schusteri Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus schusteri Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 113. Type data: GALAPAGOS: Santa Cruz Island, Darwin Research Station, on unknown plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Schuster Galapagos mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia macrocantha [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Galapagos Islands [GimpelMi1996, LincanHoCa2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 19 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-116]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 6].



Pseudococcus simplex (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius simplex Cockerell, 1893n: 267. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Pancratium caribaeum. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992.

Pseudococcus simplex; Fernald, 1903b: 109. Change of combination.



HOST: Amaryllidaceae: Pancratium caribaeum [Cocker1893f].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Jamaica [Cocker1893n].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the upper surface of the leaves of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cockerell (1893n). Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) concluded that no original material seems to exist. It is doubtful from the original description that Cockerell would have mistaken it for any of the more common mealybugs, therefore it must be regarded as an unrecognizable species.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 411]; Cocker1893n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267-268]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 109]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 460].



Pseudococcus sociabilis Hambleton

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus sociabilis Hambleton, 1935: 114. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Hedera helix. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 116. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Hambleton mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Hamble1935, WilliaGr1992, GimpelMi1996]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros hispida [WilliaGr1992]. Fabaceae: Erythrina reticulata [Hamble1935], Glycine max [WilliaGr1992], Mimosa nigra [WilliaGr1992]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [KondoRaVe2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hamble1935, GimpelMi1996]); Colombia [WilliaGr1992, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Peru [WilliaGr1992].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1935), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 20 (female) [World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 428 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 411]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-119]; Hamble1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-116]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 460-463].



Pseudococcus solani (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius solani Cockerell, 1894s: 286. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Cruces, on Solanum tuberosum. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material apparently lost, see Ferris, 1953a. The lectotype designation by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) was not indicated on the slide (D.R. Miller, xii.1998, personal information to Yair Ben-Dov), therefore Miller & Polavarapu (1997) overlooked it, and designated a SECOND lectotype. The latter designation was invalid, and the one of 1992 is valid.

Pseudococcus solani; Fernald, 1903b: 110. Change of combination.



HOST: Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [Cocker1894s, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1894s, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on potato tubers.

GENERAL REMARKS: Ferris (1953a) noted that no types are available and the original description presents no characters that would make it recognizable. Though indicating that Phenacoccus solani Ferris, 1918d might be a synonym of P. solani (Cockerell), Ferris (1953a) retained the latter as an unrecognizable species.

KEYS: Hambleton 1946: 60 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 411]; ChongOe2006a [biological control]; Cocker1894s [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 286-288]; Comper1947 [biological control: 1-23]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 110]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 495].



Pseudococcus solenedyos Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus solenedyos Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 119. Type data: MEXICO: Jaurez, on fruit of Psidium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: oral-rim mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [GimpelMi1996], Spondias mombin [GimpelMi1996]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [GimpelMi1996]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [GimpelMi1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 19, 20 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-122].



Pseudococcus solomonensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus solomonensis Williams, 1960: 426. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Ysabel, Holokawa, on fruits of Theobroma cacao. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 203. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Burseraceae: Canarium indicum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Breynia cernua [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Macaranga [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Macaranga carolinensis [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus integer [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Ficus [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Randia carolinensis [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Yap [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the fruits of the host plants and tended by ants Technomyrmex detorquens which may build carton shelters over them.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960), Beardsley (1966) and by Williams & Watson (1988a).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 173 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 436 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 460-462]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 411-412]; Lever1969 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-12]; MacanaEbHu2005 [disease transmission,: 73-76]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 426-428]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-204].



Pseudococcus sorghiellus (Forbes)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus sorghiellus Forbes, 1885: 71. Type data: U.S.A.: Illinois, Champaign, on sorghum. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Williams and Granara de Willink (1992).

Dactylopius sorghiellus; Forbes, 1894: 106. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus sorghiellus; Fernald, 1903b: 110. Change of combination.

Erium sorghiellum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: trochanter mealybug [McKenz1967, Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [GimpelMi1996]. Amaryllidaceae: Narcissus [GimpelMi1996]. Araceae: Acorus calamus [GimpelMi1996]. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepias [GimpelMi1996]. Asteraceae [GimpelMi1996], Achillea [Koszta1996], Achillea millefolium [GimpelMi1996], Ambrosia artemisiifolia [GimpelMi1996], Anthemis [GimpelMi1996], Artemisia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Artemisia vulgaris [GimpelMi1996], Aster [Koszta1996], Aster curtisii [GimpelMi1996], Aster pilosus [GimpelMi1996], Cynara scolymus [GimpelMi1996], Erigeron [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Eupatorium [GimpelMi1996], Eupatorium capillifolium [GimpelMi1996], Madia gracilis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Solidago [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Spirea myrtilloidea [GimpelMi1996], Vernonia [Koszta1996]. Buxaceae: Buxus [GimpelMi1996]. Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris [GimpelMi1996]. Crassulaceae: Sedum [Koszta1996]. Cucurbitaceae: Citrullus vulgaris [GimpelMi1996]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [GimpelMi1996]. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos uvaursi [GimpelMi1996], Lyonia ligustrina [GimpelMi1996], Vaccinium [GimpelMi1996]. Euphorbiaceae: Poinsettia [GimpelMi1996]. Fabaceae: Arachis [GimpelMi1996], Baptisia tinctoria [GimpelMi1996], Cassia nictitans [GimpelMi1996], Chamaecrista [GimpelMi1996], Chamaecrista procumbens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Chamaecrista robusta [GimpelMi1996], Crotalaria pumila [GimpelMi1996], Glucine [Koszta1996], Glucine max [GimpelMi1996], Lespedeza [Koszta1996], Lespedeza cuneata [GimpelMi1996], Medicago sativa [GimpelMi1996], Phaseolus [GimpelMi1996], Phaseolus vulgaris [GimpelMi1996], Pisum [Koszta1996], Pisum sativum [GimpelMi1996], Pueraria [GimpelMi1996], Strophostyles helvola [GimpelMi1996], Trifolium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Trifolium pratense [GimpelMi1996], Trifolium repens [GimpelMi1996]. Haemodoraceae: Lachnanthes caroliniana [GimpelMi1996], Lachnanthes tinctorum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Hydrocatylaceae: Centella asiatica [GimpelMi1996]. Hydrocotylaceae: Hydrocotyle umbellata [GimpelMi1996]. Iridaceae: Iris laevigata [GimpelMi1996]. Lamiaceae: Rosmarinus officinalis [GimpelMi1996]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [GimpelMi1996]. Onagraceae: Oenothera [GimpelMi1996], Oenothera humifusa [GimpelMi1996]. Oxalidaceae: Oxalis corniculata [GimpelMi1996]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago [GimpelMi1996]. Poaceae [GimpelMi1996], Andropogon virginicus [GimpelMi1996], Sorghum [GimpelMi1996], Sorghum halepense, Zea mays [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygalaceae: Polygala rugelii [GimpelMi1996]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum [GimpelMi1996], Rumex acetocella [GimpelMi1996], Rumex crispus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Fragaria [GimpelMi1996], Malus [Koszta1996], Prunus [GimpelMi1996], Pyracantha [GimpelMi1996], Rubus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Salicaceae: Salix [GimpelMi1996]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [GimpelMi1996]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix perlandra [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [GimpelMi1996]; United States of America (Arkansas [GimpelMi1996], California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Connecticut [GimpelMi1996], Delaware [GimpelMi1996, Koszta1996], District of Columbia [GimpelMi1996, Koszta1996], Florida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Georgia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Illinois [GimpelMi1996], Indiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Louisiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Maryland [GimpelMi1996], Massachusetts [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, Koszta1996], Mississippi [GimpelMi1996], Missouri [GimpelMi1996], New Hampshire [GimpelMi1996, Koszta1996], New Jersey [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, Koszta1996], New York [GimpelMi1996, Koszta1996], North Carolina [GimpelMi1996], Ohio [GimpelMi1996], Oregon [McKenz1964, BenDov1994], Pennsylvania [GimpelMi1996, Koszta1996], South Carolina [GimpelMi1996], Tennessee [GimpelMi1996], Virginia [GimpelMi1996, Koszta1996], West Virginia [GimpelMi1996, Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Argentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Good description and illustration of the third instar female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Tinsley (1899:45) synonymized Dactylopius kingii Cockerell with D. sorghiellus.

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 18 (female) [World]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 136 (larva) [World]; Kosztarab 1996: 186 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 426 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 288 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 256 (female) [North America ]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 418 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 412]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 412]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 421-422]; Forbes1885 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 71]; Forbes1894 [catalogue: 106]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-126, 154-156]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 186-188]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 322-324]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 44]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 463].



Pseudococcus spanocera Gimpel & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus spanocera Gimpel & Miller, 1996: 126. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Lee County, Ft. Myers Beach, on Flaveria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Florida trochanter mealybug [GimpelMi1996].



HOSTS: Amaryllidaceae: Narcissus [GimpelMi1996]. Asteraceae: Ambrosia artemisifolia [GimpelMi1996], Bidens [GimpelMi1996], Chrysopsis graminifolia [GimpelMi1996], Flaveria [GimpelMi1996], Iva imbricata [GimpelMi1996]. Buxaceae: Buxus [GimpelMi1996]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [GimpelMi1996], Rhynchospora microcephala [GimpelMi1996]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [GimpelMi1996]. Fabaceae: Aeschynomene pratensis [GimpelMi1996], Glycine max [GimpelMi1996]. Scrophulariaceae: Scoparia dulcis [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arkansas [GimpelMi1996], Florida [GimpelMi1996], Georgia [GimpelMi1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996).

KEYS: Gimpel & Miller 1996: 18 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-130].



Pseudococcus sparsus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus sparsus McKenzie, 1962: 667. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, White Pine County, Ely, on Juniperus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: eastern trochanter mealybug [GimpelMi1996]; sparse mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Cupressus macnabiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Juniperus [McKenz1962, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Nevada [McKenz1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring at the bases of gall clusters on juniper.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 289 (female) [U.S.A., California ]; McKenzie 1964: 256 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 412]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 667-669]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324-326].



Pseudococcus swezeyi Ehrhorn

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus swezeyi Ehrhorn, 1916: 240. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu Island, on Acacia koa. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia koa [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living in galls on the leaves of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948). Ferris (1935:127) recorded, under this binomen, a mealybug species from the Marquesas Islands. Later (Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948:244) he pointed out that this was a misidentification of an unidentified mealybug.

KEYS: Zimmerman 1948: 177 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 412-413]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 240]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177, 244-247].



Pseudococcus symoni Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus symoni Williams, 1985: 333. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, on Solanum cunninghamii. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Portulacaceae: Portulaca [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Lycopersicon esculentum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Solanum cunninghamii [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 279, 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 413]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 332-333].



Pseudococcus syringae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius syringae Maskell, 1898: 246. Type data: JAPAN: on Syringa amurensis. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pseudococcus syringae; Fernald, 1903b: 110. Change of combination.



HOST: Oleaceae: Syringa amurensis [Maskel1898, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Maskel1898, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Maskell (1898).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 413]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 55]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 110]; Maskel1898 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246].



Pseudococcus syzygii Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus syzygii Beardsley, 1959b: 48. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu, Williwilinui Ridge Road, Koolau Mts., on Syzygium sandwicensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Syzygium sandwicensis [Beards1959b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1959b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1959b).

CITATIONS: Beards1959b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-52]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 413].



Pseudococcus tirolensis Dingler

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus tirolensis Dingler, 1924a: 387. Type data: AUSTRIA: Tirol, near Reith and Seefeld, on pine tree. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost.



HOST: Pinaceae: Pinus [Dingle1924a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Dingle1924a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Dingler (1924a).

CITATIONS: Dingle1924a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 387-389].



Pseudococcus transylvanicus Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus transylvanicus Savescu, 1985: 105. Type data: ROMANIA: Vrancea District, Odobesti, on Phalaris arundinacea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Phalaris arundinacea [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 414]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-107].



Pseudococcus trukensis Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus trukensis Beardsley, 1966: 462. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Truk, Wena, on breadfruit leaves. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Nothopanax scutellarium [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Tournefortia [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus tiliaceus [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Beardsley 1966: 437 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 462-465]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 258-259].



Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius indicus Signoret, 1875c: 317. Type data: FRANCE: Var, Hyeres, on Laurus indicus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 248. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 248.

Dactylopius viburni Signoret, 1875c: 323. Type data: FRANCE: Gall. mer., Hyeres, on Viburnum tinus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 252. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Dactylopius affinis Maskell, 1894b: 90. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, on tubers of Dahlia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & Williams, 1985: 480. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 248.

Pseudococcus viburni; Fernald, 1903b: 111. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus affinis; Fernald, 1903b: 97. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus obscurus Essig, 1909a: 43. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles, on Opuntia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller et al., 1984: 709. Type depository: San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Miller et al., 1984: 707.

Pseudococcus capensis Brain, 1912: 182. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Rosebank, on Phytolacca dioica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Miller et al., 1984: 707.

Pseudococcus nicotianae Leonardi, 1913: 76. Type data: ITALY: Scafati, on Nicotiana colossaea. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta, 1992a: 96. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Marotta, 1992: 95.

Pseudococcus longispinus latipes Green, 1917a: 264. Type data: ENGLAND: Camberley, on Fuchsia (in greenhouse). Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller et al., 1984: 709. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Miller et al., 1984: 707.

Pseudococcus capensis; Joubert, 1928: 209. Incorrect synonymy.

Pseudococcus fathyi Bodenheimer, 1944b: 90. Type data: IRAN: Haraj, in galls of Prociphilus on Fraxinus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1991: 14. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1991a: 14.

Pseudococcus malacearum Ferris, 1950b: 185. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Ana County, Santa Clara, on pear. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Wilkey & McKenzie, 1961: 246. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Miller et al., 1984: 707.

Pseudococcus affinis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 376.

Pseudococcus indicus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 394. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus viburni; Ben-Dov, 1994: 414.

Pseudococcus viburni; Uygun et al., 1998: 186. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Maskell" as author.

Pseudococcus viburni; Ripa & Rojas, 2008b: 203. Notes: Erroneous citation of 'Maskell' as author.

COMMON NAMES: Canchito blanco de la vid [RipaRo2008b]; glasshouse mealybug [Malump2011a]; obscure mealybug [McKenz1967, Bartle1978e, Koszta1996, GimpelMi1996].



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPRTERA Formicidae: Linepithema humile [ZhouLuZe2012]. VIRUS Closteroviridae: Ampelovirus GlRaV-3 [BahderPoAl2013].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) [Heidar2001a], Nephus reunioni Fursch [Heidar2001a]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault) [BlumbeVa2001], Anagyrus novickyi Hoffer [KreiteDeGi2005], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [KreiteDeGi2005], Anagyrus punctulatus Agarwal & Alam [KreiteDeGi2005], Chrysoplatycerus splendens (Howard) [Moore1988], Leptomastix dactylopii Howard [BlumbeVa2001], Leptomastix eponga (Walker) [BlumbeVa2001, KreiteDeGi2005], Pseudaphycus flavidulus (Brethes) [KreiteDeGi2005, DaaneCoTr2008], Pseudaphycus maculipennis Mercet [Yasnos2001, Charle2001, KreiteDeGi2005].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [GimpelMi1996]. Actinidiaceae: Actinidia delisciosa [Gonzal2011]. Alliaceae: Allium sativum [GimpelMi1996]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus blitum [Moghad2013]. Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllis [GimpelMi1996], Haemanthus [DeLott1967, BenDov1994], Hippeastrum [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Narcissus [GimpelMi1996]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia2004a], Pistacia palestina [BenDov2012]. Annonaceae: Annona [GimpelMi1996], Annona cherimola [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Annona reticulata [GimpelMi1996]. Apiaceae: Apium graveolens [Willia2004a]. Apocynaceae: Mandevilla [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nerium oleander [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Pachypodium lamerei [Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Acorus [GimpelMi1996], Aglaonema [GimpelMi1996], Calla [GimpelMi1996], Dieffenbachia picta [GimpelMi1996], Dieffenbachia sp. [Moghad2013], Dieffenbachia sp. [Moghad2013a], Phoenix sp. [Moghad2013a], Typhonodorum [GimpelMi1996], Zantedeschia [GimpelMi1996]. Araliaceae: Aralia elegantissima [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Hedera [GimpelMi1996], Hedera helix [Marott1987a, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Arecaceae [GimpelMi1996]. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepias physocarpa [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Hoya [GimpelMi1996], Hoya carnosa [Tranfa1973, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae [BenDov2013], Achillea millefolium [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Ageratum [GimpelMi1996], Artemisia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Aster [GimpelMi1996], Aster glutinosa [Matile1976, BenDov1994], Baccharis piluaris [GimpelMi1996], Baccharis salicifolia [Gonzal2011], Chamomilla suaveolens [CostelWe2014], Cineraria [GimpelMi1996], Commidendrum robustum [Matile1976, BenDov1994], Conyza canadensis [CostelWe2014], Cynara scolymus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Dahlia [Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Echinopsis [GimpelMi1996], Echinopsis multiplex [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Eupatorium [Willia2004a], Gerbera [Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Gynura aurantiaca [BenDov1987, BenDov1994], Helianthus [GimpelMi1996], Helianthus tuberosus [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Helichrysum [GimpelMi1996], Sonchus oleraceus L. [CostelWe2014], Tragopogon porrifolius [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [GimpelMi1996]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [DeLott1967, BenDov1994], Catalpa [GimpelMi1996], Catalpa speciosa [Moghad2013]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba [GimpelMi1996]. Brassicaceae: Brassica [GimpelMi1996], Brassica maculata [GimpelMi1996]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [Matile1976, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Bromelia [GimpelMi1996], Puja sp. [Gonzal2011]. Buxaceae: Buxus hyrcana [Moghad2013], Buxus japonica [GimpelMi1996], Simmondsia chinensis [BenDov1987, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae [GimpelMi1996], Acanthocereus [GimpelMi1996], Aporocactus flagelliformis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Astrophytum [GimpelMi1996], Cereus [GimpelMi1996], Cereus boumannii [GimpelMi1996], Cereus candicans [GimpelMi1996], Cereus quadricostatus [GimpelMi1996], Cereus serpens [GimpelMi1996], Cereus spiniflora [GimpelMi1996], Copiapoa cinerea [Gonzal2011], Echinocactus [GimpelMi1996], Echinocereus eruwbergi [GimpelMi1996], Echinocereus pectinatus [GimpelMi1996], Epiphyllum [GimpelMi1996], Epithelantha micromaris [GimpelMi1996], Hylocereus [GimpelMi1996], Mammilaria [GimpelMi1996], Mammillaria pectinata [GimpelMi1996], Opuntia [Essig1909a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Opuntia ficus indica [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Opuntia floccosa [GimpelMi1996], Opuntia tuna [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Pereskia [GimpelMi1996], Pereskia aculeata [GimpelMi1996], Pereskiopsis [GimpelMi1996], Phyllocactus [GimpelMi1996], Phyllocereus cimralarinus [GimpelMi1996], Quiabentia chacoensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rhipsalis [GimpelMi1996], Rhipsalis leucorhaphis [GimpelMi1996], Selenicereus grandiflorus [GimpelMi1996], Zygocactus [GimpelMi1996], Zygocactus truncatus [GimpelMi1996]. Cannaceae: Canna [GimpelMi1996]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera tatarica [GimpelMi1996], Viburnum odoratissimum [GimpelMi1996], Viburnum tinus [Signor1875c, BenDov1994]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [Beards1965, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Caryophyllaceae: Arenaria [GimpelMi1996], Dianthus [Cox1987, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Dianthus caryophyllus [DeLott1967, Martin1985, BenDov1994], Sagina procumbens [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [GimpelMi1996], Euonymus alatus [GimpelMi1996], Euonymus fortunei [GimpelMi1996], Euonymus radicans [GimpelMi1996], Euonymus radicans [GimpelMi1996]. Chenopodiacaea: Chenopocium album [Gonzal2011]. Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris [Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Compositae: Taraxacum officinalis [Gonzal2011]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus arvensis [CostelWe2014]. Crassulaceae: Crassula [GimpelMi1996], Crassula rubicunda [GimpelMi1996], Echeveria [GimpelMi1996], Echeveria setosa [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Epiphyllum anguliger [GimpelMi1996], Kalanchoe globuliferae [GimpelMi1996], Sedum [GimpelMi1996]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita [GimpelMi1996], Cucurbita pepo [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Sechium edule [Willia1985, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Cupressaceae: Cupressus sp. [Moghad2010], Thuja [GimpelMi1996]. Cycadaceae [GimpelMi1996]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Cyperus rotundus [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Dilleniaceae: Hibbertia perfolia [GimpelMi1996]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [GimpelMi1996], Diospyros kaki [Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus pungens variegata [GimpelMi1996]. Ericaceae: Erica vagens [GimpelMi1996], Gaultheria shallon [GimpelMi1996], Rhododendron [GimpelMi1996], Vaccinium [GimpelMi1996]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [GimpelMi1996], Codiaeum variegatum [Moghad2013], Croton [GimpelMi1996], Euphorbia [GimpelMi1996], Euphorbia pulcherrima [GimpelMi1996], Manihot esculenta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Palissya africana [GimpelMi1996], Poinsettia [Cox1987, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Ricinus [GimpelMi1996], Sapium sp. [BenDov2012], Schizogyne sericea [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia [GimpelMi1996], Albizia [GimpelMi1996], Bauhinia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Caesalpinia [GimpelMi1996], Cercis siliquastrum [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cythisus [GimpelMi1996], Cythisus scoparius [GimpelMi1996], Daubentonia tripetti [GimpelMi1996], Dolichos [Willia1985, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Dorycnium pentaphyllum [KozarFr1995], Erythrina crista-galli [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Glycine max [Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Glycyrrhiza glabra [BenDov2012], Inga [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Laburnum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Medicago polymorpha [CostelWe2014], Medicago sativa [Granar1991, Willia1985, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Melilotus alba [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Mimosa [GimpelMi1996], Ononis matrix hispanicus [KozarFr1995], Robinia pseudo-acacia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sesbania punicea [DeLott1967, BenDov1994], Sophora [GimpelMi1996], Trifolium fragiferum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Ulex [Matile1976, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Ilex [GimpelMi1996], Ilex crenata [GimpelMi1996], Ilex vomitoria [GimpelMi1996]. Filicinae [GimpelMi1996]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [DeLott1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Pelargonium [Kozar1980, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia [Matile1976, BenDov1994]. Ginkgoaceae: Ginko biloba [Moghad2013]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum [Martin1985]. Iridaceae [GimpelMi1996], Crocus [GimpelMi1996], Gladiolus [Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Watsonia [GimpelMi1996]. Juglandaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Carya illinoiensis [Quiroz2003]. Lauraceae: Laurus [GimpelMi1996], Laurus cerosus [Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Laurus indicus [Signor1875c, BenDov1994], Laurus nobilis [GimpelMi1996], Persea [GimpelMi1996], Persea americana [Gonzal2011], Umbellularia californica [GimpelMi1996]. Liliaceae: Asparagus sprengeri [GimpelMi1996], Dracaena sp. [BenDov2012], Lilium [GimpelMi1996], Lilium giganteum [GimpelMi1996], Lilium tenuifolium [GimpelMi1996], Tulipa [GimpelMi1996]. Loranthaceae: Notanthera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Punica granatum [Moghad2013]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [GimpelMi1996], Hibiscus sp. [Gonzal2011], Malva nicaensis [Gonzal2011], Malva parviflora [CostelWe2014]. Moraceae: Ficus [GimpelMi1996], Ficus carica [GimpelMi1996], Ficus decora [GimpelMi1996], Morus [GimpelMi1996], Morus alba [Moghad2013a]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eugenia jaboticaba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Myrceugenia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [Gonzal2011]. Nepenthaceae: Nepenthes hainanensis [GimpelMi1996]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Matile1976, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Forsythia [GimpelMi1996], Fraxinus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Jasminum [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Phillllyrea media [BenDov2012]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Nephrolepis bostoniensis [GimpelMi1996]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [Green1917a, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae [GimpelMi1996], Cattleya [GimpelMi1996], Cypripedium [GimpelMi1996], Epidendrum [GimpelMi1996], Odontoglossum grande [GimpelMi1996]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a], Passiflora coerulea [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Passiflora edulis [DeLott1968a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Passiflora quadrangularis [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Philesiaceae: Lapageria rosea [GimpelMi1996]. Phytolaccaceae: Phytolacca dioica [GimpelMi1996]. Pinaceae: Cedrus libanotica [BenDov2012], Pinus [GimpelMi1996], Pinus mugo [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Pinus radiata [GimpelMi1996]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [GimpelMi1996], Pittosporum sp. [BenDov2012], Pittosporum tobira [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Pittosporum undulatum [GimpelMi1996]. Plumbaginaceae: Limonium [BenDov2012]. Poaceae [GimpelMi1996], Bambusa [GimpelMi1996], Phoenix [GimpelMi1996], Phoenix [GimpelMi1996], Triodia pungens [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Zea mays [GimpelMi1996], Zizania [GimpelMi1996]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [GimpelMi1996], Polygonum convolvulus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Polygonum orientalis [GimpelMi1996], Rumex [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Rumex obtusifolia [FoldiKo2006]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca oleraceae [Gonzal2011]. Primulaceae: Cyclamen [DeLott1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Primula [Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Gonzal2011]. Punicaceae: Punica [GimpelMi1996], Punica granatum [BenDov1987, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Anemone [GimpelMi1996], Aquilegia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Clematis [GimpelMi1996], Clematis paniculata [GimpelMi1996], Ranunculus [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [GimpelMi1996], Cydonia [GimpelMi1996], Cydonia oblonga [Gonzal2011], Fragaria [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Malus [GimpelMi1996], Malus domestica [Gonzal2011], Malus pumila [Willia1985, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Malus sylvestris [BenDov1990g, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Persica vulgaris [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Prunus [GimpelMi1996], Prunus armeniaca [Gonzal2011], Prunus avium [Gonzal2011], Prunus domestica [Cox1987, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, GonzalCuBa1996], Prunus nectarina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Prunus persica [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Prunus pritchardi [KozarFr1995], Pyracantha yumancuris [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Pyrus [GimpelMi1996], Pyrus communis [Willia1985, Cox1987, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Pyrus malus [BenDov2012], Rosa sp. [Moghad2013], Rubus idaeus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Spiraea [KozarFr1995]. Rubiaceae: Bouvardia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Coffea [Matile1976, BenDov1994], Gardenia [GimpelMi1996], Gardenia jasminoides. Ruscaceae: Ruscus [GimpelMi1996], Ruscus aculeatus [GimpelMi1996]. Rutaceae: Citrus [GimpelMi1996, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanKiKo2005], Citrus aurantium [LongoRu1988, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [Willia1985, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, Foldi2000], Citrus reticulata [Panis1986, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [GranarScTe1997]. Salicaceae: Salix [GimpelMi1996]. Sambucaceae: Sambucus glauca [Essig1909a, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Litchi cinensis [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Sarraceniaceae: Sarracenia [GimpelMi1996], Sarracenia purpurea [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Saxifragaceae: Bergenia crassifolia [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Heuchera sanguinea [Willia1985, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Solanaceae: Cestrum nocturnum [GimpelMi1996], Cyphomandra [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Lycium australe [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Lycium ferocissimum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Lycopersicon esculentum [Willia1985, Cox1987, BenDov1994, SchoenMa1999, Willia2004a], Nicotiana [GimpelMi1996], Nicotiana colossea [Leonar1913, Marott1987a, Marott1992a], Solanum [GimpelMi1996], Solanum giganteum [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Solanum muricatum [GimpelMi1996], Solanum tuberosum [Afifi1968, Willia1985, Cox1987, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [GimpelMi1996]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia regina [GimpelMi1996]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [GimpelMi1996], Tamarix gallica [GimpelMi1996]. Taxaceae: Taxus [GimpelMi1996], Taxus baccata [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Taxus cuspidata [GimpelMi1996]. Theaceae: Camellia [GimpelMi1996], Camellia sinensis [Willia2004a, AbbasiTaAs2007], Thea sinensis [Moghad2013]. Thunbergiaceae: Thunbergia natalensis. Thymelaeaceae: Daphne [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Sparmannia africana [GimpelMi1996]. Umbelliferae: Daucus carota [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Holmskioldia sanguinea [GimpelMi1996]. Viscaceae: Viscum [GimpelMi1996]. Vitaceae: Vitis [GimpelMi1996], Vitis persica [Moghad2013], Vitis vinifera [Gonzal1983RH, Willia1985, GonzalCuBa1996, Cox1987, PhilliSh1991, BenDov1994]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber officinale [GimpelMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Saint Helena [Matile1976, BenDov1994]; South Africa [Brain1912, DeLott1967, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; Zimbabwe [DeLott1968a, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia [GimpelMi1996] (New South Wales [Maskel1894b, BenDov1994], Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Brimbl1962, Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1965, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a]). Australasian: New Zealand [Ward1966, Cox1987, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Nearctic: Canada [GimpelMi1996] (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994], New Brunswick [Koszta1996]); Mexico [GimpelMi1996]; United States of America (Alabama [GimpelMi1996], California [Essig1909a, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Connecticut [GimpelMi1996], Delaware [GimpelMi1996], District of Columbia [GimpelMi1996], Georgia [GimpelMi1996], Illinois [GimpelMi1996], Indiana [GimpelMi1996], Iowa [GimpelMi1996], Maryland [GimpelMi1996], Massachusetts [GimpelMi1996], Michigan [GimpelMi1996], Missouri [GimpelMi1996], New Jersey [GimpelMi1996], New York [GimpelMi1996], North Carolina [GimpelMi1996], Ohio [GimpelMi1996], Oregon [GimpelMi1996], Pennsylvania [GimpelMi1996], South Carolina [GimpelMi1996], Utah [GimpelMi1996], Virginia [GimpelMi1996], Washington [GimpelMi1996], West Virginia [GimpelMi1996], Wisconsin [GimpelMi1996]). Neotropical: Argentina [GimpelMi1996] (La Pampa [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Neuquen [DapotoOlBo2011], Rio Negro [DapotoOlBo2011], Tucuman [Granar1991, BenDov1994]); Bolivia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996] (Espirito Santo [CulikGu2005, CulikMaVe2007], Rio Grande do Sul [FoldiKo2006]); Chile [Gonzal1983RH, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, GonzalCuBa1996, RipaRo2008b]; Costa Rica [GimpelMi1996]; Cuba [GimpelMi1996]; Easter Island [GimpelMi1996]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; Jamaica [GimpelMi1996]; Panama [GimpelMi1996]; Peru [Salaza1972, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [GimpelMi1996, GranarScTe1997]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]. Oriental: Philippines [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [GimpelMi1996, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Austria [Malump2011a] (Established on indoor plantings.); Azores [GimpelMi1996]; Belgium [GimpelMi1996]; Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, MatileOr2001, BenDov2013]; China [GimpelMi1996]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1990, BenDov1994]; Denmark [GimpelMi1996]; France [Signor1875c, Panis1968, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996, Foldi2000, Foldi2001, MatileGePi2004]; Georgia [Yasnos1995, YasnosTaCh2005]; Germany [GimpelMi1996]; Hungary [Kozar1980, BenDov1994]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Israel [BenDov1987, BenDov1994]; Italy [Leonar1913, Tranfa1973, Marott1987a, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, GimpelMi1996]; Madeira Islands [GimpelMi1996]; Morocco [GimpelMi1996]; Netherlands [GimpelMi1996, SchoenMa1999]; Portugal [KozarFr1995, CarvalFrAg1996, GimpelMi1996, FrancoMa2001]; Sardinia [LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; Slovenia [Seljak2008, Seljak2010]; South Korea [GimpelMi1996]; Spain [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996]; Sweden [GimpelMi1996]; Turkey [UygunSeEr1998, KaydanKiKo2005]; United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Willia1962, BenDov1994], England [Green1917a, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Scotland [Willia1962, BenDov1994, GimpelMi1996], Wales [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found on all parts of the host plant. Franco & Pereira (1992) described a method for studying the fecundity and fetility of the female. Natural enemies listed by Moore (1988). Mean longevity of adult males is 87.7 ą 3.7 h. There is a sexual maturation period of the adult males which lasted for about 45 h., indicated by maximum growth of waxy caudal filaments. (Mendel, et al., 2012) The density of Pseudococcus viburni in California coastal vineyards significantly increased when tended by the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, and the density of encyrtidae parasitoids and predators decreased in vineyards with the Argentine ant. (Zhou, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Cox (1987), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Gimpel & Miller (1996) and by Williams (2004a). Good description and illustration of the female second-instar nymph and third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the first-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description and illustration of the third instar female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Tremblay et al. (1977) evaluated the degree of affinity of this species to three mealybug species, using female and male morphology, chromosome number, endosymbionts and immunoelectrophoresis.

STRUCTURE: Various aspects of the chromosome system was studied, and reported as P. obscurus, by Nur (1962, 1962a, 1966a, 1966b, 1977a). Colour photograph McKenzie (1967), Gonzalez (1983), Zahradnik (1990) and by Matile-Ferrero et al. (2004).

SYSTEMATICS: Joubert (1928) suggested that Pseudococcus capensis is a synonym of McKenzie (1967) of P. maritimus, however the former is a synonym of P. affinis. Psudococcus viburni (Signoret) was listed in Williams (2004a: 36) as a synonym of Pseudococcus saccharicola Takahashi; this was a lapsus calami.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Considered as probably the commonest greenhouse mealybug in Britain (Williams, 1962). Reported as a pest of tomato in greenhouses in the Netherlands (Schoen & Martin, 1999). Reported as the most important underground mealybug pest in Australia (Williams, 1985). Reported as an apple pest in New Zealand (Ward, 1966) and in Israel (Ben-Dov, 1990). A pest of grapevine in California, but its control has been improved by elimination of the attending ants (Phillips & Sherk, 1991). Panis (1986) discussed its status as a citrus pest in the French Riviera.

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 71 (female) [Key to species of Pseudococcus Westwood in Iran]; Parsa et al. 2012: 8-10 (adult, female) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]; González 2011: 81 (female) [Key to the developmental stages of P. viburni female]; Wang & Wu 2010: 245 (female) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]; Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 21 (female) [World]; Gimpel & Miller 1996: 137 (larva) [World]; Kosztarab 1996: 177 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 427 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 40 (female) [Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 288 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 457 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 255 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America]; Williams 1962: 39 (female); McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 418 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 173 (female) [North America]; Zimmerman 1948: 177 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbbasiTaAs2007 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: A120]; AbdRab2004b [biological control, distribution: 334-335]; Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-135]; BahderPoAl2013 [economic importance: 1293]; Bartle1969 [biological control: 875-878]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 166]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230-231]; Beards1963a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 220-230]; Beards1965 [host, distribution]; BeltraSoMa2012 [molecular data, phylogenetics: 167-171]; BenDov1987 [host, distribution: 116]; BenDov1990g [host, distribution: 95-100]; BenDov1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13-14]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 376-378]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 37, 44]; BenDov2013 [ecology, illustration: 73]; BettenSi2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 251-252]; BlumbeFrSu2002 [structure, life history, biological control: 385-395]; BlumbeVa2001 [life history, biological control: 191-199]; Bodenh1944b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90-91]; Brain1912 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 182-183]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution: 228]; CamposSa1983 [host, distribution, economic importance: 9]; Canakc1977 [host, distribution: 52-53]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 57]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 142]; Charle2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 37-41]; Charle2001 [biological control: 37-41]; Charle2011 [distribution, biological control: 155-161]; CharleAlZy2002 [biological control: 37-41]; CharleWa1981 [chemical control, host, distribution: 252-253]; CharleWaBe2008 [GLRV, Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, distribution: 293]; ChongOe2006a [biological control]; CiampoLuSu2002 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 97-108]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 201]; CoplanPeHe1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 44-47]; CorreaAgGe2011 [distribution, host: 46]; CorreaGeMa2012 [distribution, economic importance, host, molecular data, taxonomy: 1-7]; CostelWe2014 [distribution, economic importance, host: 1194,1196]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77, 196]; CulikGu2005 [host, distribution: 1-8]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DaaneCoTr2008 [biological control, distribution: 43-57]; DaaneCoTr2008a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 167-171]; DaaneMaGu2003 [biological control: 389-398]; DaaneSiFa2007 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 583-596]; DapotoOlBo2011 [description, distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, structure: 497-504]; DavidsDiFl1991 [chemical control: 1-47]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 52]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 18]; DeLott1968a [host, distribution: 86]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, description, economic importance, control]; Essig1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-41, 43]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 97, 111]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-186]; FlaherWi1999 [biological control: 853-869]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 79]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 309]; FrancoMa2001 [host, distribution: 191-196]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 21,25]; FrancoSiCa2000 [taxonomy, illustration, life history, biological control, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-142]; FrancoSuBo2004 [biological control: 507-522]; GeigerDaBe2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 19-27]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; GermaiKrTh2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 90-95]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 255]; Gimpel1983 [taxonomy, distribution: 1-272]; GimpelMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-136, 156-159]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 339-341]; Gonzal1983RH [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control: 44-50]; Gonzal1991 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control: 3-7]; Gonzal2003a [host, distribution, economic importance: 89-98]; Gonzal2008a [host, distribution, economic importance: 5-17]; Gonzal2011 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy,: 27,29,73-91]; GonzalCuBa1995 [chemical control: 995-998]; GonzalCuBa1996 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 45-57]; GonzalPoBa2001 [life history, host, distribution, chemical control, taxonomy: 17-26]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; Granar1979 [host, distribution: 155]; Granar1991 [host, distribution: 268]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 97, 99]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1917a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 264]; Gullan2000 [taxonomy, description: 160-166]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Heidar2001a [host, distribution, biological control: 397-402]; HeidarJa2000 [biological control: 49-53]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 511]; HosseiHa2011 [molecular data: 46]; IslamJa1992 [biological control: 17-22]; JervisCo1996 [biological control: 63]; JimeneRoGo1997 [structure, chemistry: 636-644]; JiSu2012 [distribution, host, illustration: 1-5]; Jouber1928 [taxonomy: 209]; Karama1999 [biological control, life history]; KaramaCo2000 [life history, biological control: 301-308]; KaramaCo2008a [life history, biological control: 271-272]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 91]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 177-179]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 67]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KreiteDeGi2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 161-164]; KreiteGeVi2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 48-52]; KreiteGrTh2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 38-40]; LaflinGuPa2004 [host, distribution: 475-477]; Leonar1913 [taxonomy: 76]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; MalausFeWa2011 [distribution, molecular data , phylogeny: 142-155]; MalausFeWa2011 [molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy]; Malump2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 55-57]; Malump2012 [host: 59]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance: 31,41]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 56,57]; ManiJoKa2013 [molecular data: 244]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 111]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95-96]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 97]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-91]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 299-300]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 183]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259-260]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313-318]; MendelPrJa2012 [behaviour, biological control, ecology: 385-394]; MendelPrZa2008 [life history, physiology: 231]; MillarMiMc2005 [chemistry, physiology, chemical ecology: 2999-3005]; MillerGiWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 706-707]; MilonaKoKo2008 [host, distribution: 33]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 27-28]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 6, 76-78, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 72]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212]; MudavaAdKe2011 [chemical control: 919-924]; Nechay2002 [structure, chromosome: 254]; NechayKuNo2004 [structure, chromosome: 23-31]; Nur1962 [structure: 173-199]; Nur1962a [structure: 1679-1690]; Nur1966a [structure: 1225-1238]; Nur1966b [structure: 1239-1249]; Nur1977a [structure: 149-160]; OyarzuGo2005 [taxonomy, life history: 5-12]; PachecBeBl2014 [distribution, economic importance, host, life history, phylogeny: 1-13]; PachecBeBl2014 [molecular data: 6]; Panis1986 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 59-65]; ParsaKoWi2012 [taxonomy: 8-10]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PhilliSh1991 [economic importance: 26-28]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; PieterMuVu2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 23-28]; Pryke2005 [life history, chemical control: 25]; Quiroz2003 [host, distribution: 99-104]; RipaRo1990 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 82-87]; RipaRo2008b [description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 203-205]; RisWaRu2010 [taxonomy, molecular data,: 39-43]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; Salaza1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 282]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29, 30]; SchoenMa1999 [host, distribution, economic importance: 39-40]; Seljak2008 [host, distribution: 121-127]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 102]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 323-324]; SilvaFrMe2008 [life history, reproduction: 274-275]; SilvaMeFr2010 [life history, reproduction: 19-21]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Stimme1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 25]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 74]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 237-239]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-50]; Thwait1997 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 1-34]; Tranfa1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 294-299]; TremblTrRo1977 [taxonomy, structure: 113-135]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentCaKa2004 [host, distribution: 102]; UlubasKaKi2007 [molecular data,: 232-238]; UneliuElTw2011 [molecular data: 170]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; WakgarGi2004 [host, distribution, taxonomy, description, illustration: 29-38]; WakgarGi2004b [host, distribution, biological control: 7-11]; WaltonPr2004 [host, distribution: 23-25]; Ward1966 [host, distribution, economic importance: 453]; WhitinHoMa1998 [economic importance, chemical control: 1458-1463]; Willia1962 [host, distribution: 40]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 281-282]; Willia1986c [host: 54]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 708-710]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 428-430]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 85, 86]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 47]; Yasnos1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 247-251]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 295-302]; Zahrad1990b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34]; ZhouLuZe2012 [ecology: 1]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-225]; ZouChMi2013 [biological control, chemistry, economic importance: 127-128].



