Family Monophlebidae
Afrodrosicha VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Afrodrosicha Vayssière, 1968: 1493. Type species: Afrodrosicha nimbae Vayssière, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Vayssière (1968).
SYSTEMATICS: Vayssiere (1968) placed this genus to Drosichini of the Monophlebinae, characterizing it by: derm membranous; well-developed legs; seven pairs of abdominal segments; 9-segmented antenna.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 140]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Vayssi1968 [taxonomy, description: 1493-1500].
Afrodrosicha nimbae VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Afrodrosicha nimbae Vayssière, 1968: 1493. Type data: GUINEA: Nimba, in meadow, at Mont To (altitude 1600 meters); June 1962, collected M.M. Lamotte. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Guinea [Vayssi1968].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Vayssière (1968) and by Williams & Gullan (2008).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 9-14 mm long, 4-6 mm wide; convex, colour pink-brown; dorsally with mealy secretion (Vayssière, 1968).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 140]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; HoffmaRiSh1998 [biological control: 268-293]; Vayssi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1493-1500].
Aspidoproctus NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus Newstead, 1901: 948. Type species: Walkeriana pertinax Newstead, by monotypy and original designation.
Lophococcus Cockerell, 1901l: 227. Type species: Lophococcus mirabilis Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Morrison, 1928: 151.
Walkeriana (Aspidoproctus); Cockerell, 1902q: 257. Change of status.
Aspidioproctus; Sasscer, 1912: 83. Misspelling of genus name.
Aspidioproctus; Sasscer, 1913: 100. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Vayssiere (1926) and by Morrison (1928).
SYSTEMATICS: The introduction of Aspidoproctus by Newstead (1901) was in a contradictory way (see discussion by Morrison, 1928; Morrison & Morrison, 1966). The name has had long use, and was validated in Opinion 268 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1954a). Adult females of species in this genus, rank among the largest insects among the Coccoidea; fully grown female of A. maximus is up to 33 mm long, 25 mm wide and 15 mm high (Lounsbury, 1908; Newstead, 1911a). Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are: heavily sclerotized dorsum; antenna 10-segmented; legs well-developed; labium short, conical, one segmented, or obscurely two-segmented; with seven pairs of abdominal spiracles; with a marsupium; with numerous ventral cicatrices. Fully grown female with heavily sclerotized dorsum; antenna 10-segmented; legs well-developed; labium short, conical, one segmented, or obscurely two-segmented; with seven pairs of abdominal spiracles; with a marsupium; with numerous ventral cicatrices.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 174 (female) [Asia]; Morrison 1928: 123-125 (female, larva, male) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 428 (female) [Monophlebinae]; Morrison 1920: 149 (female) [Philippines].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 141-142]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description: 175-177]; Cocker1901l [taxonomy, description: 227, 248]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 233, 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 20]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 450]; ICZN1954a [taxonomy: 397-408]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy: 86]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 179, 180, 188]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 74]; Miller1971b [taxonomy: 66]; Morris1920 [taxonomy: 153]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 18-22,122-155, 219]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 6]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 18]; Newste1901 [taxonomy, description: 947-948]; Newste1912 [taxonomy: 17]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy: 83]; Sassce1913 [taxonomy: 100]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 174-176]; Thorpe1940 [taxonomy: 165-171]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 428]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 259, 279-280].
Aspidoproctus armatus NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus armatus Newstead, 1911a: 160. Type data: GERMAN EAST AFRICA [? KENYA]: Amani, on Acacia sp.; collected xi.1903 by S.G. Vossler. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Berlin: Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany; type no. 938/06. Described: female. Illust.
Lophococcus armatus; Lindinger, 1913: 86. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Newste1911a, Lindin1913], Brachystegia randii [Brain1915], Cassia [Hall1940], Erythrina [Hall1940], Erythrina tomentosa [Hall1940]. Proteaceae: Protea angolensis [Hall1940].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [Newste1917b]; Mozambique [Brain1915]; Tanzania [Newste1911a]; Zimbabwe [Brain1915, Hall1940].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1911a).
STRUCTURE: Photograph of adult female by Newstead (1911a). Adult female 12-17 mm long, 8-12 mm wide, 6-8 mm high. Elongated, narrowed posteriorly; margin in front more or less truncate; sides broadly concave and deeply and coarsely punctate. Cephalic area sloping suddenly downwards the area defined by two widely separated and rounded ridges, most clearly defined towards the margin, each terminating with a short, stout, tooth-like waxen appendage: thoracic area with two large transverse ridges each bearing four large bluntly pointed processes: one lateral and two median: abdominal area flat, tapering more or less posteriorly…;margin with a series of blunt tooth-like waxen appendages… The whole of dorsum bears a thin coating of greyish granular wax (Newstead, 1911a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 142]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-178]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Hall1940 [host, distribution: 490]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 86]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 222]; Newste1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 125]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy: 83]; Thorpe1940 [taxonomy: 167]; Vayssi1914b [taxonomy: 334]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-282].
Aspidoproctus bifurcatus ThorpeNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus bifurcatus Thorpe, 1940: 165. Type data: TANZANIA: East Usambara Mountains, Amani Cassia nodosa; collected March 1939 by W.H. Thorpe. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
FOE: DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum tuberculatum Thorpe [Cadahi1984].
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Berlinia globifera [Thorpe1940], Cassia nodosa [Thorpe1940], Inga vera [Thorpe1940].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Thorpe1940]; Zimbabwe [Thorpe1940].
BIOLOGY: Occurs on trunk and branches of leguminous trees (Thorpe, 1940).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Thorpe (1940).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 142-143]; Cadahi1984 [biological control: 181]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Thorpe1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-169]; Thorpe1941 [biological control: 131-148]; Thorpe1941a [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 149-168].
Aspidoproctus bouvieri VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus bouvieri Vayssière, 1914b: 333. Type data: GABON: locality and host plant not indicated, collected 1856 by M. Aubry-Lecompte. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Gabon [Vayssi1914b, Vayssi1926].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Vayssière (1914b, 1926).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 13-16 mm long, 10-12 mm broad, 6-8.5 mm high (Vayssière, 1914b).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 143]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 222]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; Thorpe1940 [taxonomy: 167]; Vayssi1914b [taxonomy, description, distribution: 333-334]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280, 282-284].
Aspidoproctus carinatus (Lindinger)NOMENCLATURE:
Lophococcus carinatus Lindinger, 1913: 87. Type data: GERMAN EAST AFRICA [? TANZAIA]: Amani, on undetermined forest tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Berlin: Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany. Described: female. Illust.
Aspidoproctus carinatus; Morrison, 1928: 158. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Lindin1913].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and photo of adult female by Lindinger (1913).
STRUCTURE: Photo of adult female by Lindinger (1913). Adult female 12 mm long, 8-9 mm wide, 4-5 mm high. colour red-brown; margin with broad wax filaments (Lindinger, 1913).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 143]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 222]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 280].
Aspidoproctus cassiae Vayssière nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus cassiae Vayssière, 1926: 280. Nomen nudum; discovered by Morrison, 1928: 158.
Aspidoproctus congolensis VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus congolensis Vayssière, 1926: 285. Type data: ZAIRE: Eala, on "Copalier" [=Copaifera demeusii]; collected 12.xi.1914, E. Mayne. Holotype female. Type depositories: Tervuren: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Section d'Entomologie, Belgium, and Abbotsford: Department of Entomology, Museum of Victoria, Victoria, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
Aspidoproctus congoensis; Ghesquiere, 1939: 48. Misspelling of species name.
FOE: DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum aspidoprocti Ghesquiere [Ghesqu1943, Cadahi1984].
HOST: Fabaceae: Copaifera demeusii [Vayssi1926].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire [Vayssi1926].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Vayssiere (1926).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 19 mm long, 16 mm wide, 11 mm high (Vayssière, 1926).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 143-144]; Cadahi1984 [biological control: 181]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Ghesqu1939 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48-50]; Ghesqu1943 [host, distribution, biological control: 397-399,408]; MayneGh1934 [host, distribution: 3-38]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 223]; Thorpe1940 [taxonomy: 171]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280, 285]; WilliaFo2005 [taxonomy: 20].
Aspidoproctus ellenbergeri VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus ellenbergeri Vayssière, 1926: 285. Type data: ZAMBIA: Haut Zambeze, district de Lealui; collected V. Ellenberger, 1919. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: The collection data were missing from the original description. The data were copied from the type slides and provided by Daniele Matile-Ferrero (August, 1999).
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zambia [Vayssi1926].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Vayssière (1926).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 16 mm long, 12-14 mm wide, 0.5 mm high (Vayssière, 1926).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 144]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 223]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 280, 285-288].
Aspidoproctus ghesquierei VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus ghesquierei Vayssière, 1926: 288. Type data: ZAIRE: Elisabethville, on roots of Sophora vicifolia; collected July 15, 1919 by J. Ghesquiere. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France, and Tervuren: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Section d'Entomologie, Belgium. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Sophora vicifolia [Vayssi1926].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire [Vayssi1926].
BIOLOGY: Collected from the roots of an indigenous leguminous, Sophora vicifolia (Vayssière, 1926).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Vayssière (1926).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 12-13 mm long, 8-10 mm wide, 4 mm high (Vayssière, 1926).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 144]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; MayneGh1934 [host, distribution: 3-38]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 223]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280, 288-291].
Aspidoproctus giganteus NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus giganteus Newstead, 1914: 303. Type data: NIGERIA: Ibadan, on Silk Cotton Tree, Ceiba bombax, 7 June 1913, collected W.A. Lamborn. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Bombacaceae: Ceiba bombax [Newste1914].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Newste1914].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1914).
STRUCTURE: Adult female completely covered with a thin, compact coating of dusky grey secretion; the secretionary matter is, however, frequently worn a way either partly or entirely so, revealing the dark castaneous chitin beneath. Dorsum with a large, double, mammiform projection, which arises at the junction of the abdomen with the thorax; abdominal area with a submarginal series of tubercular projections, often but faintly indicated; margin with short, broad and often bifid waxen appendages (Newstead, 1914).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 145]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 224]; Newste1914 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 303-304]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 280].
Aspidoproctus glaber (Lindinger)NOMENCLATURE:
Lophococcus glaber Lindinger, 1913: 87. Type data: GERMAN EAST AFRICA [? KENYA]: Amani, on Cassia florida; collected Dr. Fulleborn. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Berlin: Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany. Described: female. Illust.
Aspidoproctus glaber; Vayssière, 1926: 280. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Berlinia globiflora [Hall1940], Cassia florida [Lindin1913].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Malawi [Newste1917b]; Zimbabwe [Hall1940].
BIOLOGY: Hall (1940) recorded this species from roots of Berlinia globiflora in Zimbabwe.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Lindinger (1913).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 18-20 mm long, 14-16 mm wide, 12-13 mm high (Lindinger, 1913).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 145]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Hall1940 [host, distribution: 490]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-88]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 224]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 125]; Thorpe1941 [biological control: 131-148]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 280]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy: 179].
Aspidoproctus magnicornis ThorpeNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus magnicornis Thorpe, 1940: 169. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on Cassia siamea, Pithecellobium saman and Albizia stipulata; collected March-May 1939, by H. Hargreaves. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Albizia stipulata [Thorpe1940], Cassia siamea [Thorpe1940], Pithecellobium saman [Thorpe1940].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Thorpe1940].
BIOLOGY: Occurs on trunk and branches of leguminous trees (Thorpe, 1940).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Thorpe (1940).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 145-146]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Thorpe1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-171].
Aspidoproctus maximus (Lounsbury)NOMENCLATURE:
Lophococcus maximus Lounsbury, 1908: 32. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=RHODESIA]: Salisbury, Kopje, on various trees such as Msasa, Madondo and Grevillea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.
Aspidoproctus maximus; Newstead, 1911: 100. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Sanders" as author.
Aspidoproctus maximus Newstead, 1911a: 158. Type data: GERMAN EAST AFRICA [? TANZANIA]: Langenburg, host plant no indicated; collected by Dr. Fulleborn. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Newstead, 1911a: 159. Homonym of Lophococcus maximus Lounsbury, 1908.
Lophococcus maximus; Lindinger, 1913: 88. Notes: Incorrect citation of "(Saunders) Lounsbury" as author.
Aspidoproctus maximus; Vayssière, 1926: 280. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Newstead" as author.
