Family Ortheziidae
Acropygorthezia LaPolla & Miller in LaPolla et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Acropygorthezia LaPolla & Miller in LaPolla et al., 2008: 55-68. Type species: Acropygorthezia williamsi LaPolla & Miller.
STRUCTURE: Adult female, and third-, second-, and first-instar nymphs. Wax plates and ovisac band absent; mesosternal and metasternal apophyses large and simple (not bifurcate); antennae reduced in size; eyes absent; trochanter and femur fused; 2 pairs of sensoria on trochanter; tibial sensoria absent; tibia and tarsus fused; abdoninal spiracles dorsal; without setae or pores in anal ring, anal ring located dorsally in middle of abdomen; labium 3-segmented; dome-shaped setae present on body; quadrilocular pores few.
SYSTEMATICS: Characters in this species that are unlike any found in other ortheziids include: the structure and position of the anal opening; the seze and shape of the antennae; the structure of the mesosternal and metasternal apopyhyses; the lack of both wax plates and an ovisac band; and the occurrence of only 2 sensoria on each surfact of the trochanter. The adult male is unique by having the aedeagus situated ventrally and oriented anteriorly, with a hinge structure near the apex of the abdomen. Characters that might be useful in discovering affinities between Acropygorthezia and other genera include: the number of abdominal spiracles; the position of the abdominal spiracles, and the fusion of the tibia and tarsus.
Acropygorthezia williamsi LaPolla & Miller in LaPolla et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Acropygorthezia williamsi LaPolla & Miller in LaPolla et al., 2008: 58-68. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Bulimba Creek, Carindale, Brisbane, in nest of Acropopyga myops, 8/2006, by C. Burwell. Holotype female, male and first instar (examined), by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia; type no. SGB1061. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust. Notes: the type locality is a small rectangular remnant of riparian vegetation and open woodland, bordered by housing and roads. The site has been unburnt for several years and has a thick understory of rank grasses and introducted lantana interspersed with bare areas.
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Acropyga myops Forel [LaPollBuBr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [LaPollBuBr2008]).
BIOLOGY: Nest tunnels and galleries of Acropyga were found in the top 10-15 cm. of sandy-loam soil beneath a thick layer of leaf litter. Ortheziids were observed feeding on roots within the ant tunnels. Ortheziids left exposed on roots were forcibly detached and removed by the Acropyga workers. Loose ortheziids that were encountered by the worker ants also were picked up quickly and carried off. Distinct chambers were encountered containing ant pupae and larva together with ortheziids of various instars. Several ortheziids were observed with a drip of honeydew at the anal ring and on one occasion an Acropyga worker was seen to ingest a droplet.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descriptions and illustrations of first- and second-instar nymphs, third-instar and adult female, adult, pupal and prepupal male in LaPolla et al. (2008)
STRUCTURE: Specimens egg or bean-shaped, white; without wax; legs and mouthparts yellowish brown; antennae short and stub like; anal ring darker than legs, yellowish brown, located dorsally near center of abdomen; vulva large; located near posterovental end of abdomen, some specimens with vulva stetching laterally acoss body; dosal and vental sementation often visible. Mounted adult female 0.99 mm long and 0.76 mm wide. Antennae 2-semegmented, apical segment with enlarged setae, 2 filamentous setae, and 1 basiconic sensillum; basal segment without setae. Legs elongate with rows of conspicuous setae, some of setae on outer margin of trochanter+femur and tibia+tarsus apically capitate. Characteristics of the first instar of this species that are atypical of other scale insects are: the presence of numerous spines, reduced antennae, an anal ring that is located in the middle of dorsum that lacks setae and pores, and fused libia and tarsus. The genital structure of the adult male is quite unusual in that it is strictly ventral and is hinged near the base of the abdomen so that it does not protrude posteriorly. Another characteristic that is atypical of male scales is that the anal ring appears to be well developed and the anus may be functional.
SYSTEMATICS: Acropygorthezia williamsi is an unusual ortheziid since the adult female lacks an ovisac and all instars lack wax plates, have an anal opening that is without pores and setae, and have only 2 sensoria on each surface of the trochanter. A. williamsi can be recognized as an ortheziid because it has quadrilocular pores that protrude from the derm abdominal spiracles, dome-shaped setae, and numberous spines. Several morphological attributes appear to be adaptations for its close association with A. myops, including the lack of wax; an anal ring that is located dorsally in the middle of the abdomen; metasternal and mesosternal apophyses that are simple and large; claws that are unusually long, and spines that are remarkably abundant on both body surfaces.
KEYS: LaPolla et al. 2008: 57 (female) [Key to Australian Ortheziidae].
CITATIONS: LaPollBuBr2008 [behaviour, description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 57-68]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 759].
Burmorthezia Vea & GimaldiNOMENCLATURE:
Burmorthezia Vea & Gimaldi, 2012: 763. Type species: Burmorthezia kotejai Vea & Grimaldi, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed analysis in Vea & Grimaldi, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Although only second-instar nymphs are known for Burmorthezia, they differ from other Ortheziidae known nymphs by the presence of fully transverse wax lobes (vs laterally divided), apical segment without apical seta (vs differentiated apical seta, blunt or hair like), second 4segment with two longer stiff setae (vs none), trochanter fully separated from femur (vs trochanter fused to femur). (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: The anal ring is present on the dorsum but is visibly larger than that of the Recent Ortheziidae. The ring bears probably more than six setae (as in the Recent Ortheziidae) although the exact number is not visible. The wax secretion protruding from the anal ring partly obscures the ring, but this kind of secretion is specific to the Ortheziidae. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012) Burmorthezia is the sister group to the rest of the Ortheziidae and is defined on the basis of a separated trochanter and femur (plesiomorphic state), undifferentiated apical setae on the last antennal segment (plesiomorphic state) with two stiff setae on the second segment, and a distinctly separated tibia and tarsus (similar to the Ortheziinae), with the tibia longer than the tarsus (plesiomorphic state). Burmorthezia is an extinct sister group to a monophyletic crown group comprising the Recent and Tertiary Ortheziidae. Burmorthezia shares with crowngroup Ortheziidae the distinctive nature of wax secreted into bundles or lobes, a large eye lens situated on a long eye peduncle, and the general morphology of the leg.(Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
CITATIONS: VeaGi2012 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 763,765].
Burmorthezia insolita Vea & GimaldiNOMENCLATURE:
Burmorthezia insolita Vea & Gimaldi, 2012: 765-766. Type data: NORTHERN MYANMAR: Kachin State, Tanai Village (on Ledo Road, 105 km NW Myitkyna). Upper Cretaceous, by Leeward Capitol Corporation, 2000. Holotype immature (examined), by original designation. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA; type no. Bu-1095. Described: immature. Illust. Notes: In amber. Extinct.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Burma (=Myanmar) [VeaGi2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of second-instar nymph in amber in Vea and Grimaldi, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Adult female and male unknown. Second-instar nymph. Body elongate oval in shape, dorsoventrally flattened, although the specimen is ventrally retracted, resulting in a concave specimen. Eye on short stalk, with single facet/ommatidium. Antennae 6-segmented; inserted ventrally on flat frontal margin, Wax secretion of ortheziid-type, marginal lobes are most visible ones, with several having detached. Left side in dorsal view has one short subfrontal lobe and five attached marginal lobes, right side has one subfrontal lobe and six marginal lobes. Wax lobe present posteriorly. Median wax lobes seem to have been detached except for several small ones remaining on dorsum. All wax lobes protruding posteriorad. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Although B. insolita bears wax secretions of an ortheziid type, the antennal and leg features (no differentiated apical seta, more slender and long setose setae) differ from the other recent and Tertiary Ortheziidae. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
CITATIONS: VeaGi2012 [description, illustration,, structure, taxonomy: 764-766].
Burmorthezia kotejai Vea & GimaldiNOMENCLATURE:
Burmorthezia kotejai Vea & Gimaldi, 2012: 763-765. Type data: NORTHERN MYANMAR: Kachin State, Tanai Village (on Ledo Rd, 105km NY Myitkyna), Upper Cretaceous, by Leeward Capitol Corp., 2000. Holotype immature (examined), by original designation. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA; type no. Bu-1094. Described: immature. Illust. Notes: Specimen in amber. Extinct.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Burma (=Myanmar) [VeaGi2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of second-instar nymph in Vea & Grimaldi, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Adult female and male unknown. Second-instar nymph. Body elongate oval, dorsoventrally flattened. Antennae 6-segmented, inserted ventrally at V-shaped frontal margin, with apical segment slightly clavate. Second segment bears two stiff, erect, spine-like setae on lateral surface. Wax secretion of ortheziid type, with apparently nine marginal lobes, one frontal lobe, and at least 11 unseparated, transverse median lobes (head region not visible). All wax lobes protrude posteriad. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Distinguished from Burmorthezia insolita by the narrower and longer first segment relative to other antennal segments, V-shaped (vs flat) frontal margin, and setae on legs about twice the length of those in B. insolita. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
CITATIONS: VeaGi2012 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 763-765].
Cretorthzia Koteja & AzarNOMENCLATURE:
Cretorthzia Koteja & Azar, 2008: 135. Type species: Cretorthzia hammanaica Koteja.
STRUCTURE: Adult Male: Minute ortheziid with 10-segmented antennae, two very long and one small antennal bristles on apical segment, mesothemum without medial ridge, wings spoon-like, narrow subcostal ridge, anterior flexing membrane present, penial sheath conspicuous, very long, bent downward.
CITATIONS: KotejaAz2008 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 135-136]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762].
Cretorthzia hammanaica Koteja & AzarNOMENCLATURE:
Cretorthzia hammanaica Koteja & Azar, 2008: 135. Type data: LEBANON: Mouhufazet Jabal Loubnan (Central Lebanon). Caza Baabda. Mdeyrij/Hammana, Lower Cretaceous, in amber. Holotype male (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. HAM-436. Described: male. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Lebanon [KotejaAz2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration in Koteja & Azar, 2008.
STRUCTURE: Adult Male: Minute ortheziid with 10-segmented antennae, two very long and one small antennal bristles on apical segment, mesothemum without medial ridge, wings spoon-like, narrow subcostal ridge, anterior flexing membrane present, penial sheath conspicuous, very long, bent downward. (Koteja & Azar, 2008)
SYSTEMATICS: Orthezid males are distinctive by the shape of the head with large, forward protruding, compound eyes, very long and slender antennae and legs, and grayish colouration. It bears several derived features which include: small body size, markedly reduced wing venation, entirely reduced halteres, long antennal bristles. Some of these features are shared with Newsteadia floccifera and Palaonewsteadia huaniae. (Koteja & Azar, 2008)
CITATIONS: HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 799]; KotejaAz2008 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 135-136]; Vea2014 [structure, taxonomy: 32-33]; Vea2014 [taxonomy: 32-33]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762].
Cretorthzia sp.NOMENCLATURE:
Cretorthzia sp. Koteja & Azar, 2008: 137-138. Type data: LEBANON: Mouhafazet Loubanon El-Janoubi (Southern Lebanon), Caza Jezzine, Jouar Ess-Souss, Lower Cretaceous. Unknown type status larva (examined), type designation unknown. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. is-95BM. Described: larva. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Lebanon [KotejaAz2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Photograph, description and illustration in Koteja & Azar, 2008.
STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, almost parallel-sided. Antennae inserted at frontal margin ventrally, with a considerable distance between them, 6 segmented, assumin that the somewhat club-shaped apical joint is one segment. Eyes much obscured, conspicuous, inserted on stalks, legs strong but slender. Wax covering consisting of homogeneous secretions produced by dermal glands. (Koteja & Azar, 2008)
SYSTEMATICS: Systematics uncertain since the only specimen available is completely impregnated with resin and Canada balsam, some appendages are broken, mouthparts and anal region not visible, (Koteja & Azar, 2008) ?Cretorthezia sp. in Lebanese amber (Koteja & Azar, 2008) also has the trochanter and femur separated as in Burmorthezia, as well as undifferentiated antennal setae, but ?Cretorthezia sp. differs from Burmorthezia in bearing many more wax lobes. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
CITATIONS: KotejaAz2008 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 137-138]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 760]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 772].
Ochyrocoris MengeNOMENCLATURE:
Ochyrocoris Menge, 1856: 17. Type species: Ochyrocoris electrina Menge, by monotypy.
SYSTEMATICS: Koteja & Zak-Ogaza (1988) state that "Menge says that Ochyrocoris electrina is closely related to Orthezia, but he does not mention why a new genus has been established, i.e., what characters make the fossil form different from "dorthesia", which was also present in Menge's amber collection." The whereabouts of Menge's collection is unknown.
CITATIONS: Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 204]; KotejaZa1988 [taxonomy: 6]; Kozar2004 [catalogue, taxonomy: 255]; Menge1856 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 17]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 137].
Ochyrocoris electrina MengeNOMENCLATURE:
Ochyrocoris electrina Menge, 1856: 17. Notes: Type, ?female in Baltic amber, apparently deposited in Albertus University, Königsberg, and presumed lost. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Koteja & Zak-Ogaza (1988a) state that the status of Ochyrocoris electrina is uncertain and that it may be a member of Orthezia or Arctorthezia.
CITATIONS: Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 326]; Koteja1984d [taxonomy: 440, 488]; Koteja1985a [taxonomy: 195]; Koteja1987c [taxonomy: 29]; Koteja2000c [distribution, taxonomy: 204]; KotejaZa1988 [taxonomy: 6]; KotejaZa1988a [distribution, taxonomy: 9]; Kozar2004 [taxonomy: 255]; Menge1856 [taxonomy: 17]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 137]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 772].
OrtheziaNOMENCLATURE:
Dorthesia Bosc d'Antic, 1784: 173.
Dorthezia d'Orthez, 1785: 207. Type species: Orthezia characias Bosc d'Antic. Synonymy by Morrison, 1925: 102.
Cionops Leach, 1815: 126. Synonymy by Morrison, 1925: 102.
Cyphoma Gistel, 1848: 151. Type species: Cyphoma characias Bosc d'Antic, by monotypy. Synonymy by Morrison, 1925: 102.
Polyocellaria; Imhof, 1900: 527. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 159. Notes: Morrison (1925) considered this to be a junior synonym of Orthezia, but in 1966 (Morrison & Morrison) treated it only as a nomen nudum and did not associate it with Orthezia, in fact, they point out that Imhof suggested a possible association with Arctorthezia.
Douglariella MacGillivray, 1921: 474. Replacement name for Douglasia MacGillivray. Notes: This is a replacement name for Douglasia MacGillivray which is preoccupied in the Lepidoptera and Coccoidea.
Douglasia MacGillivray, 1921: 483. Type species: Orthezia maenariensis Douglas (= Orthezia urticae Linnaeus), by monotypy. Synonymy by Neves, 1939: 151. Homonym of Douglasia Stainton 1854 in the Lepidoptera. Notes: Morrison (1925) discovered that this was a synonym of Orthezia. This name is a homonym three times over-- Douglasia Green 1902 and Green 1902c.
Douglasiella; MacGillivray, 1921: 483. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: This is a misspelling of Douglariella.
GENERAL REMARKS: "There are no truly indigenous species in the Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian regions and the known species are predominantly Nearctic and Neotropical in distribution and only secondarily Palaearctic (Morrison, 1925)." Kozár (2004) reviewed the genus. Detailed description of males in Vea, 2014.
STRUCTURE: Adult female external covering made up of definite and usually sharply segregated tufts of waxy secretions. Body is more or less distinctly oval, often broadly rounded posteriorly and tapering anteriorly. Larva body is oval, adult males elongate, slender (Morrison, 1925). Generic Diagnosis based on adult male morphology: Head broad, wider than long, with setae and pores present on both sides; compound eyes with between 100 and 150 ommatidia. Antennal apical segment with a terminal bristle and no subapical bristle. Scutal setae and pores present, anteprosternal sete absent; scutellum with loculate pores and smp, tegula with setae and simple minute pores. Wings with subcostal ridge often only extending to less than ž wing length; cubital ridge starting from 1/8 wing base; hamulohalteres with 2 or 3 hamuli. Legs with hs mostly on femur and fs on tibia and tarsus; claws with denticles and setose digitules. Abdominal tergite VII with a single plate bearing numerous tubular ducts, surrounded by fleshy setae of variable length. Sternite IX without a median ridge but with a few setae. (Vea, 2014)
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 [Key to the genera of Ortheziini]; Williams & Watson 1990: 38 (female) [Genera of Ortheziidae of the South Pacific region]; Danzig 1988: 695 (female) [Ortheziidae genera of the Far East of the USSR]; Yang 1982: 14 (female) [Ortheziidae genera of China]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1978: 10 (female) [Genera of Ortheziidae]; Tereznikova 1975: 111 (female) [Ortheziidae genera of the Ukraine]; Danzig 1971d: 806 (female) [Key to genera of Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1925: 102 (adult female) [Genera of Ortheziinae]; Green 1922: 417 (adult female) [Genera of the subfamily Ortheziinae]; MacGillivray 1921: 110 (adult female) [as Douglasia; Genera of Ortheziinae].
CITATIONS: AguileGr1976 [distribution, host: 97]; AhmadGh1972 [distribution, host: 62]; Amyot1848 [taxonomy: 489]; Archan1937 [distribution: 23]; Atkins1886 [description, taxonomy: 295, 296]; Barnes1930 [biological control: 322, 323]; Beingo1967 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 70, 73, 78]; Beingo1969 [distribution, host: 96]; Blanch1897 [taxonomy: 678-683]; Borchs1937a [distribution: 19]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy: 26]; BoscdA1784 [description, distribution: 173]; Brain1915 [distribution: 89]; BremiBr1847 [distribution, taxonomy: 42]; Brown1958aSW [distribution, host: 429-434]; Browne1887 [taxonomy: 169-172]; BruesMeCa1954 [taxonomy: 108, 161]; BrunerScOt1945 [distribution, host: 71]; Callan1940 [biological control, distribution: 737, 744, 750, 752]; Cardin1915 [taxonomy: 107]; CassidRoBu1950 [distribution, host: 2]; Charli1972 [distribution, host: 216]; ChatteBo1934 [biological control, distribution: 2, 7, 9]; Cocker1893d [taxonomy: 8]; Cocker1893x [distribution: LXXlX]; Cocker1893y [taxonomy: 404]; Cocker1894v [distribution: 1053]; Cocker1896 [description: 9]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1897s [taxonomy: 383]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 390]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 274]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 259]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy: 349]; Craw1896 [distribution, host: 41]; Danks1981 [distribution: 429]; Danzig1964 [distribution: 621]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 806]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy: 41]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 695]; Dobzha1941 [distribution, host: 7]; Dougla1881 [taxonomy: 176]; Dougla1881a [taxonomy: 297]; Dufour1833 [taxonomy: 108-109, 289]; Dunham1954 [distribution, host: 71, 72]; Felt1914 [biological control: 458]; Felt1925 [distribution, host: 30]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 33]; Ferris1918 [structure: 85, 86, 88]; Ferris1919a [distribution, host: 14]; Ferris1921b [taxonomy: 59]; Fleury1938 [distribution, host: 19, 74]; Forel1928 [taxonomy: 502]; Frost1936 [distribution: 191, 195]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 56]; Garcia1912 [biological control, taxonomy: 264]; Garcia1929 [biological control, distribution: 117]; Ghesqu1946 [distribution: 235]; Gillan1916 [taxonomy: 243]; Giraul1913 [biological control: 196]; Gistel1848 [taxonomy: 151]; GomezM1937 [distribution, taxonomy: 11-12, 383]; GonzalCh1968 [distribution, host: 112]; Graven1977 [biological control, distribution, host: 657-658]; Green1914 [taxonomy: 104]; Green1922 [distribution: 418]; Green1922b [distribution: 23]; Green1928 [description: 12]; Hargre1925 [host: 25]; HertinSi1972 [distribution, host: 107]; Hollan1911 [chemistry: 297]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy: 46, 65]; Howard1907 [biological control: 82]; HowellWi1976 [taxonomy: 184]; Imhof1900 [taxonomy: 527]; Jarvis1911 [taxonomy: 67]; Kawai1980 [distribution: 81]; Kerveg1932 [taxonomy: 1676]; Kirkal1906a [taxonomy: 253]; Koszta1996 [description, host, taxonomy: 66-68]; KosztaKo1978 [description, taxonomy: 10]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, taxonomy: 41]; Koteja1976 [structure: 268]; Koteja1984d [taxonomy: 488]; Koteja1987 [taxonomy: 235]; Koteja1987a [taxonomy: 241]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 204]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 659]; Kozar2004 [catalogue, taxonomy: 255]; KozarMi2001 [taxonomy: 244]; KumarLaLl1976 [distribution, host: 42]; Kuwana1907 [distribution, host: 178]; Kuwana1923b [description, distribution: 58]; Lamarc1816 [taxonomy: 462-463]; Lange1944 [taxonomy: 397]; Latrei1810 [taxonomy: 266, 434]; Lawson1917 [distribution, taxonomy: 165]; Lindin1913 [distribution: 90]; Lindin1923 [taxonomy: 142, 149-150]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 179, 182-3, 191]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 223]; Lloyd1911 [distribution, host: 42]; Louis1971 [taxonomy: 268]; Lounsb1895 [taxonomy: 111-132]; Lugger1900 [illustration: 215]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 106, 111-112]; Marlat1921 [distribution, host: 15]; Maskew1914a [distribution: 447]; Maskew1916 [distribution: 308]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 102-109]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 139]; Myers1934 [distribution, host: 61]; NastChKl1990 [distribution: 119]; Newell1927 [distribution, host: 82]; Newste1903 [taxonomy: 229]; Nietne1880 [distribution, host: 6]; NotzP1974 [biological control: 134]; Nur1980 [taxonomy: 103]; Oguma1919 [taxonomy: 94, 96-97, 102]; Pacora1979 [biological control: 101]; Pacora1980 [biological control, distribution: 111-117]; Passon1908 [taxonomy: 824]; Pollis1937 [taxonomy: 142]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Ramach1920 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 279]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 447]; RileyHo1890c [distribution, host: 124-125]; RileyHo1891 [distribution, taxonomy: 214]; Rogoja1958 [distribution, taxonomy: 302-304]; Romney1946 [distribution, host: 670-671]; Sabros1957 [biological control, distribution: 114, 117]; Salmon1933 [taxonomy: 478]; Sander1904a [taxonomy: 31]; Schwar1924 [distribution, host: 510-524]; Sefer1961 [distribution, host: 26, 27, 30, 36, 43,]; Shcher2007 [phylogeny: 60-61]; Signor1876a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 386-389]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 189]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 630]; Squire1933 [distribution: 140]; SrivasSi1966b [taxonomy: 129]; Swezey1923 [biological control: 300]; Swezey1925 [taxonomy: 370]; Szklar1997 [physiology: 32, 35, 36]; Targio1866 [description, taxonomy: 131-132, 146]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 722]; Terezn1975 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 27, 63, 111, 116]; Urich1893 [taxonomy: 196]; Utra1908 [taxonomy: 996]; Vea2014 [description, structure, taxonomy: 4-7]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761]; Wang1982TC [taxonomy: 39]; Weber1933 [taxonomy: 378, 531, 569,659]; Westwo1840 [description, taxonomy: 118, 450]; Westwo1855 [taxonomy: 836]; White1880 [taxonomy: 304, 306]; Wille1932 [taxonomy: 160]; Wille1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Wille1941 [taxonomy: 17]; Willia1991DJ [distribution, taxonomy: 459]; WilliaMa2014 [taxonomy: 7-12]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 38, 43]; Wilson1917 [distribution, host: 65]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 14]; Zimmer1948 [distribution: 139].
Orthezia ambrosicola MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia ambrosicola Morrison, 1952: 13-14. Type data: UNITED STATES: Texas, Red River, near Quanah, on Ambrosia sp., 1921, by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Notes: There is a paratype in USNM.
HOST: Asteraceae: Ambrosia sp. [Morris1952]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Texas [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is elongate ovoid and narrowed somewhat anteriorly (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004 (female) [as 324-325; Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 9 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 326]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 13-14]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366].
Orthezia annae CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia annae Cockerell, 1893y: 403-404. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Las Cruces, on Atriplex canescens?, 28/07/1893, by Prof. Townsend. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: male. Illust. Notes: There are 2 syntpes in the USNM, 1 with several first instars and 1 with a single adult female.
Orthezia nanae; Beardsley, 1968: 1457. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: atriplex ensign scale [Gill1993].
FOE: HEMIPTERA Miridae: Clivinema coalinga [MillerSc1994].
HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex canescens? [Cocker1893y], Atriplex confertifolia [Huffak1959], Atriplex polycarpa [MillerSc1994], Atriplex sp. [Ferris1919a], Kochia californica [Ferris1919a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Morris1925], California [Ferris1919a], Colorado [Fernal1903b], Idaho [Barr1953], Nevada [Morris1952], New Mexico [Cocker1893y], Texas [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1893y). Redescription and illustration by Morrison (1925), Gill (1993), and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is circular and covered with a white secretion which forms lateral and subdorsal longitudinal keels. The dorsum is marked by a furrow and the ovisac has eight longitudinal ridges. Legs and antennae are dark brown, antennae varying to pale brown with black tarsi. Larvae are stout oval, tapering slightly at each end (Morrison, 1925) and are sepia brown. Adult male is black with pale grey or greyish white wings and strongly facetted eyes (Cockerell, 1893y). Body large, total body length 1.5-1.65 mm. Antennae 1.3 times total body length, most segments subequal in length; fleshy setae present on antennae. (Vea, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Adult male Orthezia annae differ from other Orthezia spp. in having additional longer antennal setae, some on legs, similar to those on antennal setae, and fewer tubular ducts than on other Orthezia spp.
KEYS: Vea 2014: 3-4 (male) [Species of the Ortheziidae Based on Adult Males]; Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Gill 1993: 75 [Field key to California Ortheziidae]; Gill 1993: 77 [Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 9 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 106 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Barr1953 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 210]; Beards1968 [taxonomy: 1457]; Bibby1961 [distribution, host: 330]; Cocker1893y [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 403-404]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 32]; Cocker1894s [distribution, host: 285]; Cocker1895u [taxonomy: 730]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1896f [taxonomy: 39]; Cocker1898 [taxonomy: 20]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 272]; Essig1931 [taxonomy: 573]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 33]; Ferris1919a [distribution, host: 14]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 75, 76, 77, 78, 83]; GilletBa1895 [distribution, host: 127]; HertinSi1972 [host: 107]; Huffak1959 [distribution, host: 259-260]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 327]; Lounsb1895 [distribution, host: 123]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; MillerSc1994 [biological control, distribution: 383-384]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 110-112]; Morris1952 [distribution, host: 14]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Steinh1964 [distribution, ecology: 643]; Vea2014 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 4, 18-20].
Orthezia argrimoniae ShinjiNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia argrimoniae Shinji, 1936a: 91. Unknown type status. Notes: A letter from S. Takagi to Ben-Dov (30/01/89) indicates that all Shinji's collections were lost.
Orthezia agrimoniae; Kawai, 1980: 83. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: agrimony orthezia [Yang1982].
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Shinji1936a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Short redescription by Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: According to the antenna and leg presented on the original drawing, even the generic replacement is not clear. However, the characters presented, if they were correctly drawn, deserve attention (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kawai1980 [taxonomy: 83]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 332]; Morris1952 [distribution: 15]; Shinji1936a [description, illustration: 90-91]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 354].
Orthezia boliviana MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia boliviana Morrison, 1925: 115-116. Type data: BOLIVIA: Guaqui, on "Vareta", 07/03/1919, by W.R. Allen. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison mark a specimen as the holotype, he did not mention a "holotype" or "type" in the original description (Morrison, 1925). Therefore, a lectotype should be desigated.
HOST: Undetermined [Morris1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Morris1925].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is stout oval, very slightly narrowed anteriorly. Ovisac is short, presumably completely covered both dorsally and ventrally with white secretionary plates. Larvae do not display any obvious peculiarities (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 332]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 115-116]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 10].
Orthezia cheilanthi TinsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia cheilanthi Tinsley, 1898: 12-13. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Organ Mountains, on Cheilanthes fendleri, ?/08/1897, by J.D. Tinsley. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: There are 6 syntype slides in USNM.
HOST: Polypodiaceae: Cheilanthes fendleri [Tinsle1898].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Tinsle1898]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Tinsley (1898). Illustration and redescription by Morrison (1925) and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Body is covered with white secretion which forms lateral and subdorsal longitudinal keels. Ovisac has distinct longitudinal ridges above and nearly as distinct ridges below (Tinsley, 1898).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 108 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 390]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 34]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 334]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 117-120]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 10, 50]; Tinsle1898 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 12-13].
Orthezia graminicola MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia graminicola Morrison, 1952: 24-26. Type data: UNITED STATES: Mississippi, Gulfport, on Gramineae, 29/05/1945, by G. Rau. Syntypes, female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: There are 3 syntype slides in the USNM.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Andropogon sp. [Morris1952], Panicum sp. [TippinBe1978]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [TippinBe1978], Mississippi [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult dried female body has long dorsal secretionary tufts, is completely covered by secretion dorsally, the anterior dorsal tufts quadrate and directed forward. As mounted, body is stout elliptical (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Vea 2014: 3-4 (male) [Species of the Ortheziidae Based on Adult Males]; Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 336]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 24-26]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367]; TippinBe1978 [distribution, host: 13]; Vea2014 [description, taxonomy: 4, 31-32].
Orthezia grandis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia grandis Hempel, 1920a: 340-341. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cantareira, on Taquarussu (= Guadua distorta?), ?/05/1912, by Ihering & Luederwaldt. Holotype female, by original designation; type no. 16767. Notes: Hempel (1920a) states that the type is in the collection at Museu Paulista. Syntypes at USNM.
HOST: Poaceae: Guadua distorta? [Morris1925, Hempel1920a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Morris1925]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Hempel (1920a). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is large, as is the ovisac. Eggs are oval (Hempel, 1920a).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: CostaL1928 [distribution, host: 103]; CostaL1936 [distribution, host: 201]; Hempel1920a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 342-343]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 338]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host: 431]; Morris1925 [taxonomy: 123]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 10, 19]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 189].
Orthezia japonica KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia japonica Kuwana, 1917a: 3. Type data: JAPAN. Unknown type status. Notes: Morrison (1952) states that much of Kuwana's material was destroyed in the 1923 earthquake and thus any determination of the status of this species may depend on the discovery of a topotype.
COMMON NAME: acorus orthezia [Yang1982].
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1917].
SYSTEMATICS: This species was incorrectly synonymized with O. urticae by Morrison (1925). Morrison (1952) states that there is little evidence for the distinction between O. japonica and O. yasushii, but that until topotype material of these species can be found they must be considered as distinct.
CITATIONS: Kawai1972 [distribution, taxonomy: 2]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 83]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 340]; Kuwana1917 [description, distribution, illustration: 155]; Kuwana1917a [taxonomy: 3]; Kuwana1923b [distribution, taxonomy: 58]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 370]; Morris1925 [taxonomy: 140]; Morris1952 [distribution, taxonomy: 33, 53]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 354, 376].
Orthezia juniperi MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia juniperi Morrison, 1952: 33-34. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Datil, on Juniperus pachyphloea, 01/07/1940, by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Illust. Notes: Morrison (1952) states "the holotype and paratypes are with Professor Ferris in the Stanford University collection." Miller et al. (1973) state that the Stanford collection is now a part of UCDC. Paratypes in USNM.
HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus pachyphloea [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Morris1952], New Mexico [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is small with a single short digitate, white, wax tuft protruding directly forward from the head, tufts are mostly not white but off shades ranging from pale yellow through gray to an olive green somewhat resembling the color of the host. Ovisac is straight or a very little upcurved apically, tapering a little towards apex. Body is stout, ovate broadened posteriorly (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 341]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 10]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 33-34]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Orthezia lasiorum CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia lasiorum Cockerell, 1901h: 209. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Las Vegas and Trout Springs, in nests of Lasius americanus, 25/04/1901, by Mrs. Cockerell. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
HOST: Poaceae: Poa sp. [Morris1925]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Miller1996]; United States of America (Colorado [Bueker1931a], New Mexico [Morris1925]).
BIOLOGY: This species was found in the nests of Lasius americanus (Morrison, 1925).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1910h). Subsequent description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Ovisac is not very long. Adult female is pale orange, has two long median white caudal lamellae curving over the ovisac, but not attached to it. Dorsum is covered with waxy secretion, but it is easily removed. Larvae are yellowish pink and thickly covered with waxy lamellae, no bare areas (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Bueker1931a [distribution, host: 151]; Cocker1901h [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 209]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Cocker1905c [taxonomy: 136]; Cocker1910b [distribution, host: 425]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 272]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 35]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 342]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 125-126]; Morris1952 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 35]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Orthezia maroccana Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia maroccana Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kozár, 2004: 344. Type data: MAROC: Moyen Atlas, near to Ksiba, 1400 m. altitude, 1/05/1948, A.S. Balachowsky. Holotype female, by original designation; type no. 6452. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Holotype on right side marked with red. One paratype on the same slide.
HOST: Cistaceae: Cistus sp. [new]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Morocco [Kozar2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to O. martelli but different by absence of row of quadrilocular pores in front of ovisac band, and by presence of quadrilocular pores among setae of ovisac band (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 344].
Orthezia newcomeri MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia newcomeri Morrison, 1952: 37. Type data: UNITED STATES: Washington, Yakima County, Cascade Mountains on Penstemom sp., 10/08/1930, by E.J. Newcomer. Syntypes, female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Morrison mentioned the holotype in the original description (1952), but did not mark 1 of the 2 adult females on the type slide as the holotype. Therefore, a lectotype should be designated.
Orthezia newcomberi; Gill, 1993: 80. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: Newcomber's ensign scale [Gill1993].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia frigida [KozarGuBa1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Penstemon sp. [Morris1952], Penstemon sp. [KozarGuBa1994]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarGuBa1994]); United States of America (California? [Gill1993] (Gill (1993) states that "California identifications are in doubt. They have been labeled as 'probably this species' by Harold Morrison."), Washington [Morris1952]).
BIOLOGY: This species was collected from the Cascade Mountains at elevations of 5500 feet (Morrison, 1952).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Detailed description of adult male in Vea, 2014.
STRUCTURE: Adult dried female body with secretion is stoutly elliptical, dorsally fully covered by white secretionary tufts, the pattern essentially as with related species. Adult male is very large, total body length 2.6 mm. Antennae exceptionally long, nearly 1.7 times total body length, most segments approximately subequal in length, with 4-6 loculi, present on both dorsal and ventral surfaces; simple minute pores sparsely present throughout body. (Vea, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison also states that "this insect is closely related to urticae and solidaginis, but in the limited material that is available for study it can be distinguished by differences in eyestalk and ovisac band as emphasized in the key to species."
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Gill 1993: 75 (female) [as Orthezia newcomberi; Field key to California Ortheziidae]; Gill 1993 (female) [as Orthezia newcomberi; Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 11 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Gill1993 [distribution, taxonomy: 75, 77, 80, 86]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 350]; KozarGuBa1994 [distribution, host: 71]; MawFoHa2000 [distribution: 42]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 37]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367]; Vea2014 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 4, 20, 22-24].
Orthezia nuda FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia nuda Ferris, 1919a: 13. Type data: UNITED STATES: Arizona, between Benson and Dragoon, on Quercus emoryi, 28/06/1918, by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Notes: Ferris (1919a) states that a holotype has been deposited in the collection of Coccidae of the Department of Entomology of Stanford University. This collection is now a part of the UCDC collection (Miller et al., 1973).
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus emoryi [Ferris1919a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1919a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Ferris (1919a). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Dorsum is entirely destitute of secretion except for a fringe of very short marginal tufts about the posterior portion of the abdomen. Ovisac is as broad as long and is a little longer than the length of the body, straight and with truncate tip (Ferris, 1919a). Larva is oval, somewhat tapering behind and short (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 9 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 106 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 111 (adult female) [Species of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Ferris1919a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 13]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 354]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 111]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 14]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 130]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 9]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Orthezia olivacea CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia olivacea Cockerell, 1905c: 136. Type data: UNITED STATES: Colorado, Boulder, in nests of Lasius, ?/11/1904, by W.P. & T.D.A. Cockerell. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: There are 2 syntype slides each with 2 adult females in the USNM.
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Lasius sp. [Cocker1905c].
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [MawFoHa2000]); United States of America (Colorado [Cocker1905c], Idaho [Morris1952], New Mexico [Cocker1905c]).
BIOLOGY: Specimens collected in nests of Lasius (Cockerell, 1905c).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1905c). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female has reddish-brown legs and antennae. Body is entirely covered with dense white secretion (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: AguileGr1976 [distribution, host: 97, 98]; Beingo1965 [distribution, host: 3]; Beingo1969 [taxonomy: 97]; Beingo1969a [taxonomy: 130-136]; Beingo1969b [taxonomy: 144]; Beingo1971 [distribution, host: 11]; Beingo1971a [distribution, host: 33]; Beingo1971b [distribution, host: 41, 42, 44]; Beingo1971c [distribution, host: 52]; Bueker1931a [distribution, host: 151, 152]; Cocker1905c [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 136]; Cocker1910b [distribution, host: 425]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 272]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 36a]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 356]; LaPollBuBr2008 [behaviour : 55]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; MawFoHa2000 [distribution: 42]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 133]; Morris1952 [distribution, host: 37]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367]; Willia1985a [distribution, host: 217].
Orthezia quadrua FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia quadrua Ferris, 1950: 13. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, Kunming, on Ambrosia sp., 02/05/1949, by G.F. Ferris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Miller et al. (1973) state that there is a specimen labeled "holotype" in UCDC, but since Ferris makes no mention of a type or holotype in his original description, all type material must be considered syntypes.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia sp. [Morris1952], Artemisia sp. [Tao1999]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Ferris (1950). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is entirely concealed beneath the usual tufts of pure white wax, the tufts along the lateral margins of the abdomen being quite long and curving. Ovisac is short, stout and a little longer than the body (Ferris, 1950).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 11 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Ali1970 [distribution, host: 93]; Ferris1950 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 13]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 132]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 358]; Morris1952 [distribution, host: 45]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 7]; Yang1982 [distribution, host, illustration: 15, 16].
Orthezia sclerotica MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia sclerotica Morrison, 1952: 47-49. Type data: PERU: Pisuquio, on Melastomaceae, 23/06/1948, by E.J. Hambleton. Syntypes, female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 7. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison mentioned a holotype in the original description (Morrison, 1952) and marked a slide as the such, he did not choose one of the 5 adult females on the slide as the primary type. Therefore, a lectotype should be designated. There are 3 syntype slides in the USNM.
HOST: Melastomataceae [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body as mounted is elliptical. This species is distinct because of the wide sclerotization of the dorsal surface (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 7 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Beingo1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 31]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 360]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 47-49].
Orthezia selaginellae MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia selaginellae Morrison, 1952: 49-50. Type data: UNITED STATES: Texas, Laredo, on Selaginella sp., 09/02/1949, by Chapman. Syntypes, female, by original designation; type no. 48269. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison marked a specimen as the holotype, he did not mention a primary type in the original description (Morrison, 1952). Therefore, a lectotype should be designated. There are 2 syntype slides in the USNM.
HOST: Selaginellaceae: Selaginella sp. [Morris1952]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Guanajuato [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is dorsally completely and heavily covered with flat overlapping secretion plates tending to give an irregularly shingled appearance. The marginal and cephalic tufts are short and stout, the abdominal tufts are somewhat elongated (perhaps not fully formed)(Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 9 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 362]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 49-50].
Orthezia shirakensis HadzibejliNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia shirakensis Hadzibejli, 1963a: 618-620. Type data: GEORGIA: East Georgia, Shirak steppe, on Artemisia meyeriana. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia meyeriana [Hadzib1963a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia [Hadzib1963a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Hadzibejli (1963a). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female broadly oval and olive green. Last instar larvae are more elongate oval and have hairs present on both the ventral and the dorsal sides of the body (Hadzibejli, 1963a).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Hadzib1963a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 618-620]; Hadzib1983 [distribution, host: 266]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 364]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 448].
Orthezia solidaginis SandersNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia solidaginis Sanders, 1904: 94-95. Type data: UNITED STATES: Ohio, Ottawa County, near Port Clinton, 5/07/1903, by J.G. Sanders. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: There are 3 syntype slides in the USNM.
Orthezia ambrosiae Lawson, 1917: 165-167. Type data: UNITED STATES: Kansas, Lawrence, on Ambrosia trifida, ?/?/1916. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Morrison, 1925: 136. Notes: There are 2 syntype slides in the USNM.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia trifida [Morris1925], Erigeron canadensis [Lawson1933], Helianthus tuberosus [Lawson1933], Solidago canadensis [Sander1904], Solidago serotina [Lawson1933], Teuerium canadense [Lawson1933]. Rosaceae: Potentilla sp. [Morris1925]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Koszta1996], Georgia [TippinBe1978], Illinois [Morris1952], Kansas [Morris1925], Maryland [Morris1925], Missouri [Morris1925], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], New York [Morris1952], Ohio [Sander1904], Oregon [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Morris1952], Utah [Koszta1996], Virginia [Morris1925], West Virginia [Koszta1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Sanders (1904). Subsequent detailed descriptions and illustrations by Morrison (1925) and Kosztarab (1996). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is completely covered by white waxy secretion in four series. Body, antennae and legs are dark reddish brown. Immature stage is covered above by four series of waxy lamellae (Sanders, 1904).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Kosztarab 1996: 59 (female) [Species of Northeastern North America Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 11 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: FeltMo1928 [distribution, host: 194]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 36a]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy: 14]; Hollin1917a [distribution, host: 271]; Hollin1923 [distribution, host: 46, 66]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 68-69]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 366]; Lawson1917 [distribution, host: 165]; Lawson1933 [distribution, host: 36]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 136-137]; Morris1952 [distribution, taxonomy: 14, 52]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367]; Sander1904 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 95]; Sander1904a [distribution, host: 32]; TippinBe1978 [distribution, host: 13]; Trimbl1928 [distribution, host: 42].
Orthezia sonorensis CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia sonorensis Cockerell, 1896f: 38-39. Type data: MEXICO: Sonora, San Ignacio, on Hymenoclea monogyra, 26/09/1894, by C.H. Townsend. Syntypes, female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 6448. Described: female. Notes: There are 6 syntype slides in USNM.
HOST: Asteraceae: Hymenoclea monogyra [Cocker1896f].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Sonora [Cocker1896f]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1896f). More detailed description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female covered by white secretion, except for a small area posteriorly. Legs are orange brown (Cockerell, 1896b). Larvae closely resemble those of O. annae, but differ in that the antennae of all the specimens examined are only 5 segmented (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 9 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 106 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 112 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Cocker1895u [taxonomy: 730]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 327]; Cocker1896f [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 38-39]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 5]; Fernal1903b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 36]; Green1918 [host: 238]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 368]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 112]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 137]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 9]; Townse1896 [distribution, host: 10, 13].
Orthezia tartallyi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia tartallyi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 370. Type data: PERU: Oxapampa, 2400-2700 m asl, 01/11/2000, A. Tartally & G. Szovenyi. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 6188. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Kozar2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to O. argrimoniae, having blunted setae on antennae, but different by having eight-segmented antenna(Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia].
Orthezia urticae (Linnaeus)NOMENCLATURE:
Aphis urticae Linnaeus, 1758: 453. Type data: GERMANY: on Urtica sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Linnean Society of London, England. Described: female. Notes: According to Douglas Williams (personal communication July 8, 2003) no material of this species is present in the Linnaen Society collection.
Orthezia characias Bosc d'Antic, 1784: 171. Type data: FRANCE: Nîmes, on Euphorbia characias. Unknown type status. Illust. Synonymy by Signoret, 1876a: 389-390. Notes: Type material is presumed lost.
Dorthezia characias; Bosc d'Antic, 1785: 207. Change of combination.
Coccus characias; Olivier, 1791: 99. Change of combination.
Coccus dubius Fabricius, 1794: 228. Type data: ITALY: by Dr. Allioni. Syntypes. Type depository: Copenhagen: Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Department of Entomology, Denmark. Described: unknown. Synonymy by Dufour, 1833.
Aphis urticata; Stewart, 1802: 120. Misspelling of species name.
Dorthezia delavauxii Thiebaut, 1825: 289-291. Type data: FRANCE: near Paris, on Teucrium scorodonia, 24/05/1824, by Delavaux. Unknown type status. Described: both sexes. Illust. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912b. Notes: Types presumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999).
Dorthesia urticae; Burmeister, 1835: 76. Change of combination.
Coccus glechomae Burmeister, 1835: 77. Nomen nudum; discovered by Lindinger, 1912b: 364. Notes: Douglas (1881) states that this species was cited by Burmeister, but that he was unable to find a description. Burmeister cites this species as "Cocc. Glechomae Fabr." but there is no evidence of this species epithet in any of Fabricius' publications. Since no reference to this name can be found in Fabricius, Burmeister is listed as the author of the name.
Dorthezia dispar Kaltenbach, 1874: 486. Nomen nudum. Notes: Douglas (1881) states that "Orthezia dispar Kaltenbach, was never described so far as I can ascertain; it is given thus by Kaltenbach in "Die Pflanzenfeinde" p. 486 (1874): 'Dortesia dispar? = urticae, Brm.' It is, therefore, merely a superfluous name."
Orthezia cataphracta; Signoret, 1876a: 389. Incorrect synonymy.
Orthezia urticae; Signoret, 1876a: 389. Change of combination.
Orthezia maenariensis Douglas, 1884: 81-86. Type data: ITALY: Montecristo, on Erica arborea, by J. Lichtenstein. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male. Illust. Synonymy by Laing, 1922. Notes: There are two slides in the BMNH labeled "Montecriscto Douglas Collection/ 110.2/ 1904 120/ Orthezia maenariensis Dougl./ type" and "Montecristo Douglas Collection 109.24 in Douglas ledger/ 1904 102/ Orthezia maenariensis Dougl/ male/ type" (Williams, personal communication, October 14, 1998).
Orthezia martelli Leonardi, 1908: 150. Type data: ITALY: Catanzaro, Calabria, on Gramineae, by G. Martelli. Syntypes. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Morrison, 1925: 141. Notes: Morrison (1925) examined a single adult female from the type material and determined that this species is indeed identical with O. urticae. He does note however, that this conclusion was reached on the examination of a single decidedly imperfect specimen. There are dry specimens and some preserved in alcohol in IFSP labeled "Catanzaro, su graminacee" (Marotta, personal communication, September 29, 1998).
Orthezia japonica; Kuwana, 1917: 3. Incorrect synonymy.
Orthezia arenariae Vayssičre, 1924: 28-29. Type data: MOROCCO: Djebel Tachdirt, on Arenaria pungens, ?/07/1923, by Peyerimhoff. Syntypes, female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: male. Illust. Synonymy by Morrison, 1952: 14-15. Notes: Matile-Ferrero states that there are 7 syntypes on 7 slides (personal communication, December 3, 1999).
COMMON NAMES: cochenille de l'Ortie [Richar1998]; ensign coccid [KosztaKo1988F]; nettle ensign scale [KosztaKo1988F].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis campestris [HertinSi1972], Hyperaspis concolor [Balach1930e]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aphytis urticae [Kawai1980].