Pseudococcus wachendorfiae Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus wachendorfiae Brain, 1912: 183. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Newlands, on Wachendorfia paniculata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Hypoxidaceae: Wachendorfia paniculata [Brain1912, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1912, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brain (1912) and by De Lotto (1958a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 414]; Brain1912 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183-184]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-115]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30].



Pseudococcus xanthorrhoeae Qin & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus xanthorrhoeae Qin & Gullan, 1990: 764. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Australian Capital Territory, on Xanthorrhoea glauca ssp. angustifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Xanthorrhoeaceae: Xanthorrhoea glauca angustifolia [QinGu1990, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1990, BenDov1994], New South Wales [QinGu1990, BenDov1994], Queensland [QinGu1990, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Qin & Gullan (1990). Good description and illustration of the third instar female given by Qin & Gullan (1990).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 414]; QinGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 764-768].



Pseudococcus yapensis Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus yapensis Beardsley, 1966: 465. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Yap, Ruul District, host not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Yap [Beards1966, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Beardsley 1966: 437 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 465-466]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 414-415]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 259].



Pseudococcus zahradniki Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus zahradniki Savescu, 1984: 146. Type data: ROMANIA: Bistrita-Nasaud District, Bistrita, on Arctium lappa and from Arges District, Cimpulung Muscel, on Daucus Sylvestris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Arctium lappa [Savesc1984, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Daucus sylvestris [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 415]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-147].



Pseudococcus zamiae (Lucas)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus zamiae Lucas, 1855: cvii. Type data: FRANCE: Paris (greenhouses), on Zamia spiralis [= Macrozamia tridentata] from Nouvelle-Hollande (Australia). Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; D. Matile-Ferrero, 1992, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Dactylopius (Coccus) zamiae; Signoret, 1875c: 328. Change of combination.

Dactylopius zamiae; Lidgett, 1899: 54.

Pseudococcus zamiae; Fernald, 1903b: 112. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Howeia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Zamiaceae: Macrozamia communis [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Macrozamia tridenta [Lucas1855, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 415]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 201]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 112]; Lidget1899 [taxonomy: 54]; Lucas1855 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: cvii]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 876]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 328]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333-335]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 49].



Pseudococcus zelandicus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus zelandicus Cox, 1987: 81. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Taupo, minginui State Forest, Otupaka Clearing, in litter. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Liliaceae: Astelia cockaynei [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Microlaena [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Microlaena avenacea [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Poa laevis [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found also in swards and litter.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 76 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 415]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81, 202].



Pseudoferrisia Kaydan & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudoferrisia Kaydan & Gullan, 2012: 9-10, 59-62. Type species: Ferrisiana floridana Ferris.

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrtion in Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

STRUCTURE: Ferris (1953) described and illustrated the adult female of an unusual species of mealybug from Florida, U.S.A., and placed it in the genus Ferrisiana Takahashi as F. floridana Ferris, along with four other species, F. claviseta, F. quaintancii (misspelled as F. quaintancei), F. setosa and F. virgata. McKenzie (1967) transferred these five species to Ferrisia. Although the adult female of F. floridana has enlarged tubular ducts on the dorsum, these ducts differ structurally from those of other Ferrisia species. F. floridana also is distinctive in possessing six-segmented antennae (eight, rarely seven, segments in other species) and more than one pair of cerarii (all other Ferrisia species possess only anal lobe cerarii), plus some, slender cerarian-type setae more anteriorly on the abdominal margin and on the head. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F216908F-0204-4108-A657-3 5E5F5EA3B48 Mealybugs of the genus Pseudoferrisia will key to Ferrisia in any key published prior to 2012 to genera of mealybugs that includes Ferrisia. Adult females of these two genera can be distinguished mostly readily as follows [Ferrisia in brackets]: Antennae 6 segmented [Antennae 7 or 8 segmented]; circulus absent [circulus present]; anal lobe cerarii each with >5 cerarian setae, with cerarii or partial cerarii present on 2 or more segments anterior to anal lobes [cerarii confined to anal lobes, each lobe usually with 2 (rarely 3-5) cerarian setae]; setae on sclerotised area around orifice of dorsal enlarged tubular ducts slender spinelike; [setae on sclerotised area around orifice of dorsal enlarged tubular ducts slender and bluntly tipped to slightly capitate] dorsal setae spine-like; oral-rim tubular ducts present on venter [dorsal setae flagellate and bluntly-tipped to slightly capitate; oral-rim tubular ducts absent]. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012).

KEYS: Kaydan & Gullan 2012: 10 [Pseudoferrisia and Ferrisia].

CITATIONS: KaydanGu2012 [description, illustration, molecular data, taxonomy: 9-10, 58-62].



Pseudoferrisia floridana (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ferrisiana floridana Ferris, 1953a: 360. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Charlotte County, near Cross City, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Ferrisia floridana; McKenzie, 1967: 179. Change of combination.

Pseudoferrisia floridana; Kaydan & Gullan, 2012: 60-62. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae [KaydanGu2012]. Juncaceae [KaydanGu2012]. Poaceae [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan & Gullan, 2012.

STRUCTURE: The adult females of Pseudoferrisia floridana can be distinguised readily from those of Ferrisia (features of the latter genus in parentheses) by having (i) numerous long conical to lanceolate cerarian setae on each anal lobe, with cerarii or partial cerarii present anterior to anal lobes (cerarii confined to anal lobes and cerarian setae rarely numbering more than 2 or 3 per cerarius); (ii) dorsal enlarged tubular ducts bearing slender spine-like setae on or near the sclerotised area around duct (tapered setae with a slightly capitate apex), (iii) short, slender spine-like dorsal setae with blunt apex (flagellate setae with a bluntly-tipped to slightly capitate apex), (iv) oral-rim tubular ducts present on venter and each sometimes associated with a minute discoidal pore (oral-rim tubular ducts absent on venter), (v) no circulus (circulus present), and (vi) antennae 6 segmented (8, rarely 7, segmented). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)

KEYS: Williams 1996: 3 (female) [as Ferrisia floridana; World]; McKenzie 1967: 179 (female) [as Ferrisia floridana; U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 360 (female) [as Ferrisia floridana; North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 163]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 360-361]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, distribution: 179]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 4].



Pseudoripersia Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia (Pseudoripersia) Cockerell, 1899a: 392. Type species: Eriococcus turgipes Maskell, by monotypy and original designation.

Pseudoripersia; Cockerell, 1899m: 278. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 336 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 36 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 416]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 278]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 115]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 168]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 335-336].



Pseudoripersia brevipes Froggatt

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudoripersia brevipes Froggatt, 1933: 368. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Euston, Marray River, on Casuarina lepidophloia. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 336. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina cristata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Casuarina inophloia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1933, Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Froggatt (1933) and by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 336 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 416]; Frogga1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-369]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 336-338].



Pseudoripersia turgipes (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriococcus turgipes Maskell, 1893b: 228. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, on Casuarina sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 338. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand.

Ripersia turgipes; Maskell, 1897: 318. Change of combination.

Ripersia (Pseudoripersia) turgipes; Cockerell, 1899a: 392. Change of combination.

Pseudoripersia turgipes; Cockerell, 1899m: 278. Change of combination.

Pseudoripersia tergipes; Nur et al., 1987: 55. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina cristata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Casuarina cunninghamii [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Casuarina distyla [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Casuarina glauca [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Casuarina luehmannii [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1893b, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Koteja1974b, Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: This mealybug causes the slender branchlets to become aborted, curling them completely around the insect (Williams, 1985).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison & Morrison (1922) and by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 336 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 416]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 278]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 55]; ElliotOhWy1998 [host, distribution, economic importance]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; Maskel1893a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228-229]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318-319]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-54]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 338-340]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 522].



Pseudotrionymus Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudotrionymus Beardsley, 1971c: 44. Type species: Trionymus multiductus Beardsley, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Beardsley (1971c).

CITATIONS: Beards1971c [taxonomy, description: 44]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 417]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 169,213-218].



Pseudotrionymus multiductus (Beardsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus multiductus Beardsley, 1959b: 52. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu, North Halawa Ridge, Koolau Mts., on Syzygium sandwicensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female.

Pseudotrionymus multiductus; Beardsley, 1971c: 44. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Syzygium sandwicensis [Beards1959b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1959b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: This species produces its own characteristic type of leaf deformation (Beardsley, 1959b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1959b). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).

CITATIONS: Beards1959b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-55]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215, 240-241]; Beards1971c [taxonomy: 44]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 417]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 523].



Pseudotrionymus refertus (Ferris in Zimmerman)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus refertus Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948: 261. Type data: HAWAII: Oahu, Konahuanui, on Eugenia sandwicensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudotrionymus refertus; Beardsley, 1971c: 44. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eugenia sandwicensis [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, Beards1971c, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: This species causes the edges of the leaves of its host plant to curl in tight rolls which form tubes in which small colonies of the insects live (Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948). This species produces its own characteristic type of leaf deformation (Beardsley, 1959b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948). Good description and illustration of the adult male given Beardsley (1960).

KEYS: Beardsley 1960: 214 (male) [Hawaii]; Zimmerman 1948: 257 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1959b [life history: 55]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 241-242]; Beards1971c [taxonomy: 44]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 417]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 523]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257, 261-266].



Quadrigallicoccus Williams & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Quadrigallicoccus Williams & Miller, 1999: 530. Type species: Quadrigallicoccus lauracearum Williams & Miller, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & Miller (1999).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Williams & Miller 1999: 524 (female) [South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, description: 530, 536].



Quadrigallicoccus lauracearum Williams & Miller

NOMENCLATURE:

Quadrigallicoccus lauracearum Williams & Miller, 1999: 536. Type data: COSTA RICA: Cartago, Tobosi, 1700m, on Aiouea costaricense. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Lauraceae: Aiouea costaricense [WilliaMi1999], Nectandra salicina [WilliaMi1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [WilliaMi1999].

BIOLOGY: The gall is formed from the petiole of the host and is woody (Williams & Miller, 1999).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Miller (1999). Good description and illustration of the immature stages given by Williams & Miller (1999).

CITATIONS: GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 169,213-218]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 531-539].



Renicaula Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Renicaula Cox, 1987: 82. Type species: Pseudantonina junci de Boer, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 82 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 440]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 82].



Renicaula chionochloae (de Boer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Antoninoides chionochloae de Boer, 1968: 334. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Kaikoura, Puhipuhi Vally, on Chionochloa flavescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Renicaula chionochloae; Cox, 1987: 83. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Chionochloa [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Chionochloa australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Chionochloa flavescens [Boer1968, BenDov1994], Chionochloa rubra [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Boer1968, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in the leaf sheaths.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by de Boer (1968) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 82 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 441]; Boer1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 334-336]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83, 204].



Renicaula junci (de Boer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina junci de Boer, 1968: 331. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Marlborough, Molesworth, on Juncus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Renicaula junci; Cox, 1987: 83. Change of combination.



HOST: Juncaceae: Juncus [Boer1968, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Boer1968, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by de Boer (1968) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 82 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 441]; Boer1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 331-333]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83, 205].



Renicaula pauca Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Renicaula pauca Cox, 1987: 83. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Westland, Franz josef Glacier, Rangers' Headqurters, on Olearia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Olearia [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Olearia furfuracea [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Olearia solandri [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Pomaderris phylicifolia [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bark of host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 82 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 441]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-84, 206].



Renicaula raouliae (de Boer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina raouliae de Boer, 1968: 333. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Marlborough, Ward's Pass, on Raoulia australis. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Renicaula raouliae; Cox, 1987: 84. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Raoulia australis [Boer1968, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Boer1968, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 82 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 441]; Boer1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333-334]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84, 207].



Ripersia Signoret

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia Signoret, 1875c: 335. Type species: Ripersia corynephori Signoret, by monotypy.

Rupertsia; Lichtenstein, 1877a: 299. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Green (1931a), Goux (1940), Mamet (1949), Reyne (1951a), Ferris (1953a) and by Ali (1970a). Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) cr

KEYS: Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, description: 120-121]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 474]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 116]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 462]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy: 1]; Goux1940 [taxonomy, description: 58]; Green1931a [taxonomy, description: 101-102]; Lichte1877a [taxonomy: 299]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 16]; Morris1922 [taxonomy: 139]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 175-177]; Reyne1951a [taxonomy, description: 189]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description: 335-336].



Ripersia corynephori Signoret

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia corynephori Signoret, 1875c: 335. Type data: FRANCE: Southern France (Gallia meridionalis), on Corynephorus canescens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994], Corynephorus canescens [Signor1875c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Denmark [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]; France [Signor1875c, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Sweden [Gertss2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: The original material of Signoret was redescribed and illustrated by Reyne (1951a). Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995) and Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) critically discussed the status of the type material studied by Reyne (1951a) and concluded that this species is unrecognizable.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 474]; BenDovMa1995 [taxonomy, description: 253, 254]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; KozarzRe1975 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 257]; Reyne1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 189-206]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 335, 336].



Rosebankia De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Rosebankia De Lotto, 1967: 18. Type species: Pseudococcus caffra Brain, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1967).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 477]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description: 18-19]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 189-195].



Rosebankia caffra (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus caffra Brain, 1915: 138. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Rosebank, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Rosebankia caffra; De Lotto, 1967: 19. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Brain1915, DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Brain (1915) and by De Lotto (1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 477]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-139]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-20]; Millar2002 [illustration: 207].



Saccharicoccus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Saccharicoccus Ferris, 1950b: 216. Type species: Dactylopius sacchari Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

Soccharicoccus; Tang, 2001: 3. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris (1950b), Williams (1962, 1970DJ, 1985), De Lotto (1964), Beardsley (1966), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tang (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; Williams 2004a: 44 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Tang 1992: 216 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 188 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 42 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 18 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 3 (female) [India]; Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 11 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Ferris 1953a: 285 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 21 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 143]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 472]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 478]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 216]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 149]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 81]; Moghad2013 [taxonomy: 80]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 178]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 215]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 27]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 7, 50]; Willia1985 [taxonomy: 37, 357]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 798-800]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 42, 584]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 219].



Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius sacchari Cockerell, 1895n: 195. Type data: TRINIDAD: St Ann's, on sugar-cane. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus sacchari; Cockerell, 1902p: 252. Change of combination.

Dactylopius sacchari brasiliensis van Gorkum, 1913: 29. Type data: BRAZIL: Sergipe, on Saccharum spontaneum and S. sacchari. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 584. Notes: Type material probably lost (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992).

Trionymus calceolariae; Fullaway, 1923: 308. Misidentification.

Trionymus sacchari; Fullaway, 1923: 308. Change of combination.

Erium sacchari; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Trionymus praegrandis James, 1936: 200. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 357. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957b: 223.

Trionymus sacchari; Zimmerman, 1948: 266. Revived combination.

Saccharicoccus sacchari; Ferris, 1950: 217. Change of combination.

Soccharicoccus sacchari; Tang, 2001: 3. Misspelling of genus name.

COMMON NAMES: pink sugar-cane mealybug [Bartle1978e]; pink sugarcane mealybug.



FOES: Eulophidae: Tetrastichus pyrillae [NarayaSuKa1957]. Thysanidae: Thysamus ranae [NarayaSuKa1957]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis limbatus Casey [Moore1988], Hyperaspis notata [PruettCo1984], Hyperaspis trilineata Mulsant [Box1950, PruettCo1984, Moore1988, AbdRab2008a]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Dicrodiplosis [ReddyAz2000]. Drosophilidae: Cacoxenus (Gitonides) paolii Seguy [TsacasCh1999], Cacoxenus (Gitonides) perspicax Knab [TsacasCh1999], Cacoxenus (Gitonides) polyodous Tsacas & Chassagnard [TsacasCh1999]. FUNGI Fungi: Aspergillus flavus [PruettCo1984]. HEMIPTERA Anthocoridae: Scoloposcelis parallelus Motschulsky [Diakon1941]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus greeni (Howard) [AbdRab2001d], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [NarayaSuKa1957], Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake [NarayaSuKa1957, Alam1972, PruettCo1984, Moore1988, AbdRab2008a], Astymachus [NarayaSuKa1957], Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Mayerencyrtus [NarayaSuKa1957], Microterys delhiensis [NarayaSuKa1957], Rhopus nigriclavus (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Seclioencyrtus [NarayaSuKa1957]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus subaeneus (Foerster) [AbdRab2001d].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Andropogon sorghum [Willia2004a], Cortaderia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Cymbopogon caccius [Willia2004a], Holcus [KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994], Miscanthus japonicus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Oryza sativa [Willia2004a], Phragmites [DeLott1968a, BenDov1994], Saccharum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Saccharum biflorum [Hall1923, BenDov1994], Saccharum edule [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a, KondoRaVe2008, Moghad2013a], Sorghum halepense [Zimmer1948, Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Sorghum vulgare [Beards1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b, BenDov1994]; Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Madagascar [Mamet1952, BenDov1994]; Malawi [DeLott1968a, BenDov1994]; Reunion [Mamet1952, GermaiMiPa2014]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1949, Mamet1956b, BenDov1994]; Seychelles [GermaiAtBa2008]; Somalia [CABI1959a, Schmut1964, BenDov1994]; South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Uganda [James1936, BenDov1994]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, CABI1959a, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1987, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Cocos (=Keeling) Islands [Willia2004a]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Yap [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; French Polynesia (Tahiti [CABI1959a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1960, BenDov1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [CABI1959a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]). Australasian: New Caledonia [CABI1959a, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [CABI1959a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Florida [DownieGu2004, Stocks2012]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Barbuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Entre Rios [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Tucuman [CABI1959a, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Barbados [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bolivia [CABI1959a, PruettCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil (Amazonas [FoldiKo2006], Paraiba [CABI1959a, BenDov1994], Santa Catarina [CABI1959a, BenDov1994], Sao Paulo [CABI1959a, BenDov1994]); Colombia [Figuer1952, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Costa Rica [CABI1959a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, WilliaMaSu2001]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [CABI1959a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Grenada [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [CABI1959a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [CABI1959a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [CABI1959a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [Balach1957c, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Montserrat [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Nicaragua [CABI1959a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [CABI1959a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [Salaza1972, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Nevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Saint Kitts [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Suriname [CABI1959a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1895n, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997]; Venezuela [Box1950, CABI1959a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992, BenDov1994]); India (Andhra Pradesh [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Arunchal Pradesh [Willia2004a], Bihar [Willia2004a], Gujarat [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Madhya Pradesh [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Odisha [Willia2004a], Punjab [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Willia2004a]). Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994]). Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sabah [Willia2004a], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines [Morris1920, BenDov1994] (Luzon [LitCa1994a, Willia2004a]); Sri Lanka [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Takaha1928, BenDov1994]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: China (Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1980, BenDov1994]); Egypt [Hall1922, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Iran [Moghad2013a]; Israel [Bodenh1924, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [CABI1959a, BenDov1994, FrancoRuMa2011]. Palaearctic: San Marino [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on stems and under leaf sheaths. Beardsley (1962a) found that it is a facultative biparental species in Hawaii. In the Philippines, Uichanco & Villanueva (1932) concluded that it may reproduce either bisexually or parthenogenetically. Life history in Egypt (Hafez & Salama, 1969) and in Australia (Rae & De'ath, 1991). Allsopp (1991) evaluated methods for sampling populations of the pest in Queensland, Australia. Rae & De'ath (1991) studied the influence of constant temperature on development, survival and fecundity in the Philippines. Cooper & Qing (1992) described virus-like particles which were found in field-collected and glasshouse-reared individuals in Australia, however no information is given on the pathogenity of these particles. Rae & Jones (1992) studied the influence of host nitrogen on development, survival, size and population dynamics.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1920), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), Avasthi & Shafee (1987), Williams (1970DJ, 1985), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960) (apterous form), Yadava (1966, 1968) and by Afifi (1968) (macropterus and apterus forms).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Schmutterer (1990). Alimentary canal, salivary glands and Malpighian tubules described and illustrated by Yavada & Chandel (1968).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A common pest of sugarcane in Hawaii. Beardsley (1960a) studied in Hawaii its dispersal, infestation sites, natural enemies, and the effect of ants and other factors on its populations. Uichanco & Villanueva (1932) indicated that it has been considered as a possible vector of rice diseases in Cuba and India.

KEYS: Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius]; Beardsley 1960: 212 (male (apterous)) [Hawaii]; Beardsley 1960: 213 (male (alate)) [Hawaii]; Zimmerman 1948: 257 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2000 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 72-75]; AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1369]; AbdRab2002 [biological control: 24-26]; AbdRab2008a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 277-284]; AbdullBiSi2006 [biological contro, host, distribution: 23-28]; Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-151]; AgarwaSi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 149]; Alam1972 [host, distribution, biological control: 357-363]; Ali1958 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 181]; Ali1962 [description, host, distribution: 72]; Ali1967 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 215-217]; Allsop1991a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 213-218]; AllsopSuHa1993 [life history, ecology: 1278-1284]; AllsopSuHa1993 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1278-1284]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 19]; AnwarJaKh1992 [chemical control: 431-437]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-46]; BabuRa1999 [biological control, chemical control: 137-138]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; BallalSuPr2006 [biological control: 1-43]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 168, 169]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236-239]; Beards1960a [economic importance, life history, ecology, biological control: 954-961]; Beards1962a [life history: 55-59]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 472-473]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; BeltraGaSo2013 [behaviour: 1492]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 478-479]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 38, 44]; Bodenh1924 [host, distribution, economic importance: 83-84]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; BonnetHe2005 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 304-309]; Box1950 [host, distribution, biological control: 47]; CABI1959a [distribution]; ChassaTs2003 [biological control: 271-286]; Chiaro1933 [host, distribution: 220-222]; Cocker1895n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 195]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 252]; Cocker1937 [taxonomy, economic importance: 124]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 41]; DeBarr1991 [life history, ecology: 19-20]; DekaGuSi1999 [chemical control: 357-361]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 223-224]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 383]; DeLott1968a [host, distribution: 86]; Diakon1941 [host, distribution, biological control: 205-213]; Dick1942 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, control: 55-56]; Dick1951 [host, distribution, economic importance: 377-394]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; EbiedaBaAl1998 [chemical control: 1889-1901]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-218]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 206]; FlukerHuBe1968 [host, distribution, biological control: 474-477]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 309]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 312]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 21,25]; FrankeFeHa1999 [chemistry, life history, physiology: 1681-1693]; FrankeOSLe2004 [molecular data, symbionts: 455-470]; FrisonDiNo1999 [economic importance: 1-4]; Fullaw1923 [taxonomy: 308]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 158]; GarridOrLo2004 [biological control, chemistry, disease transmission: 38-42]; GermaiAtBa2008 [host, distribution: 129-135]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 25]; Gorkum1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 29]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution: 99]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; HafezSa1967 [taxonomy: 25-29]; HafezSa1969 [structure: 499-516]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hall1922 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 13-14]; Hall1922a [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 1-16]; HallKoHo2005 [host, distribution: 143-156]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HodgesHo2004 [host, distribution: 396-397]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 29]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-180]; InkermAsCa1986 [host, distribution, economic importance: 612-619]; IsaacMi1933 [host, distribution: 315-324]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-201]; Jayant1986 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 259-275]; JayantDaGo1996 [host, life history, behaviour, ecology: 7-9]; JayantGo2002 [host, chemistry: 198-201]; KalraDa1966 [host, distribution, economic importance: 770]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 16]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 44-46]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 395, 396]; Malump2012b [distribution, taxonomy: 211]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17]; Mamet1952 [host, distribution: 170]; Mamet1956b [host, distribution: 303-306]; Martin1988 [taxonomy: 128-131]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 49]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 230,246]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 184]; Millar2002 [illustration: 217]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 73]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; MondalGh2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 113-130]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212, 216]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173]; NarayaSuKa1957 [host, distribution, biological control: 145]; Nattra1932 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-9]; Pember1964 [host, distribution: 689]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 217]; PruettCo1984 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 11-13]; Rae1993 [taxonomy: 249-252]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 626]; Ramakr1919e [host, distribution: 97]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Rao1943 [taxonomy, illustration: 208]; Rao1957 [biological control: 376-390]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; ReddyAz2000 [biological control: 104]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 72-73]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; Sakimu1935a [biological control: 76-82]; Salama1977 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 346-370]; SalamaRi1979 [chemistry: 1873-1875]; Salaza1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 285-287]; Sankar1980 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-12]; Saraiv1939 [host, distribution: 103]; Schmut1964 [host, distribution : 105]; Schmut1990 [host, distribution]; ShrivaSrSo2003 [biological control: 105-120]; SrikanEaKu2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 51-52]; Stocks2012 [distribution, description, host: 1]; SuchitGhMo2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 113-130]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 333]; Takaha1940a [host, distribution: 331]; Takaha1951a [host, distribution: 15]; TalebRa2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 89-94]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 217, 756]; Tang2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27]; TsacasCh1999 [biological control: 109, 112, 114]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 48]; Vander1937 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-8]; VanDin1913 [host, distribution: 251-257]; VanDin1926 [host, distribution: 1-16]; VarmaTi1994 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 238-264]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 61]; Wheele2013 [host: 223]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-175]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 357-359]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 799-902]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 168]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 92]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 584-586]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101]; WilliaMaSu2001 [biological control: 73-76]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219-221]; Wolcot1955 [host, distribution: 1-5]; Woolwi1998 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-231]; Yadava1966a [taxonomy: 112-129]; Yadava1968a [taxonomy: 165-172]; YadavaCh1968 [structure: 597-608]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257, 266-269].



Sarococcus Williams & de Boer

NOMENCLATURE:

Sarococcus Williams & de Boer, 1973: 244. Type species: Ripersia fagi Maskell, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & de Boer (1973) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 90 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 479]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 90]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description: 244].



Sarococcus comis Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Sarococcus comis Cox, 1987: 91. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Gisborne, Lake Waikaremoana, on Nothofagus menziesii. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Nothofagus fusca [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus menziesii [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus solandri [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 90 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 479]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91, 216]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71].



Sarococcus deplanatus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Sarococcus deplanatus Cox, 1987: 91. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Marlborough, Jollies Pass near Hanmer Springs, beating Nothofagus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Nothofagus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus solandri [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 90 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 479]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-92, 217].



Sarococcus fagi (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia fagi Maskell, 1891: 24. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Reefton, on Fagus [= Nothofagus] menziesii. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Deitz & Tocker, 1980: 53. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Trionymus fagi; Brittin, 1938: 333. Change of combination.

Sarococcus fagi; Williams & de Boer, 1973: 244. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Nothofagus fusca [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus menziesii [Maskel1891, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Maskel1891, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & de Boer (1973) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 90 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 480]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92, 218]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 53]; Maskel1891 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 244-246].



Sarococcus undatus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Sarococcus undatus Cox, 1987: 92. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Fiordland, Lake Hauroko, on Nothofagus solandri. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Nothofagus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus menziesii [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus solandri [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Nothofagus solandri cliffortioides [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 90 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 480]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-93, 219].



Serrolecanium Shinji

NOMENCLATURE:

Serrolecanium Shinji, 1935: 106. Type species: Serrolecanium bambusae Shinji, by monotypy.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1950a), Kawai (1980), Danzig (1980b), Tang (1984a, 1984c, 1992) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 27 (female) [World]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 22 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Tang 1992: 33 (female) [species China]; Danzig 1988: 698 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kawai 1980: 123 (female) [species Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 481]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110, 202-203]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description: 71-72]; Hendri1993 [taxonomy: 1-273]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description: 66-68]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 123]; Shinji1935 [taxonomy, description: 106-107]; TanakaUe2012 [taxonomy: 414]; Tang1984a [taxonomy, description: 117-121]; Tang1984c [taxonomy, description: 393]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 39-40]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 27]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68]; Wu2001 [taxonomy: 47]; WuLu2012 [taxonomy: 30.38].



Serrolecanium ferrisi Wu & Lu

NOMENCLATURE:

Serrolecanium tobai; Ferris, 1950a. Misidentification.

Serrolecanium indocalamus; Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 69-73. Misidentification.

Serrolecanium ferrisi Wu & Lu, 2012: 38-40. Type data: CHINA: Guizhou, Kuankuoshui Natural Reserve Area of Suiyang county, under leaf sheath of Fargesia sp., 8/13/2010, by San-an Wu & Yuan Lu. Holotype female. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria? [WuLu2012], Fargesia sp. [WuLu2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guizhou (=Kweichow) [WuLu2012], Hubei (=Hupei) [WuLu2012], Yunnan [WuLu2012]).

BIOLOGY: Lliving singly or in small groups on stems beneath leaf sheaths.

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Wu & Lu, 2012.

SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to S. tobai in having the posterior 4 abdominal segments well-defined and expanded laterally, but can easily be distinguished by having a conical seta at the apex of each psterolateral lobe and no tubular duccts dorsallly on the abdomen. (Wu & Lu, 2012) Ferris (1950) identified the specimen collected from "CHINA, Yunnan, Si-shan, nr Kunmung on Arundiaria sp. (?), 8-12 May 1949" as Serolecanium tobai. Later Hendricks and Kosztarab (1999) checked this material studied by Ferris (1950) and concluded that "Ferris' material shows striking differences with other lot of S. tobai and is here treated as S. indocalamus Wu". However, they also wrote "this material does ot completely match Wu's (1988) definition and may actually represent a separate species." Wu & Lu (2012) examined speciments and determined that they matched Ferris' (1950) and Hendrick's and Kosztarab's definition and so are believed to represent the same species. S ferrisi.

KEYS: Wu & Lu 2012: 31 (female) [Key to Chinese species in the tribe Serrolecaniini Shinji]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 69 (female) [as Serrolecanium indocalamus; world].

CITATIONS: Ferris1950a [description, distribution, illustration, host, taxonomy: 72,83-84]; HendriKo1999 [description, distribution, illustration, host, taxonomy: 69-73, 80-84]; Tang1992 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 40]; WuLu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 30-31,38-40,45].



Serrolecanium indocalamus Wu

NOMENCLATURE:

Serrolecanium indocalamus Wu, 1988: 77. Type data: CHINA: Anhui, Jiuhuashan, on Indocalamus migoi. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Indocalamus migoi [Wu1988, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Wu1988, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999, Wu2001]).

BIOLOGY: Living singly or in small group on the stem beneath leaf sheaths (Wu & Lu, 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wu (1988).

KEYS: Wu & Lu 2012: 31 (female) [Key to Chinese species in the tribe Serrolecaniini Shinji]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 481]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-73]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27-28]; Wu1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-78]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47]; WuLu2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 30,31,40,41,45].



Serrolecanium kawaii Hendricks & Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Serrolecanium kawaii Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 73. Type data: JAPAN: Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa-Shoto, Kume Island, on Pleioblastus linearis. Holotype female. Type depository: Tokyo: Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Tachikawa, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Indocalamus sp. [WuLu2012], Pleioblastus linearis [HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [HendriKo1999]. Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [WuLu2012]).

BIOLOGY: This species is unusual among the bamboo infesting mealybugs in that it is found alone underneath the buds of its host, since most Serrolecanium species are gregarious living under leaf sheaths. (Hendricks & Kozxterab, 1999)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is identified by posterior six abdominal segments expanded laterally and the antennae plate-like. It is also unique in that tubular ducts are absent in the adult frmale stage, but are present in second and third instar developmental stages.

KEYS: Wu & Lu 2012: 31 (female) [Key to Chinese species in the tribe Serrolecaniini Shinji]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 69 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-76]; WuLu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 40-42,45].



Serrolecanium takagii Hendricks & Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Serrolecanium takagii Hendricks & Kosztarab, 1999: 77. Type data: JAPAN: Ishikawa-ken, Mt. Hakusan (s.1. 1000m), on Sasa palmata. Holotype female. Type depository: Tokyo: Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Tachikawa, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Sasa palmata [HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [HendriKo1999].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

KEYS: Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 69 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-80].



Serrolecanium tobai (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina tobai Kuwana, 1932b: 216. Type data: JAPAN: Iwate-ken, on Pleioblastus nebulosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Serrolecanium bambusae Shinji, 1935: 107. Type data: JAPAN: on bamboo. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Kanda, 1936: 5. Notes: Type material lost. S. Takagi, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Antonina tobae; Kanda, 1936: 4. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Ferris1950a, HendriKo1999], Pleioblastus [HendriKo1999], Pleioblastus nebulosa [Kuwana1932b, HendriKo1999], Pleioblastus simonii [HendriKo1999], Sasa borealis [HendriKo1999], Sasa nipponica [HendriKo1999], Sasa vetichii [HendriKo1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hubei (=Hupei) [Wu2001], Yunnan [Wu2001]). Palaearctic: China [Ferris1950a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992]; Japan [Kuwana1932b, HendriKo1999].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950a) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999). Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Kawai (1980) provides a colour photograph.

KEYS: Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 69 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 40 (female) [China]; Yang & Kosztarab 1967: 11 (larva) [World]; Kuwana 1932b: 215 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 481-482]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72, 83-84]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-84]; Kanda1936 [taxonomy: 4]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 9]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 124]; Kuwana1932b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-219]; Shinji1935 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 107-108]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 40]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 28]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47]; WuLu2012 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 30-33, 45]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-97]; YangKo1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-38].



Spartinacoccus Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Spartinacoccus Kosztarab, 1996: 203. Type species: Spartinacoccus rhodesae Kosztarab, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Kosztarab (1996).

CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 78, 203-205].



Spartinacoccus rhoadesae Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Spartinacoccus rhoadesae Kosztarab, 1996: 205. Type data: U.S.A.: New Jersey, Ocean County, on Spartina alternifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Spartina alternifolia [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Delaware [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996]).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 205 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-207].



Spilococcus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus Ferris, 1950b: 219. Type species: Dactylopius gutierreziae Cockerell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1950b, 1953a), De Lotto (1964), McKenzie (1960, 1962, 1967), Miller & McKenzie (1973), Danzig (1980b), Williams (1962, 1985), Tranfaglia (1981), Cox (1987), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996) and by Danzig (1998).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 394 (female) [Genera of Korea]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 410 (female) [Spilococcus species of Korea]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Marotta 1992a: 67 (female) [Italy]; Tang 1992: 261-262 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 218 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 587 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 42 (female) [Central and South America]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Cox 1987: 93 (female) [species New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 37 (female) [Australia]; Danzig 1980b: 158 (female) [species Far East Russia]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 521-523 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 45 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 411-412 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 678-679 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1960: 755-757 (female) [species North America]; Ferris 1953a: 284 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 463-464 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 219-220 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 483]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 93]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 109, 158]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description: 118-119]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description: 383]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 219-220]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 463-464]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 78, 207]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 151]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 394,410]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description: 755]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description: 678]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 410-412]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description: 520-521]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 81]; MoghadAl2014 [description, taxonomy: 55]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 187]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 260-261]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 28]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 7, 52]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 37, 361]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 42, 586-587].



Spilococcus alhagii (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus alhagii Hall, 1926a: 7. Type data: EGYPT: Masara on roots of Alhagi maurorum; collected 26.ii.1926 by W.J. Hall. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Moghaddam, 2007: 40. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Spilococcus alhagii; Ezzat, 1960c: 43. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia judaica [Hall1927d, BenDov1994], Echinops spinosus [Hall1926a, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Suaeda fruticosa [Matile1988, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Alhagi maurorum [Hall1926a, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Punica granatum [Moghad2013]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [WilliaMo2007]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [WilliaMo2007], Ziziphus spina-christi [Moghad2013]. Vitaceae: Cissus rotundifolia [Matile1988, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Nitraria retusa [BenDov1980, BenDov1994], Zygophyllum coccineum [Ezzat1960c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Egypt [Hall1926a, BenDov1980, BenDov1994]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Saudi Arabia [Matile1988, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Hall (1926a), Ezzat (1960c) and by Williams & Moghaddam (2007).

SYSTEMATICS: Matile-Ferrero (1988) and Williams & Moghaddam (2007) concluded that there is considerable variation in number of pores and ducts in the adult female of this species, from several localities, namely Egypt, Iran and Saudi Arabia.

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 81 [Key to species of Spilococcus Ferris in Iran]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1369]; BenDov1980 [host, distribution: 269]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 483]; Ezzat1960c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-46]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-8]; Hall1927d [host, distribution: 267-287]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Matile1988 [host, distribution: 28]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 30]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 81-83, 100]; Moghad2013a [description, host: 73]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 263-264]; WilliaMo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-43].



Spilococcus andersoni (Coleman)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius andersoni Coleman, 1903: 62. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Lake County, on Cupressus goveniana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

Dactylopius dudleyi Coleman, 1903: 63. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Clear Creek, on Cupressus macnabiana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 221.

Pseudococcus andersoni; Essig, 1909a: 37. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus dudleyi; Essig, 1909a: 38. Change of combination.

Spilococcus andersoni; Ferris, 1950: 221. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Anderson mealybug [McKenz1967, BrownEa1967].



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Cupressus goveniana [Colema1903, Essig1909a, BenDov1994], Cupressus macnabiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cupressus macnabiana [Essig1909a, BenDov1994], Cupressus macrocarpa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Juniperus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Libocedrus decurrens [Colema1903, Essig1909a, BenDov1994]. Taxaceae: Torreya californica [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Taxodiaceae: Sequoia sempervirens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Colema1903, Essig1909a, Ferris1950b, BrownEa1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967). Ferris (1918d) erroneously synonymized Dactylopius andersoni and D. dudleyi Coleman with D. ryani Coquillett.

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 523 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 412 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 757 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 463 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 220 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 483-484]; BrownEa1967 [host, distribution, economic importance: 14]; Colema1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 62-64]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 37, 38]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-222]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 412-414].