Aspidoproctus maximus; Vayssière, 1926: 291. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Saunders" as author.
COMMON NAME: mammoth scale [Lounsb1908].
FOES: DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum striatum Thorpe [Cadahi1984]. HYMENOPTERA Eupelmidae: Eupelmus aspidoprocti Ferriere [Ferrie1941, Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Brachystegia [Hall1940], Brachystegia randii [Brain1915, Vayssi1926], Cassia florida [Lindin1913], Ceratonia siliqua [Hall1940]. Proteaceae: Grevillea [Lounsb1908], Grevillea robusta [Brain1915]. Verbenaceae: Tectona grandis [Lindin1913].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Lindin1913]; Zimbabwe [Lounsb1908, Newste1911, Brain1915, Hall1940].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male and nymph by Morrison (1928).
STRUCTURE: This species ranks as one of the largest species of scale insects, the adult female is up to 33 mm long, 25 mm wide and 15 mm high. Photograph of general appearance of adult female by Lounsbury (1908), Newstead (1911a) and by Morrison (1928).
SYSTEMATICS: Newstead described from Africa two margarodine species bearing the species epithet maximus. Newstead (1911) described Aspidoproctus maximus, which is Homonym and Synonym of the species Aspidoproctus maximus (Lounsbury, 1908). Newstead (1914) described Icerya maxima, which is a different species, currently known as Gigantococcus maximus (Newstead, 1914).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 146-147]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 178-180]; Cadahi1984 [biological control: 181]; Ferrie1941 [host, distribution, biological control: 169-171]; Foldi1999 [structure, taxonomy: 326]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Hughes1955 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 420-438]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 88-89]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 146]; Lounsb1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-41]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18, 151-158, 225]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 100]; Newste1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-160]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy: 83]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 422]; Thorpe1941 [biological control: 131-148]; Thorpe1941a [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 149-168]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 423-425]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 280, 291-292].
Aspidoproctus mimeuri VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus mimeuri Vayssière, 1924: 31. Type data: SENEGAL: Dakar, on Tamarindus indica, May 1923, collected by J. Mimeur. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Tamarindus indica [Vayssi1924, Vayssi1926].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Senegal [Vayssi1924, Vayssi1926].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Vayssière (1924, 1926).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 6 mm long, 4 mm broad, 2 mm high (Vayssière, 1924).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 147]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 225]; Vayssi1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-32]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280, 292-295].
Aspidoproctus mirabilis (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Lophococcus mirabilis Cockerell, 1901l: 248. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Verulan, on Mimosa sp.; collected Fuller. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Aspidoproctus mirabilis; Vayssière, 1926: 280. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Brain1915], Mimosa [Cocker1901l].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Lindin1913]; South Africa [Cocker1901l, Brain1915].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Cockerell (1901l), Brain (1915) and by Morrison (1928).
STRUCTURE: Adult female very convex, 10 mm long, 8 mm broad, 7 mm high, exclusive of the dorsal spine; very strong chitinised throughout, hard, tough, but brittle, blackish brown, rugose and dull, with a thin coating of granular wax; on the middle of the back is a stout erect spine about 3 mm long, like a spike on a military helmet; on each side is a pair of short stout spines in the subdorsal region, the posterior smaller and not amounting to more than a nodule; anterior end of insect somewhat elevated, with two more or less developed blunt and thick longitudinal keels (Cockerell, 1901l; Brain, 1915).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 147-148]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-181]; Cocker1901l [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 248-249]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 233]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 21]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 197]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 89]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 151-158,225]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 280]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 216].
Aspidoproctus neavei NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus neavei Newstead, 1917a: 4. Type data: MALAWI (=NYASALAND): Mt. Mlanje, on "Mwange" tree [=Pricopsis angolensis], October 1913, collected S.A. Neave. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Pericopsis angolensis [Newste1917a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Malawi [Newste1917a].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 148]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 197]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 225]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-5]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 280].
Aspidoproctus pallidus (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus pallidus Newstead, 1908: 3. Type data: KENYA: Kilimandjaro, host plant not indicated, April 1906; collected Y. Sjostedt. Syntypes, male. Type depository: Stockholm: Naturhistoriska Riksmusset, Sweden. Described: male. Illust.
Aspidoproctus pallidus; Morrison, 1928: 225. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Newste1908, Lindin1913].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Newstead (1908).
STRUCTURE: Adult male, pale dull yellow or straw colour; clothed with long blackish hairs especially at the sides of the abdomen; length (inclusive of the caudal process) 5.5 mm, expanse of wings 10 mm (Newstead, 1908),
SYSTEMATICS: This species is known only from the adult male (Newstead, 1908).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 148]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 90]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 225]; Newste1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 3-4]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 61]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267].
Aspidoproctus parvus (Lindinger)NOMENCLATURE:
Lophococcus parvus Lindinger, 1913: 89. Type data: GERMAN EAST AFRICA [=TANGANYIKA=TANZANIA]: Muhesa, host plant not indicated; collected Prof. Schroder. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Berlin: Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany. Described: female.
Aspidoproctus parvus; Vayssière, 1926: 280. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Lindin1913].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Lindinger (1913).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 9 mm long, 7-7.5 mm wide, 4-5 mm high; covered with white wax (Lindinger, 1913).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 148]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 197]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 89]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 225]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 280]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy: 179].
Aspidoproctus pertinax (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana pertinax Newstead, 1901: 947. Type data: MALAWI [=Central Africa]: Zomba, on unknown tree; collected by H.B.M. Commissioner A. Sharpe. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Walkeriana (Aspidoproctus) pertinax; Cockerell, 1902q: 257. Change of combination.
Lophococcus pertinax; Lindinger, 1913: 89. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Malawi [Newste1901]; Zimbabwe [Newste1911a, Brain1915, Hall1940].
BIOLOGY: Collected in ants' nest in Zimbabwe (Brain, 1915; Hall1, 1940).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1901, 1917b), Brain (1915) and by Vayssiere (1926).
STRUCTURE: The adult female measures 14-20.5 mm long, 11-15 mm wide, 7-10 mm high (Newstead, 1901).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 149]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 181-182]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 23]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 197]; Hall1940 [host, distribution: 491]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy: 89]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 151,158,225]; Newste1901 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 947-948]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 160]; Newste1917a [taxonomy: 5]; Newste1917b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 125]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 176]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280,295-296].
Aspidoproctus tricornis (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Lophococcus mirabilis tricornis Newstead, 1912: 16. Type data: NAMIBIA (=SOUTH WEST AFRICA): Damaraland, Okahandja, host plant not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: Berlin: Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany. Described: female.
Aspidoproctus tricornis; Brain, 1915: 182. Change of status.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Hall1940], Acacia robusta [Brain1915], Acacia tricornis [Vayssi1926].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Malawi [Newste1917b]; South Africa [Brain1915]; Zimbabwe [Hall1940].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1912) and by Brain (1915).
STRUCTURE: Adult female, dark castaneous, external surface faintly polished. Form roughly hemispherical with three enormous horn-like projections on the dorsum, arranged transversely in the form of a trident; the middle one, the longest, measures 7 mm, from base tip and is equal to the width of the body at the margin; lateral horns 3.5 mm long, project considerably beyond the sides of the body; all the horns are rather flat at the base but have rounded ends; margin strongly and irregularly crenulated, the prominences being bluntly spinose (Brain, 1915).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 149]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182-183]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 197]; Hall1940 [host, distribution: 491]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158,225,226,227]; Newste1912 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-17]; Newste1917b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 125]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy: 84]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 280].
Aspidoproctus verrucosus NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus verrucosus Newstead, 1917a: 5. Type data: UGANDA: Ngamba Is., on trunk of a fig tree, 16 May 1914, collected G.D.H. Carpenter. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1917a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda? [Newste1917a].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 150]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 197]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 227]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 5]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 280].
Aspidoproctus vuilleti (Vayssière)NOMENCLATURE:
Lophococcus vuilleti Vayssière, 1913: 424. Type data: NIGER: Koulikoro, on Acacia pinnata; collected M. Vuillet, February 1912. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Aspidoproctus vuilleti; Morrison, 1928: 158. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia pinnata [Vayssi1913, Vayssi1926].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Niger [Vayssi1913].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Vayssière (1913, 1926).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 11-15 mm long, 8-9 mm wide, 1-1.5 mm high; dorsum with a robust projection 4-8 mm long, 1.5 mm diameter, directed towards the head (Vayssière, 1913). Photograph of general appearance of adult female by Vayssiere (1913).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 150]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 197]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158, 227]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; Vayssi1913 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 424-428]; Vayssi1914b [taxonomy: 333]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210, 280, 298-299].
Buchnericoccus ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Buchnericoccus Reyne, 1965b: 167. Type species: Buchnericoccus javanus Reyne, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and definition given by Reyne (1965b).
SYSTEMATICS: Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are: thoracic spiracles with disc-pores within atrium; abdominal spiracles without disc-pores within atrium; with 6-7 pairs of abdominal spiracles; antennae 8- to 10-segmented; labium one-segmented; with ventral cicatrices.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 182 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 152]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 197]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy, description: 167-174]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 182-183].
Buchnericoccus javanus ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Buchnericoccus javanus Reyne, 1965b: 167. Type data: INDONESIA: West Java, botanic gardens at Tjibodas, on unidentified tree, 1955, collected P. Buchner. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Reyne1965b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and nymphs by Reyne (1965b).
STRUCTURE: General appearance of dorsal wax structure described by Reyne (1965b).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 152]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 197]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-173]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 183-185].
Corandesia FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Corandesia Foldi, 2009: 6. Type species: Corandesia kozari Foldi, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Foldi (2009).
CITATIONS: Foldi2009 [taxonomy, description: 6-9]; Foldi2009a [taxonomy: 68].
Corandesia kozari FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Corandesia kozari Foldi, 2009: 7-9. Type data: VENEZUELA: Merida, Cordillera de los Andes, páramo of Piedras Blancas, altitude 4200 meters, on dead leaves of Espeletia timotensis; collected I. Foldi, 6.xi.1984. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Originally described (Foldi, 2009) as Corandesia kozári and replaced by Foldi (2009a) with Corandesia kozari.
HOST: Asteraceae: Espeletia timotensis [Foldi2009].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Foldi2009].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Foldi (2009).
CITATIONS: Foldi2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-9]; Foldi2009a [taxonomy: 68].
Crypticerya CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya (Crypticerya) Cockerell, 1895z: 15. Type species: Icerya rosae Riley & Howard, by original designation. Notes: The genus Crypticerya has been originally established as subgenus, Icerya (Crypticerya) Cockerell, 1895z: 15 (type species: Icerya rosae Riley & Howard, 1890a, by original designation). It was elevated to genus Crypticerya by Cockerell (1899c: 4). Cockerell (1902q: 237) synonymized it with Palaeococcus Cockerell. Vayssiere (1926: 312) revived the genus Crypticerya. Unruh & Gullan (2008) recognized Crypticerya a valid genus and synonymized with it, the genera Proticerya Cockerell, 1895, and Steatococcus Ferris, 1921.
Icerya (Proticerya) Cockerell, 1895z: 15. Type species: Icerya rileyi cockerell, by original designation. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 24.
Proticerya; Cockerell, 1898m: 274. Change of status.
Crypticerya; Cockerell, 1899n: 4. Change of status.
Steatococcus Ferris, 1921: 69. Type species: Palaeococcus morrilli Cockerell, by original designation. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 24.
Cryticerya; Tao, 1999: 2. Misspelling of genus name.
BIOLOGY: All stages live within a test on twigs or stems of the host plant; the adult female remains within the test to oviposit. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Vayssiere (1926), Morrison (1928), Unruh & Gullan (2008), Unruh (2008) and by Foldi (2009, 2010).