HOSTS: Alliaceae: Allium sp. [KozarGuBa1994]. Apocynaceae: Vinca minor [Flachs1931]. Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Flachs1931]. Asteraceae: Achillea sp. [Morris1925], Anthemis sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Artemisia argyi [TangLi1988], Artemisia scoparia [TangLi1988], Artemisia sp. [Morris1925], Aster sp. [Morris1925], Centaurea sp. [Morris1925], Dendranthema sp. [Tao1999], Echinops persicae [Moghad2013a], Echinops ritro [Moghad2013a], Gundelia sp. [Moghad2013a], Hieraceum sp. [Morris1925], Leontodon hastilis [Hua2000], Leontodon sp. [Morris1925], Matricaria sp. [Morris1925], Plagius sp. [Richar1998], Solidago sp. [Tao1999], Taraxacum sp. [Morris1925]. Boraginaceae: Symphytum sp. [Morris1925]. Cannabaceae: Humulus sp. [Green1918]. Caryophyllaceae: Arenaria pungens [Vayssi1924], Silene sp. [MatilePe2002], Stellaria holostea [Dougla1881a], Tunica saxifraga [Hua2000], Tunica sp. [Morris1925]. Cistaceae: Cistus [Richar1998], Halimium sp. [Richar1998]. Compositae: Pilosella officinarum [MalumpOsPy2010]. Convolvulaceae: Cuscuta sp. [Morris1925]. Cruciferae: Cardaminopsis sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Ericaceae: Erica arborea [Fernal1903b]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia sp. [Morris1925]. Fabaceae: Acacia sp. [Tao1999], Adenocarpus sp. [Richar1998], Astragalus sp. [Moghad2013a], Coronilla sp. [Morris1925], Dorycnium germanicum [Kozar1999a], Dorycnium sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Lathyrus sp. [Morris1925], Onobrychis sp. [Morris1925], Stragalus gossypinus [TorabiVaHo2010], Tetragonolobus sp. [MatilePe2002], Trifolium sp. [Morris1925], Vicia sp. [MatilePe2002]. Geraniaceae: Geranium sp. [Morris1925]. Labiatae: Ballota sp. [Morris1925], Calamintha sp. [Richar1998], Glecoma sp. [Morris1925], Lavandula sp. [Richar1998], Melittis sp. [Morris1925], Phlomis sp. [Morris1925], Satureja sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Teucrium chaemiedris [Kozar1999a], Teucrium scordonia [Thieba1825], Teucrium sp. [Kozar1999a, MatilePe2002]. Lamiaceae: Origanum vulgare [Kozar1999a], Thymus sp. [Kozar1999a], Thymus vulgaris [MatilePe2002]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus sp. [Efimof1937]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum sp. [Kozar1999a]. Orobanchaceae: Melampyrum sp. [MatilePe2002]. Plumbaginaceae: Armeria maritima [Harris1916], Statice limonium [Harris1916]. Poaceae [Morris1925]. Primulaceae: Glaux sp. [Morris1925]. Ranunculaceae: Caltha sp. [Morris1925], Clematis vitalba [KozarGuBa1994]. Rosaceae: Filipendula sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Potentilla sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Pyrus falconnet [Morris1952], Rosa sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Rubus sp. [Morris1925], Rubus ulmifolius [Foldi2002], Sanguisorba sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Spiraea sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Rubiaceae: Galium sp. [Morris1925]. Saxifragaceae: Bergenia sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Scrophulariaceae: Linaria vulgaris [MalumpOsPy2010], Melampyrum sp. [Morris1925, MatilePe2002]. Thymelaeaceae: Daphne angustifolia [Moghad2013a]. Umbelliferae: Aegopodium sp. [Morris1925], Eryngium bungei [Moghad2013a], Heracleum sp. [Morris1925], Odontites sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Urticaceae: Parietaria sp. [Morris1925], Urtica dioica [Kozar1999a], Urtica sp [Morris1925]. Vitidaceae: Vitis sp. [KosztaKo1988F]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990]. Oriental: China (Yunnan [Tao1999]). Palaearctic: Algeria [Morris1925]; Austria [KosztaKo1988F, Morris1925]; Bulgaria [KosztaKo1988F]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tao1999], Ningxia (=Ningsia) [Tao1999], Xizang (=Tibet) [Tao1999]); Corsica [Foldi2003]; Croatia [MastenSi2008]; Czech Republic [Morris1925]; Denmark [Kozarz1986]; Finland [Kozarz1986]; France [Morris1925, Foldi2001, Foldi2002]; Georgia [Hadzib1963a]; Germany [Morris1925]; Greece [Morris1925]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F]; Iran [Bodenh1944b]; Iraq [Morris1952]; Ireland [Morris1952]; Italy [Morris1925, LongoMaPe1995]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2010]; Mongolia [Danzig1982a]; Morocco [Vayssi1924]; Netherlands [Jansen2001]; Poland [Szulcz1926, Morris1952, SimonKa2011]; Portugal [Morris1952, FrancoRuMa2011]; Romania [Morris1952]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995]; Spain [Morris1952]; Sweden [Ossian1984]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Lashin1956] (Ashkahabad Oblast [Morris1925]); USSR [Morris1952]; United Kingdom (England [Morris1925], Scotland [Morris1952]); Uzbekistan (Tashkent Oblast [Cocker1927]); Yugoslavia [KosztaKo1988F].
BIOLOGY: Detailed description of life history by Sikes (1928). All stages overwinter except first instars. Females lay 150-500 eggs and there is one yearly generation. This species can probably reproduce with or without fertilization (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). Orthezia urticae has been found in salt marshes on stems that are submerged at high tide (Harrison, 1916a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Vayssiere (1924). Detailed treatment of the male of the species by Koteja (1986e).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval and covered with six rows of wax plates, but none are at the midline. Fully developed ovisac is longer than the body and is strongly dorsally ribbed. Detailed description of adult males and immatures in Kluge, 2010.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Biological control of this species is discussed by Balachowsky (1928, 1930e), Herting & Simmonds (1972) and Kawai (1980).
KEYS: Vea 2014: 3-4 (male) [Species of the Ortheziidae Based on Adult Males]; Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Danzig 1988: 696 (female) [Orthezia species of the Soviet far east]; Ossiannilsson 1984: 123 (female) [Ortheziidae of Sweden]; Danzig 1971d: 806 (female) [Key to species of the family Ortheziidae]; Danzig 1964: 621 (female) [Orthezia species in SSSR]; Morrison 1952: 11 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Alfken1930 [taxonomy: 56]; Ali1970 [taxonomy: 92]; AlimdzBr1956 [distribution, host: 148]; Amyot1848 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 489-490]; Archan1923 [distribution, host: 266]; Archan1937 [distribution, host: 23, 25, 139, 140]; Babaev1980 [distribution, host: 55]; BaetaN1947 [taxonomy: 134]; Balach1927 [distribution, host: 190]; Balach1929a [distribution, host: 317]; Balach1930e [taxonomy: 221]; Balach1930f [biological control: 21-23]; Balach1932 [taxonomy: 14]; Balach1933e [distribution, host: 7]; Balach1935b [distribution, host: 265-266]; Balach1935c [distribution, host: 6]; Balach1953h [distribution, host, taxonomy: 93-95]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 38]; Bazaro1962 [distribution, host: 62]; Bazaro1963 [distribution, host: 64]; Bazaro1968a [distribution, host: 66]; Bazaro1971c [taxonomy: 91]; Beards1968 [taxonomy: 1457]; Beingo1971b [taxonomy: 41]; Bielen1962 [distribution, host: 9]; Blanch1897 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 678-683]; Bodenh1928 [biological control: 310]; Bodenh1935 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 242,251, 260, 266]; Bodenh1943 [distribution, host: 27, 28]; Bodenh1944a [distribution: 85, 86, 98]; Bodenh1944b [distribution: 85]; Bodenh1953a [distribution, host: 157-158]; Bohner1935 [taxonomy: 451]; Boraty1955 [distribution, host: 67]; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 94]; Borchs1934 [distribution, host: 9]; Borchs1937a [distribution, host: 174]; Borchs1938 [distribution, host: 134]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host: 26]; Borchs1950c [distribution, host: 370]; Borchs1963a [distribution, host: 37, 136, 166, 177]; Borchs1973 [distribution, host: 136, 143, 192]; BoscdA1784 [taxonomy: 173]; Brozek2006 [structure, physiology: 255-264]; Bruno1932 [taxonomy: 371]; Buchne1965 [distribution, host: 247, 251-252]; Bustsh1960 [distribution, host: 167]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1898 [taxonomy: 19]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 390]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 274]; Cocker1901c [taxonomy: 92]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Cocker1922 [taxonomy: 309]; Cocker1927 [distribution: 836]; Cook1935 [distribution, host: 419]; Costan1950 [distribution, host: 1]; Danzig1959 [distribution, host: 444, 453]; Danzig1964 [distribution, host: 621]; Danzig1969 [host: 1579]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 806]; Danzig1972 [distribution, host: 189]; Danzig1977a [distribution, host: 196]; Danzig1977b [distribution, host: 39, 54]; Danzig1978 [distribution, host: 6]; Danzig1978a [distribution, host: 73]; Danzig1980b [distribution, host: 104]; Danzig1982a [distribution, host: 140]; Danzig1985 [distribution, host: 146]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 696]; DeMarzRoTr1990 [structure: 42]; Dougla1881 [distribution, host: 176, 203-204]; Dougla1881a [distribution, host, life history: 297-299]; Dougla1881b [distribution, host: 447, 448]; Dougla1884 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 81-86]; Dziedz1977 [distribution, host: 57]; Dziedz1988 [distribution, host: 93]; Efimof1937 [distribution, host: 34, 99]; Elliot1933 [distribution, host: 142]; Fabric1794 [taxonomy: 228]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 35, 35a, 36]; Ferris1918 [structure: 87]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy: 14]; FetykoKoDa2010 [distribution: 296]; Flachs1931 [host: 171, 214, 473]; Foldi2000 [distribution, host: 77]; Foldi2001 [distribution, economic importance: 303, 307]; Foldi2002 [distribution: 244]; FoldiCa1985 [structure: ill]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 18,25]; Freder1910 [taxonomy: 129]; Fulmek1943 [biological control: 56]; Gangul1979 [taxonomy: 12]; Gavalo1932 [distribution, host: 145]; Gertss1997 [distribution: 112]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 125]; Gertss2008 [catalogue: 55]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 56]; Giard1897b [taxonomy: 262]; Giard1898 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 10]; GiardBu1895 [taxonomy: 385]; GomezM1937 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 383-384, 385-387,422]; GomezM1948 [distribution, host: 118]; GomezM1954 [distribution, host: 144]; GomezM1957 [distribution, host: 86]; GomezM1958a [distribution, host: 8, 11]; GomezM1960O [distribution, host: 204]; GomezM1965 [distribution, host: 114]; Goux1931 [distribution, host: 330]; Goux1941a [distribution: 39]; Green1918 [host: 230, 232, 234, 236,2]; Green1921 [distribution, host: 28]; Green1922b [distribution, host: 12, 23]; Green1927 [distribution, host: 1]; Green1928 [distribution, host: 12]; Green1928a [distribution, host: 30]; Green1934d [distribution: 114]; Hadzib1941 [distribution, host: 181, 182]; Hadzib1963a [description, distribution, host: 616-618]; Hadzib1983 [distribution, host: 266]; Harris1916 [distribution, host: 28]; Harris1916 [distribution, ecology, host: 173]; Harris1916a [distribution: 93]; Harris1944 [distribution, host: 111]; Hase1927 [taxonomy: 60-61]; Henrik1921 [distribution, host: 311]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 107]; HodekHo2009 [biological control: 235]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy]; Hollan1911 [chemistry: 297-300]; Hua2000 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 132]; Hunt1939 [taxonomy: 556]; Iherin1897 [distribution, host: 404]; Iukhne1958 [taxonomy: 103]; Jaap1914 [taxonomy: 142]; Jansen2001 [distribution: 199]; John1930 [taxonomy: 6]; Kalten1859 [taxonomy: 218]; Kalten1874 [taxonomy: 484]; Kanda1941a [distribution: 9]; Kaussa1957 [distribution, host: 2]; Kawai1980 [biological control, description: 81]; Kaweck1935 [distribution, host: 89-90]; Kaweck1936 [distribution, host: 324]; Kaweck1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 7-8]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Killin1932 [taxonomy: 18]; Kirchn1912 [distribution, host, illustration: 1-17]; Kiritc1928 [distribution, host: 112]; Kiritc1931 [distribution, host: 307]; Kiritc1931 [distribution, host: 307-308]; Kiritc1932 [distribution, host: 65]; Kiritc1935 [distribution: 1]; Kirkal1906a [distribution, host: 253]; Kluge2010 [behaviour, description, illustration, life history: 249- 270]; Knecht1930 [distribution, host: 232]; Kohler1983 [distribution, host, life history: 443-453]; Kohler1984 [distribution, host: 361-363]; Komosi1977 [distribution, host: 21]; KomosiPo1967 [distribution, host: 683]; Koreck1974 [taxonomy: 86]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, host: 13, 14]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 41-43]; Koteja1971a [host: 320]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 246]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 71]; Koteja1980 [distribution, host: 75, 79, 83]; Koteja1986e [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 324-341]; Koteja1987a [taxonomy: 246-247]; Koteja1996a [illustration, taxonomy: 76]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 170]; Koteja2000d [distribution: 242]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 658]; KotejaZa1969 [distribution, host: 358]; KotejaZa1983 [distribution, host: 470]; Kozar1980 [distribution, host: 66]; Kozar1983a [distribution, host: 139]; Kozar1985 [distribution, host: 202]; Kozar1999a [distribution, host: 138]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 372]; Kozar2009a [distribution: 581]; KozarDr1991 [distribution, taxonomy: 362]; KozarFoZa1996 [distribution: 64]; KozarGuBa1994 [distribution, host: 152]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKo2002b [distribution: 374]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarKoSa2002 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; KozarOrKo1977 [distribution, host: 70]; KozarOs1987 [distribution, host: 91]; KozarPaPa1991 [distribution, host: 63]; KozarTzVi1979 [distribution, host: 129]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; Kozarz1986 [distribution, taxonomy: 307]; KozarzRe1975 [distribution, host: 7, 10]; Krasuc1922 [distribution, host: 62, 63]; KSPP1972 [taxonomy: 108]; Kunkel1967 [distribution, host: 43]; Lagows1998a [ecology: 65]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 241]; LagowsKo1996 [distribution: 30]; Laing1919 [distribution, host: 234]; Laing1922 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 254-255]; Laing1925 [taxonomy: 383]; Lamarc1816 [distribution, host: 463]; Lashin1956 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 106-107]; Leonar1901a [distribution, host: 442]; Leonar1908b [distribution, host: 150-154]; Leonar1918 [distribution, host: 215]; Lindin1907b [distribution, host: 8]; Lindin1908 [taxonomy: 91]; Lindin1909b [distribution, host: 225]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 155-330]; Lindin1911 [distribution, host: 380-381]; Lindin1912b [distribution, host: 167]; Lindin1914 [taxonomy: 157]; Lindin1921 [distribution, host: 434]; Lindin1921a [taxonomy: 9]; Lindin1923 [distribution, host: 144, 150, 151]; Lindin1928 [distribution, host: 105]; Lindin1930 [distribution, host: 107]; Lindin1931 [distribution, host: 115, 121-122]; Lindin1931a [distribution, host: 90, 91]; Lindin1932d [distribution, host: 125]; Lindin1934b [distribution, host: 172, 175]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 141]; Lindin1936 [distribution: 161]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 191]; Lindin1938 [distribution, host: 11]; Lindin1943b [distribution, host: 223]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 550]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 370]; Linnae1758 [taxonomy: 41]; Lomaki1967 [distribution, host: 32]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 116]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 144]; Lounsb1895 [distribution, host: 132]; Low1884 [distribution, host: 11-16]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 133]; Mahdih1946b [taxonomy: 58]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 18]; MalumpOsPy2010 [distribution, host, illustration: 254]; Martin1985 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 100]; MastenSi2008 [catalogue, distribution, host: 105-119]; Mateso1955 [distribution, host: 201]; Mateso1968 [host: 102]; Mateso1971 [distribution, host: 25]; MatesoMiIu1962 [distribution, host: 29]; MatilePe2002 [distribution, host: 350]; Merkel1938 [taxonomy: 99]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 62]; MoghadTa2010 [distribution: 40]; Moreir1899 [taxonomy: 89]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 112, 140-142]; Morris1952 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 14-15, 52-53]; Myarts1972 [distribution, host: 54]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 119]; Neves1936 [distribution, host: 210]; Newste1903 [distribution, host: 230-233]; NormarJo2010 [ecology, host: 3]; Olivie1791 [taxonomy: 99]; Ossian1959 [distribution, host: 194]; Ossian1984 [distribution, host: 123-127]; Paik1978 [distribution, host: 144-147]; Perrie1926 [distribution, host: 121]; Pesson1945 [behavior: 50-67]; Rao1952 [taxonomy: 180]; Rasina1955 [distribution, host: 68]; Rasina1959 [distribution, host: 110, 114]; Reh1903 [taxonomy: 303-304]; Renouf1932 [distribution: 263, 264, 265]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 448, 449]; Rogoja1958 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 305-308]; Roscis1989a [distribution, structure: 1-18]; RSEA1915 [taxonomy: 381]; Ruhl1930 [taxonomy: 21]; Rungs1934 [distribution, host: 24]; Rungs1948 [distribution, host: 117]; Sachar1916 [host, taxonomy: 327]; Sampai1898 [distribution: 75]; SampoOl1976 [taxonomy: 217]; Sander1904 [taxonomy: 95]; Schmut1952b [distribution, host: 15]; Schmut1955 [distribution, host: 161]; Schmut1959 [illustration, structure: 38]; Schmut1974 [host, taxonomy: 45]; Schmut1980 [distribution, host, life history: 50]; Schuma1918b [taxonomy: 374]; Seabra1918 [distribution, host: 3]; Seabra1930 [taxonomy: 274]; Seabra1930a [taxonomy: 143]; Seabra1941 [distribution: 7]; Signor1876a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 389-390]; Sikes1928 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 269-305]; Silves1939 [distribution, host: 630-632]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 234]; Step1929 [distribution: 183]; Stewar1802 [taxonomy: 120]; Strese1994 [illustration, taxonomy: 79]; Szklar1997 [physiology: 31-38]; SzklarBi1995 [illustration, structure: 23-29]; Szulcz1921 [distribution, host: 82]; Szulcz1926 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 143]; Tang1984b [distribution, host: 123]; TangLi1988 [distribution, host: 15-16]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 7]; Targio1868 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 722]; Teodor1912 [distribution, host: 77]; Teodor1935 [distribution, host: 187, 188]; Terezn1959b [distribution, host: 448]; Terezn1960a [distribution, host: 537]; Terezn1963 [distribution, host: 184, 190]; Terezn1963a [distribution, host: 41]; Terezn1963b [distribution, host: 152]; Terezn1963c [distribution, host: 1527]; Terezn1966 [distribution, host: 20]; Terezn1966a [distribution, host: 542]; Terezn1966c [host: 964]; Terezn1967a [distribution, host: 474]; Terezn1967b [distribution, host: 560]; Terezn1968c [host: 53]; Terezn1970 [structure: 26]; Terezn1975 [illustration, taxonomy: 12, 30, 63, 112, 113]; TerGri1962 [distribution, host: 126]; Thieba1825 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 289-291]; Thuneb1966 [distribution, host: 157]; TorabiVaHo2010 [distribution, host: 158]; Trabut1911 [distribution, host: 52]; TranfaMa1988 [distribution, host: 609]; Trembl1989b [physiology: 146, 148]; Tsalev1968 [distribution, host: 206]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy: 423]; Vayssi1924 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 28-29]; Vea2014 [structure, taxonomy: 4]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762]; VogelgSz2001 [chemistry, distribution, physiology, structure: 65-67]; VogelgSz2002 [structure: 517]; Walczu1932 [distribution, host: 626, 658-668, 723]; Wang1981TC [host: 283]; Wang1982c [description: 40]; Weber1930 [taxonomy: 266, 390]; Weidne1963 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 5-28]; White1880 [distribution, host: 305, 306]; Willia1982c [taxonomy: 27]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 15,24]; WilliaMa2014 [taxonomy: 7-12]; Wunn1925c [distribution, host: 435, 438, 449]; Wunn1926 [distribution, host: 27, 40]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 15]; Zahrad1972 [distribution, host: 392]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy: 118]; ZahradRo1995 [distribution: 205]; ZakOga1967 [distribution, host: 212]; ZakOgaKo1964 [distribution: 421, 435]; Zimsen1964 [taxonomy: 341].
Orthezia yashushii KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia yashushii Kuwana, 1923b: 58-63. Type data: JAPAN: Tsugumi-mura, Oita-ken, Kiushiu, on wild chrysanthemum, fall 1914, by I. Kuwana. Unknown type status. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust. Notes: Morrison (1952) states that much of Kuwana's material was destroyed in the 1923 earthquake, if type material exists, it would most likely be in ITLJ.
Orthezia yasushii; Morrison, 1952: 53. Misspelling of species name.
Orthezia yashusi; Kozár et al., 2013: 56. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: yasushi orthezia [Yang1982].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Anaphalis margaritacea [Siraiw1939], Artemisia capillaris [Takaha1937], Artemisia vulgaris indica [Kuwana1923b], Chrysanthemum sibericum [Morris1952]. Fabaceae: Lespedeza bicolor [Danzig1980b], Medicago denticulata [Morris1952]. Fagaceae: Quercus dentata [TakahaTa1956].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1937]. Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Tang1984b]); Greece [MilonaKoKo2008a]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013]; Japan (Honshu [TakahaTa1956], Kyushu [Kuwana1923b], Shikoku [TakahaTa1956]); Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b]); South Korea [Danzig1980b].
BIOLOGY: This species produces one generation per year with eggs being laid in the middle of June. Larvae hatch within the marsupium and remain there until their bodies become hard. First molt takes place in September and the second in the latter part of November. The body is naked immediately after the molt occurs, but is soon covered with a white waxy secretion (Kuwana, 1923b). Danzig (1980b) states this species lives on dry slopes.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Kuwana (1923b). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval, dark reddish brown on the dorsal surface and dark brown legs. The body is completely covered with a white waxy secretion in four series. The adult male is elongate oval with the posterior end narrow. Coloring similar to that of female. Wings are transparent, white, slightly irridescent and pubescent. Eggs are elongate oval and yellowish brown in color. The body of a newly hatched larva is broadly oval in form, yellowish brown in color and entirely naked. Second stage larvae are broadly oval in outline, dark brown in color and thickly covered with fine tubules. Male pupae are elliptical, pointed at the caudal end with the abdominal region wider (Kuwana, 1923b).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1952) states that there is little evidence for the distinction between O. japonica and O. yasushii (sic), but that until topotype material of these species can be found they must be considered as valid.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Danzig 1988: 696 (female) [Orthezia species of the Soviet far east]; Danzig 1986a: 119 (female) [Orthezia species of the far eastern USSR]; Danzig 1980b: 103 (female) [Orthezia species of the far eastern USSR]; Morrison 1952: 11 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Ali1970 [distribution, host: 94]; Danzig1977b [distribution, taxonomy: 41]; Danzig1978 [taxonomy: 3]; Danzig1980b [distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 103-104]; Danzig1986a [distribution, host, illustration: 119]; Danzig1988 [distribution, taxonomy: 696]; Ferris1950 [distribution, host: 14]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 132]; Kawai1972 [distribution, taxonomy: 2]; Kawai1977 [distribution, host: 151, 164]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 81]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 377]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; Kuwana1923b [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 58-64]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 370]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 142]; Morris1952 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 33, 53]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 449]; Shinji1935b [distribution: 767]; Siraiw1939 [distribution, host: 64]; Tachik1955 [distribution: 52]; Takaha1937 [distribution, host: 69, 70]; TakahaTa1956 [distribution, host: 2]; Tang1984b [distribution, host: 123]; Tao1978 [distribution, host: 110]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 7]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 16, 376].
Palaeonewsteadia KotejaNOMENCLATURE:
Palaeonewsteadia Koteja, 1987: 235-236. Type species: Palaeonewsteadia huaniae Koteja, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: This genus is represented by fossil specimens only.
CITATIONS: Koteja1987 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 235-236]; Koteja1998a [taxonomy: 189, 212]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 204]; Kozar2004 [catalogue: 34]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762].
Palaeonewsteadia huaniae KotejaNOMENCLATURE:
Palaeonewsteadia huaniae Koteja, 1987: 236-240. Type data: DENMARK, Jutland Peninsula, Baltic amber, 03/01/1956, by C.V. Henningsen. Holotype male, by original designation. Type depository: Copenhagen: Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Department of Entomology, Denmark. Described: male. Illust.
ASSOCIATE: Baltic Amber [Koteja1987].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Denmark [Koteja1987].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Koteja (1987). This species is represented by fossil specimens only.
CITATIONS: HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 799]; Koteja1987 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 236-240]; Koteja1987a [taxonomy: 241]; Koteja1996a [illustration: 75]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 203]; Koteja2000c [distribution, taxonomy: 204]; Kozar2004 [catalogue: 34]; Roscis1989a [structure: 4]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 772].
Protorthezia KotejaNOMENCLATURE:
Protorthezia Koteja, 1987a: 241-242. Type species: Protorthezia aurea Koteja, by monotypy and original designation.
Proorthezia; Kozár, 2004: 256. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Koteja (1987a). This genus is represented only by fossils.
SYSTEMATICS: This genus is close to Orthezia Bosc d'Antic (Koteja, 1987a).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 256 (female) [Key to tribes. As Proorthezia].
CITATIONS: Koteja1987a [description, distribution, taxonomy: 241-242]; Koteja1998a [taxonomy: 189, 212]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 204]; Kozar2004 [distribution, taxonomy: 256]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762].
Protorthezia aurea KotejaNOMENCLATURE:
Protorthezia aurea Koteja, 1987a: 242-248. Type data: BALTIC AMBER: presumably from Samland (=Sambia) Peninsula, Russia. Holotype male, by original designation. Type depository: Göttingen: Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Georg-August-Universität, Germany; type no. K 933. Described: male. Illust. Notes:
Proorthezia aurea; Kozár, 2004: 256. Misspelling of genus name.
ASSOCIATE: Baltic Amber [Koteja1987a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast [VeaGi2012]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Koteja (1987a). This species is represented by fossil specimens only.
CITATIONS: HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 799]; Koteja1987a [description, distribution, taxonomy: 242-248]; Koteja1996a [illustration: 75]; Koteja2000c [distribution, taxonomy: 204]; Kozar2004 [taxonomy: 256]; Roscis1989a [structure: 4]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 772].
Subfamily Newsteadiinae
Newsteadia GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia (Newsteadia) Green, 1902c: 284-285. Type species: Coccus floccosus De Geer, by monotypy and original designation.
Newsteadia; Newstead, 1903: 241. Change of status.
Transnewsteadia Richard, 1990: 223-230. Type species: Transnewsteadia nepalensis Richard, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000: 197.
BIOLOGY: There is no clear indication about host plant preferences. Members of this genus have been found in litter, in moss, under rocks, on roots of very different kinds of plants and plant communities (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of the genus by Morrison (1925). Mamet (1947a) discussed the distribution of the genus. Redescription by Kozár (2004). Detailed description of the adult male in Vea, 2014.
STRUCTURE: Adult female of this genus is completely covered with depressed or flattened tufts or plates of secretion, much as in Orthezia. Ovisac is as long as the body. Larvae are similar to Orthezia, differing primarily in the possession of only four segmented antennae (Morrison, 1925).
SYSTEMATICS: Kozár (2004) discussed the history and definition of Newsteadia, presenting also a diagnosis of the genus.
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 38 (female) [Genera of Ortheziidae]; Danzig 1988: 695 (female) [Ortheziidae genera of the Soviet far east]; Yang 1982: 14 (female) [Ortheziidae genera of China]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1978: 10 (female) [Genera of Ortheziidae]; Tereznikova 1975: 111 (female) [Ortheziidae genera of Ukraine]; Danzig 1971d: 806 (female) [Key to genera of Ortheziidae]; Green 1922: 417 (adult female) [Genera of the subfamily Ortheziinae]; MacGillivray 1921: 111 (adult female) [Genera of Ortheziinae].
CITATIONS: Borchs1950b [taxonomy: 28]; Danzig1964 [distribution, taxonomy: 621]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 806]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy: 105]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 696]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 37]; Ferris1921b [structure: 58]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy: 43]; GomezM1937 [distribution: 383, 388]; Green1902c [description: 284-285]; Green1911a [taxonomy: 181]; Green1922b [distribution, taxonomy: 23]; Green1928 [description, taxonomy: 12]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy: 93, 95]; Hoy1962b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 516]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 83]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, distribution, taxonomy: 61]; KosztaKo1978 [description, taxonomy: 10, 12]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, taxonomy: 39]; Koteja1987 [taxonomy: 235]; Koteja1998a [taxonomy: 212]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 204]; KotejaZa1988a [taxonomy: 9]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 36-37]; KozarFoKo2002 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 179]; KozarKo1999a [description, distribution, structure: 165-166]; KozarKo2000 [taxonomy: 197]; KozarKo2001 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 123-142]; KozarKo2001a [taxonomy: 23]; KozarMi2001 [taxonomy: 244]; Lindin1923 [taxonomy: 149]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 190]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 111, 114]; Mamet1947 [distribution, taxonomy: 31-32]; Mamet1947a [distribution, taxonomy: 49-71]; Mamet1955a [taxonomy: 126]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 201-204]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 146-147]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 57-59]; Morris1954 [distribution, taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 134]; NastChKl1990 [distribution: 119]; Newste1903 [description, taxonomy: 241-242]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Richar1979 [distribution: 1079]; Richar1990 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 223-224]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 445-446]; Rogoja1958 [taxonomy: 304]; Salmon1933 [taxonomy: 478]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy: 379, 382]; Szklar1997 [physiology: 32, 35, 36]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy: 116]; Vea2014 [description, structure, taxonomy: 11-13]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761]; WilliaWa1990 [description, taxonomy: 38]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 14].
Newsteadia africana Miller & KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia africana Miller & Kozár, 2002: 206-209. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA:Nelspruit Nature Reserve, from litter, 18/12/1986, by S. Endrödy-Younga. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in PPI, USNM, BMNH and MNHN.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [MillerKo2002]; South Africa [MillerKo2002].
BIOLOGY: Newsteadia africana has been found in forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Miller & Kozár (2002) and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Newsteadia africana has 6 setae on antennal segment 7 and band clusters C5 and C6 are contiguous (Miller & Kozár, 2002).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia africana is similar to N. biracemus, N. scissa, N. southafricensis, and N. wacri (Miller & Kozár, 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Miller & Kozár 2002: 206 (female) [Key to adult females of Afrotropical Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution, illustration: 41]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 206-209].
Newsteadia americana MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia americana Morrison, 1925: 147-150. Type data: UNITED STATES: Virginia, opposite Plummers Island, Maryland, under rotting logs, 08/08/1917, by H.S. Barber. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: male. Illust.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Helianthus sp. [Morris1952]. Musci: Sphagnum sp. [KosztaRh1999]. Pinaceae: Pinus strobus [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [Morris1925]); United States of America (Maryland [KosztaRh1999], Pennsylvania [Morris1952], South Carolina [Morris1952], Virginia [Morris1925]).
BIOLOGY: "Occurring in moist situations beneath rotten bark, on rotten logs, and in trash; possibly feeding on the roots of trees, shrubs or plants that had forced their way into the situation mentioned (Morrison, 1925)."
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Redescription by Kozár (2004). Detailed description and illustrations of adult male in Vea (2014).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is completely covered dorsally by heavy, definitely arranged plates of secretion, and at maturity secreting an ovisac equaling or sometimes exceeding the body in length. Adult male is small, elongate (Morrison, 1925). Total body length 1.63 mm. Antennae nearly 1.3 times total body length; body with few setae, locular pores absent, but simple minute pores, present sparsely throughout body. (Vea, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: N. americana is different from all species in Nearctic and Neotropic Regions in having the body densely covered with wax plates including the venter of the thorax (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001). Males of Newsteadia americana differs from N. floccosa in lacking lateral branches of dorsal midcranial ridge (vs. present), ridge fading before reaching postoccipital ridge (vs. bifurcating posteriorly); trochanter and femur unfused (fused on N. floccosa), number of tubular ducts smaller than on N. floccosa. (Vea, 2014)
KEYS: Vea 2014: 3-4 (male) [Species of the Ortheziidae Based on Adult Males]; Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2001: 141 (adult) [Key to Newsteadia species in the Nearctic and Neotropic Regions]; Kosztarab 1996: 59 (female) [Species of Northeastern North America Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 59 (adult female) [Species of Newsteadia]; Mamet 1943: 120 (female) [Species of Newsteadia]; Morrison 1925: 147 (adult female) [Species of the genus Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Ghesqu1934 [taxonomy: 31]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 796]; Hoy1962b [distribution: 516]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 61-63]; KosztaRh1999 [distribution, host: 122]; Koteja1986e [description: 324, 355, 358]; Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution, illustration: 44]; KozarKo2001 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 124-125, 141]; Mamet1943 [taxonomy: 118, 120]; Mamet1947a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 49, 50]; MawFoHa2000 [distribution: 41]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 147-151]; Morris1952 [distribution, host: 59]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; Strick1947a [taxonomy: 520]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy: 116]; Trimbl1928 [distribution, host: 42, 43]; Vea2014 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 3,13-17].
Newsteadia angustilinea Miller & KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia angustilinea Miller & Kozár, 2002: 209-212. Type data: TANZANIA:Matonibo, 45 km. S. Morongora, 04/02/1987, S. Mahunka, A. Zicsy, T. Pócs. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [MillerKo2002].
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been collected in litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Miller & Kozár (2002). Kozár (2004) redescribed the species.
STRUCTURE: Newsteadia angustilinea lacks pore plates C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7 (Miller & Kozár, 2002).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia angustilinea is most similar to N. perpauca but differs by having coxal depressions absent and setae on antennal segments 3, 4, and 5 filamentous (Miller & Kozár, 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Miller & Kozár 2002: 205 (female) [Key to adult females of Afrotropical Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution, illustration: 46]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 205, 209-212].
Newsteadia australiensis Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia australiensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000: 200-202. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Australian Capital Territory, Ginini Flats, Brindabellas. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 1 paratype in ANIC.
HOSTS: Eucryphiaceae: Eucryphia moorei [KozarFo2000], Eucryphia sp. [Kozar2004]. Myrtaceae: Clyde [Kozar2004], Eucalyptus sp. [KozarFo2000]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [KozarKo2000], New South Wales [KozarFo2000], Tasmania [KozarFo2000]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000) and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Antennae 6-segmented (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia australiensis is similar to N. endroedyi, but differs in having a sensory seta close to tibial sensorium and large groups of quadrilocular and discoidal pores on the margin and on the dorsum (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: LaPolla et al. 2008: 57 (female) [Key to Australian Ortheziidae]; Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 226 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution, illustration: 48]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200-202, 226]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 57]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762].
Newsteadia baloghi Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia baloghi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000: 210-212. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: Maré, 26/05/1987, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 5 paratypes in HNHM.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [KozarKo2000].
BIOLOGY: Newsteadia baloghi has been collected in Archemorus forest litter (Kozár, 2004)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000) and by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.3 mm long and 1.0 mm wide. Antennae 4-segmented (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia baloghi is near N. caledoniensis, but the latter is without quadrilocular pores between wax plates on the dorsum of the thorax and the long tubular ducts in wax plate bands (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 225 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution, illustration: 50]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 210-212, 225].
Newsteadia biracemus Miller & KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia biracemus Miller & Kozár, 2002: 212-215. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Alexandria Forest St., 04/12/1987, by S. Endrödy-Younga. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes also in BMNH, PPIH, USNM, MNHN, SANC.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [MillerKo2002].
BIOLOGY: Newsteadia biracemus is found in moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Miller & Kozár (2002) and Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia biracemus is similar to N. africana, N. scissa, N. southafricensis, and N. wacri. In Africa, it is most similar to N. africana. This species is unique among the species of Newsteadia by having ovisac band C6 reduced to a small, isolated cluster of spines on each side of body (Miller & Kozár, 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Miller & Kozár 2002: 206 (female) [Key to adult females of Afrotropical Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution: 53]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 206, 212-215].
Newsteadia biroi Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia biroi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000: 212-214. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Mt. kaindi, 14/08/1977, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 3 paratypes in HNHM.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [KozarKo2000].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected at an altitude of 2300 meters (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000). It occurs in moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000) and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.1 mm long and 0.76 mm wide. Antennae 4-segmented (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia biroi is similar to N. martini, but the latter has rows of hair-like setae inside of the ovisac band and long tubular ducts in dorsal wax plate bands (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 225 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution, illustration: 56]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 212-214, 225].
Newsteadia bluntlyspina Kozár & Foldi in Kozár et alNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia bluntlyspina Kozár & Foldi in Kozár et al, 2002: 187-188. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Perinet, ?/11/1972. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 8733. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes also in PPIH (Kozár et al. 2002).
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [KozarFoKo2002].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration provided by Kozár et al. (2002) and Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: This species differs from all others in the genus by having blunt spinelike setae (Kozár et al. 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 58]; KozarFoKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 187-188].
Newsteadia borhidii Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia borhidii Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001: 125-127. Type data: CUBA: Havana, 16/02/1989, by F. Mészáros. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. 238. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in PPIH and USNM.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [KozarKo2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2001) and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Antennae 3-segmented. Venter ovisac band short, but not interrupted in the middle. Dorsal wax plates cover only part of surface. Hairlike setae present in marginal clusters near posterior edges of marginal wax plates, and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia borhidii is similar to N. tristani, but differs by having clavate setae on all segments of the antennae, and by the presence of long tubular ducts (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2001: 140 [Key to Newsteadia species in the Nearctic and Neotropic Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 60]; KozarKo2001 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 125-127, 140].
Newsteadia brasiliensis Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia brasiliensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001: 127-128. Type data: BRAZIL: 1550 m a.s.l., 1995, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. 2. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [KozarKo2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2001) and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.0 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Antennae 6-segmented. Ventral ovisac band interrupted in middle, short, ovisac wax plate groups on last segments of abdomen absent; wax plates nearly absent on thorax and head. Hairlike setae scattered in medial areas of thorax. Dorsal wax plates scattered in single rows. Spines at margin of wax plate elongate. Hairlike setae present in marginal clusters near posterior edges of marginal wax plates and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia brasiliensis is different from other Newsteadia species, by having 6-segmented antennae with long, strong, setose hairlike setae on the antennae (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2001: 141 (adult) [Key to Newsteadia species in the Nearctic and Neotropic Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 62]; KozarKo2001 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 127-128, 141].
Newsteadia caledoniensis Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia caledoniensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000: 209-210. Type data: PAPUA NEW CALEDONIA: Ile des Pins, 18/05/1986, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 5 paratypes in HNHM.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [KozarKo2000].
BIOLOGY: Newsteadia caledoniensis has been found in litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000) adn Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 0.9 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Antennae 4-segmented (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia caledoniensis is similar to N. baloghi, but differs in the absence of quadrilocular pores between wax plates on the dorsum of the thorax and the long tubular ducts in wax plate bands. The ovisac band is not interrupted in the middle (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 225 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution, illustration: 64]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 209-210, 225].
Newsteadia chihpena Shiau & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia chipena Tao, 1999: 7. Nomen nudum. Notes: Tao (1999) refers to Newsteadia chipena Shiau, but this species was proposed in a 1990 Masters thesis which was never published in accordance with the ICZN guidelines.
Newsteadia chihpena Shiau & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 66-67. Type data: TAIWAN: Chihpen, Taitung, 25/02/1990. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: NTUDE. Described: female. Notes: One paratype from the same collection as the holotype. Two paratypes from Lanhsu (Taigun), 05/11/1989, Y.C.Shiau, also deposited in NTUDE.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Tao1999] [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Newsteadia chihpena was reported from litter and rotting tree trunk in moist wood (Kozár, 2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is oval, with membranous derm. Length 1.99 mm, width 1.67 mm.
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia chihpena is similar to N. zimmermani, but differs in the absence of microtubular ducts in the ovisac band, setose anal ring setae, absence of quadrilocular pore groups, and other details (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Hua2000 [distribution: 132]; Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution, illustration: 66]; Tao1999 [distribution: 7].
Newsteadia clavata Kozár & Foldi in Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia clavata Kozár & Foldi in Kozár et al., 2002: 182-185. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Beforona, route de Tamatave, Pk 181, 8/10/1973. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 8736 2d. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [KozarFoKo2002].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration provided by Kozár et al. (2002) and Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia clavata is most similar to N. trisegmentalis but differs by having clavate setae on the labium and fewer quadrilocular pores within the ovisac band. It also is similar to N. setosa but differs by having two kinds of tubular ducts and spinelike setae on the antenna (Kozár et al., 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 68]; KozarFoKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 182-185].
Newsteadia costaricaensis Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia costaricaensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001: 128-130. Type data: COSTA RICA: Sierra de la Muerte, El Empalme, 1992, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. B 62. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [KozarKo2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2001) and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.2 mm long, 1.0 mm wide. Antennae 3-segmented with strong hairlike setae. Ventral ovisac band complete; wax plates partly cover thorax and head. Dorsal wax plates cover most of surface. Hairlike setae present in small numbers near posterior edges of marginal wax plates, and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
SYSTEMATICS: N. costaricaensis is similar to N. trisegmentalis, but differs by having clusters of quadrilocular pores on the venter of the abdomen, by the presence of a subapical seta and by the absence of long tubular ducts (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2001: 140 (adult) [Key to Newsteadia species in the Nearctic and Neotropic Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 70]; KozarKo2001 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 128-130, 140].
Newsteadia endroedyi Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia endroedyi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000: 204-205. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Corricumley Mt., 12/12/1982, by S.Y. Endrody. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 4 paratypes in PPIH.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [KozarKo2000]).
BIOLOGY: Newsteadia endroedyi has been found under palms (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000) and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.4 mm long, 1.0 mm wide. Antennae 6-segmented. Wax plates only partially covering dorsum. Spines at margin of wax plate elongate (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia endroedyi is similar to N. australiensis, but the latter has a sensory seta close to tibial sensorium and large groups of quadrilocular and discoidal pores on the margin and on the dorsum (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: LaPolla et al. 2008: 57 (female) [Key to Australian Ortheziidae]; Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 226 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 72]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 204-205, 226]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 57].
Newsteadia floccosa (De Geer)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus uva Modeer, 1778: 32. Unknown type status. Described: female. Synonymy by Giard, 1898: 9. Notes: There is some question as to the validity of Giard's synonymy. Coccus uva was treated by Fernald (1903b) as incertae sedis.
Coccus floccosus De Geer, 1778: 604-605. Type data: in litter of "Sapin" (=fir tree) needles, by Modeer. Unknown type status. Illust. Notes: Type material presumed lost.
Dorthesia floccosa; Kirby & Spence, 1826: 183. Change of combination.
Orthesia floccosa; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 722. Change of combination.
Orthezia normani Douglas, 1881a: 300-302. Type data: SCOTLAND: Pitlochry, ?/04/1881, by Norman. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Giard, 1898: 9. Notes: There is no type material in the BMNH; type material is presumed lost.
Orthezia floccosa; Douglas, 1881b: 447. Change of combination.
Newsteadia floccosa; Green, 1902c: 284. Change of combination.
Newsteadia collarti Ghesquičre, 1933: 268. Described: female. Illust. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ghesquičre, 1934: 27-31. Notes: Morrison (1952) states "in 1947 Ghesquičre indicated that Newsteadia collarti Ghesq., which he first described in 1934, although it had been mentioned in print the year previously but as a nomen nudum, was to be considered a synonym of N. floccosa de Geer. Subsequently, in correspondence, he confirmed this assignment."
Newsteadia collarti Ghesquičre, 1934: 27-32. Type data: BELGUIM: foręt de Soignes (Rouge Cloître), 27/08/1933, by A. collart; on Fissidens taxifolium, 24/09/1933, by A. Collart & J. Ghesquičre. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Brussels: Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Collections nationales belges d'insectes et d'arachnides, Belgium. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ghesquičre, 1947: 295. Notes: There are three slides in the BMNH of original material (Williams, personal communication, October 14, 1998).
COMMON NAME: boreal ensign scale [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer sp. [Morris1952]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Cistaceae: Helianthemum sp. [Morris1925]. Corylaceae: Fagus [Kozar2004]. Cyperaceae [Morris1925], Carex sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Cyperus sp. [Richar1998]. Dicrinaceae: Dicranella sp. [Kozar2004]. Ericaceae: Calluna sp. [Richar1998], Rhododendron sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Vaccinium sp. [Morris1952]. Fagaceae: Fagus sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Quercus sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Fissidentaceae: Fissidens [Kozar2004]. Gentianaceae: Gentiana sp. [Richar1998]. Iridaceae: Iris sp. [Morris1952]. Juncaceae: Luzula sp. [Morris1925]. Labiatae: Glecoma sp. [Morris1925], Thymus sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Liliaceae: Aspidistra sp. [Morris1952], Ptilium cristo-castrensis [MalumpOsPy2009]. Musci [Morris1925], Fissidens taxifolium [Ghesqu1934]. Pinaceae: Pinus sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Poaceae [Morris1925]. Rosaceae: Crataegus sp. [Morris1952], Fragaria [Kozar2004], Fragaria sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Rosa sp. [Richar1998], Rubus sp. [KozarFo2001]. Salicaceae: Populus alba [Foldi2002], Populus sp. [Morris1952]. Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum austriacum [Kozar1999a]. Thuidiaceae: Thuidium [Kozar2004]. Tricholomataceae: Mycena [Kozar2004]. FUNGI Physalacriaceae: Armillaria [new].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Morris1952]; Belgium [Ghesqu1934]; Bulgaria [KosztaKo1988F]; Corsica [KozarFo2001]; Croatia [MastenSi2008]; Czech Republic [Morris1952]; Denmark [Morris1952, Gertss2001]; Finland [Kozarz1986]; France [Morris1925, Foldi2001, Foldi2002]; Germany [Morris1925]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F]; Ireland [Morris1952]; Italy [KosztaKo1988F]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009]; Netherlands [Jansen2001]; Poland [Morris1952, SimonKa2011]; Romania [Morris1952]; Russia [Morris1952]; Spain [Morris1952]; Sweden [Morris1925, Gertss2001]; United Kingdom (England [Dougla1891a, Morris1925], Scotland [Morris1925]).
BIOLOGY: "A biparental species with one yearly generation; all stages overwinter, except first instars; lay 40-80 eggs per female; adult males in July and August (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988)." This species was collected at 1000 meters above sea level (Kozár & Foldi, 2001).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004). Photograph in Malumphy, et al., 2009.
STRUCTURE: Body of adult female is yellowish or piceous, covered with white cereous matter. Antennae and legs are yellowish (Douglas, 1881a). Adult female oval, covered in large semicircular wax plates up to 1.6 mm long. (Malumphy, et al. 2009)
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia floccosa is similar to N. kanayana, but differs in the interrupted wax plates on the dorsum and venter, and much bigger number of pores and setae near the coxal base (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a).
KEYS: Vea 2014: 3-4 (male) [Species of the Ortheziidae Based on Adult Males]; Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 1999a: 176 [Key to Newsteadia species found in the Oriental and Palaearctic regions]; Ossiannilsson 1984: 123 (female) [Ortheziidae of Sweden]; Danzig 1971d: 807 (female) [Key to species of the family Ortheziidae]; Danzig 1964: 621 (female) [Newsteadia species in SSSR]; Morrison 1952: 59 (adult female) [Species of Newsteadia]; Mamet 1943: 120 (female) [Species of Newsteadia]; Morrison 1925: 147 (adult female) [Species of the genus Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Balach1953h [taxonomy: 94]; BanksWi1972 [taxonomy: 347, 348]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 38]; Boraty1955 [distribution, host, description: 66]; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 94]; Borchs1937a [distribution: 188]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host: 28]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Danzig1964 [distribution, host, description: 621]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 807]; Danzig1980b [distribution, host, description: 106]; Danzig1985 [distribution: 146]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 696]; DeGeer1778 [distribution, host: 604-605]; Dingle1924 [distribution: 385]; Donist1924 [taxonomy: 73]; Dougla1881a [description, distribution, taxonomy: 300-301]; Dougla1881b [taxonomy: 447]; Dziedz1977 [structure: 57]; Elliot1933 [distribution: 142]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 37]; Ferris1918 [taxonomy: 87]; FetykoKoDa2010 [distribution: 296]; Foldi2000 [distribution: 77]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303]; Foldi2002 [distribution: 244]; Foldi2003 [distribution: 137]; Forssl1946 [taxonomy: 358]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy: 43]; Gertss1997 [distribution, illustration: 112]; Gertss2000 [distribution: 147]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 125]; Ghesqu1933 [taxonomy: 268]; Ghesqu1934 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 27, 29, 31, 32]; Ghesqu1946 [distribution: 235]; Ghesqu1947 [distribution, taxonomy: 295]; Giard1898 [distribution: 9-10]; Giltay1934 [taxonomy: 130]; GomezM1937 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 4, 8, 24, 389-390]; GomezM1958a [distribution, host: 8, 14]; Goux1931 [distribution, host: 331]; Goux1941a [distribution, host: 39]; Green1902 [distribution: 284-285]; Green1902c [taxonomy: 284-285]; Green1911a [distribution, host: 179]; Green1915a [distribution, host: 182]; Green1918 [host: 237]; Green1922b [distribution, host: 23]; Green1925b [distribution, host: 517]; Green1926a [distribution, host: 182]; Green1927a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 27]; Green1928 [distribution, host, description: 12]; Green1929 [taxonomy: 372-3]; Green1934d [distribution: 114]; GullanKo1997 [behaviour: 26]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy: 266]; Harris1916 [distribution, host: 173]; Harris1944 [distribution, host: 111]; Henrik1921 [distribution: 311, 312]; Hetsch1903 [distribution, taxonomy: 8]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogenetics, taxonomy: 796]; Hoy1962b [distribution: 516]; Jancke1955 [taxonomy: 270]; Jansen2001 [distribution: 199]; KawaiTa1971 [distribution, host: 112]; Kaweck1938 [distribution, host: 206, 207, 208]; Kaweck1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 8-9]; KirbySp1826 [taxonomy: 183-184]; Kiritc1931 [distribution, host: 308]; Knecht1930 [distribution, host: 232]; KomosiPo1967 [distribution, host: 683]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, description, host, illustration: 11, 12]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 39-41]; Koteja1971a [distribution: 320]; Koteja1972 [distribution, host: 565]; Koteja1974a [distribution: 246]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 71]; Koteja1976 [structure: 268]; Koteja1980 [taxonomy, illustration: 75, 79]; Koteja1983a [description, taxonomy: 674]; Koteja1985b [host: 495]; Koteja1986e [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 324, 347-355]; Koteja1987a [taxonomy: 246-247]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 171]; Koteja2000d [distribution: 242]; KotejaLi1976 [structure: 658, 659]; KotejaZa1966 [distribution, host: 316]; KotejaZa1969 [distribution, host: 351-73]; KotejaZa1983 [host: 470]; Kozar1999a [distribution, host: 138]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 74]; Kozar2009a [distribution: 681]; KozarFo2001 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 158, 160]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKo1982 [host: 204]; KozarKo1999a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 174-176]; KozarKo2000 [distribution, taxonomy: 227]; KozarKo2001 [taxonomy: 132]; KozarKo2002b [distribution: 374]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarOrKo1977 [distribution, host: 70]; KozarOs1987 [distribution, host: 91]; KozarTrPe1984 [distribution: 4]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 39]; Kozarz1986 [distribution, taxonomy: 307]; KozarzRe1975 [distribution, host: 8]; Kunkel1967 [taxonomy: 43, 44]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 241]; LagowsKo1996 [distribution: 30]; Lindin1912b [distribution, host: 130, 163, 166, 178]; Lindin1914 [taxonomy: 120]; Lindin1923 [distribution: 149]; Lindin1927 [distribution, host: 126]; Lindin1928 [distribution: 105]; Lindin1934b [distribution, host: 170, 172, 175]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 141]; Lindin1936 [distribution: 161]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 190]; Lindin1938 [distribution, host: 11, 13]; Lindin1939 [distribution, host: 38]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 116]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 144]; Lounsb1895 [distribution: 131-132]; Luff1904 [distribution, host: 277]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 114]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 17-18]; MalumpOsPy2009 [description, distribution, host: 120-127]; Mamet1943 [taxonomy: 118, 120]; Mamet1947a [distribution, host: 49]; MarottTr1990 [distribution, host: 108]; Martin1985 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 99]; MastenSi2008 [catalogue, distribution, host: 105-119]; Modeer1778 [taxonomy: 32]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 151]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 59-60]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 119]; Newste1903 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 242, 247]; Newste1904 [distribution: 157]; NormarJo2010 [ecology, host: 3]; Ossian1959 [distribution, host: 194]; Ossian1971 [host: 53]; Ossian1984 [distribution: 123-127]; Pierre1928 [distribution, host: 7]; PodsiaKo1976 [distribution, host: 87]; Rasina1955 [distribution, host: 68]; Rasina1959 [distribution, host: 109, 114]; Renouf1932 [distribution: 265]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 446]; Rogoja1958 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 310-312]; Roscis1989a [distribution, structure: 1-18]; SampoOl1976 [taxonomy: 219]; Schmut1952 [distribution, host: 377, 382]; Schmut1952b [distribution, host: 15]; Schmut1955 [distribution, host: 160]; Schmut1974 [taxonomy: 45]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 50]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 234]; SoriaMoVi2000 [distribution, host: 338]; Strese1994 [illustration, taxonomy: 79]; Strick1947a [taxonomy: 520]; Szklar1997 [physiology: 31, 32, 34, 35, 36]; Szklar1998 [physiology: 167]; SzklarBi1995 [illustration, structure: 23-29]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 722]; Terezn1959c [distribution, host: 796]; Terezn1963 [distribution, host: 191]; Terezn1963a [distribution, description, host: 41, 42]; Terezn1963b [distribution, host: 152]; Terezn1963c [distribution: 1527]; Terezn1966 [distribution, host: 20]; Terezn1966c [host: 964]; Terezn1970 [description: 26]; Terezn1975 [description, host, illustration: 116-117]; Tsalev1968 [host: 206]; Vea2014 [structure, taxonomy: 3]; VeaGi2012 [host, taxonomy: 760]; Willia1991DJ [behaviour, distribution: 459]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 47]; WoodwaEvEa1970 [distribution, taxonomy: 427]; Wunn1925c [distribution, host: 435, 438, 443, 449]; Wunn1926 [distribution, host: 27, 42, 43]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 16]; Zahrad1972 [distribution, host: 392]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy: 118]; ZakOgaKo1964 [distribution, host: 420, 422, 435].