Spilococcus artemisiphilus (Tang in Tang & Li)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus artemisiphilus Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 33. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Baotou, on Artemisia argyi. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Spilococcus artemisiphilus; Tang, 1992: 263. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia argyi [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Plumbaginaceae: Limonium gmelini [Danzig1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]); Kazakhstan [Danzig1998].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 484]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 263-264]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-36]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 28].



Spilococcus atriplicis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius solani atriplicis Cockerell, 1895u: 729. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Dona Ana County, near Agricultural College [Mesilla], on Atriplex canescens. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus solani atriplicis; Fernald, 1903b: 414. Change of combination.

Spilococcus atriplicis; Ferris, 1953a: 466. Change of combination and rank.

COMMON NAMES: Southern California mealybug [McKenz1967]; southern california mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Haplopappus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pluchea sericea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex canescens [Cocker1895u, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum inflatum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus limon [Varshn1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Cocker1895u, BenDov1994]). Oriental: Bangladesh [Varshn1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the twigs, branches and roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967). Ferris (1953a) synonymized S. eriogoni (Ehrhorn) with S. atriplicis, but McKenzie (1960) recognized them as separate species.

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 523 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 412 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 757 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 464 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 484]; Cocker1895u [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 729-730]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 466-467]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 414-416]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 61-62].



Spilococcus bourbonicus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus bourbonicus Mamet, 1957: 380. Type data: REUNION ISLAND: Piton des Neiges, on Philippia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Ericaceae: Philippia [Mamet1957, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [Mamet1952, GermaiMiPa2014]; Tromelin Island [Mamet1957, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1957).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 484]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 25]; Mamet1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 380-382].



Spilococcus ceanothi McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus ceanothi McKenzie, 1967: 419. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Nevada County, Nevada City, on Ceanothus prostratus. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: squawcarpet mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus prostratus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ceanothus pumilus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the decumbent branches, crown and occassionally roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 523 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 412 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 484]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 419-421].



Spilococcus commiphorae De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus commiphorae De Lotto, 1961: 229. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Zebediela, on Commiphora sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Burseraceae: Commiphora [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

CITATIONS: DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-230].



Spilococcus corsicus (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus corsicus Balachowsky, 1933a: 43. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, below the 'bergerie' of Ascia, near Cinto, on Juniperus communis subsp. nana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Spilococcus corsicus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 72. Change of combination.



HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus communis nana [Balach1933a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Foldi2001]; Sicily [Balach1933a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1933a).

CITATIONS: Balach1933a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-44]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 485]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 72].



Spilococcus corticosus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus corticosus McKenzie, 1967: 421. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Diego County, Warner Springs, on Artemisia tridentata. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: bark mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia californica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Artemisia tridentata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bark near the crown of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 522, 523 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 411, 412 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 485]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 421-423].



Spilococcus erianthi (Kiritchenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia erianthi Kiritchenko, 1932: 140. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: near Djoj-Mulk, on Erianthus ravennae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998: 126. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pseudococcus erianthi; Borchsenius, 1949: 130. Change of combination.

Atrococcus erianthi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 67. Change of combination.

Spilococcus erianthi; Tang, 1992: 265. Change of combination.

Atrococcus erianthi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 49. Revived combination.

Spilococcus erianthi; Danzig, 1998: 126. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Erianthus [Borchs1949, Tang1992], Erianthus purpurescens [MyartsKaPo1995], Erianthus ravennae [Kiritc1932, Archan1937, BenDov1994, Danzig1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, MyartsKaPo1995, Danzig1998]; Uzbekistan (Samarkand Oblast [Kiritc1932, Archan1937, Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1998). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1949: 94 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1937 [host, distribution: 132]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 49, 50]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 130]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126, 128]; Kiritc1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 265].



Spilococcus eriogoni (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius eriogoni Ehrhorn, 1899a: 103. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Stevens Creek Canyon, Mountain View, on Eriogonum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Erium eriogoni; Cockerell, 1902t: 465. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus yerba-santae Essig, 1913: 85. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Sespe Canyon, on Eriodictyon californicum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Riverside: UCR Entomological Teaching and Research Collection, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1918d: 44.

Spilococcus eriogoni; Ferris, 1950b: 223. Change of combination.

Spilococcus haigi McKenzie, 1962: 679. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, Lyon County, Fernley, on Malacothrix sonchoides. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1967: 423.

COMMON NAMES: eriogonum mealybug [McKenz1967]; Eriogonum mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia californica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Gutierrezia californica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Heterotheca [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Solidago [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Suaeda [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Cressa cretica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lathyrus littoralis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Parosela emoryi [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Hydrophyllaceae: Eriodictyon californicum, Eriodictyon tomentosum [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum fasiculatum [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Eriogonum inflatum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eriogonum latifolium saxicola [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eriogonum nudum [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Ehrhor1899a, BenDov1994], Massachusetts [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Texas [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots, crown, stems and foliage of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1962, 1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Ferris (1953a) synonymized S. eriogoni and P. yerba-santae with S. atriplicis, but McKenzie (1960) recognized them as two separate species. Other host records of S. eriogoni by Ferris (1918d) refer to S. pressus.

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 587 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 523 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 411, 412 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 757 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 464 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 220 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 485]; Cocker1902t [taxonomy: 465]; Ehrhor1899a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103-104]; Essig1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 85]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 44]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223-224]; McKenz1960 [description: 761]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 679-683]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 423-427]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 587-589].



Spilococcus expressus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus expressus Borchsenius, 1949: 115. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: on Sorghum sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998: 126. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Spilococcus expressus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 72. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Danzig1998], Imperata cylindrica [Danzig1998], Sorghum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, MyartsKaPo1995], Sorghum halepense [Danzig1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; Turkmenistan [MyartsKaPo1995, Danzig1998].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1998). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1949: 93 (female) [Palaarctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 485-486]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 115-116]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-127]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 72]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 265-266].



Spilococcus filicicola (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia filicicola Newstead, 1898: 96. Type data: ENGLAND: Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, on fronds of Trichomanes spicatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Spilococcus filicicola; Williams, 1962: 54. Change of combination.



HOST: Hymenophyllaceae: Trichomanes spicatum [Newste1898, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [Newste1898, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Newstead (1903) and Williams (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 486]; Newste1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 96-97]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-56]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 91].



Spilococcus flavidus (Kanda)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus hibae Shinji, 1935b: 773. Type data: JAPAN: Morioka, on Chamaecyparis pisifera. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Kanda, 1941d: 24. Notes: Type material lost. S. Takagi, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Pseudococcus flavidus Kanda, 1935b: 83. Type data: JAPAN: Yokohama, on Cryptomeria japonica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.

Spilococcus flavidus; Kawai, 1980: 111. Change of combination.

Paracoccus flavidus; Trjapitzin, 1989: 137. Change of combination.

Spilococcus flavidus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 486. Revived combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus nagasakiensis (Ishii) [Tachik1956f], Anagyrus sawadai Ishii [Tachik1956f, Trjapi1989], Leptomastidea rubra Tachikawa [Tachik1956f, Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus nagasakiensis (Ishii) [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Chamaecyparis pisifera [Shinji1935b, BenDov1994]. Taxodiaceae: Cryptomeria japonica [Kanda1935b, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kanda1935b, BenDov1994]; South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a].

BIOLOGY: Parasites in the Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kanda (1935b), Kawai (1980) and by Kwon et al. (2003a).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 410 (female) [Spilococcus species of Korea]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 111 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 486]; Kanda1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83]; Kanda1941e [taxonomy: 24]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 9]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 111]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 410-411]; Shinji1935b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 773]; Tachik1956f [host, distribution, biological control: 137-155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 266]; Trjapi1989 [taxonomy, biological control: 137, 145, 315].



Spilococcus flavus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus flavus Borchsenius, 1949: 117. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: on Erianthus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998: 122. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Spilococcus flavus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 72. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Erianthus purpurascens [Danzig1972c, BenDov1994, MyartsKaPo1995, Danzig1998], Phragmites australis [MyartsKaPo1995]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphyculus astanovi Myartseva [Trjapi1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Danzig1972c, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig1998]; Turkmenistan [MyartsKaPo1995, Danzig1998].

BIOLOGY: Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1998). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 81 [Key to species of Spilococcus Ferris in Iran]; Danzig 1998: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1949: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 486]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 117-118]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 581]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122, 125]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 72]; Moghad2013 [distribution: 6, 83-84, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 74]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 222].



Spilococcus furcatispinus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia furcatispina Borchsenius, 1937: 48. Type data: GEORGIA: on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pseudococcus furcatispinus Borchsenius, 1939a: 48. Type data: RUSSIA: Starvopal Oblast, Pyatigorsk, on Gramineae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998: 122. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 118.

Spilococcus furcatispinus; Tang, 1992: 267. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus furcatispinus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 391. Revived combination.

Spilococcus furcatispinus; Danzig, 1998: 122. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Agropyron [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Danzig1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, BenDov1994]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1937, BenDov1994]); Kazakhstan (Aktyubinsk Oblast [Danzig1998]); Russia (Stavrapol Oblast [Borchs1939a, BenDov1994], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Danzig (1998). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 40 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 391]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 48]; Borchs1939a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-49]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 118-119]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122, 124]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 111]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 17-34]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267-268]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 84]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-55].



Spilococcus geoffreyi Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus geoffreyi Cox, 1987: 93. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Hunua Range, on Olearia rani. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Olearia rani [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 93 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 486-487]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-94].



Spilococcus geraniae (Rau)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus geraniae Rau, 1938: 163. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, on Geranium robertianum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Spilococcus geraniae; McKenzie & Williams, 1965: 7. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: geranium mealybug [McKenz1967, Koszta1996]; Geranium mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Koszta1996], Artemisia douglasiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Aster pilosus [Koszta1996], Erigeron [Koszta1996], Rudbeckia [Koszta1996], Solidago [Koszta1996]. Ericaceae: Gaultheria shallon [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Koszta1996]. Fabaceae: Medicago [Koszta1996], Trifolium [Koszta1996]. Geraniaceae: Geranium robertianum [Rau1938, BenDov1994], Geranium robertianum [Koszta1996]. Platanaceae: Platanus [Koszta1996]. Violaceae: Viola [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994]); United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], New York [Rau1938, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring exposed on the underside of the leaves or in the axils where the leaves join the main stem of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie & Williams (1965) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 207 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 522 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 411 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 487]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, descrption, illustration, host, distribution: 207-209]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 72]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 427-429]; McKenzWi1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-9]; Rau1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163].



Spilococcus gutierreziae (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius gutierreziae Cockerell, 1896o: 203. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Dona County, Mesilla Valley, on Gutierrezia sarothrae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus gutierreziae; Fernald, 1903b: 103. Change of combination.

Spilococcus gutierreziae; Ferris, 1950b: 225. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Gutierrezia mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Gutierrezia sarothrae [Cocker1896o, BenDov1994], Haplopappus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Cocker1896o, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Utah [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 523 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 412 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 757 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 464 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 220 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 487]; Cocker1896o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 203]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-226]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 429-431].



Spilococcus halli (McKenzie & Williams)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus indecisus Hall, 1923: 12. Type data: EGYPT: Mansura and Giza, on Imperata cylindrica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Erium indecisum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus erianthicola Hadzibejli, 1960: 56. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Pantishar Forest, on Erianthus purpurescens. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1998: 126.

Spilococcus indecisus; Ezzat, 1960: 61. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus halli McKenzie & Williams, 1965: 3. Replacement name for Chorizococcus indecisus (Hall).

Chorizococcus indecisus; McKenzie & Williams, 1965: 3. Change of combination. Homonym of Chorizococcus indecisus (Cockerell).

Chorizococcus viktorina Kozár, 1983: 90. Type data: HUNGARY: Szarsomlyo Mts., on Chrysopogon gryllus. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1998: 126.

Spilococcus halli; Tang, 1992: 269. Change of combination.

Spilococcus viktorina; Tang, 1992: 273. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus victorina; Danzig, 1998: 126. Misspelling of species name.

Spilococcus halli; Danzig, 1998: 126. Revived combination.

Chorizococcus halli; Ben-Dov, 1998: 85. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: Viktorin grass mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Andropogon [Ezzat1962, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Chrysopogon gryllus [Kozar1983, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Cynodon dactylon [Ezzat1962, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Erianthus purpurescens [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Erianthus ravennae [MatileGe2004], Eriophorum vaginatum [Kozar1985, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Imperata cylindrica [Hall1923, Ezzat1962, BenDov1994, Danzig1998], Phragmites australis [Danzig1998], Phragmites communis [BenDov1994], Piptatherum miliaceum [PellizPoSe2011], Zea mays [BenDov1994, Danzig1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Danzig1998]; Crete [Kozar1985, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, PellizPoSe2011]; Egypt [Hall1923, Ezzat1962, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; France [MatileGe2004]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]); Greece [Danzig1998]; Hungary [Kozar1983, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Danzig1998, KozarKiSa2004]; Russia (Caucasus [Danzig1998]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring just below ground level between the leaf sheaths and the parent stem, inside the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1923) (as Trionymus indecisus), Hadzibejli (1960), Kozár (1983), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Danzig (1998). Good description of the adult female given by Ezzat (1962), Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 120 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 261 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 89 (female); Kozár 1984: 123 (female) [Hungary].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1356]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 85, 91, 390]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 126, 129-130]; Ezzat1962 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61-64]; Hadzib1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-57]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12, 13]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy,description, host, distribution: 89]; Kozar1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-92]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; MatileGe2004 [host, distribution: 191-192]; McKenzWi1965 [taxonomy: 3]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 293,296]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 269, 273].



Spilococcus herbaceus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus herbaceus Danzig, 1978: 11. Nomen nudum.

Spilococcus herbaceus Danzig, 1978b: 132. Type data: RUSSIA: Sakhalin Oblast, Novoaleksandrovsk, on Calamagrostis langsdorfii. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Atrococcus herbaceus; Tang, 1992: 225. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Calamagrostis langsdorfii [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1978b, 1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1980b: 158 (female) [Far East of the U.S.S.R.].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 487]; Danzig1978 [taxonomy: 11]; Danzig1978b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-132]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-161]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 225-226].



Spilococcus implicatus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus implicatus Ferris, 1950b: 227. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Stanford University, on Sequoia sempervirens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: implicated mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Cupressus macrocarpa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Juniperus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Taxodiaceae: Sequoia sempervirens [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Illinois [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967). See colour illustration of the adult female in McKenzie (1967).

STRUCTURE: McKenzie (1967) provided a colour illustration of the adult female in its habitat and a colour photograph.

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 523 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 412 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 757 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 464 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 220 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 487-488]; Doutt1952 [taxonomy, structure: 391-397]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227-228]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 431-434].



Spilococcus innermongolicus Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus innermongolicus Tang, 1992: 601. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, on Heteropappus altaicus. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Heteropappus altaicus [Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 488]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6010, 757]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 28].



Spilococcus jailaensis (Kiritchenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus jailensis Borchsenius, 1937a: 182. Nomen nudum.

Trionymus jailaensis Kiritchenko, 1940: 121. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym, on Cerastium bibersteinii. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pseudococcus jailaensis; Borchsenius, 1949: 121. Change of combination.

Spilococcus jailensis; Danzig, 1998: 130. Misspelling of species name.

Spilococcus jailensis; Danzig, 1998: 130. Change of combination.



HOST: Caryophyllaceae: Cerastium biebersteinii [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994, Danzig1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1998). Good description of the adult female given by Kiritchenko (1940), Borchsenius (1949) and by Tereznikoiva (1975).

KEYS: Borchsenius 1949: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 394]; Borchs1937a [host, distribution: 182]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121-122]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130, 132]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121-123]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 237-238].



Spilococcus jejuensis Kwon, Danzig & Park

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus jejuensis Kwon, Danzig & Park, 2003a: 412. Type data: SOUTH Korea: Geumak-ri, Hallim, Bukjeju, Jeju-do, on Miscanthus sp.; collected G.M. Kwon, 19.viii.2000. Holotype female. Type depository: Suwon: National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Korea . Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Miscanthus [KwonDaPa2003a], Miscanthus sinensis [KwonDaPa2003a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kwon et al. (2003a).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 410 (female) [Spilococcus species of Korea].

CITATIONS: KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 412-413].



Spilococcus keiferi McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus keiferi McKenzie, 1960: 761. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Sacramento County, South Sacramento, on Artemisia vulgaris var. heterophylla. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Keifer mealybug [McKenz1960].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Antennaria parviflora [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994], Artemisia vulgaris heterophylla [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Franseria chamissonis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Haplopappus [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994]); United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Washington [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves, stems and roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 523 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 590 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 412 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 757 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 488]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 72]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 761-763]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 434-436].



Spilococcus larreae Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus larreae Ferris, 1950b: 233. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, Whitewater, on Larrea divaricata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: desert mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Larrea divaricata [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Larrea tridentata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of the host plant during the summer months and on the roots during the winter.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 587 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 522 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 590 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 411 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 678 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 755 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 463 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 219 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 488]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233-234]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 436-438]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 589-591].



Spilococcus mamillariae (Bouche)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus mamillariae Bouche, 1844: 302. Type data: ENGLAND: Essex, Laindon, on roots of Mammillaria sp. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 82. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Dactylopius mamillariae; Signoret, 1875c: 320. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus mamillariae; Fernald, 1903b: 106. Change of combination.

Trionymus leucopogi Brittin, 1938: 345. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Coromandel, Waihi, on Leucopogon [Cyathodes] fasciculata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 94. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 81.

Spilococcus cactearum McKenzie, 1960: 757. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Almeida County, Berkeley, on Homalocephala texensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 81.

Spilococcus leucopogi; Cox, 1987: 94. Change of combination.

Spilococcus mamillariae; Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 81. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: cactus mealybug [McKenz1960, McKenz1967]; Cactus mealybug [McKenz1967].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Pseudaphycus [ManichMi1967], Pseudaphycus near angelicus (Howard) [ManichMi1967].

HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Carpobrotus aequilaterus, Carpobrotus edulis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Titanopsis calcarea [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994]. Cacatceae: Echinopsis eyriesii [MazzeoRuLo1997]. Cactaceae [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Acanthocereus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Ancistrocactus megarhiza [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Ancistrocactus scheeri [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Aporocactus flagelliformis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Ariocarpus fissuratus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Ariocarpus lloydii [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Ariocarpus scapharostrus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Astrophytum [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Astrophytum capricorne [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Astrophytum miriostigma [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Astrophytum ornatum [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Borzicactus samaipatanus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Cephalocereus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Cereus [Tranfa1981, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cereus peruvianus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Chamaecereus silvestri [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Cochemiea maritima [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Cochemiea setispina [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Coloradoa mesa-verde [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Corryocactus brachypetalus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Deamia testudo [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Discocactus biformis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Dolichothele uberiformis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Echinocactus horizonthalonius [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Echinocactus multiplex [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Echinocereus ehrenbergii [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Echinofossulocactus albatus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Echinofossulocactus densispinus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Echinofossulocactus lamellosus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Echinofossulocactus obvallatus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Echinofossulocactus pentacanthus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Echinofossulocactus vaupelianus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Echinofossulocactus zacatecasensis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Echinomastus johnsonii [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Echinopsis [McKenz1960, KozarzRe1977, BenDov1994], Echinopsis ancistrophora [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Encephalocarpus strobiliformis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Epiphyllum anguliger [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Epithelantha micromeris [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Erdisia spiniflora [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Escobaria tuberculosa [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Eulychnia ritteri [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Ferocactus diguetii [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Ferocactus latifoliae [MazzeoSuRu2008], Ferocactus rafaelensis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Ferocactus schwartzii [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Ferocactus townsendianus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Gymnocalicium [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Gymnocalicium netrelianum [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Hamatocactus setispinus [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Heliocereus schrankii [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Homalocephala texensis [McKenz1960, ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Hylocereus calcaratus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Hylocereus costaricensis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Lobivia lateritia [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Loxanthocereus [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994], Loxanthocereus brevispinus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Maihuenia poeppigii [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammilaria [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Mammilaria daschyacantha [KaydanKiKo2005], Mammillaria albicoma [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria armillata [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria blossfeldiana [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria centhricirrha [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Mammillaria erythrosperma, Mammillaria fragilis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Mammillaria fraileana [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria hahniana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mammillaria macdougalii [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Mammillaria microhelia [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria moellendorffiana [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria multidigitata [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria napina [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria neopalmeri [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria rubida [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria scrippsiana [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria seitziana [Balach1930a, BenDov1994], Mammillaria sempervivi [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria tamayonis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria tetrancistra [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria woburnensis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria zeilmanniana [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mammillaria zephyranthoides [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mediocactus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Mila caespitosa [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Myrtillocactus geometrizans [McKenz1960, BenDov1994, KondoGo2014], Navajoa peeblesiana [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Neolloydia ceratites [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Neolloydia horripila [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Neoporteria crassispina [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Notocactus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Nyctocereus guatemalensis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Nyctocereus oaxacensis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Obregonia denegri [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Opuntia macbridei [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Opuntia microdasys [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Opuntia vestita [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Ortegocactus macdougallii [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Pilosocereus alencis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Pilosocereus collinsi [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Rebutia duursmaiana [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Rebutia spegazziniana [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Sclerocactus polyancistrus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Sclerocactus whipplei [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Selenicereus maxonii [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Selenicereus spinulosus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Strombocactus pseudomacrohele [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Thelocactus bicolor [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Thelocactus conothelos [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Thelocactus hastifer [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Thelocactus leucacanthus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Thelocactus phymatothelos [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Toumeya lophophoroides [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Trichocereus andalgalensis [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Trichocereus schickendantzii [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Trichocereus sphacianus [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Turbinicarpus schwartzii [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Utahia sileri [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Weberocereus tunilla [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Weingartia neumaniana [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Wilcoxia [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Wilcoxia schmollii [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994], Wilcoxia viperina [ManichMi1967, BenDov1994]. Epacridaceae: Cyathodes fasciculata [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia abyssinica [KaydanKiKo2005]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia emarginata [MatileEt2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Colorado [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]. Palaearctic: Czech Republic [Zahrad1965, Zahrad1990, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]; France [Balach1930, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Germany [Bouche1844, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KosztaKo1978, BenDov1994]; Italy [Tranfa1981, TranfaPeMa1985, Marott1987a, Marott1992b, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Sicily [MazzeoRuLo1997, RussoMa1997]; Slovenia [Seljak2008, Seljak2010]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; United Kingdom (England [Green1930, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2012]).

BIOLOGY: Life history under greenhouse conditions in California studied by Manichote & Middlekauff (1967). Develops one annual generation in greenhouse at Napoli, Italy; female overwinters as third nymph and male as pupa (Marotta, 1991).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967), Williams (1962) (both as Spilococcus cactearum), Tereznikova (1983) (as P. mamillariae), Cox (1987) (as C. leucopogi), Zahradník (1990) (as S. leucopogi and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Good description and illustration of the larval instars and adult male given by Manichote & Middlekauff (1967) (as S. cactearum).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967) and by Zahradnik (1990). Manichote & Middlekauff (1967) reported (as S cactearum) chromosome number 2n=20.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A common pest of ornamental succulent plants (Manichote & Middlekauff, 1967; Marotta, 1991). The general appearance of damaged host plants described by Manichote & Middlekauff (1967).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 587 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1987: 93 (female) [New Zealand]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 522 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 411 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1960: 755 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 679 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Balach1930a [host, distribution: 180]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 488-490]; BenDovCo1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 81-82]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 114-115]; Bouche1844 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 302]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 345]; Cocker1897 [taxonomy: 201]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94, 221]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 106]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Green1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9-10]; JiSu2012 [distribution, host: 1-5]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 92]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 102]; KondoGo2014 [host: 1]; KosztaKo1988F [host, distribution: 60]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 15]; KozarzRe1977 [host, distribution: 378-379]; LaflinGuPa2004 [host, distribution: 475-477]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; ManichMi1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control, structure: 639-659]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 112]; Marott1992b [host, distribution, life history: 735-739]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 184]; MazzeoRuLo1997 [host, distribution: 21]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 757-759, 761]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 416-419]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; Seljak2008 [host, distribution: 121-127]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 103]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 861]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 320]; Terezn1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-76]; Tranfa1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 13]; TranfaPeMa1985 [host, distribution: 123]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1081]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-54]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 361-362]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 31]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 591-593]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 85, 87]; Zahrad1965 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 304]; Zahrad1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47].



Spilococcus mirzayansi (Moghaddam)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus mirzayansi Moghaddam, 2010: 64-65. Type data: IRAN: Tehran Province, Tehran, on Opuntia ficus–indica (Cactaceae); collected F. Parsi, 18.ii.2002. Holotype female. Type depository: IRIP. Described: female. Illust.

Spilococcus mirzayansi; Tsai & Wu, 2011: 29-30. Change of combination.



HOST: Cactaceae: Opuntia ficus–indica [Moghad2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [Moghad2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Moghaddam, 2010.

SYSTEMATICS: According to the descriptions of Chorizococcus mirzayansi, it should not be placed in the genus Chorizococcus based on possessing more than 5 pairs of cerarii, a major diagnostic character in distinguishing genus Chorizococcus from the genus Spilococcus in Williams’s definition (2004) or it should be included in genus Spilococcus sesu lato proposed by Danzig (1998). Therefore, Tsai & Wu, 2011 assigned the species to Spilococcus.

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 81 [Key to species of Spilococcus Ferris in Iran].

CITATIONS: Moghad2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 83, 85-86, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 74]; TsaiWu2011 [taxonomy: 29-30].



Spilococcus mongolicus (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Atrococcus mongolicus Danzig, 1982a: 145. Type data: MONGOLIA: Bayan-Khongorski Aymak, near Yekhin-Gol, on Stipa glareosa. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Spilococcus mongolicus; Danzig, 1998: 120. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Danzig1982a], Artemisia frigida [Danzig1982a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Stipa glareosa [Danzig1982a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan (Alma Ata Oblast [Danzig1998]); Mongolia [Danzig1982a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Danzig ((1982a, 1998).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 51]; Danzig1982a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144, 145]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30].



Spilococcus mori (Siraiwa)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus mori Siraiwa, 1938: 106. Type data: JAPAN: Totigi Prefecture, on Morus alba. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost. S.Takagi, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Spilococcus (Trionymus) mori; Kawai, 1972: 10. Change of combination.

Spilococcus mori; Kawai, 1980: 111. Change of combination.



HOST: Moraceae: Morus alba [Siraiw1938, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Siraiw1938, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Siraiwa (1938). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 111 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 490]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 10]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 111]; Siraiw1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 270].



Spilococcus nanae Schmutterer

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus nanae Schmutterer, 1957: 70. Type data: GERMANY: Schwarzlaichmoor, near Schongau, on Betula nana. Holotype female. Type depository: Wetlenberg: The Schmutterer Collection, Germany. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: birch mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Marietta picta (Andre) [Bachma1965]. Encyrtidae: Hungariella spilococci (Ferriere) [Bachma1965], Leptomastidea bifasciata (Mayr) [Bachma1965, KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989], Leptomastix brevipennis Ferriere [Bachma1965], Pseudleptomastix brevipennis (Ferričre) [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989], Tetracnemoidea spilococci (Ferričre) [Trjapi1989]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa mecrida (Walker) [Bachma1965, KosztaKo1988F]. Thysanidae: Signiphorina subaenea (Forster) [Bachma1965].

HOSTS: Betulaceae: Betula nana [Schmut1957, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]. Rosaceae: Rubus chamaemorus [Danzig1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [MatrahKo2008]; Germany [Schmut1957, Schmut1980, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]; Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia (Karelia AR [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Danzig1998]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bud scales and on the twigs of birch. Life history and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Schmutterer (1957) and by Danzig (1998). Good description of the first instar given by Schmutterer (1957). Good description of the adult female given by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 120 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Bachma1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 142-147]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 490]; Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-131]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 300]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 490]; MatrahKo2008 [host, distribution: 155]; Schmut1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-72]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 271]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 125, 144, 158].



Spilococcus nototrichus Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus nototrichus Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 590. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Orange County, Newport Beach (Black Bay), on Eriogonum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: dorsal-spine mealybug [MillerMc1971].



HOST: Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the main roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 523 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 590 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 490].



Spilococcus pacificus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pacificus Borchsenius, 1949: 119. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on apple tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 158. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Paracoccus betulae Borchsenius & Kozarzhevskaya, 1966: 36. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Okeanskoy, on Betula dahurica. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980: 158.

Spilococcus pacificus; Danzig, 1980: 158. Change of combination.

Atrococcus pacificus; Tang, 1992: 228. Change of combination.

Spilococcus pacificus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 491. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer palmatum [KwonDaPa2003a]. Betulaceae: Betula dahurica [BorchsKo1966, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Morus [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Malus manshurica [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Prunus [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1984b, BenDov1994]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); South Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1980b) and by Kwon et al. (2003a). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 410 (female) [Spilococcus species of Korea]; Danzig 1998: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 220 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1980b: 158 (female) [Far East of the U.S.S.R.]; Borchsenius 1949: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy: 491]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 119-120]; BorchsKo1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-159]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 412-415]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 124]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 228]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9].



Spilococcus parkeri McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus parkeri McKenzie, 1962: 683. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, Lincoln County, Pioche, on Gutierrezia microcephala. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Parker mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Gutierrezia californica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Gutierrezia microcephala [McKenz1962, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Stillingia linearifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Nevada [McKenz1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962, 1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 522 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 411 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 491]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 682-685]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 438-440].



Spilococcus parvicirculus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus parvicirculus McKenzie, 1960: 763. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, Ontario, on Franseria acanthicarpa. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: franseria mealybug [McKenz1960]; Franseria mealybug [McKenz1960]; small circulus mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Asteraceae: Franseria acanthicarpa [McKenz1960, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1973: 755 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 522 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 411 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 491]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 762-764]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 440-442].



Spilococcus perineti Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus perineti Mamet, 1962: 184. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Perinet, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 491]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-185].



Spilococcus pressus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus pressus Ferris, 1950b: 235. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Cruz County, Big Creek, on Viola sarmentosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: pressus mealybug [McKenz1967].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Pseudaphycus abstrusus Gahan [Rosen1981a].

HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Aster chilensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Aster spinosus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Crassula [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Stachys bullata [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Althaea rosea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Gossypium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Sida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Onagraceae: Oenothera [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Violaceae: Viola sarmentosa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crown of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 523 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 412 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 757 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 464 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 220 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 491-492]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 442-444]; Rosen1981a [host, distribution, biological control: 258].



Spilococcus prosopidis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius prosopidis Cockerell, 1896m: 224. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Dona Ana County, Mesilla, on Prosopis sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus prosopidis; Fernald, 1903b: 108. Change of combination.

Spilococcus prosopidis; Ferris, 1950b: 237. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: mesquite mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Prosopis velutina [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Phoradendron [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Cocker1896m, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Females living in subspherical masses on the twigs, and attended by ants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1973: 522 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 412 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 757 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 463 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 220 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 492]; Cocker1896m [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 224-225]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 108]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 237-238]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 444-446].



Spilococcus quercinus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus quercinus McKenzie, 1962: 685. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, San Gabriel Mountains, on Quercus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: chaparral mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [McKenz1962, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus cuneatus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1962, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962, 1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 522 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 411 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 492]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 684-686]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 446-448].



Spilococcus radicalis Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus radicalis Granara de Willink, 1983: 55. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, San Javier, on roots of Gamochaeta spicata. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Gamochaeta spicata [Granar1983, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [Granar1983, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1983) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 587 (female) [Central and South America ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 492]; Granar1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-58]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 593-595].



Spilococcus sequoiae (Coleman)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius sequoiae Coleman, 1901: 410. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, near Stanford University, Cedro Cottage Place, on Sequoia sempervirens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus sequoiae; Fernald, 1903b: 109. Change of combination.

Spilococcus sequoiae; Ferris, 1950b: 239. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: redwood mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Cupressus macrocarpa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Taxodiaceae: Sequoia sempervirens [Colema1901, Essig1909a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Colema1901, Essig1909a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Ferris (1918d) noted that the original description and type material referred to two distinct species. He accepted the females as being D. sequoiae Coleman and referred the males to Puto cupressi (Coleman). Ferris (1918d) also noted that S. sequoiae had been frequently misidentified as Pseudococcus ryani (Coquillett).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 587 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 523 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 412 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 679 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 757 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 463 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 220 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 492]; Colema1901 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 410-420]; Doutt1949 [taxonomy, structure : 835]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 37]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 492]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-54]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-240]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 448-450]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 595, 596].



Spilococcus soja (Siraiwa)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus soja Siraiwa, 1938: 107. Type data: JAPAN: Niigata Prefecture, on Glycine soja. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost. S. Takagi, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Spilococcus soja; Kawai, 1980: 110. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Glycine soja [Siraiw1938, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Siraiw1938, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Siraiwa (1938). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 262 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 110 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 493]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 110]; Siraiw1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 270-271].



Spilococcus steeli (Cockerell & Townsend in Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Bergrothia townsendi steelii; Cockerell, 1894d: 282. Change of status.

Bergrothia steelii Cockerell & Townsend in Cockerell, 1894q: 263. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Cruces, on Larrea mexicana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Dactylopius steeli; Maskell, 1895: 133. Change of combination.

Erium steelii; Cockerell, 1902t: 466. Change of combination and rank.

Pseudococcus steelii; Ferris, 1919a: 31. Change of combination.

Spilococcus steelii; Ferris, 1950b: 241. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Zygophyllaceae: Larrea mexicana [Cocker1894q, BenDov1994], Larrea tridentata [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1894q, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the stems and leaves of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 587 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 522 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 411 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1962: 678 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 755 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 463 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 219 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 493]; Cocker1894q [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 263]; Cocker1894y [taxonomy: 282]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8]; Cocker1902t [taxonomy: 466]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy: 31]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 241-242]; Maskel1895 [taxonomy: 133]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 595, 597, 598].



Spilococcus vashlovanicus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus vashlovanicus Danzig, 1998: 122. Type data: Georgia: East Georgia, Vashlovanskii reserve, on Kochia. Holotype. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Centaurea sp. [KaydanKo2010a]. Brassicaceae [KaydanKo2010a]. Chenopodiaceae: Kochia [Danzig1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia [Danzig1998]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1998).

KEYS: Danzig 1998: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Danzig1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-123]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 38].



Spilococcus ventralis McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Spilococcus ventralis McKenzie, 1967: 450. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Kern County, near Inyokern, on Franseria dumosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: burro-weed mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Asteraceae: Franseria dumosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Colorado [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 522 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 411 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 493]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 450-452].



Spilococcus viridulus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia viridula Cockerell, 1901g: 56. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, under rocks with Lasius americanus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Spilococcus viridula; McKenzie, 1967: 412. Change of combination.

Spilococcus viridulus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 513. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1901g]).

BIOLOGY: Found under rocks with Lasius americanus (Cockerell, 1901g).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 523 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 412 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: Cocker1901g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 56]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 120]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 496].



Strandanna De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Strandanna De Lotto, 1969: 27. Type species: Strandanna pristina De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1969).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 497]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description: 27]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233].



Strandanna pristina De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Strandanna pristina De Lotto, 1969: 27. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Strand, on Helichrysum ericaefolium. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Helichrysum ericaefolium [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1969, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1969).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 497]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-28]; Millar2002 [illustration: 212].



Stricklandina Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Stricklandiella Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 269. Type species: Stricklandiella williamsi Matile-Ferrero and Le Ruyet, by original designation. Homonym of Stricklandiella Sapelnikov & Rukavischnikova; discovered by Matile-Ferrero, 1999: 173.

Stricklandina Matile-Ferrero, 1999: 173. Replacement name for Stricklandiella Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1986.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet (1985) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Stricklandiella Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1986, was preoccupied by Stricklandiella Sapelnikov & Rukavischnikova, 1973 in Brachipoda. Therefore, it was replaced by Stricklandina Matile-Ferrero, 1999.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 44 (female) [Genera of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 498]; Matile1999 [taxonomy: 173]; MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, description: 269]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 892].



Stricklandina williamsi (Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Stricklandiella williamsi Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 269. Type data: IVORY COAST: Tai, on Diospyros soubreana. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Stricklandina williamsi; Matile-Ferrero, 1999: 173. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros soubreana [MatileLe1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [MatileLe1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet (1985) and by Williams (2004a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 498]; Matile1999 [taxonomy: 173]; MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 269-272]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 802-804].



Strombococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Strombococcus Williams, 1985: 362. Type species: Strombococcus melaleucae Williams, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

SYSTEMATICS: This genus belongs to the group of blue-green genera, with the dorsal setae wide and lanceolate, the same shape as the cerarian setae. It is close to Hypogeococcus, but has numerous trilocular pores and the anal lobe cerarii are on distinct sclarotized areas. It also resembles Ventrispina, but all ventral median setae are slender, as compared to the conical to lanceolate setae in Ventrispina.

KEYS: Williams 1985: 38 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 498]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 362].



Strombococcus melaleucae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Strombococcus melaleucae Williams, 1985: 362. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Perth, on Melaleuca sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 498]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 362-364].



Syrmococcus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Syrmococcus Ferris, 1953a: 472. Type species: Pseudantonina spirapunctus Lobdell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given Ferris (1953a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 39 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 283 (female) [North America ]; Ferris 1953a: 472 (female) [species North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 499]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 472]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 191]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 598].



Syrmococcus pecosensis Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Syrmococcus pecosensis Ferris, 1953a: 473. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Sheffield, along the Pecos River, on Stipa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Syrmococcus pecoensis; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 598. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Texas [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 587 (female) [Central and South America]; Ferris 1953a: 472 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 499]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 473-474]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 598-600].



Syrmococcus spirapuncta (Lobdell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudantonina spirapuncta Lobdell, 1930: 212. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, Agricultural and Mechanical College, on grass roots. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female.

Syrmococcus spirapuncta; Ferris, 1953a: 475. Change of combination.

Syrmococcus spiropuncta; Ben-Dov, 1994: 498. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Poaceae [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Mississippi [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a).Ferris (1953a) attributed this species to Hoke, the married name of Miss Lobdell.

KEYS: Ferris 1953a: 472 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 499]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 475-476]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-213, 225].



Tangicoccus Kozár & Walter

NOMENCLATURE:

Longicoccus Tang, 1977: 26. Type species: Longicoccus elongatus Tang, by monotypy and original designation. Homonym of Longicoccus Danzig, 1975, in Coccoidea.

Tangicoccus Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Replacement name for Longicoccus Tang, 1977.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Tang (1977, 1992) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 27 (female) [World ]; Hendricks & Kosztarab 1999: 22 (female) [World, "Legless" Mealybugs]; Tang 1992: 19 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 499]; BenDov2007 [taxonomy: 477-478]; Hendri1993 [taxonomy: 1-273]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-85]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description: 26]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 30]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 29]; Wu2001 [taxonomy: 47]; WuLu2012 [taxonomy: 43].



Tangicoccus elongatus (Tang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Longicoccus elongatus Tang, 1977: 26. Type data: CHINA: Hangzhou City, on Sasa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Tangicoccus elongatus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Tang1992, BenDov1994], Bambusa puberula [HendriKo1999], Dendrocalamus sp. [WuLu2012], Indocalamus [HendriKo1999], Indocalamus sp. [WuLu2012], Phyllostachys glauca [WuLu2012], Phyllostachys heteroclada [WuLu2012], Phyllostachys heterocycla pubescens [WuLu2012], Phyllostachys praeco [WuLu2012], Pleioblastus amarus [WuLu2012], Sasa [Tang1977, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Wu2001], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Wu2001], Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) [WuLu2012], Shanghai [WuLu2012], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001]). Palaearctic: China [Tang1977, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994, HendriKo1999] (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Wu2001], Shanxi (=Shansi) [WuLu2012]).