STRUCTURE: Adult female enclosed within a spherical test; mostly in groups on twigs and stems, each group usually with 2-10 individuals. Test hard but brittle, with surface rough, and with an orifice about 1 mm in diameter, in position of anal opening. Body broadly oval, almost circular, with derm membranous apart from anterior, which is strongly sclerotised, mainly on dorsum; this sclerotised zone includes antennae and eyespots and bears spines and a few setae; adjacent unsclerotised derm densely covered by spines, some multilocular pores and few slender setae. Antennae each a flat structure or a small tubercle bearing a group of setae of various sizes and, in C. brasiliensis, also with 2 circular sensilla. Mouthparts absent. Legs of reduced size, segments not discernable. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: The genus Crypticerya has been originally established as subgenus, Icerya (Crypticerya) Cockerell, 1895z: 15 (type species: Icerya rosae Riley & Howard, 1890a, by original designation). It was elevated to genus Crypticerya by Cockerell (1899m: 274). Cockerell (1902q: 237) synonymized it with Palaeococcus Cockerell. Vayssiere (1926: 312) revived the genus Crypticerya. Unruh & Gullan (2008) recognized Crypticerya a valid genus and synonymized with it, the genera Proticerya Cockerell, 1895, and Steatococcus Ferris, 1921. Gullan & Unruh (2008b) recognised 5 species groups in the species of Crypticerya as follows: 1. Crypticerya montserratensis group Seven species belong to this group: C. brasiliensis, C. flava, C. montserratensis, C. similis, C. subandina, C. zetekiand an undescribed species from Colombia. These seven species differ from other Crypticerya species by the presence of small multilocular pores with triangular, cruciform or star-shaped centre and 6-8 outer loculi on the ventral margin and mid-dorsal head and thorax. Crypticerya similis and C. zeteki are almost identical to each other and to C. brasiliensis, C. flava and C. montserratensis and differ by the number of ventral cicatrices (the undescribed species has 11-13, C. similis has seven, C. zeteki has five, the remaining three species have three cicatrices). Crypticerya brasiliensis, C. flava and C. montserratensis appear identical to one another and differ only by the size of the adult female (C. montserratensis and C. flava are smaller than C. brasiliensis), the length and density of the marginal long, hair-like setae (C. brasiliensis has fewer clusters of setae than C. montserratensis or C. flava) and the density of pores in the ovisac band (this feature might depend on the size of the adult female; C. flava has the least dense ovisac band). Morrison believed C. brasiliensis and C. montserratensis were probably identical (1928: 211), but we found them to be genetically distinct (Unruh & Gullan, 2008) and the two species look different in life (T. Kondo, UCD, pers. comm.). Crypticerya subandina differs greatly from the other species in this group as it has very sparse hair-like setae and sparsely scattered multilocular pores across all body segments. The pore types, however, are identical. 2. Crypticerya littoralis group Four Neotropical species belong to this informal group: C. littoralis, C. genistae, C. minima and C. palmeri. All of these species form an ovisac and the ovisac band has dense flagellate setae and pores with trilocular centre and 6-8 outer loculi. Crypticerya palmeri is easily distinguished from the other species in this group by the presence of a single cicatrix (the other three species have three cicatrices) and C. minima has a single pore type (trilocular centre) in the ovisac band and all other species have two types (bilocular and trilocular centre). Crypticerya littoralis and C. genistae look very similar and differ by the shape of the pores in the outer ovisac band and by the shape of the bases of the setae found in the ovisac band. Crypticerya littoralis and C. palmeri are found in Mexico, and C. genistae and C. minima probably are native to South America. Crypticerya genistae has been discovered recently as a pest in Florida (Hodges, 2006). 3. Crypticerya mexicana group Two described species, C. tuberculata and C. mexicana, and an undescribed Mexican species belong to this group. All species form an internal marsupium and the marsupial band of these species differ from other marsupium-forming Crypticerya species by the presence of dense hair-like setae and bilocular pores only (other species have pores with bilocular and trilocular centres). A distinctive feature of C. tuberculata is the presence of very elongate tubercles in dorsal longitudinal rows and around the margin. The undescribed Mexican species also has elongate tubercles, but differs from C. tuberculata and C. mexicana in other ways that will not be discussed here. Unfortunately, C. mexicana is very rare and we have only been able to examine a limited number of specimens, but the dorsal surface of C. mexicana is covered with very dense, short, robust setae, which is unlike any other Crypticerya species. 4. Crypticerya rileyi group This group includes five Nearctic species: C. colimensis, C. morrilli, C. rileyi, C. tabernicola and C. townsendi. The adult females of C. rileyi and C. colimensis form long ovisacs and the adult female of each of the remaining three species forms a marsupium. Crypticerya colimensis and C. rileyi have identical pores and setae that form the ovisac band, but differ by the number of cicatrices (C. colimensis has a single cicatrix, C. rileyi has three cicatrices). Crypticerya morrilli and C. tabernicola have similar derm pores, mostly with a bilocular centre, whereas C. townsendi has more pores with trilocular centres. These three species also differ by the shape of the marsupial band. Although the marsupial band of all three species forms a completely sclerotized circle as the adult female matures, the anterior edge of the marsupial band of C. tabernicola is formed by a very sparse row of multilocular pores, whereas the anterior edge of the band in C. townsendi is formed by 3 or 4 dense rows of pores and the anterior edge of the band in C. morrilli is formed by 3 or 4 dense rows with 2 submedial patches bare of pores and setae. These species are scattered in the deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. 5. Crypticerya rosae group Three species of Crypticerya, C. abrahami, C. pimentae and C. rosae, differ from all other species because the adult females form neither an ovisac nor a marsupium. Adult females typically do not have elaborate waxy secretion on the dorsal surface and the derm is often very dark in colour and becomes very convex and sclerotized with age. These species are morphologically identical, but have a wide geographic range and are not genetically identical (Unruh & Gullan, 2008).
KEYS: Foldi & Gullan 2014: 11 (female, adult, first inst) [Key to genera of Cryptokermesini]; Foldi 2010: 290 (female) [Crypticerya species of the Mediterranean region]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya Species of South Anerica]; Unruh 2008: 8 (female) [Species of Crypticerya in southeastern USA and Mexico]; Unruh & Gullan 2008: 23-24 (female) [Genera of Margarodidae - Iceryini]; Unruh & Gullan 2008: 24 (first instar) [Genera of Margarodidae - Iceryini]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 22-23 (female) [Genera of Iceryini]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of (Crypticerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 147 (female) [Palearctic]; Williams & Watson 1990: 15-16 (female) [Margarodidae Genera of Tropical South pacific]; Beardsley 1966: 391 (female) [Genera of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1966: 391 (female) [Genera of Micronesia]; Morrison 1928: 196-197 (female, larva) [Margarodidae]; Morrison 1928: 196-197 (female, larva) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 428 (female) [Monophlebinae].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy: 397, 401]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 154, 269-270]; Cocker1895z [taxonomy, description: 15]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 4]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description: 69]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198, 216]; Foldi2009 [taxonomy, description: 9]; Foldi2010 [taxonomy: 289-304]; FoldiGu2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 11, 12-20]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description: 35]; GullanSj2001 [taxonomy: 257-278]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy: 370]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy, description: 92-100]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy: 247]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 182, 196]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 45]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 196,197,200,201,208]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 158,196,197,203,214]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 28]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 49, 188]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 147-148, 168]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 147, 168]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 2]; Unruh2008 [taxonomy, description, revision: 1-42]; UnruhGu2005 [taxonomy: 133]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, description, molecular data, phylogeny: 8-50]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 429]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 258-259, 307]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 16, 31-32].
Crypticerya abrahami (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Llaveia abrahami Newstead, 1917a: 1. Type data: BRITISH GUYANA: North West District, Issororo, on bark of Sapium jenmani; 3.vi.1915, collected A.A. Abraham. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Crypticerya abrahami; Vayssière, 1926: 313. Change of combination.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Sapium jenmani [Newste1917a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Foldi2009]; Guyana [Newste1917a]; Venezuela [Foldi2009].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-istar nymph by Foldi (2009).
SYSTEMATICS: Unruh & Gullan (2008b) noted that Crypticerya abrahami and C. pimentae and C. rosae, differ from all other species of Crypticerya because the adult females form neither an ovisac nor a marsupium. Adult females typically do not have elaborate waxy secretion on the dorsal surface and the derm is often very dark in colour and becomes very convex and sclerotized with age. These species are morphologically identical, but have a wide geographic range and are not genetically identical (Unruh & Gullan, 2008).
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (Replacement for erroneous key in Kondo & Unruh (2009))]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South America]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 154]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198]; Foldi2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-13]; KondoGuPo2012 [taxonomy: 6-7]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 203, 222]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1-2]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, molecular data, phylogeny: 8-50]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 313-315].
Crypticerya aegyptiensis FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Crypticerya aegyptiensis Foldi, 2010: 291-295. Type data: EGYPT: Western Sahara, Djebel Uweimat, at Wadi Karkur Talh, on Acacia tortilis raddiana; collected Th. Monod, 16 February 1980. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia tortilis raddiana [Foldi2010].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Foldi2010].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Foldi (2010).
KEYS: Foldi 2010: 290 (female) [Crypticerya species of the Mediterranean region].
CITATIONS: Foldi2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 291-295].
Crypticerya brasiliensis (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya brasiliensis Hempel, 1900a: 370. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Mandado do Iguape, on Codiaeum sp., Ypiranga on Ficus, Rosa and other plants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
Icerya braziliensis; Hempel, 1912: 18. Misspelling of species name.
Crypticerya brasiliensis; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
ASSOCIATE: FLAVOBACTERIUM : Candidatus Walczuchella monophlebidarum [RosasPRoRi2014].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Brethesiella abnormicornis (Girault) [Noyes2004, TrjapiTr2006]. HYMNEOPTERA Encyrtidae: Brethesiella longipes (Blanchard) [Noyes2004, TrjapiTr2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Caryota [Lizery1938]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda acutifolia. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [Hempel1900a, Hempel1912, Lizery1938]. Lauraceae: Laurus camphora [Hempel1900a, Hempel1912, Lizery1938]. Magnoliaceae: Liriodendron tulipifera [Hempel1900a, Hempel1912, Lizery1938]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hempel1900a, Hempel1912, Lizery1938]. Rosaceae: Rosa [Hempel1912].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Corrientes [Lizery1938], Misiones [Lizery1938]); Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a, Hempel1912, Lizery1938]); Panama Canal Zone [Cocker1914]; Peru [VasqueDeCo2002].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hempel (1900a), Cockerell (1914) and by Vayssiere (1926).
STRUCTURE: Adult female enclosed in a spherical test about 6-8 mm in diameter, dark brown, with a rough external surface and an internal wall covered by a coating of white wax secretion, and with an orifice about 1 mm in diameter in position of female’s anal opening. Third-instar (preadult) female living within a test, as described above for adult female. Derm of live preadult female light yellow according to Hempel (1900), who mistakenly described the third-instar female as the adult.(Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Icerya zeteki was listed as a synonym of Icerya brasiliensis in the catalogue of Margarodidae (Ben-Dov, 2005: 193), and the synonymy was attributed to Vayssiere (1929). Later, Unruh & Gullan (2008: 24-25) discussed this synonymy and concluded as follows: In fact, Vayssiere redescribed I. Zeteki and considered synonymizing the two species, but did not do so because he wanted to examine more material (Vayssie` re, 1929: 85). He (Vayssiere) discussed comments made by Cockerell about the external similarity of I. Zeteki and I. Brasiliensis (Cockerell, 1914b). Vayssiere's description of I. Zeteki was based on non-type material and his redescription of I. Brasiliensis was based on material from Green's collection that derived from Hempel's collection (Vayssiere, 1926: 321). Unruh & Gullan (2008) transferred Icerya zeteki and f Icerya brasiliensis to Crypticerya, treated them as distinct species, and indicated that adult females of C. zeteki and C. brasiliensis differ by the number of ventral cicatrices (seven and three, respectively), yet Vayssiere did not discuss these structures in either of his descriptions.
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (Replacement for erroneous key in Kondo & Unruh (2009))]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South America]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue, economic importance: 193]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Cocker1914 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 148]; CrestaPr1982 [host, distribution, economic importance: 217]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 24]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203-204]; FoldiGu2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 13-20]; FonsecAu1932a [host, distribution: 202-214]; Gomes1940 [taxonomy: 1-94]; GruwelVoPa2005 [taxonomy, endosymbionts: 79-114]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 370]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18]; Hickel1994 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 285-290]; HughesMo1966 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 15-31]; Kondo2001 [host, distribution: 31-48]; KondoGuPo2012 [taxonomy: 6-7]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 267]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 148]; Lizery1938 [host, distribution: 172-173]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 9]; Monte1930 [host, distribution: 3-36]; Moreir1921b [host, distribution]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 207,222,227]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; Ronna1934 [host, distribution: 115-120]; RosasPRoRi2014 [chemistry, molecular data: 719]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; TrjapiTr2006 [biological control: 6-7]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 8-50]; VasqueDeCo2002 [host, distribution: 331]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319-321]; Vayssi1929 [taxonomy, description: 84-85]; Wille1925 [host, distribution, economic importance: 415-426].