Newsteadia floridensis Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia floridensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001: 130-132. Type data: UNITED STATES: Florida, Marion County, Ocala National Forest, 26/11/1972, by R.D. Kaplan. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [KozarKo2001]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2001) and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.0 mm long and 0.8 mm wide. Antennae 7-segmented. Ventral ovisac band not interrupted in the middle, ovisac wax plate groups on last segments of abdomen present. Hairlike setae scattered in medial areas of thorax. Dorsal wax plates interrupted in middle of bands, cover the surface. Hairlike setae present in marginal clusters near posterior edges of marginal wax plates and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia floridensis is near N. minima, but differs by having clavate setae on the 1st segment of the antenna and by the presence of groups of quadrilocular pores on the dorsum between the wax plates (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2001: 140 (adult) [Key to Newsteadia species in the Nearctic and Neotropic Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 78]; KozarKo2001 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 130-132, 140]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493].
Newsteadia gergoei Konczne Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia gergoei Konczne Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár et al., 2002: 189-190. Type data: PERU: Caraz, Paron, 3500 m a.s.l., on moss, 03/12/2000. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 6186. Described: female. Illust. Notes: One paratype in MNHN (Kozár et al. 2002).
HOST: Selaginellaceae: Moss [KozarFoKo2002].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [KozarFoKo2002].
BIOLOGY: Newsteadia gergoei has been found in moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár et al. (2002) and Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia gergoei is similar to N. americana and N. floccosa but differs by the absence of tubular ducts in the wax plates which are replaced by quadrilocular pores.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 80]; KozarFoKo2002 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 189-190].
Newsteadia gomyi RichardNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia gomyi Richard, 1979: 1082-1084. Type data: REUNION: in decaying vegetable matter, 22/04/1972, by Y. Gomy. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Newsteadia gomi; Williams & Williams, 1988: 46. Misspelling of species name.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [Richar1979, WilliaWi1988, Germai2013, GermaiMiPa2014].
BIOLOGY: Newsteadia gomyi was collected in litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Richard (1979). Redescription and illustration by Miller & Kozár (2002) and by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Female body is elliptical and entirely covered with waxy plates (Richard, 1979).
SYSTEMATICS: Miller & Kozár (2002) believed N. gomyi is most similiar to N. turbinespina but differs by having anal-ring setae longer than width of anal ring, 1st segment of antenna greater than 150 ľm long, and lengths of leg segmentation. This species is also similar to N. mauritiana (Richard, 1979, Miller & Kozár 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Miller & Kozár 2002: 205 (female) [Key to adult females of Afrotropical Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 82]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 205, 215-219]; Richar1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1082-1084]; WilliaWi1988 [distribution, host: 46].
Newsteadia guadalcanalia MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia guadalcanalia Morrison, 1952: 60. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: North Guadalcanal, 1944, by L. Liporsky. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
HOST: Undetermined [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000) and by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female nearly elliptical, but the posterior apex protrudes slightly. Ovisac band incomplete laterally, the sides tapering to a narrow end (Morrison, 1952).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia guadalcanalia is similar to N. zimmermani, but does not have blunt setae on the antennae and legs (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 224 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions]; Williams & Watson 1990: 38 (female) [Species of Newsteadia of the South Pacific region]; Morrison 1952: 58 (adult female) [Species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Hoy1962b [distribution: 516]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 84]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 222-224]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 60]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 38-39].
Newsteadia guineensis Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia guineensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000: 214-215. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Mt. Kaindi, 27/08/1968, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 2 paratypes in HNHM.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [KozarKo2000].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 0.96 mm long, 0.67 mm wide. Antennae 3-segmented (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia guineensis is similar to N. milleri by having 3-segmented antennae, but differs by having hair-like setae on apical segment of the antennae and by the absence of strong seta on base of the trochanter. It differs from all other Newsteadia species by the presence of the grouped quadrilocular and simple pores (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár 2004: 483 [Key to adult females of Ortheziolamameti]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 224 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 86]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 214-215, 224].
Newsteadia gullanae Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia gullanae Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000: 202-204. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Barrow Creek Mt., 08/12/1982, by S.Y. Endrody. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in ANIC and PPIH.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [KozarKo2000], Tasmania [KozarKo2000], Victoria [KozarKo2000]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000). Revision and key to species by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult mounted female 2.0 mm long, 1.1 mm wide. Antennae 7-segmented. Wax plates cover most of dorsum (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia gullanae is similar to N. kanayana, but differs from it by having long, hair-like seta on the apical segment of the antennae, and the sensory seta on the apical segment of the antenna situated near the apical seta (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: LaPolla et al. 2008: 57 (female) [Key to Australian Ortheziidae]; Kozár 2004: 88 [Key to the species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 225 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions]. Notes: Species mispelled as N. gullani/.
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 88]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 202-204, 225]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 57].
Newsteadia kanayana Kawai & TakagiNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia kanayana Kawai & Takagi, 1971: 112-114. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Shizuoka-ken, Kanaya, collected from the ground litter of tea gardens. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan, and Tokyo: Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Tachikawa, Japan. Illust.
HOSTS: Theaceae: Thea sp. [Richar1998]. Undetermined [KawaiTa1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [KozarKo1999a]. Palaearctic: Japan (Honshu [KawaiTa1971]); South Korea [KozarKo1999a].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected from leaf litter in a tea garden (Kawai & Takagi, 1971).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Kawai & Takagi (1971). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female stoutly elliptical, derm moderately sclerotized throughout the body (Kawai & Takagi, 1971).
SYSTEMATICS: Specimens from Korea and Vietnam studied by Kozár (2004) are similar to specimens from Japan, but differ by having a higher (Korea) or smaller (Japan) number of spines in the wax plates on the venter.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 1999a: 176 [Key to Newsteadia species found in the Oriental and Palaearctic regions].
CITATIONS: Kawai1980 [description, distribution: 83]; KawaiTa1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 112-114]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 91]; KozarKo1999a [distribution, taxonomy: 176]; KozarKo2000 [taxonomy: 204]; KozarKo2001 [taxonomy: 132]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 446].
Newsteadia koeroesicsomai Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia koeroesicsomai Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a: 168-171. Type data: NEPAL: Guukomi, 05/10/1983, by I. Löbl. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in PPIH.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [KozarKo1999a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (1999a). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 1.6 mm long, 1.0 mm wide. Antennae 7-segmented. Dorsum with wax plates mostly covering surface. Spines at the margin of wax plate elongate. Hair-like setae present in marginal clusters near posterior edges of marginal wax plates, and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia koeroesicsomai is distinct in having small number of spine-like setae on the apical segment of the antennae and groups of fused simple pores on the abdominal venter (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 1999a: 176 [Key to Newsteadia species found in the Oriental and Palaearctic regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 94]; KozarKo1999a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 168, 170-171, 176].
Newsteadia loebli Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia loebli Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a: 168-169. Type data: NEPAL: Induma Kola, 15/04/1984, by I. Löbl. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in PPIH.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [KozarKo1999a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (1999a). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 1.1 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Antennae 3-segmented. Dorsum with wax plates covering only part of surface. Spines at margin of wax plate elongate. Hair-like setae present in marginal clusters near posterior edges of marginal wax plates, and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia loebli is similar to N. topali, but differs in having high number of setose setae on the apical segment of the antennae, by the absence of long tubular ducts and multilocular pores (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the adult females of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 1999a: 176 [Key to Newsteadia species found in the Oriental and Palaearctic regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 96]; KozarKo1999a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 168-169].
Newsteadia martini Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia martini Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000: 205-207. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Cairns, Evelyn, Water Point, 12/07/1969, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 1 paratype in BMNH.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [KozarKo2000]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.1 mm long and 0.8 mm wide. Antennae 4-segmented (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia martini is close to N. biroi, but differs in having rows of hair-like setae inside of the ovisac band and long tubular ducts in dorsal wax plate bands and by the absence of wide wax plate bands on the venter of the thorax and by the presence of tibial sensory setae (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: LaPolla et al. 2008: 57 (female) [Key to Australian Ortheziidae]; Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 225 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 98]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 205-207, 225]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 57].
Newsteadia mauritiana MametNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia mauritiana Mamet, 1943: 117. Type data: MAURITIUS: Cocotte Mountain, on moss, 27/12/1941, by Mamet. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Notes: Type information from Matile-Ferrero (personal communication, April 8, 1998).
Newsteadia mauritiana Mamet, 1943a: 144. Nomen nudum.
HOST: Musci [Mamet1943].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Mamet1943, WilliaWi1988]. Oriental: Taiwan? [Tao1999] (Report from Taiwan could not be confirmed (Miller & Kozár 2002)).
BIOLOGY: Specimens collected from wood or vegetation undergoing decay, in damp or semi-damp conditions (Mamet, 1947), and on fungus growing on rotting wood (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Mamet (1943). Redescription and illustration by (Miller & Kozár 2002) and by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body covered with waxy dorsal and ventral lamellae short and compact. Ovisac short (Mamet, 1943).
SYSTEMATICS: N. mauritana is most similar to N. gomyi but differs in the position of sessile quadrilocular pores on the anterior portion of the ovisac, number of antennal setae, number of tibial-tarsal setae, and degree of development of the wax plate (Miller & Kozár 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Miller & Kozár 2002: 205 (female) [Key to adult females of Afrotropical Newsteadia]; Morrison 1952: 58 (adult female) [Species of Newsteadia]; Mamet 1943: 120 (female) [Species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Hoy1962b [distribution: 516]; Hua2000 [distribution: 132]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 100]; Mamet1943 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 117]; Mamet1943a [distribution, host: 144]; Mamet1947 [distribution: 31-32]; Mamet1947a [distribution, host: 49-50]; Mamet1948 [distribution, host: 39]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 205, 219-222]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 60, 61]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; Strick1947a [taxonomy: 520]; Tao1999 [distribution: 7]; WilliaWi1988 [distribution, host: 46].
Newsteadia milleri Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia milleri Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000: 216-217. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Wau, Kilolo Creek, 23/08/1968, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [KozarKo2000].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected at 900 m above sea level (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000) and in litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.3 mm long, 1.0 mm wide. Antennae 3-segmented (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia milleri is similar to N. guineensis, but differs from the latter which has hair-like setae on apical segment of the antennae. It differs from all known Newsteadia species in having a strong spine at the base of each trochanter (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 224 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 102]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 216-217, 224].
Newsteadia minima MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia minima Morrison, 1952: 61-62. Type data: UNITED STATES: North Carolina, Duke Forest, in pine litter, 11/11/1944, by H. Morrison. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 112. Illust.
HOST: Musci [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Koszta1996], Georgia [Koszta1996], North Carolina [Morris1952], Virginia [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Specimens collected on pine forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is elliptical. Preadult of interest due to a rather conspicuous ventral transverse sclerotized area near the posterior apex, comparable to that present in the adult female of N. americana (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2001: 141 (adult) [Key to Newsteadia species in the Nearctic and Neotropic Regions]; Kosztarab 1996: 59 (female) [Species of Northeastern North America Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 59 (adult female) [Species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Hoy1962b [distribution: 516]; KawaiTa1971 [taxonomy: 113]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 63-65]; KotejaZa1988a [distribution, taxonomy: 12]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 104]; KozarKo2001 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 132, 141]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 61-62]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; TippinBe1972 [distribution, host: 286].
Newsteadia monikae Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia monikae Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000: 207-209. Type data: PAWPA NEW CALEDONIA: Nouméa, Mt. Koghi, 11/07/1987, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 8 paratypes in HNHM.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [KozarKo2000].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.4 mm long, 1.1 mm wide. Antennae 3-segmented (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia monikae is distinct from all known Newsteadia species in having a group of very stout spines on the coxa (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 224 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 106]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 207-209, 224].
Newsteadia montana MametNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia montana Mamet, 1943a: 144. Nomen nudum.
Newsteadia montana Mamet, 1947: 31. Type data: MAURITIUS: Le Pouce Mountain, on saprophytic musci, 20/12/1942. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Illust. Notes: Mamet (1947) states that the type is in his personal collection, but it is currently in the MNHN collection.
HOST: Musci [Mamet1947].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Mamet1947, WilliaWi1988].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Mamet (1947).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is covered dorsally with pure white waxy secretion. Ovisac is short (Mamet, 1947).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Miller & Kozár 2002: 205 (female) [Key to adult females of Afrotropical Newsteadia]; Morrison 1952: 58 (adult female) [Species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Hoy1962b [distribution: 516]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 108]; Mamet1943a [distribution, host: 144]; Mamet1947 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 31]; Mamet1948 [distribution, host: 39]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 62]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; WilliaWi1988 [distribution, host: 46].
Newsteadia morrisoni Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia morrisoni Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001: 132-134. Type data: COSTA RICA, Tarbaca, 01/01/1993, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. B 98. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [KozarKo2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2001).
STRUCTURE: Slide mounted adult female 1.3 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Antennae 3-segmented. Ovisac band complete; wax plates in groups or bands on thorax and head. Dorsal wax plates cover only part of surface in wide bands. Spines at margin of wax plate elongate. Hairlike setae present in marginal clusters near posterior edges of marginal wax plates, and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
SYSTEMATICS: N. morrisoni differs from all other Newsteadia species in the region by the large number of long hairlike setae on all segments of the antennae (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 58 (adult) [Key to the species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2001: 140 (adult) [Key to Newsteadia species in the Nearctic and Neotropic Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 112]; KozarKo2001 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 132-134, 140].
Newsteadia multispina Miller & KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia multispina Miller & Kozár, 2002: 225-228. Type data: COMOROS: Ndzouani (Anjuan) Is., Lake Dzialandz, 2 km W. Dindri Village, 06/08/1992, by T. Pócs. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros [MillerKo2002].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Miller & Kozár (2002). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Slide-mounted female 1.6 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, antennae 6-segmented, covered with thousands of spines over the body.
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia multispina is most similar to N. turbinespina but differs from N. turbinespina in that it has filamentous setae present in the anterior segmental row within the ovisac area, a longer apical antennal segment, spinelike setae, and discoidals within ovisac area as large as sessile quadrilocular pores.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Miller & Kozár 2002: 205 (female) [Key to adult females of Afrotropical Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: GermaiAtBa2008 [distribution: 129-135]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 114]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 205, 225-228].
Newsteadia myersi GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia myersi Green, 1929: 372. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Ohakuna, "amongst leaf mould," 13/01/1924, by J.G. Myers. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Illust. Notes: BMNH has two specimens labeled "type" and "cotype."
HOST: Undetermined [Green1929].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Hoy1962b]).
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected amongst leaf mould (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Green (1929). Redescription and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000) and by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female has compact, dense waxy dorsal lamellae. Limbs are pale brownish ochreous. Derm is entirely membranous, without any chitinous plates (Green, 1929).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia myersi is similar to N. australiensis and N. endroedyi, but differs by having only a few setae on the apical segment of the antennae. It differs from N. tasmaniensis and N. samoana in having no quadrilocular pores in the atrium of spiracles (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 226 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions]; Morrison 1952: 58 (adult female) [Species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Deitz1979b [taxonomy: 24]; Ghesqu1934 [taxonomy: 31, 32]; Green1929 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 372]; Hoy1962b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 513-516]; KotejaZa1988a [distribution, taxonomy: 12]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 116]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 216-219, 226]; Mamet1943 [taxonomy: 118]; Morris1952 [distribution, taxonomy: 63]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; Wise1977 [distribution: 96].
Newsteadia nepalensis (Richard)NOMENCLATURE:
Transnewsteadia nepalensis Richard, 1990: 223-230. Type data: NEPAL: Goropani Forest, between Kali Gandaki and Pokhara, in dead leaves, 09/10/1983, by I. Löbl & A. Smetana. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Newsteadia nepalensis; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a: 176. Change of combination.
HOST: Ericaceae: Rhododendron sp [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [Richar1990].
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been collected in litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Female adults are oval elongate with very visible segmentation (Richard, 1990).
SYSTEMATICS: This species has the general habits and the antenna form of a Newsteadia species and the "peculiar buccal complex" of the genus Nipponorthezia (Richard, 1990).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 1999a: 176 [as Newsteadia nepalensis; Key to Newsteadia species found in the Oriental and Palaearctic regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 118]; KozarKo1999a [distribution, taxonomy: 176]; Richar1990 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 224-226].
Newsteadia perpauca Miller & KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia perpauca Miller & Kozár, 2002: 228-231. Type data: ANGOLA: Foret-Galerie R. Mussaloniuca, Riv. Gauche de lachiapa, 20/04/1962, by Lune & A. De Barros Machado. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes also deposited in BNMH, PPIH, USNM.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [MillerKo2002]; Congo [MillerKo2002].
GENERAL REMARKS: Destription and illustration by Miller & Kozár 2002. Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Slide-mounted adult female 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, antennae 6-segmented, with narrow lines of dorsal spines on the medial areas of the abdomen (Miller & Kozár 2002).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia perpauca is very similar to N. angustilinea but it differs from N. angustilinea by having a conspicuous coxal depression between the hind coxa and spinelike setae on antennal segments 3-5 (Miller & Kozár 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Miller & Kozár 2002: 205 (female) [Key to adult females of Afrotropical Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 120]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 205. 228-231].
Newsteadia pinicola Tao nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia pinicola Tao, 1999: 7. Nomen nudum. Notes: Tao (1999) refers to Newsteadia pinicola Shiau, but this species was proposed in a Masters thesis which was not published in accordance with the ICZN.
Newsteadia pinicola Shiau & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 123. Type data: TAIWAN: Yunhai, Nantou, 27/10/1989, Y.C. Shiau. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: NTUD. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Tao1999].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected from litter under pine trees (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Redescription by Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to N. floccosa, but differs by having weakly developed wax plates on dorsum, with different sizes of tubular ducts, and by the absence of midcoxal pore groups (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Hua2000 [distribution: 132]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 123]; Tao1999 [distribution: 7].
Newsteadia richardae Kozár & Foldi in Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia richardae Kozár & Foldi in Kozár et al., 2002: 180-182. Type data: NEPAL: Phulcoki, district Katmandou, (face Nord. 2600m a.s.l)16/10/1983. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 9686,4d. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in MNHN and PPIH
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [KozarFoKo2002].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár et al. (2002). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: This species differs from all species of Newsteadia by having a large number of big quadrilocular pore groups on the whole of the dorsum (Kozár et al., 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 126]; KozarFoKo2002 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 180-182].
Newsteadia samoana MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia samoana Morrison, 1952: 63-64. Type data: WESTERN SAMOA: Upolu, Tiavi, 21/06/1940, by E. Zimmerman. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Notes: Paratypes in USNM.
HOSTS: Araucariaceae: Agathis sp. [WilliaWa1990]. Casurinaceae: Casuarina sp. [WilliaWa1990]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus sp. [WilliaWa1990]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: American Samoa [WilliaWa1990]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1990]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Western Samoa [Morris1952].
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been collected at 2,000 feet in elevation (Morrison, 1952).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000) and by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female has heavy wax plates. Body is elliptical with most of the dorsal surface moderately sclerotized (Morrison, 1952).
SYSTEMATICS: N. samoana is similar to N. martini and N. milleri having spine-like seta on the antennae and legs, but N. samoana differs from both by having long hair-like setae on the claws and a few setae on apical segment of the antennae (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 226 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions]; Williams & Watson 1990: 38 (female) [Species of Newsteadia of South Pacific region]; Morrison 1952: 58 (adult female) [Species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Hoy1962b [distribution: 516]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 128]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 221-222, 226]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 63-64]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; WilliaBu1987 [distribution, host: 90]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 38, 39].
Newsteadia scissa Miller & KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia scissa Miller & Kozár, 2002: 231-235. Type data: ANGOLA: Foret-Galerie R., Luachimo, Parque Carrisso (+7.22S, 20.50E), 26/04/1963. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in BMNH, MNHN, PPIH, SANC and USNM.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [MillerKo2002].
GENERAL REMARKS: Desecription and illustration by Miller & Kozár (2002), and by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Slide-mounted adult female 1.1 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, antennae 7-segmented, with an unusual divided ovisac band (Miller & Korár 2002).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia scissa is most similar to N. perpauca but differs from N. perpauca by having 7-segmented antennae, antennal segment 1 is slightly shorter than segment 2, antennal segments 3-5 without setae, a small coxal depression between the middle pair of legs, no medial sensory seta on the apical antennal segment, the sensorium on antennal segment 2 subapical, ovisac band cluster C3, C4, C5, and C6 present, and a capitate apex to filamentous setae on the antennae and legs (Miller & Kozár 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 131]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 205, 231-235].
Newsteadia setosa Kozár & Foldi in Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia setosa Kozár & Foldi in Kozár et al., 2002: 184-187. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Beforona, route de Tamatave, Pk 181, 8/10/1973. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 8736 3a. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [KozarFoKo2002].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár et al. (2002). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia setosa is most similar to N. clavata but differs by having setose spinelike setae on the antennae and tarsus and 2 kinds of tubular ducts (Kozár et al. 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 134]; KozarFoKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 184-187].
Newsteadia shiaui Kozár & Wu in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia shiaui Kozár & Wu in Kozár, 2004: 136-137. Type data: Taiwan (Tsui-fenghu, Ilan). Holotype female, by original designation. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Newsteadia shiaui grows on the underside of moss on the bark of tree (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted adult female is oval, with membranous derm. Length 1.47 mm, width 1.06 mm (Kozár, 2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia shiaui is similar to N. vasarhelyi, but differs by having long anal ring setae, six segmented antennae, and the absence of midcoxal pore groups (Kozár, 2004). This species was under the name N. mauritiana Mamet, 1943 in Shiau (1990) theses, and cited by Tao (1999). It was recognized as a new species by Kozár (2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 136].
Newsteadia smetanai Konczne Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia smetanai Konczne Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár et al., 2002: 182. Type data: NEPAL: Goropani, forest, 3100 m a.s.l, 7/10/1983. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 9680/4. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in PPIH.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [KozarFoKo2002].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár et al. (2002). Redescription by Kozár (2004). The type series of this species was originally included in the paratype series of Newsteadia nepalensis but did not have collection numbers (Kozár et al., 2002).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia smetanai differs from N. nepalensis by having a small number of quadrilocular pores on the dorsum, but they do not form groups, by the absence of hairlike setae in the middle part of the ovisac band, by the presence of wax plates in the coxal depressions, and by the absence of a midcoxal depression in front of the ovisac band (Kozár et al., 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 138]; KozarFoKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 182].
Newsteadia southafricensis Miller & KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia southafricensis Miller & Kozár, 2002: 235-238. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Weza, Stark Wood Forest, 17/11/1989. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype also USNM.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [MillerKo2002].
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been collected in forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Miller & Kozár (2002). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Slide-mounted adult female 1.5 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, and antennae 7-segmented (Miller & Kozár 2002).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia southafricensis is similar to N. wacri but differs from N. wacri by having ovisac band C5 reduced to few spines, ovisac band cluster C6 absent, antennal segment length 122-138 micrometers, antennal segment 2 with 3-4 setae, tibia-tarsus 448-510 micrometers, trochanter-femur with 22-29 setae, and spiracular atrium 18-28 micrometers in diameter (Miller & Kozár 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Miller & Kozár 2002: 206 (female) [Key to adult females of Afrotropical Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 140]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 206,235-238].
Newsteadia spiraculum Miller & KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia spiraculum Miller & Kozár, 2002: 238-242. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Colvie, on moss, 03/12/1997, by F. Kozár & J. Giliomee. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Musci [MillerKo2002].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [MillerKo2002].
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been collected in moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Miller & Kozár (2002). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Slide-mounted adult female is 1.8 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, with 6-segmented antennae, and has unusual spiracles that have an expanded area outside of the atrium that contains several quadrilocular pores (Miller & Kozár 2002).
SYSTEMATICS: N. spiraculum is most similar to N. samoana but differs form N. samoana by the absence flagellate setae on the tibia, the claw digitule is conical, and the presence of coxal depression near front and middle coxae (Miller & Kozár 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Miller & Kozár 2002: 205 (female) [Key to adult females of Afrotropical Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 143]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 205, 238-242].
Newsteadia succini Koteja & Zak-OgazaNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia succini Koteja & Zak-Ogaza, 1988a: 9-14. Type data: Baltic amber: Samland (=Sambia) Peninsula, Russia. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Moscow: Paleontological Institute, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Baltic Amber [KotejaZa1988a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast [VeaGi2012]).
GENERAL REMARKS: This species was described from a single specimen embedded in Baltic amber from Samland (Koteja & Zak-Ogaza, 1988a).
SYSTEMATICS: According to Koteja & Zak-Ogaza (1988a) this "species shows some morphological similarities with N. minima Morrison, N. tristani Silvestri and N. myersi Green."
CITATIONS: Koteja1987a [taxonomy: 241]; Koteja1998a [taxonomy: 187]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 203, 204]; KotejaZa1988a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 9-14]; Kozar2004 [taxonomy: 38]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762].
Newsteadia susannae Kozár & FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia susannae Kozár & Foldi, 2001: 158-160. Type data: FRANCE: South Corsica, Arragio, in forest litter, 2/06/1976, by I. Foldi. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 9463/-1. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 1 paratype slide in Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [KozarFo2001]; Greece [MilonaKoKo2008a].
BIOLOGY: Newsteadia susannae was collected at 700 meters above sea level (Kozár & Foldi, 2001), in forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Foldi (2001). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Slide-mounted adult female oval to subcircular, 1.7 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. Antennae 6-segmented. Venter with ovisac band weakly developed; wax plates band only at margin, and on head. Coxal depressions weakly developed, mesad of each coxa, separate, with big cluster of hair-like setae and quadrilocular pores. Dorsum with wax plates only partly covering the surface. Hair-like setae present in marginal clusters near posterior edges of marginal wax plates, and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate (Kozár & Foldi, 2001).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia susannae differs from N. floccosa, the only other species of this genus from the western part of the Palaearctic Region, in having hair-like setae on most segments of the antennae, a higher number of quadrilocular pores on the venter and dorsum, and by having undivided wax plate bands on the middorsum (Kozár & Foldi, 2001).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Foldi2003 [distribution: 148]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 144]; KozarFo2001 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 158-160]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147].
Newsteadia tasmaniensis Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia tasmaniensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000: 198-200. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Gleneagle, Canning Catchment, under Casuarina sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 4 paratypes in HNHM.
HOSTS: Casurinaceae [Kozar2004]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus marginata [Kozar2004]. Rosaceae: Malus [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [KozarKo2000] (Tasmania [KozarFo2000]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.8 mm long, 1.3 mm wide. Antennae 6-segmented (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia tasmaniensis is similar to N. samoana, but differs in the presence of long tubular ducts in wax plate bands and the presence of short, stout anal ring setae in N. tasmaniensis (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2000).
KEYS: LaPolla et al. 2008: 57 (female) [Key to Australian Ortheziidae]; Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 226 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 148]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 198-200]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 57].
Newsteadia topali Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia topali Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a: 166-167. Type data: INDIA: West Bengal, Kurseong, Darjeeling District, North Point, 1967, by F. Topál. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in PPIH.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Meghalaya [KozarKo1999a], West Bengal [KozarKo1999a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (1999a). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female about 1.2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Antennae 4-segmented. Dorsum with wax plates in loose bands on surface, divided in the midline. Spines at the margin of wax plate elongate (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia topali is similar to N. loebli, the difference is the presence of a special deep depression in front of the ovisac band (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 1999a: 176 [Key to Newsteadia species found in the Oriental and Palaearctic regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 150]; KozarKo1999a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 166-167].
Newsteadia trisegmentalis HowellNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia trisegmentalis Howell, 1975: 163-166. Type data: UNITED STATES: Georgia, Echols County, 8 miles west of Fargo, off highway 94, on Panicum, by R. Beshear. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 63-73A. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in USNM and BMNH.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus sp. [KozarKo2001]. Poaceae: Panicum sp.? [Howell1975]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [KozarKo2001]; United States of America (Florida [KozarKo2001], Georgia [Howell1975]). Neotropical: Netherlands Antilles? [KozarKo2001]; Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Venezuela [KozarKo2001].
BIOLOGY: This species has also been found in orchid and bromeliad debris (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Howell (1975). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female wide, oval in outline, tapering posteriorly with membranous derm (Howell, 1975).
SYSTEMATICS: This species resembles Newsteadia tristani (Silvestri) (Howell, 1975).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2001: 140 (adult) [Key to Newsteadia species in the Nearctic and Neotropic Regions]; Howell 1975: 165-166 (adult) [Additions to Morrison's 1952 key to Newsteadia species].
CITATIONS: Howell1975 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 163-166]; HowellWi1976 [illustration: 182]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 152]; KozarKo2001 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 134, 140]; Malump2012b [distribution: 211]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079].
Newsteadia tristani (Silvestri)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola tristani Silvestri, 1924: 174-176. Type data: COSTA RICA: San Jose, in detritus, by J.F. Tristan. Syntypes, type designation unknown. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Illust. Notes: According to Marotta (personal communication, September 29, 1998) there is a slide marked "typus!" and a vial of dry material marked "cotypus!" in the IFSP. Both are labeled "S. Josč, Costa Rica, F. Tristano, 1/1917." However, this material must be considered syntypic since there is no mention of a holotype in the original description.
Newsteadia tristani; Morrison, 1952: 59. Change of combination.
HOST: Orchidaceae [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Morris1925]; Cuba [Kozar2004]; Mexico (Chiapas [Morris1952]); Peru [KozarKo2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Silvestri (1924). Detailed redescription and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, (2001), and by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.3 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Antenna 3-segmented. Ovisac band not interrupted, but short, ovisac wax plate groups on last segments of abdomen absent; wax plates few on thorax and head. Dorsal wax plates in wide bands, partly divided in midline. Spines at margin of wax plate elongate, with apically rounded apex (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
SYSTEMATICS: The preadult female of N. tristani is similar to that of N. trisegmentalis. The most important difference is the presence of a sensory seta on the apical segment of N. trisegmentalis. This seta is absent in N. tristani. The setae on the first 2 segments of the antennae and coxae of N. tristani are long and clavate, but short and not clavate in all stages of N. trisegmentalis, the latter species also has long tubular ducts (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2001: 140 [Key to Newsteadia species in the Nearctic and Neotropic Regions]; Howell 1975: 166 (adult) [Additions to Morrison's key to Newsteadia species]; Morrison 1952: 59 (adult female) [Species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Ghesqu1934 [taxonomy: 31]; Howell1975 [taxonomy: 165]; Hoy1962b [distribution: 516]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy: 12]; KotejaZa1988a [distribution, taxonomy: 12]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 154]; KozarKo2001 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 135-138, 140]; Mamet1943 [taxonomy: 118]; Mamet1947a [distribution: 49-50]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 151]; Morris1952 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 64]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; Silves1924 [description, distribution, illustration: 174-176]; Silves1924 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 174-176]; Viggia1973 [taxonomy: 408].
Newsteadia tropicalis Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia tropicalis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001: 138-140. Type data: BRAZIL: 1995, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. B 76. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [KozarKo2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2001). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.1 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Antennae 6-segmented. Ovisac band interrupted in the middle, short, ovisac wax plate groups on last segments of abdomen absent; wax plates in small groups on thorax and head. Dorsum with wax plates forming bands on surface. Spines at margin of wax plate elongate (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia tropicalis is similar to N. brasiliensis, but differs by having clavate setae on the first segments of the antennae and by the presence of long tubular ducts (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2001: 141 (adult) [Key to Newsteadia species in the Nearctic and Neotropic Regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 158]; KozarKo2001 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 138-140, 141].
Newsteadia turbinespina Miller & KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia turbinespina Miller & Kozár, 2002: 242-245. Type data: TANZANIA, Kiuguru Mts., Bondwa Peak, foggy forest, on moss, 25/03/1973, by T. Pócs. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype also at PPIH.
HOST: Musci [MillerKo2002].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [MillerKo2002].
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been collected in moss from foggy forests (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Miller & Kozár (2002) and by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Slide-mounted adult female is 1.3 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, with 6-segmented antennae, and characteristic conical or spinelike setae on the trochanter-femur and antenna (Miller & Kozár 2002).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia turbinespina is most similar to N. tasmaniensisis but differs from N. tasmaniensisis by having no quadrilocular pores in the area immediately surrounding the spiracular atrium, has a broad apex to the labium, and has spine-like setae on the trochanter-femur (Miller & Kozár 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Miller & Kozár 2002: 205 (female) [Key to adult females of Afrotropical Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 160]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 205, 242-245].
Newsteadia vasarhelyii Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia vasarhelyii Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a: 171-172. Type data: SOUTH KOREA: Kumgang-san, from moss, 07/09/1989, by G. Szollát. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in PPIH.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: South Korea [KozarKo1999a].
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been collected in moss and litter of Quercus foresst.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (1999a) and by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 1.2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. Antennae 7-segmented. Dorsum with wax plates only partially covering the surface. Spines at the margin of wax plate elongate. Hair-like setae present in marginal clusters near posterior edges of marginal wax plates, and near anterolateal and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia vasarhelyii is similar to N. koeroesicsomai, the key difference being the presence of the 2 sensory setae on the apical segment of the antennae (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 1999a: 176 [Key to Newsteadia species found in the Oriental and Palaearctic regions].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 162]; KozarKo1999a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 171-172, 176].
Newsteadia vietnamensis Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia vietnamensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a: 173-174. Type data: VIETNAM: Tu-ly, 10/01/1966, by T. Pócs. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [KozarKo1999a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (1999a). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 1.7 mm long, 1.4 mm wide. Antennae 3-segmented. Dorsum with wax plates covering the surface. Spines at margin of wax plate elongate. Hair-like setae present in marginal clusters near posterior edges of marginal wax plates, and near anterolateral an anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia vietnamensis is similar to N. topali, but differs by the absence of multilocular pores, the 3-segmented antennae and the very long antennae and legs (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999a).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 1999a: 176 [Key to Newsteadia species found in the Oriental and Palaearctic regions].
CITATIONS: KaydanKoSz2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 67, 79]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 164]; KozarKo1999a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 173-174, 176].
Newsteadia wacri StricklandNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia wacri Strickland, 1947a: 518. Type data: GHANA: Eastern Province, Tafo, on Theobroma cacao, by "J. McA Todd". Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Combretaceae: Terminalia superba [Morris1952]. Malvaceae: Triplochiton scleroxylon [Morris1952]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Strickland, 1947a). Redescribed and illustrated by Miller & Kozár (2002) and by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is completely covered with white wax in the form of plates of a definite pattern. One large triangular plate covers the head and apex of the body, overlaid by a second, smaller plate on the first thoracic segment (Strickland, 1947a).
SYSTEMATICS: Within Africa N. wacri is most similar to N. southafricensis (Miller & Kozár 2002). Outside of Africa N. wacri most closely resembles N. gullanae but differs from N. gullanae by having ovisac band clusters C5 and C6 present, several indefinite coxal depressions, antennal segment 1 slightly shorter than segment 2, middle tibia-tarsus about 900 micrometers long, and antennal segment 2 about 220 micrometers long (Miller & Kozár, 2002).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Miller & Kozár 2002: 206 (female) [Key to adult females of Afrotropical Newsteadia]; Morrison 1952: 58 (adult female) [Species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 166]; MillerKo2002 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 206, 245-248]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; Strick1947a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 518-520].
Newsteadia yanbaruensis Tanaka & AmanoNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia yanbaruensis Tanaka & Amano, 2005a. Type data: JAPAN: Okinawa Is, Yanbaru District, Kunigami-son in molded pine needle litter. Described: female.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [TanakaAm2005a].
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia yanbaruensis resembles the Afrotropical species Newsteadia multispina and the Pacific species, N. samoana, differing from N multispina in the antennal setae and dorsomedial abdominal wax plates and from N. samoana in lacking certain pores. Tanaka & Amano, 2005a).
CITATIONS: TanakaAm2005a [taxonomy].
Newsteadia zimmermani MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Newsteadia zimmermani Morrison, 1952: 64-65. Type data: FIJI: Viti Levu, Nandarivatu, 09 and 07/09/1938, by E. Zimmerman. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
HOST: Undetermined [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [Morris1952].
BIOLOGY: Specimens of this species have been collected at 2,600 feet in elevation (Morrison, 1952).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2000), and by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is elliptical (Morrison, 1952).
SYSTEMATICS: Newsteadia zimmermani is similar to N. guadalcanalia, by having blunt setae on the antennae and legs. The venter of thorax of N. zimmermani with wide bands of wax plates, and the wax plate bands are not interrupted on the median of the dorsum (Kozár & Konczné Benedict, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 38-41 (female) [Key to the world species of Newsteadia]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2000: 224 [Key to species of Newsteadia in the Australian and Pacific Regions]; Williams & Watson 1990: 38 (female) [Species of Newsteadia from the South Pacific region]; Morrison 1952: 58 (adult female) [Species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: HodgsoLa2011 [distribution, host: 27]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 168]; KozarKo2000 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 219-220, 224]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 64-65]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 38, 39-40].
Subfamily Nipponortheziinae
Jermycoccus Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Jermycoccus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2002: 157. Type species: Jermycoccus boliviensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: The dorsal marginal and median wax plate bands are absent. The dorsum is covered with small groups of wax spines, setae and quadrilocular pores (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2002).
SYSTEMATICS: Jermycoccus is similar to Mixorthezia in the presence of 4-segmented antennae and the structure of the legs. However, the eye stalks are not fused with the base of the antenna, which sometimes is called the pseudobasal antennal segment (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2002). Kozár (2004) included this genus in his new tribe, Mixortheziini.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 172 (female) [Key to the genera of Mixortheziini].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution: 173]; KozarKo2002 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 157]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761].
Jermycoccus boliviensis Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Jermycoccus boliviensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2002: 158-159. Type data: BOLIVIA: between La Paz and P. Linares, 14-16/11/1971, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [KozarKo2002].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of adult female and illustration given by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Slide-mounted adult female 1.24 mm long and 1.0 mm wide. Antenna 4-segmented, with eyes situated far from pseudobasal antennal segment. One sensory pore on 2nd segment. Venter with labium 1-segmented. Stylet loop twice the length of labium. Dorsum with wax plates in a band around margin but absent on dorsal midline. Dorsum covered with small groups of wax plates each with 3-5 spines, a long seta and one quadrilocular pore. Midline of dorsum with a narrow band of bare cuticle, surrounded by scattered quadrilocular pores which occur in groups on head (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2002).
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 174]; KozarKo2002 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 158-159].
Mixorthezia MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia Morrison, 1925: 151. Type species: Mixorthezia cubana Morrison, by monotypy and original designation.
Ortheziopa Laing, 1925a: 383.
Orthesiopoda; Wheeler, 1935: 323. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description of generic characters by Morrison (1925). Revision of the genus and key to species by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: The ovisac and plate secretion of the adult female resembles those of other genera (Morrison, 1925). Adult female: Four-segmented antennae, apical seta long and flagellate with a distinct apical seta, legs with tarsus and tibia sometimes fused or delimited only by a suture, with three rows of spines within the ovisac band. Mixorthezia is distributed throughout the Neotropical Region. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Mixorthezia is similar to Ortheziola and Nipponorthezia by having four or fewer antennal segments. Ortheziola differ from Mixorthezia by having the wax plates coalesced and not placed segmentally, the tibia and tarsus fused, two or fewer spine bands inside the ovisac band, thumb-like pores near the anal ring, triad of setae on each side of the labium and hair-like claw digitules. Mixorthezia has the wax plates placed segmentally, the tibia and tarsus separate, more than 2 spine bands inside the ovisac band, no thumb-like pores, no triplex setae on the labium and spine-like claw digitules (Kozár & Miller, 2000). Kozár (2004) included this genus in his new tribe, Mixortheziini.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 172 (female) [Key to the genera of Mixortheziini]; Morrison 1952: 3 (female) [Key to genera of Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1925: 102 (female) [Key to genera of Ortheziinae].
CITATIONS: Koteja1987 [taxonomy: 235]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution: 176-177]; KozarKo2002 [taxonomy: 157, 159]; KozarMi2000 [description, taxonomy: 17]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 189]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 151]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 65]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 122]; Salmon1933 [taxonomy: 478]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 633]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761, 769].
Mixorthezia costaricana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia costaricana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 178-179. Type data: COSTA RICA: Sierra de la Muerte, Jaboncillal, 2800 a.s.l., 21/01/1993, J.Balogh. Holotype female, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. CR 93. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The slide contains a larva, too.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens occur in moss and forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to M. szovenyii, but differs by sclerotized rectangle mediolateral plates, with one row of quadrilocular pores in front of the ovisac band (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 178].
Mixorthezia cubana MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia cubana Morrison, 1925: 151-152. Type data: CUBA: Oriente, San Antonio do Sul, by W.M. Mann, 1920. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Morris1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Morris1925].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female's covering consists of flattened white wax plates corresponding in number and position to the clusters of spines. Pre-adult female rather closely resembles adult except for the absence of an ovisac (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 60 (adult female) [Species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Ballou1926 [distribution, host: 28]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 180]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 189]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 151-152]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 66].
Mixorthezia dominicana Vea & GimaldiNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia dominicana Vea & Gimaldi, 2012: 769-770. Type data: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Miocene. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA; type no. DR19-1. Described: female. Illust. Notes: In amber. Extinct.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Dominican Republic [VeaGi2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration in Vea & Grimaldi, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body elongate oval, dorsoventrally flattened. Antennae 4-segmented, inserted at frontal margin ventrally, distance between antennae 80 ěm, with slightly clavate apical segment. Eyestalks protruding. Wax lobes well developed but transparent due to preservation; consisting of nine marginal lobes, a frontal lobe barely protruding from body margin, caudal lobe protruding from anal ring. Dorsal wax lobes consist of eight submedian and eight paramedian pairs, all symmetrical and arranged segmentally from head to abdominal segments. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Mixorthezia kozari differs from M. dominicana as follows: by the third antennal segment being relatively shorter (35.5% vs 41% of total antennal length) and the apical seta significantly longer than subapical seta (vs apical subapical setae of subequal lengths in M. dominicana), marginal wax lobes much more developed than submedian and median lobes (vs marginal wax lobes as developed as submedian and median lobes in M. dominicana), and frontal lobes fused (vs separated). (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
CITATIONS: VeaGi2012 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 769-770].
Mixorthezia ecuadorensis MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia ecuadorensis Morrison, 1952: 66-68. Type data: ECUADOR: Pichilinque, on Cacao roots, 01/10/1944, by E.J. Hambleton. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: There is one slide in the USNM labeled "type".
HOST: Sterculiaceae: Cacao sp. [Morris1952]
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female elliptical with lateral and small middorsal paired tufts of secretion (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 66 (adult female) [Species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 182]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 66-68].
Mixorthezia elegans Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia elegans Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004. Type data: BOLIVIA: 6122 Km from P. Linares to La Paz, 14-16/11/1971, J. Balogh. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. LL B 12. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The slide contains a paratype female too, the holotype on right side, marked. Two slides with paratypes contain three females, all deposited at PPIH.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in moss and forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to M. gigantea, but differs by the presence of spine-like setae between middorsal wax plates. In some characters, like the divided ovisac band, this species is similar to species belonging to Neomixorthezia (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 184].
Mixorthezia fodiens (Giard)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola fodiens Giard, 1897: 583-585. Type data: GUADALOUPE: roots of coffee plant, by M.F. Henneguy. Unknown type status, type designation unknown. Notes: Types presumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999).
Mixorthezia fodiens; Morrison, 1952: 68. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Coffea sp. [Morris1952]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma sp. [Morris1952]
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guadeloupe [Morris1925].
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description by Giard (1897). Redescription by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: The adult female is reddish, eggs are oval elongate and transparent (Giard, 1897).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1952) states that "the identity of this species has remained obscure since its description in 1897. Its transfer to Mixorthezia is therefore little better than a guess as to its proper assignment but has been made after a restudy of the original description in comparison with specimens of other species of the genus taken from the roots of coffee and cacao elsewhere in the West Indies."
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 65 (adult female) [Species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 38]; Giard1897 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 583-585]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 186]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 186]; LePell1968 [distribution: 322]; Morris1952 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 68].
Mixorthezia gigantea Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia gigantea Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 187. Type data: ECUADOR, 22-24/11/1971, J. Balogh. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. QB B-61. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The slide contains a paratype female too, holotype on the right side, marked. Two slides with paratypes contain three females (B 58, B 60). Deposited in PPIH.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in moss and forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to M. elegans, but the spine-like setae between the middorsal wax plates are absent.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, host: 188].
Mixorthezia giuseppinae Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia giuseppinae Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 188. Type data: ECUADOR, 22-24/11/1971, J. Balogh. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. B 7. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The slide contains a paratype female too, holotype on the right side, marked. Two slides with paratypes contain three females (B 8, B 9). Deposited in PPIH.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Kozar2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to M. cubana but differs by the absence of fused groups of quadrilocular pores, different shape of antennal segments, and by presence of clavate setae on margin within ovisac band (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 188].
Mixorthezia karpatti Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia karpatti Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 190. Type data: ECUADOR: Rio Chinibo, Prov. Chimborozo, 05/04/1987, I. Loksa & A. Zicsi. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 50. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes: 13 females with the same data as holotype, some larvae included too, on 10 slides. Deposited in PPIH.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Kozar2004]; Ecuador [Kozar2004]; Peru [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been collected in moss of rain forest (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to M. nuda and M. peruviana, but differs by having weakly developed wax spine rows within the ovisac band (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, host: 190].
Mixorthezia kozari Vea & GimaldiNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia kozari Vea & Gimaldi, 2012: 769. Type data: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Miocene. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: In amber. Extinct.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Dominican Republic [VeaGi2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration in Vea & Grimaldi, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body pear-shaped, dorsoventrally flattened, head narrow with greatest width on first abdominal segments.Antennae 4-segmented, inserted ventrally at frontal margin, Eyestalk protruding. Wax covering made transparent by preservation in amber, completely covering dorsum; with eight pairs marginal lobes, frontal lobe separated from lateral lobes, eighth lobe almost completely covering ovisac, caudal lobe half the length of eigth lobe; with seven rows small, faint separated median and submedian lobes. All wax lobes inclined posteriad. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Mixorthezia kozari differs from M. dominicana as follows: by the third antennal segment being relatively shorter (35.5% vs 41% of total antennal length) and the apical seta significantly longer than subapical seta (vs apical subapical setae of subequal lengths in M. dominicana), marginal wax lobes much more developed than submedian and median lobes (vs marginal wax lobes as developed as submedian and median lobes in M. dominicana), and frontal lobes fused (vs separated). (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
CITATIONS: VeaGi2012 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 769].