BIOLOGY: Living singly beneath leaf sheath, usually on twigs, sometimes on stem. (Wu & Lu, 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1977, 1992) and by Hendricks & Kosztarab (1999).

STRUCTURE: This species was described by Tang (1977) and redescribed by Tang (1992) and Hendricks and Kosztarab (1999). The differences between these description are: Tang (1977) described the anal ring as lacking pores but with 2 setae, and the posterior 4 abdominal segments as having multilocular disc pores ventrally; Tang (1992) stated that the anal ring had neither pores nor setae and that multilocular disc pore were entirely absent, whereas Hendricks and Kosztarab (1999) considered that the anal ring had pores and 6 short setae and that multilocular disc pores were entirely absent. Wu & Lu, (2012) also found that the anal ring did have pores and 6 short setae and that there were no multilocular disc pores.

SYSTEMATICS: Tang (1977) established a new genus Longicoccus with the type species Longicoccous elongatus. This was based on specimens collected from Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province but, although his syntypes can be recognised, no holotype was designated, and no date or collector was given. Kozár and Walter (1985) transferred L. elongatus to Tangicoccus because Longicoccus was preoccupied by Longicoccus Danzig (1975), also in the family Pseudococcidae. Later, Tang (1992) designated slide-mounted specimens as lectotype and paralectotypes as follows: lectotype ., collected from Hangzhou city of Zhejiang province on Bambusa sp., 2 April 1969; paralectotypes: 3.., same data as lectotype, although incorrectly labelled as holotype and paratypes. Tang (1992) also included two other samples, i.e., 1., Shuze county of Fujian province on Bambusa sp., 9 Sept. 1977, and 1.Jiansha county of Fujian province on Bambusa sp., 4 Sept. 1977 as paralectotypes, but this designation is erroneous according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature because those two samples were not mentioned in Tang’s (1977) original paper.,Jiansha county of Fujian province on Bambusa sp., 4 Sept. 1977 as paralectotypes, but this designation is erroneous according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature because those two samples were not mentioned in Tang’s (1977) original paper.

KEYS: Wu & Lu 2012: 31 (female) [Key to Chinese species in the tribe Serrolecaniini Shinji]; Wu 2001: 48 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 499-500]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-88]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-27]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 31-32]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; Wu2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47]; Wu2001b [distribution: 255]; WuLu2012 [distribution, description, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 30,31,42-43,45]; WuLu2012 [pp. 43-44].



Tasmanicoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Tasmanicoccus Williams, 1985: 364. Type species: Tasmanicoccus petrensis Williams, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 39 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 500]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 39, 364].



Tasmanicoccus petrensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Tasmanicoccus petrensis Williams, 1985: 364. Type data: TASMANIA: Fairy Glen, in nest of Iridomyrmex sp. under stone. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 500]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 364-366].



Telocorys De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Telocorys De Lotto, 1967: 21. Type species: Ripersia longisetosa Green, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by De Lotto (1967).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 500]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description: 21]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233].



Telocorys longisetosus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia longisetosa Green, 1924b: 47. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Table Mountain, in nests of ant (Plagioleps sp.). Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Telocorys longisetosus; De Lotto, 1967: 21. Change of combination.

Telocorys longisetosa; Ben-Dov, 1994: 500. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Clutia rubricaulis [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Green1924b, DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1924b) and by Williams (1958).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 500]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21]; Green1924b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-48]; Millar2002 [illustration: 210]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233-235].



Thaimyrmococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Thaimyrmococcus Williams, 2002b: 178. Type species: Thaimyrmococcus daviesi Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 39 (female) [Genera of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description: 178]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 809].



Thaimyrmococcus daviesi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Thaimyrmococcus daviesi Williams, 2002b: 178. Type data: THAILAND: Korat Province, Khao Yai National Park, on liana, attended by Dolichoderus laotius; collected 10.x.1993 by R.G. Davies. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOSTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Dipterocarpus [Willia2004a]. Rosaceae: Rubus [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2002b, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Attended by Dolichoderus laotius (Williams, 2002b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar by Williams (2002b) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of first instar by Williams (2002b).

CITATIONS: Willia2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-181]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 809-811]; WilliaHo1913 [structure: 20].



Tibetococcus Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Tibetococcus Tang, 1992: 603. Type species: Kiritshenkella dingriensis Tang, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 604 (female) [species China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 500]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 603-604]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 29].



Tibetococcus dingriensis (Tang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Kiritshenkella dingriensis Tang, 1987: 183. Type data: TIBET: Dingri County, on Hordeum vulgare var. nuda. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Tibetococcus dingriensis; Tang, 1992: 604. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Hordeum vulgare nuda [Tang1992, BenDov1994], Triticum [Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Xizang (=Tibet) [Tang1987, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1987, 1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 604 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 500]; Tang1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183, 185]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 604, 760]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29].



Tibetococcus nyalamiensis (Tang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Kiritshenkella nyalamiensis Tang, 1987: 184. Type data: TIBET: Nyalam County, on Hordeum vulgare. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Tibetococcus nyalamiensis; Tang, 1992: 605. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Hordeum vulgare [Tang1987, Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Xizang (=Tibet) [Tang1987, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1987, 1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 604 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 500-501]; Tang1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-185]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 605, 761]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29].



Tibetococcus triticola (Tang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Kiritshenkella triticola Tang, 1987: 183. Type data: TIBET: Dingri County, on Triticum aestivum. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.

Tibetococcus triticola; Tang, 1992: 605. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Triticum aestivum [Tang1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Xizang (=Tibet) [Tang1987, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1987, 1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 604 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue : 501]; Tang1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-185]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 605-606, 762]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29].



Tomentocera Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Tomentocera Beardsley, 1964a: 365. Type species: Tomentocera haleakala Beardsley, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Beardsley (1964a).

CITATIONS: Beards1964a [taxonomy, description: 365-368]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 501].



Tomentocera haleakala Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Tomentocera haleakala Beardsley, 1964a: 366. Type data: HAWAII: Maui, Haleakala Crater, on Coprosma montana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coprosma montana [Beards1964a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1964a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1964a).

CITATIONS: Beards1964a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribtion: 365-368]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 501].



Trabutina Marchal

NOMENCLATURE:

Trabutina Marchal, 1904b: 448. Type species: Trabutina elastica Marchal, by original designation.

Naiacoccus Green, 1919b: 117. Type species: Naiacoccus serpentinus Green, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig & Miller, 1996: 8. Notes: A subjective synonym of Trabutina.

Najococcus; Bodenheimer, 1927a: 181. Misspelling of genus name.

Najacoccus; Bodenheimer, 1929a: 73. Misspelling of genus name.

Naiococcus; Lindinger, 1937: 190. Misspelling of genus name.

Trabutinella Borchsenius, 1948c: 584. Type species: Trabutinella tenax Borchsenius, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig & Miller, 1996: 8. Notes: A subjective synonym of Trabutina.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1948c, 1949), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Ben-Dov (1988), Tang (1992), Danzig & Miller (1996) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: The genus is regarded a SUBJECTIVE SYNONYM of Trabutina Marchal, as introduced by Danzig & Miller (1996: 8).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; Williams 2004a: 41 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 811 (female) [Trabutina species of southern Asia]; Danzig & Miller 1996: 11 (female) [species World]; Tang 1992: 337 (female) [species China]; Tang 1992: 320 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 2 (female) [India]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 117 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 88 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 188-189 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1988 [taxonomy, description: 387-388]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 239, 501]; Bodenh1927a [taxonomy: 181]; Bodenh1929a [taxonomy: 73]; Borchs1948c [taxonomy, description: 584]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 188-189]; DanzigMi1996 [taxonomy, description: 7-46]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 190]; Marcha1904b [taxonomy, descriprion: 448]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 86]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 128, 196]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 336-337, 339]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 19]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 117]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 811]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68].



Trabutina andreui Gómez-Menor Ortega

NOMENCLATURE:

Trabutina andreui Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1948: 110. Type data: SPAIN: Cabo de Palos, Cartagena, Puerto de Mazarron, Santa Pola, on roots of Salicornia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: IEEM. Described: female. Illust.

Trabutina andreni; Kozar & Walter, 1985: 73. Misspelling of species name.

Trabutina andrenii; Martin Mateo, 1985: 98. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Salicornia [GomezM1948, Martin1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Spain [GomezM1948, Martin1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gómez Menor Ortega (1948). Good description of the adult female given by Danzig & Miller (1996).

SYSTEMATICS: Trabutina andreui was originally described in Trabutina because of its round body shape and felted ovisac. In Danzig & Miller, 1996, it was suggested that this species is not congeneric with Trabutina because it lacks most salient characteristics of the genus and it does not occur on Taxarix. Although they did not study other genera of related mealybugs, they determined that it has several similarities to Amonostherium.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 501]; DanzigMi1996 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-113]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 98].



Trabutina crassispinosa Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Trabutina elastica; Borchsenius, 1936: 111. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1941: 133.

Trabutina crassispinosa Borchsenius, 1941: 133. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Gyaure 30-40 km of Ashkhabad, on Tamarix sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig & Miller, 1996: 30. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Trabutina mannipara; Bazarov, 1968: 71. Misidentification.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus tamaricicola Trjapitzin [Trjapi1989, Yasnos2001], Aphyculus tamaricicola Myartseva & Trjapitzin [Trjapi1989], Aphyculus trabutinae Myartseva [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus pulchellus Silvestri [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Borchs1941, BenDov1994], Tamarix pallasii [Borchs1941, BenDov1994, DanzigMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Danzig1972c, DanzigMi1996, KozarFoZa1996]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1941, Trjapi1989]; Georgia (Georgia [DanzigMi1996, Yasnos2001]); Iran [KozarFoZa1996, TorabiVaHo2010]; Israel [BenDov2012]; Mongolia [Danzig1972b, Trjapi1989]; Russia (Dagestan AR [DanzigMi1996]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [DanzigMi1996]; Turkey [DanzigMi1996, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1941, Koteja1974b, Trjapi1989, DanzigMi1996].

BIOLOGY: Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Danzig & Miller (1996). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

STRUCTURE: Adult female with body broadly oval, varying from 1.9 to 3.9 mm long and 1.5 to 2.2 mm wide. The ovisac is soft and elastic, cream colored, dorsomedial area with a bank of white wax from anterior to posterior ends of sac and dark areas surrounding the anal opening. The eggs are white. (Davzig & Miller, 1996)

SYSTEMATICS: T. crassispinosa is most similar to T. serpentina in that they have: similar distribution of trilocular pores; lobe-like swellings near the vulva; dorsal conical setae with narrow bases; and 1 variable size of tubular duct. it differs in possessing many ventral multilocular pores on thorax; hind tarsus 62-82 ľm long, rubbery ovasac. T> serpentina has: few or no ventral multilocular pores on thorax, if present with less than 10 pores; hind tarsus 37-64 ľm long; forming filamentous voisac.

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 86 (female) [Key to species of Trabutina Marchal in Iran]; Danzig & Miller 1996: 11 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 337 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 117 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 189 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 502]; Borchs1936 [taxonomy: 111]; Borchs1941 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 133-134]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 193]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 144]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 331-332]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 581]; DanzigMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-31]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 380]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 103]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 86-87, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 73]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 338]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-119]; TorabiVaHo2010 [host, distribution: 153-162]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 137, 221, 222, 314]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].



Trabutina elastica Marchal

NOMENCLATURE:

Trabutina elastica Marchal, 1904b: 449. Type data: ALGERIA: South Algeria, on Tamarix articulata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig & Miller, 1996: 40. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



FOE: COLEOPTERA Nitidullidae: Scymnus kiesenwetteri Mulsant [Balach1928d].

HOSTS: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Martin1985], Tamarix aphylla [DanzigMi1996], Tamarix articulata [Marcha1904b, BenDov1994], Tamarix gallica [DanzigMi1996], Tamarix pauciovulata [DanzigMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Marcha1904b, DanzigMi1996]; Morocco [DanzigMi1996]; Spain [GomezM1948, Martin1985, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gomez Menor Ortega (1948) and by Danzig & Miller (1996).

STRUCTURE: According to Marchal (1904) the ovisacs are elastic, white, oval or irregularly spherical in young females; their form depends on pressure from neighboring specimens. A shiny well defined suture ending at the anal opening goes along the sac median line. The anal opening of your female ovisacs is at its edge; it becomes more dorsal as the female matures. Old ovisacs are lard and covered with prominences of crystallized honeydew. (Danzig & Miller, 1996)

SYSTEMATICS: This species is most closely related to T. mannipara because each of them possesses unusuall large oral-collar tubular dducts on the venter of the thorax, 2 or 3 sizes of dorsal oral-collar tubular ducts, and the trilocular pores on the venter are concentratd in a submarginal longitudinal line from the head to the apex of the abdomen. T. mannipara differs in possessing more than 15 pores on each side of anal ring; it has anterior ostioles; usually with dorsal conical setae and without dorsal multilocular pores. T. elastica usually does not have pores on the anal ring, but when present never with more than 5 on each side; no anterior ostioles; no dorsal conical setae; several dorsal multilocular pores on posterior abdominal segment. (Danzig & Miller, 1998)

KEYS: Danzig & Miller 1996: 11 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: Balach1928d [biological control: 288-289]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 502]; DanzigGa2014 [illustration: 13]; DanzigMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-40]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-110]; Marcha1904b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 448-452]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 99].



Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg in Ehrenberg)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus manniparus Hemprich & Ehrenberg in Ehrenberg, 1829: 1. Type data: EGYPT: Sinai Peninsula, Wadi Nasib, on Tamarix sp. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1988: 389. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroplastes manniparus; Signoret, 1869: 861. Change of combination.

Gossyparia manniparus; Signoret, 1875b: 24. Change of combination.

Gossyparia manniferra; Giard, 1892: cclxxiii. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1994: 502. Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Gossyparia mannifera (Hardwick).

Gossyparia manniferus; Fernald, 1903b: 68. Change of combination.

Eriococcus mannifer; Lindinger, 1912b: 319. Change of combination.

Eriococcus mannifer; Lindinger, 1912b: 319. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1994: 502. Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Gossyparia mannifera (Hardwick).

Trabutina leonardii Sivestri in Leonardi, 1920: 451. Type data: ITALY: Nicastro, Catanzaro, on Tamarix africana. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta & Spicciarelli, 1995: 255. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Miller, 1996: 12.

Eriococcus manniparus; Green, 1923e: 697. Change of combination.

Trabutina palestina Bodenheimer, 1927a: 179. Type data: ISRAEL: Allenby Bridge, on Tamarix sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1988: 389. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1988: 389.

Trabutina mannipara; Bodenheimer, 1929: 64. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Ehrenberg" as author.

Trabutina mannipara; Bodenheimer, 1929: 64. Notes: Incorrect citation "Ehrenberg" as author.

Trabutina bogdanovikatjkovi Borchsenius, 1941: 131. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Sary-su, Margelan District, on Tamarisk. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig & Miller, 1996: 27. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig & Miller, 1996: 12.

Trabutina mannipara; Borchsenius, 1949: 189.

Trabutina mannipara; Kosztarab, 1987: 219. Notes: The material studied by Brittin (1938) was from New Zealand, taken on Coprosoma sp., Fagus sp. and Leptospermum sp.

Trabutina mannipara; Ben-Dov, 1988: 389.

Trabutina mannipara; Tang, 1992: 338. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Ehrenburg" as author.

Trabutina manipara; Abd-Rabou, 2001d: 1370. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: manna mealybug [BenDov1988]; manna scale [BenDov1988].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [PorcelGuSt2004], Scymnus kiesenwetteri Mulsant [PorcelGuSt2004]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus tamaricicola Trjapitzin [Trjapi1989], Aphyculus trabutinae Myartseva [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus pulchellus Silvestri [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Bodenh1929b, BenDov1994], Tamarix africana [Marott1987a, DanzigMi1996], Tamarix articulata [Willia2004a], Tamarix canariensis [Sanche2004], Tamarix gallica [DanzigMi1996, PorcelGuSt2004], Tamarix gracilis [DanzigMi1996], Tamarix hispida [DanzigMi1996], Tamarix jordanis [DanzigMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Algeria [DanzigMi1996]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Egypt [Bodenh1929, DanzigMi1996]; France [Foldi2001]; Georgia [Yasnos2001]; Iran [DanzigMi1996]; Israel [BenDov1988, BenDov1994, DanzigMi1996]; Italy [Leonar1920, Balach1934a, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, MarottSp1995, DanzigMi1996, PorcelGuSt2004]; Kazakhstan [DanzigMi1996]; Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Spain [Sanche2004, SancheBe2010]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [DanzigMi1996]; Tunisia [DanzigMi1996]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [DanzigMi1996]; Uzbekistan [DanzigMi1996].

BIOLOGY: The biblical manna, one of the food sources consumed by the Israelites during their wandering in the wildrness of Sinai, is believed to be honeydew excretion of this mealybug and Naiacoccus serpentinus; for a detailed account on this topic refer to Bodenheimer & Theodor (1929), Donkin (1980) and Ben-Dov (1988). In Israel it is intensively attended by the weaver ant, Polyrhachis simplex. Degen & Gersani (1989) studied in Israel some aspects of honeydew excretion, and various aspects on the biology of the attending ant Polyrhachis simplex. Parasites in the Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ben-Dov (1988), Marotta & Spicciarelli (1995) (as T. leonardii), Danzig & Miller (1996) and by Williams (2004a). Good description and illustration of the nymphal stages by Danzig & Miller (1996).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of the adult female by Ben-Dov (1988) and by Porcelli et al. (2004) Body round to broadly oval, varying form 1.2 to 5.3 mm long and 0.9 to 3.6 mm wide. (Danzig & Miller, 1998)

SYSTEMATICS: Trabutina mannipara is most similar to T. elastica because each of them possesses unusuall large oral-collar tubular dducts on the venter of the thorax, 2 or 3 sizes of dorsal oral-collar tubular ducts, and the trilocular pores on the venter are concentratd in a submarginal longitudinal line from the head to the apex of the abdomen. T. mannipara differs in possessing more than 15 pores on each side of anal ring; it has anterior ostioles; usually with dorsal conical setae and without dorsal multilocular pores. T. elastica usually does not have pores on the anal ring, but when present never with more than 5 on each side; no anterior ostioles; no dorsal conical setae; several dorsal multilocular pores on posterior abdominal segment. (Danzig & Miller, 1996)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The manna scale was introduced to the U.S.A. as a potential biocontrol agent of against saltcedar, Tamarix sp., a most damaging weed in Western U.S.A. (De Loach et al. 1996).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 86 (female) [Key to species of Trabutina Marchal in Iran]; Williams 2004a: 813 (female) [Trabutina species of southern Asia]; Danzig & Miller 1996: 11 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 337 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 117 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 189 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1370]; Archan1937 [taxonomy: 132]; Balach1934a [host, distribution: 72]; BenDov1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-392]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 501-503]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 38, 43]; Blanch1883 [life history, economic importance, chemistry: 277-282]; Bodenh1927a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179-181]; Bodenh1929b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-72]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 220]; Borchs1941 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 131-132]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 189-192]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 144]; DanzigGa2014 [illustration: 13]; DanzigMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-28]; DeLoacGeFo1996 [economic importance, biological control: 1-7]; Ehrenb1829 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-2]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 68]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Giard1892 [taxonomy: cclxxiii]; Green1923e [taxonomy: 697-698]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 103]; Koszta1987 [life history, taxonomy: 219]; Leonar1907b [taxonomy: 161]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 451-456]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 319]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 113]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 87-89, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 74]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 3131]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PorcelGuSt2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 71-73]; Sanche2004 [host, distribution: 42-43]; SancheBe2010 [host, distribution: 320]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 861]; Signor1875b [taxonomy: 24]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 338-339]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 137, 314, 222]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1081]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 811-813]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 31]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].



Trabutina serpentina (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Naiacoccus serpentinus Green, 1919b: 117. Type data: INDIA: Lahore, on Tamarix. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig & Miller, 1996: 34. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Naiacoccus serpentinus minor Green, 1919b: 118. Type data: PAKISTAN: Baluchistan, on Tamarix sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig & Miller, 1996: 34. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig & Miller, 1996: 31.

Naiacoccus minor; Borchsenius, 1949: 196. Change of status.

Trabutina crassispinosa; Ter-Grigorian, 1973: 118. Misidentification.

Trabutina serpentina; Danzig & Miller, 1996: 31. Change of combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphyculus tamaricicola Myartseva et Trjapitzin [Trjapi1989], Aschitus naiacocci (Trjapitzin) [Trjapi1989], Homalotylus turkmenicus Myartseva [Trjapi1989], Leptomastidea bereketi Myartseva [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus bolivari Mercet [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus pulchellus Silvestri [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix aphylla [DanzigMi1996], Tamarix articulata [Green1919b, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Tamarix dioica [Varshn1992, BenDov1994], Tamarix gallica [DanzigMi1996], Tamarix gracilis [DanzigMi1996], Tamarix ramosissima [DanzigMi1996], Tamarix sp. [BenDov2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Green1919b, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, DanzigMi1996, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [DanzigMi1996]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [DanzigMi1996, KozarFoZa1996]; Algeria [DanzigMi1996]; Armenia [DanzigMi1996]; China [DanzigMi1996]; Egypt [Bodenh1929b, BenDov1994, DanzigMi1996]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Israel [Bodenh1935, BenDov1994, DanzigMi1996]; Kazakhstan [DanzigMi1996]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, DanzigMi1996]; Mongolia [DanzigMi1996]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, DanzigMi1996]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, DanzigMi1996]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, DanzigMi1996]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, DanzigMi1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Avasthi & Shafee (1987), Tang & Li (1988), Danzig & Miller (1996) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: The adult female produces a laong, cottony, tubular ovisac on the shoots and small branches of its host. It often makes a loop, and the apex of the body protrudes from the ovisac. The eggs are pallid yellow when first laid, but turn red just before hatching. (Danzig & Miller, 1996)

SYSTEMATICS: T. serpentina is very similar to T. crassispinosa but difers as follows: multilocular pores resent at least as far forward as abdominal segment V on dorsum, trilocular pores are generally scattered over dorsum and venter. In T. crassispinosa the dorsal multilocular pores are restricted to segmnts VIII and VII, and the trilocular pores are absent in certain areas on both the dorsum and venter. (Danzig and Miller, 1996)

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 86 (female) [Key to species of Trabutina Marchal in Iran]; Williams 2004a: 811 (female) [Trabutina species of southern Asia]; Danzig & Miller 1996: 11 (female) [World]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 122 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 122 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 195 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 195 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1930a [host, distribution]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-29]; Balach1930c [host, distribution: 124-125]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 194]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 239]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 38, 43]; Bodenh1929b [host, distribution: 114]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 251]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 220]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 196-197]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 581]; DanzigGa2014 [illustration: 13]; DanzigMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-35]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Green1919b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-119]; Jashen2004 [host, distribution, life history: 9-20]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 225]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 30-31]; Moghad2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 5, 89-90, 92, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 75]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 344]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 332]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 127-128]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-124]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 144, 182, 183, 221,]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 42]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 813-815].



Trabutina tenax (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trabutinella tenax Borchsenius, 1948c: 584. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Shaartus District, Ayvadzh, on Tamarix sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig & Miller, 1996: 38. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Trabutina tenax; Danzig & Miller, 1996: 36. Change of combination.



HOST: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Borchs1948c, BenDov1994, DanzigMi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1948c, BenDov1994, DanzigMi1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig & Miller (1996). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

STRUCTURE: Ovisacs brown, hard, abundantly covered with honeydew. (Danzig & Miller, 1996)

SYSTEMATICS: T. tenex differs from other species in the genus by having abundant dorsal multilocular pores; multilocular pores which are associated with the posterior ostioles and cerarii; trilocular pores, restricted to cerarius, near spiracles, on ostioles, and on head; and hind coxa about same size as middle coxa. (Danzig & Miller, 1996)

KEYS: Danzig & Miller 1996: 11 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 503]; Borchs1948c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 584]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 194-195]; DanzigMi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 339-340].



Tridiscus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Tridisculus; Ferris, 1950b: 13. Misspelling of genus name.

Tridiscus Ferris, 1950b: 248. Type species: Trionymus distichlii Ferris, by monotypy and original designation.

Trdiscus; Tang, 1992. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1950b), Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Miller & McKenzie (1973), Tang (1992) and by Kosztarab (1996).

KEYS: Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Kozar & Footit 1992: 210 (female) [species North America]; Tang 1992: 119 (female) [species Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 100 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 527 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1967: 47 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 455 (female) [species North America]; De Lotto 1964: 384 (female) [species Africa]; Ferris 1953a: 284 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 21 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 503]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 383-384]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 248]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 477]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 76, 209]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description : 455]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description: 527]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 198]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 118-119].



Tridiscus biumbelicatus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Tridiscus biumbelicatus De Lotto, 1964: 384. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of grass.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 384 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 503]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 384]; Millar2002 [illustration: 216].



Tridiscus distichlii (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus distichlii Ferris, 1918d: 69. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Palo Alto, on Distichlis spicata. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, and Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Erium distichlii; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Tridiscus distichlii; Ferris, 1950b: 249. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: coastal grass mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Allenrolfea ocidentalis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Distichlis spicata [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004], Washington [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on the upper surfaces of the leaves or in the axils.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967). Tang (1992: 59) "synonymized" Pseudococcus distichlii var. indicus Green [NOMEN NUDUM], as published by Ramakrishna Ayyar (1930: 61), with this species. This linkage appears to be doubtful, because the NOMEN NUDUM was from India, whereas T. distichlii is distributed in North America.

KEYS: Kozár & Footit 1992: 210 (female) [North America]; Tang 1992: 119 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 527 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 455 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 477 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 504]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-70]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 249-250]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 455-457]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 118-119].



Tridiscus littoralis (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia littoralis James, 1936: 213. Type data: KENYA: Mombasa, on grasses. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Tridiscus littoralis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 504. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [James1936, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1936, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by James (1936) and by De Lotto (1957b).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 384 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 504]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-219]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214].



Tridiscus matildae Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Tridiscus matildae Kosztarab, 1996: 209. Type data: U.S.A.: South Carolina, Charlestone, on Sporobolus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Matilda mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Orchidaceae: Distichlis spicata [Koszta1996]. Poaceae: Sporobolus [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Connecticut [Koszta1996], South Carolina [Koszta1996]).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 209 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-211].



Tridiscus multiorbis Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Tridiscus multiorbis Ferris, 1953a: 457. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Tuolumne County, near Modesto, on Poa sandbergii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Tridiscus multirobis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 504. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: multiple circulus mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bromus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hordeum leporinum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Poa sandbergii [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the leaf sheaths and on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Kozár & Footit 1992: 210 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 527 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 455 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 477 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 504]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 478-479]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 457-459].



Tridiscus oetvoesi Kozár & Footit

NOMENCLATURE:

Tridiscus oetvoesi Kozár & Footit, 1992: 208. Type data: CANADA: British Columbia, Victoria, sea coast, on Agropyron sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Agropyron [KozarFo1992].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarFo1992]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kozár & Footit (1992).

KEYS: Kozár & Footit 1992: 210 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: KozarFo1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-211].



Tridiscus sporoboli (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia sporoboli Cockerell, 1902a: 20. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, on Sporobolus depauperatus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & McKenzie, 1973: 528. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Tridiscus sporoboli; Ferris, 1953a: 480. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: buffalograss mealybug [Potter1998]; dropseed mealybug [MillerMc1973].



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPRTERA Formicidae: Tapinoma sessile (Sey) [NewtonGlMa2011].

FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Rhopus nigroclavatus (Ashmead) [HengMoBaRi2001].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Buchloe dactyloides [Potter1998], Sporobolus depauperatus [Cocker1902a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta [NewtonGlMa2011]); United States of America (Nebraska [Potter1998], New Mexico [Cocker1902a, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the stems of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Miller & McKenzie (1973).

KEYS: Kozár & Footit 1999: 210 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 527 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 455 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1953a: 477, 482 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 504]; Cocker1902a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 20-21]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 480-481]; HengMoBaRi2001 [life history, biological control: 201-206]; JohnsoBaRi1998 [biological control, description: 71-77]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 528-530]; NewtonGlMa2011 [distribution, ecology: 520,521]; Potter1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, control: 182-183].



Tridiscus stenosomus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Tridiscus stenosomus De Lotto, 1964: 385. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Themeda triandra. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Themeda triandra [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 384 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 505]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 385-386].



Trionymus Berg

NOMENCLATURE:

Westwoodia Signoret, 1875c: 337. Type species: Westwoodia perrisii Signoret, by monotypy. Homonym of Westwoodia Brulle, 1846.

Westwodia; Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 402. Misspelling of genus name.

Westwodia; Targioni Tozzetti, 1885: 116. Misspelling of genus name.

Signoretia Kraatz, 1888: 176. Replacement name. Homonym of Signoretia Stal, 1859, in Hemiptera..

Bergrothia Kraatz, 1888a: 360. Replacement name. Homonym of Bergrothia in Hemiptera..

Bergrothiella Reitter, 1898: 54. Replacement name. Homonym of Bergrothiella Reitter, 1897.

Trionymus Berg, 1899: 78. Replacement name for Westwoodia Signoret, 1875c.

Pergandiella Cockerell, 1899j: 266. Type species: Pergandiella americana Cockerell, by original designation. Synonymy by Morrison & Morrison, 1966. Notes: A subjective synonym of Trionymus.

Trinonymus; Fernald, 1903b: 359. Misspelling of genus name.

Bergrothula Strand, 1928: 47. Unjustified replacement name for Trionymus Berg, 1899; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 23. Notes: Predated by Trionymus Berg.

Pergrothula; Ferris, 1950: 251. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Misspelling of Bergrothula Strand.

Tryonymus; Dunham, 1954: 68. Misspelling of genus name.

Pergrolhula; McKenzie, 1967: 459. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Misspelling of Bergrothula Strand.

Bergrosia; Tao, 1999: 29. Misspelling of genus name.

Bergrotiella; Tao, 1999: 29. Misspelling of genus name.

Pergandeiell; Tao, 1999: 29. Misspelling of genus name.

Pergrothura; Tao, 1999: 29. Misspelling of genus name.

Trinymus; Kozar, Kiss, Samu & Konczne Benedicty, 2004: 58. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Green (1931a), Goux (1941a), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b, 1953a), McKenzie (1960, 1961, 1967), Ezzat (1962a), De Lotto (1964), Beardsley (1966), Miller & McKenzie (1971, 1973) Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Danzig (1980b), Kawai (1980), Yang (1982), Williams (1960, 1962, 1985), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Moghaddam 2013: 7-8 (female) [Key to genera of Iranian Pseudococcidae based on adult female morphology]; Williams 2004a: 39-44 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 816 (female) [Trionymus species of southern Asia]; Granara de Willink 2003b: 100 (female) [Neotropical species]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 394 (female) [Genera of Korea]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 415 (female) [Trionymus species of Korea]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Danzig 1997a: 95-96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kosztarab 1996: 212-213 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992: 150-153 (female) [species Palaearctic region]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 601 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1988: 704 (female) [species Far East Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 158-159 (female) [species Central Europe]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 4 (female) [India]; Williams 1985: 366 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 39 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982: 20 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 76 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 178 (female) [Far East Russia]; Kawai 1980: 113 (female) [Japan]; Tereznikova 1975: 263 (female) [species Ukraine]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 530-532 (female) [North America]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 62-63 (female) [Armenia]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 595 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1967: 47 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 460-461 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 473 (female) [species Micronesia]; De Lotto 1964: 386 (female) [species Africa]; McKenzie 1964: 215 (female) [World]; Ezzat 1962a: 68-69 (female) [species Egypt]; Williams 1962: 58-59 (female) [Britain]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [species North America]; Ferris 1953a: 284, 285 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 482-483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America]; Zimmerman 1948: 257 (female) [species Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 126]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 473]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 302, 505-506]; Berg1899 [taxonomy: 78]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy, description: 266]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110, 178]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, description: 95]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy: 158]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description: 386]; Dunham1954 [taxonomy: 199]; Ezzat1962a [taxonomy,: 67-68]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 96]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 251-252]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, key: 482-483]; Goux1941a [taxonomy, description: 31]; Granar2003b [taxonomy: 97-100]; Green1931a [taxonomy, description]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, key: 78, 212-213]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 157-158]; KotejaZa1979 [taxonomy: 671-672]; KozarKiSa2004 [taxonomy: 58]; Kraatz1888 [taxonomy: 176]; Kraatz1888a [taxonomy: 360]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 394,415]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description: 764]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 459-461]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description: 595]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description: 530]; Moghad2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 8, 92]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 23, 151, 198, 204]; Reitte1898 [taxonomy: 54]; Signor1875c [taxonomy: 337]; Strand1928 [taxonomy: 47]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 149-150]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 29]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 261-263]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, key: 61-63]; Willia1960 [taxonomy: 428]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, key: 7, 58-59]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, key: 39, 366]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 815-816]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, key: 43, 600-601]; WilliaGu2010 [taxonomy: 66-68]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 86]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 149, 256].



Trionymus aberrans aberrans Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pulverarius; Kiritchenko, 1928: 112. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949: 149.

Trionymus aberrans aberrans Goux, 1938a: 166. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, on Avena sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus aberrans; Borchsenius, 1949: 149. Change of combination.

Trionymus chifengenisis; Tang, in Tang & Li, 1988: 218. Misspelling of species name.

Trionymus chifengensis Tang, in Tang & Li, 1988: 22. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Chifeng, on Agropyron cristatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Tang, 1992: 153.

Trionymus abberans; Kaydan et al., 2001: 381. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: aberrant mealybug [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].



FOES: DIPTERA : Parochthiphlia coronata Loew [KosztaKo1988F]. HYMENOPTERA : Rhopus parvulus Mercet [KosztaKo1988F]. Encyrtidae: Cheiloneurus elegans (Dalman) [Schmut1955b, KosztaKo1988F], Xanthoencyrtus brachypterus (Mercet) [Schmut1955b].

HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Echium [KaydanKiKo2005]. Poaceae [TerGri1966, BenDov1994, MilonaKoKo2008], Aegilops [KaydanUlZe2004], Agropyron [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Agropyron cristatum [KaydanKiKo2005], Agropyron desertorum [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Agropyron repens [KozarOrKo1977, KaydanKiKo2005], Agropyron sibiricum [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Agrostis vulgaris [BenDov1994], Avena [Goux1938a, BenDov1994, KaydanUlZe2004], Briza [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Briza media [KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994], Bromus tectorum [KaydanKiKo2005], Cynodon dactylon [KaydanKiKo2005], Echinochloa crasgalli [KaydanKiKo2005], Festuca [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Festuca pratensis [KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994], Hordeum [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Hordeum murinum [KaydanKiKo2005], Hordeum vulgare [KaydanKiKo2005], Lolium [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Lolium perenne [KaydanKiKo2005], Piptatherum miliaceum [PellizPoSe2011], Poa [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Stipa [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Triticum [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tang1992, BenDov1994]); Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; France [TerGri1966, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Germany [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Greece [MilonaKoKo2008]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1979, Lagows1996, SimonKa2011]; Russia (Saratov Oblast [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Tambov Oblast [TerGri1966, BenDov1994]); South Korea [Danzig1988, KwonDaPa2003a]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanUlTo2002, KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [TerGri1966, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [TerGri1966, BenDov1994]); Yugoslavia [Masten2007].

BIOLOGY: Lives in leaf sheaths of various grasses. Life history and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Lives in leaf sheaths of various grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1938a), Schmutterer (1952a), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Tang & Li (1988) (as Trionymus chifengensis Tang) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 415 (female) [Trionymus species of Korea]; Danzig 1997a: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 151 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1988: 704 (female) [Far East Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 159 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 263 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 63 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 506]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 149-150]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 144]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 112]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 107-108]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 526]; GavrilKu2005 [distribution: 19-34]; Goux1938a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-169]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 92]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution: 30]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 381]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 103]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 223]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 112]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 24]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 161]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 14]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, life history, host, distribution: 159-161]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 318-319]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 671]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 474]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 415]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 34]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 103]; MilonaKoKo2008 [host, distribution: 33]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 293,296]; Schmut1952a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 563-566]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 515,519]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-154, 763]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265-266]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 85]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-70].



Trionymus aberrans ovalis Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus aberrans ovalis Goux, 1941a: 38. Type data: FRANCE: Colmars, Basses-Alpes, on grass. Syntypes, F F. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Goux1941a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1941a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

BIOLOGY: Lives in leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1941a). Tang (1992) regarded this sub-species a synonym of T. aberrans Goux.

CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1941a [taxonomy, description: 38].



Trionymus acomus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus acomus De Lotto, 1964: 387. Type data: KENYA: Sagana, on Aristida sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Aristida [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of the plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 386 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 506]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 387].



Trionymus agrestis Wang & Zhang

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus agrestis Wang & Zhang, 1990: 450. Type data: CHINA: Liaoning Province, on Sorghum vulgare. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Sorghum vulgare [WangZh1990, BenDov1994], Zea mays [WangZh1990, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [WangZh1990, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wang & Zhang (1990).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 506-507]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; WangZh1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 450-452].



Trionymus agropyronicola Tang, in Tang & Li

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus agropyronicola Tang, in Tang & Li, 1988: 18. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Zhaomeng, on Agropyron cristatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Agropyron cristatum [TangLi1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [TangLi1988].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988).

SYSTEMATICS: Tang (1992: 173) synonymized T. agropyronicola with T. mongolicus Danzig. However, Danzig (1997a) removed the former from synonymy, regarded it as a distinct species and indicated some distinguishing characters.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 520]; Danzig1997a [taxonom: 105]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18, 21-22, 218].



Trionymus americanus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pergandiella americana Cockerell, 1899j: 266. Type data: U.S.A.: Washington D.C., on ash [= Fraxinus sp.]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Trionymus americanus; Fernald, 1903b: 96. Change of combination.

Erium americanum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Trionymus americanus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 507. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: American grass mealybug [McKenz1967, Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Koszta1996]. Fabaceae: Trifolium [Koszta1996]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [Cocker1899j, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]. Poaceae: Agropyron [Koszta1996], Elymus glaucus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Elymus virginicus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Poa [Koszta1996]. Rosaceae: Cydonia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cydonia [Koszta1996], Cydonia [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], District of Columbia [Cocker1899j, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Idaho [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Mississippi [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Ohio [Koszta1996], Utah [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Vermont [Koszta1996], Washington [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring beneath the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 213 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 532 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 461 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 507]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 266-268]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 507]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 253-254]; Hollin1923 [host, distribution: 64-65]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 213, 214]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 461-463].



Trionymus angustifrons Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus angustifrons Hall, 1926a: 11. Type data: EGYPT: the Barrage, on Ambrosia maritima and Sonchus oleracea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Erium angustifrons; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus angustifrons; Goux, 1941a: 40. Change of combination.

Trionymus augustifrons; Ezzat, 1962a: 68. Misspelling of species name.

Trionymus angustiforns; Ezzat, 1962a: 69. Misspelling of species name.