Crypticerya bursera UnruhNOMENCLATURE:
Crypticerya bursera Unruh, 2008: 9. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, Montevideo Canyon near Bahia de Los Angeles, on Bursera microphylla; collected 31.xii.2004 by C.M. Unruh. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Burseraceae: Bursera microphylla [Unruh2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [Unruh2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Unruh (2008).
KEYS: Unruh 2008: 8 [(Crypticerya species of southeastern USA and Mexico].
CITATIONS: Unruh2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-12].
Crypticerya colimensis (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya colimensis Cockerell, 1902o: 81. Type data: MEXICO: Colima, Manzallino, on undetermined shrub; collected July 18, 1902 by C.H.T. Townsend. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 29. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Crypticerya colimensis; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Colima [Cocker1902o]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Cockerell (1902o). Description of adult female by Unruh (2008).
STRUCTURE: Female with ovisac 10 mm long, 4 mm broad; ovisac about 6 mm long, slightly striated, but not ribbed, except faintly at the sides; no glassy filaments; secretion entirely pure white (Cockerell, 1902o).
KEYS: Unruh 2008: 8 (female) [as Crypticerya species of southwestern USA and Mexico]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 194]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 81-82]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,209,233]; Unruh2008 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12-13]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50].
Crypticerya flava (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya flava Hempel, 1920a: 334. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cantareira near Sao Paulo, on the bark of indigenous trees 'cambara preta' and 'sucara'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 20068. Described: female.
Crypticerya flava; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1920a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar by Hempel (1920a).
KEYS: Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (Replacement for erroneous key in Kondo & Unruh (2009))]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 195]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 334-336,358-360]; KondoGuPo2012 [taxonomy: 6-7]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 223]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50].
Crypticerya flocculosa (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya flocculosa Hempel, 1932: 312. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cotia, on Citrus and on "castanha cultivados" [=cultivated chestnut]; collected by Zepherino Vaz, May 1931. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.
Crypticerya flocculosa; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Castanea [Hempel1932]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Hempel1932].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1932]).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 195]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 312-314]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 423]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50].
Crypticerya genistae (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya genistae Hempel, 1912: 55. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Campinas, in garden of Instituto Agronomico, on Genista scoparia, Lespedeza striata and Fragaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.
Iceria genistae; Hempel, 1912: 57. Misspelling of genus name.
Crypticerya genistae; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
FOES: DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Pectinodiplosis erratica (Felt) [GagneEt2009]. Phoridae: Syneura cocciphila (Coquillet) [GonzalKo2014]. HEMIPTERA Coccinellidae: Anovia circumclusa (Gorham) [GonzalKo2014].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Dypsis lutescens [HodgesHoUn2008]. Asteraceae: Ambrosia artemisifolia [HodgesHoUn2008], Baccharis halimifolia [HodgesHoUn2008], Bidens alba [HodgesHoUn2008, EtiennMa2008], Centratherum punctatum [EtiennMa2008], Conyza canadensis [HodgesHoUn2008, EtiennMa2008], Eclipta prostrata [HodgesHoUn2008], Eleuthernathera ruderalis [EtiennMa2008], Emillia fosbergii [EtiennMa2008], Eupatorium capillifolium [HodgesHoUn2008], Helianthus debilis [HodgesHoUn2008], Heterotheca subaxillaris [HodgesHoUn2008], Mikania micrantha [EtiennMa2008], Parthenium hysterophorus [EtiennMa2008], Pluchea carolinensis [EtiennMa2008], Pluchea carolinensis [HodgesHoUn2008], Pluchea odorata [HodgesHoUn2008], Solidago leavenworthii [HodgesHoUn2008], Sonchus oleraceus [EtiennMa2008], Sphagneticola trilobata [HodgesHoUn2008], Tridax procumbens [HodgesHoUn2008]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [HodgesHoUn2008]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomaea pes-caprae [HodgesHoUn2008], Ipomaea tiliacea [EtiennMa2008], Merremia aegyptia [EtiennMa2008]. Cucurbitaceae: Momordica charantia [HodgesHoUn2008]. Cyperaceae: Carex [HodgesHoUn2008], Rhynchospora [HodgesHoUn2008]. Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce hirta [HodgesHoUn2008, EtiennMa2008], Chamaesyce hypericifolia [HodgesHoUn2008, EtiennMa2008], Chamaesyce mesembryanthemifolia [HodgesHoUn2008], Euphorbia heterophylla [EtiennMa2008], Phyllanthus debilis [EtiennMa2008], Poinsettia cyathophora [HodgesHoUn2008], Ricinus communis [HodgesHoUn2008]. Fabaceae: Acacia cornigera [HodgesHoUn2008], Acacia macracantha [EtiennMa2008], Aeschynomene americana [HodgesHoUn2008], Caesalpinia bonduc [EtiennMa2008], Cajanus cajan [HodgesHoUn2008], Calopogonium mucunoides [EtiennMa2008], Canavalia rosea [EtiennMa2008], Centrosema pubescens [EtiennMa2008], Centrosema virginianum [EtiennMa2008], Crotalaria incana [HodgesHoUn2008], Crotalaria retusa [EtiennMa2008], Desmanthus virgatus [EtiennMa2008], Desmodium incanum [HodgesHoUn2008, EtiennMa2008], Desmodium tortuosum [HodgesHoUn2008, EtiennMa2008], Genista scoparia [Hempel1912], Haematoxylon campechiamum [EtiennMa2008], Indigofera suffruticosa [EtiennMa2008], Indigofera tinctoria [HodgesHoUn2008], Lespedeza striata [Hempel1912], Macroptilium lathyroides [HodgesHoUn2008, EtiennMa2008], Mimosa pigra [EtiennMa2008], Mimosa pudica [EtiennMa2008], Pueraria phaseoloides [EtiennMa2008], Rhyncosia minima [EtiennMa2008], Senna obtusifolia [EtiennMa2008], Senna polyphylla [HodgesHoUn2008], Sesbania [HodgesHoUn2008], Stylosanthes biflora [HodgesHoUn2008], Teramnus labialis [EtiennMa2008], Vicia acutifolia [HodgesHoUn2008], Vigna luteola [HodgesHoUn2008], Vigna waxiella [EtiennMa2008]. Onagraceae: Ludwigia peruviana [HodgesHoUn2008]. Poaceae: Bothriochloa pertusa [HodgesHoUn2008]. Primulaceae: Samolus valerandi [HodgesHoUn2008]. Rosaceae: Fragaria [Hempel1912]. Rubiaceae: Richardia grandiflora [HodgesHoUn2008], Spermacoce verticillata [HodgesHoUn2008]. Sapindaceae: Filicium decipiens [HodgesHoUn2008]. Solanaceae: Solanum torvum [EtiennMa2008]. Sterculiaceae: Waltheria indica [HodgesHoUn2008]. Turneraceae: Tunera subulata [EtiennMa2008]. Ulmaceae: Trema micrantha [HodgesHoUn2008]. Vitaceae: Ampelopsis arborea [HodgesHoUn2008], Vitis rotundifolia [HodgesHoUn2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [new]). Neotropical: Barbados [GonzalKo2014]; Brazil (Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Sao Paulo [Hempel1912]); Guadeloupe [EtiennMa2008].
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (Replacement for erroneous key in Kondo & Unruh (2009))]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South America]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 196-197]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; EtiennMa2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 517-520]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; GagneEt2009 [host, distribution, biological control: 348-349]; GonzalKo2014 [biological control, distribution: 1]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 18, 55-59]; Hodges2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 157]; HodgesHoUn2008 [host, distribution: 353-337]; KondoGuPo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 1, 6-7]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 223]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50].
Crypticerya littoralis (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya (Proticerya) littoralis Cockerell, 1898j: 429. Type data: MEXICO: Las Minas, Frontera, on Croton, sp.; collected C.H.T. Townsend, 16 May, 1897. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 32. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Icerya littoralis mimosae Cockerell, 1898j: 430. Type data: MEXICO: on "Sarsa", Mimosa sp.; collected C.H.T. Townsend, 4 June, 1897. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 32. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Icerya (Proticerya) littoralis; Cockerell, 1899n: 4. Change of combination.
Icerya (Proticerya) littoralis mimosae; Cockerell, 1899n: 4. Change of combination.
Icerya littoralis tonilensis Cockerell, 1902o: 81. Type data: MEXICO: Jalisco, Tonila, on cultivated tree; T. + B. Cy; Recwd July 1903/ Cut # 10539 # 78. Lectotype female, male and first instar, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 33. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Crypticerya littoralis littoralis; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
Crypticerya littoralis mimosae; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
Crypticerya littoralis tonilensis; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Croton [Vayssi1926]. Fabaceae: Mimosa [Cocker1898j], Prosopis [TownseCo1898].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1898j, Cocker1899n, Vayssi1926] (Jalisco [Cocker1902o, UnruhGu2008b], Oaxaca [TownseCo1898, Foldi1995a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Unruh (2008).
STRUCTURE: Externally like Icerya littoralis, but only 8 mm long, with ovisac, which curves upwards. Ovisac not over 3 mm broad, strongly yellow at base (Cockerell, 1902o).
SYSTEMATICS: The type data of Icerya littoralis mimosae is the same as those of Icerya littoralis littoralis, but separate type series were selected (Cockerell, 1898j). Cockerell (1898j) based the distinction between the two sub-species on differences in the colour of KOH-boiled specimens, colour of wax and size of ovisac.
KEYS: Unruh 2008: 8 (female) [Crypticerya species of southwestern USA and Mexico]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 198-199]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 238-245]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 290-291]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 429-430]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, distribution: 4]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy, description, distribution: 80-81]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 25]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 176]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,210,224,225]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 168-169]; Unruh2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-16]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319, 323-325]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 216].
Crypticerya luederwaldti (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya luederwaldti Hempel, 1918: 197. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Santos, on leaves of a "salt loving plant"; collected H. Luederwaldt. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 18.335". Described: female.
Crypticerya luederwaldti; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1918]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Hempel (1918).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 200]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Hempel1918 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 197-199]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 224]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50].
Crypticerya marocensis FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Crypticerya marocensis Foldi, 2010: 299-303. Type data: MOROCCO: Ouarzazate, on Rosaceae; collected I. Foldi 4 April 1983. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Rosaceae [Foldi2010].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Morocco [Foldi2010].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Foldi (2010).
KEYS: Foldi 2010: 290 (female) [Crypticerya species of the Mediterranean region].
Crypticerya mexicana Cockerell & Parrott in CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Crypticerya rosae mexicana Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell, 1899n: 4. Type data: MEXICO: Aguascalientes, on Prosopis sp.; collected July , 1903 by Townsend. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 34. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: preadult female.
Palaeococcus mexicanus; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination and rank.
Steatococcus mexicanus; Morrison, 1928: 218. Change of combination.
Crypticerya mexicana; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Prosopis [Cocker1899n].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Aguascalientes [Cocker1899n]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Cockerell (1899n) and by Vayssiere (1929). Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Unruh (2008).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 7 mm long, 5 mm broad, 4.5 mm high; dark red, stained with black in the dorsal region, covered with white powder; three longitudinal series (one dorsal, the others lateral) of rather large patches of bright sulfur-yellow secretions, extending over the anterior half of the insect (Cockerell, 1899n).
KEYS: Unruh 2008: 8 (female) [Crypticerya species of Southeastern USA and Mexico]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya]; Morrison 1928: 218 (female) [Species of Steatococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 272]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 4]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 22]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 177]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 214,217,218,225]; Unruh2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-20]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 307]; Vayssi1929 [taxonomy, description: 85-86].
Crypticerya minima (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya minima Morrison, 1919: 64. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, host plant not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 148a. Described: female. Illust.
Crypticerya minima; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Suaeda divaricata [Morris1919, Lizery1938].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Mendoza [Morris1919, Lizery1938]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1919).
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (Replacement for erroneous key in Kondo & Unruh (2009))]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South America]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 201]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; KondoGuPo2012 [taxonomy: 6-7]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; Lizery1938 [host, distribution: 173]; Morris1919 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-66]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,209,225]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50].