Mixorthezia minima Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia minima Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 194. Type data: BRAZIL: Maranhao, Fazenda Agua Azul, 2-4/09/1067, J.Balogh. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. BRB. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The slide contains a paratype female too, holotype on the right side, marked. Two slides with paratypes contain three females (BRB 5). Deposited in PPIH.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Maranhao [Kozar2004]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: This species differs from others by the presence of a pore group in front of the anal ring (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 194].
Mixorthezia monticola Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia monticola Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 196. Type data: ECUADOR: Cotopaxi, 1973, J. Balogh. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. EC 9. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The slide contains a paratype female too, holotype on the right side, marked. Five slides with paratypes contain five females (ec 13, 15, 16, 19). Deposited in PPIH.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in moss and forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to M. reynei, but differs by the absence of the group of spines on the distal end of the femur (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, host: 196].
Mixorthezia morrisoni Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia morrisoni Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 198. Type data: CUBA: Sierra de la Gran Piedra, 27/05/1979, T. Pocs. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 145. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The slide contains a larva, too.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been collected in moss and forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to M. cubana and M. giuseppinae, but differs from both by the weakly developed third row of wax spines within the ovisac band (Kozár, 2004).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Specimens were collected on forest litter and moss (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 198].
Mixorthezia neotropicalis (Silvestri)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezinella neotropicalis Silvestri, 1924: 172-174. Type data: COSTA RICA: San Jose, by J.F. Tristan. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Illust. Notes: According to Marotta (personal communication, September 29, 1998) there is dry material in the IFSP marked "Cotypus! S. Josč, Costa Rica, F. Tristano, 1/1917." There are also two slides of possible type material marked "S. Josč, Costa Rica."
Nipponorthezia neotropicalis; Morrison, 1925: 154. Change of combination.
Mixorthezia neotropicalis; Morrison, 1952: 65, 70. Change of combination.
Mixorthezia myersi Morrison, 1952: 68-70. Type data: CUBA: Trinidad Mountains, in ant nests, 24/03/1925, by J.G. Myers. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
Mixorthezia myersi Kozár, 2004: 200.
ASSOCIATE: Unidentified ant [Morris1952].
HOST: Undetermined [Silves1924].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Kozar2004]; Chile [Kozar2004]; Costa Rica [Morris1925]; Cuba [Kozar2004] [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Silvestri (1924). Later treatments dealing with the taxonomy of this species by Morrison (1925 & 1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004), redescription based on a cotype female, designated as lectotype, others as paralectotype.
STRUCTURE: Silvestri (1924) states that this species is very similar to Orthezinella hispanica. In the absence of the female of O. hispanica, however, this similarity cannot be proved (Kozár, 2004).Adult female stout elliptical. The entire derm shows a tendency towards light sclerotization, with slightly heavier areas along the upper edges of marginal spine clusters (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 66 (adult female) [Species of Mixorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 66 (adult female) [Species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 200]; Morris1925 [taxonomy: 154]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 69-70]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; Silves1924 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 154]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 633]; Viggia1973 [taxonomy: 407].
Mixorthezia nuda Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia nuda Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004. Type data: COSTA RICA: Sierra de la Muerte, La gloria, 24/01/1992, J. Balogh. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. B 63. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Nine female paratypes (B 56, 63), on seven slides. Deposited in PPIH.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in forest litter and moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Dorsal segments bare with sclerotized mediolateral and quadrate plates in middle line of the body. Marginal wax plates slightly developed. Ovisac as long as half of the body (Kozár, 2004).
SYSTEMATICS: The species is similar to M. karpatii, and M. peruviana, but differs by having weakly developed dorsolateral wax plates, and the absence of wax plates around coxae (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 204].
Mixorthezia peruviana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia peruviana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 204. Type data: PERU: Pucallpa, 1-4/10/1971, J. Balogh. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. LP B 25. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes: 7 females on 6 slides, from same locality (B 24, 25, 26). Deposited in PPIH.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in forest litter and moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to M. nuda, but differs by having wax plates around coxae, and the presence of submarginal dorsal wax plates (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 206].
Mixorthezia pocsi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia pocsi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 206. Type data: CUBA: Sierra Moestra Pico Palma, 16/04/1979, T. Pocs. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 9081-3. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in forest litter and moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to M. ecuadorensis but differs by the absence of middorsal wax plate bands and small number of pores within the ovisac band (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 206].
Mixorthezia reynei (Laing)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziopa reynei Laing, 1925: 383. Type data: SURINAME: on roots of Coffea arabica, by A. Reyne. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Notes: There is a slide in the BMNH labeled "paratype" and one labeled "type" but since there is no mention of a holotype in the original description, they must be considered syntypic. There are also two topotypic slides in the BMNH collected in 1932 by G. Bünzli (Williams, personal communication, October 14, 1998).
HOSTS: Araceae: Xanthosoma hellecorifolium [Morris1952]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Morris1952]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma sp. [Morris1952]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Kozar2004]. Neotropical: Brazil [Kozar2004]; Chile [Kozar2004]; Costa Rica [Kozar2004]; El Salvador [Morris1952]; Suriname [Morris1952]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original brief description by Laing (1925). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is ovate, about one fifth longer than broad (Laing, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 66 (adult female) [Species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Dinthe1960 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 43, 44]; Hamble1947 [taxonomy: 953]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 209]; LePell1968 [distribution, host: 322]; Morris1952 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 70-72]; Strick1947a [distribution, host: 521].
Mixorthezia spinosa Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia spinosa Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 210. Type data: ECUADOR: Quito-Quininde, 22-24/11/1971, J. Balogh. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. QB B 59. Described: female. Notes: Paratypes: eleven females on six slides (B 58, 60, 61). Deposited in PPIH.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in forest litter and moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to M. neotropicalis, but differs by having long spinose setae on antennae (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: KozarKozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 211].
Mixorthezia szovenyii Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Mixorthezia szovenyii Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 212. Type data: PERU: Oxapampa, 01/11/200, G. Szovenyi. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 6189. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes: two females on two slides. Deposited in PPIH.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected on forest litter and moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to M. costaricana but differs by having sclerotized rounded mediolateral plates, with 2 rows of quadrilocular pores in front of the ovisac band (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 176-177 (female) [Key to the species of Mixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 212].
Neomixorthezia KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Neomixorthezia Kozár, 2004: 215. Type species: Neomixorthezia brazilana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and key to species by Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Kozár (2004) described this genus in a new tribe, Mixortheziini, and new subfamily, Nipponortheziinae.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 172 (female) [Key to the genera of Mixortheziini].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution: 215]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761].
Neomixorthezia brazilana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Neomixorthezia brazilana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 216. Type data: BRAZIL: 1995, J. Balogh. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. BR B104. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype: one female, BRAZIL: 1995, deposited in PPIH (BR B 21).
HOST: Unidentified.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Kozar2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to N. lenkoi but differs by the absence of the band of quadrilocular pores around dorsal sclerotized plates (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 215 (female) [Key to all species of Neomixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 216].
Neomixorthezia lenkoi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Neomixorthezia lenkoi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 218. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Barneri, 27/08/1967, K. Lenko. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 3910/3b. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes: three females from the holotype collection (MNHN_3910/1b, 4b), two deposited in MNHN, one in PPIH.
HOST: Unidentified [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Kozar2004]).
BIOLOGY: Collected from ant nests (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to N. brazilana but differs by having a band of quadrilocular pores around the dorsal sclerotized plates (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 215 (female) [Key to all species of Neomixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 218].
Neomixorthezia machupicchui Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Neomixorthezia machupicchui Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 220. Type data: PERU: Machu-Pichu, 2000 m asl., 07/12/1972, J. Balogh. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. PM 22. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The slide contains one more paratype female, holotype on left and marked. Paratypes from the same collection, 16 females and three larvae on 13 slides (3 PM 19-24), deposited in PPIH, one slide in USNM, BMNH, MNHM.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in forest litter and moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to N. brazilana but different by the presence of quadrilocular pores among the microspines in the spiracular clusters (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 215 (female) [Key to all species of Neomixorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, host: 220].
Neonipponorthezia KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Neonipponorthezia Kozár, 2004: 224. Type species: Neonipponorthezia regina Konczné Benedicty, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and key to species in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Kozár (2004) described this genus in a new tribe, Nipponortheziini, and new subfamily, Nipponortheziinae.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 171 (female) [Key to the genera of Nipponortheziinae].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution: 224]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761].
Neonipponorthezia kaindii Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Neonipponorthezia kaindii Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 226. Type data: NEW GUINEA: Wau, Mt. Kaindi, 27/08/1968, J. Balogh. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. B 29. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in forest litter and moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to N. regina but differs by the presence of spines on the venter of thorax, and by the grouped quadrilocular pores on the dorsum (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 224 (female) [Key to the species of the genus].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 226].
Neonipponorthezia regina Konczné Benedicty in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Neonipponorthezia regina Konczné Benedicty in Kozár, 2004: 228. Type data: NEW GUINEA: Wau, Valley of Nami Creek, 15-19/08/1968, J. Balogh. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. B 19. Described: female. Notes: One paratype with the same data as the holotype. Deposited in PPIH.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in forest moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to N. kaindii but differs by the absence of spines on the venter of the thorax, and by the grouped quadrilocular pores on the dorsum (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 224 (female) [Key to the species of the genus].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 228].
Nipponorthezia KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Nipponorthezia Kuwana, 1916: 150. Type species: Nipponorthezia ardisiae Kuwana, by monotypy.
Orthezinella; Silvestri, 1924: 170. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Kozár, 2004: 251. Notes: Morrison (1925) considered Orthezinella to be a synonym of Nipponorthezia but Kozár (2004) disagreed.
Nipponorthesia; Morrison, 1925: 153. Misspelling of genus name.
BIOLOGY: Specimens of this genus have been collected in moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of generic characters by Morrison (1925). Revision and key to species by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female has a stout oval body and superficially resembles other genera of the Ortheziinae (Morrison, 1925).
SYSTEMATICS: Nipponorthezia is similar to Mixorthezia and Ortheziola by having four or fewer antennal segments. Ortheziola differs from Nipponorthezia by having three-segmented antennae, the claw digitules hairlike, a dorsal plate and a triad of setae on each side of the labium. Nipponorthezia have four-segmented antennae, the claw digitules spinelike, no dorsal plate and no triad of setae on the labium (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 38 (female) [Genera of Ortheziidae from South Pacific region]; Yang 1982: 14 (female) [Genera of Ortheziidae of China]; Green 1922: 417 (adult female) [Genera of the subfamily Ortheziinae]; MacGillivray 1921: 111 (adult female) [Genera of Ortheziinae].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [distribution, taxonomy: 401]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 37a]; Ferris1921b [taxonomy: 58]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy: 382, 391]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 417]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 84]; Koszta1996 [description, host, taxonomy: 66]; Koteja1987 [taxonomy: 235]; Kozar2004 [catalogue, description, distribution: 230-231]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution: 230]; KozarKo2001a [taxonomy: 23]; KozarMi2000 [description, taxonomy: 17]; KozarMi2001 [taxonomy: 244]; Kuwana1916 [description, distribution: 150]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 191]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 111, 114]; Mamet1955a [taxonomy: 126]; Morris1925 [description, taxonomy: 153]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 72]; Morris1954 [distribution, taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 135]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Richar1979 [distribution: 1079]; Richar1990 [taxonomy: 223]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 446-447]; Salmon1933 [taxonomy: 478]; Silves1924 [taxonomy: 170]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 38, 40]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 14].
Nipponorthezia ardisiae KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Nipponorthezia ardisiae Kuwana, 1916: 150-152. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Yokohama, on Ardisia japonica, ?/02/1914, by T. Yamamura. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: bladhia scale [Yang1982].
HOSTS: Myrsinaceae: Ardisia japonica [Kuwana1916]. Theaceae: Thea sinensis [KawaiTa1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Richar1998]. Palaearctic: Japan (Honshu [Kuwana1916]); South Korea [Tao1999].
BIOLOGY: This species occurs in roots (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: The American specimens Morrison (1925) refers to were later determined to be Nipponorthezia obscura. Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is brown or yellowish brown, antennae and legs are yellowish brown, cereous lamellae and marsupium snow white. Larvae are ovate after potash treatment (Kuwana, 1916).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 230-231 (female) [Key to the world species of Nipponorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 72 (female) [Key to species of Nipponorthezia].
CITATIONS: Ferris1918 [structure: 87]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 132]; HuangTsLi1979 [taxonomy: 200]; Kawai1972 [distribution, taxonomy: 2]; Kawai1980 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 84]; KawaiTa1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 115-118]; Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution, illustration: 231]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; Kuwana1916 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 150-151]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 4]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 191]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 114]; Morris1925 [distribution, host: 154]; Morris1952 [distribution, taxonomy: 72, 73]; Richar1979 [distribution, taxonomy: 1079]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 447]; Silves1924 [taxonomy: 169]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 633]; Tao1999 [distribution: 7]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 355]; YoshidKu1962 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 2, 42, 51].
Nipponorthezia koreana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Nipponorthezia koreana Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 232. Type data: NORTH KOREA: Pyongyong-city, Daesong-San, 11/09/1979, T. Vasarhelyi. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 437. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes: 2 females and four larval stages. Deposited in PPIH.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: North Korea [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected on fern litter and moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to N. ardisiae but differs by having wax plates on the venter of the head and thorax (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 230-231 (female) [Key to the world species of Nipponorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 232].
Nipponorthezia obscura MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Nipponorthezia ardisiae; Trimble, 1923: 262. Misidentification; discovered by Morrison, 1952: 74.
Nipponorthezia ardisiae; Morrison, 1925: 153. Misidentification; discovered by Morrison, 1952: 73.
Nipponorthezia ardisiae; Trimble, 1928: 42. Misidentification; discovered by Morrison, 1952: 74.
Nipponorthezia obscura Morrison, 1952: 73-74. Type data: UNITED STATES: Virginia, Mt. Vernon, on Andropogon sp., 19/12/1944, by J.C. Crawford & F. Andre. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust.
HOSTS: Cannaceae: Canna sp. [Koszta1996]. Ericaceae: Leucothoe catesbaei [Morris1952]. Lythraceae: Lawsonia inermis [Morris1925]. Poaceae: Andropogon sp. [Morris1952], Cymbopogon citralis [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Morris1952]; United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Florida [Morris1952], Illinois [Morris1952], Pennsylvania [Morris1952], South Carolina [Morris1952], Texas [Koszta1996], Virginia [Morris1952]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Morris1952]; Honduras [Koszta1996].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected from ant nests (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004). U.S. specimens of Nipponorthezia obscura were misidentified as N. ardisiae by Trimble (1923 and 1928) and Morrison (1925). The presence of this species in the Nearctic could be a result of introduction from the Oriental, or Pacific Regions (Kozár, 2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female has a single transverse row of spines across the ventral abdominal area near the anterior section of the ovisac band and has small clusters of invaginated quadrilocular type pores of unequal size and variable shape (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 230-231 (female) [Key to the world species of Nipponorthezia]; Kosztarab 1996: 59 (female) [Species of Northeastern North America Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 72 (adult female) [Species of Nipponorthezia].
CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 66, 67]; Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution, illustration: 236]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1925 [distribution, host: 153-154]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 73-74]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; Trimbl1923 [distribution, host: 262]; Trimbl1928 [distribution: 42].
Nipponorthezia robusta Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Nipponorthezia robusta Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 238. Type data: VIETNAM: Cuc-Phuong, 14/09/1963, T. Pocs. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The holotype slide contains one larva, too.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: This species differs from all others with strong, curved setae on the antennae and legs (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 230-231 (female) [Key to the world species of Nipponorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 238].
Nipponorthezia taiwaniana Kozár & Wu in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Nipponorthezia taiwaniana Kozár & Wu in Kozár, 2004: 240. Type data: TAIWAN: Fushan, Ilan, 08/08/1989, Y.C.Shiau. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: NTUD. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The holotipe contains a paratype, too, the holotype on left side, marked. Other paratypes deposited in NTDUE, and two-two paratypes in PPIH and USNM.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in soil around roots, in litter, or on the soil surface (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to N. koreana but differs by the absence of wax plates on the venter of the midthorax, and by presence of grouped quadrilocular and simple pores on the dorsum (Kozár, 2004). o
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 230-231 (female) [Key to the world species of Nipponorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 240].
Nipponorthezia tasmaniana Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Nipponorthezia tasmaniana Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kozár, 2004. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Frodshoms, 600 m a.s.l., 3/12/1982, Y.Endrody Sebo. Holotype preadult female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 387. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Third instar female (?).
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Kozar2004]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: The studied specimens have no ovisac band, but do have a vulva surrounded by multilocular pores. For this reason it is considered to be the 3rd stage female rather than an adult female. This species is here included temporarily in Niponorthezia because of the antennal characters and its zoogeographic distribution. Discussion of characters that compare this species with placement in other genera is in Kozár (2004).
KEYS: LaPolla et al. 2008: 57 (female) [Key to Australian Ortheziidae]; Kozár 2004: 230-231 (female) [Key to the world species of Nipponorthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 244]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 57].
Nipponorthezinella KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Nipponorthezinella Kozár, 2004: 245. Type species: Nipponorthezinella guadalcanalia Morrison, by original designation.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 223 (female) [Key to the genera of Nipponortheziinae].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution: 245]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761].
Nipponorthezinella guadalcanalia (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Nipponorthezia guadalcanalia Morrison, 1952: 73. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: North Guadalcanal, ?/11/1944, by L. Liporsky. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: This species was described from a single specimen preserved in alcohol (Morrison, 1952).
Nipponorthezia mameti Richard, 1979: 1080. Type data: Rodriques Island: Mt. Limon, at 396m, 09/05/1972, in leaf litter, by M.Y. Gomy. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 5986. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams & Watson, 1990: 40-42.
Nipponorthezinella guadalcanalia; Kozár, 2004: 246. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Gardenia sp. [Heu2002]. Undetermined [Morris1952]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [Heu2002].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [Richar1979, Germai2013, GermaiMiPa2014]; Rodriques Island [Richar1979]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1991DJ]); Cook Islands [WilliaWa1990]; Federated States of Micronesia [Beards1966]; Hawaiian Islands (Kauai [Heu2002] (First observed in 1981), Oahu [Beards1979b, Heu2002] (First observed in 1962)). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [WilliaMi2010]). Australasian: New Caledonia [WilliaWa1990]; Niue [WilliaWa1990]; Palau [Beards1966]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1990]; Solomon Islands [Morris1952]; Tonga [WilliaWa1990]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987].
BIOLOGY: Beardsley (1966) reports that the host of this species is unknown since his specimens were all collected using Berlese funnel traps from ground litter. This species has been found in decaying vegetable matter, which leads him to speculate that this is a root feeding insect.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Williams & Watson (1990). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is close to the generic type species in shape, size and dorsal spine cluster pattern. It differs in respect to long flagellate setae on antennae and legs in contrast to the short, normally spine-like setae with acute apices found in N. ardisiae (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: LaPolla et al. 2008: 57 (female) [Key to Australian Ortheziidae]; Kozár 2004: 245 (female) [Key to the species of Nipponorthezinella]; Morrison 1952: 73 (adult female) [Species of Nipponorthezia].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [distribution, host: 402]; Beards1966a [distribution: 124-126]; Beards1979b [distribution, economic importance: 41]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; Heu2002 [host, distribution]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 246]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 57]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 73]; Nakaha1981a [distribution, host: 406]; Nishid2002 [catalogue: 144]; Richar1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1079-1082]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762]; Willia1991DJ [distribution: 459]; WilliaBu1987 [distribution, host: 91]; WilliaMi2010 [distribution, host: 47]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 40-42]; WilliaWi1988 [distribution: 46-47].
Nipponorthezinella hirsuta Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Nipponorthezinella hirsuta Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 248. Type data: NEPAL: Indura Kola, 2000 m a.s.l., 17/04/1984, L. Lobl. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 477. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype: NEPAL: Gunokomi, 275 m a.s.l., 05/10/1983, L. Lobl, deposited in PPIH.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [Kozar2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to N. guadalcanalia but differs by havubg long hair-like setae on the antennae and legs and many sixlocular pores within the ovisac band (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 245 (female) [Key to the species of Nipponorthezinella].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 249].
Orthezinella SilvestriNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezinella Silvestri, 1924: 170. Type species: Orthezinella hispanica, by monotypy. Notes: Morrison (1925, 1952) considered this genus to be a synomym of Nipponorthezia but later Kozár (2004) revalidated the genus.
CITATIONS: VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761].
Orthezinella hispanica SilvestriNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezinella hispanica Silvestri, 1924: 170-172. Type data: SPAIN: Algeciras. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust. Notes: According to Marotta (personal communication, September 29, 1998) there are two slides and some dry material marked cotype in the IFSP. Both are labeled as "Spagna, Algeciras, F. Silvestri 3.1.23"
Nipponorthezia hispanica; Morrison, 1925: 154. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Kozár, 2004: 251.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Spain [Morris1925].
GENERAL REMARKS: Brief original description by Silvestri (1924).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1952) obtained a specimen from Mt. Vernon, Virginia that almost exactly matches Silvestri's description and figures, and he states that this may prove to be identical to his Nearctic species Nipponorthezia obscura.
CITATIONS: Balach1935b [distribution, host: 266]; GomezM1937 [description, distribution, illustration, host, taxonomy: 391-393]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; Lindin1936 [distribution, taxonomy: 161]; Martin1985 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 99]; Morris1925 [taxonomy: 154]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 72]; Richar1979 [taxonomy: 1079]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 447]; SampoOl1976 [taxonomy: 219]; Silves1924 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 170-172]; Viggia1973 [taxonomy: 407].
Subfamily Ortheziinae
Arctorthezia CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Polyocellaria Imhof, 1900: 527. Nomen nudum; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 159. Notes: Morrison & Morrison (1966) treated Polyocellaria as a nomen nudum and pointed out that Imhof suggested a possible association with Arctorthezia cataphracta. Morrison (1925) previously considered this to be a junior synonym of Orthezia.
Orthezia (Arctorthezia) Cockerell, 1902h: 114. Type species: Orthezia occidentalis Douglas. Subsequently designated by Cockerell, 1902q: 259.
Arctorthezia; Morrison, 1952: 53. Change of status.
BIOLOGY: Found under mosses and stones on the roots of different plants, also reported from ant nests. (Szita, et al., 2014a)
GENERAL REMARKS: Kozár (2004) revised the genus and classified it in his new tribe, Arctortheziini, in the subfamily Ortheziinae.
STRUCTURE: Adult female: antennae 7-/8-segmented, apical seta short and spine-like, legs with tarsus and tibia well separated, nine pairs of dorsal marginal wax plates, with three triangular midline plates (in fossils, rectangular wax lobes). Current Arctorthezia spp. have a Nearctic and Palearctic distribution. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Cockerell (1902h) described Arctorthezia as a "section" of Orthezia. According to the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 10(e) a "section" is deemed to be a subgeneric name when proposed for a genus-group division of a genus. Thus, Cockerell is considered to be the author of Arctorthezia.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 260 (female) [Key to the genera of Arctortheziini]; Danzig 1988: 695 (female) [Ortheziidae genera of the Soviet far east]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1978: 10 (female) [Genera of Ortheziidae]; Tereznikova 1975: 111 (female) [Ortheziidae genera of the Ukraine]; Danzig 1971d: 806 (female) [Key to genera of Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1925: 102 (adult female) [Key to genera of Ortheziinae]; MacGillivray 1921: 111 (adult female) [Genera of Ortheziinae].
CITATIONS: Cocker1902h [description, taxonomy: 114]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 259]; CordoDe1995 [biological control, distribution: 218-230]; Danzig1964 [distribution: 621]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 806]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 696]; GomezM1937 [distribution, taxonomy: 24, 382, 386]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, distribution, taxonomy: 59-60]; KosztaKo1978 [description, taxonomy: 10, 12]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, taxonomy: 37]; Koteja1976 [structure: 268]; Koteja1987 [taxonomy: 235]; Koteja1998a [taxonomy: 189, 212]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 204]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 659]; KotejaZa1988 [distribution, taxonomy: 1, 3, 4-6]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, taxonomy, host: 258]; KozarKo2001a [taxonomy: 23]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 179]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 113, 114]; Morris1925 [distribution, taxonomy: 98, 104, 143]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 53-54]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 15]; NastChKl1990 [distribution: 119]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Pyenso1938 [distribution, host: 25]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 444]; SzitaKaKo2014a [description, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy, illustration: 61]; Terezn1975 [distribution, taxonomy: 111, 114]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761, 766].
Arctorthezia antiqua Koteja & Zak-OgazaNOMENCLATURE:
Arctorthezia antiqua Koteja & Zak-Ogaza, 1988: 1-8. Type data: Baltic Amber: Samland (=Sambia) Peninsula, Russia. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Original label: Fungus: Coccid 18087, Samland no. 465, Orthezia ?urticae, 1965.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast [VeaGi2012]).
BIOLOGY: Impurities and mycelia on the body indicate that the species inhabited the soil, forest litter or turf as do many other Ortheziidae (Koteja & Zak-Ogaza, 1988).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Koteja & Zak-Ogaza (1988). This species is known from fossils only.
STRUCTURE: Wax covering of the Arctorthezia type (Koteja & Zak-Ogaza, 1988).
CITATIONS: Koteja1987a [taxonomy: 241]; Koteja2000c [distribution, taxonomy: 204]; KotejaZa1988 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 1-5]; KotejaZa1988a [taxonomy: 9]; Kozar2004 [taxonomy: 260]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 772].
Arctorthezia baltica Vea & GimaldiNOMENCLATURE:
Arctorthezia baltica Vea & Gimaldi, 2012: 766-767. Type data: WESTERN RUSSIA: Baltic Region, presumably Lutetian-aged, Blau Erde horizon of Yantarnyi, from the Jurgen Velten collection (2010). Holotype immature (examined), by original designation. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: immature. Illust.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, illustration and analysis in Vea & Grimaldi, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Second-instar nymph. Body broadly oval in shape (best seen ventrally), dorsoventrally flattened. Antennae 6-segmented, inserted at frontal margin ventrally, slightly V-shaped. Short coat of wax filaments entirely covering ventral surface. Ovisac absent. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012
SYSTEMATICS: Arctorthezia baltica is similar to A. pseudoccidentalis Morrison in the presence of nine circular pore clusters separating marginal and dorsal wax plates (vs absent in other species). In addition, it has eight pairs of marginal, one pair of frontal, one pair of posterior wax lobes; median wax lobes present, longer and triangular in shape. Although covered by bubbles, no circular pore clusters between marginal and submedian lobes were observed, confirming that A. antiqua is also different from A. baltica. (Vea & Grimaldi, 2012)
CITATIONS: VeaGi2012 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 766-767].
Arctorthezia cataphracta (Olafsen)NOMENCLATURE:
Pediculus cataphractus Olafsen, 1772: 610. Unknown type status. Notes: The type material of this species is presumed lost.
Dorthezia cataphracta; Westwood, 1840: 158. Change of combination.
Dorthesia chiton Zetterstedt, 1840: 562-563. Unknown type status. Described: female. Synonymy by Morrison, 1925: 143. Notes: It seems that this species was originally collected in "Lapponia" which could be present day Sweden, Norway or Finland.
Orthezia signoreti White, 1877: 161-162. Type data: SCOTLAND: Glen Tilt (Perthshire), below Rhacomitrium lanuginosum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1982c: 27. Illust. Synonymy by Morrison, 1925: 143. Notes: Orthezia signoreti White (1877) is a senior primary homonym of Orthezia signoreti Haller (1880). Williams (1982c) deposited the lectotype in the Museum and Art Gallery, Perth, Australia.
Orthezia cataphracta; Douglas, 1881: 172. Change of combination.
Orthezia uva; Blanchard, 1897: 681. Misidentification; discovered by Fernald, 1903b: 34. Notes: Fernald (1903b) and Morrison (1925) treat Blanchard's Orthezia uva as a junior synonym of Arctorthezia cataphracta. It is clear that Blanchard's concept is not the same as Modeer's uva and that he was describing A. cataphracta.
Orthezia (Arctorthezia) cataphracta; Cockerell, 1902q: 259. Illust. Change of combination.
Coccus cataphractus; Lindinger, 1932d: 125. Change of combination.
Arctorthezia cataphracta; Morrison, 1952: 54-55. Change of status.
COMMON NAMES: alpine ensign scale [KosztaKo1988F]; insectum cancroides [Richar1998]; jardlus [Richar1998].
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Microterys interpunctus [Peck1963].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Arctostaphylos uvaursi [MatilePe2002]. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum alpinum [Focari1991], Hieracium sp. [Richar1998], Hymogyne sp. [Morris1925], Solidago sp. [Richar1998]. Betulaceae: Alnus viridis [Focari1991]. Capparidaceae: Capparis sp. [Richar1998]. Crassulaceae: Sedum sp. [Richar1998]. Cyperaceae: Carex firma Myg. [OlmiSa2006], Carex sp. [TakagiMaOh1997], Caricetum sp. [Richar1998]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron ferrugineum [Focari1991], Vaccinium myrtillus [Focari1991], Vaccinium sp. [OlmiSa2006]. Fungi: Collybia sp. [Richar1998]. Gentianaceae: Gentiana sp. [Richar1998]. Geraniaceae: Geranium sp. [Morris1925]. Iridaceae: Iris setosa [Morris1925]. Musaceae: Musci sp. [Richar1998]. Musci: Rhacomitrium lanuginosum [White1877], Rhacomitrium sp. [Morris1925], Sphagnum sp. [Morris1925]. Poaceae [Morris1925], Calamagrostis langsdorfii [TakagiMaOh1997], Deschampsia caespitosa [Focari1991]. Primulaceae: Soldanella sp. [Morris1925], Trientalis europaea [EricsoWe1997]. Ranunculaceae: Caltha sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Rosaceae: Catoneaster integerrima [MatilePe2002], Dryas octopetala [Focari1991]. Saxifragaceae: Saxifraga aizoon [Focari1991], Saxifraga cuneifolia [Focari1991], Saxifraga oppositifolia [Focari1991].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta [MawFoHa2000], Newfoundland [Morris1925], Northwest Territories [MawFoHa2000], Yukon Territory [MawFoHa2000]); Greenland [Morris1925]; United States of America (Alaska [Morris1925]). Palaearctic: Austria [Morris1925]; Belgium [Morris1952]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Croatia [MastenSi2008]; Czech Republic [KosztaKo1988F]; Faeroe Islands [Annand1904]; Finland [Morris1952, Gertss2001]; France [Morris1952]; Georgia [Hadzib1963a]; Germany [KosztaKo1988F]; Iceland [Morris1952]; Ireland [Morris1925]; Italy [KosztaKo1988F, OlmiSa2006]; Norway [Morris1925, Gertss2001]; Poland [Morris1952]; Romania [KosztaKo1978]; Russia [Morris1925] (Kamchatka Oblast [Morris1952]); Spain [OlmiSa2006]; Sweden [Morris1925, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [Morris1925]; United Kingdom (England [Morris1925], Scotland [Morris1925]).
BIOLOGY: This species prefers moist habitats under stones or logs and in mosses or lichens and is found on a variety of plant species. It overwinters in different stages and females lay up to 120 eggs (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
GENERAL REMARKS: Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is elliptical (Richard, 1979). Ovisac is parallel sided, short, about half the length of the body (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). Detailed illustrations and descriptions of wax organs by Takagi et al. (1997).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1952) states that "in recent years several writers have used the author name Olafsen in association with the species name cataphracta, rather than the more frequently applied name Shaw. The first such usage appears to be Breddin in 1902 and appears to be based on publication of the name Pediculus cataphractus by Olafsen in 1772. Although this paper is not available there seems to be no valid reason to question the correctness of the association by Breddin."
KEYS: Szita et al. 2014a: 62 (f, female) [Key to adult females of species of Arctorthezia]; Kozár 2004: 260 (female) [Key to the species of Arctorthezia]; Kozár 2004: 260 (female) [Key to the species of Arctorthezia]; Kosztarab 1996: 59 (female) [Species of Northeastern North America Ortheziidae]; Ossiannilsson 1984: 123 (female) [Ortheziidae of Sweden]; Danzig 1971d: 807 (female) [Key to species of the family Ortheziidae]; Danzig 1964: 621 (female) [Arctorthezia species in SSSR]; Morrison 1952: 54 (adult female) [Species of Arctorthezia]; Morrison 1925: 143 (adult female) [Species of the subgenus Arctorthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 114 (adult female) [Arctorthezia species].
CITATIONS: Balach1953h [distribution, host, taxonomy: 93-95]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 38]; Bielen1974 [chemistry, structure: 157]; Bielen1975 [life history: 179]; Blanch1897 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 678-683]; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 94]; Cocker1902q [distribution, taxonomy: 259]; Danzig1964 [distribution, taxonomy: 621]; Danzig1977b [distribution, host: 39, 47, 52]; Danzig1978a [distribution: 73]; Danzig1980 [host: 31]; Danzig1980b [description, distribution, host, life history: 105]; Danzig1985 [distribution, host: 112]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 696]; Danzig1994 [taxonomy: 45]; Dethie1980 [host: 986, 987]; Dougla1881 [taxonomy: 172]; Dougla1881a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 299-300]; Dziedz1977 [structure: 57]; Eastop1979 [ecology: 128]; EricsoWe1997 [distribution, ecology, host: 108, 109, 110, 111]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 33]; FetykoKoDa2010 [distribution: 296]; Fjeldd1996 [distribution: 6]; Focari1991 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 39-43]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303]; Foldi2003 [distribution: 150]; Gertss1997 [distribution: 111]; Gertss2000 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 147-148]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 125]; Ghesqu1947 [distribution, host: 295]; Giard1898 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 8-9]; Goux1941a [taxonomy: 37]; Green1918 [host: 234, 235, 238]; GullanKo1997 [behaviour: 26]; Hadzib1963a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 611-614]; Hadzib1983 [distribution, host: 266]; Haller1880 [taxonomy: 6-9]; Hart1880 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 284]; Henrik1939 [distribution, taxonomy]; Hetsch1903 [distribution, taxonomy: 8]; Imhof1900 [taxonomy: 527]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 60-61]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, host, illustration: 9, 12]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 37-39]; KosztaRh1999 [distribution, host: 122]; Koteja1974a [structure: 246]; Koteja1974b [structure: 71]; Koteja1980 [structure, illustration: 84]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 171]; KotejaLi1976 [structure: 658, 659]; KotejaZa1966 [distribution, host: 316]; KotejaZa1988 [distribution, taxonomy: 4]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 263]; KozarGuBa1994 [distribution, host: 152]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; Kozarz1986 [distribution, taxonomy: 307]; KozarzRe1975 [distribution, host: 8]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 241]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 141]; Lindro1931 [distribution, host: 155-156]; LindroBa1969 [distribution: 137]; List1886 [taxonomy: 210]; List1886a [taxonomy: 485-488]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 115, 116]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 144]; Lundbe1891 [taxonomy: 108, 118, 139-140]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 114]; MastenSi2008 [catalogue, distribution, host: 105-119]; MatilePe2002 [distribution, host: 349-350]; MawFoHa2000 [distribution: 41]; McLach1878 [distribution: 118]; Morris1925 [distribution, taxonomy: 143-144]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 54, 55]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 119]; Newste1904 [distribution: 156-157]; OConnoWa1995 [distribution, host: 19]; Olafse1772 [taxonomy: 610]; OlmiSa2006 [distribution, host: 146-152]; Ossian1951a [distribution: 51-59]; Ossian1955 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 2]; Ossian1972 [host: 98]; Ossian1984 [distribution, host: 123-127]; Peck1963 [biological control: 935]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Probst1914 [description: 192-196]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 444-445]; Rogoja1958 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 308-310]; Roscis1989a [distribution, structure: 1-18]; SampoOl1976 [taxonomy: 217, 219]; SampoOl1979 [taxonomy: 177]; Schmut1955 [taxonomy: 160]; Schmut1974 [host, taxonomy: 45]; Schmut1980 [distribution: 50]; Strese1994 [illustration, taxonomy: 79]; SzitaKaKo2014a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 62, 64-67]; TakagiMaOh1997 [description, distribution, structure: 1-7]; Terezn1966 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 20]; Terezn1975 [biological control, distribution, host: 114]; Terezn1975a [host: 114]; Thorpe1967 [ecology: 155]; White1877 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 161]; White1880 [distribution, taxonomy: 304]; Willia1982c [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 27, 28]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 14]; Zahrad1974 [distribution, host: 141]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy: 118]; Zetter1828 [description, distribution: 563].
Arctorthezia helvetica Szita et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Arctorthezia helvetica Szita et al., 2014a: 62-. Type data: SWITZERLAND: Valais, s/Venayaz, 10/7/1980, by C. Besuchet. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Geneva: Museum d'Historie Naturelle, Switzerland. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes female: 6 adult females with the same data as holotype, on separate slides.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Switzerland [SzitaKaKo2014a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Szita, et al., 2014,
STRUCTURE: Live adult female: dorsum with 9 pairs dorsal wax plates in each marginal row, 8 pairs in each submedian band, and 3 triangular or shield-shaped plates in middle of thorax. Ovisac short, about half length of body. (Szita, et al., 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: http://zoobank.org/AFE6A314-D608-4728-B3CD-BB3E2BF DF8EE Arctorthezia helvetica can be recognized by the following combination of characters: (i) 7-segmented antennae, (ii) dorsal triangle-shaped midthoracic setal plates hardly wider than long (iii) the proportion of simple pores and quadrilocular pores distal to vulva ca. 1:15, (iv) diamond-shape setal plate between mid-coxae on venter.(Szita, et al., 2014) Arctorthezia helvetica is closest to A. occidentalis in having 4 spine rows within the ovisac band and lacking circular pore clusters on the dorsum, but differs from A. occidentalis as follows (characters of A. occidentalis in brackets): (i) adult female body length less than 3 mm (adult female body length at least 3.5 mm); (ii) the fourth spine row within ovisac band weak (the fourth spine row within ovisac band strong); (iii) the proportion of simple pores to quadrilocular pores distal to vulva ca. 1:15 (the proportion of simple pores to quadrilocular pores distal to vulva ca. 1:6); (iv) dorsal triangle-shaped mid-thoracic setal plates hardly wider than long (dorsal triangleshaped mid-thoracic setal plates more than two times wider than long). (Szita, et al., 2014)
KEYS: Szita et al. 2014a: 62 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Arctorthezia].
CITATIONS: SzitaKaKo2014a [pp. 62-64].
Arctorthezia occidentalis (Douglas)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia occidentalis Douglas, 1891b: 245. Type data: UNITED STATES: Colorado, Custer County, West Cliff, in Myrmica? ant nests, ?/06/1889, by T.D.A. Cockerell. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Notes: One slide labeled cotype in the USNM has matching date and locality data from original description.
Orthezia californica Ehrhorn, 1906: 329. Type data: UNITED STATES: California, Santa Clara County, Mayfield, on Bahia sp. Syntypes, larva (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Ferris, 1920b: 13. Notes: Three slides of type material in USNM.
Orthezia (Arctorthezia) occidentalis; Morrison, 1925: 144-146. Illust. Change of combination.
Arctorthezia occidentalis; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1937: 386-388. Described: female. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: western ensign scale [Gill1993]; western orthezia [Hatch1938].
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Formica integra [Morris1925].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Argyroxiphium sp. [Nakaha1981a], Bahia sp. [MacGil1921], Eriophyllum confertifolium [Morris1925]. Grossulariaceae: Grossularia sp. [Morris1952]. Poaceae: Agrostis sandwicensis [Nakaha1981a]. Rosaceae: Fragraria sp. [Morris1952], Rubus sp. [Morris1952]. Scrophulariaceae: Castilleja sp. [Morris1925]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands [Beards1964] (Maui [Nishid2002]). Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [Morris1925]); United States of America (Alaska [Morris1952], California [MacGil1921], Colorado [Morris1952], Idaho [Morris1952], Montana [Morris1952], New Mexico [Morris1925], Oregon [Morris1952], Washington [Morris1952]). Palaearctic: Spain [GomezM1937].
BIOLOGY: This species has been collected from the nests of the ant Formica integra (Morrison, 1925).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original and brief descriptions by Douglas (1891b) and Ehrhorn (1906). Subsequent and more detailed treatments by Morrison (1925 and 1952) and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female, with secretion, is fairly large. Body is completely covered with dense, sharply defined wax plates, these occurring in the usual marginal and dorsal tufts, being white or variously discolored, sometimes appearing yellow-brown or gray (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Szita et al. 2014a: 62 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Arctorthezia]; Kozár 2004: 260 (female) [Key to the species of Arctorthezia]; Gill 1993: 77 (female) [Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1925: 143 (adult female) [Species of the subgenus Arctorthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [as Orthezia californica; Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Beards1964 [distribution: 338-340]; Beards1979b [economic importance: 41]; Bueker1931a [distribution, host: 152]; Cocker1893ii [distribution: 366]; Cocker1893y [distribution: 404]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 31]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy: 239]; Cocker1901d [distribution, host: 333]; Cocker1901h [distribution, host: 209]; Cocker1902h [taxonomy: 114]; Cocker1902q [distribution, host: 259]; Cocker1919b [distribution, host: 298]; Dougla1891b [distribution, host: 245-246]; Ehrhor1906 [description, distribution, host: 329]; Ehrhor1911 [distribution, host: 280]; Essig1926 [taxonomy: 273]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 36]; Ferris1918 [taxonomy: 87]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy: 6, 13]; Fleury1935a [taxonomy: 54]; Fleury1938 [distribution, host: 77]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, illustration: 77, 81]; GilletBa1895 [distribution, host: 127]; GomezM1937 [description, distribution, host: 4, 24, 386-388]; GomezM1958a [distribution, host: 8, 14]; Hatch1938 [taxonomy: 179]; Jarvis1911 [distribution, host: 68]; King1897 [taxonomy: 128]; Koteja1974b [structure: 71]; KotejaZa1988 [distribution, taxonomy: 4]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 264]; KozarGuBa1994 [distribution, host: 71]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; LaPollBuBr2008 [behaviour: 55]; Lounsb1895 [distribution, host: 122-123]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; Martin1985 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 99]; MawFoHa2000 [distribution: 41]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 143, 144-146]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 55]; Nakaha1981a [distribution, host: 406]; Nishid2002 [catalogue: 144]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 445]; RileyHo1891a [distribution, taxonomy: 158]; Schmid1940 [taxonomy: 267]; ShuchMo1948 [distribution: 35]; SzitaKaKo2014a [taxonomy: 62].
Arctorthezia pseudoccidentalis MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Arctorthezia pseudoccidentalis Morrison, 1925: 55. Type data: UNITED STATES: Idaho, Moscow, under trees, March and April, 1937, by T.H. Brindley. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust.
Arctorthezia pseudinsignis; Kozár, 2004: 260. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: subterranean ensign scale [Gill1993].
HOST: Berberidaceae: Berberis aquifolium [Morris1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Morris1925, Gill1993], Idaho [Morris1925], Washington [Morris1925]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
KEYS: Szita et al. 2014a: 62 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Arctorthezia]; Kozár 2004: 260 (female) [as Arctorthezia pseudoccientalis; Key to the species of Arctorthezia]; Gill 1993: 77 (female) [Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]; Gill 1993: 77 (female) [Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 54 (adult female) [Species of Arctorthezia].
CITATIONS: Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 77, 78, 82]; HorninBa1970 [host: 22]; Koteja1974b [distribution, structure: 71]; Koteja1976 [structure: 268, 284]; KotejaZa1988 [distribution, taxonomy: 4]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 266]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 54, 55-57]; Morris1952 [distribution, taxonomy: 54, 55]; SzitaKaKo2014a [taxonomy: 62].
Arctorthezia vardziae HadzibejliNOMENCLATURE:
Arctorthezia vardziae Hadzibejli, 1963a: 611-614. Type data: GEORGIA: East Georgia, Meskheti, on Poaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae [Hadzib1963a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia [Hadzib1983].
BIOLOGY: Ovipositing females were observed in September and in 1950 the emergence of crawlers was noted from mid September onwards (Hadzibejli, 1963a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Hadzibejli (1963a). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is yellowish in color and broadly oval. The entire body is covered with flat, white wax plates. Ovisac is comparatively broad, its dorsal length almost equal to the length of the body (Hadzibejli, 1963a).
SYSTEMATICS: Szita, et al., 2014a concluded that in the original description, Hadzibejli (1963) only provided generic characters that refer to the genus description, so further studies are needed to clarify the species concept of A. vardziae.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 260 (female) [Key to the species of Arctorthezia]; Kozár 2004 (female) [Key to the species of Newsteadia].
CITATIONS: Hadzib1963a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 611-614]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy: 266]; KotejaZa1988 [distribution, taxonomy: 4]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 268]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 445]; SzitaKaKo2014a [taxonomy: 61].
Graminorthezia KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Graminorthezia Kozár, 2004272. Type species: Orthezia graminis Tinsley, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Kozár (2004) described Graminorthezia in the tribe Ortheziini, subfamily Ortheziinae. Detailed description of male in Vea, 2014.
STRUCTURE: Mounted male: Body length 1.9 mm. Antenna nearly 1.17× body length (as opposed to 1.3 to 2.0 in other genera), most segments approximately subequal in length, with numerous fleshy setae randomly distributed. Body hairlike setae when visible, broad with a blunt apex; loculate pores, simple minute pores, and minute convex pores usually not visible. (Vea, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Because Graminorthezia currently comprises 11 described species based on female morphology, the description of the adult male of G. graminis in Vea, 2014 acts for now as the generic diagnosis. She states that Graminorthezia is clearly distinguishable from Orthezia based on male morphology. The distinctive characters are the general shape of the setae covering the body and appendages, which were distinctly blunt apically; the appendages shorter than on the other species studied, and the larger and fewer ommatidia (i.e., about 60) in each compound eye.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 272-273 (female) [Key to the genera of Ortheziini].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution: 272]; Vea2014 [structure, taxonomy: 7-9]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761].
Graminorthezia bahamensis (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia bahamensis Morrison, 1952: 15-17. Type data: BAHAMAS: (taken as quarentine, USA, New Jersey, Hoboken). Holotype, by original designation. Described: female. Illust. Notes: There are 3 paratype slides in USNM.
Graminorthezia bahamensis; Kozár, 2004: 274. Change of combination.
HOST: Unidentified [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bahamas [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is small, stoutly elliptical, with posterior tufts of secretion, dorsally fluted ovisac (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 272-273 (female) [Key to the species of Graminorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 8 (adult female) [Species in the Graminis group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 274]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 15-17].
Graminorthezia balloui (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia balloui Morrison, 1925: 112-115. Type data: CUBA: Oriente Province, Pico Turquino, on Palicourea crocea, 22/07/1922, by C.H. Ballou & S.C. Bruner. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison marked a specimen as the holotype, no mention of a "type" or "holotype" is given in the original description (Morrison, 1925) so a lectotype should be designated. There are 5 adult females on 2 slides in the USNM.
Orthezia balloui; Kozár, 2004. Change of combination.
HOST: Rubiaceae: Palicourea crocea [Morris1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Morris1925].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female almost entirely covered with tufts of secretion, body broadly oval, apex flattened (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 272-273 (female) [Key to the species of Graminorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 8 (adult female) [Species in the Graminis group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 107 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Ballou1926 [distribution, host: 28]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 276]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 112-115]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 8, 52].
Graminorthezia graminis (Tinsley)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia graminis Tinsley, 1898: 13-14. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Mesilla Valley, on unknown Gramineae, on 26/09/1897. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: There are 9 syntype slides in the USNM.
Graminorthezia graminis; Kozár, 2004: 278. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: grass ensign scale [Gill1993].
FOE: DIPTERA Drosophilidae: Gitona brasiliensis [HertinSi1972].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Solidago sp. [Morris1925]. Poaceae [Tinsle1898].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Morris1925], Idaho [Morris1952], Kansas [Morris1925], New Mexico [Tinsle1898]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004). Detailed description of adult male in Vea (2014).
STRUCTURE: Adult female piceous, having subdorsal and lateral keels. Between the keels the body is naked and black. Larvae are black with white longitudinal bands, legs and antennae sepia (Tinsley, 1898). Mounted male: Body length 1.9 mm. Antenna nearly 1.17× body length (as opposed to 1.3 to 2.0 in other genera), most segments approximately subequal in length, with numerous fleshy setae randomly distributed. Body hairlike setae when visible, broad with a blunt apex; loculate pores, simple minute pores, and minute convex pores usually not visible. (Vea, 2014)
KEYS: Vea 2014: 3-4 (male) [Species of the Ortheziidae Based on Adult Males]; Kozár 2004: 272-273 (female) [Key to the species of Graminorthezia]; Gill 1993: 77 (female) [Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]; Gill 1993: 75 (female) [Field key to California Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 9 (adult female) [Species in the Graminis group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 108 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 112 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Beingo1965 [distribution, host: 2]; Beingo1969 [taxonomy: 97]; Beingo1971 [distribution, host: 2]; Cocker1898q [taxonomy: 402]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 390]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Dean1909 [distribution, host: 265]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 272]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 34]; Ferris1919a [distribution, host: 14]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 75, 77, 79]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 107]; Hunter1902 [distribution, host: 107, 120, 145]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 278]; Lawson1917 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 167-168]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 112]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 120, 122-123]; Morris1952 [distribution: 26]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367]; Sander1904 [taxonomy: 95]; Tinsle1898 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 13-14]; Torres1959 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 77-81]; Vea2014 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 3, 7-9, 11, 12, 14].