Trionymus angustifrons; Ben-Dov, 1994: 507. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Rhazia stricta [Matile1988, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Ambrosia maritima [Hall1926a, BenDov1994], Carthamus glauca [BenDov1991, BenDov1994], Carthamus glaucus [BenDov2012], Echinops sp. [BenDov2012], Echinops viscosus [BenDov1991, BenDov1994], Sonchus oleraceus [Hall1926a, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Echium sp. [BenDov2012]. Lamiaceae: Salvia sp. [BenDov2012]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [BenDov2012]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix aphylla [Matile1988, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Urtica [Ezzat1962a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1926a, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994]; France [Foldi2001]; Israel [BenDov1991, BenDov1994]; Saudi Arabia [Matile1988, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1926a) and by Ezzat (1962a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 151 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ezzat 1962a: 68 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1370]; BenDov1991 [host, distribution: 14]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 507]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 38, 43]; Ezzat1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-72]; Ezzat1962c [host, distribution: 167]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1941a [taxonomy, description: 40]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-12]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Matile1988 [host, distribution: 28]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155].



Trionymus apoensis (Lit)

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus apoensis Lit, 1992: 1160. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, North Cotabato: Marbell River Bank, Mount Apo, Kidapawan, 2000 above sea level), on stem of Phragmites sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus apoensis; Williams, 2004a: 818. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Phragmites [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Mindanao [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Lit (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 816 (female) [Trionymus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 56]; Lit1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1160,1161,1173]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 818].



Trionymus apoxys Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus apoxys Williams, 2004a: 819. Type data: INDIA: Orissa, Gopalpur, on stems of Saccharum spontaneum; collected D.D. Ghosh, 16.xii.1984. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Saccharum spontaneum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Odisha [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 816 (female) [Trionymus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 819-820].



Trionymus aristidae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus aristidae Williams, 1985: 386. Type data: QUEENSLAND: Toowong, on Aristida vagans. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Aristida vagans [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 366 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 507]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distrtibution: 367-368].



Trionymus arnicae Siraiwa

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus arnicae Siraiwa, 1939: 67. Type data: RUSSIA: Sakhalin Oblast, Kamisisuka, on Arnica chamissonis. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost. S. Takagi, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.



HOST: Asteraceae: Arnica chamissonis [Siraiw1939, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Sakhalin Oblast [Siraiw1939, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Siraiwa (1939).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 507]; Siraiw1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68, 74].



Trionymus artemisiarum (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus artemisiarum Borchsenius, 1949: 160. Type data: ARMENIA: near Yerevan, on roots of Artemisia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 108. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia.

Trionymus artemisiarum; Matesova, 1968: 103. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Borchs1949, TerGri1969, BenDov1994], Artemisia schrenkiana [Mateso1968, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1969, BenDov1994]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Russia (Dagestan AR [Danzig1997a]).

BIOLOGY: Lives on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Danzig (1997a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 151 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 63 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 97 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 507-508]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160-161]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-110]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 383]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 103]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 156]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 52]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-75].



Trionymus ascripticius Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus ascripticius Williams, 1985: 368. Type data: SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Glen Osmond, among sheathing bases of leaves of Lolium perenne. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Erichloa pseudoacrotricha [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Koeleria cristata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Lolium perenne [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Oryza sativa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Themeda australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Triticum aestivum [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 366 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 508]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-370].



Trionymus austrinus Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus austrinus Granara de Willink, 2003b: 99. Type data: ARGENTINA: Santa Cruz, R 40 to Tres lagos, on unidentified host plamt; collected Granara de Willink, 14 January 1999. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Santalaceae: Quinchamalium chilense [Granar2003b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Neuquen [Granar2003b], Santa Cruz [Granar2003b]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2003b).

CITATIONS: Granar2003b [taxonomy, descritption, illustration, host, distribution: 97-100].



Trionymus bambusae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pulverarius bambusae Green, 1922: 374. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus detorquens Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1924: 343. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 822.

Trionymus pulverarius bambusae; Takahashi, 1928: 333. Change of combination.

Erium bambusae; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination and rank.

Pseudococcus (Trionymus) bambusae; Green, 1937: 294. Change of combination.

Heterococcus bambusae; Ali, 1970a: 93. Change of combination.

Trionymus bambusae; Yang, 1982: 86. Change of combination.

Brevennia bambusae; Tang, 1992: 573. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Bambusa [Green1922, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Bambusa vulgaris [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Bangladesh [Willia2004a]; India [Willia2004a] (Karnataka [Willia2004a]); Sri Lanka [Green1922, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Takaha1928, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 816 (female) [Trionymus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 572 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 93-94]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 508]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 294]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Ramakr1924 [taxonomy: 343]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 333]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 573-574]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; UlgentPe2013 [host: 493]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 41-42]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 822-823]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 86].



Trionymus bocheri Gertsson & Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus bocheri Gertsson & Hodgson, 2005: 8. Type data: GREENLAND: Narsarsuaq, in pit-fall trap; collected 1991, by J. Bocher. Holotype female. Type depository: Copenhagen: Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Department of Entomology, Denmark. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Greenland [GertssHo2005].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gertsson & Hodgson (2005). Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson (2005).

KEYS: Gertsson & Hodgson 2005: 2-3 (female) [Mealybugs of Greenland]; Hodgson 2005: 3-4 (male) [Coccoidea species of Greenland].

CITATIONS: GertssHo2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-11]; Hodgso2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-24].



Trionymus boratynskii Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus boratynskii Danzig, 1983: 517. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Khasan, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Danzig1983, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1983, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in the leaf axils of the host plant near soil surface (Danzig, 1997a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1983).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1988: 704 (female) [Far East Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 508]; Danzig1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 517-519]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105].



Trionymus bruneiensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus bruneiensis Williams, 2004a: 823. Type data: BRUNEI: Penanjong coast, on blades and sheaths of Poaceae; collected J.H. Martin, 23.iii.1989. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Brunei [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 816 (female) [Trionymus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 823-825].



Trionymus calamagrostidis (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus calamagrostidis Borchsenius, 1949: 143. Type data: KYRGYZSTAN: Bank of Kugartka river, 35 km of Dzhalal Abad, on Calamagrostis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 98. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Trionymus calamagrostidis; Matesova, 1968: 103. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Calamagrostis [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Phleum phleoides [Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Phragmites communis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Poa stepposa [Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig1997a].

BIOLOGY: Lives on the leaf sheaths close to the roots and underground (Danzig (1997a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1997a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 151 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 508-509]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 143-144]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-99]; Mateso1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 103]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 156-157].



Trionymus cantonensis Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus cantonensis Ferris, 1954a: 52. Type data: CHINA: Canton, Lingnan University, on undetermined grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcopsis cantonensis; Tang, 1992: 108. Change of combination.

Trionymus cantonensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 509. Revived combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Ferris1954a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Ferris1954a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1954a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 107 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 509]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 108-109]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18].



Trionymus caricis McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus caricis McConnell, 1941: 97. Type data: U.S.A.: Maryland, Prince Georges County, Bowie, on Carex tribuloides. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: carex mealybug [McKenz1967, Koszta1996]; Carex mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Koszta1996], Carex tribuloides [McConn1941, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994]. Juncaceae: Juncus [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]. Poaceae: Andropogon [Koszta1996], Andropogon virginicus [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Distichlis [Koszta1996], Elymus [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Elymus triticoides [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Panicum [Koszta1996], Unicola [Koszta1996], Unicola ornithorhynca [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Vulpia microstachys [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994]); United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Florida [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Georgia [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Maryland [McConn1941, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Massachusetts [McConn1941, BenDov1994], Nevada [Koszta1996], South Carolina [Koszta1996], Tennessee [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring beneath the leaf sheaths of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1941), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Miller & McKenzie (1973).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 213 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 531, 532 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 595 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 460 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 482 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 509]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-258]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 213, 215, 216]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 73]; McConn1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-98, 103]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 463-465]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 532-535].



Trionymus circulus Tang in Tang & Li

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus circulus Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 23. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Chasuqi, on Pennisetum flaccidum. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Pennisetum flaccidum [TangLi1988, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 151 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 509-510]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159-160]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-25]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29-30].



Trionymus clandestinis McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus cladestinis McConnell, 1941: 99. Type data: U.S.A.: Maryland, Ashton, on Panicum cladistinum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus clandestinus; Ferris, 1950b: 259. Justified emendation.

Trionymus clandestinus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 510. Misspelling of species name.

Trionymus cladestinus; Kosztarab & Rhoades, 1995: 111. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Koszta1996], Cyperus strigosus [Koszta1996]. Poaceae: Panicum [Koszta1996], Panicum clandestinum [McConn1941, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Panicum scoparius [Koszta1996], Setaria viridis [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Connecticut [Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Maryland [McConn1941, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1941) and by Ferris (1950b).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 216 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 531 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 595 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 460 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 482 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 510]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259-260]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 216-218]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 111]; McConn1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99, 104].



Trionymus claviger (King & Tinsley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius claviger King & Tinsley, 1897: 150. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Andover, in ants' nests, on grass roots. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus claviger; Fernald, 1903b: 99. Change of combination.

Trionymus claviger; Ferris, 1953a: 484. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [KingTi1897, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Massachusetts [KingTi1897, Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Originally described as 'completely concealed in a round ball of cottony down, attached to the roots of grass entering the ants' nest, under a stone'. Found in the nests of Lasius claviger and L. americanus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 218 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 530 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 461 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 510]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 99]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 484-485]; KingTi1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 150]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218, 219]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 111].



Trionymus cogonicola Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus cogonicola Williams, 2004a: 825. Type data: PHILIPPINES: without locality, on cogon grass, Imperata cylindrica; collected 1947. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Imperata cylindrica [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 816 (female) [Trionymus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 825-827].



Trionymus copiosus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus copiosus Borchsenius, 1949: 156. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Near Nau, on leaves of Alopecurus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 98. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Trionymus copiosus; Trjapitzin, 1989: 132. Change of combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Achalcerinys lindus (Mercet) [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus diversicornis Mercet [Trjapi1989], Doliphoceras galinae Myartseva [Trjapi1989], Leptomastidea rubra Tachikawa [Trjapi1989], Mahencyrtus comara (Walker) [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus bolivari Mercet [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Alopecurus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Phragmites australis [MyartsKaPo1995, Danzig1997a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949]; Turkmenistan (Ashkahabad Oblast [MyartsKaPo1995, Danzig1997a], Charadzhou Oblast [Danzig1997a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1997a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Parasites in the Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 150 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 510]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 156-157]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-101]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 132, 140, 145, 315,].



Trionymus coronus Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus coronus Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 595. Type data: MEXICO: Vera Cruz, 10 km S.W. Jalapa, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2003b].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Argentina (Salta [Granar2003b]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crown and roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2003b: 100 (female) [Trionymus species of Nearctic]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 601 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 530 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 595 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 510]; Granar2003b [host, distribution: 99-100]; Granar2003b [taxonomy: 100]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 595-597]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, descrtiption, illustration, host, distribution: 601, 602].



Trionymus cressae (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus hirsutus cressae Hall, 1927d: 270. Type data: EGYPT: Khanka, on Cressa cretica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus euphorbiae Hall, 1927d: 271. Type data: EGYPT: Sollum, on Euphorbia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Ezzat., 1962b: 72.

Erium euphorbiae; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Trionymus cressae; Ezzat, 1962a: 72. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Convolvulaceae: Cressa cretica [Hall1927d, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Hall1927d, BenDov1994, KaydanUlEr2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1927d, BenDov1994]; Jordan [Bodenh1935, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat (1962a).

KEYS: Ezzat 1962a: 68 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 510-511]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 250]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distributi0on: 144]; Ezzat1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-75]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Hall1927d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 270]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 103]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156].



Trionymus cynodontis (Kiritshenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pulverarius; Green, 1922: 373. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 827.

Ripersia cynodontis Kiritshenko, 1932: 139. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Samarkand, on Cynodon dactylon. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998a: 156. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Neotrionymus cynodontis; Borchsenius, 1949: 163. Change of combination.

Balanococcus mediterraneus Kozár, 1983a: 140. Type data: YUGOSLAVIA: Portoroz, on Poa pratensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1998a: 156.

Trionymus cynodontis; Williams, 2004a: 827. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Willia2004a], Cynodon dactylon [Kiritc1932, Kozar1983, BenDov1994], Iseilema [Willia2004a], Iseilema laxum [Willia2004a], Poa pratensis [Kozar1983a, Koteja1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Andhra Pradesh [Willia2004a]); Sri Lanka [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Crete [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]; Egypt [Danzig1998a]; Greece [Danzig1998a]; Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [Kiritc1932, BenDov1994]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a, Koteja1988a, BenDov1994, Danzig1998a].

BIOLOGY: The insect occurs in the leaf axils of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kozár (1983a) (as Balanococcus mediterraneus), Danzig (1998a) and by Williams (2004a). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949), Koteja (1988a) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the first-instr nymph given by Borchsenius (1949).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 816 (female) [Trionymus species of southern Asia]; Danzig 1998a: 156 (female) [Russia]; Tang 1992: 128, 144 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Koteja 1988a: 122 (female) [World]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 76 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 162 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 59,243]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163-165]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-158]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 373]; Kiritc1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 139]; Koteja1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 137]; Kozar1983a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140, 141]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 103]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 132,145]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 827-829].



Trionymus dactylis (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus (Trionymus) dactylis Green, 1925b: 523. Type data: ENGLAND: Channel Islands, Guernsey, St. Sampson, on Dactylis glomerata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus dactylis; Green, 1928: 10.

Trionymus dactylis; Green, 1928a: 22. Change of combination.

Erium dactylisdis; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Erium dactylisdis Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1994: 511.

Trionymus dactylis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 511. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Dactylis glomerata [Green1925b, BenDov1994, Gertss2000], Deschampsia caespitosa [Willia1962, BenDov1994, Gertss2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1937a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Germany [Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b, BenDov1994], England [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the leaf sheaths of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1962).

KEYS: Williams 1962: 59 (female).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 511]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 150]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1937a [host, distribution: 94]; Green1925b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 523-525]; Green1928 [taxonomy: 10]; Green1928a [taxonomy: 22]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Schmut1980 [host, distribution: 50]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85].



Trionymus dactyloctenii Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus dactyloctenii Mamet, 1943: 123. Type data: MAURITIUS: Baie du Tombeau, on Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum [Mamet1943, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Rodriques Island [Mamet1943, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1943).

KEYS: Williams & Matile-Ferrero 2009a: 97-101 (female) [Pseudococcidae species from Mauritius].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 511]; Mamet1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-125]; WilliaMa2009a [taxonomy: 97-101].



Trionymus dagestanicus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus dagestanicus Danzig, 1998a: 158. Type data: RUSSIA: N. Caucasicus, S. Dagestan, near Kurush, 1700m, on leaf sheaths of Pleum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Phleum [Danzig1998a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Dagestan AR [Danzig1998a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1998a).

CITATIONS: Danzig1998a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-160].



Trionymus demertor De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus demertor De Lotto, 1964: 387. Type data: KENYA: Mombasa, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of the plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 386 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 511]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 387].



Trionymus dilatatus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus dilatatus Danzig, 1971: 368. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, near Komissarov, on Festuca pseudosulcata. Holotype female. Type depository: Yerevan: Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Armenia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca pseudosulcata [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b, 1997a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 151 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1988: 704 (female) [Far East Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 178 (female).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 511]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-369]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-183]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 109]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160-161].



Trionymus dolus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus dolus Ferris, 1950b: 263. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, North Palo Alto, on Elymus sp. Syntypes, unknown. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: dolus mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Elymus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Elymus condensatus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring beneath the sheathing bases of the leaves or, at times, exposed upon the leaf surface.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 461 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 512]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-264]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 467-469].



Trionymus faratsi Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus faratsi Mamet, 1962: 185. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ankaratra, Col de Faratsiho, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 512]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-187].



Trionymus ferganensis (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus ferganensis Borchsenius, 1949: 155. Type data: KYRGYZSTAN: Fergana Range, bank of Kugartka River, on Calamagrostis sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 105. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Trionymus ferganensis; Ter-Grigorian, 1973: 62. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Calamagrostis [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the leaf sheaths of Calamagrostis sp. (Borchsenius, 1949; Danzig, 1997a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1997a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 512]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155-156]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy: 62].



Trionymus festucae (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia festucae Kuwana, 1901: 401. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Black Mountain, on Festuca scabrella. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

Trionymus festucae; Ferris, 1918d: 70. Change of combination.

Erium festucae; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: north coast mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Anthoxanthum odoratum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Deschampsia ceaspitosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Festuca scabrella [Kuwana1901, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Kuwana1901, Cocker1902a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Concealed beneath the sheathing bases of the leaves.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 532 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 461 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 512-513]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 70]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265-266]; Kuwana1901 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 401-402]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-471].



Trionymus formosanus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus formosanus Takahashi, 1930: 4. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, on Bambusa stenostachya. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Erium formosanum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa stenostachya [Takaha1930].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1930, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1930). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 513]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-6]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163-164]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30].



Trionymus frontalis McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus frontalis McKenzie, 1967: 471. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, Chatsworth, on Elymus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: frontal grass mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Poaceae: Elymus [McKenz1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, DownieGu2004]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in the leaf-blade sheaths of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 532 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 461 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 513]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 471-473].



Trionymus funiuensis Wu, S.A.

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus funiuensis Wu, S.A., 2001: xxx. Type data: CHINA:.



Trionymus gyrus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus gyrus Williams, 1985: 371. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, near Mt Compass, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 366 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 514]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 371-372].



Trionymus haancheni McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus haancheni McKenzie, 1960: 765. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Siskiyou County, Tulelake, on Hordeum vulgare. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: haanchen barley mealybug [McKenz1967]; Haanchen barley mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Elymus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hordeum vulgare [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Idaho [Alvare2004]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring along the stems under the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Osborn (1951 p.154) reported that this mealybug developed large populations on part of 15.000 acres of barley in California, causing damage and hampering harvesting operations, due to the sticky honeydew.

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 532 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 461 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Alvare2004 [host, distribution]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 514]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 765-768]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 475-477].



Trionymus hamberdi (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus hamberdi Borchsenius, 1949: 154. Type data: ARMENIA: Ashtarak District, Archashan near Amberd, on leaf sheaths of Phragmites sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 103. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pseudococcus gracilipes Borchsenius, 1949: 155. Type data: RUSSIA: North Caucasus, Maykop District, Kamennomostskaya, bank of Belaya River, on grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 103. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1997a: 103.

Trionymus hamberdi; Ter-Grigorian, 1966: 85. Change of combination.

Trionymus subradicum Danzig, 1985: 120. Type data: RUSSIA: Karachay-Cherkessia AR, Teberda, in leaf axils of timothy grass (Phleum pratense). Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1997a: 103.

Trionymus gracilipes; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Hamberd's mealybug.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex leporina [Danzig1985, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Agropyron [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Agropyron repens [Danzig1985, BenDov1994], Agrostis vulgaris [Danzig1985, BenDov1994], Calamagrostis arundinacea [Danzig1985, BenDov1994], Deschampsia caespitosa [Danzig1985, BenDov1994], Festuca ovina [Danzig1985, BenDov1994], Holcus lanatus [Danzig1985, BenDov1994], Hordeum [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Phragmites [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Poa palustris [Danzig1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966]; Hungary [Kozar1980, KozarKo2002b, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Danzig1997a]; Poland [Danzig1985, Lagows1996, GolanLaJa2001]; Russia (Caucasus [Borchs1949], Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig1997a], Kaliningrad Oblast [Danzig1997a], Karachay-Cherkessia AR [Danzig1985], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1985, Danzig1997a]).

BIOLOGY: Lives in leaf sheaths of grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Danzig (1985) (as T. subradicum Danzig) and by Danzig (1997a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1988: 704 (female) [Far East Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 159 (female) [Central Europe]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 63 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 513-514]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154-155]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-121]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-104]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 108]; GavrilKu2005 [distribution: 19-34]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 161-162]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 375]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 34]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 121]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 166]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 85]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-72].



Trionymus heterelymus Hodgson & Gertsson

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus elymus Gertsson & Hodgson, 2005: 11. Type data: GREENLAND: Evighedsfjord, Kangiussaq, on Elymus mollis; collected 20.vii.2003, by S.T. Nielsen. Holotype female. Type depository: Copenhagen: Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Department of Entomology, Denmark. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Trionymus elymus Borchsenius, 1937b.

Trionymus heterelymus Hodgson & Gertsson, 2012: 148. Replacement name for Trionymus elymus Gertsson & Hodgson.



HOST: Poaceae: Elymus mollis [GertssHo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Greenland [GertssHo2005].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gertsson & Hodgson (2005). Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson (2005).

SYSTEMATICS: Gertsson & Hodgson the describers of this species informed us that a Replacement Name for Trionymus elymus Gertsson & Hodgson, 2005 Junior Homonym will be published in due course.

KEYS: Gertsson & Hodgson 2005: 2-3 (female) [Mealybugs of Greenland]; Hodgson 2005: 3-4 (male) [Coccoidea species of Greenland].

CITATIONS: GertssHo2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-14]; Hodgso2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-29].



Trionymus hypoestis (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia hypoestis James, 1935: 387. Type data: KENYA: Muringato River, Nyeri, on Hypoestis verticillaris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus hypoestis; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 259. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Hypoestus verticillaris [James1935, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Themeda triandra [James1935, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1935, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by James (1935) and by De Lotto (1957b).

SYSTEMATICS: The new combination by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) was based on characters of the species as given in De Lotto (1957b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 475]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, disrtribution: 213-216]; James1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 387-388]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 259].



Trionymus idahoensis Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus idahoensis Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 598. Type data: U.S.A.: Idaho, Fremont County, St Anthony Sand Dunes, on Elymus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Elymus [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Idaho [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and main roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 530 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 595 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 514]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 598-599].



Trionymus inaequalis (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia inaequalis James, 1935: 384. Type data: KENYA: Nairoba-Thika Road, on Sporobolus philippi. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus inaequalis; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 259. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Sporobolus philippi [James1935, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1935, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by James (1935) and by De Lotto (1957b).

SYSTEMATICS: The new combination by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) was based on characters of the species as given in De Lotto (1957b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 475]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-218]; James1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 384-385]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 259].



Trionymus incertus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus incertus Green, 1931: 268. Type data: ICELAND: Svinafell, on Festuca rubra. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and NHGS. Described: female. Illust.

Erium incertum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus incertus; Ossiannilsson, 1955: 6. Change of combination.

Trionymus incertus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 515. Revived combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca rubra [Green1931, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iceland [Green1931, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ossianilsson (1955).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 515]; Green1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-269]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 515]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122]; Ossian1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-8].



Trionymus insularis Ehrhorn

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus insularis Ehrhorn, 1916: 244. Type data: HAWAII: Hawaii and Oahu Is, on Deschampsia australis and Cynodon dactylon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female.

Erium insulare; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus nigricornis Timberlake [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Anagyrus swezeyi Timberlake [Zimmer1948], Xanthoencyrtus apterus Timberlake [Zimmer1948].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994], Deschampsia australis [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994], Eragrostis variabilis [Ehrhor1916, Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Panicum torridum [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Setaria verticillata [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Zimmerman (1948) lists some natural enemies of this species.

KEYS: Zimmerman 1948: 257 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 515]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 244]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Timber1919 [biological control: 197-231]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-260].



Trionymus interjecti Bueker

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus interjecti Bueker, 1931: 3. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Boulder, under rock in nest of Lasius interjectus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Erium interjecti; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado [Bueker1931, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in nests of ants Lasius interjectus.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bueker (1931).

CITATIONS: Bueker1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, destribution: 2-3]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122].



Trionymus internodii (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia internodii Hall, 1923: 8. Type data: EGYPT: Gezira, on Saccharum officinarum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus internodii; Ezzat, 1962a: 75. Change of combination.

Balanococcus internodii; Tang, 1992: 131. Change of combination.

Trionymus internodii; Ben-Dov, 1994: 515. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Lactuca sativa [BenDov2012]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [BenDov1980, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Hall1926a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Andropogon [Ezzat1962a, BenDov1994], Arundo donax [Ezzat1962a, BenDov1994], Bambusa [Hall1926a, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Panicum colonum [Ezzat1962a, BenDov1994], Panicum turgidum [Hosny1939, BenDov1994], Saccharum biflorum [Hall1926a, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Hall1923, BenDov1994], Sorghum halepense [BenDov2012], Sporobolus spicatus [Hall1927d, BenDov1994], Zea mays [Hosny1939, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1923, BenDov1994]; Israel [BenDov1980, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaf sheaths, stems, crowns and roots of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1923), Ezzat (1962a) and by Williams (1970DJ). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Alhought often found in large numbers on various Gramineae (Willcocks, 1925), no damage has been reported. Ben-Dov (1980) recorded it from pineapple in Israel.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 128 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Ezzat 1962a: 69 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: BenDov1980 [host, distribution: 269-270]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 515-516]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 38, 43]; Ezzat1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-78]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-9]; Hall1926a [host, distribution: 30]; Hosny1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy: 123]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 74]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 131-132]; Willco1922 [economic importance]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-179].



Trionymus inyazurae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus inyazurae Hall, 1937: 131. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Inyazura, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Hall1937, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1937, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1937) and by Williams (1958b).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 386 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 516]; Hall1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-132]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-18].



Trionymus iridis Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus iridis Danzig, 1971: 369. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, near Porkovka, on Iris uniflora. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Iridaceae: Iris uniflora [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b, 1997a).

SYSTEMATICS: Danzig (1971, 1997a) noted that in its taxonomic characters this species is indistinguishable from Trionymus multisetiger Borchsenius, but the adult female differs in the colour, host plant and phenology.

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1988: 704 (female) [Far East Russia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 516]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 369]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 181]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105].



Trionymus isfarensis (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus polyporus; Kiritchenko, 1931: 312. Misidentification; discovered by Danzig, 1997a: 112.

Ripersia phragmitis; Kiritchenko, 1936a: 132. Misidentification; discovered by Danzig, 1997a: 112.

Pseudococcus isfarensis Borchsenius, 1949: 152. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Isfara District, near Vorukh, on Calamagrostis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1983: 518. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pseudococcus phragmitis; Borchsenius, 1949: 153. Misidentification; discovered by Danzig, 1997a: 95.

Saccharicoccus penium Williams, 1962: 50. Type data: ENGLAND: Hampshire, Yateley, on grasses. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1983: 518.

Trionymus penium; Danzig, 1978: 12. Change of combination.

Trionymus isfarensis; Koteja & Zak-Ogaza, 1979: 672. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: Tadzhik mealybug; Williams grass mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Beckmania [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Calamagrostis epigeios [KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994], Festuca arundinacea [KwonDaPa2003a], Festuca ovina [KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Festuca pallens [KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Phragmites [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994], Poa [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Pseudosasa japonica [KozarGuBa1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994]; China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, Lagows1996, GolanLaJa2001]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]); South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [WilliaMa2012]).

BIOLOGY: Found at the bases of grasses and in leaf sheaths. Nymphs and ovipositing female were found in Poland during August-September (Koteja, 1969a). Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1962) (as Saccharicoccus penium Williams), Danzig (1980b) (as S. penium Williams), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) (as S. penium) and by Kwon et al. (2003a). Good decription of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). .

SYSTEMATICS: Koteja (1986) disputed the lectotype designation by Danzig (1983) and the synonymy of S. penium with this species. However, Danzig (1987) showed that the lectotype designation was in accordance with the International Code.

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 415 (female) [Trionymus species of Korea]; Danzig 1997a: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1988: 704 (female) [Far East Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 159 (female) [Central Europe]; Danzig 1980b: 178 (female); Borchsenius 1949: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 516]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 152-153, 153-154]; Danzig1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-186]; Danzig1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 518-519]; Danzig1987 [taxonomy: 577]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 112]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; Kiritc1931 [host, distribution: 312]; Kiritc1936a [host, distribution: 132]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 151-152]; Koteja1969a [host, distribution: 4]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75]; Koteja1986g [taxonomy: 375-380]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 361]; KotejaZa1979 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 672]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 475]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 415-417]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 34]; Malump2011 [host: 169]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 71]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 167-168]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-52]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 85, 87].



Trionymus jonesi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus jonesi Williams, 2004b: 5. Type data: FALKLAND ISLANDS: East Falkland, Cusby's Hill, on roots of Bolax gummifera, extracted by Tullgren funnell apparatus; collected A.G. Jones, 7.xi.2002. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Apiaceae: Bolax gummifera [Willia2004b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Falkland Islands [Willia2004b].

BIOLOGY: Found on roots of Bolax gummifera (Williams, 2004b)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004b).

CITATIONS: Willia2004b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-8].



Trionymus kirgisicus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus kirgisicus Borchsenius, 1949: 141. Type data: KYRGYZSTAN: Malyi Urtak, Kugartka valley, Fergana Range, on Elymus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 98. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Trionymus kirgisicus; Matesova, 1968: 104. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Elymus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Phleum phleoides [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Poa pratensis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Danzig (1997a) indicated that this species is very similar, and possibly identical with T. implicatus (Borchsenius).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 153 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 517]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141-142]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 98]; Mateso1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 104]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 169].



Trionymus kobotokensis Kanda

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus kobotokensis Kanda, 1959a: 241. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Kobotoke pass, on Miscanthus sinensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Miscanthus sinensis [Kanda1959a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kanda1959a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kanda (1959a). Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 153 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kawai 1980: 113 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 517]; Kanda1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 241-243]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 113]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 169-170].



Trionymus kurilensis Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus insularis Danzig, 1983: 520. Type data: RUSSIA: Kurile Islands, Sernovodsk, on Calamagrostis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Trionymus insularis Ehrhorn, 1916.

Trionymus kurilensis Danzig, 1986b: 75. Replacement name for Trionnymus insularis Danzig, 1983.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Calamagrostis [Danzig1983, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994], Deschampsia australis [Ehrhor1916, BenDov1994], Phragmites communis [Danzig1983, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1983, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living in leaf axils of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1983) as Trinonymus insularis Danzig. Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 153 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 517]; Danzig1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 520-521]; Danzig1986a [taxonomy: 75]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170].



Trionymus lanatus (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus lanatus Balachowsky, 1932a: 87. Type data: FRANCE: Port Cros Island (Var) on Kentrophyllum lanatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus lanatus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Carduus [Goux1933a, BenDov1994], Centaurea [Goux1933a, BenDov1994], Kentrophyllum lanatum [Balach1932a, BenDov1994, Foldi2000]. Malvaceae: Malva sylvestris [Goux1933a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Balach1932a, Goux1933a, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1932a).

CITATIONS: Balach1932a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 517]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 235]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73].



Trionymus latus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus latus Takahashi, 1929: 37. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, Shinten, on Miscanthus sinensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Erium latum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Trionymus latus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 518. Revived combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Miscanthus sinensis [Takaha1929, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1929, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: This mealybug is sometimes protected by the ant Crematogaster rogenhoferi.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1929). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 153 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 518]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-39]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170-171]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30].



Trionymus latvicus (Rasina)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus latvicus Rasina, 1966: 10. Type data: LATVIA: Sloka, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Trionymus latvicus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Rasina1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Latvia [Rasina1966, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Rasina (1966).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 518]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73]; Rasina1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10].



Trionymus levis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus levis Borchsenius, 1937: 46. Type data: RUSSIA: Krasnodar Kray, on unidentified plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pseudococcus levis; Borchsenius, 1949: 161. Change of combination.

Atrococcus aberrans Danzig, 1985: 112. Type data: RUSSIA: Karachay-Cherkessia AR, Dombay, on Achillea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1997a: 109.

Trionymus aberranoides Tang, 1992: 154. Replacement name for Trionymus aberrans (Danzig).

Trionymus aberrans; Tang, 1992: 154. Change of combination. Homonym.

COMMON NAME: aberrant mealybug.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Achillea [Danzig1985, Tang1992, BenDov1994]. Dipsacaceae: Cephalaria brevipalea [Danzig1997a], Scabiosa ochroleuca [Danzig1997a]. Fabaceae: Trifolium [Danzig1985, Tang1992, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a]. Poaceae: Agropyron desertorum [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Agropyron repens [KozarOrKo1977, BenDov1994], Agropyron sibiricum [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Agrostis vulgaris [Schmut1952a, BenDov1994], Avena [Goux1938a, BenDov1994], Briza media [KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994], Bromus [Kozar1985, BenDov1994], Festuca pratensis [KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994], Hordeum [TerGri1966, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Lolium [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Stipa [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Triticum [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]; China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]); France [Goux1938a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Georgia [Danzig1985, BenDov1994]); Germany [Schmut1952a, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1974a, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994]; Russia (Caucasus [Danzig1997a], Karachay-Cherkessia AR [Danzig1985], Krasnodar Kray [Borchs1937, BenDov1994]); Ukraine [Borchs1949, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in the leaf axils of the host plant (Danzig, 1985). Life history and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Shmutterer (1952b), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (1985) (as Trionymus aberrans Danzig). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

SYSTEMATICS: Tang (1992) and Tang et al. (1992) suggested that Atrococcus aberrans Danzig, 1985, be transferred to Trionymus, making it a homonym of T. aberrans Goux, and therefore proposed T. aberranoides Tang, 1992, as a Replacement Name. Until the genus Trinonymus will be revised, A. aberrans is retained in its original generic placement.

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 150 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 97 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 47, 518]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 46]; Borchs1939a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-48]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 161-162]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 109]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154-155]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29].



Trionymus longissimus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus longissimus De Lotto, 1964: 388. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Themeda triandra. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Themeda triandra [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of the plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 387 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 518]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 388].



Trionymus lowryi Brachman & Kosztarab in Kosztarab, 1996

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus lowryi Brachman & Kosztarab in Kosztarab, 1996, 1996: 218. Type data: U.S.A.: Virginia, Charlottsville, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Lowry mealybug [Koszta1996].



HOST: Poaceae: Danthonia [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], West Virginia [Koszta1996]).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 218 (female) [Northeastern North USA].

CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 218, 220, 222].



Trionymus magnus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia magna Cockerell, 1901g: 56. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, San Miguel County (?), Trout Springs, host not indicated. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & McKenzie, 1973: 535. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Trionymus magnus; Ferris, 1953a: 486. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: magnus mealybug [MillerMc1973].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1901g, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Ferris (1953a) suggested that the host plant is grass.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Miller & Mckenzie (1973).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 530 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 595 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 461 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 482 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Cocker1901g [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 486-487]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 535-537].



Trionymus masrensis Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus masrensis Hall, 1925: 10. Type data: EGYPT: Kharga Oasis, on Imperata cylindrica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Erium masrense; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Hall1937, BenDov1994], Imperata cylindrica [Hall1925, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1937, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1925, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1925).

KEYS: Ezzat 1962a: 68 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 519]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Hall1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-11]; Hall1937 [host, distribution: 133]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156].



Trionymus mocus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus mocus Ferris, 1953a: 490. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Mateo County, San Mateo, on bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: mocker grass mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Poaceae [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 532 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 461 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 490 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 519-520]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 490-491]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 477-479].



Trionymus modocensis (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dysmicoccus modocensis Ferris, 1953a: 339. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Modoc County, Alturas, on Elymus triticoides. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus modocensis; McKenzie, 1960: 765. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: modoc grass mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Elymus condensatus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Elymus triticoides [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 531 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 461 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 520]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-340]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy: 765]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 479-481].



Trionymus mongolicus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus mongolicus Danzig, 1980: 36. Type data: MONGOLIA: Khentaiskii Aimak, near Norovlina, on sedge. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus mongolicus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 520. Revived combination.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Carex [Danzig1980, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1980, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1980). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Tang (1992: 173) synonymized T. agropyronicola with T. mongolicus Danzig. However, Danzig (1997a) removed the former from synonymy, regarded it as a distinct species and indicated some distinguishing characters.

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 520]; Danzig1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 173-174]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-22].



Trionymus mori Lobdell

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus mori Lobdell, 1930: 218. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, West Point, on Morus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female.

Erium mori; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Trionymus mori; Ben-Dov, 1994: 520. Revived combination.



HOST: Moraceae: Morus [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Mississippi [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Lobdell (1930).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 520]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-219, 232].



Trionymus multisetiger (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus multisetiger Borchsenius, 1949: 137. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on Taraxacum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 180. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pseudococcus hemisphaericus Borchsenius, 1949: 147. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 180. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980b: 180.

Pseudococcus galatellus Matesova, 1957: 163. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Ala-Tay, on Galatella sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980: 180.

Dysmicoccus multisetiger; Matesova, 1968: 105. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus multisetiger; Matesova, 1968: 106. Change of combination.

Trionymus multisetiger; Danzig, 1975: 48. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus hemisphaeicus; Tao, 1999: 30. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia [Danzig1997a], Artemisia frigida [Danzig1984a, BenDov1994], Aster alpinus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Aster altaica [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Chrysanthemum, Galatella [Mateso1957, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Gerbera [Danzig1997a], Heteropappus [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Hypochaeris [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Saussurea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Taraxacum [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a]. Boraginaceae: Echinospermum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a]. Rosaceae: Potentilla [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1957, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a]; Mongolia [Danzig1975, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a]; Russia (Altay Kray [Danzig1997a], Primor'ye Kray [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); South Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003a].

BIOLOGY: Young adult females occur at the end of June.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matesova (1957) (as T. galatellus Matesova), Danzig (1980b) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 415 (female) [Trionymus species of Korea]; Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 150 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 95, 96 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 520-521]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 137-138, 147-148]; Danzig1975 [host, distribution: 48]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-181]; Danzig1984a [host, distribution: 34]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 417]; Mateso1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-164]; Mateso1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105-106]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-175, 766]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3, 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30].



Trionymus multivorus (Kiritchenko)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus multivorus Kiritchenko, 1936a: 151. Type data: UKRAINE: Crimea, 0dessa, on Taraxacum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 105. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pseudococcus mendosus Kiritchenko, 1936a: 153. Type data: AZERBAIJAN: Geok-Tapa, Elisabet polskaya guberniya [=Hanlar near Gyanzha] on leaf sheath of Lactuca. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 108. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 138.

Trionymus elymus Borchsenius, 1937: 46. Type data: RUSSIA: Orenburg province, Ekaterinoslavka, Orsk District [=Tyultinsky District], on roots of Artemisia austriaca. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 108. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1997a: 108.

Pseudococcus saxatilis Borchsenius, 1937a: 182. Nomen nudum; discovered by Danzig, 1997a: 108.

Pseudococcus marrubium Borchsenius, 1937a: 184. Nomen nudum; discovered by Danzig, 1997a: 108.

Pseudococcus taraxaci Borchsenius, 1937a: 184. Nomen nudum; discovered by Danzig, 1997a: 108.

Pseudococcus elymi; Borchsenius, 1949: 146. Change of combination.

Trionymus multivorus; Ter-Grigorian, 1973: 63. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus multivorus; Koteja & Zak-Ogaza, 1979: 672. Change of combination.

Trionymus multivorus; Danzig, 1997a: 105. Revived combination.

Trinymus elymi; Kozar, Kiss, Samu & Konczne Benedicty, 2004: 58. Misspelling of genus name.

COMMON NAMES: polyphagous mealybug [KosztaKo1988F]; polyphagous mealybug.