Crypticerya montserratensis (Riley & Howard)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya montserratensis Riley & Howard, 1890b: 99. Type data: MONTSERRAT: on Chrysophyllum sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Crypticerya montserratensis; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Montserrat fluted scale [SchmutKlLu1957].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Anovia punica Gordon [GonzalKo2014], Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant [Bartle1978c]. DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum iceryae (Williston) [Bartle1978c]. Phoriidae: Syneura cocciphila Coquillett [Bartle1978c]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Brethesiella [Noyes2004], Cheiloneurus pulvinariae Dozier [Noyes2004], Homosemion bennetti Annecke [Noyes2004], Iceromyia flavifrons Noyes [Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Martor1976]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [Martor1976]. Fabaceae: Inga fagifolia [Martor1976], Inga vera [Martor1976], Prosopis [Figuer1946, Foldi1995a], Samanea saman [Figuer1946]. Guttiferae: Calophyllum calaba [Martor1976], Mammea americana [Martor1976]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [TownseCo1898]. Lythraceae: Lawsonia inermis [Figuer1946]. Malpighiaceae: Byrsonima coriacea [Martor1976]. Moraceae: Ficus microcarpa [Martor1976]. Musaceae: Musa [RileyHo1890]. Myrtaceae: Psidium [Vayssi1926], Psidium guajava [Martor1976]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Bartle1978c], Citrus grandis [Figuer1946], Citrus paradisi [Martor1976]. Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum [RileyHo1890b].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Guerrero [Foldi1995a]). Neotropical: Colombia [Figuer1946]; Grenada [Vayssi1926]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Mexico (Yucatan [Cocker1899n]); Montserrat [RileyHo1890b]; Panama [Cocker1899n]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Riley & Howard (1890b) and by Vayssiere (1926).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Reported as a serious citrus pest in Ecuador (Bartlett, 1978c).
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (Replacement for erroneous key in Kondo & Unruh (2009))]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South America]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Riley & Howard 1890b: 106 (female, nymph) [Palearctic].
CITATIONS: Bartle1978c [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 136]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue, economic importance: 202-203]; Cocker1893s [host, distribution: 2]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, distribution: 3]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy: 80]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 25]; Figuer1946 [host, distribution: 216]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 176]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; GonzalKo2014 [biological control, distribution: 4]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; KondoGuPo2012 [taxonomy: 6-7]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 266]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 33,49,65,118,144,216]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy: 274]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,211,225]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 217]; RileyHo1890b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-103]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 423]; TownseCo1898 [host, distribution: 167]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319,331].
Crypticerya morrilli (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Palaeococcus morrilli Cockerell, 1914a: 110. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Verde Valley, near Jerome, on a plant "superficially just like Viborquia spinosa"; collected by A.W. Morrill. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 37. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 18050. Described: female.
Steatococcus morrilli; Ferris, 1921: 69. Change of combination.
Crypticerya morrilli; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia greggii [Ferris1919a], Haematoxylon boreale [Ferris1921], Viborquia spinosa [Cocker1914a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921]); United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1914a, Ferris1919a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Cockerell (1914a), Ferris (1919a), Morrison (1928) and by Unruh (2008). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Ferris (1919a), Morrison (1928) and by Unruh (2008).
KEYS: Unruh 2008: 8 (female) [Crypticerya species of southeastern USA and Mexico]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 272-273]; Cocker1914a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 110]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-10]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 70]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-218,225]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; SzklarMiCz2010 [anatomy, physiology, phylogenetics: 589-595]; Unruh2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-23]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36-37]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 307].
Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & UnruhNOMENCLATURE:
Crypticerya brasiliensis; Kondo, 2001: 31. Misidentification; discovered by Kondo & Unruh, 2009: 99.
Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh, 2009: 95. Type data: COLOMBIA: Tolima, Gualanday, on Mangifera indica; collected T. Kondo, 28.i.1995. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar.
Crypticeria muticicatrices; González & Kondo, 2014: 1. Misspelling of genus and species names.
COMMON NAME: The multicicatrices fluted scale [KondoGuPo2012].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Anovia punica Gordon [GonzalKo2014], Delphastus [KondoGuPo2012], Delphastus quinculus Gordon [GonzalBeKo2012], Diomus [KondoGuPo2012], Diomus seminulus (Mulsant) [GonzalBeKo2012]. DIPTERA Phoridae: Syneura cocciphila [GaimarQuKo2012]. FUNGI Trichocomaceae: Paecilomyces sp. [KondoGuPo2012]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae [KondoGuPo2012]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae [KondoGuPo2012].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Avicennia germinans [KondoGuPo2012], Dicliptera assugens [KondoGuPo2012], Graptophyllum pictum [KondoGuPo2012], Pseuderanthemum reticulatum [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes sp. [KondoGuPo2012], Spinacia oleracea [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Amaryllidaceae: Allium cepa [SilvaGQuYe2013], Allium fistulosum [SilvaGQuYe2013], Hymenocallis caribaea [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [KondoUn2009], Spondias mombin [KondoGuPo2012], Spondias purpurea [KondoGuPo2012]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimola [KondoGuPo2012], Annona muricata [KondoUn2009], Annona squamosa [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [SilvaGQuYe2013], Plumeria sp. [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Araceae: Alocasia macrorrhiza [SilvaGQuYe2013], Anthurium cubense [KondoGuPo2012], Epipremnum aureum [KondoGuPo2012]. Araliaceae: Polyscias sp. [SilvaGQuYe2013], Schefflera sp. [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Arecaceae [KondoUn2009], Adonidia merrillii [SilvaGQuYe2013], Attalea butyracea [SilvaGQuYe2013], Caryota sp. [KondoGuPo2012], Cocos nucifera [KondoGuPo2012], Dypsis lutescens [KondoGuPo2012], Phoenix roebelenii [KondoGuPo2012], Pritchardia pacifica [KondoGuPo2012], Veitchia merillii [KondoGuPo2012], Veitchia sp [KondoGuPo2012]. Asparagaceae: Cordyline sp. [SilvaGQuYe2013], Cordyline terminalis [KondoGuPo2012], Dracaena sp. [SilvaGQuYe2013], Sansevieria asciata [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Asteraceae: Emilia sonchifolia [KondoGuPo2012]. Berberidaceae: Nandina domestica [KondoUn2009]. Bignoniaceae: Crescentia cujete [KondoGuPo2012], Spathodea campanulata [SilvaGQuYe2013], Tecoma stans [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Bixaceae: Bixa orellana [KondoGuPo2012]. Boraginaceae: Cordia sebestena [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Calophyllaceae: Mammea americana [KondoGuPo2012]. Caparaceae: Quadrella odoratissima [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [KondoGuPo2012]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Chrysobalanceae: Licania tomentosa [KondoGuPo2012]. Clusiaceae: Rheedia madruno [KondoUn2009]. Combretaceae: Conocarpus erectus [KondoGuPo2012], Laguncularia racemosa [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomea batatas [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Crassulaceae: Kalanchoe pinnata [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucumis sativus [SilvaGQuYe2013], Luffa cylindrica [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus ligularis [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha wilkesiana [KondoGuPo2012], Calliandra pittieri [KondoGuPo2012], Catharanthus roseus [SilvaGQuYe2013], Codiaeum variegatum [KondoGuPo2012], Euphorbia aphylla [KondoGuPo2012], Euphorbia hirta [KondoGuPo2012], Euphorbia pulcherrima [SilvaGQuYe2013], Jatropha gossypiifolia [KondoGuPo2012], Jatropha integerrima [KondoGuPo2012], Manihot esculenta [KondoGuPo2012]. Fabaceae: Albizia labbeck [KondoGuPo2012], Arachis pintoi [KondoGuPo2012], Bauhinia monandra [SilvaGQuYe2013], Caesalpinia peltophoroidea [KondoUn2009], Cajanus cajan [KondoGuPo2012], Calliandra [KondoUn2009], Cassia fistula [KondoUn2009], Cassia grandis [KondoGuPo2012], Delonix regia [KondoUn2009], Erythina veriegata [KondoGuPo2012], Erythrina sp. [KondoGuPo2012], Flemingia strobilifera [KondoGuPo2012], Gliricidia sepium [KondoGuPo2012], Leucaena leucocephala [KondoGuPo2012], Phaseolus sp. [KondoGuPo2012], Phaseolus vulgaris [SilvaGQuYe2013], Pithecellobium dulce [KondoUn2009], Tamarindus indica [KondoGuPo2012]. Lamiaceae: Ocimum sanctum [KondoGuPo2012], Plectranthus amboinicus [SilvaGQuYe2013], Salvia sp. [SilvaGQuYe2013], Tectona grandis [KondoGuPo2012]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [KondoGuPo2012]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [KondoGuPo2012], Punica granatum [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus [SilvaGQuYe2013], Ceiba pentadra [KondoGuPo2012], Gossypium barbadense [SilvaGQuYe2013], Guazuma ulmifolia [KondoGuPo2012], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [KondoGuPo2012], Hibiscus sabdariffa [SilvaGQuYe2013], Hibiscus sp. [KondoGuPo2012], Malvaviscus arboreus [KondoGuPo2012], Thespesia populnea [KondoGuPo2012]. Meliaceae: Swietenia macrophylla [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [KondoGuPo2012], Artocarpus altilis [SilvaGQuYe2013], Artocarpus heterophyllus [SilvaGQuYe2013], Ficus [KondoUn2009], Ficus benjamina [KondoGuPo2012], Ficus elastica [KondoGuPo2012], Ficus lyrata [KondoGuPo2012], Ficus mircrocarpa [KondoGuPo2012]. Musaceae: Musa paradisiaca [KondoGuPo2012], Musa sapientum [KondoGuPo2012]. Myrtaceae: Pimenta dioica [KondoGuPo2012], Psidium guajava [KondoGuPo2012], Psidium sp. [KondoGuPo2012], Syzgium samaragnese [KondoGuPo2012], Syzygium jambos [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougaivillea sp. [KondoGuPo2012]. Orchidaceae: Brassavola nodosa [KondoGuPo2012]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [KondoGuPo2012]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus acidus [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Poaceae: Poa sp. [KondoGuPo2012], Zea mays [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Polygalaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [KondoGuPo2012]. Rubiaceae: Alibertia edulis [SilvaGQuYe2013], Ixora coccinea [KondoGuPo2012], Morinda citrifolia [KondoGuPo2012]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [SilvaGQuYe2013], Citrus grandis [KondoGuPo2012], Citrus limon [SilvaGQuYe2013], Citrus reticulata [KondoGuPo2012], Citrus sinensis [SilvaGQuYe2013], Citrus X aurantiifolia [KondoGuPo2012], Citrus X limon [KondoGuPo2012], Citurs latifolia [KondoGuPo2012], Swinglea glutinosa [KondoGuPo2012]. Sapindaceae: Melicoccus bijugatus [KondoGuPo2012]. Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum cainito [SilvaGQuYe2013], Manikara zapota [KondoGuPo2012]. Simlacaceae: Smilax spinosa [KondoGuPo2012]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [SilvaGQuYe2013], Capsicum chinense [KondoGuPo2012], Capsicum sp. [KondoGuPo2012], Cestrum nocturnum [KondoGuPo2012], Lycopersicum sculentum [SilvaGQuYe2013], Solanum melongena [KondoGuPo2012]. Strelitziaceae: Ravenala madagascariensis [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Urticaceae: Cecropia peltata [KondoGuPo2012], Cecropia schreberiana [SilvaGQuYe2013]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [SilvaGQuYe2013].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [KondoUn2009, KondoBeQu2014].
BIOLOGY: Crypticerya multicicatrices is found commonly on the twigs and leaves of its host, but may occur on the tree trunk and fruit when populations are high, and often is tended by various species of ants. C. multicicatrices have four growth stages, i.e., three nymphal stages and the adult stage. Usually all stages can be found in a single population. No males are known, and the species is probably hermaphroditic, similar to the closely related species C. zeteki. C. multicicatrices can be found throughout the year, but is most abundant during dry periods. Kondo and Unruh (2009) reported that C. multicicatrices was not observed associated with sooty molds in observations carried out on mainland Colombia, however, on San Andres Island C. multicicatrices is often associated with sooty molds, especially when populations are high. It is likely that the honeydew produced by C. multicicatrices has low sugar content, because generally no sooty mold is observed when populations are low. (Kondo, et al., 2012)
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Kondo & Unruh (2009). DNA voucher CMU032 deposited at the Bohart Museum, Davis, California. Redescription, photograph and illustration in Kondo, et al., 2012.