Graminorthezia grindeliae (Beingolea)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia grindeliae Beingolea, 1971: 28-31. Type data: PERU: Atiquipa, on Grindelia sp., ?/03/1967, by O. Beingolea. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Lima: Centro de Introduccion y Cria de Insectos Utiles, Peru; type no. 0.139. Illust.
Graminorthezia grindeliae; Kozár, 2004: 280-282. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Grindelia sp. [Beingo1971]
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Beingo1971].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Beingolea (1971). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: 2.0 mm long, with ovisac 4.0-4.5 mm. With wax tufts around margin, wax plates cover middorsum, divided in middle.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 272-273 (female) [Key to the species of Graminorthezia].
CITATIONS: Beingo1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 28-30]; Beingo1971b [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 43-44]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 280].
Graminorthezia minor (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia minor Morrison, 1925: 127-128. Type data: CUBA: Oriente Province, Loona de Joaquin, on Graffenriedia chrysandra, 20/07/1922, by C.H. Ballou & S.C. Bruner. Syntypes, female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison marked a specimen as the holotype, he did not mention a primary type in the original description (Morrison, 1925). Therefore, a lectotype should be designated. There are 2 syntypes on a single slide in the USNM.
Graminorthezia minor; Kozár, 2004: 282. Change of combination.
HOST: Melastomataceae: Graffenriedia chrysandra [Morris1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Morris1925].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female small, completely covered dorsally and ventrally with strongly developed plates of buff colored waxy secretion (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 272-273 (female) [Key to the species of Graminorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 8 (adult female) [Species in the Graminis group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 108 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Ballou1926 [distribution, host: 29]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 282]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 127-128]; Morris1952 [distribution, host: 8].
Graminorthezia monticola (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia monticola Cockerell, 1898t: 402. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Organ Mountains, Dripping Spring, on unidentified Gramineae, ?/08/1898, by T.D.A. Cockerell. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Two slides, one labeled "co-type" one labeled "type" in USNM.
Graminorthezia monticola; Kozár, 2004: 284. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae [Cocker1898q].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1898q]). Neotropical: Brazil [Kozar2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1898q). More detailed description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is pale brown, while the legs and antennae are a dark brown. Dorsal surface is naked, except for a little mealy powder and two median rows of small white waxy tufts. Ovisac is broad, not curled upwards. Specimens were collected from 5600 feet above sea level (Cockerell, 1898q).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 272-273 (female) [Key to the species of Graminorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 8 (adult female) [Species in the Graminis group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 108 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 112 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Cocker1898t [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 402]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 390]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution: 35]; Gill1993 [distribution, taxonomy: 75, 79]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 284]; MacGil1921 [distribution: 112]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 128-129]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 8]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Graminorthezia nigrispinis (Beingolea)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia nigrispinis Beingolea, 1971: 23-26. Type data: PERU: Chillon, on Ambrosia artemisioides, 24/11/1965, by O. Beingolea. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Lima: Centro de Introduccion y Cria de Insectos Utiles, Peru. Described: female. Illust.
Graminorthezia nigrispinis; Kozár, 2004: 286. Change of combination.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Zagreus hexasticta [Pacora1980]. DIPTERA Drosophilidae: Gitona brasiliensis [Beingo1971b]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa sp. [Beingo1971b].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia artemisioides [Beingo1971], Baccharis lanceolata [Beingo1971], Encelia sp. [Beingo1971]
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Beingo1971].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Beingolea (1971). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies of Orthezia nigrispinis are discussed by Beingola (1971b).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 272-273 (female) [Key to the species of Graminorthezia].
CITATIONS: Beingo1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 23-26]; Beingo1971a [distribution, host: 33]; Beingo1971b [biological control, distribution, host: 41, 42, 43]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 286]; Pacora1980 [biological control, distribution: 111, 116].
Graminorthezia pseudograminis (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia pseudograminis Morrison, 1925: 135. Type data: UNITED STATES: Colorado, Sterling, on Sporobolus cryptandrus, ?/07/1908, by E.O.G. Kelly. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: There are 9 paratype slides in the USNM.
Orthezia pseudograminis; Kozár, 2004: 288. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Deschampsia cespitosa [Morris1925], Distichlis spicata [Morris1925], Sporobolus cryptandrus [Morris1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Kozar2004], Colorado [Morris1925], New Mexico [Morris1925], Texas [Morris1925]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1925).
STRUCTURE: Adult female has dorsal bare strip on each half of the body normally extending only over about the anterior half of the body length, the remainder of this area covered with secretion. Ovisac averaging not more than two thirds of the maximum length of that of O. graminis (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 272-273 (female) [Key to the species of Graminorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 8 (adult female) [Species in the Graminis group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 288]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 135-136]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 8]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Graminorthezia subnigrispinis (Beingolea)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia subnigrispinis Beingolea, 1971: 26-28. Type data: PERU: Moquegua and Tambo, on Baccharis lanceolata and Encelia sp., ?/10/1968, by O. Ocampo & O. Beingolea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lima: Centro de Introduccion y Cria de Insectos Utiles, Peru. Described: female. Illust.
Graminorthezia subnigrispinis; Kozár, 2004: 290. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis lanceolata [Beingo1971], Encelia sp. [Beingo1971]
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Beingo1971].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Beingolea (1971). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 272-273 (female) [Key to the species of Graminorthezia].
CITATIONS: Beingo1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 26-28]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 290].
Graminorthezia tillandsiae (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia tillandsiae Morrison, 1925: 138-139. Type data: UNITED STATES: Florida, Elfers, on Tillandsia usneoides, 12/07/1917, by C.E. Wilson. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: There are 4 paratype slides in USNM.
Graminorthezia tillandsiae; Kozár, 2004: 292. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: spanish moss orthezia [Miller1985b].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri [Voigt2000], Rhyzobius lophantae [Voigt2000]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla carnea [Voigt2000].
HOSTS: Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia recurvata [TippinBe1975], Tillandsia usneoides [Morris1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Morris1925], Georgia [Miller1985b], Louisiana [Morris1952], Virginia [Miller1985b]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Malump2012]. Palaearctic: Germany [Voigt2000].
BIOLOGY: Nymphs are found in Spanish Moss on the tree except in July and on the ground except in January and February. Adult females were found in April. Adults about 6 mm long with 2 long (4 mm), waxy flaps. The eggs and also the nymphs occur between the flaps. (Whitaker & Ruckdeschel, 2010)
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is small in size, average length of body with secretion is 1.5 millimeters. Ovisac when fully developed is very elongate, widest at base, tapering slightly posteriorly, more or less curved in a horizontal plane. Female body is covered with a firm waxy secretion divided into plates. Larvae ovate, tapering somewhat behind (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 272-273 (female) [Key to the species of Graminorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 8 (adult female) [Species in the Graminis group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 107 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 292]; Malump2012 [distribution, host: 57]; Miller1985b [distribution, host: 90]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 138-139]; Morris1952 [distribution, host: 52]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367]; TippinBe1975 [distribution, host: 49]; Voigt2000 [biological control, distribution, host, illustration, life history: 148-155]; WhitakRu2010 [host, illustration, life history: 85-94].
Graminorthezia tillandsicola (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia tillandsicola Morrison, 1952: 52. Type data: CUBA: El Retiro, Sierra Rangel, Pinar del Rio, on Tillandsia fasciculata, 12/01/1935, by A.R. Otero & J. Acuna. Syntypes, female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 10494. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison marked a specimen as the holotype, he did not mention a primary type in the original description (Morrison, 1952). Therefore, a lectotype should be designated. There are 3 syntype slides in the USNM.
Graminorthezia tillandsicola; Kozár, 2004: 294. Change of combination.
HOST: Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia fasciculata [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, and diagnosis by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is close to G. balloui, but differs in the abdominal dorsal sclerotic plate arrangement (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 272-273 (female) [Key to the species of Graminorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 8 (adult female) [Species in the Graminis group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 294]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution: 15]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 52].
Insignorthezia KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Insignorthezia Kozár, 2004: 295. Type species: Orthezia insignis Browne, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and key to species by Kozár (2004). Detailed description of adult male in Vea (2014).
STRUCTURE: Mounted male: Moderately large, total body length 1.66-1.76 mm. Antennae exceptionally long, nearly 2 times total body length, most segments approximately subequal in length (vs. <1.3 times body length for all other species). Body with few setae; loculate pores of triangular shape, each 7-8 ěm wide, with mostly 3 loculi, occasionally 4, present on both dorsal surface. (Vea, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Because Insignorthezia comprises 10 described species (Kozár, 2004), the description of the adult male in Vea, 2014 acts as the generic diagnosis. Adult female Insignorthezia are distinguished from Graminorthezia, Praelongorthezia and Orthezia by the absence of bands or rows of wax plates within the ovisac band. (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 271 [Key to the genera of Ortheziini].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host: 295]; Vea2014 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 7-11]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761].
Insignorthezia cacticola (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia cacticola Morrison, 1952: 17-19. Type data: MEXICO: Nuevo Leon, Cadereyta, on unidentified cactus, 09/12/1946, by W.R. Walton. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: This species was collected at quarantine, Laredo, Texas (Morrison, 1952).
Insignorthezia cacticola; Kozár, 2004: 298. Change of combination.
HOST: Cactaceae [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Nuevo Leon [Morris1952], Queretaro [Miller1996]); United States of America (Texas [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is completely covered by secretion (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 296 [Key to the species of Insignorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 5 (adult female) [Species in the Insignis group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 298]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 17-19]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Insignorthezia guatemalensis (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia guatemalensis Morrison, 1952: 26-28. Type data: GUATEMALA: Quezaltenango, on unknown host, 18/05/1945, by E.J. Hambleton. Syntypes, female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison marked a specimen as the holotype, he did not mention a primary type in the original description (Morrison, 1952). Therefore, a lectotype should be designated. There are 2 syntype slides in the USNM.
Insignorthezia guatemalensis; Kozár, 2004: 300. Change of combination.
HOST: Unidentified [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult dried female body is stout ovoid. As mounted, body is stout elliptical (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 296 [Key to the species of Insignorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 4 (adult female) [Species in the Insignis group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 300]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 4, 26].
Insignorthezia hambletoni (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia hambletoni Morrison, 1952: 30-32. Type data: GUATEMALA: Quezaltenango, on Pinus oocarpa, 10/07/1944, by E.J. Hambleton. Syntypes, female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison marked a specimen as the holotype, he did not mention a primary type in the original description (Morrison, 1952). Therefore, a lectotype should be designated. There are 2 adult females on 1 slide in the USNM.
Insignorthezia hambletoni; Kozár, 2004: 302. Change of combination.
HOST: Pinaceae: Pinus oocarpa [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: As mounted, the adult female is stout ovoid, widest opposite anterior section of ovisac band (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 296 [Key to the species of Insignorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 4 (adult female) [Species in the Insignis species group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 302]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 30-32].
Insignorthezia insignis (Browne)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia insignis Browne, 1887: 169-172. Type data: ENGLAND: Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, on Stobilanthes sp., ?/08/1887, by E.T. Browne. Unknown type status, type designation unknown. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: Type material presumed lost.
Orthezia nacrea Buckton, 1894: 103. Type data: SRI LANKA: on Crossandra. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Green, 1895a: 1. Notes: Buckton (1894) states that at least one specimen was forwarded to E.E. Green at the Indian Museum. There are two slides in the BMNH which originally were in Green's collection and are believed to be syntypic (Williams, personal communication, October 14, 1998).
Orchesia insignis; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1929: 4. Misspelling of genus name.
Orthezia costis Ghesquičre, 1933: 268. Nomen nudum; discovered by Morrison, 1952: 20. Notes: This species "has never been validated through the publication of a description, and recently Dr. Ghesquičre (in litt.) has advised that it was placed eventually as identical with Orthezia insignis Browne" (Morrison, 1952).
Insignorthezia insignis; Kozár, 2004: 304. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: croton bug [Bodkin1913]; greenhouse mealybug [Richar1998]; greenhouse orthezia [AAEE1931, Blicke1965]; jacaranda bug [WoodruBeSk1998]; Kew bug [Gill1993]; lantana blight [Gill1993]; lantana bug [Ramakr1919]; marsupial coccid [Gill1993]; Maui blight [Kotins1906a]; sugar-iced bug [Fuller1907].
ASSOCIATES: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. FLAVOBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis donzeli [Bartle1978], Hyperaspis jocosa [Fullaw1920]. DIPTERA Chamaemyiidae: Melaleucopis orthezivora [RaspiBe1993], Melaleucopis simmondsi [Bartle1978]. Syrphidae: Paragus marchalli [Fulmek1943].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Acanthus montana [Saakya1954], Aphelandra sp. [Saakya1954], Asystasia gangetica [Nakaha1981a], Barleria sp. [Morris1925], Beloperone sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Crossandra sp. [Morris1925], Crossandra undulifolia [YunusHo1980], Eranthemum sp. [Morris1925], Hemigraphis colorata [Nakaha1981a], Justicia galapagana [LincanHoCa2010], Justicia sp. [Morris1925], Libonia sp. [Morris1925], Meyeria sp. [Morris1925], Peristrophe sp. [Morris1925], Ruellia sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Strobilanthes sp. [Morris1925], Tetramerium nervosum [LincanHoCa2010], Thunbergia erecta [YunusHo1980], Thunbergia sp. [Morris1925]. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes sp. [Zagain1956, Morris1925], Alternanthera sp. [Nakaha1981a], Iresine herbstii [Nakaha1981a]. Apocynaceae: Nerium sp. [HodgsoHi1990]. Asteraceae: Achillea [Morris1925], Ageratum conyzoides [YunusHo1980], Ageratum sp. [Morris1925], Artemisia sp. [Tao1999], Aster sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Baccharis sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Chrysanthemum indicum [NourElRi1970], Cineraria sp. [Morris1925], Conoclinium sp. [Morris1925], Coreopsis sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Dendranthema sp. [Tao1999], Emilia sonchifolia [Nakaha1981a], Erigeron sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Eupatorium glandulosum [Nakaha1981a], Eupatorium sp. [Morris1925], Lipochaeta lobata [Nakaha1981a], Stevia sp. [Morris1925], Tridax sp. [SureshMo1996], Vernonia sp. [Morris1925]. Begoniaceae: Begonia sp. [Nakaha1981a]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia sp. [Morris1925], Catalpa sp. [Morris1925], Jacaranda sp. [Morris1925], Tecoma sp. [HodgsoHi1990]. Blechnaceae: Blechnum sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Boraginaceae: Heliotropium sp. [DodgeRi1943], Mysotis sp. [Morris1925]. Cactaceae: Epiphyllum sp. [DodgeRi1943], Zygocactus truncatus [Nakaha1981a]. Campanulaceae: Clermontia sp. [Nakaha1981a]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Viburnum sp. [WilliaWa1990]. Commelinaceae: Tradescantia sp. [HodgsoHi1990]. Compositae: Adenostenuna platyphyllum [LincanHoCa2010], Ageratum conyzoides [LoMcWa2000], Bidens riparia [LincanHoCa2010], Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius [LincanHoCa2010], Jaegeria gracilis [LincanHoCa2010], Pseudelephantopus spicatus [LincanHoCa2010], Scalesia cordata [LincanHoCa2010], Scalesia pedunculata [LincanHoCa2010]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea sp. [Morris1925], Pharbitis hispida [BiezanBeBa1949]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum sp. [HodgsoHi1990]. Cruciferae: Cakile sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Nasturtium sp. [HodgsoHi1990]. Cupressaceae: Juniperus sp. [HodgsoHi1990]. Dracaenaceae: Dracaena sp. [SureshMo1996]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum sp. [Lauren1991], Croton sp. [SureshMo1996], Euphorbia sp. [Morris1925], Phyllanthus sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Fabaceae: Clitoria sp. [Morris1925], Dioclea sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Geraniaceae: Geranium sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Pelargonium sp. [Morris1925]. Guttiferae: Hypericum sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Labiatae: Coleus blumei [Nakaha1981a, ShivakLa2001], Coleus parviflorus [DoAC1923], Hyptis pectinata [LincanHoCa2010], Leonotis sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Mentha sp. [Morris1925], Rosemarinus sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Salvia sp. [Morris1925], Scutellaria sp. [Morris1925], Tinnea aethiopica [YunusHo1980]. Malvaceae: Abutilon sp. [Morris1925]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum perfortum [BiezanBeBa1949]. Myrtaceae: Cuphea sp. [Morris1925]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillia sp. [Leonar1933]. Oleaceae: Chionanthus sp. [Morris1925], Ligustrum sp. [Morris1925]. Onagraceae: Gaura lindheimeria [Mamet1959a], Ludwigia leptocarpa [LincanHoCa2010]. Oxalidaceae: Oxalis sp. [Morris1925]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago sp. [Nakaha1981a]. Poaceae: Saccharum sp. [Morris1925]. Rosaceae: Fragaria sp. [Morris1925], Rosa sp. [Morris1925]. Rubiaceae: Borreria laevis [LincanHoCa2010], Coffea arabica [Kumar1984], Coffea sp. [Morris1925], Diodia radula [LincanHoCa2010], Gardenia sp. [Morris1925], Hamelia sp. [Green1918], Ixora sp. [Morris1925], Magnettia sp. [Morris1925], Mussaenda philippica [MestreHaEv2011], Psychotria horizontalis [MestreHaEv2011], Randia macrantha [YunusHo1980]. Rutaceae: Atalantia sp. [Morris1925], Citrus sp. [Morris1925]. Salicaceae: Populus sp. [Tao1999]. Scrophulariaceae: Leucophyllum sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Mecardonia procumbens [LincanHoCa2010], Scoparia dulcis [LincanHoCa2010]. Solanaceae: Browallia americana [LincanHoCa2010], Capsicum sp. [Morris1925], Cestrum sp. [Morris1925], Habrothamnus sp. [Morris1925], Lycopersicum sp. [Morris1925], Petunia sp. [Britto1933a], Physalis peruviana [Nakaha1981a], Solanum cancellatum [Beingo1971]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Seabra1919]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia sp. [Nakaha1981a]. Theaceae: Camellia oleifera [Tao1999], Camellia sinensis [Hua2000], Camellia theifera [DoAC1923], Theae sp. [Morris1925]. Umbelliferae: Foeniculum sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Helosciadium sp. [HodgsoHi1990]. Urticaceae: Pilea sp. [Morris1925]. Verbenaceae: Aloysia sp. [Morris1925], Clerodendron minahassae [YunusHo1980], Clerodendron sp. [Morris1925], Duranta repens var. ellisia [YunusHo1980], Duranta sp. [Morris1925], Lantana aculeata [YunusHo1980], Lantana camara [Huffak1959, WilliaWi1988], Lantana maculata [CarnerPe1986], Lantana trifolia [DoAC1923], Lippia sp. [Nakaha1981a], Stachytarpheta cayennensis [LincanHoCa2010], Valerianoides sp. [HodgsoHi1990], Verbena litoralis [LincanHoCa2010], Verbena sp. [Morris1925]. Violaceae: Viola sp. [Morris1925]. Zingiberaceae: Costus afer [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [FerraoCa1972]; Cape Verde [Fernan1975]; Comoros [GermaiAtBa2008]; Kenya [Morris1952]; Madagascar [Mamet1959a]; Mauritius [Morris1925, WilliaWi1988]; Reunion [Bordag1914, WilliaWi1988, Germai2013, GermaiMiPa2014]; Sao Tome and Principe [Morris1925]; South Africa [Morris1952]; Tanzania [Morris1952]; Uganda [Morris1952]; Zaire [Morris1952]. Australasian: Australia [Morris1952]; Hawaiian Islands [Morris1925] (Hawaii [Nishid2002], Kauai, Lanai [Nishid2002], Maui [Nishid2002], Oahu [Nishid2002]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Morris1925]). Australasian: New Caledonia [WilliaWa1990]. Nearctic: Canada [Morris1952]; Mexico [Morris1925] (Chihuahua [Miller1996], Guanajuato [Miller1996], Michoacan [Miller1996], Veracruz [Miller1996], Zacatecas [Miller1996]); United States of America (Arizona [Morris1952], California [Morris1925], Connecticut [Morris1925], District of Columbia [Morris1925], Florida [Morris1952], Illinois [Morris1925], Indiana [Morris1925], Massachusetts [Morris1925], Michigan [Morris1952], Missouri [Morris1952], New Jersey [Morris1925], New York [Morris1925], Ohio [Morris1925], Pennsylvania [Morris1925], Tennessee [Morris1952], Utah [Morris1952], Virginia [Morris1925], Washington [Morris1952], Wisconsin [Morris1952]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda [Morris1925]; Argentina [Morris1952]; Bahamas [Morris1952]; Bermuda [Morris1925]; Brazil [Morris1925] (Rio Grande do Sul [BiezanBeBa1949]); British Virgin Islands [Morris1925]; Colombia [Morris1952]; Costa Rica [Morris1925]; Cuba [Morris1925, MestreHaEv2011]; Dominica [Morris1925]; Dominican Republic [WoodruBeSk1998]; Ecuador [Morris1925]; El Salvador [Morris1952]; Galapagos Islands [LincanHoCa2010]; Grenada [WoodruBeSk1998]; Guadeloupe [WoodruBeSk1998]; Guatemala [Morris1925]; Guyana [Morris1925]; Haiti [Morris1952]; Honduras [Morris1952]; Jamaica [Morris1925]; Martinique [WoodruBeSk1998]; Montserrat [Morris1925]; Panama [Morris1925]; Paraguay [Morris1952]; Peru [Morris1925]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island [Morris1925]; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines [Morris1925]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [WoodruBeSk1998], Trinidad [Morris1952]); Venezuela [Morris1952]. Oriental: China (Hunan [Tao1999], Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) [Tao1999], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Hua2000]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Morris1952] (Tamil Nadu [SureshMo1996]); Malaysia [YunusHo1980]; Sri Lanka [Morris1925]; Taiwan [Hua2000]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Morris1925]; Austria [Morris1952]; Azores [Morris1952, FrancoRuMa2011]; Canary Islands [Morris1952, MatileOr2001]; China [Morris1925]; Croatia [MastenSi2008]; Czech Republic [Richar1998]; Denmark [Morris1952]; Egypt [Morris1952, AbouEl2001]; France [Morris1925, Foldi2001]; Germany [Morris1952]; Hungary [Morris1952, KozarKoFe2013]; Iraq [Richar1998]; Italy [Morris1925]; Japan [Morris1952]; Madeira Islands [Morris1925, FrancoRuMa2011]; Morocco [Morris1952]; Portugal [Morris1952, FrancoRuMa2011]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [Zagain1956], Moscow Oblast [Saakya1954]); Switzerland [Morris1952]; USSR [Morris1952]; United Kingdom (England [Morris1925]).
BIOLOGY: Detailed discussion of life history by Ezzat (1956b). Orthezia insignis can do considerable damage to Lantana sp. (Holloway, 1964). O. insignis produces copious amounts of honeydew (Williams & Williams, 1988). In the greenhouse on coleus, the life cycle was completed in 30 days. The first three instars took 13.5, 15.5, and 14 days to complete. Reproduction was strictly parthenogenetic. Offspring were deposited over 24 days and from 80-102 nymphs were produced per female (Shivakumar et al., 2001)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Redescription by Kozár (2004). Detailed description of adult male in Vea (2014).
STRUCTURE: Adult female oval, with little secretion (Morrison, 1925). Mounted male: Moderately large, total body length 1.66-1.76 mm. Antennae exceptionally long, nearly 2 times total body length, most segments approximately subequal in length (vs. <1.3 times body length for all other species). Body with few setae; loculate pores of triangular shape, each 7-8 ěm wide, with mostly 3 loculi, occasionally 4, present on both dorsal surface. (Vea, 2014) The adult male of I. insignis is unique in having extremely long appendages, particularly the antennae, almost twice as long as the body length, as compared to other genera; a pair of very long setae are present on each tergite, loculate pores of 3 or 4 loculi are on the pleurites and overlapping on tergites but absent on sternites, and sternite VIII does not have a median ridge. (Vea, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1952) states that this insect has gone under the authorship of J.W. Douglas almost exclusively since its first description, but Lindinger, in 1935, called attention to the fact that Browne's notes and illustrations on the species constituted a description, though that was not his intention, and appeared in print before the Douglas description of it as new. Some could consider Douglas' description as a junior synonym and homonym.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Biological control discussed by Fulmek (1943) and Bartlett (1978). Ebeling (1959) states that this species is a pest of citrus in India and South America. McDaniel (1931) provides instructions for chemical control.
KEYS: Vea 2014: 3-4 (male) [Species of the Ortheziidae Based on Adult Males]; LaPolla et al. 2008: 57 (female) [Key to Australian Ortheziidae]; Kozár 2004: 296 [Key to the species of Insignorthezia]; Kosztarab 1996: 59 (female) [Species of Northeastern North America Ortheziidae]; Gill 1993: 77 (female) [Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]; Danzig 1971d: 806 (female) [Key to species of the family Ortheziidae]; Danzig 1964: 621 (female) [Orthezia species in SSSR]; Morrison 1952: 5 (adult female) [Species in the Insignis group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 106 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 112 (adult female) [Species of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: AAEE1931 [taxonomy: 1282, 1305]; AAEE1937 [taxonomy: 535, 555]; AbouEl2001 [distribution, host: 187]; Aczel1936 [taxonomy: 44]; Alfier1929 [distribution, host: 8a]; Ali1970 [taxonomy: 93]; Ali1970a [taxonomy: 117]; Almeid1974 [distribution, host: 51]; Archan1929 [distribution, host: 191]; Archan1937 [distribution, host: 23-24, 141, 144-151]; Arnett1985 [distribution, host: 234]; Azeved1923A [taxonomy: 88]; Azeved1923aA [taxonomy: 151]; Azeved1925 [taxonomy: 85]; Azeved1925a [taxonomy: 343]; Azeved1929 [distribution, host: 114]; Azeved1929a [distribution, host: 126]; Balach1927 [distribution, host: 190]; Balach1946 [distribution: 216]; Balach1957c [distribution, host: 208]; BalasSa1982 [distribution, host, life history: 396]; Ballou1912 [biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, illustration: 79]; Ballou1912a [distribution: 421]; Ballou1913 [distribution: 63]; Ballou1922a [distribution, host: 250]; Ballou1923 [taxonomy: 86]; Ballou1926 [distribution, host: 28, 29]; Ballou1936a [distribution, host: 18]; Ballou1945 [distribution, host: 18, 94]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 38]; Barlow1896 [distribution: 25-26]; Bartle1978d [biological control, distribution, host: 136-137]; Beeson1941 [distribution, host: 755-756]; BeesonCh1940 [distribution, host: 47]; Beingo1961 [biological control, distribution: 67-69]; Beingo1962 [distribution, taxonomy: 37]; Beingo1965 [distribution, host: 2]; Beingo1969 [taxonomy: 97]; Beingo1971 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 7]; Beingo1971b [distribution, host: 41]; BennetGo1991 [distribution, taxonomy: 598-599]; BentleBa1931 [description, host, life history: 27]; Berry1959 [distribution, host: 227]; Bertel1956 [chemical control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 292-293]; Beshea1975 [biological control, distribution: 224]; BiezanBeBa1949 [distribution, host: 161, 178-9, 183, 186]; BiezanFr1939 [distribution, host: 12]; BitancFoAu1933 [illustration, taxonomy: 87, 121]; Blackm1904 [distribution, host: 328-330]; Blanch1939 [host, taxonomy: 95]; Blicke1965 [taxonomy: 294, 312]; Bodkin1913 [taxonomy: 31]; Bodkin1914 [distribution, host: 110, 118]; Bodkin1917 [distribution, host: 107]; Bohner1935 [taxonomy: 451]; Bondar1914 [taxonomy: 1103]; Bondar1915 [taxonomy: 44]; Bondar1929 [distribution, host: 50]; Bondar1930 [taxonomy: 344]; BoothCrFo1995; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 94]; Borchs1937a [distribution, host: 190]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host: 26]; Borchs1963a [distribution, host: 25, 238, 272, 280]; Borchs1973 [distribution, host: 280]; Bordag1914 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 397-402]; Brain1915 [distribution, host: 89]; BrainKe1917 [distribution, host: 181]; Brick1912 [distribution, host: 7]; Britto1905 [distribution, host: 4]; Britto1920 [distribution, host: 63]; Britto1923 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 348]; Britto1933a [chemical control, distribution, host: 70, 97, 109,121, 144]; Brizi1935 [taxonomy: 62]; BroschWe2001 [distribution, host: 460-462]; Browne1887 [description, taxonomy: 169-172]; BrunerScOt1945 [distribution, host: 38]; Bryan1915 [distribution, host, illustration: 385]; Buchne1921 [distribution, host: 227, 237, 239]; Buchne1930 [taxonomy: 420-422]; Buchne1965 [distribution, host: 247-250]; Buchne1967 [taxonomy: 220]; Buckto1894 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 103]; Bunzli1935 [taxonomy: 526, 573]; CABI1957a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 1-2]; CarnerPe1986 [distribution, host: 51, 52, 64]; Carnes1907 [distribution, host: 167]; Carval1939MB [taxonomy: 133]; CarvalCa1941 [host: 15]; Cavalc1975 [distribution, host: 97]; CCNI1989 [taxonomy: 158]; Chambe1925EL [distribution, taxonomy: 155]; ChenWo1936 [distribution, host: 105]; Cheo1935 [distribution, host: 101]; Chiesa1946 [distribution: 7]; Chiesa1948 [distribution, taxonomy: 219]; Chorle1946 [distribution, host: 549]; Clavij1977 [distribution, host: 117]; Cock2003 [biological control: 25]; Cocker1892d [distribution, host: 136]; Cocker1892g [distribution, host: 89]; Cocker1893b [distribution, host: 160]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 255]; Cocker1893kk [distribution, host: 247]; Cocker1893o [distribution, host: 51]; Cocker1893y [taxonomy: 403]; Cocker1894 [distribution, host: 32, 35]; Cocker1894c [distribution, host: 307]; Cocker1894d [distribution, host: 312]; Cocker1895dd [taxonomy: 513]; Cocker1895u [distribution, host: 727]; Cocker1896 [distribution, host: 9-10]; Cocker1896b [distribution, host: 327]; Cocker1896k [distribution, host: iii]; Cocker1898q [distribution, host, taxonomy: 60]; Cocker1899n [distribution, host: 5]; Cocker1899r [taxonomy: 900]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 250]; Cocker1902q [distribution, host: 259]; Compto1930 [distribution, host: 19, 61, 64, 87, 100]; Cook1935 [distribution, host: 419]; CorbetGa1926 [distribution, host: 7]; CostaL1928 [distribution, host: 104]; CostaL1930a [distribution, host: 86]; CostaL1935 [biological control, distribution, host, illustration: 2]; CostaL1936 [distribution, host: 201]; CraftsRo1962 [distribution, host: 156]; Craw1896 [distribution, host: 46-47]; Craw1906 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 143]; Creigh1942 [taxonomy: 228]; Danzig1964 [distribution, host: 621]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 807]; Dash1916 [distribution, host: 42]; DeBach1964 [biological control, distribution, host: 679]; Delucc1975 [distribution, host: 24]; DietzMo1916a [distribution, host: 219]; Dikshi1966a [taxonomy: 254]; Dinthe1960 [distribution, host: 43]; DoAC1923 [distribution, host: 25, 43, 44]; Doane1931 [taxonomy: 322]; DodgeRi1943 [host: 230, 342, 470, 549]; Dougla1887b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 169-171]; Dougla1889c [distribution, host: 270]; Dougla1895 [distribution: 137-139]; Dunham1954 [distribution, host: 67]; Eastop1979 [taxonomy: 127]; Ebelin1959 [distribution, host: 272, 278]; Edward1936 [distribution, taxonomy: 335]; Ehrhor1914 [distribution, host: 8]; Ehrhor1925a [distribution: 20]; Ehrhor1925c [distribution: 97]; Ehrhor1925e [distribution: 99]; Ehrhor1925f [distribution: 100]; Ehrhor1926b [distribution]; EhrhorFuSw1913 [distribution, taxonomy: 300]; Epila1986 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 53-59]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 271-272]; Essig1948a [distribution, ecology, host: 60]; Ezzat1956b [distribution, host: 414-431]; FelixRoBr2005 [biological control: 347-354]; Felt1901 [distribution, host: 355]; FeltMo1928 [distribution, host: 194]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 34]; Fernan1975 [distribution, host: 41, 45]; Fernan1981 [taxonomy: 47]; FerraoCa1972 [distribution, host: 29]; Ferris1918 [taxonomy: 87]; Ferris1921 [distribution, host: 65, 72]; Figuer1946 [distribution, host: 217]; Filho1931 [taxonomy: 606]; Flachs1931 [host: 110]; Fletch1917a [distribution, host: 40]; Fleury1938 [distribution, host: 24]; FogaraKo1977 [distribution, host: 388]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303]; Fonsec1934a [distribution: 278]; FonsecAu1932a [description, distribution: 208]; Fowler2004 [biological control: 367]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 17-18,25]; Frappe1950 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 16-19]; FreitaCa1949 [distribution, host: 117-123]; FreitaCa1949a [chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 168-180]; FreitaCa1949b [chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 217-234]; Frogga1907 [distribution, host: 683]; Frogga1909 [distribution, host: 548]; Fryer1936 [distribution: 33]; Fullaw1920 [biological control, distribution: 240]; FullawKr1945 [biological control, distribution, host: 66]; Fuller1901 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 109]; Fuller1907 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 1033, 1051-1052]; Fulmek1943 [biological control: 56]; Gangul1979 [taxonomy: 12]; Gavalo1932b [taxonomy: 7]; Gentry1965 [distribution, host: 19]; Germai2013 [distribution: 510]; GermaiAtBa2008 [distribution: 129-135]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; Ghesqu1933 [taxonomy: 20]; Ghesqu1950 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 32]; GibsonRo1922 [chemical control, description, distribution, host: 34]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 75, 76, 77, 79-80]; Gomes1940 [description, distribution: 67, 88]; GomesC1941 [illustration, taxonomy: 719]; GomesC1949 [distribution, host: 89-90]; GomesC1958 [distribution, host: 88, 89]; Gomez1936 [distribution: 43]; GomezM1929 [distribution, taxonomy: 4]; GomezM1929a [distribution, taxonomy: 6]; GomezM1941 [distribution, host: 138]; GomezM1967O [distribution, host: 134]; GoncalCa1978 [distribution, host: 1]; Goux1941a [distribution, host: 39]; Gowdey1921 [distribution, host: 13, 39-40, 42, 45]; Gowdey1926 [distribution, host: 43]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 633]; Green1895a [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1-4]; Green1896 [distribution, host: 5]; Green1897 [distribution, host: 74]; Green1899e [distribution, host: 83-94]; Green1907 [distribution, host: 338, 353-354]; Green1918 [host: 232, 233, 234, 236]; Green1922 [economic importance, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history: 417, 418-421]; Green1923b [distribution, host: 87]; Green1933 [distribution, host: 49]; Green1937 [distribution, host: 282]; Hall1922 [distribution, host: 3]; Hall1923 [distribution, host: 31, 57, 59]; Hall1924a [distribution, host: 12]; Hall1925 [distribution, host: 17]; Hall1926a [distribution, host: 35, 39, 40]; Hall1940 [distribution, host: 487]; Hamble1947 [taxonomy: 953]; Handli1929 [illustration, taxonomy: 64]; Hargre1936 [distribution, host: 10]; Hargre1948 [distribution, host: 37]; HasemaJo1934 [chemical control, descritpion, taxonomy: 17]; Hatch1938 [taxonomy: 179]; Haywar1941 [distribution, host: 88]; Hempel1900a [distribution, host: 376-377]; Hempel1904 [distribution, host: 312]; Hempel1922 [taxonomy: 133]; Henrik1921 [distribution, host: 317]; HertinSi1972 [distribution, host: 107]; HillNe1982 [distribution, host: 223-229]; Hodek1973 [biological control: 259]; HodgsoHi1990 [distribution, host: 3-21]; HodgsoHi1991 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 143]; Hollin1923 [distribution, host: 46, 65]; Hollow1964 [distribution, host: 650]; Holttu1926 [taxonomy: 5]; Holzap1932 [taxonomy: 348]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 132-133]; Huffak1959 [distribution, host: 260-261]; Hulsen1928 [taxonomy: 291, 294, 313]; HussaiPuVi1996 [biological control, distribution, economic importance, host: 85-86]; Illing1928 [distribution, host: 253]; James1939 [distribution, host: 569-573]; Jarvis1911 [distribution, host: 68]; Jones1917 [distribution, host: 3, 4]; Kannan1920 [distribution, host, life history: 857-858]; Kaweck1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 8]; Khoo1974 [distribution, host: 128]; King1899b [distribution, host: 139]; King1901i [distribution, host: 310]; Kirkal1904 [distribution, host: 226]; Kirkpa1950 [distribution, host: 104]; KnowltSm1936 [distribution: 264]; Koebel1902 [chemical control, description, distribution, host: 54-65]; Kondo2001 [distribution, host: 34]; Koszta1996 [illustration, taxonomy: 31, 58, 59]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, host: 10]; Koteja1974b [distribution, host: 71]; Koteja1985b [taxonomy: 483]; Koteja1986e [taxonomy: 324]; Kotins1906 [distribution, host: 419]; Kotins1906a [distribution, illustration: 127]; Kotins1908b [distribution, host: 11-12]; Kotins1909 [taxonomy: 109]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 304]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; KozarzRe1975 [distribution, host: 9]; Krauss1945 [distribution, host: 312]; Krauss1953 [distribution, host: 123-125]; Kumar1984 [distribution, host: 92-93]; Kuwana1927 [distribution, host: 70]; Laing1928 [distribution, host: 214]; LambdiWa1980 [distribution, host: 78]; LaPollBuBr2008 [taxonomy: 57]; Larter1937 [taxonomy: 72]; Lauren1991 [distribution, host: 29]; Lee1971 [biological control, distribution, host: 41]; Lenger1932 [host, taxonomy: 105]; Leonar1901a [distribution, host: 442]; Leonar1918 [distribution, host: 216]; Leonar1932 [distribution, host: 138]; Leonar1933 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 104]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host: 431]; LepageGi1942 [distribution, host: 444, 452]; LePell1968 [distribution, host: 322]; LincanHoCa2010 [distribution, host: 6]; Lindin1908f [taxonomy: 435]; Lindin1909f [taxonomy: 360]; Lindin1912b [distribution, host: 118, 304]; Lindin1913 [distribution, host: 60, 90]; Lindin1914 [distribution, host: 118, 246]; Lindin1917 [distribution, host: 126]; Lindin1928 [distribution, host: 86, 105]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 141, 149]; Lindin1938 [distribution, host: 11]; Lindin1941a [distribution, host: 76]; Lindin1942c [distribution, host: 102]; Lindin1954 [distribution, host: 619]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 550]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 370]; Lizery1922a [distribution, host: 99]; Lizery1938 [distribution, host: 343]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 116]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 148]; Lounsb1895 [distribution, host: 111]; Lounsb1898 [distribution, host: 36-37]; Lounsb1906 [taxonomy: 83]; Lounsb1914 [taxonomy: 7]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 111, 112]; MacGre1974 [distribution, host: 81]; MacMil1935 [chemical control, host: 464]; Mahdih1946b [taxonomy: 58]; Malump2012b [distribution: 213]; Mamet1943a [distribution, host: 144]; Mamet1948 [distribution, host: 18]; Mamet1954 [distribution, host: 3, 6, 8]; Mamet1954a [distribution, host: 264]; Mamet1957 [distribution, host: 368]; Mamet1959a [distribution, host: 371]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 46]; Martor1945 [distribution, host: 385]; Martor1976 [distribution, host: 27, 70, 78, 115, 226]; MastenSi2008 [catalogue, distribution, host: 105-119]; Matile1978 [distribution, host: 39, 41]; MatileOr2001 [distribution: 195]; Maxwel1902 [distribution, host: 269]; Maxwel1923 [taxonomy: 287]; McDani1924 [distribution, host, illustration: 43-44]; McDani1931 [chemical control, description, host, illustration: 67-68]; Medler1980 [taxonomy: 85]; Melis1949 [taxonomy: xxii]; MerrilCh1923 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 196, 287]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 15]; MilesMi1935 [description, host, life history: 93]; Miller1991a [taxonomy: 430]; Miller1991b [distribution, ecology, host, taxonomy: 92]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; MiskimBo1970 [distribution, host: 29]; Monte1930 [distribution, taxonomy: 31]; Moore1915 [distribution, host: 309]; Moreir1921b [distribution: 131]; Moreir1929a [taxonomy: 150]; Morris1921 [distribution, host: 640]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 120, 123-125, 128]; Morris1952 [distribution, taxonomy: 20, 32-33]; Morsta1936 [distribution: 102, 106]; Mossop1948 [distribution, host: 236]; MoutiaMa1946 [distribution, host: 6]; MunroFo1936 [distribution, host: 89, 90]; Murphy1932 [taxonomy: 125]; Myers1934 [taxonomy: 62]; Nakaha1981a [distribution, host: 406, 407]; Nakaha1983 [distribution, host: 17]; NakahaMi1981 [taxonomy: 36]; NakanoJoPa1974 [description, distribution, host, life history: 44]; NakanoPaPe1975 [distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: I-III]; Narasi1987 [distribution, host: 9]; Nascim1980 [taxonomy: 3]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 119]; Nath1972 [distribution, host: 8]; NDAAR1963 [distribution, host: 165]; Neves1936 [distribution, host: 119, 211]; Newste1900a [distribution, host: 113, 114]; Newste1903 [distribution, host: 236-241]; Nishid2002 [catalogue: 144]; NormarJo2010 [ecology, host: 3]; NourElRi1970 [distribution, host: 124]; Ogilvi1928 [distribution, host: 24]; Ordogh1977 [distribution, host: 2438]; Ordogh1984 [distribution, host: 358, 359]; Ossian1959 [distribution, host: 198]; PellizGe2010a [distribution, economic importance, host: 479,505]; Pember1944 [distribution: 15]; PemberWi1938 [biological control, distribution, host: 211, 217]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 217]; PerezGCa1985 [distribution, host: 317]; Petch1909 [distribution, host: 82]; Pierce1917 [distribution, host: 59, 212]; Pinhey1945 [chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 24-30]; Podtia1944 [distribution, host: 16]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367]; PruthiMa1945 [distribution, host: 11]; Puttar1954a [chemical control, distribution: 53]; Quayle1938a [description, distribution, host: 280]; Ramach1920 [distribution, host: 240, 277, 302, 347]; Ramakr1919a [distribution, host: 50]; Ramakr1919b [distribution, host: 91]; Ramakr1919c [distribution, host: 509]; Ramakr1921a [distribution, host: 339]; Ramakr1923 [distribution, host: 344]; Ramakr1930 [distribution, host: 66]; Ramakr1934 [host: 140]; Ramakr1940 [distribution, host, illustration: 461, 477]; RangelGo1945 [description, taxonomy: 28]; Rasina1955 [distribution, host: 68]; RaspiBe1993 [biological control, distribution, host: 105]; Reh1904 [distribution, host: 148]; Reyne1964 [distribution, host: 100]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 448]; RicharJoBu1943 [chemical control, host: 16]; Ritchi1935 [distribution: 75]; Roba1935 [distribution, host: 334]; Roba1938 [distribution: 237]; Rogoja1935 [distribution, host: 160-170]; Ronna1923 [distribution, taxonomy: 9]; Ronna1934a [taxonomy: 5]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Rungs1933 [distribution, host: 170]; Rungs1934 [distribution, host: 24]; Rungs1948 [distribution, host: 117]; Rust1914 [distribution, host: 471]; Saakya1954 [distribution, host: 14, 15]; Salmon1933 [taxonomy: 479]; SampoOl1976 [taxonomy: 217]; Sander1904a [distribution, host: 31]; Sander1909 [distribution, host: 430]; SassceWe1922 [chemical control: 200]; SassceWe1923 [chemical control: 85]; SassceWe1924 [chemical control: 216, 218]; Schmid1939 [distribution, host: 23, 79]; Schmut1969 [distribution, host: 98]; Schuma1918b [biological control, taxonomy: 374, 379-384]; ScottBoSu1932 [chemical control, description, host: 10, 23-24, 44-45, 55]; Seabra1917 [distribution, host: 22]; Seabra1921 [distribution, host: 96]; Seabra1922 [distribution, host: 8, 16]; Seabra1942 [distribution, host: 2]; SeabraVa1918 [distribution, host: 163]; Shirak1913 [taxonomy: 104]; ShivakLa2001 [life history: 197]; ShivakRaLa1996 [distribution, economic importance, host, life history: 679-681]; SiddapSrPu1986 [host: 29-30]; Sikes1928 [taxonomy: 272, 200, 302]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 189]; Silves1939 [distribution, host: 632-633]; Simmon1957 [distribution, host: 11]; Simmon1969 [distribution, host: 21]; Smith1910 [distribution, host: 122]; Soares1942 [taxonomy: 54]; Soares1945 [taxonomy: 56, 64]; SolisATeGo1992 [biological control, distribution, host: 8]; Soukup1945 [distribution, host: 279]; SrikanReMa1988 [distribution, host: 185-186]; Step1929 [distribution: 183]; Strong1922 [distribution, host: 776]; Subram1932 [distribution, host: 30]; SureshMo1996 [distribution, host: 261]; Swezey1921b [biological control, distribution: 521]; Swezey1925 [biological control, distribution: 366]; Swezey1936d [biological control, host: 136]; Takaha1928 [distribution, host: 344]; Takaha1939a [distribution: 403]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 3]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 7]; Terezn1970 [distribution, host: 23]; Terezn1975 [distribution, host: 9, 44, 73, 110, 112]; Theoba1907 [taxonomy: 158]; Torres1923 [taxonomy: 43]; Torres1959 [distribution, taxonomy: 78]; Townse1896 [distribution: 21-23]; Townse1928 [distribution: 18]; TownseWi1939 [distribution: 26]; Trabut1910 [distribution, host: 72]; Trabut1911 [distribution, host: 52]; Traver1935 [description: 57, 157]; Trembl1989b [physiology: 148, 164, 165, 167]; Trimbl1928 [distribution, host: 42]; Tryon1919 [distribution, taxonomy: 122]; Tsalev1968 [distribution, host: 206]; USDAAPH2003 [host: 15]; VanHarCoWi1990 [distribution, host: 132]; Varshn1984a [distribution, host: 138]; VastraLiGo1990 [distribution, host: 127-130]; Vayssi1924 [taxonomy: 28]; Vea2014 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 9-11,14, 15]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762]; Verril1902 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 806-807]; Vieira1943 [taxonomy: 64]; VieiraCaPi1983 [distribution, host: 139, 140]; Walczu1932 [taxonomy: 635, 647, 658]; Wang1980 [description, distribution, host: 225]; Wang1982TC [description, distribution: 39, 40]; Ward1890 [ecology, economic importance: 304]; Waters1941 [distribution, host: 16]; Waters1949 [distribution, host: 7]; WattMa1903 [distribution, host: 310]; WebsteBu1902 [distribution, host: 110]; Weglar1966 [taxonomy: 78]; Weigel1923 [description, host, illustration: 18-19]; WeigelSa1923 [chemical control, host, illustration: 31]; Weiss1916 [distribution, host: 23]; Wheele1961 [biological control, distribution, host: 750]; Whelan1964 [distribution, host: 25, 27]; Whitne1926 [distribution, taxonomy: 109]; Whitne1927c [distribution, host: 23]; Wilkin1937 [distribution, host: 53]; Willan1961 [biological control, distribution, host: 2-3]; Wille1925 [taxonomy: 420]; Wille1935 [taxonomy: 51]; Wille1935a [taxonomy: 7]; Wille1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Wille1940 [taxonomy: 374]; Wille1943 [taxonomy: 112, 237, 239]; Willia1931 [distribution, taxonomy: 369]; Willia1977ML [distribution, host: 89]; Willia1991DJ [distribution, illustration: 459, 460]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 43-44]; WilliaWi1988 [distribution, economic importance, host: 47]; Wilson1917 [distribution, host: 29]; Wilson1938 [host: 113]; Winkle1920 [taxonomy: 125]; Wolcot1933 [distribution, host: 409]; Wolcot1936 [distribution, host: 121]; Wolcot1948 [distribution, host: 159-160]; WoodruBeSk1998 [distribution, taxonomy: 108]; Woods1908 [chemical control, host: 3]; WoodwaEvEa1970 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 427, 428]; Woodwo1909 [distribution, host: 359]; Wu1935 [distribution, host: 173]; Wunn1925c [distribution, host: 435]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 16, 359]; YunusHo1980 [distribution, host: 46]; Zagain1956 [distribution, host: 86]; Zahrad1953a [taxonomy: 201-203]; Zahrad1968 [distribution, host: 22]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy: 118]; Zahrad1990c [distribution, host, illustration: 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 20, 22]; Zimmer1946 [taxonomy: 657-8]; Zimmer1948 [distribution, host: 139-140].
Insignorthezia mexicana (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia mexicana Morrison, 1925: 126-127. Type data: MEXICO: on Parthenium argentatum, by F.E. Lloyd. Syntypes, female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison marked a specimen as the holotype, he did not mention a primary type in the original description (Morrison, 1925). Therefore, a lectotype should be designated. There are 3 syntype slides in the USNM.