HOSTS: Apiaceae: Caucalis [KaydanKiKo2005], Echinophora sp. [Moghad2013a], Falcaria [KaydanKiKo2005], Turgenia [KaydanKiKo2005]. Asteraceae [PellizPoSe2011], Achillea millefolium [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Achillea millefolium [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia abrotanum [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia austriaca [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia dracunculus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia frigida [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia globella [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia sublessingiana [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia vulgaris [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia vulgaris [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Centaurea micranthos [KozarOrKo1977, BenDov1994], Centaurea orientalis [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Centaurea pulchella [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Centaurea scabiosa [Kozar1980, BenDov1994], Centaurea sibirica [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Centaurea solsititialis [KaydanKiKo2005], Centaurea virgata [KaydanKiKo2005], Cichorium intybus [KaydanKiKo2005], Cirsium [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cirsium desertorum [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Cirsium igneratum [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Conyza canadensis [KaydanKiKo2005], Crepis [KaydanKiKo2005], Echinops ritro [Moghad2013], Echinops sp. [Moghad2013], Hedypnois rhagadioloides [Foldi2000], Helianthus [Danzig1997a], Hieracium pilosella [KotejaZa1979], Inula [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Klasea cerinthifolia [Moghad2013a], Koelpinia linearis [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Lactuca scariola [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Lactuca sp. [Moghad2013], Matricaria chamomilla [Moghad2013], Onopordum [KaydanKiKo2005], Serratula sp. [Moghad2013], Sonchus [KaydanKiKo2005], Tanacetum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Taraxacum officinale [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Xeranthemum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Boraginaceae: Alkanna tinctoria [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Anchusa [KaydanKiKo2005], Anchusa officinalis [Kozar1980, BenDov1994], Echium [KaydanKiKo2005], Lithospermum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Brassicaceae: Cardaria [KaydanKiKo2005], Diplotaxis tenuifolia [KaydanKiKo2005]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Silene ruprechtii [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Spinacia [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Sedum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Dipsacaceae: Knautia arvensis [MazzeoLoRu1994], Scabiosa bipinnata [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Scabiosa ucrainica [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [KaydanKiKo2005]. Fabaceae: Astragalus filicaulis [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Astragalus sp. [Moghad2013], Goebelia alopecuroides [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Medicago minima [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Medicago sativa [Kozar1980, BenDov1994], Onobrychis [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Psoralea bipuminosa [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Psoralea drupacea [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Tragopogon [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Trifolium [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Iris [Danzig1997a]. Lamiaceae: Hyssopus ambiguus [Mateso1968a, BenDov1994], Marrubium praecox [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Perovskia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Phlomis [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Salvia aethiopis [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Salvia nemorosa [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Sideritis [KaydanKiKo2005], Stachys [KaydanKiKo2005], Teucrium orientalis [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Thymus [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Ziziphora clinopodioides [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Althaea rugosa [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Hibiscus sp. [Moghad2013], Malva borealis [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994]. Papaveraceae: Glaucium [KaydanKiKo2005], Glaucium flavum [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Papaver [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Papaver arenarium [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Elymus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Festuca sulcata [Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Festuca sulcata [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Stipa capillata [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rumex acetosa [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Potentilla bifurca [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Poterium [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Pedicularis sibthorpii [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Verbascum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Umbelliferae: Daucus [Danzig1997a], Daucus guttatus [KaydanKoYa2001], Daucus littoralis [KaydanKiKo2005], Eryngium campester [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Admiralty Islands. Palaearctic: Armenia [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; France [Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Georgia [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994]); Hungary [KosztaKo1978, KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarKo2002b, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [Moghad2009]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1979, BenDov1994, Koteja2000a]; Russia (Dagestan AR [Danzig1997a], Krasnodar Kray [Danzig1997a], Orenburg Oblast [Danzig1997a], Rostov Oblast [Danzig1997a], Stavrapol Oblast [Danzig1997a], Voronoezh Oblast [Danzig1997a]); Sardinia [Pelliz2003]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994, KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanUlTo2002, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994]; Ukraine [Kiritc1936a, Borchs1949, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1936a, BenDov1994]); Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant. Biology of the polyphagous mealybug T.multivorus is studied in conditions of Turkmenia for the first time.This paper establishes the number of bug's generations (3) and the structure of complex of parasites and insects of prey (12 species of insects from 3 orders and 5 families). (Myartseva & Kharchenko, 1987). Life history and associated ants discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) (as T. elymi (Borchsenius) and as T.multivorus (Kiritchenko)) and by Danzig (1997a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

SYSTEMATICS: Intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters has been observed in this species. Koteja & Zak-Ogaza (1979) indicated differences between specimens from Poland and from Ukraine. Danzig (1997a) indicates to intraspecific variation in taxonomic characters. The number of cerarii varies between 2 to 10, nore often with 4-6 pairs; circulus usually is absent, but in some specimens it is present.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Reported as an pest in Turkmenistan (Myartseva & Kharchenko, 1987)

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Tang 1992: 151 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 158 (female) [Central Europe]; Koteja & Lagowska 1986: 382 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tereznikova 1975: 263 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 62 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 95, 96 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1937 [host, distribution: 131]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 136, 512]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 120-121]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 46]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 138-140, 146-147]; Canakc1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 144]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-108]; DanzigGa2005 [taxonomy: 529]; DanzigKo1974 [host, distribution: 10]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 108]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 380,383]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 19-34]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, karyology: 74]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 92]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 381]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 103]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 223]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 121]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 62]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 163]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1979 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 672-673]; Kozar1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; KozarKiSa2004 [taxonomy, distribution: 58]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 375]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 5]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; Mateso1968 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103-104]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 202]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 31]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, host, structure, taxonomy: 91, 92, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 75]; MyartsKh1987 [life history: 63-65]; MyartsKh1987 [biological control, life history: 63-65]; Pelliz2003 [host, distribution: 101]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 293,296]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 202, 203]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-269]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-65].



Trionymus myersi McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus myersi McKenzie, 1961: 48. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, Glendale, on Haworthia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Myers mealybug [McKenz1961, McKenz1967].



HOST: Liliaceae: Haworthia [McKenz1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1961, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 531 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 460 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 521]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-51]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 481-483].



Trionymus myrmecarius (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus myrmecarius Leonardi, 1908a: 164. Type data: ITALY: Sardinia, Monti, in nest of a Camponotus ant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus myrmaecarius; Melis, 1930: 14. Misspelling of species name.

Trionymus myrmecarius; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sardinia [Leonar1908a, Melis1930, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996].

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Camponotus sp. (Marotta, 1987a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1908a, 1920).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 521]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73]; Leonar1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-166]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 393-394]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 121]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 113]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120].



Trionymus nanus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus nanus Cockerell, 1905c: 136. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Boulder, on grasses. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation McKenzie & Williams, 1965: 1. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Erium nanum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Cocker1905c, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado [Cocker1905c, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on grass stems.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie & Williams (1965).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 531 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 595 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 460 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1967: 460 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 521]; Cocker1905c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; McKenzWi1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-12].



Trionymus nepalicus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus nepalicus Williams, 2004a: 829. Type data: NEPAL: Kathmandu Valley, Bagmati, Godaveri, on Gramineae; collected S. Takagi, 19.viii.1975. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 816 (female) [Trionymus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 829-831].



Trionymus newsteadi (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus newsteadi Green, 1917a: 265. Type data: ENGLAND: Surrey, Camberley, on Fagus sylvatica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Trionymus newsteadi; Zahradnik, 1959a: 538. Change of combination.

Balanococcus newsteadi; Tang, 1992: 132. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus newsteadi; Lagowska & Koteja, 1996: 33. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: beech mealybug.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Doliphoceras belibus (Walker) [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Fagaceae: Fagus [TerGri1969, BenDov1994, MarottTr1995], Fagus orientalis [TerGri1962, BenDov1994], Fagus silvatica [Green1917a, Zahrad1956, KotejaZa1983, Lagows1986, BenDov1994, MarottTr1995].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1969, BenDov1994]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1956, Lagows1986, BenDov1994]; Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Italy [MarottTr1995, LongoMaPe1995]; Netherlands [Reyne1957, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Koteja2000a]; Russia (Caucasus [Danzig1997a]); Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Green1917a, BenDov1994]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bud scales and in the crevices in the bark of beech trees. Life history and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1962), Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Tereznikova (1975). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Afifi (1968).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 128 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 158 (female); Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 158 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 263 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 63 (female) [Armenia]; Williams 1962: 59 (female); Borchsenius 1949: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, male, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-130]; Alam1957 [biological control: 421-466]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 521-522]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157-158]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 108]; Green1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265-266]; Hodgso2012 [taxonomy: 64]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kiritc1936a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 131]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 24]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 161]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 14]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 164]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy, structure: 253]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 319]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 671]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 475]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 476]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 33]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 121]; Reyne1957 [host, distribution: 19]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 388-390]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 235]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 270-272]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 127]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 53]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 139]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-62]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85]; Zahrad1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 50]; Zahrad1959a [host, distribution: 538].



Trionymus nicotianacola Williams & Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptoripersia rhizophilus Granara de Willink, 1986: 129. Type data: ARGENTINA: Province of Tucuman, Department of Tafi, El Colmenar, on Nicotiana glauca. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus nicotianacola Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 603. Replacement name for Trionymus rhizophilus (Williams and Granara de Willink).

Trionymus rhizophilus; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 603. Change of combination. Homonym of Trionymus rhizophilus De Lotto.



HOSTS: Solanaceae: Nicotiana glauca [Granar1986, BenDov1994], Nicotiana tabacum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [Granar1986, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1986) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2003b: 100 (female) [Trionymus species of Nearctic]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 601 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 522]; Granar1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-131]; Granar2003b [taxonomy: 100]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 603-606].



Trionymus nudus (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia nuda James, 1935: 389. Type data: UGANDA: Masaka, on Setaria sphacelata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus nudus; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 259. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Setaria sphacelata [James1935, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [James1935, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by James (1935).

SYSTEMATICS: The new combination by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) was based on characters of the species as given in James (1935).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 476]; James1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-390]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 259].



Trionymus oblongus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus oblongus De Lotto, 1964: 388. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Stellenbosch, on Cliffortia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rosaceae: Cliffortia [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 386 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 522]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 388-389]; Millar2002 [illustration: 231].



Trionymus orestes Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus orestes Williams, 1962: 63. Type data: ENGLAND: Surrey, Box Hill, on Brachypodium sylvaticun. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Brachypodium sylvaticum [Willia1962, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1962).

KEYS: Williams 1962: 59 (female).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 522]; Malump2011 [host: 169]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-64]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85].



Trionymus orientalis (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius graminis orientalis Maskell, 1898: 245. Type data: HONG KONG: on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus graminis orientalis; Fernald, 1903b: 102. Change of combination.

Trionymus orientalis; Ferris, 1954a: 53. Change of combination and rank.

Mirococcopsis orientalis; Tang, 1992: 110. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Maskel1898, BenDov1994], Phragmites communis [KwonDaPa2003a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [Maskel1898, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: China [Ferris1954a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the stems of grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Maskell (1898), Ferris (1954) and by Kwon et al. (2003a).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 415 (female) [Trionymus species of Korea]; Tang 1992: 106 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 522-523]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 55]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 102]; Ferris1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 417-420]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 49]; Maskel1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 245-246]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 110]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 2]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18].



Trionymus palauensis Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus pulverarius; Green, 1922: 373. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 831. Notes: In part

Pseudococcus pulverarius; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1927: 453. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 831. Notes: In part

Pseudococcus (Trionymus) pulverarius; Green, 1937: 294. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 2004a: 831. Notes: In part

Trionymus palauensis Beardsley, 1966: 473. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Palau, Koror, on unknown host. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Cannococcus palauensis; Williams & Watson, 1988a: 28. Change of combination.

Trionymus palauensis; Williams, 2004a: 831. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Panicum colonum [Willia2004a], Pennisetum purpureum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Oriental: India (Andhra Pradesh [Willia2004a]); Philippines [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Beardsley (1966), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 816 (female) [Trionymus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 150 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 26 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 473 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 473-475]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 68]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 373]; Green1937 [taxonomy: 294]; Ramakr1927 [taxonomy: 453]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 176]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 831-833]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-29].



Trionymus paludicola (Rasina)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus paludicola Rasina, 1966: 12. Type data: LATVIA: Babite, on moss in a swamp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Trionymus paludicola; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Change of combination.



HOST: Bryophyta.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Latvia [Rasina1966].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Rasina (1966).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 523]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73]; Rasina1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12].



Trionymus parvaster Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus parvaster Danzig, 1971: 367. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, near Ussuriisk, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots and in the leaf axils of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971; 1980b). Adult female described by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1988: 704 (female) [Far East Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 178 (female).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 523]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 367-368]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-184]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 112].



Trionymus perrisii bassensis Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus perrisi bassensis; Goux, 1941: 38. Misspelling of species name.

Trionymus perrisi bassensis Goux, 1941a: 38. Type data: FRANCE: Bassens, Savoie, on grasses. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Goux1941a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1941a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Goux (1941a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 523]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1941a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38].



Trionymus perrisii perrisii (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Westwoodia perrisii Signoret, 1875c: 337. Type data: FRANCE: Mont-de-Marsan, on Calamagrostis arundinacea. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 254. Type depository: MHMW. Described: female. Illust.

Signoretia perrisii; Kraatz, 1888: 176. Change of combination.

Bergrothia perrisii; Kraatz, 1888a: 360. Change of combination.

Dactylopius hibernicus Newstead, 1895: 167. Type data: IRELAND: Antrim, Ballintoy, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1962: 63.

Dactylopius perrisii; Cockerell, 1897: 201. Change of combination.

Bergrothiella perrisii; Reitter, 1898: 54. Change of combination.

Trionymus perrisii; Berg, 1899: 78. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus hibernicus; Fernald, 1903b: 103. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus pulverarius; Green, 1915a: 178. Misidentification; discovered by Williams, 1962: 63.

Trionymus hibernicus; Green, 1926: 183. Change of combination.

Bergrothura perrisii; Strand, 1928: 47. Change of combination.

Trionymus perrisi; Goux, 1931: 4. Misspelling of species name.

Erium perrisii; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Trionymus internodii; Kiritchenko, 1940: 123. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949: 145.

Trionymus perrisii perrisii; Goux, 1941: 38. Change of status.

Pseudococcus perrisii; Borchsenius, 1949: 142. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus implicatus Borchsenius, 1949: 144. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Aktyubinsk District, Alga, on grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 96. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2003a: 108.

Pseudococcus graminellus Borchsenius, 1949: 145. Type data: RUSSIA: Leningrad] Oblast, Luga, on leaf sheaths of grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 101. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1997a: 101.

Trionymus graminellus; Ter-Grigorian, 1966: 85. Change of combination.

Trionymus Implicatus; Matesova, 1968: 104. Change of combination.

Trionymus orientalis Matesova, 1968: 105. Nomen nudum.

Trionymus orientalis Matesova, 1968a: 152. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: near Zyryanovsk Berezovka River, on Agropyron sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1997a: 101. Homonym of Trionymus orientalis (Maskell).

Trionymus matesovai Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Replacement name for Trionymus orientalis Matesova; synonymy by.

Trionymus perrisi; Kozár & Walter, 1986: 115. Misspelling of species name.

Trionymus matesovae; Danzig, 1997a: 101. Justified emendation.

COMMON NAME: Perris' grass mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Ericydnus robustior Mercet [Trjapi1989], Mahencyrtus comara (Walker) [Trjapi1989], Mayridia bifasciatella (Mayr) [Schmut1955b], Mayridia myrlea (Walker) [Trjapi1989], Pseudaphycus obenbergeri (S. Novicky) [Trjapi1989], Rhopus brachypterus Mercet [Trjapi1989], Xanthoencyrtus brachypterus (Mercet) [Schmut1955b], Xanthoencyrtus parvulus (Mercet) [Schmut1955b], Xanthoencyrtus semiapterus (Mercet) [Schmut1955b].

HOSTS: Asteraceae: Leontodon [Koteja1969a, BenDov1994]. Bryophyta: Sphagnum [Signor1875, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia pithyusa [Balach1930, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Aegilops sp. [KaydanKo2010a], Agropyron [Mateso1968a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007], Agropyron cristatum [Danzig1997a], Agropyron repens [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Agropyron repens [KozarGuBa1994], Agrostis alba [KozarOrKo1977], Agrostis tenuis [Kozar1985, BenDov1994], Agrostis vulgaris [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Brachypodium [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Brachypodium phoenicoides [KozarFr1995], Bromus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Calamagrostis arundinacea, Calamagrostis canescens [Gertss2005a], Calamagrostis epigeios [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Calamagrostis varia [Koteja1969a, BenDov1994], Centaurea parlatoris [MazzeoRuLo1997], Corynephorus canescens [Schmut1952, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [KozarTrPe1984, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Marott1987a, MazzeoLoRu1994], Dactylis glomerata [Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2000], Deschampsia caespitosa [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Elymus [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007], Festuca [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Festuca [TerGri1966, KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994], Festuca caerulea [Marcha1908, BenDov1994], Festuca ovina [KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Festuca pratensis [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Festuca pseudovina [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994], Festuca rubra [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Holcus [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Hordeum murinum [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007], Phleum phleoides [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Phragmites, Poa [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Poa annua [Koteja1969, BenDov1994], Poa compressa [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Poa nemoralis [Kozar1985a, BenDov1994], Poa stepposa [Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Sieglingia decumbens [KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Caucalis [KaydanUlEr2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a]; Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994]; Czech Republic [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]; France [Balach1930, Goux1931, Goux1937a, BenDov1994, Foldi2000]; Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1955b, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarKoSc1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Ireland [Willia1962, BenDov1994]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, Mateso1968, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a]. Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1997a]. Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1975, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]; Netherlands [Reyne1951, Willia1962, BenDov1994]; North Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]; Poland [Borchs1949, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1979, BenDov1994, Lagows1996, GolanLaJa2001]; Portugal [KozarFr1995, FrancoRuMa2011]; Romania [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]; Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig1997a], Kaliningrad Oblast [Danzig1997a], Kuril Islands [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1997a], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Tatarstan (=Tatar) AR [Kozar1985a, BenDov1994], Tula Oblast [Danzig1997a], Voronoezh Oblast [Danzig1997a], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1997a]); Sicily [MazzeoRuLo1997, RussoMa1997]; Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Sweden [Gertss2001, Gertss2005a]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a]; United Kingdom (England [Newste1895, BenDov1994], Scotland [Willia1962, BenDov1994]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living at the base of the leaf sheaths of grasses. Adult females migrate from grasses to oviposit under the bark of dead oak branches in England. Life history and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).Living on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Marchal (1908), Schmutterer (1952a), Williams (1962), Matesova (1968a) (as T. orientalis Matesova), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992). Koteja (1969) discussed the variation of several taxonomic characters. Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1997a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 415 (female) [Trionymus species of Korea]; Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 153 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Danzig 1988: 704 (female) [Far East Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 159 (female) [Central Europe]; Danzig 1980a: 178 (female); Tereznikova 1975: 263 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 62 (female) [Armenia]; Williams 1962: 59 (female); Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Balach1930 [host, distribution: 313]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 513-515, 523-524]; Berg1899 [taxonomy: 78]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 144-145]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 142-143, 145-146]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 144]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 201]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 444]; Danzig1975 [host, distribution: 48]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-179]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, description, illustartion, host, distribution: 96-98, 101-103]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 103]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 21,25]; Gavril2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 108]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 19-34]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, karyology: 74]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005a [host, distribution: 37]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribtuion: 229-249]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; Goux1937a [host, distribution: 94]; Goux1941a [taxonomy, description: 37]; Green1915a [host, distribution: 178]; Green1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 120, 121]; Green1926a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 183]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 92]; KaydanKo2010a [distribution, host: 38]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 381]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 103]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 123]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 24]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 161]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 14]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-165]; Koteja1969a [host, distribution: 5-7]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 361]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 671]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 475]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 142]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 201-205]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 5]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 15-16]; Kraatz1888 [taxonomy: 176]; Kraatz1888a [taxonomy: 360]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 420]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 121]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 19]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-251]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 113]; Mateso1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 104]; Mateso1968 [taxonomy: 105]; Mateso1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 205]; MazzeoRuLo1997 [host, distribution: 21]; Newste1895 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167]; Reitte1898 [taxonomy: 54]; Reyne1951 [host, distribution: xxxix]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 48]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 404-406]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 516,519]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 103]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 337-338]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Strand1928 [taxonomy: 47]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 166-167]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 177-178]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, decsription, illustration, host, distribution: 265, 267-268]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 84-85]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 53]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67, 67-69]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 120, 141, 219, 282,]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-67]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85].



Trionymus petiolicola (Morrison)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia petiolicola Morrison, 1922: 140. Type data: GUYANA [= BRITISH GUIANA]: Kartabo, on Tachigalia paniculata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus petiolicola; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 606. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Tachigalia paniculata [Morris1922, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Morris1922, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring in the hollow bases of the leaf petioles of the host plant, attended by ants, Azteca foveiceps.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1922) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2003b: 100 (female) [Trionymus species of Nearctic]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 601 (female) [Central and South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 524]; Granar2003b [taxonomy: 100]; Morris1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-141]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 606-608].



Trionymus phalaridis (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus (Trionymus) phalaridis Green, 1925: 37. Type data: ENGLAND: Surrey, Frimley, on Phalaris arundinacea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Trionymus californicus; Kiritchenko, 1931: 312. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949: 140.

Erium phalaridis; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Trionymus festucae Borchsenius, 1937a: 184. Nomen nudum; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949: 140.

Trionymus luzensis Komosinska, 1980: 257. Type data: POLAND: Kampinoski National Park, southern border of Luze swamp, on Calamagrostis sp. and Deschampsia caespitosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Warsaw: Museum of the Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1997a: 103.

Trionymus phalaridis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 524. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: canarygrass mealybug [KosztaKo1988F]; Canarygrass mealybug [KosztaKo1988F]; Komosinska's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bromus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Calamagrostis [Komosi1980, BenDov1994], Deschampsia caespitosa [Komosi1980, BenDov1994], Elymus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Festuca [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Phalaris arundinacea [Green1925, BenDov1994], Poa nemoralis [Danzig1997a], Stipa [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Foldi2001]; Poland [Komosi1980, BenDov1994]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1997a]); Ukraine [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Green1925, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of grasses. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1962) and by Komosinska (1980) (as T. luzensis). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 153 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 159 (female) [Central Europe]; Williams 1962: 59 (female); Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 519, 524-525]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy: 45]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy: 184]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140-141]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 103]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Green1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-40]; Kiritc1931 [host, distribution: 312]; Komosi1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-265]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 165-166]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85].



Trionymus phragmiticola Tang nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus phragmiticola Tang, 1984: 124. Nomen nudum; discovered by Tao, 1999: 30.

Trionymus phragmiticola Tao, 1999: 30. Nomen nudum.



Trionymus phragmitis (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia phragmitis Hall, 1923: 10. Type data: EGYPT: Gezira, on Phragmites communis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pseudococcus phragmitis; Borchsenius, 1949: 153. Change of combination.

Trionymus phragmitis; Ezzat, 1962a: 79. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Hall's Reed mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Arundo donax [Hall1926a, BenDov1994], Hierochloe odorata [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Phragmites australis [BenDov2012], Phragmites communis [Hall1923, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1923, BenDov1994]; Israel [Bodenh1935, BenDov1994]; Tunisia [Balach1930c, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Infesting the stem beneath the leaf sheaths.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat (1962a). Description of adult female by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992). Danzig (1997a) concluded that the description of Trionymus phragmitis (Hall) by Tereznikova (1975) referred to Neotrionymus monstatus Borchsenius.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 159 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 263 (female) [Ukraine]; Ezzat 1962a: 69 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: Balach1930c [host, distribution: 124]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 525]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 38, 43]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 250]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 153]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, distribution: 95]; Ezzat1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-82]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-11]; Hall1926a [host, distribution: 31]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy: 312]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 166]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 269-271].



Trionymus pietranerae Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus pietranerae Goux, 1941a: 32. Type data: FRANCE: near Bastia, Corsica, on Dactylis glomerata. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Dactylis glomerata [Goux1941a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1941a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

BIOLOGY: Living in the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1941a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 525]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Goux1941a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34].



Trionymus pilosus Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus pilosus Goux, 1941a: 35. Type data: FRANCE: Champs, near Colmars, Basses-Alpes, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Goux1941a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1941a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1941a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 525]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1941a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-37].



Trionymus placatus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus placatus Borchsenius, 1949: 158. Type data: UKRAINE: Khmel'nitskiy Province, Gorodok, on unidentified plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 101. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Trionymus placatus; Tereznikova, 1975: 270. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus balticus Koteja & Lagowska, 1986: 381. Type data: POLAND: Micoszewo, on Deschampsia flexuosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Krakow: Institute of Systematic and Experimental Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1998a: 160.

COMMON NAME: pleasant grass mealybug.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agrostis alba [Danzig1959, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Ammophila arenaria [WilliaMa2012], Calamagrostis lanceolata [Danzig1959, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Deschampsia caespitosa [Danzig1997a], Deschampsia flexuosa [KotejaLa1986, Tang1992, BenDov1994], Lolium perenne [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Poa nemoralis [Danzig1959, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a], Poa trivialis [Danzig1997a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaLa1986, Lagows1996, BenDov1994, GolanLaJa2001]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]); Ukraine [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (Isle of Man [WilliaMa2012]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja & Lagowska (1986) (as Dysmicoccus balticus and by Danzig (1997a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Tereznikova (1975), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 151, 192 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 158 (female) [Central Europe]; Koteja & Lagowska 1986: 382 (female) [as Dysmicoccus balticus; Palearctic region]; Tereznikova 1975: 263 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 121, 525-526]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158-160]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 444]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-103]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 166-167]; KotejaLa1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 381-388]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 91-95]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 33]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180, 194-195]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 270-272]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 83].



Trionymus plurostiolatus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus plurostiolatus Borchsenius, 1962a: 230. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Chindun, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

Allotrionymus plurostiolatus; Tang, 1992: 125. Change of combination.

Trionymus plurostiolatus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 526. Revived combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1962a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 122 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 526]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230-231]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 125-126]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8].



Trionymus polyporus Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus polyporus Hall, 1924: 6. Type data: EGYPT: Gezireh, on Andropogon sorghum [= Sorghum vulgare]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Erium polyporum Lindinger, 1935a: 122.

Balanococcus polyporus; Tang, 1992: 134. Change of combination.

Trionymus polyporus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 526. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Ezzat1962a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Arundo donax [Ezzat1962a, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Hall1924, BenDov1994], Imperata cylindrica [Willco1922, BenDov1994], Panicum colonum [Ezzat1962a, BenDov1994], Sorghum halepense [Hall1924, BenDov1994], Sorghum vulgare [Hall1924, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1924, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring beneath the leaf sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1924), Ezzat (1962a) and by Williams (1970DJ). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Willcocks (1925) reported that millet plants may become infested with dense population of this mealybug, when the plants have been left for a much longer than the normal time required for grain production.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 128 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Ezzat 1962a: 69 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 526]; Ezzat1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-86]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Hall1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-7]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134]; Willco1922 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-181].



Trionymus prolatus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus prolatus De Lotto, 1964: 389. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Themeda triandra. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Themeda triandra [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of the plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 387 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 526]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389].



Trionymus quadricirculus McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus quadricirculus McKenzie, 1967: 483. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Mono County, near Bishop, on Sitanion hystrix. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: square circulus mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Poaceae: Sitanion hystrix [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 530 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 461 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 526-527]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 483-485].



Trionymus radicicola (Morrison)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia radicicola Morrison, 1926: 757. Type data: CUBA: Jobabo, on sugar cane. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Trionymus radicicola; Box, 1953: 54. Change of combination.

Tychea radicicola; Lindinger, 1958: 399. Change of combination.

Chnaurococcus radicicola; Williams, 1970DJ: 122. Change of combination.

Trionymus radicicola; Ben-Dov, 1994: 527. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [Figuer1952, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus [Stahl1927, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Medicago sativa [Figuer1952, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Sida rhombifolia [Figuer1952, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Andropogon [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cenchrus echinatus [Stahl1927, BenDov1994], Chloris ciliata [Stahl1927, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Digitaria sanguinalis [Stahl1927, BenDov1994], Echinochloa colonum [Stahl1927, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eleusine indica [Stahl1927, BenDov1994], Leprochloa filiformis [Stahl1927, BenDov1994], Panicum fasciculatum [Stahl1927, BenDov1994], Paspalum conjugatum [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Setaria geniculata [Stahl1927, BenDov1994], Sorghum halepense [Stahl1927, BenDov1994], Sporobolus indicus [Stahl1927, BenDov1994], Valota insularis [Stahl1927, BenDov1994], Zea mays [Stahl1927, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]); Colombia [Figuer1952, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Cuba [Morris1926, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, WilliaMaSu2001]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Jamaica [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Willia1970DJ, Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Saint Kitts [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant. Often found in considerable numbers attended by the ant Tapinoma melanocephalum (F.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1926), Williams (1970DJ) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Stahl (1927) and Stahl & Scaramuzza (1929) have described the damage caused in Cuba, when areas of sugar-cane died out due to heavy population of the mealybug on the roots.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2003b: 100 (female) [Trionymus species of Nearctic]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 601 (female) [Central and South America]; Kozár & Kosztarab 1976: 302 (female) [Hungary].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 527]; Box1953 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 54]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 199-223]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 207]; Granar2003b [taxonomy: 100]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 369]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 92,191]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 184]; Stahl1927 [host, distribution: 392-399]; StahlSc1929 [economic importance: 3-17]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-124]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 608, 609]; WilliaMaSu2001 [host, distribution: 73-76].



Trionymus radicum (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius radicum Newstead, 1895b: 235. Type data: WALES: Anglesey, Puffin Island, on roots of sea pink, Armeria vulgaris and on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Ripersia donisthorpei Newstead in Donisthorpe, 1907: 5. Type data: ENGLAND: Kent, Charing, in nest of Ponera contracta. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1962: 69.

Trionymus radicum; Williams, 1962: 69. Change of combination.

Trionymus racicum; Kozár & Walter, 1986: 115. Misspelling of species name.

Balanococcus radicum; Tang, 1992: 134. Change of combination.

Trionymus radicum; Ben-Dov, 1994: 527. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: thrift root mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPRTERA Formicidae: Ponera coarctata [MalumpBa2012].

HOSTS: Poaceae [Gavril2010], Agropyron repens [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Agrostis capillaris [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Agrostis stolonifera [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Festuca [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Heliotricha pratensis [Kozar1983a, BenDov1994], Poa [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Gavril2010]; France [Foldi2001]; Hungary [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Pelliz2003]; Netherlands [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1969a, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994]; Russia (Caucasus [Danzig1998a]); South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a]; Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [Danzig1994, Danzig1998a]; United Kingdom (England [Donist1907, BenDov1994], Wales [Newste1895b, BenDov1994]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring at the base of grasses and in nests of ants, Ponera contracta.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1962) and by Kwon et al. (2003a).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 415 (female) [Trionymus species of Korea]; Tang 1992: 128 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 159 (female) [Central Europe]; Williams 1962: 59 (female).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 527]; Cocker1897 [taxonomy: 201]; Danzig1994 [host, distribution: 47]; Danzig1998a [taxonomy, host, illustration: 158]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 36]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 150]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 167]; Koteja1969a [host, distribution: 7]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 672]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 475]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 142]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 420-421]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 19]; Newste1895b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236]; Pelliz2003 [host, distribution: 99-106]; Pelliz2003 [host, distribution: 101]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134-135]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47, 69-70]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85].



Trionymus rhizophilus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus rhizophilus De Lotto, 1964: 389. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Panicum maximum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Panicum maximum [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of the plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 386 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 528]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-390].



Trionymus rotundatus (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia rotundata James, 1935: 388. Type data: KENYA: Kiamwere, Nyeri, on Digitaria abyssinica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Trionymus rotundatus; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 259. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Digitaria abyssinica [James1935].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1935].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by James (1935) and by De Lotto (1957b).

SYSTEMATICS: The new combination by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) was based on characters of the species as given in De Lotto (1957b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 476]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-221]; James1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 388-389]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 259].



Trionymus sasae (Kanda)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus sasae Kanda, 1935b: 87. Type data: JAPAN: on Sasa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.

Trionymus (Pseudococcus) sasae; Kawai, 1972: 10. Change of combination.

Trionymus sasae; Kawai, 1980: 113. Change of combination.

Dysmicoccus sasae; Tang, 1992: 204. Change of combination.

Trionymus sasae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 528. Revived combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Sasa [Kanda1935b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kanda1935b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kanda (1935b). Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Kawai 1980: 113 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 528]; Kanda1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 10]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 113]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 204].



Trionymus sativus James

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus sativus James, 1936: 198. Type data: KENYA: Ruiru, on Leonotis nepetaefolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Hypoestes verticillaris [James1936, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [James1936, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Coleus comosus [James1936, BenDov1994], Leonotis nepetaefolia [James1936, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [James1936, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by James (1936) and by De Lotto (1957b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 528]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-227]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-199].



Trionymus smithii (Essig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia smithii Essig, 1910a: 218. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Ventura County, on Elymus condensatus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus smithii; Cockerell, 1916a: 312. Change of combination.

Trionymus smithii; Ferris, 1918d: 71. Change of combination.

Erium smithi; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Smith grass mealybug [McKenz1967, Koszta1996].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agrostis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Bambusa [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Chaetochloa caudata [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Elymus condensatus [Essig1910a, BenDov1994], Elymus triticoides [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Panicum [Koszta1996], Secale cereale [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Essig1910a, Essig1915a, BenDov1994], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring beneath the leaf sheaths of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 222 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 531 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 460 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 528-529]; Cocker1916a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 312]; Essig1910a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218]; Essig1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, chemical control: 132, 133]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 71-72]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273-274]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 222-224]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 485-487]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 65].



Trionymus strongylus Miller & McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus strongylus Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 600. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Santa Cruz County, Madera Canyon, on Trichachne sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Trichachne [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the 'bulbs' and roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 530 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 595 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 529]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 600-602].



Trionymus summus (Lit)

NOMENCLATURE:

Balanococcus summus Lit, 1992: 1161. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Mindanao: North Cotabato: Mount Apo, near the summit (2780 meters above sea level), Kidapawan, on roots of Agrostis alba. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus summus; Williams, 2004a: 833. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Agrostis alba [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Found on roots of the host plant (Lit, 1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Lit (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 816 (female) [Trionymus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 61]; Lit1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1161, 1162, 1174]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 834-837].



Trionymus tangi Wu, S.A.

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus tangi Wu, S.A., 2001: xxx. Type data: CHINA:.



Trionymus tasmanianus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus tasmanianus Williams, 1985: 371. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Ouse, on Lolium perenne. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron repens [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Dactylis glomerata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Lolium perenne [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Poa gunnii [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 366 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 529]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 371, 373, 374].



Trionymus terranora Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus terranora Williams, 1985: 374. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Terranora, on roots of Paspalum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: BCRR. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Paspalum [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 366 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 366 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 530]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-375].



Trionymus themedae (James)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia themedae James, 1936: 214. Type data: UGANDA: Bukoba-Masaka Rd, on Themeda triandra. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Trionymus themedeae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 530. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Themeda triandra [James1936, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [James1936, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1957b).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 386 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 530]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-222]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215].



Trionymus thulensis Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus pulverarius; Green, 1926: 182. Misidentification.

Trionymus thulensis Green, 1931: 267. Type data: ICELAND: Varmahlio, on Festuca rubra. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and NHGS. Described: female.

Erium thulense; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus thulensis; Ossiannilsson, 1955: 6. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: northern mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Agrostis tenuis [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Agrostis vulgaris [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Calamagrostis canescens [Ossian1985, BenDov1994], Deschampsia flexuosa [Koteja1969a, BenDov1994], Festuca rubra [Green1931, BenDov1994], Holcus mollis [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Phragmites [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Trisetum flavescens [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Triticum [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1935a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Iceland [Green1931, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1969a, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Lagows1996, GolanLaJa2001]; Sweden [Ossian1985, BenDov1994, Gertss2001]; United Kingdom (England [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Wales [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring at the base of grasses and in nests of ants Ponera contracta.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1962) and by Tang (1992). Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson (2005). Description of adult female by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).

KEYS: Hodgson 2005: 3-4 (male) [Coccoidea species of Greenland]; Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 158 (female) [Central Europe]; Williams 1962: 59 (female).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 530]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; Goux1935a [host, distribution: 92]; Green1926a [taxonomy: 182]; Green1931 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267]; Hodgso2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-34]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 168-169]; Koteja1969a [host, distribution: 7]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 672]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 475]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 19]; Ossian1955 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 145]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182-183, 765]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-72]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85].



Trionymus tomlini (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus (Trionymus) californicus; Green, 1925b: 522. Misidentification.

Pseudococcus (Trionymus) tomlini Green, 1925b: 525. Type data: CHANNEL ISLANDS: Guernsey, Port Grat, on Psamma (Ammophila) arenaria. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus tomlini; Williams, 1962: 72. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: Guernsey grass mealybug [KosztaKo1988F]; guernsey grass mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex cotigua [Ossian1985, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agropyron repens [Willia1962, KozarDr1991, BenDov1994], Agropyron tsukushiense [KwonDaPa2003a], Agrostis stolonifera [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Agrostis vulgaris [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Ammophila arenaria [Green1925b, BenDov1994], Aneurolepidium chinense [TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994], Anthoxanthum odoratum [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Arrhenatherum elatius [BoratyWi1964a, BenDov1994], Brachypodium [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Bromus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Elytrigia repens [Ossian1985, BenDov1994], Festuca [MazzeoRuLo1997], Festuca ovina [KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Festuca pratensis [Koteja1969a, BenDov1994], Holcus lanatus [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Holcus mollis [BoratyWi1964a, BenDov1994], Hypochoeris [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Danzig1997a]; China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1933a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Kazakhstan [Danzig1997a]; Poland [Koteja1969a, KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [Danzig1997a], Omsk Oblast [Danzig1997a], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Sicily [RussoMa1997]; South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a]; Sweden [Ossian1985, BenDov1994, Gertss2001]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig1997a]); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b, BenDov1994], England [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living beneath the leaf sheaths of grasses.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1962), Tang (1992) and by Kwon et al. (2003a).

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003a: 415 (female) [Trionymus species of Korea]; Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988F: 159 (female) [Central Europe]; Williams 1962: 58 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 530-531]; BoratyWi1964a [host, distribution: 108]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 103]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 108]; GavrilKu2005 [taxonomy, distribution: 19-34]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 236]; Green1925b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 522, 525-526]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 297-206]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 169]; Koteja1969a [host, distribution: 7]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 362]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 672]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 475]; KozarDr1991 [host, distribution: 362]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 420-423]; MazzeoRuLo1997 [host, distribution: 22]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 146]; RussoMa1997 [host, distribution: 45-55]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183, 766]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-74]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution: 85].



Trionymus townesi Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus townesi Beardsley, 1966: 475. Type data: MARIANA ISLANDS: Tinian, Hagoya Lake, on Paspalum conjugatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus ceres Williams, 1970DJ: 175. Type data: MALAYA: Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, on Oryza sativa. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 835.

Trionymus townsesi; Tang, 1992: 183. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: cereal mealybug [LitCa1994a].



HOSTS: Poaceae [Willia2004a], Aristida [Willia2004a], Eriochloa polystachia [Willia2004a], Oryza sativa [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Panicum javanicum [Willia2004a], Paspalum conjugatum [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Polytoca barbata [Willia2004a], Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Setaria verticillata [Willia2004a], Sorghum nitidum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sorghum vulgare [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Britain [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Oriental: India (Andhra Pradesh [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Madhya Pradesh [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]); Malaysia (Malaya [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Nepal [Willia2004a]; Pakistan [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines (Luzon [LitCa1994a, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Beardsley (1966), Williams (1970DJ) (as Trionymus ceres) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 816 (female) [trionymus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 150 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Beardsley 1966: 473 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 475-477]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 509,531]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 396]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158,183-184]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 62]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-177]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 835-837].



Trionymus turgidus (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia phragmitis; Borchsenius, 1939a: 43. Misidentification; discovered by Danzig, 1997a: 109.