STRUCTURE: Adult female elliptical; antennae, legs and eyes brownish-black; body orange-red, covered dorsally by white wax, with one long caudal tuft (up to 20.5 mm long, usually less than 15 mm long, but always longer than cephalic tuft), one shorter cephalic tuft protruding anteriorly, a marginal row of nine waxy tufts on each side, mealy wax abundant around dorsal submargin just above row of lateral waxy processes and forming a thick elevated submarginal ridge, with a median longitudinal waxy ridge composed of about .ve short tufts; waxy processes on each side of the caudal and cephalic tufts longer than other marginal processes. Ovisac elongate, white, distal end narrow, often curved upwards, appearing .uted, with 14 or 15 longitudinal furrows. Caudal and cephalic tufts with about four longitudinal furrows. Ovisac with about 120 eggs, each egg elliptical, about 0.8 mm long; ovisac slit on dorsomedial line, where crawlers escape(Kondo & Unruh, 2009)
SYSTEMATICS: Kondo & Unruh (2009) stated that the record of Crypticerya brasiliensis (Hempel) from Colombia by Kondo (2001) was a misidentification of C. multicicatrices. According to Kondo and Unruh (2009), slide-mounted adult females of C. multicicatrices can be easily separated from other iceryine species occurring in the New World by the following combination of features: (i) presence of 11-13 [smaller specimens with as few as 9] cicatrices forming a U-shape on the ventral abdomen; (ii) presence of an ovisac band; (iii) absence of dense .agellate setae in the ovisac band; (iv) absence of spiniform setae on the dorsal surface; (v) absence of open-center pores; and (vi) presence of three pairs of abdominal spiracles. This species was included in the Crypticerya montserratensis group (Unruh and Gullan 2008) because of the shape and distribution of the derm pores (Kondo and Unruh 2009). (Kondo, et al., 2012)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A fungus identified as Paecilomyces sp. (Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae), isolated from specimens of C. multicicatrices collected on a mango tree on the island of San Andres was reported recently as a natural control agent of C. multicicatrices in pathogenicity tests on different plant species. This fungus has now been identified as Isaria sp. (Kondo, et al., 2012) The ladybeetle Anovia punica has proven to be an excellent natural enemy of C. multicicatrices on San Andres Island, Colombia. (González & Kondo, 2014)
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (Replacement for erroneous key in Kondo & Unruh, 2009)]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South Anerica].
CITATIONS: GaimarQuKo2012 [biological control, distribution: 26-27]; GonzalBeKo2012 [biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, illustration, taxonomy: 1-6]; GonzalKo2014 [biological control, distribution: 1-6]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; KondoBeQu2014 [distribution, host: 63-72]; KondoGuPo2012 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 2, 3-13]; KondoLoQu2010 [biological control: 7-13]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-100]; SilvaGQuYe2013 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy: 654-665].
Crypticerya palmeri (Riley & Howard)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya palmeri Riley & Howard, 1890b: 103. Type data: MEXICO: Sonora, San Jose de Guamas, 9 miles north of Guamas, on grape [Muscat of Alexandria grapevine]; collected Edward Palmer, June 22, 1887. Lectotype nymphal stages, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 38. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: nymphal stages. Illust.
Crypticerya palmeri; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 26. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: iceria de Palmer [Lizery1938].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant [Bartle1978c]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Brethesiella flavus (Timberlake) [Noyes2004, TrjapiTr2006].
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Coursetia [TownseCo1898, Foldi1995a], Medicago [Bartle1978c]. Poaceae [Lizery1938]. Rosaceae: Acaena argentea [Lizery1938]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [RileyHo1890b, Bartle1978c].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n] (Sonora [RileyHo1890b, TownseCo1898, Lizery1938]). Neotropical: Argentina [Lizery1938]; Chile [Vayssi1926, Lizery1938, Bartle1978c].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Unruh (2008). Description of first instar nymph by Riley & Howard (1890). Description of adult female by Townsend & Cockerell (1898) and Vayssière (1926).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Reported as a serious pest of alfalfa, grapevine and ornamental in Chile (Bartlett, 1978c).
KEYS: Unruh 2008: 8 (fenale) [Crypticerya species of southeastern USA and Mexico]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Riley & Howard 1890b: 106 (female, nymph) [Palearctic].
CITATIONS: Bartle1978c [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 136]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue, economic importance: 204]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, distribution: 3]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy: 81]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 25]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 176]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Lizery1938 [host, distribution: 347]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy: 274]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,209,225]; Newste1897b [host, distribution: 170]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; RileyHo1890b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-105]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 167-169]; TrjapiTr2006 [biological control: 11-12]; Unruh2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-26]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 37-38]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 319,334-336]; WilliaGuEn2006 [host, distribution: 269].
Crypticerya pimentae (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Llaveia primitiva pimentae Newstead, 1917a: 2. Type data: JAMAICA: on 'pimento' (=Pimenta officinalis, 1916, collected A.H. Ritchie. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Crypticerya primitiva pimentae; Vayssière, 1926: 316. Change of combination.
Crypticerya pimentae; Morrison, 1928: 226. Change of status.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Pimenta officinalis [Newste1917a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Jamaica [Newste1917a].
SYSTEMATICS: Unruh & Gullan (2008b) noted that Crypticerya pimentae and C. abrahami and C. rosae, differ from all other species of Crypticerya because the adult females form neither an ovisac nor a marsupium. Adult females typically do not have elaborate waxy secretion on the dorsal surface and the derm is often very dark in colour and becomes very convex and sclerotized with age. These species are morphologically identical, but have a wide geographic range and are not genetically identical (Unruh & Gullan, 2008).
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (Replacement for erroneous key in Kondo & Unruh (2009))]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South America]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 159]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 199]; KondoGuPo2012 [taxonomy: 6-7]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 203, 226]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2-3]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38-39]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 313, 316-317]; Vayssi1929 [taxonomy: 82].
Crypticerya rileyi (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya (Proticerya) rileyi Cockerell, 1895z: 15. Type data: USA: New Mexico, Las Cruces, on Creosote bush (Larrea); collected Cockerell, 20 November 1894. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 39. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Icerya (Proticerya) rileyi; Cockerell, 1899n: 4. Change of combination.
Icerya rileyi larreae Cockerell, 1902o: 82. Type data: MEXICO: Chihuahua, plain at base of Cerro Chilicote, on Larrea; collected T. + B. Cy. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 39. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. #31. Described: female. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 39.
Crypticerya rileyi; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 28. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Larrea [Cocker1895z, Foldi1995a], Prosopis [Cocker1895z], Prosopis velutina [Ferris1919a]. Zygophyllaceae: Covillea glutinosa [Ferris1919a], Larrea [Cocker1902o].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Chihuahua [Cocker1899n], Chihuahua [Cocker1902o]). Nearctic: Mexico (Durango [Foldi1995a]); United States of America (Arizona [Unruh2008], New Mexico [Cocker1895z, Cocker1899n, Ferris1919a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson & Foldi (2006). Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Unruh (2008). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).Description of first instar nymph by Cockerell (1902o).
SYSTEMATICS: Cockerell (1902o) distinguished this sub-species from Icerya rileyi rileyi by differences in characters of the nymphs.
KEYS: Unruh 2008: 8 (female) [Crypticerya species of southeasten USA and Mexico]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 218]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 217-218]; Cocker1897p [host, distribution: 588]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, distribution: 4]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy: 81]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 81-82]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 281-282]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 27]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11-12]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 176]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 204]; HodgsoFo2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-173]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 796]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 203, 208, 209, 226]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 208, 209, 224, 226]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 44]; Unruh2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-30]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 39-40]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 319]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 217].
Crypticerya rosae (Riley & Howard)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya rosae Riley & Howard, 1890: 333. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Key West, on rose. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 30. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Unruh & Gullan (2008) also designated paralecttype of first-instar nymph.
Icerya (Crypticerya) rosae; Cockerell, 1895z: 15. Change of combination.
Crypticerya rosae; Cockerell, 1899n: 4. Change of combination.
Palaeococcus rosae; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: rose Icerya [RileyHo1890b].
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Brethesiella iceryae (Howard) [Noyes2004, TrjapiTr2006].
HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda mimosifolia [MatileEt2006]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [Martor1976]. Fabaceae: Haematoxylum campechianum [Martor1976], Pithecellobium unguis-cati [MatileEt2006], Prosopis [TownseCo1898, Foldi1995a]. Flacourtiaceae: Casearia aculeata [Martor1976]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia punicifolia [Martor1976]. Pinaceae: Pinus caribaea [MatileEt2006]. Rosaceae: Rosa [RileyHo1890]. Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon obovatum [MatileEt2006]. Zygophyllaceae: Guaiacum officinale [Martor1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Oaxaca [TownseCo1898, Foldi1995a]); United States of America (Florida [RileyHo1890]). Neotropical: Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Mexico (Chiapas [Foldi1995a]); Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Riley & Howard (1890, 1890b), Morrison (1928) and by Unruh & Gullan (2008). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Unruh & Gullan (2008). The redescription and illustration, under this name, by Vayssière (1926: 317-318) was based on material (sent to him by E.E. Green) collected by Froggatt in 1899 in Sydney, Australia, on Grevillea aleoides.
SYSTEMATICS: Unruh & Gullan (2008b) noted that Crypticerya rosae and C. abrahami and C. pimentae, differ from all other species of Crypticerya because the adult females form neither an ovisac nor a marsupium. Adult females typically do not have elaborate waxy secretion on the dorsal surface and the derm is often very dark in colour and becomes very convex and sclerotized with age. These species are morphologically identical, but have a wide geographic range and are not genetically identical (Unruh & Gullan, 2008).
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (Replacement for erroneous key in Kondo & Unruh (2009))]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South America]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya]; Riley & Howard 1890b: 106 (female, nymph) [Palearctic].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 159-160]; Castel1952 [taxonomy: 26]; Cocker1893ll [host, distribution, life history: 608]; Cocker1895z [taxonomy: 15]; Cocker1899c [taxonomy: 43]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, distribution: 4]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy: 80]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 233]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 22]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 176]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 199]; KondoGuPo2012 [taxonomy: 6-7]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 43,49,56,61,128,131]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy: 274]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 175]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-203,226]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 217]; RileyHo1890 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333]; RileyHo1890b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-97]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 168]; TrjapiTr2006 [biological control: 12-13]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, molecular data, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 40-41]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313,317-318].
Crypticerya similis (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya similis Morrison, 1927: 108. Type data: PANAMA: Cocoplum, near Bocas del Toro, on Cocos nucifera. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Crypticerya similis; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 28. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Morris1927]. Fabaceae: Cassia fistula [Morris1927]. Guttiferae: Clusia alba [Morris1927]. Rutaceae: Citrus [QuezadCoDi1972].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972]; Panama [Morris1927]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Morris1927]).
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (Replacement for erroneous key in Kondo & Unruh (2009))]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South America]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 224]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 204]; KondoGuPo2012 [taxonomy: 6-7]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 108-109]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 211, 226]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution, economic importance: 22-23]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41-42].
Crypticerya subandina (Leonardi)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya subandina Leonardi, 1911: 238. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Bulnesia retama. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
Crypticerya subandina; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 28. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Piptadenia macrocarpa [Lizery1938]. Zygophyllaceae: Bulnesia retama [Leonar1911, Lizery1938].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Mendoza [Lizery1938], Tucuman [Lizery1917a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Lizer y Trelles (1917a).
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (Replacement for erroneous key in Kondo & Unruh (2009))]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South America]; Unruh & Gullan 2008: b (female) [Species of Crypticerya]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 224-225]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 204]; KondoGuPo2012 [taxonomy: 6-7]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-240]; Lizery1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 244-246]; Lizery1938 [host, distribution: 173-174]; Lizery1939 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 173-174]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 210, 227]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy: 84]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 42-43]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 320].
Crypticerya tabernicola (Ferris)NOMENCLATURE:
Steatococcus tabernicolus Ferris, 1921: 70. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, near La Rivera, on Prosopis sp.; collected July 1919 by G.F. Ferris. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 44. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.
Crypticerya tabernicola; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 28. Change of combination.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Brethesiella mojavae Trjapitsin & Trjapitsin [TrjapiTr2006].