Insignorthezia mexicana; Kozár, 2004: 309. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Parthenium argentatum [Morris1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Morris1925].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female stout oval and completely covered dorsally with well developed tufts of white secretionary matter (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 296 [Key to the species of Insignorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 5 (adult female) [Species in the Insignis group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 106 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 309]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 126-127]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 5, 19].
Insignorthezia peruviana (Beingolea)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia pseudoinsignis peruviana Beingolea, 1971: 5-7. Type data: PERU: Lima, on Lantana sp., ?/10/1965, by O. Beingolea. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Lima: Centro de Introduccion y Cria de Insectos Utiles, Peru. Illust.
Insignorthezia peruviana; Kozár, 2004: 310. Change of combination and rank.
HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda acutifolia [Beingo1971]. Labiatae: Coleus sp. [Beingo1971]. Rutaceae: Ruta graveolens [Beingo1971]. Verbenaceae: Lantana sp. [Beingo1971]
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Beingo1971].
GENERAL REMARKS: Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Eggs are elliptical and white. Adult female is oval, but almost circular (Beingolea, 1971).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 296 [Key to the species of Insignorthezia].
CITATIONS: Beingo1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 5-7]; Beingo1971b [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 44]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 310]; Pacora1980 [biological control, distribution: 111].
Insignorthezia pini (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia pini Morrison, 1952: 40-41. Type data: MEXICO: Guerrero, near Acapulco, La Providencia, on unidentified pine, 18/03/1926, by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Illust. Notes: Morrison (1952) states "the holotype and paratypes have been returned to Professor Ferris." These specimens are now part of the UCDC collection (Miller et al., 1973). Three paratypes in USNM.
Insignorthezia pini; Kozár, 2004: 314. Change of combination.
HOST: Pinaceae [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Guerrero [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female very similar to O. pinicola, but differs in the dorsal plate pattern, the point of opening of abdominal spiracles, and in the condition of the ovisac band (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 296 [Key to the species of Insignorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 4 (adult female) [Insignis species group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 314]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 16]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 4, 40].
Insignorthezia pinicola (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia pinicola Morrison, 1952: 41-42. Type data: MEXICO: Durango, on Pinus ponderosa var. macrophylla, 1896, by E. Palmer. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust.
Insignorthezia pinicola; Kozár, 2004: 316. Change of combination.
HOST: Pinaceae: Pinus ponderosa macrophylla [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Durango [Morris1952], Morelos [Miller1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is ovoid, widest across anterior section of ovisac band (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 296 [Key to the species of Insignorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 4 (adult female) [Insignis species group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 316]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 41-42]; Tao1999 [distribution: 7].
Insignorthezia pseudinsignis (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia pseudinsignis Morrison, 1952: 44-45. Type data: UNITED STATES: Texas, Laredo, 18/03/1941, by C.P. Trotter. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 25504. Illust. Notes: Seven paratypes in UCDC (Miller et al., 1973).
Insignorthezia pseudinsignis; Kozár, 2004: 318. Change of combination.
FOE: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Zagreus hexasticta [Pacora1980].
HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Gardenia sp. [Morris1952]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [Morris1952], Citrus limonia [Morris1952]. Solanaceae: Capsicum sp. [Morris1952], Solanum torvum [Morris1952]. Verbenaceae: Duranta repens [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California Sur [Morris1952], Colima [Morris1952], Durango [Morris1952], Jalisco [Morris1952], Sinola [Morris1952], Sonora [Morris1952], Veracruz [Morris1952]); United States of America (Louisiana [Morris1952], Texas [Morris1952]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Morris1952]; Peru [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is very close structurally to I. insignis, but differs in the large and conspicuous irregular transverse sclerotic plates on the head and thorax in place of the narrower elongated plates of insignis (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 296 [Key to the species of Insignorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 5 (adult female) [Species in the Insignis group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Beingo1969 [biological control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 97]; Beingo1971 [host: 2]; Beingo1971a [distribution, host, life history: 33]; Beingo1971b [biological control, distribution, host: 42, 43, 44]; GibsonCa1959 [distribution, host: 68]; Gill1993 [distribution, taxonomy: 79, 80]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 318]; Miller1985b [distribution, host: 90]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 44-45]; Pacora1980 [biological control, distribution: 111, 117]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Insignorthezia smythi (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia smythi Morrison, 1952: 50-51. Type data: MEXICO: Distrito Federal, Xochimilco, on "cultivated bean," 27/08/1922, by E.G. Smyth. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Insignorthezia smythi; Kozár, 2004: 320. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Distrito Federal [Morris1952]). Neotropical: Brazil [Kozar2004]; Costa Rica [Kozar2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is small, ovoid, narrowed anteriorly and very similar to I. insignis (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 296 [Key to the species of Insignorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 4 (adult female) [Species in the Insignis group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 320]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 50-51].
Orthezia Bosc d'AnticNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia Bosc d'Antic, 1784: 173. Type species: Orthezia characias Bosc (= Orthezia urticae Linnaeus), by monotypy.
GENERAL REMARKS: "There are no truly indigenous species in the Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian regions and the known species are predominantly Nearctic and Neotropical in distribution and only secondarily Palaearctic (Morrison, 1925)." Kozár (2004) reviewed the genus. Detailed description of males in Vea, 2014.
STRUCTURE: Adult female external covering made up of definite and usually sharply segregated tufts of waxy secretions. Body is more or less distinctly oval, often broadly rounded posteriorly and tapering anteriorly. Larva body is oval, adult males elongate, slender (Morrison, 1925). Generic Diagnosis based on adult male morphology: Head broad, wider than long, with setae and pores present on both sides; compound eyes with between 100 and 150 ommatidia. Antennal apical segment with a terminal bristle and no subapical bristle. Scutal setae and pores present, anteprosternal sete absent; scutellum with loculate pores and smp, tegula with setae and simple minute pores. Wings with subcostal ridge often only extending to less than ž wing length; cubital ridge starting from 1/8 wing base; hamulohalteres with 2 or 3 hamuli. Legs with hs mostly on femur and fs on tibia and tarsus; claws with denticles and setose digitules. Abdominal tergite VII with a single plate bearing numerous tubular ducts, surrounded by fleshy setae of variable length. Sternite IX without a median ridge but with a few setae. (Vea, 2014)
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 [Key to the genera of Ortheziini]; Williams & Watson 1990: 38 (female) [Genera of Ortheziidae of the South Pacific region]; Danzig 1988: 695 (female) [Ortheziidae genera of the Far East of the USSR]; Yang 1982: 14 (female) [Ortheziidae genera of China]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1978: 10 (female) [Genera of Ortheziidae]; Tereznikova 1975: 111 (female) [Ortheziidae genera of the Ukraine]; Danzig 1971d: 806 (female) [Key to genera of Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1925: 102 (adult female) [Genera of Ortheziinae]; Green 1922: 417 (adult female) [Genera of the subfamily Ortheziinae]; MacGillivray 1921: 110 (adult female) [as Douglasia; Genera of Ortheziinae].
CITATIONS: AguileGr1976 [distribution, host: 97]; AhmadGh1972 [distribution, host: 62]; Amyot1848 [taxonomy: 489]; Archan1937 [distribution: 23]; Atkins1886 [description, taxonomy: 295, 296]; Barnes1930 [biological control: 322, 323]; Beingo1967 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 70, 73, 78]; Beingo1969 [distribution, host: 96]; Blanch1897 [taxonomy: 678-683]; Borchs1937a [distribution: 19]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy: 26]; BoscdA1784 [description, distribution: 173]; Brain1915 [distribution: 89]; BremiBr1847 [distribution, taxonomy: 42]; Brown1958aSW [distribution, host: 429-434]; Browne1887 [taxonomy: 169-172]; BruesMeCa1954 [taxonomy: 108, 161]; BrunerScOt1945 [distribution, host: 71]; Callan1940 [biological control, distribution: 737, 744, 750, 752]; Cardin1915 [taxonomy: 107]; CassidRoBu1950 [distribution, host: 2]; Charli1972 [distribution, host: 216]; ChatteBo1934 [biological control, distribution: 2, 7, 9]; Cocker1893d [taxonomy: 8]; Cocker1893x [distribution: LXXlX]; Cocker1893y [taxonomy: 404]; Cocker1894v [distribution: 1053]; Cocker1896 [description: 9]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1897s [taxonomy: 383]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 390]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 274]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 259]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy: 349]; Craw1896 [distribution, host: 41]; Danks1981 [distribution: 429]; Danzig1964 [distribution: 621]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 806]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy: 41]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 695]; Dobzha1941 [distribution, host: 7]; Dougla1881 [taxonomy: 176]; Dougla1881a [taxonomy: 297]; Dufour1833 [taxonomy: 108-109, 289]; Dunham1954 [distribution, host: 71, 72]; Felt1914 [biological control: 458]; Felt1925 [distribution, host: 30]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 33]; Ferris1918 [structure: 85, 86, 88]; Ferris1919a [distribution, host: 14]; Ferris1921b [taxonomy: 59]; Fleury1938 [distribution, host: 19, 74]; Forel1928 [taxonomy: 502]; Frost1936 [distribution: 191, 195]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 56]; Garcia1912 [biological control, taxonomy: 264]; Garcia1929 [biological control, distribution: 117]; Ghesqu1946 [distribution: 235]; Gillan1916 [taxonomy: 243]; Giraul1913 [biological control: 196]; Gistel1848 [taxonomy: 151]; GomezM1937 [distribution, taxonomy: 11-12, 383]; GonzalCh1968 [distribution, host: 112]; Graven1977 [biological control, distribution, host: 657-658]; Green1914 [taxonomy: 104]; Green1922 [distribution: 418]; Green1922b [distribution: 23]; Green1928 [description: 12]; Hargre1925 [host: 25]; HertinSi1972 [distribution, host: 107]; Hollan1911 [chemistry: 297]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy: 46, 65]; Howard1907 [biological control: 82]; HowellWi1976 [taxonomy: 184]; Imhof1900 [taxonomy: 527]; Jarvis1911 [taxonomy: 67]; Kawai1980 [distribution: 81]; Kerveg1932 [taxonomy: 1676]; Kirkal1906a [taxonomy: 253]; Koszta1996 [description, host, taxonomy: 66-68]; KosztaKo1978 [description, taxonomy: 10]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, taxonomy: 41]; Koteja1976 [structure: 268]; Koteja1984d [taxonomy: 488]; Koteja1987 [taxonomy: 235]; Koteja1987a [taxonomy: 241]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 204]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 659]; Kozar2004 [catalogue, taxonomy: 255]; KozarMi2001 [taxonomy: 244]; KumarLaLl1976 [distribution, host: 42]; Kuwana1907 [distribution, host: 178]; Kuwana1923b [description, distribution: 58]; Lamarc1816 [taxonomy: 462-463]; Lange1944 [taxonomy: 397]; Latrei1810 [taxonomy: 266, 434]; Lawson1917 [distribution, taxonomy: 165]; Lindin1913 [distribution: 90]; Lindin1923 [taxonomy: 142, 149-150]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 179, 182-3, 191]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 223]; Lloyd1911 [distribution, host: 42]; Louis1971 [taxonomy: 268]; Lounsb1895 [taxonomy: 111-132]; Lugger1900 [illustration: 215]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 106, 111-112]; Marlat1921 [distribution, host: 15]; Maskew1914a [distribution: 447]; Maskew1916 [distribution: 308]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 102-109]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 139]; Myers1934 [distribution, host: 61]; NastChKl1990 [distribution: 119]; Newell1927 [distribution, host: 82]; Newste1903 [taxonomy: 229]; Nietne1880 [distribution, host: 6]; NotzP1974 [biological control: 134]; Nur1980 [taxonomy: 103]; Oguma1919 [taxonomy: 94, 96-97, 102]; Pacora1979 [biological control: 101]; Pacora1980 [biological control, distribution: 111-117]; Passon1908 [taxonomy: 824]; Pollis1937 [taxonomy: 142]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Ramach1920 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 279]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 447]; RileyHo1890c [distribution, host: 124-125]; RileyHo1891 [distribution, taxonomy: 214]; Rogoja1958 [distribution, taxonomy: 302-304]; Romney1946 [distribution, host: 670-671]; Sabros1957 [biological control, distribution: 114, 117]; Salmon1933 [taxonomy: 478]; Sander1904a [taxonomy: 31]; Schwar1924 [distribution, host: 510-524]; Sefer1961 [distribution, host: 26, 27, 30, 36, 43,]; Shcher2007 [phylogeny: 60-61]; Signor1876a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 386-389]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 189]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 630]; Squire1933 [distribution: 140]; SrivasSi1966b [taxonomy: 129]; Swezey1923 [biological control: 300]; Swezey1925 [taxonomy: 370]; Szklar1997 [physiology: 32, 35, 36]; Targio1866 [description, taxonomy: 131-132, 146]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 722]; Terezn1975 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 27, 63, 111, 116]; Urich1893 [taxonomy: 196]; Utra1908 [taxonomy: 996]; Vea2014 [description, structure, taxonomy: 4-7]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761]; Wang1982TC [taxonomy: 39]; Weber1933 [taxonomy: 378, 531, 569,659]; Westwo1840 [description, taxonomy: 118, 450]; Westwo1855 [taxonomy: 836]; White1880 [taxonomy: 304, 306]; Wille1932 [taxonomy: 160]; Wille1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Wille1941 [taxonomy: 17]; Willia1991DJ [distribution, taxonomy: 459]; WilliaMa2014 [taxonomy: 7-12]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 38, 43]; Wilson1917 [distribution, host: 65]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 14]; Zimmer1948 [distribution: 139].
Orthezia ambrosicola MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia ambrosicola Morrison, 1952: 13-14. Type data: UNITED STATES: Texas, Red River, near Quanah, on Ambrosia sp., 1921, by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Notes: There is a paratype in USNM.
HOST: Asteraceae: Ambrosia sp. [Morris1952]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Texas [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is elongate ovoid and narrowed somewhat anteriorly (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004 (female) [as 324-325; Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 9 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 326]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 13-14]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366].
Orthezia annae CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia annae Cockerell, 1893y: 403-404. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Las Cruces, on Atriplex canescens?, 28/07/1893, by Prof. Townsend. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: male. Illust. Notes: There are 2 syntpes in the USNM, 1 with several first instars and 1 with a single adult female.
Orthezia nanae; Beardsley, 1968: 1457. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: atriplex ensign scale [Gill1993].
FOE: HEMIPTERA Miridae: Clivinema coalinga [MillerSc1994].
HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex canescens? [Cocker1893y], Atriplex confertifolia [Huffak1959], Atriplex polycarpa [MillerSc1994], Atriplex sp. [Ferris1919a], Kochia californica [Ferris1919a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Morris1925], California [Ferris1919a], Colorado [Fernal1903b], Idaho [Barr1953], Nevada [Morris1952], New Mexico [Cocker1893y], Texas [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1893y). Redescription and illustration by Morrison (1925), Gill (1993), and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is circular and covered with a white secretion which forms lateral and subdorsal longitudinal keels. The dorsum is marked by a furrow and the ovisac has eight longitudinal ridges. Legs and antennae are dark brown, antennae varying to pale brown with black tarsi. Larvae are stout oval, tapering slightly at each end (Morrison, 1925) and are sepia brown. Adult male is black with pale grey or greyish white wings and strongly facetted eyes (Cockerell, 1893y). Body large, total body length 1.5-1.65 mm. Antennae 1.3 times total body length, most segments subequal in length; fleshy setae present on antennae. (Vea, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Adult male Orthezia annae differ from other Orthezia spp. in having additional longer antennal setae, some on legs, similar to those on antennal setae, and fewer tubular ducts than on other Orthezia spp.
KEYS: Vea 2014: 3-4 (male) [Species of the Ortheziidae Based on Adult Males]; Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Gill 1993: 75 [Field key to California Ortheziidae]; Gill 1993: 77 [Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 9 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 106 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Barr1953 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 210]; Beards1968 [taxonomy: 1457]; Bibby1961 [distribution, host: 330]; Cocker1893y [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 403-404]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 32]; Cocker1894s [distribution, host: 285]; Cocker1895u [taxonomy: 730]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1896f [taxonomy: 39]; Cocker1898 [taxonomy: 20]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 272]; Essig1931 [taxonomy: 573]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 33]; Ferris1919a [distribution, host: 14]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 75, 76, 77, 78, 83]; GilletBa1895 [distribution, host: 127]; HertinSi1972 [host: 107]; Huffak1959 [distribution, host: 259-260]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 327]; Lounsb1895 [distribution, host: 123]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; MillerSc1994 [biological control, distribution: 383-384]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 110-112]; Morris1952 [distribution, host: 14]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Steinh1964 [distribution, ecology: 643]; Vea2014 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 4, 18-20].
Orthezia argrimoniae ShinjiNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia argrimoniae Shinji, 1936a: 91. Unknown type status. Notes: A letter from S. Takagi to Ben-Dov (30/01/89) indicates that all Shinji's collections were lost.
Orthezia agrimoniae; Kawai, 1980: 83. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: agrimony orthezia [Yang1982].
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Shinji1936a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Short redescription by Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: According to the antenna and leg presented on the original drawing, even the generic replacement is not clear. However, the characters presented, if they were correctly drawn, deserve attention (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kawai1980 [taxonomy: 83]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 332]; Morris1952 [distribution: 15]; Shinji1936a [description, illustration: 90-91]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 354].
Orthezia boliviana MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia boliviana Morrison, 1925: 115-116. Type data: BOLIVIA: Guaqui, on "Vareta", 07/03/1919, by W.R. Allen. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison mark a specimen as the holotype, he did not mention a "holotype" or "type" in the original description (Morrison, 1925). Therefore, a lectotype should be desigated.
HOST: Undetermined [Morris1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Morris1925].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is stout oval, very slightly narrowed anteriorly. Ovisac is short, presumably completely covered both dorsally and ventrally with white secretionary plates. Larvae do not display any obvious peculiarities (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 332]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 115-116]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 10].
Orthezia cheilanthi TinsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia cheilanthi Tinsley, 1898: 12-13. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Organ Mountains, on Cheilanthes fendleri, ?/08/1897, by J.D. Tinsley. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: There are 6 syntype slides in USNM.
HOST: Polypodiaceae: Cheilanthes fendleri [Tinsle1898].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Tinsle1898]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Tinsley (1898). Illustration and redescription by Morrison (1925) and Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Body is covered with white secretion which forms lateral and subdorsal longitudinal keels. Ovisac has distinct longitudinal ridges above and nearly as distinct ridges below (Tinsley, 1898).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 108 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 390]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 34]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 334]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 117-120]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 10, 50]; Tinsle1898 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 12-13].
Orthezia graminicola MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia graminicola Morrison, 1952: 24-26. Type data: UNITED STATES: Mississippi, Gulfport, on Gramineae, 29/05/1945, by G. Rau. Syntypes, female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: There are 3 syntype slides in the USNM.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Andropogon sp. [Morris1952], Panicum sp. [TippinBe1978]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [TippinBe1978], Mississippi [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult dried female body has long dorsal secretionary tufts, is completely covered by secretion dorsally, the anterior dorsal tufts quadrate and directed forward. As mounted, body is stout elliptical (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Vea 2014: 3-4 (male) [Species of the Ortheziidae Based on Adult Males]; Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 336]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 24-26]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367]; TippinBe1978 [distribution, host: 13]; Vea2014 [description, taxonomy: 4, 31-32].
Orthezia grandis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia grandis Hempel, 1920a: 340-341. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cantareira, on Taquarussu (= Guadua distorta?), ?/05/1912, by Ihering & Luederwaldt. Holotype female, by original designation; type no. 16767. Notes: Hempel (1920a) states that the type is in the collection at Museu Paulista. Syntypes at USNM.
HOST: Poaceae: Guadua distorta? [Morris1925, Hempel1920a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Morris1925]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Hempel (1920a). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is large, as is the ovisac. Eggs are oval (Hempel, 1920a).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: CostaL1928 [distribution, host: 103]; CostaL1936 [distribution, host: 201]; Hempel1920a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 342-343]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 338]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host: 431]; Morris1925 [taxonomy: 123]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 10, 19]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 189].
Orthezia japonica KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia japonica Kuwana, 1917a: 3. Type data: JAPAN. Unknown type status. Notes: Morrison (1952) states that much of Kuwana's material was destroyed in the 1923 earthquake and thus any determination of the status of this species may depend on the discovery of a topotype.
COMMON NAME: acorus orthezia [Yang1982].
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1917].
SYSTEMATICS: This species was incorrectly synonymized with O. urticae by Morrison (1925). Morrison (1952) states that there is little evidence for the distinction between O. japonica and O. yasushii, but that until topotype material of these species can be found they must be considered as distinct.
CITATIONS: Kawai1972 [distribution, taxonomy: 2]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 83]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 340]; Kuwana1917 [description, distribution, illustration: 155]; Kuwana1917a [taxonomy: 3]; Kuwana1923b [distribution, taxonomy: 58]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 370]; Morris1925 [taxonomy: 140]; Morris1952 [distribution, taxonomy: 33, 53]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 354, 376].
Orthezia juniperi MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia juniperi Morrison, 1952: 33-34. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Datil, on Juniperus pachyphloea, 01/07/1940, by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Illust. Notes: Morrison (1952) states "the holotype and paratypes are with Professor Ferris in the Stanford University collection." Miller et al. (1973) state that the Stanford collection is now a part of UCDC. Paratypes in USNM.
HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus pachyphloea [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Morris1952], New Mexico [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is small with a single short digitate, white, wax tuft protruding directly forward from the head, tufts are mostly not white but off shades ranging from pale yellow through gray to an olive green somewhat resembling the color of the host. Ovisac is straight or a very little upcurved apically, tapering a little towards apex. Body is stout, ovate broadened posteriorly (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 341]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 10]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 33-34]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Orthezia lasiorum CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia lasiorum Cockerell, 1901h: 209. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Las Vegas and Trout Springs, in nests of Lasius americanus, 25/04/1901, by Mrs. Cockerell. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
HOST: Poaceae: Poa sp. [Morris1925]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Miller1996]; United States of America (Colorado [Bueker1931a], New Mexico [Morris1925]).
BIOLOGY: This species was found in the nests of Lasius americanus (Morrison, 1925).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1910h). Subsequent description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Ovisac is not very long. Adult female is pale orange, has two long median white caudal lamellae curving over the ovisac, but not attached to it. Dorsum is covered with waxy secretion, but it is easily removed. Larvae are yellowish pink and thickly covered with waxy lamellae, no bare areas (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Bueker1931a [distribution, host: 151]; Cocker1901h [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 209]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Cocker1905c [taxonomy: 136]; Cocker1910b [distribution, host: 425]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 272]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 35]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 342]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 125-126]; Morris1952 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 35]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Orthezia maroccana Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia maroccana Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kozár, 2004: 344. Type data: MAROC: Moyen Atlas, near to Ksiba, 1400 m. altitude, 1/05/1948, A.S. Balachowsky. Holotype female, by original designation; type no. 6452. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Holotype on right side marked with red. One paratype on the same slide.
HOST: Cistaceae: Cistus sp. [new]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Morocco [Kozar2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to O. martelli but different by absence of row of quadrilocular pores in front of ovisac band, and by presence of quadrilocular pores among setae of ovisac band (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 344].
Orthezia newcomeri MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia newcomeri Morrison, 1952: 37. Type data: UNITED STATES: Washington, Yakima County, Cascade Mountains on Penstemom sp., 10/08/1930, by E.J. Newcomer. Syntypes, female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Morrison mentioned the holotype in the original description (1952), but did not mark 1 of the 2 adult females on the type slide as the holotype. Therefore, a lectotype should be designated.
Orthezia newcomberi; Gill, 1993: 80. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: Newcomber's ensign scale [Gill1993].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia frigida [KozarGuBa1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Penstemon sp. [Morris1952], Penstemon sp. [KozarGuBa1994]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarGuBa1994]); United States of America (California? [Gill1993] (Gill (1993) states that "California identifications are in doubt. They have been labeled as 'probably this species' by Harold Morrison."), Washington [Morris1952]).
BIOLOGY: This species was collected from the Cascade Mountains at elevations of 5500 feet (Morrison, 1952).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Detailed description of adult male in Vea, 2014.
STRUCTURE: Adult dried female body with secretion is stoutly elliptical, dorsally fully covered by white secretionary tufts, the pattern essentially as with related species. Adult male is very large, total body length 2.6 mm. Antennae exceptionally long, nearly 1.7 times total body length, most segments approximately subequal in length, with 4-6 loculi, present on both dorsal and ventral surfaces; simple minute pores sparsely present throughout body. (Vea, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison also states that "this insect is closely related to urticae and solidaginis, but in the limited material that is available for study it can be distinguished by differences in eyestalk and ovisac band as emphasized in the key to species."
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Gill 1993: 75 (female) [as Orthezia newcomberi; Field key to California Ortheziidae]; Gill 1993 (female) [as Orthezia newcomberi; Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 11 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Gill1993 [distribution, taxonomy: 75, 77, 80, 86]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 350]; KozarGuBa1994 [distribution, host: 71]; MawFoHa2000 [distribution: 42]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 37]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367]; Vea2014 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 4, 20, 22-24].
Orthezia nuda FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia nuda Ferris, 1919a: 13. Type data: UNITED STATES: Arizona, between Benson and Dragoon, on Quercus emoryi, 28/06/1918, by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Notes: Ferris (1919a) states that a holotype has been deposited in the collection of Coccidae of the Department of Entomology of Stanford University. This collection is now a part of the UCDC collection (Miller et al., 1973).
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus emoryi [Ferris1919a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1919a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Ferris (1919a). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Dorsum is entirely destitute of secretion except for a fringe of very short marginal tufts about the posterior portion of the abdomen. Ovisac is as broad as long and is a little longer than the length of the body, straight and with truncate tip (Ferris, 1919a). Larva is oval, somewhat tapering behind and short (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 9 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 106 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 111 (adult female) [Species of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Ferris1919a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 13]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 354]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 111]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 14]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 130]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 9]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Orthezia olivacea CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia olivacea Cockerell, 1905c: 136. Type data: UNITED STATES: Colorado, Boulder, in nests of Lasius, ?/11/1904, by W.P. & T.D.A. Cockerell. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: There are 2 syntype slides each with 2 adult females in the USNM.
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Lasius sp. [Cocker1905c].
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [MawFoHa2000]); United States of America (Colorado [Cocker1905c], Idaho [Morris1952], New Mexico [Cocker1905c]).
BIOLOGY: Specimens collected in nests of Lasius (Cockerell, 1905c).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1905c). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female has reddish-brown legs and antennae. Body is entirely covered with dense white secretion (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 10 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: AguileGr1976 [distribution, host: 97, 98]; Beingo1965 [distribution, host: 3]; Beingo1969 [taxonomy: 97]; Beingo1969a [taxonomy: 130-136]; Beingo1969b [taxonomy: 144]; Beingo1971 [distribution, host: 11]; Beingo1971a [distribution, host: 33]; Beingo1971b [distribution, host: 41, 42, 44]; Beingo1971c [distribution, host: 52]; Bueker1931a [distribution, host: 151, 152]; Cocker1905c [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 136]; Cocker1910b [distribution, host: 425]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 272]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 36a]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 356]; LaPollBuBr2008 [behaviour : 55]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; MawFoHa2000 [distribution: 42]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 133]; Morris1952 [distribution, host: 37]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367]; Willia1985a [distribution, host: 217].
Orthezia quadrua FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia quadrua Ferris, 1950: 13. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, Kunming, on Ambrosia sp., 02/05/1949, by G.F. Ferris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Miller et al. (1973) state that there is a specimen labeled "holotype" in UCDC, but since Ferris makes no mention of a type or holotype in his original description, all type material must be considered syntypes.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia sp. [Morris1952], Artemisia sp. [Tao1999]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Ferris (1950). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is entirely concealed beneath the usual tufts of pure white wax, the tufts along the lateral margins of the abdomen being quite long and curving. Ovisac is short, stout and a little longer than the body (Ferris, 1950).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 11 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Ali1970 [distribution, host: 93]; Ferris1950 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 13]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 132]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 358]; Morris1952 [distribution, host: 45]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 7]; Yang1982 [distribution, host, illustration: 15, 16].
Orthezia sclerotica MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia sclerotica Morrison, 1952: 47-49. Type data: PERU: Pisuquio, on Melastomaceae, 23/06/1948, by E.J. Hambleton. Syntypes, female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 7. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison mentioned a holotype in the original description (Morrison, 1952) and marked a slide as the such, he did not choose one of the 5 adult females on the slide as the primary type. Therefore, a lectotype should be designated. There are 3 syntype slides in the USNM.
HOST: Melastomataceae [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body as mounted is elliptical. This species is distinct because of the wide sclerotization of the dorsal surface (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 7 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Beingo1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 31]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 360]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 47-49].
Orthezia selaginellae MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia selaginellae Morrison, 1952: 49-50. Type data: UNITED STATES: Texas, Laredo, on Selaginella sp., 09/02/1949, by Chapman. Syntypes, female, by original designation; type no. 48269. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison marked a specimen as the holotype, he did not mention a primary type in the original description (Morrison, 1952). Therefore, a lectotype should be designated. There are 2 syntype slides in the USNM.
HOST: Selaginellaceae: Selaginella sp. [Morris1952]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Guanajuato [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is dorsally completely and heavily covered with flat overlapping secretion plates tending to give an irregularly shingled appearance. The marginal and cephalic tufts are short and stout, the abdominal tufts are somewhat elongated (perhaps not fully formed)(Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 9 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 362]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 49-50].
Orthezia shirakensis HadzibejliNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia shirakensis Hadzibejli, 1963a: 618-620. Type data: GEORGIA: East Georgia, Shirak steppe, on Artemisia meyeriana. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia meyeriana [Hadzib1963a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia [Hadzib1963a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Hadzibejli (1963a). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female broadly oval and olive green. Last instar larvae are more elongate oval and have hairs present on both the ventral and the dorsal sides of the body (Hadzibejli, 1963a).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Hadzib1963a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 618-620]; Hadzib1983 [distribution, host: 266]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 364]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 448].
Orthezia solidaginis SandersNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia solidaginis Sanders, 1904: 94-95. Type data: UNITED STATES: Ohio, Ottawa County, near Port Clinton, 5/07/1903, by J.G. Sanders. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: There are 3 syntype slides in the USNM.
Orthezia ambrosiae Lawson, 1917: 165-167. Type data: UNITED STATES: Kansas, Lawrence, on Ambrosia trifida, ?/?/1916. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Morrison, 1925: 136. Notes: There are 2 syntype slides in the USNM.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia trifida [Morris1925], Erigeron canadensis [Lawson1933], Helianthus tuberosus [Lawson1933], Solidago canadensis [Sander1904], Solidago serotina [Lawson1933], Teuerium canadense [Lawson1933]. Rosaceae: Potentilla sp. [Morris1925]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Koszta1996], Georgia [TippinBe1978], Illinois [Morris1952], Kansas [Morris1925], Maryland [Morris1925], Missouri [Morris1925], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], New York [Morris1952], Ohio [Sander1904], Oregon [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Morris1952], Utah [Koszta1996], Virginia [Morris1925], West Virginia [Koszta1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Sanders (1904). Subsequent detailed descriptions and illustrations by Morrison (1925) and Kosztarab (1996). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is completely covered by white waxy secretion in four series. Body, antennae and legs are dark reddish brown. Immature stage is covered above by four series of waxy lamellae (Sanders, 1904).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Kosztarab 1996: 59 (female) [Species of Northeastern North America Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 11 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: FeltMo1928 [distribution, host: 194]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 36a]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy: 14]; Hollin1917a [distribution, host: 271]; Hollin1923 [distribution, host: 46, 66]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 68-69]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 366]; Lawson1917 [distribution, host: 165]; Lawson1933 [distribution, host: 36]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 136-137]; Morris1952 [distribution, taxonomy: 14, 52]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367]; Sander1904 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 95]; Sander1904a [distribution, host: 32]; TippinBe1978 [distribution, host: 13]; Trimbl1928 [distribution, host: 42].
Orthezia sonorensis CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia sonorensis Cockerell, 1896f: 38-39. Type data: MEXICO: Sonora, San Ignacio, on Hymenoclea monogyra, 26/09/1894, by C.H. Townsend. Syntypes, female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 6448. Described: female. Notes: There are 6 syntype slides in USNM.
HOST: Asteraceae: Hymenoclea monogyra [Cocker1896f].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Sonora [Cocker1896f]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1896f). More detailed description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female covered by white secretion, except for a small area posteriorly. Legs are orange brown (Cockerell, 1896b). Larvae closely resemble those of O. annae, but differ in that the antennae of all the specimens examined are only 5 segmented (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Morrison 1952: 9 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 106 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 112 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Cocker1895u [taxonomy: 730]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 327]; Cocker1896f [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 38-39]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 5]; Fernal1903b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 36]; Green1918 [host: 238]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 368]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 112]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 137]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 9]; Townse1896 [distribution, host: 10, 13].
Orthezia tartallyi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia tartallyi Konczné Benedicty & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 370. Type data: PERU: Oxapampa, 2400-2700 m asl, 01/11/2000, A. Tartally & G. Szovenyi. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 6188. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Kozar2004].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to O. argrimoniae, having blunted setae on antennae, but different by having eight-segmented antenna(Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia].
Orthezia urticae (Linnaeus)NOMENCLATURE:
Aphis urticae Linnaeus, 1758: 453. Type data: GERMANY: on Urtica sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Linnean Society of London, England. Described: female. Notes: According to Douglas Williams (personal communication July 8, 2003) no material of this species is present in the Linnaen Society collection.
Orthezia characias Bosc d'Antic, 1784: 171. Type data: FRANCE: Nîmes, on Euphorbia characias. Unknown type status. Illust. Synonymy by Signoret, 1876a: 389-390. Notes: Type material is presumed lost.
Dorthezia characias; Bosc d'Antic, 1785: 207. Change of combination.
Coccus characias; Olivier, 1791: 99. Change of combination.
Coccus dubius Fabricius, 1794: 228. Type data: ITALY: by Dr. Allioni. Syntypes. Type depository: Copenhagen: Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Department of Entomology, Denmark. Described: unknown. Synonymy by Dufour, 1833.
Aphis urticata; Stewart, 1802: 120. Misspelling of species name.
Dorthezia delavauxii Thiebaut, 1825: 289-291. Type data: FRANCE: near Paris, on Teucrium scorodonia, 24/05/1824, by Delavaux. Unknown type status. Described: both sexes. Illust. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912b. Notes: Types presumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999).
Dorthesia urticae; Burmeister, 1835: 76. Change of combination.
Coccus glechomae Burmeister, 1835: 77. Nomen nudum; discovered by Lindinger, 1912b: 364. Notes: Douglas (1881) states that this species was cited by Burmeister, but that he was unable to find a description. Burmeister cites this species as "Cocc. Glechomae Fabr." but there is no evidence of this species epithet in any of Fabricius' publications. Since no reference to this name can be found in Fabricius, Burmeister is listed as the author of the name.
Dorthezia dispar Kaltenbach, 1874: 486. Nomen nudum. Notes: Douglas (1881) states that "Orthezia dispar Kaltenbach, was never described so far as I can ascertain; it is given thus by Kaltenbach in "Die Pflanzenfeinde" p. 486 (1874): 'Dortesia dispar? = urticae, Brm.' It is, therefore, merely a superfluous name."
Orthezia cataphracta; Signoret, 1876a: 389. Incorrect synonymy.
Orthezia urticae; Signoret, 1876a: 389. Change of combination.
Orthezia maenariensis Douglas, 1884: 81-86. Type data: ITALY: Montecristo, on Erica arborea, by J. Lichtenstein. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male. Illust. Synonymy by Laing, 1922. Notes: There are two slides in the BMNH labeled "Montecriscto Douglas Collection/ 110.2/ 1904 120/ Orthezia maenariensis Dougl./ type" and "Montecristo Douglas Collection 109.24 in Douglas ledger/ 1904 102/ Orthezia maenariensis Dougl/ male/ type" (Williams, personal communication, October 14, 1998).
Orthezia martelli Leonardi, 1908: 150. Type data: ITALY: Catanzaro, Calabria, on Gramineae, by G. Martelli. Syntypes. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Morrison, 1925: 141. Notes: Morrison (1925) examined a single adult female from the type material and determined that this species is indeed identical with O. urticae. He does note however, that this conclusion was reached on the examination of a single decidedly imperfect specimen. There are dry specimens and some preserved in alcohol in IFSP labeled "Catanzaro, su graminacee" (Marotta, personal communication, September 29, 1998).
Orthezia japonica; Kuwana, 1917: 3. Incorrect synonymy.
Orthezia arenariae Vayssičre, 1924: 28-29. Type data: MOROCCO: Djebel Tachdirt, on Arenaria pungens, ?/07/1923, by Peyerimhoff. Syntypes, female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: male. Illust. Synonymy by Morrison, 1952: 14-15. Notes: Matile-Ferrero states that there are 7 syntypes on 7 slides (personal communication, December 3, 1999).
COMMON NAMES: cochenille de l'Ortie [Richar1998]; ensign coccid [KosztaKo1988F]; nettle ensign scale [KosztaKo1988F].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis campestris [HertinSi1972], Hyperaspis concolor [Balach1930e]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aphytis urticae [Kawai1980].
HOSTS: Alliaceae: Allium sp. [KozarGuBa1994]. Apocynaceae: Vinca minor [Flachs1931]. Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Flachs1931]. Asteraceae: Achillea sp. [Morris1925], Anthemis sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Artemisia argyi [TangLi1988], Artemisia scoparia [TangLi1988], Artemisia sp. [Morris1925], Aster sp. [Morris1925], Centaurea sp. [Morris1925], Dendranthema sp. [Tao1999], Echinops persicae [Moghad2013a], Echinops ritro [Moghad2013a], Gundelia sp. [Moghad2013a], Hieraceum sp. [Morris1925], Leontodon hastilis [Hua2000], Leontodon sp. [Morris1925], Matricaria sp. [Morris1925], Plagius sp. [Richar1998], Solidago sp. [Tao1999], Taraxacum sp. [Morris1925]. Boraginaceae: Symphytum sp. [Morris1925]. Cannabaceae: Humulus sp. [Green1918]. Caryophyllaceae: Arenaria pungens [Vayssi1924], Silene sp. [MatilePe2002], Stellaria holostea [Dougla1881a], Tunica saxifraga [Hua2000], Tunica sp. [Morris1925]. Cistaceae: Cistus [Richar1998], Halimium sp. [Richar1998]. Compositae: Pilosella officinarum [MalumpOsPy2010]. Convolvulaceae: Cuscuta sp. [Morris1925]. Cruciferae: Cardaminopsis sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Ericaceae: Erica arborea [Fernal1903b]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia sp. [Morris1925]. Fabaceae: Acacia sp. [Tao1999], Adenocarpus sp. [Richar1998], Astragalus sp. [Moghad2013a], Coronilla sp. [Morris1925], Dorycnium germanicum [Kozar1999a], Dorycnium sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Lathyrus sp. [Morris1925], Onobrychis sp. [Morris1925], Stragalus gossypinus [TorabiVaHo2010], Tetragonolobus sp. [MatilePe2002], Trifolium sp. [Morris1925], Vicia sp. [MatilePe2002]. Geraniaceae: Geranium sp. [Morris1925]. Labiatae: Ballota sp. [Morris1925], Calamintha sp. [Richar1998], Glecoma sp. [Morris1925], Lavandula sp. [Richar1998], Melittis sp. [Morris1925], Phlomis sp. [Morris1925], Satureja sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Teucrium chaemiedris [Kozar1999a], Teucrium scordonia [Thieba1825], Teucrium sp. [Kozar1999a, MatilePe2002]. Lamiaceae: Origanum vulgare [Kozar1999a], Thymus sp. [Kozar1999a], Thymus vulgaris [MatilePe2002]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus sp. [Efimof1937]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum sp. [Kozar1999a]. Orobanchaceae: Melampyrum sp. [MatilePe2002]. Plumbaginaceae: Armeria maritima [Harris1916], Statice limonium [Harris1916]. Poaceae [Morris1925]. Primulaceae: Glaux sp. [Morris1925]. Ranunculaceae: Caltha sp. [Morris1925], Clematis vitalba [KozarGuBa1994]. Rosaceae: Filipendula sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Potentilla sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Pyrus falconnet [Morris1952], Rosa sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Rubus sp. [Morris1925], Rubus ulmifolius [Foldi2002], Sanguisorba sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Spiraea sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Rubiaceae: Galium sp. [Morris1925]. Saxifragaceae: Bergenia sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Scrophulariaceae: Linaria vulgaris [MalumpOsPy2010], Melampyrum sp. [Morris1925, MatilePe2002]. Thymelaeaceae: Daphne angustifolia [Moghad2013a]. Umbelliferae: Aegopodium sp. [Morris1925], Eryngium bungei [Moghad2013a], Heracleum sp. [Morris1925], Odontites sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Urticaceae: Parietaria sp. [Morris1925], Urtica dioica [Kozar1999a], Urtica sp [Morris1925]. Vitidaceae: Vitis sp. [KosztaKo1988F]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990]. Oriental: China (Yunnan [Tao1999]). Palaearctic: Algeria [Morris1925]; Austria [KosztaKo1988F, Morris1925]; Bulgaria [KosztaKo1988F]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tao1999], Ningxia (=Ningsia) [Tao1999], Xizang (=Tibet) [Tao1999]); Corsica [Foldi2003]; Croatia [MastenSi2008]; Czech Republic [Morris1925]; Denmark [Kozarz1986]; Finland [Kozarz1986]; France [Morris1925, Foldi2001, Foldi2002]; Georgia [Hadzib1963a]; Germany [Morris1925]; Greece [Morris1925]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F]; Iran [Bodenh1944b]; Iraq [Morris1952]; Ireland [Morris1952]; Italy [Morris1925, LongoMaPe1995]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2010]; Mongolia [Danzig1982a]; Morocco [Vayssi1924]; Netherlands [Jansen2001]; Poland [Szulcz1926, Morris1952, SimonKa2011]; Portugal [Morris1952, FrancoRuMa2011]; Romania [Morris1952]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995]; Spain [Morris1952]; Sweden [Ossian1984]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Lashin1956] (Ashkahabad Oblast [Morris1925]); USSR [Morris1952]; United Kingdom (England [Morris1925], Scotland [Morris1952]); Uzbekistan (Tashkent Oblast [Cocker1927]); Yugoslavia [KosztaKo1988F].
BIOLOGY: Detailed description of life history by Sikes (1928). All stages overwinter except first instars. Females lay 150-500 eggs and there is one yearly generation. This species can probably reproduce with or without fertilization (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). Orthezia urticae has been found in salt marshes on stems that are submerged at high tide (Harrison, 1916a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Vayssiere (1924). Detailed treatment of the male of the species by Koteja (1986e).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval and covered with six rows of wax plates, but none are at the midline. Fully developed ovisac is longer than the body and is strongly dorsally ribbed. Detailed description of adult males and immatures in Kluge, 2010.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Biological control of this species is discussed by Balachowsky (1928, 1930e), Herting & Simmonds (1972) and Kawai (1980).