Pseudococcus turgidus Borchsenius, 1949: 148. Type data: AZERBAIJAN: Geokchai District, on Phragmites sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1997a: 109. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Trionymus turgidus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Phragmites [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1997a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 152 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 531]; Borchs1939 [host, distribution: 43]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 148-149]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-111]; KozarWa1985 [host, distribution: 73]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 184].



Trionymus utahensis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus neomexicanus utahensis Cockerell, 1916a: 313. Type data: U.S.A.: Utah, Salt Lake City, on Elymus sp. Holotype female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Trionymus bromi Ferris, 1918d: 67. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Corte Madera Creek, on Bromus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McKenzie & Williams, 1965: 11.

Erium bromi; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Trionymus utahensis; McKenzie & Williams, 1965: 11. Change of combination and rank.

COMMON NAME: Utah grass mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ericameria fasciculata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Ammophila arenaria [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Avena barbata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Bromus [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Elymus piperi [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994], Sorghum halepense [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Triticum aestivum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994]); United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Oregon [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Utah [Cocker1916a, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring concealed between the sheaths and the stem of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) (as T. bromi), McKenzie & Williams (1965) and by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 531 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 595 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 460 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 482 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 531-532]; Cocker1916a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 313]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 67]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 255-256]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 73]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 487-489]; McKenzWi1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-14].



Trionymus vaginatus Matesova

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus vaginatus Matesova, 1968: 105. Nomen nudum.

Trionymus vaginatus Matesova, 1968a: 151. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Kalbinsk Ridge, on Tragopogon sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Tragopogon [Mateso1968a, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a]. Poaceae: Arctium tomentosum [Danzig1997a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1968a, BenDov1994, Danzig1997a].

BIOLOGY: Lives in leaf sheath of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matesova (1968a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Danzig 1997a: 96 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 151 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 532]; Danzig1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 103]; Mateso1968 [taxonomy: 105]; Mateso1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-152]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 185].



Trionymus violascens Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus violascens Cockerell, 1913: 143. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Garfield County, Glenwood Springs, on Agropyron sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & McKenzie, 1973: 537. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: female.

Erium violascens; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Trionymus furvus McKenzie, 1967: 473. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Inyo County, near Bishop, on Elymus triticoides. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Miller & McKenzie, 1973: 537.

COMMON NAMES: dusky grass mealybug [McKenz1967]; violet-colored mealybug [MillerMc1973].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron occidentale [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Elymus triticoides [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado [Cocker1913, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Miller & McKenzie (1973).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Recorded by Cockerell & Robinson (1915) as being destructive to grasses.

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 531 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 460, 461 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1961: 48 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 765 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 532]; Cocker1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 143]; CockerRo1915 [economic importance: 105]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 277-278]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 9]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 473-475]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 537-539]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29].



Trionymus williamsi Ezzat

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus williamsi Ezzat, 1959a: 405. Type data: EGYPT: Maadi, on Imperata cylindrica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Imperata cylindrica [Ezzat1959a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Ezzat1959a, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat (1959a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 150 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ezzat 1962a: 68 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 532]; Ezzat1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 405-407]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 185-186].



Trionymus winnemucae McKenzie

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus winnemucae McKenzie, 1967: 490. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Alpine County, Winnemuca Lake, on 'presumably wheat grass, Agropyron ? sp.'. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Winnemuca grass mealybug [McKenz1967].



HOST: Poaceae: Agropyron [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Florida [Stocks2012]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring in the leaf-blade sheaths of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).

KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 531 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 460 (female) [U.S.A., California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 532]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 490-491]; Stocks2012 [distribution: 1].



Trionymus yaelae Bodenheimer

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus yaelae Bodenheimer, 1943: 14. Type data: IRAQ: Zakho, on Phalaris tuberosus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Phalaris tuberosus [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 532-533]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-15].



Trionymus zebedielae De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus zebedielae De Lotto, 1964: 390. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Zebediela, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of the plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1964: 386 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 533]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 390].



Trionymus zoysiae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus zoysiae Williams, 1985: 377. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Kangaroo Island, on Zoysia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Zoysia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 366 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 533]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376-377].



Trochiscococcus Williams & Pellizzari

NOMENCLATURE:

Trochiscococcus Williams & Pellizzari, 1997: 161. Type species: Ripersia speciosa De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & Pellizzari (1997).

CITATIONS: WilliaPe1997 [taxonomy, description].



Trochiscococcus speciosus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia speciosa De Lotto, 1961: 229. Type data: ZAIRE: Nyatja, on roots of Coreopsis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Chorizococcus speciosus; Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov, 1995: 258. Change of combination.

Trochiscococcus speciosus; Williams & Pellizzari, 1997: 162. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Coreopsis [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Aloe [WilliaPe1997], Aloe excelsa [WilliaPe1997], Gasteria [WilliaPe1997], Haworthia [WilliaPe1997].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [WilliaPe1997]; Zaire [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: France [PicartMa2000, Foldi2001, MatileGePi2004]; Italy [WilliaPe1997]; United Kingdom (England [WilliaPe1997]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961) and by Williams & Pellizzari (1997).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Matile-Ferrero (2004).

SYSTEMATICS: The combination, Chorizococcus speciosus by Matile-Ferrero & Ben-Dov (1995) was based on the original description.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 476]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distrtibution: 229]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; MatileBe1995 [taxonomy: 258]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 85, 87]; WilliaPe1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-165].



Turbinococcus Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Turbinococcus Beardsley, 1966: 477. Type species: Trionymus pandanicola Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Beardsley (1966) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description: 477, 479]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 533]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 379].



Turbinococcus pandanicola (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus pandanicola Takahashi, 1941b: 215. Type data: PALAU ISLANDS: Korror, on Pandanus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Turbinococcus pandanicola; Beardsley, 1966: 479. Change of combination.



HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Takaha1941b, Beards1966, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Palau [Takaha1941b, Beards1966, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 478, 479]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 533]; Takaha1941b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-217]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 379].



Tylococcus Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus Newstead, 1897b: 165. Type species: Tylococcus madagascariensis Newstead, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Newstead (1897b) and by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 317 (female) [species Palaearctic region]; Tang 1992: 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 533]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 95]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 200]; Newste1897b [taxonomy, description: 165]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 317]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 30].



Tylococcus ambatoloanae Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus ambatoloanae Mamet, 1962: 187. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ambatoloana, on undetermined host, in nest of Crematogaster sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 533]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187-189].



Tylococcus ambrensis Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus ambrensis Mamet, 1954: 40. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Montagne d'Ambre, on Haronga [=Harungana] madagascariensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Clusiaceae: Harungana madagascariensis [Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living in galleries of Crematogaster sp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 533-534]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-42].



Tylococcus fici (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus fici Takahashi, 1940: 21. Type data: TAIWAN: Garanbi, on Ficus retusa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Tylococcus fici; Tang, 1992: 318. Change of combination.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus retusa [Takaha1940, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1940, BenDov1994].

KEYS: Tang 1992: 317 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 318]; Takaha1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-24]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30].



Tylococcus harongae Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus harongae Mamet, 1950: 24. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Miandrivazo, on Haronga [=Harungana] madagascariensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Clusiaceae: Harungana madagascariensis [Mamet1950, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1950, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1950).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 534]; Mamet1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26].



Tylococcus madagascariensis Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus madagascariensis Newstead, 1897b: 166. Type data: MADAGASCAR: in nests of Crematogaster schenki. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Newste1897b, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Newstead (1897b) and by Williams (1958).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 534]; Newste1897b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-224].



Tylococcus malacanthae Strickland

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus malacanthae Strickland, 1947: 149. Type data: GHANA: Tafo, on Malacantha sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Sapotaceae: Malacantha [Strick1947, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Strick1947, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Strickland (1947) and by Williams (1958b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 534]; Strick1947 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-151]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34].



Tylococcus morondavae Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus morondavae Mamet, 1962: 189. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Morondava, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 535]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191].



Tylococcus tsinjoarivae Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus tsinjoarivae Mamet, 1954: 42. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tsinjoarivo, on Mesea sp. and Kalanchoe schizophylla. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Crassulaceae: Kalanchoe schizophylla [Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living in galleries of Crematogaster sp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 535]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43].



Tylococcus westwoodi Strickland

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus westwoodi Strickland, 1947a: 510. Type data: GHANA: Atikplale, Eastern Province, on Theobroma cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Strick1947a, Campbe1983, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Strick1947a, Campbe1983, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the pods of its hostplant, attended by Crematogaster sp. Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Strickland (1947a) and by Williams (1958b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 535]; Campbe1983 [host, distribution, life history: 137-151]; Strick1947a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 510-512]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-36].



Tympanococcus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Tympanococcus Williams, 1967: 27. Type species: Pseudococcus tympanistus Ferris, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (1967DJ), Beardsley (1971c), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 44 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 838 (female) [Tympanococcus species of southern Asia]; Lit 1992: 1170 (female) [species Philippines].

CITATIONS: Beards1971c [taxonomy, description: 57]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 535]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 380]; Willia1967DJ [taxonomy, description: 27-29]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 837-838].



Tympanococcus gardeniae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Tympanococcus gardeniae Williams, 1967: 29. Type data: PHILIPPINES: intercepted at Honolulu, Hawaii, on Gardenia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Gardenia [Willia1967DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Willia1967DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1967DJ) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 838 (female) [Tympanococcus species of southern Asia]; Lit 1992: 1170 (female) [Philippines].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 535]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 380-381]; Willia1967DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-29]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 838-839].



Tympanococcus ovalis Lit

NOMENCLATURE:

Tympanococcus ovalis Lit, 1992: 1169. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Mindanao: North Coatbato, University of Southern Mindanao, Campus, Kabacan, on undetermined ornamental, probably an orchid. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Orchidaceae [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Mindanao [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Lit (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 838 (female) [Tympanococcus species of southern Asia]; Lit 1992: 1170 (female) [Philippines].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 535]; Lit1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1169-1170, 1181]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 840-841].



Tympanococcus tympanistus (Ferris in Zimmerman)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus tympanistus Ferris in Zimmerman, 1948: 245. Type data: HAWAII: Maui, near Puu Luau, haleakala, on undetermined tree. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Tympanococcus tympanistus; Williams, 1967: 27. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, Beards1971c, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948) and by Beardsley (1971c).

KEYS: Zimmerman 1948: 176 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Beards1971c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-57]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 535-536]; Willia1967DJ [taxonomy: 27]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176, 245, 248-249].



Ventrispina Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Ventrispina Williams, 1985: 377. Type species: Ventrispina lathetica Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 13 (female) [species New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 378 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 38 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 536]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 94-95]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 378-379].



Ventrispina crebrispina Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Ventrispina crebrispina Cox, 1987: 95. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Fiordland, Western Olivine Range, Tempest Spur, in litter from swards. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Poa [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Pygmea [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 95 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 536]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-96, 222].



Ventrispina dugdalei Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Ventrispina dugdalei Cox, 1987: 96. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Central Otago, Old Woman Range, in swards of Celmisia haasti. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Celmisia haasti [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Found in swards and litter.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 95 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 536]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96, 223].



Ventrispina epigaea Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Ventrispina epigaea Williams, 1985: 378. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Mt. Kosciusko, from surface litter of Eucalyptus forest. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus dalrympleana [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Eucalyptus pauciflora [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found in surface litter in dry sclerophyll forest (Eucalyptus pauciflora-E. dalrympleana.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 378 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 536]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 378-379].



Ventrispina lathetica Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Ventrispina lathetica Williams, 1985: 378. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Mt. Kosciusko, in surface litter of Eucalyptus pauciflora. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus paucifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found in subalpine woodland of Eucalyptus paucifolia.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 378 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 536]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 378, 380, 381].



Ventrispina otagoensis (Brittin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus otagoensis Brittin, 1938: 335. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Oamaru, on Poa sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 97. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Nipaecoccus campbellensis Beardsley, 1964b: 246. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Campbell Island, Beeman Camp Beach, on moss and weeds. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1987: 96.

Ventrispina otagoensis; Cox, 1987: 96. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Diomedia [Beards1964b, BenDov1994]. Bryophyta [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Epacridaceae: Dracophyllum [Beards1964b, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Poa [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Poa kirkii [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Acaena sanguisorba [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Antipodean Islands (Campbell Island [Beards1964b]); New Zealand [Britti1938, Cox1987].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1964b) (as Nipaecoccus campbellensis) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1987: 95 (female) [New Zealand]; Beardsley 1964b: 239 (female) [Campbell Island]; Beardsley 1964b: 239 (male) [Campbell Island].

CITATIONS: Beards1964b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 245-247]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 536-537]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 335]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-97, 224].



Ventrispina woodi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Ventrispina woodi Williams, 1985: 381. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Mt. Kosciusko, from surface litter in alpine herbfield - Poa celmisia. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Poa celmisia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Found in surface litter in alpine herb field of Poa celmisia.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 378 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 537]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 381-382].



Villosicoccus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Villosicoccus Williams, 1985: 383. Type species: Villosicoccus eucalypti Williams, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

SYSTEMATICS: The species of this genus have characters related to Trionymus but have long, thick dorsal setae. In the long dorsal thick setae it resembles Chaetotrionymus, but differs in the peculiar structure of legs. In Villosicoccus the entire femora are much wider than the tibia; the entire legs have the appearance of a claw.

KEYS: Williams 1985: 383 (female) [species Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 537]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 39, 383].



Villosicoccus brimblecombei Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Villosicoccus brimblecombei Williams, 1985: 383. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Gundiah, on Eucalyptus acmenioides. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus acmenioides [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 383 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 537]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383-384, 386].



Villosicoccus eucalypti Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Villosicoccus eucalypti Williams, 1985: 386. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, North Aramara, on Eucalyptus crebra. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus crebra [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 383 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 537]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 385-386].



Volvicoccus Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus (Volvicoccus) Goux, 1945: 30. Type species: Volvicoccus volvifer Goux, by original designation.

Volvicoccus; Borchsenius, 1949: 43. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Goux (1945).

STRUCTURE: Claw without denticle. Only posterior ostioles present. Anal ring without outer row of spinulae. Multilocular and trilocular pores present. Tubular ducts peculiar: with collar originating from distal part of tubular duct. Cerarii and conical setae, and spinulae absent. Both sides of body with flagellate setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

KEYS: Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2013a: 215-216 (female) [Key to Pseudococcidae from Russia and Neighboring Countries].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 537]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy: 43]; DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 225-226]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy: 1]; Goux1945 [taxonomy, description: 30]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 203].



Volvicoccus alpinus Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Volvicoccus alpinus Matile-Ferrero, 1983: 635. Type data: SWITZERLAND: Parc national des Grisons, on Sesleria coerulea. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Balanococcus alpinus; Tang, 1992: 129. Change of combination.

Volvicoccus alpinus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 537. Revived combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Sesleria coerulea [Matile1983, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Switzerland [Matile1983, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1983). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992). The original description of this species was based on the holotype and 3 paratypes, all of the female last larval instar.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 128 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 537-538]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Matile1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 635-637]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 129].



Volvicoccus volvifer (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus (Volvicoccus) volvifer Goux, 1945: 30. Type data: FRANCE: Sainte Baume, Var, on Stipa pennata. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

Mirococcopsis stipae Borchsenius, 1949: 170. Type data: ARMENIA: on Stipa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2013a: 566-570.

Volvicoccus volvifer; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Change of combination.

Micrococcopsis stipae; Kozár & Walter, 1986: 115. Misspelling of genus name.

Volvicoccus stipae; Gavrilov, 2007: 2. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: needlegrass mealybug.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Aegilops [KaydanKiKo2005], Festuca ovina [RosaPeSo2011], Koeleria glauca [RosaPeSo2011], Stipa [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, KozarOrKo1977, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Stipa capillata [KozarOrKo1977, KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Stipa lessingiana [RosaPeSo2011], Stipa pennata [Kozar1999a], Stipa pennata [Goux1945, BenDov1994, MatilePe2002], Stipa pulcherrima [Terezn1975, BenDov1994], Taeniatherum asperum [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1945, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Hungary [Koteja1974b, KozarOrKo1977, KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [MatilePe2002, Pelliz2003]; Poland [RosaPeSo2011]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Voroshilovgrad Oblast [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Living under the leaf sheaths of the host plant.Occurring in the leaf sheaths and more rarely on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1945).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Tereznikova (1975). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Female. Body strongly elongate, reaching 4.5 mm in length. Antennae 7-segmented. Legs fine and rather short. Hind coxa widened, with numerous microtubular ducts. Ostioles represented by only posterior pair, poorly visible. Circulus-1, small, rounded or oval. Anal ring formed by inner row of oval pores and by outer row formed by several pores at each side. Multilocular pores with 8-13 (usually 10) loculi, forming transverse stripes on 3 posterior abdominal sternites and small groups along ventral margin of body; singular multilocular pores present on posterior abdominal tergites. Trilocular pores numerous over entire surface of body. Simple pores absent. Tubular ducts forming wide stripe along ventral margin of body and transverse rows and stripes on abdominal segments. Instead of last pair of cerarii, 2 thick setae present, not surrounded by congestions of trilocular pores. Entire surface of body with sparse fine flagellate setae. (Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a)

SYSTEMATICS: Volvicoccus stipae was previously included in the genus Mirococcopsis Borchsenius, 1948. Because of the presence of characteristic oral collar tubular ducts (with the collar placed in the middle part of the duct) this species was transferred to the genus Volvicoccus by Gavrilov in 2007. (Rosa & Simon, 2011) The probable synonymy of Mirococcopsis stipae was mentioned by Matile-Ferrero (1983), without, however, formal synonymization. Danzig & Gavrilov, 2013a, examined the type material of both the nominal species and also found no essential distinctions between them.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 107 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 112 (female) [Central Europe]; Kozar 1981a: 316 (female) [Hungary]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 86 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 169 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 232, 538]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170-171]; DanzigGa2013a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 226-227]; Gavril2007 [taxonomy: 2]; Goux1945 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-36]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 88]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 100]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 75]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 73]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 354]; Pelliz2003 [host, distribution: 101]; RosaPeSo2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 225-230]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 112]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-197]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 85, 86]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-88].



Vryburgia De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Vryburgia De Lotto, 1967: 21. Type species: Pseudococcus bechuanae Brain, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by De Lotto (1967), Tranfaglia (1981), Williams (1985), Cox (1987) and by Williams (2004a). Characters discussed by Tranfaglia (1981), Williams (1985) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 42 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Millar 2002: 189-195 (female) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]; Marotta 1992a: 67 (female) [Italy]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 386-387 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 37, 39 (female) [Australia]; De Lotto 1967: 22 (female) [species South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 538]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 97]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description: 21-22]; Millar2002 [taxonomy: 185-233]; MoghadAl2014 [description, taxonomy: 55]; Tranfa1981 [taxonomy, description: 16]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 37, 39, 386-387]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 841-842].



Vryburgia amaryllidis (Bouché)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus amaryllidis Bouché, 1837: 99. Type data: THE NETHERLANDS: Poeldyk [= Poeldijk], on Amaryllis sp. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 80. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus liliacearum Bouché, 1844: 300. Type data: THE NETHERLANDS: Poeldyk [= Poeldijk], on Amaryllis sp. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 80. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 80.

Coccus liliaceorum; Signoret, 1869: 860. Misspelling of species name.

Dactylopius liliacearum; Signoret, 1875c: 319. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus liliacearum; Fernald, 1903b: 104. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus lounsburyi Brain, 1912: 179. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Kenilworth, on Agapanthus africanus. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 80.

Trionymus crini Hall, 1923: 11. Type data: EGYPT: Cairo, on Crinum sp. and Port Said, on Narcissus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hall, 1925: 20.

Trionymus lounsburyi; Fullaway, 1923: 308. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus (Trionymus) peregrinus Green, 1925: 40. Type data: ENGLAND: Exbury, on Nerine fluxuosa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 387. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 80.

Trionymus amaryllidis; Lindinger, 1934d: 587. Change of combination.

Erium amaryllidis; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Erium peregrinum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus amaryllidis; Borchsenius, 1949: 120. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus microporus McKenzie, 1960: 699. Type data: U.S.A.: California (taken in quarantine at Hawaii), on succulent plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1964: 225.

Chorizococcus peregrinus; McKenzie, 1960: 701. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus lounsburyi; Williams, 1962: 19. Change of combination.

Vryburgia lounsburyi; De Lotto, 1967: 22. Change of combination.

Chorizococcus lounsbury; Marotta, 1987a: 108. Misspelling of species name.

Vryburgia amaryllidis; Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 80. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: lily bulb mealybug [McKenz1960]; succulent mealybug [McKenz1960].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus nigricornis Timberlake [Zimmer1948].

HOSTS: Agavaceae: Yucca [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllis [Bouche1844, Tsalev1968, BenDov1994], Clivia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hippeastrum [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Narcissus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Sprekelia [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Sternbergia minor [Hall1925, BenDov1994], Zephyranthes [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Echeveria [JiSu2012]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Hall1925, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Iris [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Agapanthus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Agapanthus africanus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Agapanthus umbellatus [Brain1912, BenDov1994], Aloe [McKenz1967], Crinum flaccidium [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Gasteria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Haemanthus natalensis [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Haworthia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Nerine fluxuosa [Green1925, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Arundo [Hall1925, BenDov1994], Brachypodium [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Hall1925, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1958a, BenDov1994]; South Africa [Brain1912, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, Ferris1950b, McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994, DownieGu2004]). Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Bulgaria [Tsalev1968, BenDov1994]; Crete [Argyri1983, BenDov1994]; Egypt [Hall1923, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994]; France [Foldi2001]; Germany [Bouche1837, BenDov1994]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996]; Israel [BenDovSk2003]; Italy [Marott1987a, Marott1992, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Netherlands [BenDovCo1990, BenDov1994]; Portugal [KozarFr1995, FrancoRuMa2011]; Sicily [Longo2012]; United Kingdom (England [Willia1962, BenDov1994, WilliaMa2012]).

BIOLOGY: James (1937a) showed that reproduction is sexual (in laboratory population in England) and evaluated its sex ratio. Living on the bulbs of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948) (as Trionymus lounsburyi), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Cox (1987). Description and illustration of adult male by Beardsley (1960) (as Trionymus lounsburyi).

STRUCTURE: Live females are characterized by a dark purple body, covered with a thin layer of powdery white wax and with 2 pairs of caudal filaments, of which the posterior pair is longer and broader than the anterior. They have a large ovisac containing pink eggs that covers the entire body. The morphological features of fixed slide-mounted females consist of an elongated body with almost parallel-sides.Dorsum with cerarii located on the last 2 abdominal segments; anal lobe cerarius with 2 quite large, conical setae, 5-10 slender auxiliary setae and 20-30 trilocular pores; preanal cerarius with 2 conical setae and 1-3 slender auxiliary setae and 3-10 trilocular pores. Anal ring apical with 6 setae. Multilocular disc pores absent. Trilocular pores evenly distributed over the entire dorsum. Scattered simple circular pores. Oral rim tubular ducts arranged in 3 or 6 transverse rows across each abdominal urite, except for segment IX. Smaller oral collar tubular ducts arranged sparsely in rows across abdominal urites; larger oral collar ducts moderately numerous to numerous on abdominal urites IV- VIII, moderately numerous on the margins of most other segments. Body setae moderately long and slender. Venter with 8-segmented antennae. Well developed legs, without denticles on tarsal claws; hind femora and tibiae with translucent pores. Absent circulus. Multilocular disc pores present in midregion of abdomen and around vulva, arranged in rows across postmedian edges of abdominal urites IV-VII and antero-median edge of VII, and scattered over median areas of thorax. Widely distributed trilocular pores. Scattered simple circular pores. Oral rim tubular ducts present in limited numbers along lateral areas of most abdominal urites, and in clusters on the thorax. Smaller oral collar tubular ducts in rows across median areas of abdominal urites II-VII, and a few on median areas of thorax. The larger oral collar ducts numerous on median areas of abdominal urites V- VII, and in large marginal groups on most body segments. Small and slender body setae. (Longo, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: In the more temperate regions of the world, this mealybug often causes concern in greenhouses on plants of the families Liliaceae, Iridaceae and Agavaceae. The propagation of African lilies by seeds is strongly encouraged because seeds are not infested by the mealybug. (Longo, 2012)

KEYS: Williams 1985: 387 (female) [Australia]; Brookes 1976: 422 (female) [Australia]; De Lotto 1967: 22 (female) [South Africa]; McKenzie 1967: 89 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America]; Ezzat 1962a: 68 (female) [Egypt]; McKenzie 1961: 17 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1960: 213 (male) [Hawaii]; McKenzie 1960: 695 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 257 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1370]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 366]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-240]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 538-539]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 38, 44]; BenDovCo1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 80]; BenDovSk2003 [host, distribution: 60]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 120-121]; Bouche1837 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 99-101]; Bouche1844 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 300-301]; Brain1912 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-182]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 201]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-98, 225]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 96-97]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy: 22]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 104]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 271-272]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 484]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Fossel1972 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 21-22,25]; Fullaw1923 [taxonomy: 308]; Green1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-41]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-12]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; JiSu2012 [distribution, host: 1-5]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; LaflinGuPa2004 [host, distribution: 475-477]; Lindin1934d [taxonomy: 587-588]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Longo2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 17-19]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 121]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 98-99]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 699-701]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy: 225]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-105]; Moghad2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 6, 92-94, 100]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 75]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 156]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 860]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 319-320]; Timber1919 [biological control: 197-231]; Tsalev1968 [host, distribution: 206]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1081]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19, 21]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 387-388]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 8,29]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 84, 85, 87]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257, 260-263].



Vryburgia bechuanae (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus bechuanae Brain, 1915: 108. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Vryburg (Bechuanaland), on Geranium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Pseudococcus bechuanae Brain, 1915: 108. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Vryburg (Bechuanaland), on Geranium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Vryburgia bechuanae; De Lotto, 1967: 23. Change of combination.

Vryburgia bechuanae; De Lotto, 1967a: 23. Change of combination.



HOST: Geraniaceae: Geranium [Brain1915, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958a, 1967). Good description of the adult female given by Brain (1915).

KEYS: De Lotto 1967: 22 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 539]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 108-109]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-24]; Millar2002 [illustration: 221].



Vryburgia bova Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Vryburgia bova Williams, 2004a: 842. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, on Barleria buxifolia; collected A.U.N., 16.vii.1982. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Ruellia patulata [Willia2004a]. Anacardiaceae: Barleria buxifolia [Willia2004a], Barleria mysorensis [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: DEscription and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).



Vryburgia brevicruris (McKenzie)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chorizococcus brevicruris McKenzie, 1960: 697. Type data: U.S.A.: California (intercepted at Honolulu, Hawaii), on Caralluma nebrowni. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Chorizococcus radicalis Brookes, 1976: 427. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Mannum, on Scutellaria humilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1985: 387.

Vryburgia brevicruris; Williams, 1985: 387. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: short-legged mealybug [McKenz1960].



HOSTS: Apiaceae: Foeniculum vulgare [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Caralluma burchardii maura [RonseMa1991], Caralluma burchardti [Zahrad1990], Caralluma europaea [BenDov1994], Caralluma nebrowni [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Ceropegia ampliata [RonseMa1991], Ceropegia devecchii [RonseMa1991], Ceropegia dichotoma [RonseMa1991], Ceropegia kraenzii [RonseMa1991], Ceropegia linearis [RonseMa1991], Ceropegia nilotica [RonseMa1991], Ceropegia stapeliiformis [RonseMa1991], Cristata [RonseMa1991], Cristata woodii [RonseMa1991], Cristata woodii debilis [RonseMa1991], Cristata woodii barklyi [RonseMa1991], Echidnopsis cereiformis [RonseMa1991], Echidnopsis dammaniana [RonseMa1991], Huernia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Huernia macropodia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Huernia pendula [RonseMa1991], Huernia pillansi [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Stapelia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Stapelia grandiflora [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Stapelia hirsuta [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Stapelia verrucosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Gerbera [Willia1985], Sonchus [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Stokesia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Taraxacum officinale [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Myrtillocactus geometrizans [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, KondoGo2014]. Crassulaceae: Airchryson porphyrogennetos [RonseMa1991], Airchryson punctatum pachycaulon [RonseMa1991]. Fabaceae: Phaseolus vulgaris [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Trifolium [Willia1985], Trifolium subterraneum [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Plectranthrus parviflorus [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Scutellaria humilis [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Thymelaeaceae: Pimelea linifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]). Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], California [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Belgium [RonseMa1991, BenDov1994]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1990, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975, Willia1985]; Hungary [KozarVeFe2013]; Israel [BenDov1987, Willia1985]; Italy [Pelliz2010]; United Kingdom (England [Willia1984b, Willia1985]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967) and by Zahradnik (1990).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: a serious pest of Huernia spp. and Stapelia spp. (Kozarzhevskaya & Reitzel, 1977).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 387 (female) [Australia]; Brookes 1976: 422 (female) [Australia]; McKenzie 1967: 88 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 220 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 16 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 694 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1987 [host, distribution: 115]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 539-540]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 38, 44]; Brooke1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 427-428]; KondoGo2014 [host: 1]; KozarVeFe2013 [description, distribution, host: 211-215]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution, economic importance: 10]; KozarzRe1977 [host, distribution, economic importance: 378]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 697-699]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-95]; Pelliz2010 [host, distribution: 90]; RonseMa1991 [host, distribution: 33-34]; Willia1984b [host, distribution: 227]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 387]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 85, 87]; Zahrad1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-49].



Vryburgia distincta (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus distinctus De Lotto, 1964: 366. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Bonnievale, on Galenia africana. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Vryburgia distincta; De Lotto, 1967: 22. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Galenia africana [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Crassula [JiSu2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).

KEYS: De Lotto 1967: 22 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 540]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 366-367]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy: 22]; JiSu2012 [distribution, host: 1-5].



Vryburgia rimariae Tranfaglia

NOMENCLATURE:

Vryburgia rimariae Tranfaglia, 1981: 16. Type data: ITALY: Napoli, Botanical Gardens, on Gibbalum rimaria. Holotype female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Euripersia rimariae; Tang, 1992: 454. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Carpobrotus [PicartMa2000], Cylindrophyllum comptonii [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Faucaria [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Faucaria albidens [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Faucaria tubercolosa [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Gibbaeum rimaria [Tranfa1981, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Pleiospilos [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Rabiea cibdela [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Caralluma hesperidum [Marott1992, BenDov1994], Huernia hystrix [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Stapelia [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Stapelia astrata [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Stapelia normalis [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Stapelia variegata [Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Senecio crassissimus [PicartMa2000], Senecio cuneatus [Marott1992a]. Crassulaceae: Aeonium arboreum [PicartMa2000], Cotyledon orbiculata [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Crassula crenulata [Marott1992a], Crassula falcata [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Crassula hemisphaerica [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Crassula perfoliata [Marott1992a, PicartMa2000], Crassula perforata [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Crassula rogerosa [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Echeveria agavoides [Marott1992a], Kalanchoe pinnata [PicartMa2000], Sedum adolphii [PicartMa2000], Sedum herreianus [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Sedum palmeri [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Sedum stahli [Marott1992a], Senecio mensellii [Marott1992a], Senecio serpens [Marott1992a]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994]. Welwitschiaceae: Welwitschia mirabilis [Marott1992a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [PicartMa2000, Foldi2001, MatileGePi2004]; Italy [Tranfa1981, Marott1987a, LongoMaRu1989, MarottGa1992, Marott1992, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tranfaglia (1981). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Matile-Ferrero et al. (2004).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of economic importance in greenhouses at Campania region, Italy (Marotta & Garonna, 1992; Marotta, 1992a).

KEYS: Marotta & Pagano 1997: 114 (female) [Italian mealybugs on Geranium sp.]; Tang 1992: 446 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 540]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 121]; LongoMaRu1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 174]; MalausFeWa2011 [distribution, molecular data , phylogeny: 142-155]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 113]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 99-100]; MarottGa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 743]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 52]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 454]; Tranfa1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-18].



Vryburgia succulentarum Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Vryburgia succulentarum Williams, 1985: 388. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Ulverstone, on Sedum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Carpobrotus aequilaterus [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Chamaecereus silvestrii [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Crassula [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Sedum [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).

KEYS: Williams 1985: 387 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 540]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-390].



Vryburgia transvaalensis (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus transvaalensis Brain, 1915: 129. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Salvia runcinata, aster and cornflower. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Trionymus sanguineus James, 1936: 197. Type data: KENYA: Nyeri, on Bidens pilosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1958a: 112.

Trionymus panici James, 1936: 201. Type data: KENYA: Mombassa, on Panicum maximum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957b: 223. Notes: Type material not traced according to Williams (1985).

Trionymus insularis James, 1936: 202. Type data: KENYA: Mombassa, on grasses. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957b: 223.

Trionymus pterocauloni Hall, 1937: 133. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe and Salisbury, on Pterocaulon decurrens and Trifolium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1958b: 18.

Vryburgia transvaalensis; De Lotto, 1967: 22. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Aster [Brain1915, BenDov1994], Bidens pilosa [James1936, BenDov1994], Coreopsis [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994], Pterocaulon deccurens [Hall1937, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Trifolium [Hall1937, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Salvia runcinata [Brain1915, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Panicum maximum [James1936, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994]; Kenya [James1936, BenDov1994]; South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Brain (1915) and by De Lotto (1957b) (as Trionymus sanguineus James).

KEYS: De Lotto 1967: 22 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 540-541]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-130]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223-226]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy: 112-113]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy: 22]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 119]; Hall1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-134]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-198, 201-203]; Willia1958b [taxonomy: 18]; WilliaMa2012 [distribution, host: 91].



Vryburgia trionymoides (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus trionymoides De Lotto, 1961: 218. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Caralluma dummeri. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Vryburgia trionymoides; De Lotto, 1967: 22. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Carpobrotus sp. [Stocks2013], Lithops sp. [Stocks2013]. Asclepiadaceae: Caralluma dummeri [DeLott1961, BenDov1994], Huernia sp. [Stocks2013]. Asteraceae: Senecio sp. [Stocks2013]. Crassulaceae: Aeonium sp. [JiSu2012], Crassula sp. [JiSu2012], Dudleya sp. [Stocks2013], Echeveria sp. [JiSu2012], Graptopetalum sp. [Stocks2013], Pachyveria [Stocks2013], Sedum [JiSu2012], Sempervivum sp. [Stocks2013]. Liliaceae: Aloe sp. x Amarcrinum [Stocks2013]

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: United States of America (California [Stocks2013], Florida [Stocks2013]).

BIOLOGY: It is most commonly collected on succulent plants in the family Crassulaceae. (Stocks, 2013)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

STRUCTURE: This mealybug is pinkish-purple, with a light coating of white wax over the body, and thick white filaments arising from the tip of the abdomen. The pinkish-purple body color may be obscured by the powdery wax coating. (Stocks, 2013)

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 541]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-219]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy: 22]; DownieGu2004 [host, distribution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; JiSu2012 [distribution, host, illustration: 1-5]; LaflinGuPa2004 [host, distribution: 475-477]; Stocks2013 [biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history: 1-2].



Vryburgia viator (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Trionymus viator De Lotto, 1961: 236. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Pyrus malus. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Vryburgia viator; De Lotto, 1967: 22. Change of combination.



HOST: Rosaceae: Pyrus malus [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).

KEYS: De Lotto 1967: 22 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 541]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy: 22].



Wapoacoccus Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Wapoacoccus Ben-Dov, 2007: 477. Type species: Wapoacoccus dougwilliamsi Ben-Dov, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ben-Dov (2007).

KEYS: Ben-Dov 2007: 477-478 (female) ["Legless" genera of Pseudococcidae].

CITATIONS: BenDov2007 [taxonomy, description: 477-480].



Wapoacoccus dougwilliamsi Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Wapoacoccus dougwilliamsi Ben-Dov, 2007: 478. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, at Shark Bay Road, 40 km south of Denham, on roots of Poaceae; collected Y. Ben-Dov, 3 April 2007. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia; type no. 4276-1. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [BenDov2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [BenDov2007]).

BIOLOGY: Ben-Dov (2007) noted that the host plant of this mealybug might be any of the following grasses: Cenchrus ciliaris, Monachater paradoxus or Aristida contorta.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ben-Dov (2007).

CITATIONS: BenDov2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 477-480].



Yudnapinna Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Yudnapinna Williams, 1985: 390. Type species: Yudnapinna radicalis Williams, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 542]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 390].



Yudnapinna radicalis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Yudnapinna radicalis Williams, 1985: 390. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Yudnapinna, on Maireana triptera. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex vesicaria [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Bassia patenticuspis [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Maireana sedifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Maireana triptera [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Sclerostegia tenuis [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985). The available records suggest that this species is confined to the roots of its host.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 542]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 390, 392-393].



Subfamily Rhizoecidae


Subfamily Rhizoecinae


Subfamily Xenococcinae


Subfamily Xenococinae


Incertae Sedis Species



Coccus koleos Anderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus koleos Anderson, 1787f: 1,2. Type data: INDIA: Madras, on "Brinjaul, Cattri-Cay or Voidelungai" [=Solanum melongena. Syntypes, female. Described: female.



HOST: Solanaceae: Solanum melongena [Anders1787f, Willia2002].



Coccus microogenes Anderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus microogenes Anderson, 1787f: 1. Type data: INDIA: Madras, on Vitis vinifera. Syntypes, female. Described: female.



HOST: Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Anders1787f, Willia2003].

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2002) concluded that this is a valid species, a mealybug of the family Pseudococcidae, and suggested that it should remain as an unidentifiable species under the name Coccus microogens.



Coccus oogenes Anderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus oogenes Anderson, 1787e: 2. Type data: INDIA: Madras, on Phyllanthus emblica. Syntypes, female. Described: female.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Phyllanthus emblica [Anders1787f, Willia2002].

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2002) concluded that this is a valid species, a mealybug of the family Pseudococcidae, probably could be Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), and suggested that it should remain as an unidentifiable species under the name Coccus oogenes.



Coccus trichodes Anderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus trichodes Anderson, 1787e: 4. Type data: INDIA: Madras, on Robinia grandiflora, Psidium guajava and on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Syntypes, female. Described: female.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Robinia grandiflora [Anders1787e, Willia2002]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Anders1787e, Willia2002]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Anders1787e, Willia2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Anders1787e, Willia2002].

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2002) concluded that this is a valid species, a mealybug of the family Pseudococcidae, probably Maconnellicoccus hirsutus (Green), and suggested that it should remain as an unidentifiable species under the name Coccus trichodes.



Pseudococcus theobromae (Douglas)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius theobromae Douglas, 1899b: 317. Type data: ENGLAND: Gardens of the Royal Botanic Society, on Theobroma cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus theobromae; Fernald, 1903b: 110. Change of combination.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Dougla1889b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [Dougla1889b, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Williams (1962) regarded this species as Nomen Dubium, because no original material exists and its original description is meager.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 413]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 201]; Dougla1889b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 317]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 110]; WilliaMa2012 [host, taxonomy: 90, 91].





Genera Removed from Family


Benedictycoccina

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Benedictycoccina Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 134. Notes: Current status: Benedictycoccina Kozár & Foldi in Rhizoecidae.



Brevicoccus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Brevicoccus Hambleton, 1946: 10. Notes: Current status: Brevicoccus Hambleton in Bre.



Capitisetella

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Capitisetella Hambleton, 1977: 40. Notes: Current status: Capitisetella Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.



Coccidella

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidella Hambleton, 1946a: 177. Notes: Current status: Coccidella Hambleton in Coc.



Dactylopius

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius Costa, 1829: 16. Notes: Current status: Dactylopius Costa in Dactylopiidae.