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Prosopis [Ferris1921]. Zygophyllaceae: Larrea divaricata [Unruh2008], Larrea tridentata [Unruh2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921]); United States of America (California [Unruh2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Unruh (2008). Description of adult female and first-instar nymph by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh 2008: 8 (female) [Crypticerya species of southeastern USA and Mexico]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya]; Morrison 1928: 218 (female) [Species of Steatococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 275]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 70]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 214, 218, 227]; TrjapiTr2006 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-16]; Unruh2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-33]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 43-44]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 307].
Crypticerya thibaudi FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Crypticerya thibaudi Foldi, 2010: 295-299. Type data: EGYPT: Western Sahara, Djebel Uweimat, at Wadi Karkur Talh, on Acacia tortilis raddiana; collected Th. Thibaud 16 February 1980. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia tortilis raddiana [Foldi2010].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Foldi2010].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Foldi (2010).
KEYS: Foldi 2010: 290 (female) [Crypticerya species of the Mediterranean region].
CITATIONS: Foldi2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 295-299].
Crypticerya townsendi (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya (Crypticerya) townsendi Cockerell, 1896o: 201. Type data: USA: New Mexico, Mescalero Reservation, a short distance below the Agency, at base of stems of Gutierrezia sarothrae; collected October 2, 1896. Lectotype female, . Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Icerya townsendi plucheae Cockerell, 1896o: 202. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Mesilla, on Pluchea borealis; collected Townsend. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 32.
Crypticerya townsendi; Cockerell, 1899a: 390. Change of combination.
Crypticerya plucheae; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of status.
Palaeococcus plucheae; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination.
Palaeococcus townsendi; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination.
Steatococcus plucheae; Ferris, 1921: 69. Change of combination.
Steatococcus townsendi; Ferris, 1921: 69. Change of combination.
Crypticerya townsendi; Unruhe & Gullan, 2008: 32. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: Townsend margarodid [Gill1993].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia eriocentra [Gill1993], Bahia chrysanthemoides [Vayssi1926], Grindelia squarrosa [Vayssi1926], Gutierrezia sarothrae [Cocker1896o, Vayssi1926], Guttierezia [Unruh2008], Peucephyllum schottii [Gill1993], Picradenia florabunda [Vayssi1926], Pluchea [Gill1993], Pluchea borealis [Cocker1896o], Townsendia grandiflora [Vayssi1926].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Gill1993], New Mexico [Cocker1896o, Gill1993, Unruh2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Cockerell (1896o), Vayssiere (1929) and by Gill (1993). Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Unruh (2008).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 5 mm long; subglobose or round; dark-pink or purple; covered with a thin white or yellow mealy secretion, which is arranged in dorsal and sublateral series of wart-like prominences (Gill, 1993).
KEYS: Unruh 2008: 8 (female) [Crypticerya species of southeastern USA and Mexico]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya]; Morrison 1928: 218 (female) [Species of Steatococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 275-276]; Cocker1896o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 201-202]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 390]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 233]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 22]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy: 69]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47,65]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 214,218,226,227]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 44]; Unruh2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-37]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 44-45]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 307]; Vayssi1929 [taxonomy, description: 86]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 217].
Crypticerya tuberculata (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Steatococcus tuberculatus Morrison, 1941: 140. Type data: MEXICO: Oaxaca State, Oaxaca, on Acacia pennatula; collected Sally Hughes-Schrader, November 1933. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 41-1. Described: female.
Crypticerya tuberculata; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 28. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia pennatula [Morris1941], Caesalpinia coriaria [Foldi1995a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Oaxaca [Morris1941, Foldi1995a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Unruh (2008).
KEYS: Unruh 2008: 8 (female) [Crypticerya species of southeastern USA and Mexico]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 276]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 177]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; Hughes1946 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 43-84]; Morris1941 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140-141]; Moses1966 [structure, chromosomes: 391]; MosesWi1970 [structure: 373-429]; Nebel1957 [structure, chromosomes: 51-56]; Unruh2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-40]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 45-46].
Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya zeteki Cockerell, 1914: 148. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, on stems of an undetermined plant, having dark red colour externally and much white pith within; collected by Mr. James Zetek. Lectotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Crypticerya zeteki; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 24. Change of combination.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b)
SYSTEMATICS: Icerya zeteki was listed as a synonym of Icerya brasiliensis in the catalogue of Margarodidae (Ben-Dov, 2005: 193), and the synonymy was attributed to Vayssiere (1929). Later, Unruh & Gullan (2008: 24-25) discussed this synonymy and concluded as follows: In fact, Vayssiere redescribed I. Zeteki and considered synonymizing the two species, but did not do so because he wanted to examine more material (Vayssie` re, 1929: 85). He (Vayssiere) discussed comments made by Cockerell about the external similarity of I. Zeteki and I. Brasiliensis (Cockerell, 1914b). Vayssiere's description of I. Zeteki was based on non-type material and his redescription of I. Brasiliensis was based on material from Green's collection that derived from Hempel's collection (Vayssiere, 1926: 321). Unruh & Gullan (2008) transferred Icerya zeteki and f Icerya brasiliensis to Crypticerya, treated them as distinct species, and indicated that adult females of C. zeteki and C. brasiliensis differ by the number of ventral cicatrices (seven and three, respectively), yet Vayssiere did not discuss these structures in either of his descriptions.
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (Replacement for erroneous key in Kondo & Unruh (2009))]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South America]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 25-26 (female) [Species of Crypticerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005 [catalogue: 193]; Cocker1914b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 148]; KondoGuPo2012 [taxonomy: 3, 6-7]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution].
Cryptokermes HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Cryptokermes Hempel, 1900a: 380,398. Type species: Cryptokermes brasiliensis Hempel, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris (1918a) and by Morrison (1928).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1928) distinguished the adult female of this genus, and related genera (Ultracoelostoma, Paracoelostoma, Mimosicerya and Cryptokermes, mainly in possessing reduced antennae. He also noted that the anal tube of the preadult females was often retained within that of the adult, which may suggest that they are pupillarial. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
KEYS: Foldi 2009: 26-27 [Genera of Coelostomidiidae in Neotrpical region]; Morrison 1928: 96-97 (female, larva) [Margarodidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 30-31]; Ferris1918a [taxonomy, description: 221-222]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 199]; Foldi2009 [taxonomy: 26-27]; FoldiGu2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, phylogenetics, structure, taxonomy: 11, 12-20]; GullanSj2001 [taxonomy: 257-278]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description: 380, 398-399]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, description: 87]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 96-97, 100-108, 219]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 50].
Cryptokermes brasiliensis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Cryptokermes brasiliensis Hempel, 1900a: 398. Type data: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais State, Pocos de Caldas, On Schinus sp. Syntypes, female, . Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus [Hempel1900a]. Vitaceae: Vitis bourquina [FoldiSo1989].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais [Hempel1900a], Rio Grande do Sul [FoldiSo1989]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of nymph and adult female by Ferris (1918a) and by Morrison (1928).
KEYS: Foldi 2011: 484 (female, adult) [A key to Species of Cryptokermes Hempel Based on Adult Females]; Morrison 1928: 104 (female, larva) [Species of Cryptokermes].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 31]; Ferris1918a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-225]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 199]; Foldi2011 [taxonomy: 484]; FoldiSo1989 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 413]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-399]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-104, 222].
Cryptokermes mimosae FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Cryptokermes mimosae Foldi, 1995a: 173. Type data: MEXICO: Durango, La Mapimi, on Mimosa sp., 25.v.1987, Coll. I. Foldi. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Mimosa [Foldi1995a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Durango [Foldi1995a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Foldi (1995a). Detailed redescription in French in Foldi (2011).
SYSTEMATICS: Foldi & Gullan (2014) determined that Cryptokermes mimosae Foldi does not fit the present morphological concept of Cryptokermes or any other named genus. They recommend further study of its position in the family.
KEYS: Foldi 2011: 484 (female, adult) [A key to Species of Cryptokermes Hempel Based on Adult Females].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 31-32]; Foldi1995a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-173]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 199]; Foldi2011 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 484,488-493].
Cryptokermes oaxacaensis FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Cryptokermes oaxacaensis Foldi, 2011: 484-487. Type data: MEXICO: Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 11 mi. N. Miltepec, on Prosopis sp., 3/3/1972, by D.R. Miller. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Prosopis sp. [Foldi2011]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Oaxaca [Foldi2011]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in French in Foldi, 2011.
KEYS: Foldi 2011: 484 (female, adult) [A key to Species of Cryptokermes Hempel Based on Adult Females].
CITATIONS: Foldi2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 483-493].
Drosicha WalkerNOMENCLATURE:
Drosicha Walker, 1858: 306. Type species: Drosicha contrahens Walker, by monotypy and original designation.
Drosycha; Signoret, 1876: 351. Misspelling of genus name.
Villigera Karsch, 1877: 16. Type species: Villigera frauenfeldi Karsch, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Williams, 2002: 338.
Monophlebus (Drosicha); Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of status.
Cockerellella MacGillivray, 1921: 71. Type species: Monophlebus townsendi Cockerell, by monotypy. Synonymy by Morrison, 1928: 163.
Greenacoccus MacGillivray, 1921: 474. Replacement name for Greeniella MacGillivray, 1921; synonymy by Morrison, 1928: 163.
Greenella; MacGillivray, 1921: 75. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Mis-spelling of "Greeniella".
Greeniella MacGillivray, 1921: 75. Type species: Monophlebus stebbingii Stebbing. Synonymy by Morrison, 1928: 163. Homonym of Greeniella Cockerell, 1897.
Warajicoccus Kuwana, 1922: 7. Type species: Monophlebus corpulentus Kuwana, by original designation. Synonymy by Morrison, 1928: 163.
Drosiche; Kuwana, 1931b: 163. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Morrison (1927), Vayssiere (1926), Borchsenius (1950b), Danzig (1980b) and by Williams & Watson (1990).
SYSTEMATICS: Tang & Hao (1995) discussed the problem of the taxonomic identity of the type species. The generic name Greeniella was used in scale insect nomenclature for two zoologically different entities. Greeniella MacGillivray, 1921 (type species: Monophlebus stebbingii Stebbing) is a junior homonym of Greeniella Cockerell, and a junior synonym of Drosicha Walker in the Margarodidae. Ben-Dov & Williams (2002) examined the literature pertinent to Drosicha and Villigera and confirmed that the latter is a synonym of Drosicha. Greeniella Cockerell, 1897q (type species: Aonidia cornigera Green) is a valid genus in the Diaspididae. Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are: membranous derm; antenna 8 or 9-segmented; labium three-segmented, elongate; seven pairs of abdominal spiracles; anal opening simple, surrounded by a dense cluster of hairs and setae; with three ventral cicatrices, placed behind vulva. The adult male of this genus is characterized in the abdomen bearing variable number (two to six pairs) of well-developed fleshy tassels.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 128-129, 612-613 (male) [China, Asia]; Tang & Hao 1995: 129-130, 611 (female) [China, Asia]; Jashenko 1994: 38-39 (male) [Palearctic]; Jashenko 1994c: 37-38 (female) [Palearctic]; Williams & Watson 1990: 15-16 (female) [Margarodidae Genera of Tropical South pacific]; Yang 1982: 18-19 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 86 (female) [Genera of Far East Russia]; Beardsley 1966: 391 (female) [Genera of Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1950b: 32 (female) [Genera of USSR]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 427 (female) [Monophlebinae]; Morrison 1920: 149 (female) [Philippines].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy: 394]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 160-161]; BenDovWi2002 [taxonomy: 338]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy: 32,42-43]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 233]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 86-87]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 18-19]; Ferris1922b [taxonomy: 248]; Ferris1955c [taxonomy: 32]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 422]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 199]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; GullanSj2001 [taxonomy: 257-278]; HodgsoFo2006 [taxonomy: 144]; Jashen1994c [taxonomy: 26,37-39]; Karsch1877 [taxonomy: 16]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 2]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 85]; Kuwana1922 [taxonomy, description: 1-7]; Kuwana1927 [taxonomy: 70]; Kuwana1931b [taxonomy: 163]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 184,186,197,198]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 70,74,75,395,474]; MkrtchSa2001 [structure, taxonomy: 167-168]; Morris1920 [taxonomy: 149,157]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 18-26,160-172,219]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 2,43,86,87,202]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 43,63,87,204]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 174-177]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description: 350-354]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 125-130,560-561]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 2]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 427]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 258,273-274]; Walker1858 [taxonomy, description: 306]; Westwo1845 [taxonomy: 21-22]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 16-18]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description: 19]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 19,32].