KEYS: Vea 2014: 3-4 (male) [Species of the Ortheziidae Based on Adult Males]; Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Danzig 1988: 696 (female) [Orthezia species of the Soviet far east]; Ossiannilsson 1984: 123 (female) [Ortheziidae of Sweden]; Danzig 1971d: 806 (female) [Key to species of the family Ortheziidae]; Danzig 1964: 621 (female) [Orthezia species in SSSR]; Morrison 1952: 11 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 109 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Alfken1930 [taxonomy: 56]; Ali1970 [taxonomy: 92]; AlimdzBr1956 [distribution, host: 148]; Amyot1848 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 489-490]; Archan1923 [distribution, host: 266]; Archan1937 [distribution, host: 23, 25, 139, 140]; Babaev1980 [distribution, host: 55]; BaetaN1947 [taxonomy: 134]; Balach1927 [distribution, host: 190]; Balach1929a [distribution, host: 317]; Balach1930e [taxonomy: 221]; Balach1930f [biological control: 21-23]; Balach1932 [taxonomy: 14]; Balach1933e [distribution, host: 7]; Balach1935b [distribution, host: 265-266]; Balach1935c [distribution, host: 6]; Balach1953h [distribution, host, taxonomy: 93-95]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 38]; Bazaro1962 [distribution, host: 62]; Bazaro1963 [distribution, host: 64]; Bazaro1968a [distribution, host: 66]; Bazaro1971c [taxonomy: 91]; Beards1968 [taxonomy: 1457]; Beingo1971b [taxonomy: 41]; Bielen1962 [distribution, host: 9]; Blanch1897 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 678-683]; Bodenh1928 [biological control: 310]; Bodenh1935 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 242,251, 260, 266]; Bodenh1943 [distribution, host: 27, 28]; Bodenh1944a [distribution: 85, 86, 98]; Bodenh1944b [distribution: 85]; Bodenh1953a [distribution, host: 157-158]; Bohner1935 [taxonomy: 451]; Boraty1955 [distribution, host: 67]; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 94]; Borchs1934 [distribution, host: 9]; Borchs1937a [distribution, host: 174]; Borchs1938 [distribution, host: 134]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host: 26]; Borchs1950c [distribution, host: 370]; Borchs1963a [distribution, host: 37, 136, 166, 177]; Borchs1973 [distribution, host: 136, 143, 192]; BoscdA1784 [taxonomy: 173]; Brozek2006 [structure, physiology: 255-264]; Bruno1932 [taxonomy: 371]; Buchne1965 [distribution, host: 247, 251-252]; Bustsh1960 [distribution, host: 167]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1898 [taxonomy: 19]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 390]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 274]; Cocker1901c [taxonomy: 92]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Cocker1922 [taxonomy: 309]; Cocker1927 [distribution: 836]; Cook1935 [distribution, host: 419]; Costan1950 [distribution, host: 1]; Danzig1959 [distribution, host: 444, 453]; Danzig1964 [distribution, host: 621]; Danzig1969 [host: 1579]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 806]; Danzig1972 [distribution, host: 189]; Danzig1977a [distribution, host: 196]; Danzig1977b [distribution, host: 39, 54]; Danzig1978 [distribution, host: 6]; Danzig1978a [distribution, host: 73]; Danzig1980b [distribution, host: 104]; Danzig1982a [distribution, host: 140]; Danzig1985 [distribution, host: 146]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 696]; DeMarzRoTr1990 [structure: 42]; Dougla1881 [distribution, host: 176, 203-204]; Dougla1881a [distribution, host, life history: 297-299]; Dougla1881b [distribution, host: 447, 448]; Dougla1884 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 81-86]; Dziedz1977 [distribution, host: 57]; Dziedz1988 [distribution, host: 93]; Efimof1937 [distribution, host: 34, 99]; Elliot1933 [distribution, host: 142]; Fabric1794 [taxonomy: 228]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 35, 35a, 36]; Ferris1918 [structure: 87]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy: 14]; FetykoKoDa2010 [distribution: 296]; Flachs1931 [host: 171, 214, 473]; Foldi2000 [distribution, host: 77]; Foldi2001 [distribution, economic importance: 303, 307]; Foldi2002 [distribution: 244]; FoldiCa1985 [structure: ill]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 18,25]; Freder1910 [taxonomy: 129]; Fulmek1943 [biological control: 56]; Gangul1979 [taxonomy: 12]; Gavalo1932 [distribution, host: 145]; Gertss1997 [distribution: 112]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 125]; Gertss2008 [catalogue: 55]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 56]; Giard1897b [taxonomy: 262]; Giard1898 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 10]; GiardBu1895 [taxonomy: 385]; GomezM1937 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 383-384, 385-387,422]; GomezM1948 [distribution, host: 118]; GomezM1954 [distribution, host: 144]; GomezM1957 [distribution, host: 86]; GomezM1958a [distribution, host: 8, 11]; GomezM1960O [distribution, host: 204]; GomezM1965 [distribution, host: 114]; Goux1931 [distribution, host: 330]; Goux1941a [distribution: 39]; Green1918 [host: 230, 232, 234, 236,2]; Green1921 [distribution, host: 28]; Green1922b [distribution, host: 12, 23]; Green1927 [distribution, host: 1]; Green1928 [distribution, host: 12]; Green1928a [distribution, host: 30]; Green1934d [distribution: 114]; Hadzib1941 [distribution, host: 181, 182]; Hadzib1963a [description, distribution, host: 616-618]; Hadzib1983 [distribution, host: 266]; Harris1916 [distribution, host: 28]; Harris1916 [distribution, ecology, host: 173]; Harris1916a [distribution: 93]; Harris1944 [distribution, host: 111]; Hase1927 [taxonomy: 60-61]; Henrik1921 [distribution, host: 311]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 107]; HodekHo2009 [biological control: 235]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy]; Hollan1911 [chemistry: 297-300]; Hua2000 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 132]; Hunt1939 [taxonomy: 556]; Iherin1897 [distribution, host: 404]; Iukhne1958 [taxonomy: 103]; Jaap1914 [taxonomy: 142]; Jansen2001 [distribution: 199]; John1930 [taxonomy: 6]; Kalten1859 [taxonomy: 218]; Kalten1874 [taxonomy: 484]; Kanda1941a [distribution: 9]; Kaussa1957 [distribution, host: 2]; Kawai1980 [biological control, description: 81]; Kaweck1935 [distribution, host: 89-90]; Kaweck1936 [distribution, host: 324]; Kaweck1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 7-8]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Killin1932 [taxonomy: 18]; Kirchn1912 [distribution, host, illustration: 1-17]; Kiritc1928 [distribution, host: 112]; Kiritc1931 [distribution, host: 307]; Kiritc1931 [distribution, host: 307-308]; Kiritc1932 [distribution, host: 65]; Kiritc1935 [distribution: 1]; Kirkal1906a [distribution, host: 253]; Kluge2010 [behaviour, description, illustration, life history: 249- 270]; Knecht1930 [distribution, host: 232]; Kohler1983 [distribution, host, life history: 443-453]; Kohler1984 [distribution, host: 361-363]; Komosi1977 [distribution, host: 21]; KomosiPo1967 [distribution, host: 683]; Koreck1974 [taxonomy: 86]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, host: 13, 14]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 41-43]; Koteja1971a [host: 320]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 246]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 71]; Koteja1980 [distribution, host: 75, 79, 83]; Koteja1986e [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 324-341]; Koteja1987a [taxonomy: 246-247]; Koteja1996a [illustration, taxonomy: 76]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 170]; Koteja2000d [distribution: 242]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 658]; KotejaZa1969 [distribution, host: 358]; KotejaZa1983 [distribution, host: 470]; Kozar1980 [distribution, host: 66]; Kozar1983a [distribution, host: 139]; Kozar1985 [distribution, host: 202]; Kozar1999a [distribution, host: 138]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 372]; Kozar2009a [distribution: 581]; KozarDr1991 [distribution, taxonomy: 362]; KozarFoZa1996 [distribution: 64]; KozarGuBa1994 [distribution, host: 152]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKo2002b [distribution: 374]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarKoSa2002 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; KozarOrKo1977 [distribution, host: 70]; KozarOs1987 [distribution, host: 91]; KozarPaPa1991 [distribution, host: 63]; KozarTzVi1979 [distribution, host: 129]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; Kozarz1986 [distribution, taxonomy: 307]; KozarzRe1975 [distribution, host: 7, 10]; Krasuc1922 [distribution, host: 62, 63]; KSPP1972 [taxonomy: 108]; Kunkel1967 [distribution, host: 43]; Lagows1998a [ecology: 65]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 241]; LagowsKo1996 [distribution: 30]; Laing1919 [distribution, host: 234]; Laing1922 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 254-255]; Laing1925 [taxonomy: 383]; Lamarc1816 [distribution, host: 463]; Lashin1956 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 106-107]; Leonar1901a [distribution, host: 442]; Leonar1908b [distribution, host: 150-154]; Leonar1918 [distribution, host: 215]; Lindin1907b [distribution, host: 8]; Lindin1908 [taxonomy: 91]; Lindin1909b [distribution, host: 225]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 155-330]; Lindin1911 [distribution, host: 380-381]; Lindin1912b [distribution, host: 167]; Lindin1914 [taxonomy: 157]; Lindin1921 [distribution, host: 434]; Lindin1921a [taxonomy: 9]; Lindin1923 [distribution, host: 144, 150, 151]; Lindin1928 [distribution, host: 105]; Lindin1930 [distribution, host: 107]; Lindin1931 [distribution, host: 115, 121-122]; Lindin1931a [distribution, host: 90, 91]; Lindin1932d [distribution, host: 125]; Lindin1934b [distribution, host: 172, 175]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 141]; Lindin1936 [distribution: 161]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 191]; Lindin1938 [distribution, host: 11]; Lindin1943b [distribution, host: 223]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 550]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 370]; Linnae1758 [taxonomy: 41]; Lomaki1967 [distribution, host: 32]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 116]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 144]; Lounsb1895 [distribution, host: 132]; Low1884 [distribution, host: 11-16]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 133]; Mahdih1946b [taxonomy: 58]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 18]; MalumpOsPy2010 [distribution, host, illustration: 254]; Martin1985 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 100]; MastenSi2008 [catalogue, distribution, host: 105-119]; Mateso1955 [distribution, host: 201]; Mateso1968 [host: 102]; Mateso1971 [distribution, host: 25]; MatesoMiIu1962 [distribution, host: 29]; MatilePe2002 [distribution, host: 350]; Merkel1938 [taxonomy: 99]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 62]; MoghadTa2010 [distribution: 40]; Moreir1899 [taxonomy: 89]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 112, 140-142]; Morris1952 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 14-15, 52-53]; Myarts1972 [distribution, host: 54]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 119]; Neves1936 [distribution, host: 210]; Newste1903 [distribution, host: 230-233]; NormarJo2010 [ecology, host: 3]; Olivie1791 [taxonomy: 99]; Ossian1959 [distribution, host: 194]; Ossian1984 [distribution, host: 123-127]; Paik1978 [distribution, host: 144-147]; Perrie1926 [distribution, host: 121]; Pesson1945 [behavior: 50-67]; Rao1952 [taxonomy: 180]; Rasina1955 [distribution, host: 68]; Rasina1959 [distribution, host: 110, 114]; Reh1903 [taxonomy: 303-304]; Renouf1932 [distribution: 263, 264, 265]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 448, 449]; Rogoja1958 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 305-308]; Roscis1989a [distribution, structure: 1-18]; RSEA1915 [taxonomy: 381]; Ruhl1930 [taxonomy: 21]; Rungs1934 [distribution, host: 24]; Rungs1948 [distribution, host: 117]; Sachar1916 [host, taxonomy: 327]; Sampai1898 [distribution: 75]; SampoOl1976 [taxonomy: 217]; Sander1904 [taxonomy: 95]; Schmut1952b [distribution, host: 15]; Schmut1955 [distribution, host: 161]; Schmut1959 [illustration, structure: 38]; Schmut1974 [host, taxonomy: 45]; Schmut1980 [distribution, host, life history: 50]; Schuma1918b [taxonomy: 374]; Seabra1918 [distribution, host: 3]; Seabra1930 [taxonomy: 274]; Seabra1930a [taxonomy: 143]; Seabra1941 [distribution: 7]; Signor1876a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 389-390]; Sikes1928 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 269-305]; Silves1939 [distribution, host: 630-632]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 234]; Step1929 [distribution: 183]; Stewar1802 [taxonomy: 120]; Strese1994 [illustration, taxonomy: 79]; Szklar1997 [physiology: 31-38]; SzklarBi1995 [illustration, structure: 23-29]; Szulcz1921 [distribution, host: 82]; Szulcz1926 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 143]; Tang1984b [distribution, host: 123]; TangLi1988 [distribution, host: 15-16]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 7]; Targio1868 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 722]; Teodor1912 [distribution, host: 77]; Teodor1935 [distribution, host: 187, 188]; Terezn1959b [distribution, host: 448]; Terezn1960a [distribution, host: 537]; Terezn1963 [distribution, host: 184, 190]; Terezn1963a [distribution, host: 41]; Terezn1963b [distribution, host: 152]; Terezn1963c [distribution, host: 1527]; Terezn1966 [distribution, host: 20]; Terezn1966a [distribution, host: 542]; Terezn1966c [host: 964]; Terezn1967a [distribution, host: 474]; Terezn1967b [distribution, host: 560]; Terezn1968c [host: 53]; Terezn1970 [structure: 26]; Terezn1975 [illustration, taxonomy: 12, 30, 63, 112, 113]; TerGri1962 [distribution, host: 126]; Thieba1825 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 289-291]; Thuneb1966 [distribution, host: 157]; TorabiVaHo2010 [distribution, host: 158]; Trabut1911 [distribution, host: 52]; TranfaMa1988 [distribution, host: 609]; Trembl1989b [physiology: 146, 148]; Tsalev1968 [distribution, host: 206]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy: 423]; Vayssi1924 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 28-29]; Vea2014 [structure, taxonomy: 4]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762]; VogelgSz2001 [chemistry, distribution, physiology, structure: 65-67]; VogelgSz2002 [structure: 517]; Walczu1932 [distribution, host: 626, 658-668, 723]; Wang1981TC [host: 283]; Wang1982c [description: 40]; Weber1930 [taxonomy: 266, 390]; Weidne1963 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 5-28]; White1880 [distribution, host: 305, 306]; Willia1982c [taxonomy: 27]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 15,24]; WilliaMa2014 [taxonomy: 7-12]; Wunn1925c [distribution, host: 435, 438, 449]; Wunn1926 [distribution, host: 27, 40]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 15]; Zahrad1972 [distribution, host: 392]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy: 118]; ZahradRo1995 [distribution: 205]; ZakOga1967 [distribution, host: 212]; ZakOgaKo1964 [distribution: 421, 435]; Zimsen1964 [taxonomy: 341].
Orthezia yashushii KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia yashushii Kuwana, 1923b: 58-63. Type data: JAPAN: Tsugumi-mura, Oita-ken, Kiushiu, on wild chrysanthemum, fall 1914, by I. Kuwana. Unknown type status. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust. Notes: Morrison (1952) states that much of Kuwana's material was destroyed in the 1923 earthquake, if type material exists, it would most likely be in ITLJ.
Orthezia yasushii; Morrison, 1952: 53. Misspelling of species name.
Orthezia yashusi; Kozár et al., 2013: 56. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: yasushi orthezia [Yang1982].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Anaphalis margaritacea [Siraiw1939], Artemisia capillaris [Takaha1937], Artemisia vulgaris indica [Kuwana1923b], Chrysanthemum sibericum [Morris1952]. Fabaceae: Lespedeza bicolor [Danzig1980b], Medicago denticulata [Morris1952]. Fagaceae: Quercus dentata [TakahaTa1956].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1937]. Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Tang1984b]); Greece [MilonaKoKo2008a]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013]; Japan (Honshu [TakahaTa1956], Kyushu [Kuwana1923b], Shikoku [TakahaTa1956]); Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b]); South Korea [Danzig1980b].
BIOLOGY: This species produces one generation per year with eggs being laid in the middle of June. Larvae hatch within the marsupium and remain there until their bodies become hard. First molt takes place in September and the second in the latter part of November. The body is naked immediately after the molt occurs, but is soon covered with a white waxy secretion (Kuwana, 1923b). Danzig (1980b) states this species lives on dry slopes.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Kuwana (1923b). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval, dark reddish brown on the dorsal surface and dark brown legs. The body is completely covered with a white waxy secretion in four series. The adult male is elongate oval with the posterior end narrow. Coloring similar to that of female. Wings are transparent, white, slightly irridescent and pubescent. Eggs are elongate oval and yellowish brown in color. The body of a newly hatched larva is broadly oval in form, yellowish brown in color and entirely naked. Second stage larvae are broadly oval in outline, dark brown in color and thickly covered with fine tubules. Male pupae are elliptical, pointed at the caudal end with the abdominal region wider (Kuwana, 1923b).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1952) states that there is little evidence for the distinction between O. japonica and O. yasushii (sic), but that until topotype material of these species can be found they must be considered as valid.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 324-325 (female) [Key to the world species of Orthezia]; Danzig 1988: 696 (female) [Orthezia species of the Soviet far east]; Danzig 1986a: 119 (female) [Orthezia species of the far eastern USSR]; Danzig 1980b: 103 (female) [Orthezia species of the far eastern USSR]; Morrison 1952: 11 (adult female) [Species in the Urticae group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Ali1970 [distribution, host: 94]; Danzig1977b [distribution, taxonomy: 41]; Danzig1978 [taxonomy: 3]; Danzig1980b [distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 103-104]; Danzig1986a [distribution, host, illustration: 119]; Danzig1988 [distribution, taxonomy: 696]; Ferris1950 [distribution, host: 14]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 132]; Kawai1972 [distribution, taxonomy: 2]; Kawai1977 [distribution, host: 151, 164]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 81]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 377]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 66]; Kuwana1923b [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 58-64]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 370]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 142]; Morris1952 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 33, 53]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 449]; Shinji1935b [distribution: 767]; Siraiw1939 [distribution, host: 64]; Tachik1955 [distribution: 52]; Takaha1937 [distribution, host: 69, 70]; TakahaTa1956 [distribution, host: 2]; Tang1984b [distribution, host: 123]; Tao1978 [distribution, host: 110]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 7]; VeaGi2012 [taxonomy: 762]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 16, 376].
Praelongorthezia KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Praelongorthezia Kozár, 2004: 381. Type species: Orthezia praelonga Douglas, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: The description of the adult male of P. praelonga in Vea, 2014 acts as the generic diagnosis. The genus is classified in the tribe Ortheziini (Kozár, 2004) with Insignorthezia, Graminorthezia, and Orthezia. Praelongorthezia was defined based on adult female morphology and distinguished from these other genera by bands or rows of wax plates within ovisac and head of dorsum with sclerotized cephalic plates. (Kozár, 2004)
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 271 (female) [Key to the genera of Ortheziini (Ortheziinae)].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host: 381]; Vea2014 [description, structure, taxonomy: 24-28]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761].
Praelongorthezia acapulcoa (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia acapulcoa Morrison, 1952: 11-13. Type data: MEXICO: Guerrero, Acapulco, on unidentified Gramineae. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison (1952) mentioned a holotype in the original description, he did not label one of the 3 specimens on the "holotype" slide as the primary type and therefore a lectotype should be designated. 5 paratypes are in UCDC (Miller et al., 1973).
Praelongorthezia acapulcoa; Kozár, 2004: 384. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Guerrero [Morris1952]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Painte1955].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female completely covered by white secretionary tufts, the dorsal tufts strongly erect, apically diverging laterally from the median line in early adults, but tending to curl back toward this as the tufts grow in older specimens. Dried body is dull yellowish brown and stoutly ovoid (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus]; Morrison 1952: 7 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: FloresAb1961 [distribution, taxonomy: 87]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 384]; MacGre1961 [distribution, economic importance, host: 14-16]; MacGre1974 [distribution, host: 81]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 11-13]; Painte1955 [distribution: 38].
Praelongorthezia artemisiae (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia artemisiae Cockerell, 1898: 19-20. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Embudo, on Artemisia sp., ?/09/1897, by T.D.A. Cockerell. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: There are 2 syntype slides in USNM, 1 contains an immature, 1 has a single adult female.
Praelongorthezia artemisiae; Kozár, 2004: 387. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: artemisia ensign scale [Gill1993]; sage orthezia [Gill1993].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia californica [Morris1925], Artemisia sp. [Cocker1898], Artemisia tridentata [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Morris1925], Idaho [Morris1952], New Mexico [Cocker1898], Washington [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1898). Illustration by Gill (1993). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Immature is covered with white secretion. Adult female 3 mm. long, reddish ochreous, thoracic region with two prominent transverse crests (Cockerell, 1898).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Gill 1993: 75 (female) [Field key to California Ortheziidae]; Gill 1993: 77 (female) [Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]; Gill 1993: 77 (female) [Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 5 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 108 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Cocker1897w [distribution: 515]; Cocker1898 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 19-20]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Dobzha1941 [distribution, host: 14]; Essig1911 [distribution, host: 411]; Essig1911a [distribution, host: 469]; Essig1915a [distribution, taxonomy: 111]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 272]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 33]; FurnisBa1975 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 28]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 75, 77, 78, 84]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy: 83]; Koteja1974b [distribution, taxonomy: 71]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 388]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 112]; Morris1952 [distribution, host: 15]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Praelongorthezia aurea (Beingolea)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia aurea Beingolea, 1971: 10-11. Type data: PERU: Cucarda, on unidentified host, 08/10/1965, by O. Beingolea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lima: Centro de Introduccion y Cria de Insectos Utiles, Peru. Described: female. Illust.
Praelongorthezia aurea; Kozár, 2004: 388. Change of combination.
HOST: Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa sinensis [Beingo1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Beingo1971].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Beingolea (1971). Original description in two lines. Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 2.5 mm. long, reddish ochreous, thoracic region with two prominent transverse crests, similar to O. urticae (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia].
CITATIONS: Beingo1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 10-11]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 388].
Praelongorthezia capparisi (Beingolea)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia capparisi Beingolea, 1971: 14-17. Type data: PERU: Trujillo, on Capparis scabrida, 06/12/1964, by J. Salazar. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lima: Centro de Introduccion y Cria de Insectos Utiles, Peru. Described: female. Illust.
Praelongorthezia capparisi; Kozár, 2004: 390. Change of combination.
FOE: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Scymnus ocellatus [Beingo1971b].
HOST: Capparidaceae: Capparis scabrida [Beingo1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Beingo1971].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Beingolea (1971). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Eggs are oval elliptical (Beingolea, 1971).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to P. galapagoensis (Beingolea, 1971).
KEYS: Kozár 2004 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia].
CITATIONS: Beingo1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 14-17]; Beingo1971b [biological control, distribution, host: 48]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 390].
Praelongorthezia caudata (Ferris)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia caudata Ferris, 1921: 71. Type data: MEXICO: Lower California, Todos Santos, on Encelia palmeri, ?/?/1919, by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Illust. Notes: Miller et al. (1973) state that there are two paratypes and one "type" in UCDC. One paratype in USNM.
Praelongorthezia caudata; Kozár, 2004: 392. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Encelia palmeri [Ferris1921].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Ferris (1921). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Ovisac is moderately stout, curved upward at the apex (Ferris, 1921).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 7 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 106 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Beingo1971 [taxonomy: 26]; Ferris1921 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 71]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 392]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 116-118]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 7, 53].
Praelongorthezia chisosi (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia chisosi Morrison, 1952: 19-20. Type data: UNITED STATES: Texas, Chisos Mountains, on unidentified Gramineae, ?/?/1921, by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; type no. T-289. Notes: Morrison (1952) states that the holotype and paratypes were returned to the collection of G.F. Ferris at Stanford University. This collection has since been incorporated into UCDC (Miller et al., 1973). Six paratype slides are in the USNM.
Praelongorthezia chisosi; v, 2004: 394. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Texas [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is ovoid, narrowed anteriorly (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 6 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 394]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 19-20]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Praelongorthezia citricola (Beingolea)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia citricola Beingolea, 1971: 17-20. Type data: PERU: Ayacucho, ?/03/1971, by A. Toribio. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lima: Centro de Introduccion y Cria de Insectos Utiles, Peru. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Praelongorthezia citricola; Kozár, 2004: 295. Change of combination.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Scymnus sp. [Beingo1971b]. DIPTERA Chamaemyiidae: Melaleucopis ortheziavora [Beingo1971b]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa sp. [Beingo1971b].
HOST: Unidentified [Beingo1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Beingo1971].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Beingolea (1971). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Body oval, 1.9-2.1 mm long and 1.6-2.1 mm wide. Size of antennal segments: 1st 132 Mm long; secong 106, 3rd 165, 4rth 145, 6th 113, 7th 106, 8th 181 Mm long; apical seta, strong blunted spine, 23 Mm long. Segments of antennae covered with small number of spine-like, straight setae (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia].
CITATIONS: AguilaSaNu1980 [biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy: 99, 100]; Beingo1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 17-20]; Beingo1971b [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 44]; Beingo1971c [biological control, distribution, host: 52-55]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 395].
Praelongorthezia ferrisi (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia ferrisi Morrison, 1952: 20-23. Type data: MEXICO: Lower California, Socorro, on Franseria sp., 03/03/1939, by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Illust. Notes: Morrison (1952) states that the holotype and paratypes have been returned to G.F. Ferris at Stanford University and Miller et al. (1973) lists these as a part of the UCDC collection. One slide labeled paratype is in USNM.
Praelongorthezia ferrisi; Kozár, 2004: 396. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Franseria sp. [Morris1952], Helianthus niveus [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [Morris1952], Sonora [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female normally completely covered by tufts of secretion and ovoid. Ovisac strongly fluted, slightly upcurved towards tip (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 6 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 396]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 20-23].
Praelongorthezia galapagoensis (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia galapagoensis Kuwana, 1902a: 28-29. Type data: GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: Albemarle Island, Tagus Cove, on Cordia lutea and Scalesia microcephala, in 1898/1899, by R.E. Snodgrass & E. Heller. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Illust. Notes: Morrison (1925) redescribed the species from two specimens labeled "Scalesia microcephala 254, Tagus Cape Albemarle I. Type L. 375-s. 1 Entomological Lab. Stanford University S.I.K. 1901"
Praelongorthezia galapagoensis; Kozár, 2004: 398. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Scalesia microcephala [Kuwana1902a]. Boraginaceae: Heliotropium parviflorum [Morris1925]. Burseraceae: Bursera graveolens [Morris1925]. Ehretiaceae: Cordia lutea [Kuwana1902a]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [LincanHoCa2010]. Nyctaginacea: Cryptocarpus pyriformis [Willia1977ML].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Galapagos Islands [Kuwana1902a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Kuwana (1902a). Later illustration and description by Morrison (1925). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is elongate oval, rounded and covered with fine hairs. The body is coated with a calcareous, laminated secretion (Kuwana, 1902a).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 6 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 107 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Beingo1965 [taxonomy: 4]; Beingo1971 [taxonomy: 17]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 250]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 34a]; Ferris1918 [taxonomy: 87]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 398]; Kuwana1902a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 28-30]; LincanHoCa2010 [distribution, host: 3,6]; LinsleUs1966 [distribution: 139]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 8]; Morris1924a [distribution, host: 145, 146]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 120-121]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 6]; Willia1977ML [distribution, host: 89].
Praelongorthezia garryae (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia garryae Cockerell, 1898t: 401-402. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Organ Mountains, Dripping Spring, on Garrya wrightii, ?/08/1898, by T.D.A. Cockerell & Mendoza. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: There are 2 syntype slides in the USNM.
Praelongorthezia garryae; Kozár, 2004: 400. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Garryaceae: Garrya wrightii [Cocker1898t]. Hydrangeaceae: Fendlera sp. [Morris1925]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Morris1925], New Mexico [Cocker1898t]).
BIOLOGY: Cockerell (1898t) reported females producing young in mid August.
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1898t). Later and more detailed description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is pale pea green. Ovisac strongly curved upwards, composed of ribbon-like longitudinal bands, which are contiguous, but little or not coherent. Larvae pale yellow, covered with white lamellae which form a high and thick dorsal crest, covering the back (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 6 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 107 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 112 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Cocker1898t [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 401-402]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 390]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Cocker1912 [distribution, host: 301]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 272]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution: 34]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 400]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 112]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 121]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 6]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367]; Willia1985a [distribution, host: 217].
Praelongorthezia gigantea (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia gigantea Morrison, 1952: 23-24. Type data: PANAMA: Chiriqui, on unidentified tree, ?/?/1938, by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Illust. Notes: Morrison (1952) states "the holotype and some paratypes have been returned to Professor Ferris." Miller et al. (1973) state that these are now in the UCDC. A single dry mounted slide is present at USNM.
Praelongorthezia gigantea; Kozár, 2004: 404. Change of combination.
HOST: Unidentified [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Dried adult female inverted cordate in shape, broadly pointed anteriorly, notched posteriorly. Body is brown, normally completely covered by secretion. Distended females as mounted elliptical to slightly ovoid (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 7 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 404]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 8]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 23-24].
Praelongorthezia gymnolomiae (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia gymnolomiae Morrison, 1952: 28-30. Type data: UNITED STATES: Texas, Chisos Mountains, on Gymnolomia tenuifolia, ?/?/1921, by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; type no. T-254B. Illust. Notes: Morrison (1952) states that "the holotype and some paratypes have been returned to Professor Ferris at Stanford University." Three paratypes in USNM.
Praelongorthezia gymnolomiae; Kozár, 2004: 406. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Gymnolomia tenuifolia [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Texas [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult dried female body has two wedge shaped tufts protruding anteriorly. The dorsal plates of the ovisac are strongly ridged and fluted (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 5 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 406]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 5, 28]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Praelongorthezia longipes (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia longipes Hempel, 1920a: 343-345, 367-368. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Petropolis, on unknown host, by F.T. Borgmeier. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 20089. Notes: Paratypes in USNM.
Praelongorthezia longipes; Kozár, 2004: 408. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Hempel1920a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Hempel (1920a). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Ovisac is fusiform (Hempel, 1920a). This species is close to P. praelonga, but possesses a more elongate eyestalk and scattered spines just within the ovisac band (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 6, 7 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 107 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Hempel1920a [description, distribution, taxonomy: 343-344, 367-368]; Kozar2004 [description, host, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 408]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host: 432]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 126]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 6, 7, 36, 39].
Praelongorthezia molinarii (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia molinarii Morrison, 1952: 35-36. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cordoba, on "Erigerum sp." (=Erigeron), 22/04/1944, by O.C. Molinari. Syntypes, female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison marked a slide as the holotype, it contains 4 specimens and none were indicated as the holotype. He also did not mention a primary type in the original description (Morrison, 1952). Therefore, a lectotype should be designated. There are 2 syntype slides in the USNM.
Praelongorthezia molinarii; Kozár, 2004: 410. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Erigeron sp. [Morris1952]. Nyctaginacea: Bouganvillea spectabilis [PerontMiSo2001].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult dried female body has slightly elevated dorsal tufts of secretion. Body has a distinct bare oval area present on the midline between cephalic plates. Body as mounted is stout ovoid (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 7 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 410]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 7, 35-36, 39]; PerontMiSo2001 [host: 248].
Praelongorthezia nigrocincta (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia nigrocincta Cockerell, 1895u: 730. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Gila Hot Springs, on unidentified Compositae, 20/07/1894, by C.H.T. Townsend. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: There are 4 syntype slides in the USNM.
Praelongorthezia nigrocincta; Kozár, 2004: 412. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae [Cocker1895u], Artemisia sp. [Morris1925], Gutierrezia sp. [Morris1925]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1895u]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1895u) and Morrison (1925) gives a detailed description and illustration. Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Ovisac pure chalk white, longitudinally ridged above. Adult female body (dried) coal black, legs dark brown, antennae reddish brown (Cockerell, 1895u).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 7 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 106 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 112 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Cocker1895u [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 730]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1896o [distribution, host, taxonomy: 202]; Cocker1897w [distribution, host: 515]; Cocker1898 [distribution, host: 20]; Cocker1898q [taxonomy: 402]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 272-273]; Fernal1903b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 35]; Gill1993 [distribution, taxonomy: 79, 80]; Green1918 [host: 236]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 412]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 112]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 129-130]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 7]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Praelongorthezia olivicola (Beingolea)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia olivicola Beingolea, 1965: 1-44. Type data: PERU. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lima: Centro de Introduccion y Cria de Insectos Utiles, Peru. Described: female. Illust.
Praelongorthezia olivicola; Kozár, 2004: 414. Change of combination.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Scymnus ocellatus [Beingo1965], Zagreus hexasticta [Pacora1980]. DIPTERA Chamaemyiidae: Melaleoucopis ortheziavora [Beingo1965]. Drosophilidae: Gitona brasiliensis [Beingo1965]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa sp. [BobadiVaJi1999].
HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Telanthera sp. [AguileGr1976]. Asteraceae: Ambrosia artemisioides [Beingo1971]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia sp. [Beingo1971]. Fabaceae: Hoffmanseggia sp. [AguileGr1976], Medicago sativa [Beingo1971], Rhynchosia sp. [AguileGr1976]. Sapindaceae: Sapindus saponaria [Beingo1971]. Solanaceae: Solanun nigrum [Beingo1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile (Tarapaca [AguileGr1976]); Peru [Beingo1965].
BIOLOGY: Beingolea (1965) describes life cycle of this species.
GENERAL REMARKS: Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species attacks olives in Peru and Chile (Aguilera & Grana, 1976). Chemical and biological control of this species discussed by Beingolea (1965).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia].
CITATIONS: AguileGr1976 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 97-100]; Beingo1965 [biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1-44]; Beingo1969 [distribution: 97]; Beingo1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 11-14]; Beingo1971c [chemical control, taxonomy: 52-55]; BobadiVaJi1999 [biological control, distribution: 118]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 414]; Pacora1980 [biological control, distribution: 111, 116, 117]; VargasBoGa1999 [distribution, host, illustration: 127].
Praelongorthezia paragraminis (Beingolea)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia paragraminis Beingolea, 1971: 20-23. Type data: PERU: Chongoyape and Morropon and Valle de Chillon, on Arundo donax, ?/03/1966 and 1971, by J. Salazar and O. Beingolea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lima: Centro de Introduccion y Cria de Insectos Utiles, Peru. Described: female. Illust.
Praelongorthezia paragraminis; Kozár, 2004: 416. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Arundo donax [Beingo1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Beingo1971].
GENERAL REMARKS: Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: 2.0 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, ovisac 4-6 mm long. With wax tufts around margin. Wax plates cover middorsum, divided in middle.
SYSTEMATICS: Original description and illustration by Beingolea (1971).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia].
CITATIONS: Aguila1980a [distribution: 105]; Beingo1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 20-23]; Beingo1971a [distribution, host: 33]; Beingo1971b [distribution, host: 41]; Beingo1971c [distribution, host: 54]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 416].
Praelongorthezia parkeri (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia parkeri Morrison, 1952: 38-39. Type data: URUGUAY: Colonia Suiza, on Eupatorium sp., 1944, by H.L. Parker. Syntypes, female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Illust. Notes: Although Morrison marked a slide as the holotype, he did not choose 1 of the 6 specimens on the slide as the primary type. He also did not mention a primary type in the original description (Morrison, 1952). Therefore, a lectotype should be designated. There are 2 syntype slides in the USNM.
Praelongorthezia parkeri; Kozár, 2004: 418. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Eupatorium sp. [Morris1952]
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Uruguay [Morris1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female secretion looks like that of O. molinarii with the dorsal tufts short and incomplete and a fairly wide curved submarginal band on each side either carrying loose secretion or bare. Body is stout ovoid (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 6 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 418]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 38-39].
Praelongorthezia praelonga (Douglas)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia praelonga Douglas, 1891b: 246-247. Type data: TRINIDAD: on Capsicum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Notes: There are two slides in the BMNH. The first is labeled "Trinidad/ Bot. Gardens/ on Capsicum/ BM 1945, 121/ Orthezia praelonga Doug./Cotype female/ Ex coll. Douglas/Nov. 26th 1890/ R.N." the second is labeled the same, but is a larva (Williams, personal communication, October 14, 1998).
Praelongorthezia praelonga; Kozár, 2004: 420. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: citrus orthezia [Ebelin1959]; croton bug [Bourne1923]; horned lamellated scale [Cocker1896]; Ortezia do los citricos [Kondo2010].
FOES: Fungi: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [MarcelGoPa2009a]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cladis sp. [Wolcot1960]. DIPTERA Anthomyzidae [Fulmek1943].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Graptophylum sp. [LimaCa1974], Hemigraphis colorata [LimaCa1974], Sanchezia sp. [Morris1925], Thunbergia sp. [Morris1952]. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes sp. [Morris1952]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [LimaCa1974], Mangifera indica L. [Kondo2010], Mangifera sp. [Morris1952]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [LincanHoCa2010], Plumeria alba [LimaCa1974], Plumeria rubra [LimaCa1974]. Araceae: Philodendron sp. [LimaCa1974]. Araliaceae: Schlefflera sp. [CulikMaVe2007]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [LimaCa1974]. Asteraceae: Baccharis sp. [Morris1952], Vernonia sp. [Morris1952]. Bignoniaceae: Spathodea campanulata [LimaCa1974], Tabebuia sp. [CulikMaVe2007]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera sp. [Morris1925]. Combretaceae: Terminalia calappa [LincanHoCa2010]. Curcubitaceae: Curcubita pepo [LimaCa1974]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha sp. [Morris1952], Codiaeum sp. [Morris1925], Croton scouleri [LincanHoCa2010], Euphorbia sp. [Morris1925], Euphorbia thirucalli [LimaCa1974], Manihot utilissima [LimaCa1974], Philanthus distichus [LimaCa1974], Phyllanthus sp. [Morris1952], Sapium sp. [Morris1925]. Fabaceae: Caesalpinia peltophoroides [LimaCa1974], Cajanus sp. [Morris1952], Gliricidia sp. [Lauren1991], Haematoxylon sp. [Morris1925]. Generaceae: Besleria sp. [Morris1952]. Labiatae: Hyptis sp. [Morris1925], Leonotis nepaetifolia [LimaCa1974]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus sp. [Morris1925]. Malaceae: Gossypium sp. [Morris1925]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia glabra [Bourne1923], Malpighia sp. [Morris1925]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [LincanHoCa2010], Hibiscus sp. [LincanHoCa2010], Hibiscus tiliaceus [LimaCa1974], Malvastrum coromandelianum [LimaCa1974], Malvastrum sp. [LimaCa1974], Malviscus sp. [Morris1952], Sida sp. [LimaCa1974]. Moraceae: Hedera helix [LimaCa1974]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia jambos [LimaCa1974]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea sp. [Morris1952, Germai2013], Pisonia sp. [Morris1952]. Passiflorae: Carica sp. [Morris1925]. Poaceae: Saccharum sp. [Morris1925]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba sp. [Morris1952], Cocoloba sp. [Morris1925]. Rosaceae: Rosa sp. [Morris1925]. Rubiaceae: Chiococca alba [LincanHoCa2010], Coffea arabica [LimaCa1974], Coffea canephora [CulikMaVe2007], Coffea sp. [Morris1925], Parderia sp. [Morris1925], Pentas sp. [Morris1952]. Rutaceae: Citrus reticulata [LimaCa1974], Citrus sp. [LincanHoCa2010], Fortunella sp. [Morris1952]. Solanaceae: Capsicum sp. [Dougla1891b]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Kirkpa1953]. Umbelliferae: Pimpinella anisum [LimaCa1974].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [Germai2013, GermaiMiPa2014]. Nearctic: Mexico (Guerrero [Miller1996]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Morris1925]); Argentina [Morris1952]; Barbados [Morris1925]; Bolivia [Morris1925, Kondo2001]; Brazil [Morris1925, Kondo2001] (Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Rio de Janeiro [LimaCa1974]); British Virgin Islands [Morris1925]; Colombia [Morris1952, Kondo2001]; Dominica [Morris1925]; Ecuador [Morris1925, Kondo2001]; Galapagos Islands [LincanHoCa2010]; Grenada [Morris1925]; Guyana [Morris1925, Kondo2001]; Jamaica [Morris1925]; Panama [Morris1925, Kondo2001]; Panama Canal Zone [Morris1925]; Peru [Morris1952, Kondo2001]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island [Morris1952]; Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Dougla1891b]); U.S. Virgin Islands [Morris1952]; Venezuela [Morris1952, Kondo2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Douglas (1891b). Subsequent and more detailed description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004). Detailed description and illustration of adult male in Vea (2014).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is completely covered with very fragile white secretion dorsally, showing a more or less distinct, but at most narrow, bare streak near each margin, separating the dorsal and marginal plates, secretion evidently arranged in the usual lateral and dorsal tufts. Ovisac band is broad, made up of spines, with the addition of a large number of disk pores (Morrison, 1925). Beingolea (1971) states that the adult male is black. Adult male body length 1.85-2.34 mm. Antennae, nearly 1.6 times total body length, except for last two segments. Locular pores with mainly 3 loculi, sometimes 4 loculi, present on abdominal pleurites (absent on sternites and tergites), prothorax, and scutellum. (Vea, 2014)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Ebeling (1959) states that this species is a pest of citrus in South America and Tropical North America. Neem oil was used to control this pest in Brazil (Guirado et al., 2001). Spraying to control this pest or other insect pests actually favored the spread of both adult females and nymphs by blowing the insects to other trees (Fernandes, et al., 2007).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 7 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 107 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 112 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: AguilaSaNu1980 [biological control, distribution, host: 99, 100]; AlvesJArMa1989 [chemical control: 269]; Azeved1923A [taxonomy: 88]; Azeved1923aA [taxonomy: 151]; Bartle1978 [biological control, distribution, host: 137]; Beatty1944 [distribution: 125]; Beingo1965 [distribution, host: 2]; Beingo1969 [taxonomy: 97]; Beingo1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 7-10]; Beingo1971a [distribution, host: 33-40]; Beingo1971b [distribution, host: 41, 43, 44]; Beingo1971c [chemical control, distribution, host: 52-55]; BitancFoAu1933 [taxonomy: 87, 121]; Blanch1939 [taxonomy: 182]; Bodkin1914 [distribution, host: 118]; Bodkin1917 [distribution, host: 107]; Bodkin1922 [distribution, host: 60]; Bondar1914 [taxonomy: 1103]; Bondar1915 [taxonomy: 44]; Bondar1929 [distribution, host: 50]; Bondar1939 [distribution, host: 160]; Bourne1921 [distribution, host: 14]; Bourne1923 [distribution, host: 9]; Brown1958aSW [chemical: 429-434]; CabritPiPr1980 [chemical control, distribution, host: 68]; CassinGo1976 [distribution, host: 5-8]; CassinLiAz1980 [distribution, host: 166]; CassinLiBa1976 [chemical control: 43-48]; CassinLiBa1976a [chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 43-48]; CassinLiRa1991 [biological control, description, distribution, host: 35-57]; CassinPeNa1993 [distribution, ecology, host: 209-212]; CesnikBe1998 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 261-268]; Chiesa1948 [distribution, taxonomy: 219]; Cocker1892a [distribution: 55]; Cocker1892b [distribution: 334]; Cocker1893a [distribution: 174]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 255]; Cocker1894d [distribution: 312]; Cocker1896 [description, distribution, host: 10]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 327]; Cocker1896k [distribution, host: ii]; Cocker1900 [distribution, host: 363]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 250]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; CostaBaYa2006 [economic importance: 395-401]; CostaL1928 [distribution, host: 104]; CostaL1936 [distribution, host: 201]; CruzOl1979 [distribution, host: 1-2]; CulikMaVe2007 [distribution, host: 64]; Dash1916 [distribution, host: 43]; Delucc1975a [distribution: 24]; Dinthe1960 [distribution, host: 43]; Donova1938 [chemical control, distribution, host: 4, 9]; Dougla1891b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 246-247]; Ebelin1959 [distribution, host: 249, 272, 278]; Fennah1942 [distribution, host: 9]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 36]; FernanCaDe2007 [behaviour, biological control, chemical control, ecology: 249-253]; Figuer1946 [distribution, host: 217]; FonsecAu1932a [distribution, host: 209]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 56]; Germai2013 [distribution, host: 510]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution, host: 24]; Giacom1983 [distribution, host: 948]; Gomes1940 [distribution: 88]; GomesC1940 [taxonomy: 353]; GoncalCa1978 [biological control, chemical control, distribution, host: 1-5]; GoncalGo1976 [distribution, taxonomy: 8]; Gowdey1921 [distribution, host: 13, 38, 44]; Gowdey1926 [distribution, host: 43]; Graven1977 [distribution, host: 656]; GuiradSaAm2001 [chemical control: 401]; Hart1896a [distribution, host: ii]; Haywar1939 [description, distribution: 223]; Haywar1941 [distribution, host: 88]; Hempel1900a [distribution, host: 377-378]; HertinSi1972 [distribution, host: 107]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy]; Hutson1916 [distribution, taxonomy: 426]; Kirkpa1957 [illustration, taxonomy: 34, 205, 206]; Kondo2001 [distribution, host: 34]; Kondo2010 [distribution, host: 2]; Koteja1986e [distribution, host: 324]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 420]; Kuwana1902a [taxonomy: 29]; Lauren1991 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 29, 32]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host: 432]; LimaCa1973 [chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 39-40]; LimaCa1974 [distribution, host: 73-74]; LincanHoCa2010 [distribution, host: 6]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 370]; Lizery1936 [distribution, host: 115]; Lizery1939 [distribution, host: 161, 162, 165]; Lizery1942 [distribution, host: 70]; Lounsb1895 [distribution, host: 126-127]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 112]; MarcelGoPa2009 [biological control: 2]; Martor1976 [distribution, host: 27, 49, 75]; Maxwel1902 [distribution, host: 269, 298, 301, 302]; Maxwel1903 [distribution, host: 20]; Miller1996 [distribution: 80]; Miller2005 [distribution: 493]; MiskimBo1970 [distribution, host: 29]; Monte1930 [distribution, taxonomy: 31-32]; Moore1915 [distribution, host: 309]; Morris1925 [taxonomy: 120]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 4, 7, 13, 43]; MurakaAbCo1984 [economic control, distribution, host: 237]; Nakaha1983 [distribution, host: 17]; NakahaMi1981 [distribution, host: 36]; NakanoJoPa1974 [taxonomy: 44]; Nascim1980 [distribution, host: 1-4]; NascimPeCa1993 [distribution, host: 213-215]; NegriCaGr1980 [chemical control, distribution: 207]; NormarJo2010 [ecology, host: 3]; Pace1939 [taxonomy: 665]; PaziniDiBu1989 [chemical control: 371]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 217]; Pickel1928 [taxonomy: 55]; Pierce1917 [economic importance, taxonomy: 59]; PintoPr1982 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 109]; PratesBr1989 [chemical control: 322]; PratesBr1989a [chemical control: 323]; PuzziCa1963 [description, distribution, host: 81-85]; Quayle1938 [distribution, host: 280]; Quayle1938a [description, distribution, host: 280]; Reyne1964 [distribution, host: 97, 98, 99]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 190]; SilvaViEm1979 [chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy: 478-484]; Silves1939a [biological control, distribution, host: 633]; SuplicSaMi1983 [distribution, host: 19-24]; Talhou1975 [distribution, host: 22]; TeixeiBeCe2001 [economic importance: 352]; TeixeiBeCe2004 [biological control: 356-358]; Utra1901 [taxonomy: 356]; VasconCrOl1980 [distribution, host, life history: 189-197]; VasconCrOl1980a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 1-2]; Vea2014 [description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 4, 24-28]; Vernal1970 [distribution, host: 29-32]; Wheele1961 [biological control, distribution, host: 750]; Willia1977ML [distribution, host: 89]; Wilson1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 21]; Wilson1922 [distribution, host: 16, 20]; Wolcot1936 [distribution, host: 121]; Wolcot1948 [distribution, host: 160]; Wolcot1960 [biological control, distribution, host: 169]; Yust1958 [distribution, host: 60]; YustCe1956 [distribution, host: 435].
Praelongorthezia sarcobati (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia sarcobati Morrison, 1952: 45-47. Type data: UNITED STATES: Utah, Kanesville, on Sarcobatus vermiculatus, 17/09/1938, by G.F. Knowlton. Holotype female, by original designation. Illust. Notes: Seven paratypes are at UCDC (Miller et al., 1973). There are 2 paratype slides in USNM.
Praelongorthezia sarcobati; Kozár, 2004: 423. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: sacrobatus ensign scale [Gill1993].
HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Sarcobatus vermiculatus [Morris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Morris1952], California [Gill1993], Montana [Morris1952], Nevada [Gill1993], Oregon [Morris1952], Utah [Morris1952]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1952). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is very stout elliptical. Ovisac band broad throughout (Morrison, 1952).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Gill 1993: 75 (female) [Field key to California Ortheziidae]; Gill 1993: 77 (female) [Morphological key to California Ortheziidae]; Morrison 1952: 7 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 75, 76, 77, 80, 87]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 423]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 18]; Morris1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 45-47]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 367].
Praelongorthezia sp.NOMENCLATURE:
Praelongorthezia sp. Lincango et al., 2010: 6.
HOST: Geraniaceae: Pelargonium x hortorum [LincanHoCa2010].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Galapagos Islands [LincanHoCa2010].
CITATIONS: LincanHoCa2010 [distribution, host: 6].
Praelongorthezia ultima (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia ultima Cockerell, 1902i: 88-89. Type data: ARGENTINA: Santa Fe Province, Ceres, on unidentified host, 1903 by L. Bruner. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: There is also type material in UCDC (Miller et al., 1973). There are 3 syntype slides in the USNM.
Praelongorthezia ultima; Kozár, 2004: 424. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae? [Cocker1902i].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Santa Fe [Morris1925]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Cockerell (1902i). More detailed description and illustration by Morrison (1925). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Female has waxy lamellae in two dorsal series with a deep median sulcus and the usual lateral series. Skin is densely beset with small spines. Antennae and legs are very dark brown (Cockerell, 1902i).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 382 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 6 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 107 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia]; MacGillivray 1921: 112 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Autran1907 [distribution, host: 149]; Cocker1902i [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 89]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 250]; Cocker1902q [distribution: 259]; Fernal1903b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 36]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 424]; Kuwana1902a [taxonomy: 29]; Lizery1939 [distribution, host: 158, 176]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 112]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 139-140]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 6, 39].
Praelongorthezia varipes (Leonardi)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia varipes Leonardi, 1911a: 6-9. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Atriplex lampa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Illust.
Praelongorthezia varipes; Kozár, 2004: 428. Change of combination.
HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex lampa [Leonar1911].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Leonar1911].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Leonardi (1911a). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female pyriform (Leonardi, 1911a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to Praelongorthezia ultima (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: Kozár 2004 (female) [Key to the species of Praelongorthezia]; Morrison 1952: 5 (adult female) [Species in the Praelonga group of Orthezia]; Morrison 1925: 107 (adult female) [Species of the Subgenus Orthezia].
CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 36a]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 428]; Leonar1911 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 240-243]; Leonar1911a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 6-9]; Lizery1939 [distribution, host: 168, 176]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 142]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 5, 39].
Subfamily Ortheziolinae
Matileortheziola Kozár & FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Matileortheziola Kozár & Foldi, 2000: 251-252. Type species: Matileortheziola angolaensis Kozár & Foldi, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Kozár (2004) redescribed Matileortheziola and classified it in a new tribe, Matileortheziolini, in the subfamily Ortheziolinae.
STRUCTURE: Body whitish, segmentation not clearly visible. Only the margin of the dorsum covered with wax protrusions (some of which remain on the slide-mounted specimens); wax protrusions in some case circular in shape, and including separate rows of spines from the earlier larval stage (Kozár, 2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Matileortheziola differs from Ortheziola in having a narrow wax plate band around the body margin. Wide plate-like structures are present on the middorsum. 3rd segment of the thorax is very wide. Eye stalks protruding, thumb-like, fused with the sclerotized area at the base of antenna (Kozár & Foldi, 2000).
CITATIONS: KaydanKoSz2014a [description, structure, taxonomy: 71-72]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 435]; KozarFo2000 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 251-252]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761].
Matileortheziola angolaensis Kozár & FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Matileortheziola angolaensis Kozár & Foldi, 2000: 252-254. Type data: ANGOLA: Alto Chicapa, Galerie Forest, Cuilo spring, 17/08/1954. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in MNHN.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [KozarFo2000].
BIOLOGY: Collected in vegetal detritus on the ground (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by (Kozár & Foldi, 2000). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted adult female 1.46 mm long and 1.05 mm wide. Antenna 3-segmented, eye stalks, fused with pseudobasal antennal segment, which is divided Kozár & Foldi (2000).
KEYS: Kaydan et al. 2014a: 72 (female) [Key to species of Matileortheziola, based on adult females].
CITATIONS: KaydanKoSz2014a [taxonomy: 72]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 436]; KozarFo2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 252-254].
Matileortheziola lanceolata Kaydan et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Matileortheziola lanceolata Kaydan et al., 2014a: 72-74. Type data: RWANDA: Kayove, 5/15/1973, by P. Werner. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Geneva: Museum d'Historie Naturelle, Switzerland. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 2100 m. above sea level. Paratypes: MHNG: 4 females on 3 slides; Kenya (Kakamega, 1500 m a.s.l.); by. L. Deharveng; 4.ii.1974
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [KaydanKoSz2014a]; Rwanda [KaydanKoSz2014a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, et al., 2014a.
STRUCTURE: Body: 1.133 (0.927-1.133) mm long, 0.793 (0.700-0.824) mm wide. Antenna 3 segmented; eye stalk elongate, fused with pseudobasal antennal segment. Third antennal segment covered with 23-25 lanceolate setae, each about 12 ľm long. (Kaydan, et al., 2014a)
SYSTEMATICS: Matileortheziola lanceolata is similar to Matileortheziola angolaensis Kozár and Foldi, but differs from this species by having (M. angolaensis in parenthesis) (i) wax protrusions not circular in shape (wax protrusions circular in shape); (ii) setae on legs and antennae lanceolate (setae on legs and antennae spine-like); (iii) multilocular disc pores absent from anterior edge of ovisac band (multilocular disc pores in a single row on anterior edge of ovisac band). (Kaydan, et al., 2014a
KEYS: Kaydan et al. 2014a: 72 (female) [Key to species of Matileortheziola, based on adult females].
CITATIONS: KaydanKoSz2014a [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 72-74].
Ortheziola ulcNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola ulc, 1895: 1. Type species: Ortheziola vejdovskyi ulc, by monotypy.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of generic characters by Morrison (1925). Recent revision with description of eleven new species by Kozár & Miller (2000). Redescription and comments by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female in life with a series of marginal, mediolateral and medial waxy protrusions, corresponding to wax plates on slide-mounted specimens. The distribution of these protrusions (and wax plates) differs between the species (Kozár 2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziola is similar to Mixorthezia and Nipponorthezia by having four or fewer antennal segments. Ortheziola differs from Mixorthezia by having the wax plates coalesced and not placed segmentally, the tibia and tarsus fused, two or fewer spine bands inside the ovisac band, thumb-like pores near the anal ring, triad of setae on each side of the labium and hair-like claw digitules. Mixorthezia has the wax plates placed segmentally, the tibia and tarsus separate, more than 2 spine bands inside the ovisac band, no thumb-like pores, no triplex setae on the labium and spine-like claw digitules. Ortheziola differs from Nipponorthezia by having three-segmented antennae, the claw digitules hairlike, a dorsal plate and a triad of setae on each side of the labium. Nipponorthezia has four-segmented antennae, the claw digitules spinelike, no dorsal plate and no triad of setae on the labium (Kozár & Miller, 2000). The genus Ortheziola resembles the genera Ortheziolacoccus and Ortheziolamameti in having 3-segmented antennae, and the basal part of the antenna fused to the eye. However, Ortheziola differs from Ortheziolacoccus and Ortheziolamameti in having only a single spine band inside the ovisac band, and by its geographic distribution, occuring in the Palaearctic and the North-East part of the Oriental Region. (Kaydan, et al., 2014)
KEYS: Yang 1982: 14 (female); Kosztarab & Kozár 1978: 11 (female) [Genera of Ortheziidae]; Green 1922: 417 (adult female) [Genera of the subfamily Ortheziinae]; MacGillivray 1921: 111 (adult female) [Genera of Ortheziinae].
CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 37]; Ghesqu1946 [taxonomy: 236]; KaydanKoSz2014 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 66-80]; Knowlt1948 [ecology: 60]; KosztaKo1978 [description, taxonomy: 10, 14-15]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, taxonomy: 44]; Koteja1987 [taxonomy: 235]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution : 251]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 496]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution: 496]; KozarKo1999 [description, taxonomy: 127-136]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, taxonomy: 15-25]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 15-17]; KozarMi2001 [taxonomy: 244]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 111]; Mamet1955a [taxonomy: 123, 126]; MillerKo2002 [taxonomy: 202]; Morris1925 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 152-153]; Morris1954 [taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 140]; NastChKl1990 [distribution: 119]; Richar1998 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 450]; Rogoja1958 [taxonomy: 304]; Salmon1933 [taxonomy: 478]; Sulc1895 [taxonomy: 44]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 14].
Ortheziola britannica Kozár & MillerNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola britannica Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 128. Nomen nudum; discovered by Kozár & Miller, 2000: 21.
Ortheziola britannica Kozár & Miller, 2000: 21-22. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: Scotland, Haddington, from crevices in bark of log, ?/11/1905, by W. Evans. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Twelve adult female paratypes on 6 slides in BMNH and PPIH labeled "ENGLAND, Isle of Wight, on moss on cliffs, vii.1905, (R. Newstead)" (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [KaydanKoSz2014]; Greece [KaydanKoSz2014]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013]; Norway [KaydanKoSz2014]; Sweden [Gertss2000]; Turkey [KaydanKoSz2014]; United Kingdom (England [KozarMi2000], Scotland [KozarMi2000]).
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected from crevices of bark and moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziola britannica is very similar to O. vejdovskyi by having segmentally arranged spine plates on the abdomen, one band of spines in the ovisac band, four pairs of abdominal spiracles and reduced distribution of ventral spines. O. britannica differs by having wax plate 3 divided medially, small remnant of wax plate 19 present near body margin, apical antennal segment 267-309 (288) um long, sclerotized plate width 249-272 (260) um. O. vejdovskyi has wax plate 3 continuous across median, not divided medially; no remnant of wax plate 19 present near body margin; apical antennal segment 309-346 (327) um long; sclerotized plate width 269-291 (282) um long (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Tanaka & Amano 2007: 32 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziola ulc, modified after Kozár (2004) ]; Kozár 2004: 496-497 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziola]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 18 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Gertss2000 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 147, 149]; Gertss2001 [distribution, taxonomy: 12, 127]; KaydanKoSz2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 67, 78]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 497]; KozarKo1999 [distribution, structure: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, taxonomy: 16, 22, 24]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 21-22].
Ortheziola fusiana Tao nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola fusiana Tao, 1999: 8. Nomen nudum. Notes: Tao (1999) refers to Ortheziola fusiana Shiau, but this species was proposed in a Masters thesis which was never published in accordance to the ICZN guidelines.
Ortheziola fusiana Shiau & Kozár in Kozár, 2004. Type data: TAIWAN: Fushan, Ilan, 08/08/1989, Y.C.Shiau. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: NTUD. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The slide contains two females and one larva, the holotype is on the left side marked with blue. Three more slides contain 6 paratype females and one larva. All deposited in NTUDE.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Tao1999].
GENERAL REMARKS: Tao (1999) refers to Ortheziola fusiana Shiau, but this species was proposed in a Masters thesis which was never published in accordance to the ICZN guidelines. The species was latter described by Kozár (2004).
KEYS: Tanaka & Amano 2007: 32 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziola ulc, modified after Kozár (2004)]; Kozár 2004: 496-497 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Hua2000 [distribution: 132]; KaydanKoSz2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 67, 78]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration: 500]; Tao1999 [distribution: 8].
Ortheziola hauseri Konczné Benedicty & Kaydan in Kaydan et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola hauseri Konczné Benedicty & Kaydan in Kaydan et al., 2014: 69-72. Type data: INDONESIA: North Sumatra, Prov. Mt. Sibayak, 7/7/2006, by P. Schwendinger. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Geneva: Museum d'Historie Naturelle, Switzerland; type no. Sum6/33. Described: female. Illust. Notes:
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [KaydanKoSz2014]; Malaysia [KaydanKoSz2014].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, et al., 2014.
SYSTEMATICS: http://zoobank.org/EDD12A42-D639-4AF3-B61F-865178D D8FC1 Ortheziola hauseri is characterized by having dorsal wax plate 3 fully developed, and ventral plates 11 and 19 absent from near the body margin. This species is very close to O. vejdovskyi but differs by having (O. vejdovskyi values in brackets): i.) long spines on antenna, the longest 22 ěm (12-16 ěm); ii.) absence of ventral plate 11 (present) and iii.) multilocular pores absent from around vulva (present). (Kaydan, et al., 2014)
CITATIONS: KaydanKoSz2014 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 69-72].
Ortheziola marginalis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola marginalis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kozár, 2004: 502. Type data: VIETNAM: Da Lot, Cam Ly area, 04/12/1994, S. Mahunka. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in fern forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Differs from all other species by absence of wax plates (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Tanaka & Amano 2007: 21 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziola ulc, modified after Kozár (2004)]; Kozár 2004: 496-497 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: KaydanKoSz2014 [taxonomy: 67, 78]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 502].
Ortheziola marottai Kaydan & Szita in Kaydan et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola marottai Kaydan & Szita in Kaydan et al., 2014: 72-74. Type data: GREECE: Thessaly, 4/8/2004, by S. Vit. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Geneva: Museum d'Historie Naturelle, Switzerland; type no. GR-2004. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Croatia [KaydanKoSz2014]; Cyprus [KaydanKoSz2014]; Greece [KaydanKoSz2014]; Iran [KaydanKoSz2014]; Turkey [KaydanKoSz2014].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, et al., 2014.
SYSTEMATICS: http://zoobank.org/94ADD9F9-D78B-4513-944E-A264D97 F8944 Ortheziola marottai is characterized by having dorsal wax plate 3 divided medially, and lacking ventral plate 19 near the body margin. This species very close to O. britannica but differs by having (O. britannica values in brackets): i.) anterior margin of ovisac band wavy (anterior margin of ovisac band straight); ii.) large numbers of multilocular pores around vulva and on abdominal segments (multilocular pores only present in small numbers) and iii.) total absence of ventral plate 19 (plate 19 present). (Kaydan, et al., 2014)
CITATIONS: KaydanKoSz2014 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, structure: 72-74].
Ortheziola matskasii Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola matskasii Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001a: 20-21. Type data: VIETNAM: O-qui-ho Forest, 22/11/1971, by I. Matskási & G. Topaál. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. 252. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [KozarKo2001a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2001a). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Mounted-adult female 1.4 mm long and 1.2 mm wide. Most of dorsum covered with wax plates. Only a band in midline of dorsum is bare, whitish; no segmentation visible (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001a).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziola matskasii differs from other species of the genus in the absence of multilocular pores around the vulva, by the absence of clavate setae on the venter and dorsum and by its fused wax plates numbers 2-3 (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001a).
KEYS: Tanaka & Amano 2007: 32 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziola ulc, modified after Kozár (2004) ]; Kozár 2004: 496-497 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: KaydanKoSz2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 67, 78]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 504]; KozarKo2001a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 20-21, 22, 24].
Ortheziola mizushimai Tanaka & AmanoNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola mizushimai Tanaka & Amano, 2007: 31-37. Type data: JAPAN: Kangawa-pref., Aikawa-chô, Mt. Hasauge, from forest litter, 1/27/2004, by H. Mizushima. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Tokyo: National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 1 paratype deposited in Tokoyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [TanakaAm2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Tanaka & Amano (2007).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziola mizushimai resembles the Korean species of O. peregovitsi but differs in the shape of the wax plates and structure of the disc pores. Disc pores have 5 or 6 loculi around each thoracid spiracle; fewer clavate setae on both of median dorsal surface and ventral median area, and wax plate 7 is clearly separated into several subplates posteriorly (O. peregovitsi has disc pores with only 4 loculi around each spiracle and the separation of wax plate 7 into subplates is indistinct).
KEYS: Tanaka & Amano 2007: 32 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziola ulc, modified after Kozár (2004)].
CITATIONS: KaydanKoSz2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 67, 78]; TanakaAm2007 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 32-34].
Ortheziola peregovitsi Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola peregovitsi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001: 16-17. Type data: SOUTH KOREA: Cheju, Halla-san National Park, 1300 m above sea level, 30/10/1993, Berlese funnel, by L. Peregovits. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus sp. [Kozar2004]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [KaydanKoSz2014]); Malaysia [KaydanKoSz2014]; Philippines (Mindoro [KaydanKoSz2014]). Palaearctic: South Korea [KozarKo2001a].
BIOLOGY: O. peregovitsi was collected at an altitude of 1300 m (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001a) in forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2001a). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female dorsum covered with wax plates. Only a narrow band of dorsum in the middle is bare and whitish, segmentation not visible. Wax plate number 3 divided, but both parts well developed. Wax plates 5 and 6 are well separated. Mounted specimen 1.1 mm long and 0.8 mm wide (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001a).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziola peregovitsi is distinct in having a large number of clavate setae on the dorsum and by the divided wax plate number 3 (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001a).
KEYS: Tanaka & Amano 2007: 32 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziola ulc, modified after Kozár (2004)]; Kozár 2004: 496-497 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: KaydanKoSz2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 67, 78]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 506]; KozarKo2001a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 16-17, 22, 24].
Ortheziola szelenyii Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola szelenyii Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 132-134. Type data: TUNISIA: Ain Drahan, Quercus forest, 06-31/03/1977, by S. Mahunka. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [KaydanKoSz2014]; Canary Islands [KaydanKoSz2014]; Morocco [KaydanKoSz2014]; Portugal [KaydanKoSz2014]; Tunisia [KozarKo1999].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (1999). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female dorsum covered mostly with wax plates. Only a narrow band of the dorsum bare in midline, whitest, segmentation not visible. Mounted specimen 2.0 mm long and 1.70 mm wide. Antenna 3-segmented (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziola szelenyii is close to O. vejdovskyi and O. britannica, by having only one band of wax plate setae posterior of eggsac band, instead of 2 in all other species. It is also different in having 5-locular pores on the dorsum and clavate setae on the venter of the abdomen (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 496-497 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziola]; Tanaka & Amano 2004: 32 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziola ulc, modified after Kozár (2004)].
CITATIONS: KaydanKoSz2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 67, 78]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 508]; KozarKo1999 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 128, 132-134, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24].
Ortheziola vejdovskyi ulcNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia signoreti Haller, 1880: 6-9. Unknown type status. Homonym of Orthezia signoreti White. Notes: Type material presumed lost.
Ortheziola vejdovskyi ulc, 1895: 2-5. Type data: CZECH REPUBLIC: "Bohemia, Bechlin; Králové Dvur n. L. east Bohemia", under leaves and moss, 1884 and 1885, by K. Sulc. Lectotype female (examined), by subsequent designation Kozár & Miller, 2000: 35. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: There are four paralectotype slides each containing one adult female and two unmounted paralectotypes. All are deposited in the BMNH (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
Ortheziola signoreti; Ghesquičre, 1946: 235. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: moss ensign scale [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Centaurea sp. [Sulc1895]. Begoniaceae: Begonia sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus sp. [KozarGuBa1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Ericaceae: Calluna sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Erica sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Poaceae: Arrhenatherum elatius [Schmut1952], Arrhenatherum sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Calamagrostis sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Dactylis glomerata [Schmut1952], Dactylis sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Festuca ovina [Schmut1952]. Rosaceae: Rosa sp. [KosztaKo1988F]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [KozarKo2001a]; Austria [KosztaKo1988F]; Azores [KosztaKo1988F]; Belgium [KosztaKo1988F]; China (Beijing (=Peking) [KozarKo2001a]); Corsica [Foldi2003]; Czechoslovakia [Sulc1895]; France [KosztaKo1988F, Foldi2001]; Germany [Schmut1952]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F]; Italy [KosztaKo1988F]; Luxembourg [KosztaKo1988F]; Madeira Islands [KosztaKo1988F]; Netherlands [Jansen2001]; Poland [LagowsKo1996]; Romania [KosztaKo1988F]; Sweden [Ossian1984, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KosztaKo1988F]; USSR [KosztaKo1988F]; Ukraine [KozarKo2001a]; United Kingdom (England [KozarMi2000], Scotland [KosztaKo1988F], Wales [KozarMi2000]); Yugoslavia [KosztaKo1988F].
BIOLOGY: This is a rare boreal species that is often found by plant quarantine inspectors in mosses and other packing materials used for shipping live plants. Adult females noted from July through September in Poland. All stages overwinter and each female lays 20-40 eggs (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
GENERAL REMARKS: Kosztarab & Kozár (1988) provide detailed description and illustration. Additional description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: The dorsal wax plates of adult female form four longitudinal rows. The center of the dorsum is yellowish with segmentation visible. Ovisac is short with a V-shaped tip (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). Adult female light brown, flat and oval. The waxy material forms filaments that flow together into plates, pyramids and hornshaped forms of a shining white color with two yellow bands. Larvae are oblong, rounded anteriorly and acuminate posteriorly, distinctly segmented and light yellow (Sulc, 1895).
SYSTEMATICS: The name Orthezia signoreti Haller (1880) is a primary homonym of Orthezia signoreti White (1877) and was replaced by the next available junior synonym Ortheziola vejdovskyi Sulc (1895). For more details see Varshney (1964) and Williams (1982c). Ortheziola vejdovskyi is similar to O. britannica. For a comparison of the two species see the "systematics" section of O. britannica (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Tanaka & Amano 2007: 32 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziola ulc, modified after Kozár (2004)]; Kozár 2004: 496-497 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziola]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 18 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola]; Ossiannilsson 1984: 123 (female) [Ortheziidae of Sweden].
CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 38]; DeMarzMa2002 [structure: 79]; DeMarzRoTr1990 [structure: 42]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 38]; Fernan1981 [description, distribution, illustration: 49]; FetykoKoDa2010 [distribution: 296]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303]; Foldi2003 [distribution: 148]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 18,25]; Gertss1997 [distribution: 112]; Gertss2000 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 147-148]; Gertss2001 [distribution, taxonomy: 125, 127]; Giard1898 [taxonomy: 11]; Harris1916 [distribution: 173]; Jansen2001 [distribution: 199]; Kaweck1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 9]; KaydanKoSz2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 67, 79]; KosztaKo1978 [illustration, taxonomy: 14, 15]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 44-46]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 171]; Kozar1991 [taxonomy: 79-82]; Kozar1999a [distribution, host: 138]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 510]; KozarDr1991 [distribution, taxonomy: 361, 362]; KozarGuBa1994 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 153]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarKo1999 [distribution, structure: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 20, 23, 24]; KozarKo2002b [distribution: 274]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarKoSa2002 [catalogue, distribution: 33]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 35-36]; Kozarz1986 [distribution, taxonomy: 307]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 241]; LagowsKo1996 [distribution: 30]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 373]; Lindin1932g [taxonomy: 220]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 142]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 550]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 117]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 144]; Mamet1955a [distribution, taxonomy: 126]; MarottTr1990 [distribution: 108]; Morris1925 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 153]; Morris1954 [taxonomy: 123]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 119]; Ossian1984 [distribution, taxonomy: 123]; PodsiaKo1976 [distribution, host: 87]; Reyne1953 [taxonomy: 235]; Rogoja1958 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 312-313]; Roscis1989a [distribution, structure: 1-18]; SampoOl1976 [distribution, taxonomy: 217]; Schmut1952 [distribution, host: 377, 381]; Schmut1955 [taxonomy: 160]; Silves1924 [taxonomy: 169]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 234]; Sulc1895 [taxonomy: 2]; Sulc1898 [taxonomy: 13]; Varshn1964 [taxonomy: 280]; Wunn1925c [distribution, host: 441, 442, 447, 449]; ZahradRo1995 [distribution: 205].
Ortheziola vietnamiensis Kozár & Konczné BenedictyNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola vietnamiensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001: 18-19. Type data: VIETNAM: Da Lat, Thac Datanla waterfall, 07/12/1994, Berlese funnel, by S. Mahunka. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary; type no. 672. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [KozarKo2001a].
BIOLOGY: O. vietnamiensis was collected at an altitude of 1200 meters (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001a) in forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2001a). Redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female with dorsum mostly bare, only margin covered with wax plates. Mounted specimen 1.26 mm long and 1.15 mm wide. Antenna 3-segmented. On dorsum wax plates 4-5 and 6-7 are fused. Plate 3 is absent (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001a).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziola vietnamiensis is distinct by the fused dorsal wax plates and by the row of pores on the dorsal margin near the dorsal wax plates and by the absence of wax plate 3 (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2001a).
KEYS: Tanaka & Amano 2007: 32 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziola ulc, modified after Kozár (2004)]; Kozár 2004: 496-497 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 513]; KozarKo2001a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 18-19, 22, 24].
Ortheziola viti Szita & Konczné Benedicty in Kaydan et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola viti Szita & Konczné Benedicty in Kaydan et al., 2014: 75-77. Type data: GREECE: Thessaly, North-Tsakgarada, 550 m a.s.l., in hollow base of Platanus sp., 4/9/2004, by S. Vit. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Geneva: Museum d'Historie Naturelle, Switzerland. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Greece [KaydanKoSz2014]; Turkey [KaydanKoSz2014].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kaydan, et al., 2014.
SYSTEMATICS: http://zoobank.org/BA49391E-64D9-47E7-8A3C-9534305 BB902 Ortheziola viti is characterized by having dorsal wax plate 3 divided medially; ventral plate 19 absent from near the body margin, and dorsal plates 3, 5 and 6 absent. This species is very close to O. marginalis but differs by having (character in brackets belongs to O. marginalis): i.) short spines on antenna, the longest 10 ěm (shortest 19 ěm); ii.) plates on abdominal segments III-VII all divided (plates on abdominal segments III-VII not divided); and iii.) ventral plates 11 and 12 present (absent). (Kaydan, et al., 2014)
Ortheziolacoccus KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziolacoccus Kozár, 2004: 439.
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: The genus is a typical member of the Ortheziolinae subfamily, by lacking was plates on the midthorax. With two spine bands inside the ovisac band Kozár (2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439-440 (female) [Key to all species of the genus].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution: 439]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761].
Ortheziolacoccus angolaensis (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola angolaensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 129-130. Type data: ANGOLA: Kahongo, Kuachimo, Mwaoka, 20/06/1964, by E. Luna. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
Ortheziolacoccus angolaensis; Kozár, 2004: 440. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [KozarKo1999].
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been collected from litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (1999). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female dorsum covered mostly with wax plates. Only a narrow band of the dorsum bare in the midline, whitest, the segmentation not visible. Mounted specimens 2.3 mm long and 1.7 mm wide. Antenna 3-segmented (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus angolaensis is unique in having an extra wax plate in front of the eggsack band (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 440]; KozarKo1999 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 128, 129-130, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24].
Ortheziolacoccus ankazobeensis (Mamet)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola ankazobeensis Mamet, 1959a: 391-394. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ankazobe, Ambohitantely Forest, unknown host, ?/07/1955, by R. Paulian. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 594.
Ortheziolacoccus ankazobeensis; Kozár, 2004: 443. Change of combination.
HOST: Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus sp. [KozarMi2000]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a]; South Africa [KozarMi2000].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval to elongate oval. Derm is membranous except for a moderately sclerotized, transversely subtrapizoidal plate (Mamet, 1959a).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus ankazobeensis differs from all other species of the genus by having dorsal wax plates 2 and 3 combined and plates 6 and 7 combined (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 18 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 443]; KozarKo1999 [distribution: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 18-19]; Mamet1959a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 391-394].
Ortheziolacoccus barrosmachadoi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziolacoccus barrosmachadoi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kozár, 2004: 444. Type data: ANGOLA: Alto Chicapa, river Tellissango, gallery forest, A. di Barros Machado, 6017-4. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been collected in rainforest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to O. nelliae, but wax plates 12 and 19 are absent, and 6 is not separated.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 444].
Ortheziolacoccus benedictyae (Kozár & Miller)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola benedictyae Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 128. Nomen nudum; discovered by Kozár & Miller, 2000: 19.
Ortheziola benedictyae Kozár & Miller, 2000: 19-20. Type data: COMOROS: Anjouan, Dindri, secondary rainforest, 6-8/08/1992, by T. Pócs, R.E. Magill & A. Rupf. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 9272. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype in the USNM (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
Ortheziolacoccus benedictyae; Kozár, 2004: 448. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros [KozarMi2000]; Tanzania [KozarMi2000].
BIOLOGY: Ortheziolacoccus benedictyae was collected at elevations of 2110 m (Kozár & Miller, 2000) in secondary rainforest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Female with most of dorsum covered with white, wax protrusions; narrow band on midline of the dorsum bare (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus benedictyae is similar to O. fercsii and O. williamsi by having a narrow bare area in the dorsomedial area of the thorax and abdomen and by having triangular-shaped wax plates anterior of the hind two pairs of legs. O. benedictyae differs from O. fercsii by having the spiracular clusters of multilocular pores scattered along the body margin, with 9-20 pores near each thoracic spiracle, the apical antennal segment about 380 um long, tibia-tarsus length of the hind leg about 590 um long. O. fercsii has the spiracular multilocular pores concentrated into tight clusters, with 42-64 pores near each thoracic spiracle; the apical antennal segment about 560 um long, the tibia-tarsus length of the hind leg about 830 um long. O. benedictyae differs from O. williamsi by having a triangular-shaped wax plate anterior of the front coxa, 9-20 pores near each thoracic spiracle, antennal segment 3 about 380 um long and the tibia-tarsus about 590 um long. O. williamsi has the triangular-shaped wax plate anterior of the front coxa absent, 2-7 pores near each thoracic spiracle, antennal segment 3 about 240 um long and the hind tibia-tarsus about 380 um long (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 17 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: GermaiAtBa2008 [distribution: 129-135]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 448]; KozarKo1999 [distribution: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 19-20].
Ortheziolacoccus demeteri (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola demeteri Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 130-132. Type data: ETHIOPIA: Menegesca, 03/12/1980, by A. Demeter. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
Ortheziolacoccus demeteri; Kozár, 2004: 450. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ethiopia [KozarKo1999].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected 2800 m above sea level (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999) in forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (1999). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female with most of dorsum covered with wax plates. Only a narrow band of the dorsum bare in midline, whitest, the segmentation not visible. Mounted specimen 1.74 mm long and 1.39 mm wide. Antenna 3-segmented (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus demeteri is unique in its unusual form of the 3rd segment of the antenna and by the absence of plate band in front of the ovisac band (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 450]; KozarKo1999 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 128, 130-132, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24].
Ortheziolacoccus ethiopiensis (Kozár & Miller)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola ethiopiensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 128. Nomen nudum; discovered by Kozár & Miller, 2000: 22.
Ortheziola ethiopiensis Kozár & Miller, 2000: 22-23. Type data: ETHIOPIA: Menegeska, from litter, 03/12/1980, by A. Demeter. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 375. Described: female. Illust.
Ortheziolacoccus ethiopiensis; Kozár, 2004: 452. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ethiopia [KozarMi2000].
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been found in forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted female two-thirds of marginal surface of dorsum covered with white wax protrusions; broad band on midline of the dorsum bare, white (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus ethiopiensis is similar to O. matileferreroae by having small mediolateral wax plates on the dorsum, the wax plates absent from around coxae, and the wax plates restricted to area around thoracic spiracles on the thoracic venter. O. ethiopiensis differs from O. matileferreroae by having 7-14 multilocular pores near each thoracic spiracle, incomplete rows of multiloculars near the spine bands in the ovisac area, and the setae on the antennae hairlike. O. matileferreroae has 1-3 multilocular pores near each thoracic spiracle, complete rows of multiloculars near the spine bands in the ovisac area and the setae on the antennae spinelike (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 18 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 452]; KozarKo1999 [distribution, structure: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 22-23].
Ortheziolacoccus fercsii (Kozár & Miller)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola fercsii Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 128. Nomen nudum; discovered by Kozár & Miller, 2000: 23.
Ortheziola fercsii Kozár & Miller, 2000: 23-24. Type data: TANZANIA: Uluguru, from litter of fern forest, 15/11/1970, by T. Pócs. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
Ortheziolacoccus fercsii; Kozár, 2004: 455. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [KozarMi2000].
BIOLOGY: Ortheziolacoccus fercsii was collected at an elevation of 1680 m (Kozár & Miller, 2000) in litter of fern forest (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Kozár & Miller, (2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted adult female with most of dorsum covered with white, wax protrusions; narrow band on midline of dorsum bare, white (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus fercsii is similar to O. benedictyae, see comments under "systematics" heading of O. benedictyae. O. fercsii is also similar to O. williamsi but differs by having the thoracic spiracular multilocular pores concentrated into tight clusters, with 42-64 pores near each spiracle; the apical antennal segment about 560 um long; the tibia-tarsus of the hind leg about 830 um long. O. williamsi has the thoracic spiracular multilocular pores scattered, with 2-7 pores near each spiracle; the apical antennal segment about 240 um long; the tibia-tarsus of the hind leg about 380 um long (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 17 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 455]; KozarKo1999 [distribution: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 23-24].
Ortheziolacoccus giliomeei (Kozár & Miller)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola giliomeei Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 128. Nomen nudum; discovered by Kozár & Miller, 2000: 24.
Ortheziola giliomeei Kozár & Miller, 2000: 24-25. Type data: TANZANIA: Meru, from forest litter, 26/01/1966, by L. Szunyoghy. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype in the USNM (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
Ortheziolacoccus giliomeei; Kozár, 2004: 456. Change of combination.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [KozarMi2000].
BIOLOGY: Ortheziolacoccus giliomeei has been collected at an elevation of 2120 m (Kozár & Miller, 2000) in forest litter and moss (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Two-thirds of the dorsum of unmounted adult female is covered with white, wax protrusions; with 4 distinct mediolateral wax protrusions on each side of body; band on midline of dorsum bare (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus giliomeei is similar to O. nelliae by having the wax plates absent from the dorsomedial areas of the thorax and abdomen (plates 8, 9, 10) and the wax plates absent from around the coxae (plates 13, 17 and 18). O. giliomeei differs from O. nelliae by having 5-12 multilocular pores near each thoracic spiracle, the apical antennal segment about 330 um long and the hind tibia-tarsus about 530 um long. O. nelliae has 17-20 multilocular pores near each thoracic spiracle, the apical antennal segment about 580 um long and the hind tibia-tarsus about 850 um long (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 18 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 456]; KozarKo1999 [distribution, structure: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 24-25].
Ortheziolacoccus jermyi (Kozár & Miller)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola jermyi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 128. Nomen nudum; discovered by Kozár & Miller, 2000: 27.
Ortheziola jermyi Kozár & Miller, 2000: 27-28. Type data: TANZANIA: Uluguru, Morogorr Teachers College, from litter of gallery forest, 09/07/1972, by T. Pócs. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype in the USNM (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
Ortheziolacoccus jermyi; Kozár, 2004: 460. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [KozarMi2000]; Tanzania [KozarMi2000]; Uganda [KozarMi2000].
BIOLOGY: Ortheziolacoccus jermyi was collected at an elevation of 1800 m (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted adult female with marginal half of dorsum covered with white wax protrusions; broad band on midline of the dorsum bare, white (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus jermyi is similar to O. matileferreroae by having no spines surrounding coxae, a broad dorsomedial bare area and few multilocular pores near the thoracic spiracles. O. jermyi differs by having the spiracular multilocular pores with 5 or 6 loculi, wax plates present along the ventral body margin, the apical antennal segment about 240 um long and the trochanter-femur of the hind leg about 350 um. O. matileferreroae has the spiracular multilocular pores with 8-10 loculi, the wax plates restricted to the ventral area surrounding the thoracic spiracles, the apical antennal segment about 360 um long and the trochanter-femur of the hind leg about 430 um long (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 18 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 460]; KozarKo1999 [distribution: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 27-28].
Ortheziolacoccus madecassus (Mamet)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola madecassa Mamet, 1955a: 123-126. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ambohitsitondrona, from undetermined host, by Vadon. Lectotype female (examined), by subsequent designation Kozár & Miller, 2000: 30. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Two paralectotypes are in the MNHN (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
Ortheziolacoccus madecassa; Kozár, 2004: 462. Change of combination.
Ortheziolacoccus madecassus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 411. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
HOST: Undetermined [Mamet1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1955a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Mamet (1955a). Subsequent description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate-oval. Ovisac is short, straight and apparently not fluted dorsally. It is made of pure white wax of a brittle nature (Mamet, 1955a).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus madecassa differs from all other species in the genus by having an additional sclerotized dorsal plate posterior of the anal ring (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 18 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 462]; KozarKo1999 [distribution: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 30-31]; Mamet1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 123-126]; Mamet1959a [distribution: 371].
Ortheziolacoccus mahunkai (Kozár & Miller)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola mahunkai Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 128. Nomen nudum; discovered by Kozár & Miller, 2000: 31.
Ortheziola mahunkai Kozár & Miller, 2000: 31-32. Type data: ZAIRE: Bukawu, Biega, from the litter of Arundinaria alpina, 28-30/08/1991, by T. Pócs. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype in the USNM (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
Ortheziolacoccus mahunkai; Kozár, 2004: 465. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined [KozarMi2000].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire [KozarMi2000].
BIOLOGY: Ortheziolacoccus mahunkai was collected at an elevation of 2400 m (Kozár & Miller, 2000) in litter of Aundinaria alpina (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted adult female with most of dorsum covered with white, wax protrusions; with 3 distinct mediolateral wax protrusions on each side of body; band on midline of the dorsum bare (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus mahunkai is similar to O. williamsi by having a narrow medial bare area on dorsum and large mediolateral wax plates on the dorsum of the thorax. Ortheziolacoccus mahunkai differs from O. williamsi by having 3 rows of pores in the anal ring, hairlike setae on the antennae, the apical antennal segment about 480 um long and the tibia-tarsus about 650 um long. Ortheziola williamsi has 2 rows of pores in the anal ring, spinelike setae on the antennae, the apical antennal segment about 240 um long and the tibia-tarsus about 380 um long (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 17 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 465]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 17, 31-32].
Ortheziolacoccus matileferreroae (Kozár & Miller)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola matileferreroae Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 128. Nomen nudum; discovered by Kozár & Miller, 2000: 32.
Ortheziola matileferreroae Kozár & Miller, 2000: 32-34. Type data: TANZANIA: Poroto, from litter of Arundinaria alpina, 22/01/1972, by T. Pócs. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype in the USNM (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
Ortheziolacoccus matileferreroae; Kozár, 2004: 465. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined [KozarMi2000].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [KozarMi2000]; Malawi [KozarMi2000]; Tanzania [KozarMi2000].
BIOLOGY: Ortheziolacoccus matileferreroae was collected at an elevation of 2010 m (Kozár & Miller, 2000) in litter of Arundinaria alpina(Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted adult female with marginal half of dorsum covered with white wax protrusions; with 3 distinct mediolateral wax protrusions on each side of body; broad band on midline of the dorsum bare, white (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus matileferreroae is similar to O. jermyi. For a comparison of these species see the "systematics" section of O. jermyi (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 18 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 466]; KozarKo1999 [distribution: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 32-34].
Ortheziolacoccus millari Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziolacoccus millari Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kozár, 2004: 470. Type data: TANZANIA: Kihansi Gorge, 08.35S 35.51E, 28/Apr/2001, P.Hawkes. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. HC 6688. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in PPIH and SANC.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: This species has been collected in grass litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to O. jermyi but differs by bands of multilocular pores within ovisac band, instead of rows (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 470].
Ortheziolacoccus multisetosus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziolacoccus multisetosus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kozár, 2004: 472. Type data: GABON: Station M, Passa, 15 Km east of Makoknou, 13/2002, I. Coinean. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Gabon [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Collected from forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to O. ethiopiensis but differs by having well developed wax plates on the dorsum, and bands of multilocular pores within the ovisac band (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 472].
Ortheziolacoccus nelliae (Kozár & Miller)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola nellii Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 135. Nomen nudum; discovered by Kozár & Miller, 2000: 34.
Ortheziola nelliae Kozár & Miller, 2000: 34-35. Type data: TANZANIA: Mkonda, submontane rainforest, 20/03/1989, by S. Mahunka & A. Zicsi. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype in the USNM (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
Ortheziolacoccus nelliae; Kozár, 2004: 474. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [KozarMi2000].
BIOLOGY: Ortheziolacoccus nelliae was collected at an elevation of 1000m (Kozár & Miller, 2000) from forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted adult female with two-thirds of marginal area of dorsum covered with white, wax protrusions; with 4 distinct mediolateral wax protrusions on each side of body; narrow band on midline of the dorsum bare (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus nelliae is similar to O. giliomeei. For a comparison of these species see the "systematics" section of O. giliomeei.
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 18 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 474]; KozarKo1999 [distribution, structure: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 34-35].
Ortheziolacoccus saringeri (Kozár)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola saringeri Kozár, 1998c: 336-338. Type data: ANGOLA: Dundo, forest, collected using Berlese funnel, 07/04/1960, by A. de Barros Machado. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
Ortheziolacoccus saringeri; Kozár, 2004: 477. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Kozar1998c].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in forest litter (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Kozár (1998c). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Most of dorsum covered with wax plates. Only a narrow band of the dorsum bare on the midline, whitest, the segmentation not visible (Kozár, 1998c).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus saringeri is distinct from other species of Ortheziola by additional interrupted wax plate band in front of the eggsac band, knobbed shape, with a small number of robust setae on the third segment of the antenna (Kozár, 1998c).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus].
CITATIONS: Kozar1998c [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 336-339]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 477]; KozarKo1999 [distribution, structure: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24].
Ortheziolacoccus williamsi (Kozár & Miller)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola williamsi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 128. Nomen nudum; discovered by Kozár & Miller, 2000: 36.
Ortheziola williamsi Kozár & Miller, 2000: 36-38. Type data: TANZANIA: Uluguru, Kimbora, from litter of karstic tropical forest, 09/07/1972, by T. Pócs. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype in the USNM (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
Ortheziolacoccus williamsi; Kozár, 2004: 478. Change of combination.
HOST: Musci [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [KozarMi2000].
BIOLOGY: Ortheziola williamsi was collected at an elevation of 2550-2650 m (Kozár & Miller, 2000), in litter of karstic tropical forest, from moss of Erica arborea forest.
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted adult female with two-thirds of dorsum covered with white, wax protrusions; with 4 distinct mediolateral wax protrusions on each side of body; band on midline of the dorsum bare (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolacoccus williamsi is similar in appearance to O. benedictyae, O. mahunkai and O. fercsii. For comparisons of these species see the "systematics" section of the three latter species (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Kozár 2004: 439 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolacoccus]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 17 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 478]; KozarKo1999 [distribution: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 36-38].
Ortheziolamameti KozárNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziolamameti Kozár, 2004: 483. Type species: Ortheziola guineensis Morrison, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description in Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Ortheziolamametini is characterized by having: (i) dorsum covered by wax plates, those in the middorsum being triangular, (ii) midthorax of venter without wax plates, and (iii) two spine bands inside the ovisac band. (Szita, et al., 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: The genus is a typical member of the Ortheziolinae subfamily, however having the triangular wax plates on the middorsum is similar to the Arctorthezia, belonging to Ortheziinae subfamily, known only in the north part of the Holartic region (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Szita et al. 2014: 53 (adult, female) [Key to species of Ortheziolamameti].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution: 483]; SzitaKaKo2014 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 51-59]; VeaGi2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 761].
Ortheziolamameti guineensis (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola guineensis Morrison, 1954: 120. Type data: GHANA (French Guinea): Nimba Mountains, in moss, ?/11/1946, by A. Villiers. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Ortheziolamameti guineensis; Kozár, 2004: 484. Change of combination.
HOST: Musci [Morris1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Morris1954].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected at an elevation of 500-1700 meters (Morrison, 1954).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Morrison (1954). Subsequent description and illustration by (Kozár & Miller, 2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Body elongate ovoid, more pointed anteriorly. No information available on the appearance and extent of the covering secretion (Morrison, 1954).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolamameti guineensis is similar to O. loebli and O. kosztarabi by having wax plates in the dorsomedial areas of the thorax and abdomen (plates 8, 9 and 10). O. guineensis differs from O. loebli by having a large bare area in the ventromedial area of the thorax and 2-5 flagellate sensory setae on each tibia. O. loebli has a very narrow bare area in the ventromedial area of the thorax and one or 2 sensory setae on each tibia. O. guineensis differs from O. kosztarabi by having conspicuous bare area on the dorsum posterior of the antenna, the wax plates restricted to anterior of coxae, 2-5 sensory setae on each tibia, the apical antennal segment less than 450 um long and the hind tibia-tarsus less than 700 um long. O. kosztarabi has no conspicuous bare area on the dorsum posterior of the antenna, wax plates surrounding coxae, 2 or 3 sensory setae on each tibia, the apical antennal segment more than 500 um long and the hind tibia-tarsus greater than 730 um long. Also, it is believed that the holotype of this species is an aberrant specimen in terms of the unusual bare areas in the dorsal wax plates (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Szita et al. 2014: 53-54 (female) [Key to species of Ortheziolamameti]; Tanaka & Amano 2007: 34-35 (female) [as Key to adult female Ortheziolamameti Kozár, mocified after Kozá]; Kozár 2004: 483 [Key to adult females of Ortheziolamameti]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 18 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 485]; KozarKo1999 [distribution: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 25-26]; Mamet1955a [distribution, taxonomy: 126]; Morris1954 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 120-123]; SzitaKaKo2014 [t, taxonomy: 54].
Ortheziolamameti kosztarabi (Kozár & Miller)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola kosztarabi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999: 128. Nomen nudum; discovered by Kozár & Miller, 2000: 28.
Ortheziola kosztarabi Kozár & Miller, 2000: 28-29. Type data: ANGOLA: Luna et Barros Machado, from litter of gallery forest, 20/04/1962, by R. Mussaloniuca. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype in the USNM (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
Ortheziolamameti kosztarabi; Kozár, 2004: 487. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [KozarMi2000].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by (Kozár & Miller, 2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted adult female with entire dorsum covered with white, wax protrusions; with 4 distinct mediolateral wax protrusions on each side of body; band on midline of the dorsum with 4 triangular wax protrusions (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: Ortheziolamameti kosztarabi is similar to O. guineensis (see remarks under "systematics" of O. guineensis). O. kosztarabi is also similar to O. loebli but differs by having a large bare area in the ventromedial area of the thorax, 2 or 3 sensory setae on each tibia and the quadrilocular pores absent. O. loebli has a very narrow bare area in the ventromedial area of the thorax, one sensory seta on each tibia and quadrilocular pores predominant (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Szita et al. 2014: 53-54 (female) [Key to species of Ortheziolamameti]; Tanaka & Amano 2007: 34-35 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziolamameti Kozár, mocified after Kozár (2004)]; Kozár 2004: 483 [Key to adult females of Ortheziolamameti]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 18 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 487]; KozarKo1999 [distribution: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 28-29]; SzitaKaKo2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 54, 58].
Ortheziolamameti loebli (Richard)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola loebli Richard, 1990: 226-230. Type data: NEPAL: Kathmandu, Phulcoki, in leaf litter, 13/10/1983, by I. Löbl & A. Smetana. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratype in the USNM (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
Ortheziolamameti loebli; Kozár, 2004: 488. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [Richar1990]; Thailand [Richar1990].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected at an elevation of 2650m (Richard, 1990).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kozár & Miller (2000). Change of combination, redescription and illustration by Kozár (2004).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is completely covered (Richard, 1990). Unmounted adult female with entire dorsum covered with white, wax protrusions; with 3 distinct mediolateral wax protrusions on each side of body; band on midline of dorsum with 4 wax protrusions (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
SYSTEMATICS: O. loebli is similar to O. guineensis and O. kosztarabi. For a comparison of these species see the "systematics" section of O. kosztarabi (Kozár & Miller, 2000).
KEYS: Szita et al. 2014: 53-54 (female) [Key to species of Ortheziolamameti]; Tanaka & Amano 2007: 34-35 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziolamameti Kozár, mocified after Kozár (2004)]; Kozár 2004: 483 (female) [Key to the species of Ortheziolamameti]; Kozár & Miller 2000: 17 (female) [Key to adult females of Ortheziola].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 488]; KozarKo1999 [distribution: 128, 135]; KozarKo2001a [distribution, structure: 22-23, 24]; KozarMi2000 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 29-30]; Richar1990 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 226-230]; SzitaKaKo2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 53, 58].
Ortheziolamameti maeharai Tanaka & AmanoNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziolamameti maeharai Tanaka & Amano, 2007: 31-37. Type data: JAPAN: Chiba-pref, Kimitsu, Mt. Kanô, extracted by Berleswe funnels from forest litter, 2/5/2005, by S. Maehara. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Tokyo: National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [TanakaAm2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Tanaka and Amano, 2007.
STRUCTURE: 3 segmented antennae with the 3rd segment nearly parallel sided; flagellate sensory seta near apical seta; microseta absent; and unusual hair-like seta absent from near subapicalseta; all segments covered with hair=like setae. All legs with rows of robust setae. Wax plates present on marginal areas of head and thorax, with a wide marginal wax band surrounding each thoracic spiracle. Abdominal spiracles not detected. Wax plates covering all of dorsal surface. A group of disc pores, each with 8 loculi, present around anal ring.
SYSTEMATICS: Om. maecharai resembles the Nepalese species Ortheziolamameti Loebli (Tichard) and the Taiwanese species Om. taipensiana Shiau & Kozár in having hair-like rather than spine-like setae on the antennae. However, it differs from Om. loebli in having multilocular pores around the vulva; and from Om taipensiana in the shape of wax plates 9 and 10, with wax plate 9 being very broad and almost an equilateral triangle in shape, and wax plate 10 being rather narrow posteriorly and along most of its length, but then widening suddenly near the anterior margin. Om. taipensiana is narrow and elongated, in the shape of an isosceles triangle, while wax plate 10 on Om. maeharai widens gradually from posterior to anerior margin.
KEYS: Szita et al. 2014: 53-54 (female) [Key to species of Ortheziolamameti]; Tanaka & Amano 2007: 34-35 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziolamameti Kozár, mocified after Kozár (2004)].
CITATIONS: SzitaKaKo2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 54, 58]; TanakaAm2007 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 35-36].
Ortheziolamameti taipensiana Tao nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziola taipensiana Tao, 1999: 8. Nomen nudum. Notes: Tao (1999) refers to Ortheziola taipensiana Shiau, but this species was proposed in a Masters thesis which was never published in accordance to the ICZN.
Orthezia taipensiana; Hua, 2000: 132. Change of combination.
Ortheziolamameti taipensiana Shiau & Kozár in Kozár, 2004: 492. Type data: TAIWAN: Taipinshan, Ilan, 05/09/1989, Y.C.Shiau. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: NTUD. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Three paratypes on three slides with same label as the holotype.
HOST: Undetermined [Kozar2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Tao1999] [Kozar2004]; Thailand [Kozar2004].
BIOLOGY: Specimens were collected in forest litter and the basal part of tree trunks (Kozár, 2004).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration in Kozár (2004).
SYSTEMATICS: Similar to O. loebli but differs by the presence of multilocular pores around the vulva (Kozár, 2004).
KEYS: Szita et al. 2014: 53-54 (female) [Key to species of Ortheziolamameti]; Tanaka & Amano 2007: 34-35 (female) [Key to adult female Ortheziolamameti Kozár, mocified after Kozár (2004)]; Kozár 2004: 483 [Key to adult females of Ortheziolamameti].
CITATIONS: Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 492]; Kozar2004 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 942]; SzitaKaKo2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 53, 58]; Tao1999 [distribution: 8].
Ortheziolamameti tranfagliai Konczné Benedicty in Szita et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziolamameti tranfagliai Konczné Benedicty in Szita et al., 2014: 51-59. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Cardamon Hills, in forest litter, on 12/26/1972. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Geneva: Museum d'Historie Naturelle, Switzerland; type no. 9807. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [SzitaKaKo2014]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Szita, et al., 2014.
SYSTEMATICS: http://zoobank.org/309E49AD-10F9-4EF6-B764-0498511 4D053 Ortheziolamameti tranfagliai can be recognized by the following combination of characters: (i) having hair-like setae on antennal segments, (ii) having two spine bands in the ovisac area and (iii) lacking multilocular disc pores around vulva. O. tranfagliai is similar to O. loebli in having hair-like setae on antennae and lacking multilocular disc pores around vulva, but differs from O. loebli in the following characters (those of O. loebli in brackets), (i) plates 13, 17 and 18 resembling very small groups of spines; (ii) without cluster of spines between hind legs (with large cluster of spines between hind legs) and (iii) second spine band in ovisac area in a sparse row (in a complete row). (Szita, et al., 2014).
KEYS: Szita et al. 2014: 53-54 (female) [Key to species of Ortheziolamameti].
CITATIONS: SzitaKaKo2014 [description, distribution, illustration, molecular data, physiology, taxonomy: 54-57].
Incertae Sedis Species
Praelongorthezia americana (Walker)NOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia americana Walker, 1852: 1091. Type data: NORTH AMERICA: Presented by the Earl of Derby. Unknown type status unknown, type designation unknown. Incertae sedis by Morrison, 1925: 110. Notes: Morrison (1925) states "the identity of this species is at present unknown, and from Walker's extremely brief description it can not be recognized as any one of the North American species discussed in this paper... the type of Orthezia americana is neither present in the British Museum, nor, so far as is known, in any other museum in Great Britain." He also states that most of the records for this species probably actually apply to O. solidaginis.
Praelongorthezia americana; Kozár, 2004: 386. Change of combination.
GENERAL REMARKS: Morrison (1925) notes that older distribution records under this name now belong to P. solidaginis.
SYSTEMATICS: Unrecognizable species. Original description in two lines. Even the genus designation is unclear (Morrison, 1925).
KEYS: MacGillivray 1921: 113 (adult female) [Orthezia species].
CITATIONS: Ashmea1888 [taxonomy: 202]; Britto1923 [distribution: 348]; Cocker1893y [distribution: 404]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 31]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Comsto1881a [illustration]; Comsto1883 [taxonomy: 136]; Felt1901 [distribution: 355]; Fernal1903b [distribution, taxonomy: 33]; Jarvis1911 [distribution, host: 68]; King1901f [distribution, host: 193]; King1902d [distribution: 159]; Kozar2004 [distribution, taxonomy: 386]; Lounsb1895 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 124]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 113]; Morris1925 [distribution, taxonomy: 110]; Osborn1898 [distribution: 225]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 366]; Sander1904 [taxonomy: 95]; Signor1876a [taxonomy: 389]; Walker1852 [description: 1091]; WebsteBu1902 [distribution: 110].
Species Removed from Family
Icerya seychellarumNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Dorthesia seychellarum Westwood, 1855: 836. Notes: D. seychellarum was removed from the Ortheziidae by Signoret (1875d) who placed it in the new genus Icerya in the Margarodidae.
Dorthezia seychellarum Morrison, 1928: 203. Notes: This is a change in generic spelling.
Planococcus citriNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Dorthesia citri Risso, 1813: 58-61. Notes: This species was described by Risso (1813) as an Ortheziid, but was ultimately placed in the Pseudococcid genus Planococcus by Ferris (1950b).
Dorthezia citri Lepage, 1938: 179. Notes: This is a change in generic spelling, Dorthesia to Dorthezia.
Puto caballeroiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Douglasiella caballeroi Gomez-Menor, 1948: 114. Notes: Morrison (1952) states that "Upon careful examination it seems best to exclude this species from the Ortheziidae and to assign it instead to the mealybug group in close association with the genus Puto. On the basis of published descriptions, Douglasiella caballeroi seems to be similar to some European species- for example, seurati Vayssiere"
Orthezia caballeroi Lindinger, 1957: 548. Notes: Lindinger (1957) transferred this species into Orthezia from Douglasiella, but Morrison (1950) states that this move was incorrect and that this species is near Puto.
Puto edwardsiiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Orthezia edwardsii Morrison, 1925: 120. Notes: Morrison (1925) states that this species is clearly not an ortheziid and is most likely a member of Puto or Ceroputo. Ben-Dov (personal communication, 1997) states that this species appears to be a member of the genus Puto.
Rhizobius jujubaeNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Ortheziopa jujubae Lindinger, 1937: 192.
Rhizobius jujubae Lindinger, 1937. Notes: Morrison (1952) states that Lindinger (1937) moved Rhizobius jujubae Buckton into the Ortheziidae genus Ortheziopa without explanation. Laing (1923) stated that the specimen in question is associated with the Drosicha group of monophlebine genera. This species is here considered to be a Margarodidae.