Electromyrmococcus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Electromyrmococcus Williams in Johnson et al., 2001: 16. Notes: Current status: Electromyrmococcus Williams in Johnson et al. in Ele.



Eumyrmococcus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus Silvestri, 1926: 271. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus Silvestri in Eur.



Geococcus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus Green, 1902b: 262. Notes: Current status: Geococcus Green in Geo.



Greenoripersia

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Greenoripersia Bodenheimer, 1929: 112. Notes: Hardy, Gullan & Hodgson (2008: 62) transferred this genus to the Eriococcidae.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Bodenheimer (1929). Bodenheimer (1951) again referred to this genus as gen. nov., however, the 1929 description fully satisfies the International Code.

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 175]; Bodenh1929 [taxonomy, description: 112-113]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 88].



Hambletonrhizoecus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Hambletonrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2005: 146. Notes: Current status: Hambletonrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Del.



Kissrhizoecus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Kissrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2005: 142. Notes: Current status: Kissrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kiss.



Kuwanina

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Kuwanina Cockerell in Fernald, 1903b: 121. Notes: Current status: Kuwanina Cockerell in Eriococcidae.



Leptorhizoecus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Leptorhizoecus Williams, 1998DJ: 27. Notes: Current status: Leptorhizoecus Williams in Lep.



Marottarhizoecus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Marottarhizoecus Kozar & Konczne Benedicty, 2002a: 214. Notes: Current status: Marottarhizoecus Kozar & Konczne Benedicty in Maro.



Melzeria

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Melzeria Green, 1930b: 215. Notes: Current status: Melzeria Green in Eriococcidae.



Neochavesia

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Neochavesia Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 232. Notes: Current status: Neochavesia Williams & Granara de Willink in Neo.



Pseudorhizoecus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudorhizoecus Green, 1933: 55. Notes: Current status: Pseudorhizoecus Green in Pseu.



Puto

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto Signoret, 1876a: 394. Notes: Current status: Puto Signoret in Putoidae.



Pygmaeococcus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Pygmaeococcus McKenzie, 1960: 741. Notes: Current status: Pygmaeococcus McKenzie in Pyg.



Rhizoecus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus Kunckel d'Herculais, 1878: 163. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus Kunckel d'Herculais in Rhizoecidae.



Ripersiella

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella Tinsley {in}: Cockerell, 1899m: 278. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella Tinsley in: Cockerell in RIPERSIELLA.



Williamsrhizoecus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Williamsrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2007: 354. Notes: Current status: Williamsrhizoecus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in: Kozár & Konczné Be in Will.



Xenococcus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Xenococcus Silvestri, 1924a: 312. Notes: Current status: Xenococcus Silvestri in Xen.



Species Removed from Family


Apezococcus idiastes

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Antonina dakotensis Kosztarab & McDaniel, 1969: 111. Notes: Current status: a synonym of Apezococcus idiastes Ferris in Eriococcidae.

Asterolecanium melaleucae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus melaleucae Maskell, 1894b: 94. Notes: Current status: Asterolecanium melaleucae (Maskell, 1894) in the Asterolecaniidae.

Beesonia ferrugineus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus ferrugineus Froggatt, 1898: 378.

Benedictycoccina baloghi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Benedictycoccina baloghi Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 155. Notes: Current status: Benedictycoccina baloghi Kozár & Foldi in Rhizoecidae.

Benedictycoccina ethiopiana

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Benedictycoccina ethiopiana Foldi & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 156. Notes: Current status: Benedictycoccina ethiopiana Foldi & Kozár in: Kozár & Foldi in Rhizoecidae.

Benedictycoccina ornata

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella ornata Hambleton, 1946: 70. Notes: Current status: Benedictycoccina ornata (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Benedictycoccina tanzaniana

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Benedictycoccina tanzaniana Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 159. Notes: Current status: Benedictycoccina tanzaniana Kozár & Foldi in Rhizoecidae.

Brevicoccus clavisetosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Brevicoccus clavisetosus Hambleton, 1946: 11. Notes: Current status: Brevicoccus clavisetosus Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Capitisetella migrans

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudorhizoecus migrans Green, 1933: 56. Notes: Current status: Capitisetella migrans (Green) in Rhizoecidae.

Chermis mannifer

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Chermis mannifer Hardwick, 1822: 183. Notes: Current status, unrecognizable Auchenorrhynchous species; see Ben-Dov, 1988: 391.

Trabutina mannifera Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73.

Coccidella boliviana

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidella boliviana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 163. Notes: Current status: Coccidella boliviana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Foldi in Rhizoecidae.

Coccidella ecuadorina

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidella ecuadorina Konczné Benedicty & Foldi {in}: Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 165. Notes: Current status: Coccidella ecuadorina Konczné Benedicty & Foldi in: Kozár & Foldi in Rhizoecidae.

Coccidella globocula

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Morrisonella globocula Hambleton, 1946: 25. Notes: Current status: Coccidella globocula (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Coccidella kissbalazsi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidella kissbalazsi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 167. Notes: Current status: Coccidella kissbalazsi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Foldi in Rhizoecidae.

Coccidella multipora

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidella multipora Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 170. Notes: Current status: Coccidella multipora Kozár & Foldi in Rhizoecidae.

Coccidella peruviana

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidella peruviana Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {In}: Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 172. Notes: Current status: Coccidella peruviana Kozár & Konczné Benedicty In: Kozár & Foldi in Rhizoecidae.

Coccidella poensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Morrisonella poensis Hambleton, 1946: 35. Notes: Current status: Coccidella poensis (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Coccidella theobromae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Morrisonella theobromae Hambleton, 1946: 39. Notes: Current status: Coccidella theobromae (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Electromyrmococcus abductus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Electromyrmococcus abductus Williams in Johnson et al., 2001: 17. Notes: Current status: Electromyrmococcus abductus Williams in Johnson et al. in Rhizoecidae.

Electromyrmococcus inclusus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Electromyrmococcus inclusus Williams & Agosti in Johnson et al., 2001: 17. Notes: Current status: Electromyrmococcus inclusus Williams & Agosti in Johnson et al. in Rhizoecidae.

Electromyrmococcus reginae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Electromyrmococcus reginae Williams in Johnson et al., 2001: 18. Notes: Current status: Electromyrmococcus reginae Williams in Johnson et al. in Rhizoecidae.

Eremococcus rugosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus rugosus Maskell, 1897: 322. Notes: Current status: Eremococcus rugosus (Maskell, Froggatt, 1921b)in the Asterolecaniidae.

Eremococcus rugosus elongatus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus rugosus elongatus Maskell, 1897: 323. Notes: Current status: Eremococcus rugosus elongatus (Maskell, 1897)in the Asterolecaniidae.

Eremococcus turbinata

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus turbinata Froggatt, 1921b: 19. Notes: Current status: Eremococcus turbinata (Froggatt, 1921b)in the Asterolecaniidae.

Eumyrmococcus adornocapillus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus adornocapillus Schneider & LaPolla, 2011: 70-72. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus adornocapillus Schneider & LaPolla in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus corinthiacus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus corinthiacus Williams, 1993DJ: 217. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus corinthiacus Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus falciculosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmucoccus falciculosus Williams, 1998: 10. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus falciculosus (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus kolombangarae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus kolombangarae Williams, 1998: 11. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus kolombangarae Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus kruiensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus kruiensis Williams, 1998: 11. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus kruiensis Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus kusiacus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus kusiacus Williams, 1998: 12. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus kusiacus Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus lamondicus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus lamondicus Williams, 1998: 12. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus lamondicus Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus lanuginosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus lanuginosus Williams, 1998: 13. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus lanuginosus Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus maninjauensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus maninjauensis Williams, 1998: 14. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus maninjauensis Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus nipponensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus nipponensis Terayama, 1986: 509. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus nipponensis Terayama in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus ordinotersus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus ordinotersus Schneider & Lapolla, 2011: 72-73. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus ordinotersus Schneider & Lapolla in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus queenslandicus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus queenslandicus Williams, 1998: 16. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus queenslandicus Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus recalvus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus recalvus Williams, 1998: 17. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus recalvus Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus sarawakensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus sarawakensis Williams, 1998: 18. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus sarawakensis Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus sarnati

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus sarnati Schneider & LaPolla, 2011: 72-75. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus sarnati Schneider & LaPolla in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus scorpioides

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Xenococcus scorpioides De Lotto, 1977: 33. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus scorpioides (De Lotto) in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus smithii

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri, 1926: 273. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus sulawesicus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus sulawesicus Williams, 1998: 20. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus sulawesicus Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus taylori

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus taylori Williams, 1998: 20. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus taylori Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Eumyrmococcus williamsi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus williamsi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2007: 581. Notes: Current status: Eumyrmococcus williamsi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus anthocomus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus anthocomus Williams, 2004a: 319. Notes: Current status: Geococcus anthocomus Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus associatus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus associatus Lit, 1992: 1164. Notes: Current status: Geococcus associatus Lit in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus baloghi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus baloghi Kianek & Konczne Benedicty, {in}: Kianek {et al.}, 2007: 40. Notes: Current status: Geococcus baloghi Kianek & Konczne Benedicty, in: Kianek et al. in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus citrinus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus citrinus Kuwana, 1923b: 51. Notes: Current status: Geococcus citrinus Kuwana in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus coffeae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus coffeae Green, 1933: 54. Notes: Current status: Geococcus coffeae Green in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus detonsus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus detonsus Williams, 2004a: 328. Notes: Current status: Geococcus detonsus Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus eliquatus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus eliquatus Williams, 2004a: 330. Notes: Current status: Geococcus eliquatus Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus hauseri

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus hauseri Williams, 2004a: 332. Notes: Current status: Geococcus hauseri Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus johorensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus johorensis Williams, 1969e: 511. Notes: Current status: Geococcus johorensis Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus latens

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus latens Williams, 2004a: 337. Notes: Current status: Geococcus latens Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus lawrencei

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus lawrencei Williams, 1969e: 511. Notes: Current status: Geococcus lawrencei Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus oryzae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia oryzae Kuwana, 1907: 186. Notes: Current status: Geococcus oryzae (Kuwana) in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus radicum

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus radicum Green, 1902b: 262. Notes: Current status: Geococcus radicum Green in Rhizoecidae.

Geococcus satellitum

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Geococcus satellitum Williams, 2004a: 339. Notes: Current status: Geococcus satellitum Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Greenoripersia kaiseri

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Greenoripersia kaiseri Bodenheimer, 1929b: 112. Notes: Hardy, Gullan & Hodgson (2008: 62) transferred this species to the Eriococcidae. Type material lost, see Ben-Dov & Harpaz, 1985.



HOST: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix mannifera [Bodenh1929b, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Bodenh1929b, BenDov1994].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 175]; BenDovHa1986 [host, distribution: 32]; Bodenh1929b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 112-114].

Hambletonrhizoecus bitubularis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Hambletonia bitubularis Kozár & Foldi, 2004: 178. Notes: Current status: Hambletonrhizoecus bitubularis (Kozár & Foldi) in Rhizoecidae.

Kissrhizoecus hungaricus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Kissrhizoecus hungaricus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2005: 142. Notes: Current status: Kissrhizoecus hungaricus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Kuwanina parva

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus parvus Maskell, 1897: 244.

Kuwanina parva Fernald, 1903b: 121.

Leptorhizoecus deharvengi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Leptorhizoecus deharvengi Williams, 1998DJ: 27. Notes: Current status: Leptorhizoecus deharvengi Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Marchalina hellenica

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius caricus Gennadius, 1883: 51. Notes: Current status: Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) in Marchalinidae.

Marottarhizoecus foldi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Marottarhizoecus foldi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 121. Notes: Current status: Marottarhizoecus foldi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Marottarhizoecus issisi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Marottarhizoecus issisi Kozar & Konczne Benedicty, 2002a: 214. Notes: Current status: Marottarhizoecus issisi Kozar & Konczne Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Melzeria horni

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Melzeria horni Green, 1930b: 216.

Mycococcus diaspidiformis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerococcus diaspidiformis Green, 1916e: 64. Notes: Current status: Mycococcus diaspidiformis (Green) in the Asterolecaniidae.

Neochavesia caldasiae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Chavesia caldasiae Balachowsky, 1957a: 159. Notes: Current status: Neochavesia caldasiae (Balachowsky) in Rhizoecidae.

Neochavesia cephalonodus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Neochavesia cephalonodus Schneider & LaPolla, 2011: 75-76. Notes: Current status: Neochavesia cephalonodus Schneider & LaPolla in Rhizoecidae.

Neochavesia eversi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Chavesia eversi Beardsley, 1970a: 512. Notes: Current status: Neochavesia eversi (Beardsley) in Rhizoecidae.

Neochavesia iwokramae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Neochavesia iwokramae Williams, 2004: 2888. Notes: Current status: Neochavesia iwokramae Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Neochavesia lapollai

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Neochavesia lapollai Williams, 2004: 2890. Notes: Current status: Neochavesia lapollai Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Neochavesia linealuma

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Neochavesia linealuma Schneider & LaPolla, 2011: 76-79. Notes: Current status: Neochavesia linealuma Schneider & LaPolla in Rhizoecidae.

Neochavesia nr. trinidadensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Neochavesia nr. trinidadensis Hodgson, 2012: 58. Notes: Labelled Neochavesia ?trinidadensis Beardsley Current status: Neochavesia nr. trinidadensis Hodgson in Rhizoecidae.

Neochavesia trinidadensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Chavesia trinidadensis Beardsley, 1970a: 514. Notes: Current status: Neochavesia trinidadensis (Beardsley) in Rhizoecidae.

Neochavesia weberi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Chavesia weberi Beardsley, 1970a: 517. Notes: Current status: Neochavesia weberi (Beardsley) in Rhizoecidae.

Parlatoria ziziphi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus ziziphi Lucas, 1853: xxix.

Penthaphis trivialis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus zeae-maidis Dufour, 1824: 203-204. Notes: zeae-maidis Dufour, 1824: 203–204, Coccus Lindinger (1943: 250) regarded this as a species of Rhizoecus. Current status: Victor F. Eastop (Natural History Museum. London, personal communication) suggests that it is the aphid, Penthaphis trivialis Passerini (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 49).

Pseudorhizoecus proximus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudorhizoecus proximus Green, 1933: 55. Notes: Current status: Pseudorhizoecus proximus Green in Rhizoecidae.

Puto acirculus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto acirculus McKenzie, 1960: 731. Notes: Current status: Puto acirculus McKenzie in Putoidae.

Puto albicans

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto albicans McKenzie, 1967: 329. Notes: Current status: Puto albicans McKenzie in Putoidae.

Puto ambiguus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroputo ambigua Fullaway, 1910a: 227. Notes: Current status: Puto ambiguus (Fullaway) in Putoidae.

Puto antennatus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Putonia antennata Signoret, 1875c: 341. Notes: Current status: Puto antennatus (Signoret) in Putoidae.

Puto antioquensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroputo antioquensis Murillo, 1931: 945. Notes: Current status: Puto antioquensis (Murillo) in Putoidae.

Puto arctostaphyli

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto arctostaphyli Ferris, 1950b: 195. Notes: Current status: Puto arctostaphyli Ferris in Putoidae.

Puto atriplicis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto atriplicis McKenzie, 1961: 33. Notes: Current status: Puto atriplicis McKenzie in Putoidae.

Puto avitus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus avitus Menge, 1856: 17. Notes: Current status: Puto avitus (Menge) in Putoidae.

Puto barberi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus yuccae barberi Cockerell, 1895q: 61. Notes: Current status: Puto barberi (Cockerell) in Putoidae.

Puto borealis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Macrocerococcus borealis Borchsenius, 1948b: 38. Notes: Current status: Puto borealis (Borchsenius) in Putoidae.

Puto brunnitarsis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus brunnitarsis Signoret, 1875c: 332. Notes: Current status: Puto brunnitarsis (Signoret) in Putoidae.

Puto bryanthi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto bryanthi Ferris, 1950b: 199. Notes: Current status: Puto bryanthi Ferris in Putoidae.

Puto caballeroi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Douglasiella caballeroi Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1948: 114. Notes: Current status: Puto caballeroi (Gómez-Menor Ortega) in Putoidae.

Puto calcitectus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus calcitectus Cockerell, 1901d: 334. Notes: Current status: Puto calcitectus (Cockerell) in Putoidae.

Puto californicus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto californicus McKenzie, 1967: 339. Notes: Current status: Puto californicus McKenzie in Putoidae.

Puto caucasicus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto caucasicus Hadzibejli, 1956: 515. Notes: Current status: Puto caucasicus Hadzibejli in Putoidae.

Puto cupressi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus cupressi Coleman, 1908: 197. Notes: Current status: Puto cupressi (Coleman) in Putoidae.

Puto decorosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto decorosus McKenzie, 1967: 345. Notes: Current status: Puto decorosus McKenzie in Putoidae.

Puto echinatus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto echinatus McKenzie, 1961: 35. Notes: Current status: Puto echinatus McKenzie in Putoidae.

Puto huangshanensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto huangshanensis Wu, S.A., 2001a: 333-335. Notes: Current status: Puto huangshanensis Wu, S.A. in Putoidae.

Puto israelensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto israelensis Ben-Dov, 2001a: 105. Notes: Current status: Puto israelensis Ben-Dov in Putoidae.

Puto janetscheki

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto janetscheki Balachowsky, 1953m: 295. Notes: Current status: Puto janetscheki Balachowsky in Putoidae.

Puto kondarensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Macrocerococcus kondarensis Borchsenius, 1948b: 35. Notes: Current status: Puto kondarensis (Borchsenius) in Putoidae.

Puto konoi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto konoi Takahashi, 1941c: 164. Notes: Current status: Puto konoi Takahashi in Putoidae.

Puto kosztarabi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto kosztarabi Miller & Miller, 1993b: 9. Notes: Current status: Puto kosztarabi Miller & Miller in Putoidae.

Puto lamottei

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto lamottei Matile-Ferrero, 1985: 136. Notes: Current status: Puto lamottei Matile-Ferrero in Putoidae.

Puto lasiorum

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroputo lasiorum Cockerell, 1901j: 166. Notes: See Miller and McKenzie (1973) for type data. Current status: Puto lasiorum (Cockerell) in Putoidae.

Puto laticribellum

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto laticribellum McKenzie, 1961: 37. Notes: Current status: Puto laticribellum McKenzie in Putoidae.

Puto marsicanus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto marsicanus Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993: 179. Notes: Current status: Puto marsicanus Marotta & Tranfaglia in Putoidae.

Puto megriensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Macrocerococcus megriensis Borchsenius, 1948b: 36. Notes: Current status: Puto megriensis (Borchsenius) in Putoidae.

Puto mexicanus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius mexicanus Cockerell, 1893o: 49. Notes: Current status: Puto mexicanus (Cockerell) in Putoidae.

Puto orientalis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto orientalis Danzig, 1978b: 128. Notes: Current status: Puto orientalis Danzig in Putoidae.

Puto orthezioides

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroputo orthezioides Cockerell, 1903a: 163. Notes: Syntypes immature females. Current status: Puto orthezioides (Cockerell) in Putoidae.

Puto pacificus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto pacificus McKenzie, 1967: 354. Notes: Current status: Puto pacificus McKenzie in Putoidae.

Puto palinuri

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto palinuri Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993: 182. Notes: Current status: Puto palinuri Marotta & Tranfaglia in Putoidae.

Puto paramoensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto paramoensis Matile-Ferrero, 1985: 138. Notes: Current status: Puto paramoensis Matile-Ferrero in Putoidae.

Puto peyerimhoffi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus peyerimhoffi Vayssiere, 1923: 152. Notes: Current status: Puto peyerimhoffi (Vayssiere) in Putoidae.

Puto pricei

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto pricei McKenzie, 1960: 735. Notes: Current status: Puto pricei McKenzie in Putoidae.

Puto profusus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto profusus McKenzie, 1960: 739. Notes: Current status: Puto profusus McKenzie in Putoidae.

Puto salinasi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto salinasi Foldi & Kozar, 2006: 309. Notes: Current status: Puto salinasi Foldi & Kozar in Putoidae.

Puto sandini

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto sandini Washburn, 1965: 293. Notes: Current status: Puto sandini Washburn in Putoidae.

Puto simmondsiae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto simmondsiae McKenzie, 1961: 39. Notes: Current status: Puto simmondsiae McKenzie in Putoidae.

Puto subericola

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Phenacoccus subericola Vayssiere, 1927: 110. Notes: Current status: Puto subericola (Vayssiere) in Putoidae.

Puto superbus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Macrocerococcus superbus Leonardi, 1907b: 152. Notes: Current status: Puto superbus (Leonardi) in Putoidae.

Puto thailandicus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto thailandicus Williams, 2004a: 711. Notes: Current status: Puto thailandicus Williams in Putoidae.

Puto trivenosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Monophlebus trivenosus Germar & Berendt, 1856: 3. Notes: The type was deposited in Koenigsberg Collection. It disappeared during the Second World War (Jan Koteja, personal information to Yair Ben-Dov; February 2001. Current status: Puto trivenosus (Germar & Berendt) in Putoidae.

Puto tubulifer

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto tubulifer Danzig, 1978b: 125. Notes: Current status: Puto tubulifer Danzig in Putoidae.

Puto ulter

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto ulter Ferris, 1950b: 211. Notes: Current status: Puto ulter Ferris in Putoidae.

Puto usingeri

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Puto usingeri McKenzie, 1962: 669. Notes: Current status: Puto usingeri McKenzie in Putoidae.

Puto yuccae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus yuccae Coquillett, 1890: 44. Notes: Current status: Puto yuccae (Coquillett) in Putoidae.

Pygmaeococcus morrisoni

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Pygmaeococcus morrisoni McKenzie, 1960: 741. Notes: Current status: Pygmaeococcus morrisoni McKenzie in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus advenoides

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus advenoides Takagi & Kawai, 1971: 374. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus advenoides Takagi & Kawai in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus albidus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus (Pararhizoecus) albidus Goux, 1942: 40. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus albidus Goux in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus albus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus albus James, 1936: 212. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus albus James in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus americanus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Morrisonella americana Hambleton, 1946: 18. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus americanus (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus amorphophalli

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus amorphophalli Betrem, 1940: 267. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus amorphophalli Betrem in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus angustus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus angustus James, 1935: 381. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus angustus James in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus apizacos

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus apizacos Hambleton, 1976: 12. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus apizacos Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus arabicus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus arabicus Hambleton, 1976: 13. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus arabicus Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus associatus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Morrisonella associata Hambleton, 1946: 20. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus associatus (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus atlanticus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella atlantica Hambleton, 1946: 62. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus atlanticus (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus bicirculus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus bicirculus McKenzie, 1967: 374. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus bicirculus McKenzie in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus boliviensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus boliviensis Konczné Benedicty, {in}: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 164. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus boliviensis Konczné Benedicty, in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus brevirostris

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus brevirostris Hambleton, 1979a: 650. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus brevirostris Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus cacticans

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella cacticans Hambleton, 1946: 64. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus caladii

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus caladii Green, 1933: 53. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus caladii Green in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus californicus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus californicus Ferris, 1953a: 434. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus californicus Ferris in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus chilensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus chilensis Hambleton, 1976: 20. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus chilensis Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus cocois

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus cocois Williams, 1985d: 235. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus cocois Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus coffeae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus coffeae Laing, 1925: 384. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus coffeae Laing in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus compotor

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus compotor Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 520. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus compotor Williams & Granara de Willink in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus congolensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus congolensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Ben, 2007: 185. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus congolensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus costaricensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus costaricensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozar {in} Kozár & Konczné Ben, 2007: 187. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus costaricensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozar in Kozár & Konczné Ben in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus cyperalis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Morrisonella cyperalis Hambleton, 1946: 22. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus cyperalis (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus demerarae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus demerarae Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 522. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus demerarae Williams & Granara de Willink in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus dianthi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus dianthi Green, 1926a: 175. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus dianthi Green in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus distinctus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Morrisonella distincta Hambleton, 1946: 24. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus distinctus (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus divaricatus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus divaricatus Hambleton, 1978: 157. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus divaricatus Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus elongatus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus elongatus Green, 1926a: 174. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus elongatus Green in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus erikae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus erikae Konczné Benedicty & Kozár, in: Kozár & Konczné Ben, 2007: 207. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus erikae Konczné Benedicty & Kozár, in: Kozár & Konczné Ben in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus falcifer

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus falcifer Kunckel d'Herculais, 1878: 164. Notes: Type material probably lost. D. Matile-Ferrero (1989) personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov. Current status: Rhizoecus falcifer Kunckel d'Herculais in Rhizoecidae.

CITATIONS: Millar2002 [illustration: 207].

Rhizoecus favacirculus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus favacirculus Hambleton, 1976: 25. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus favacirculus Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus floridanus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus floridanus Hambleton, 1973: 67. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus floridanus Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus franconiae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus franconiae Schmutterer, 1956a: 519. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus franconiae Schmutterer in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus globosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus globosus James, 1935: 382. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus globosus James in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus graminis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Morrisonella graminis Hambleton, 1946: 28. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus graminis (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus hawaiiensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Radiococcus hawaiiensis Hambleton, 1946: 48. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus hawaiiensis (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus immsi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus immsi James, 1935: 383. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus immsi James in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus inconspicuus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus inconspicuus Danzig, 1971: 372. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus inconspicuus Danzig in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus incrassatus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus incrassatus James, 1935: 383. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus incrassatus James in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus insularis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus insularis Hambleton, 1976: 30. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus insularis Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus iquitosi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus iquitosi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Benedicty, 2007: 236. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus iquitosi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus kazachstanus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus kazachstanus Matesova, 1980a: 110. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus kazachstanus Matesova in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus keysensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus keysensis Hambleton, 1979: 140. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus keysensis Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus ladoniae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus ladoniae Hambleton, 1979: 141. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus ladoniae Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus latus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Morrisonella lata Hambleton, 1946: 30. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus latus (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus leucosomus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella leucosoma Cockerell, 1901j: 165. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus leucosomus (Cockerell) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus macgregori

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus macgregori Hambleton, 1976: 34. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus macgregori Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus madecassus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus madecassus Mamet, 1962: 182. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus madecassus Mamet in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus mammillariae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius mammillariae Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 402. Notes: Dactylopius mammillariae Targioni Tozzetti, 1884 was a junior homonym of Dactylopius mammillariae Bouche, 1844. Type material probably lost according to G. Pellizzari-Scaltriti, 1990 personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov. Current status: Rhizoecus mammillariae (Targioni Tozzetti) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus maritimus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia maritima Cockerell, 1894p: 42. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus maritimus (Cockerell) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus martini

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus martini Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in} Kozár & Konczné Ben, 2007: 258. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus martini Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kozár & Konczné Ben in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus mayanus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Morrisonella mayana Hambleton, 1946: 32. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus mayanus (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus microtubularis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus microtubularis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Bene, 2007: 264. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus microtubularis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Bene in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus microtubulatus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus microtubulatus Gavrilove & Danzig {in}: Danzig & Gavrilov, 2009: 238. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus microtubulatus Gavrilove & Danzig in: Danzig & Gavrilov in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus moruliferus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus moruliferus Green, 1933: 52. Notes: Rhizoecus moruliferus Green, 1933: 52. Type data: SURINAM: on roots of Coffea liberica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 354. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1961a: 93. Current status: Rhizoecus moruliferus Green in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus nakaharai

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus nakaharai Hambleton, 1976: 38. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus nakaharai Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus nemoralis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Morrisonella nemoralis Hambleton, 1946: 33. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus nemoralis (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus neomexicanus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus neomexicanus McKenzie, 1962: 674. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus neomexicanus McKenzie in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus neostangei

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus neostangei Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 588. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus neostangei Miller & McKenzie in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus nguruensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus nguruensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár In: Kozár & Konczné Bene, 2007: 278. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus nguruensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár In: Kozár & Konczné Bene in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus nitidalis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus nitidalis Hambleton, 1946: 57. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus nitidalis Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus olmuensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus olmuensis Hambleton, 1978: 159. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus olmuensis Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus omphalius

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus omphalius Williams, 2004a: 781. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus omphalius Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus opulentus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus opulentus Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Bene, 2007: 287. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus opulentus Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Bene in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus ornatus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus ornatus Borchsenius, 1949: 176. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus ornatus Borchsenius in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus ovatus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus ovatus Hambleton, 1976: 42. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus ovatus Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus pauciporus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus pauciporus Hambleton, 1976: 43. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus pauciporus Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus pauper

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus pauper Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Koncznß Bene, 2007: 296. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus pauper Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Koncznß Bene in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus perprocerus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus perprocerus De Lotto, 1961: 228. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus perprocerus De Lotto in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus pignerator

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus pignerator Williams, 2004a: 783. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus pignerator Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus pocsi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus pocsi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár & Konczné Bened, 2007: 304. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus pocsi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár & Konczné Bened in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus polyporus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus polyporus Hambleton, 1976: 44. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus polyporus Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus pseudoangustus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus pseudoangustus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in: Kozár & Konczné Bene, 2007: 308. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus pseudoangustus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in: Kozár & Konczné Bene in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus pseudocacticans

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus pseudocacticans Hambleton, 1979: 144. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus pseudocacticans Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus pseudolasii

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus pseudolasii Williams, 2004a: 787. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus pseudolasii Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus pseudoperprocerus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus pseudoperprocerus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2007: 316. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus pseudoperprocerus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus relativus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus relativus Hambleton, 1976: 46. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus relativus Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus setosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Neorhizoecus setosus Hambleton, 1946: 46. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus setosus (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus simplex

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella simplex Hambleton, 1946: 73. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus simplex (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus sonomae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus sonomae McKenzie, 1960: 751. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus sonomae McKenzie in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus spelaea

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccidella spelaea Strickland, 1947a: 502. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus spelaea (Strickland) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus sphagni

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus sphagni Williams, 1985: 357. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus sphagni Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus spinipes

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Morrisonella spinipes Hambleton, 1946: 36. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus spinipes (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus stangei

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus stangei McKenzie, 1962: 676. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus stangei McKenzie in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus subcyperalis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus subcyperalis Hambleton, 1976: 51. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus subcyperalis Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus szarukani

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus szarukani Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Knczné Ben, 2007: 338. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus szarukani Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in: Kozár & Knczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus thailandicus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus thailandicus Williams, 2004a: 796. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus thailandicus Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus tricirculus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus tricirculus Wu, S.A. & Liu, J., 2008141. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus tricirculus Wu, S.A. & Liu, J. in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus tropicalis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus tropicalis Hambleton, 1976: 53. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus tropicalis Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus tubularis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus tubularis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2007: 344. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus tubularis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus ugandaensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus ugandaensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2007: 346. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus ugandaensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus variabilis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus variabilis Hambleton, 1978: 161. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus variabilis Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus vitis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus vitis Borchsenius, 1949: 175. Notes: Current status: Rhizoecus vitis Borchsenius in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella aloes

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus aloes Williams & Pellizzari, 1997: 158. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella aloes (Williams & Pellizzari) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella andensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Neorhizoecus andensis Hambleton, 1946: 41. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella andensis (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella australiensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella australiensis Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 227. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella australiensis Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella bacorum

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus bacorum Williams, 1996a: 1394. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella bacorum (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella bedosae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus bedosae Williams, 2004a: 754. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella bedosae (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella bituberculata

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus bituberculatus McKenzie, 1960: 743. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella bituberculata (McKenzie) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella boharti

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus boharti McKenzie, 1960a: 139. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella boharti (McKenzie) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella bolacis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus bolacis Williams, 2004b: 2. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella bolacis (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella bolacis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007: 406. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella bolacis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella brevipes

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Pararhizoecus brevipes Goux, 1943: 41. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella brevipes (Goux) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella brussieui

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella brussieui Goux, 1985: 115. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella brussieui Goux in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella caesii

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus caesii Schmutterer, 1956a: 516. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella caesii (Schmutterer) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella caledoniensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella caledoniensis Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 229. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella caledoniensis Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella callis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus callis Williams, 2004a: 758. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella callis (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella campestris

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus campestris Hambleton, 1946: 51. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella campestris (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella carolinensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus carolinensis Beardsley, 1966: 470. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella carolinensis (Beardsley) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella chiangmaiensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus chiangmaiensis Williams, 2004a: 761. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella chiangmaiensis (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella cobelopus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus cobelopus Williams, 1987a: 192. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella cobelopus (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella colombiensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Neorhizoecus colombiensis Hambleton, 1946: 43. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella colombiensis (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella corniger

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus corniger Williams, 2004a: 764. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella corniger (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella cryphia

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella cryphia Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 329. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella cryphia Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus cryphius Williams, 2004a: 766. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella cryphia (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella cynodontis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus cynodontis Green, 1931b: 559. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella cynodontis (Green) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella deboerae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus deboerae Hambleton, 1974: 149. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella deboerae (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella disjuncta

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus disjunctus McKenzie, 1967: 385. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella disjuncta (McKenzie) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella ficaria

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus ficarius Williams, 2004a: 770. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella ficaria (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella geniculata

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus geniculatus James, 1935: 379. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella geniculata (James) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella gombakensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella gombakensis Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2004: 329. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella gombakensis Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Rhizoecus gombakensis Williams, 2004a: 773. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella gombakensis (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella gracilis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus gracilis McKenzie, 1961: 44. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella gracilis (McKenzie) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella graminicola

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus graminicola James, 1936: 210. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella graminicola (James) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella guineensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella guineensis Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 231. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella guineensis Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella halophila

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus halophilus Hardy, 1868: 136. Notes: Depository of type material not known. Current status: Ripersiella halophila (Hardy) in RRhizoecidae.

Ripersiella hambletoni

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella hambletoni Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2004: 305. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella hambletoni Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella helanensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella helanensis Tang, 1992: 600. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella helanensis Tang in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella hibisci

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus hibisci Kawai & Takagi, 1971a: 181. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella hibisci (Kawai & Takagi) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella interpetrensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus interpetrensis Williams, 2004a: 773. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella interpetrensis (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella kaydani

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella kaydani Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2004: 307. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella kaydani Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella kelloggi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella kelloggi Ehrhorn & Cockerell in Cockerell, 1901j: 166. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella kelloggi Ehrhorn & Cockerell in Cockerell in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella kondonis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus kondonis Kuwana, 1923b: 55. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella kondonis (Kuwana) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella lelloi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus lelloi Mazzeo, 1995: 180. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella lelloi (Mazzeo) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella loicmatilei

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus loicmatilei Williams, 2001: 16. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella loicmatilei (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella loksae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella loksae Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár &, 2004: 309. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella loksae Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella maasbachi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus maasbachi Jansen, 2003: 297. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella maasbachi (Jansen) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella madagascarella

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella madagascarella Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 312. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella madagascarella Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella malschae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus malschae Williams, 2004a: 779. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella malschae (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella mediatlantica

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella mediatlantica Matile-Ferrero, 1976: 305. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella mediatlantica Matile-Ferrero in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella menkei

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus menkei McKenzie, 1962: 673. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella menkei (McKenzie) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella mexicana

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella mexicana Hambleton, 1946: 67. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella mexicana Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella monticola

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella monticola Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczne Be, 2004: 314. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella monticola Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczne Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella multiporifera

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella multiporifera Jansen, 2008: 40. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella multiporifera Jansen in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella oliveri

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus oliveri Cox, 1978: 635. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella oliveri (Cox) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella ovoides

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Pararhizoecus ovoides Goux, 1943: 47. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella ovoides (Goux) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella palestineae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella palestineae Hambleton, 1946: 71. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella palestineae Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella parva

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus parvus Danzig, 1985: 121. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella parva (Danzig) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella periolana

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella periolanus Goux, 1985a: 119. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella periolana Goux in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella petiti

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus (Pararhizoecus) petiti Goux, 1941b: 197. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella petiti (Goux) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella phangngae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus phangngae Williams, 2004a: 783. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella phangngae (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella planetica

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus planeticus Williams, 2004a: 785. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella planetica (Williams) in Rhizoecidae

Ripersiella poltavae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus poltavae Laing, 1929a: 469. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella poltavae (Laing) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella puhiensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus puhiensis Hambleton, 1974: 154. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella puhiensis (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella ruandaensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella ruandaensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczn? Be, 2004: 318. Notes: by T. Pocs. Current status: Ripersiella ruandaensis Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella rumicis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersia rumicis Maskell, 1892: 37. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella rumicis (Maskell) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella sabahica

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus sabahicus Williams, 2004a: 789. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella sabahica (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella saintpauliae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus saintpauliae Williams, 1985i: 622. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella saintpauliae (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella salvatorei

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella salvatorei Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004: 320. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella salvatorei Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella sasae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus sasae Takagi & Kawai, 1971: 377. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella sasae (Takagi & Kawai) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella sepilokensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus sepilokensis Williams, 2004a: 794. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella sepilokensis (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella seychelliella

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella seychelliella Konczné Benedicty & Kozár {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2004: 323. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella seychelliella Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella solani

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella solani Hambleton, 1946: 75. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella solani Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella spicata

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus spicatus Hambleton, 1979: 146. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella spicata (Hambleton) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella sumatrensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus sumatrensis Williams, 2004a: 796. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella sumatrensis (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella theae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus theae Kawai & Takagi, 1971a: 175. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella theae (Kawai & Takagi) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella tillierorum

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella tillierorum Kozár & Konczn? Benedicty, 2003: 233. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella tillierorum Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella totonicapana

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella totonicapanus Hambleton, 1946: 76. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella totonicapana Hambleton in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella tritici

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizoecus tritici Borchsenius, 1949: 177. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella tritici (Borchsenius) in Rhizoecidae.

Ripersiella vidanoi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ripersiella vidanoi Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1995: 271. Notes: Current status: Ripersiella vidanoi Marotta & Tranfaglia in Rhizoecidae.

Spirobris species

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus zosterae Fabricius, 1776: 304. Notes: zosterae Fabricius, 1776: 304, Coccus Current status: Signoret (1877: 676) regarded this species as unrecognisable, while Fernald (1903: 330) suggested that it is a tubeworm of the genus Spirorbis (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 49).

Williamsrhizoecus baskyi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Williamsrhizoecus baskyi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty {in}: Kozár & Konczné Be, 2007: 355. Notes: Current status: Williamsrhizoecus baskyi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in: Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Rhizoecidae.

Williamsrhizoecus epicopus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Neorhizoecus epicopus Williams, 1970: 155. Notes: Current status: Williamsrhizoecus epicopus (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.

Xenococcus acropygae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Xenococcus acropygae Williams, 1998: 23. Notes: Current status: Xenococcus acropygae Williams in Rhizoecidae.

Xenococcus annandalei

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Xenococcus annandalei Silvestri, 1924a: 312. Notes: Current status: Xenococcus annandalei Silvestri in Rhizoecidae.

Xenococcus baryglobosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Xenococcus baryglobosus Schneider & LaPolla, 2011: 79-81. Notes: Current status: Xenococcus baryglobosus Schneider & LaPolla in Rhizoecidae.

Xenococcus kinomurai

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus kinomurai Williams & Terayama, 2000: 373. Notes: Current status: Xenococcus kinomurai (Williams & Terayama) in Rhizoecidae.

Xenococcus neoguineensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eumyrmococcus neoguineensis Williams, 1998: 14. Notes: Current status: Xenococcus neoguineensis (Williams) in Rhizoecidae.