Drosicha afganica JashenkoNOMENCLATURE:
Drosicha afganica Jashenko, 1994c: 36. Type data: AFGHANISTAN: South-East Afghanistan, Jalalabad, on branches of Mespilus sp., 21.vii.1966, coll. E. Sugonjaev. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rosaceae: Mespilus [Jashen1994c].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Jashen1994c].
BIOLOGY: Adults emerge at the end of June (Jashenko, 1999).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Jashenko (1994c).
KEYS: Jashenko 1994c: 37 (female) [Palearctic].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 161]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 199]; Jashen1994c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37]; Jashen1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 44].
Drosicha burmeisteri (Westwood)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus burmeisteri Westwood, 1845: 22. Type data: Locality and host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Described: male. Illust. Notes: Depository of type material unknown. No material was found by Yair Ben-Dov at the Natural History Museum, Oxford, UK, during a visit on December 15, 2002.
Monophloebus burmeisteri; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Misspelling of genus name.
Drosicha burmeisteri; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus [Takaha1942b]. Dipterocarpaceae: Dipterocarpus [Takaha1942b]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Takaha1942b]. Lauraceae: Machilus [Takaha1942b]. Pinaceae: Pinus [Kuwana1902].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Takaha1942b]. Palaearctic: Japan (Kyushu [Kuwana1902]).
SYSTEMATICS: Described from the adult male only (Westwood, 1845).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 611-613 (male, female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 162]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Cocker1916 [taxonomy: 236]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 18]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 422]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 199]; Kuwana1902 [host, distribution: 46]; Lindin1954 [taxonomy: 616]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 169,222]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 179]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 845]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 364-365]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 724]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267]; Westwo1845 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 32].
Drosicha contrahens WalkerNOMENCLATURE:
Drosicha contrahens Walker, 1858: 306. Type data: CHINA: North China; from Mr. Fortune's collection. Holotype male. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male.
Monophlebus contrahens; Cockerell, 1902q: 232. Change of combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Microterys drosichaphagus Xu [Noyes2004], Microterys shaanxiensis Xu [Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Phyllanthus [Green1922]. Lauraceae: Persea gratissima [Tao1999]. Moraceae: Morus [TangHa1995]. Rosaceae: Malus pumila [Tao1999], Pyrus communis [Tao1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Tao1999], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Tao1999], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Tao1999], Yunnan [Tao1999], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Tao1999]); Sri Lanka [Signor1876]; Taiwan [Tao1999]. Palaearctic: China [Walker1858, TangHa1995] (Hebei (=Hopei) [Tao1999, XuSuWu1999], Jilin (=Kirin) [Tao1999], Liaoning [Tao1999], Shandong (=Shantung) [Tao1999]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Morrison (1928) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
STRUCTURE: The general appearance (in colour illustration) of the adult female is given by Green (1922).
SYSTEMATICS: Walker's (1858) type is labelled as from North China (see Green, 1923c). Signoret's (1876) redescription was based on material from Sri Lanka, as well as the one by Green (1922). However, Green (1923c: 168) concluded that his 1922 record of contrahens from Sri Lanka was a misidentification of Monophlebus (Drosicha) phyllanthi Green, 1923c.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of tree crops such as apple, pear, peach, walnut, poplar and chestnut in several provinces of China (Xu et al, 1999).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 128-130, 611-613 (male, female) [China, Asia]; Morrison 1928: 169 (male) [Species of Drosicha].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue, economic importance: 162-163]; Chu1934 [taxonomy, description, illustration, life history, biological control: 77-92]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 18]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 422]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 431-433]; Green1923c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-169]; Kaweck1965a [taxonomy, structure: 205-211]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; Kuwana1927 [host, distribution: 70]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-169, 223]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 422]; Shiau1990 [taxonomy: 1-129]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354-356]; SrivasAw1958 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 243-244]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130, 561, 681]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 274]; WadhiBa1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 227-260]; Walker1858 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 306]; XuSuWu1999 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 52-54]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 32].
Drosicha corpulenta (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus corpulenta Kuwana, 1902: 46. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, on trunk of Quercus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Drosicha corpulenta; Cockerell, 1902r: 318. Change of combination.
Warajicoccus corpulenta; Kuwana, 1922: 7. Change of combination.
Drosicha corplenta; Shi & Liu, 1991: 161. Misspelling of species name.
ASSOCIATES: FLAVOBACTERIA : Candidatus Walszuchella monoplebidarum [RosenbSaSa2012, RosasPRoRi2014]. LEPIDOPTERA Arctiidae: Nudina artaxidia [KomatsIt2013].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Rodolia concolor [Jashen1999b], Rodolia limbatus Motschulsky [Kuwana1922, Jashen1999b]. DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum grandicorne Rondani [Kuwana1922], Cryptochaetum nipponense Tokun [Cadahi1984], Cryptochaetum smaragdinum [Jashen1999b]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus [Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer barbinerve [Danzig1980b], Acer mono [Danzig1980b]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex integra [Kuwana1922]. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [Kuwana1922]. Asteraceae: Petasites japonica [Kuwana1922]. Berberidaceae: Mahonia japonica [Kuwana1922]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum tomentosum [Kuwana1922]. Cornaceae: Cornus officinalis [Kuwana1922]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Kuwana1922]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus longipes [Kuwana1922], Elaeagnus pungens [Kuwana1922]. Fabaceae: Cercis sinensis [Kuwana1922], Gleditsia japonica [Kuwana1922]. Fagaceae: Castanea vulgaris [Kuwana1922], Pasania cuspidata [Kuwana1922], Pasania glabra [Kuwana1922], Quercus [Kuwana1902, Danzig1980b], Quercus acuta [Kuwana1922], Quercus dentata [Kuwana1922], Quercus mongolica [Tao1999], Quercus serrata [Kuwana1922]. Guttiferae: Hypericum patulum [Kuwana1922]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [Kuwana1922]. Magnoliaceae: Liriodendron tulipifera [Kuwana1922]. Malvaceae: Malvaviscus abroreus [MartinLa2011]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [Kuwana1922]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus vulgaris [Kuwana1922]. Rosaceae: Amelanchier asiatica [Kuwana1922], Malus [TangHa1995], Malus pumila [Tao1999], Prunus persica [Kuwana1922], Pyrus malus [Kuwana1922], Pyrus sinensis [Kuwana1922], Sorbaria sorbifolia [Kuwana1922], Spiraea japonica [Kuwana1922]. Rutaceae: Xanthoxylum piperitum [Kuwana1922]. Theaceae: Taonabo japonica [Kuwana1922], Thea sasanqua [Kuwana1922]. Ulmaceae: Celtis sinensis [Kuwana1922]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber mioga [Kuwana1922].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Tao1999], Hubei (=Hupei) [Tao1999], Hunan [Tao1999], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Tao1999, LiuXu2000], Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) [Tao1999], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Tao1999], Yunnan [Tao1999], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001b]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]. Palaearctic: China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Tao1999], Beijing (=Peking) [TangHa1995], Henan (=Honan) [Wu1999b, XuSuWu1999], Liaoning [Tao1999, XuSuWu1999], Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tao1999], Shandong (=Shantung) [Tao1999, XuSuWu1999], Shanxi (=Shansi) [TangHa1995, Tao1999, XuSuWu1999], Xingiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) [Tao1999], Xizang (=Tibet) [Tao1999]); Japan [Kuwana1902, Kuwana1922, Kawai1980, Danzig1980b]; North Korea [Danzig1980b]; Russia (Khabarovsk Kray [Danzig1980b], Primor'ye Kray [Borchs1950b, Danzig1980b]); South Korea [KwonHa2003].
BIOLOGY: In Japan it develops one annual generation. Adult male and females appear in April-May while oviposition is in May-June (Kuwana, 1922). For a detailed account on life history and seasonal history see Kuwana (1922).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1928), Danzig (1980b), Jashenko (1994c) and by Tang & Hao (1995). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Jashenko (1994c).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 16 mm long, 7 mm wide; brown, legs and antenna black; thinly covered with a white cottony secretion, which is thicker on the venter (Kuwana, 1902). Colour photograph by Kawai (1980).
SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439510 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Recorded as a serious pest to willows in China, Beijing (1954-1956) and to apples in China, Shanxi (Tang & Hao, 1995).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 128-130, 611-613 (male, female) [China, Asia]; Jashenko 1994c: 38 (female) [Palearctic]; Jashenko 1994c: 38 (male) [Palearctic]; Borchsenius 1950b: 43-44 (female) [USSR]; Morrison 1928: 169 (male) [Species of Drosicha].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue, economic importance: 163-165]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 43-44]; Cadahi1984 [biological control: 181]; Chen1984 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 32]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Cocker1902r [taxonomy: 318]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 18]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 422-423]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Ghesqu1943 [distribution, biological control: 400]; Jashen1994c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-29]; Jashen1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 43, 47]; Jashen1999b [biological control: 160-162]; JiaMaWa2001 [chemical control: 39-40]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 86]; KomatsIt2013 [ecology: 1-3]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-47]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 178]; Kuwana1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 8-29]; KwonHa2003 [host, distribution: 279-288]; LiuWaZh2002 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 63-64]; LiuXu2000 [host, distribution: 33-35]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 45]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-169, 223]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; RosasPRoRi2014 [chemistry, molecular data: 719]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 422]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 1-17]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131, 561]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2]; TianWaLu2002 [host, distribution: 239]; Vayssi1914b [taxonomy: 335]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 274]; WangWuDo2005 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 412-415]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy: 16]; Wu1999b [host, distribution: 231]; Wu2001b [economic importance: 250]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-21]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieZhWa2004 [host, distribution, control: 65-66]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 32]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66].
Drosicha dalbergiae (Stebbing)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus dalbergiae Stebbing, 1902: 142. Type data: INDIA: Sutlej valley, at elevations between 2300 and 3500 feet, on "Sissu"; June 1901. Syntypes, both sexes. Described: both sexes.
Drosicha dalbergiae; Vayssière, 1926: 274. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.
Drosicha dalbergiae; Morrison, 1928: 223. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Dalbergia sissoo [Stebbi1902].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (West Bengal [Vayssi1926]); Taiwan [Tao1999].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Vayssière (1926) and by Morrison (1928). Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson & Foldi (2006).
SYSTEMATICS: Stebbing (1902) credited the authorship to "Green in litt.", however, this publication validated the species and the author is Stebbing.
KEYS: Hodgson & Foldi 2006: 173-174 (male) [Males of Monophlebidae]; Tang & Hao 1995: 128-130, 611-613 (male, female) [China, Asia]; Morrison 1928: 169-170 (female, male) [Species of Drosicha].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 165]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 238-245]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 291]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 15]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; HodgsoFo2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-150]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 796]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 169, 170, 223]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 422]; Shiau1990 [taxonomy: 1-129]; Stebbi1902 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 142-144]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 131-132]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 274-275]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 35].
Drosicha frauenfeldi (Karsch)NOMENCLATURE:
Cecidomyia sp. Frauenfeld, 1859: 247. Nomen nudum.
Villigera frauenfeldi Karsch, 1877: 16. Type data: HONG KONG: host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Described: male. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Villigera frauengeldi; Kuwana, 1927: 70. Misspelling of species name.
Villigera frauengeldi; Kuwana, 1927: 70. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Kaisck" as author.
Drosicha frauenfeldi; Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 202. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [Karsch1877].
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison & Morrison (1966: 202) studied the original description of Villigera frauenfeldi and concluded that it represents the male of a species of Drosicha.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 165-166]; BenDovWi2002 [taxonomy: 338]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Frauen1859 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 247-248]; Gagne1973 [taxonomy: 517]; Karsch1877 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 16]; Kuwana1927 [taxonomy, distribution: 70]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 45]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 202].
Drosicha howardi (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus maskelli; Kuwana, 1907: 178. Misidentification; discovered by Kuwana, 1922: 40.
Warajicoccus howardi Kuwana, 1922: 40. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, from 12 species of host plants. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: ITLA. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Drosicha howardi; Vayssière, 1926: 274. Change of combination.
Drosicha kowardi; Vayssière, 1926: 274. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum odoratisimum [Kuwana1922]. Celastraceae: Euonymus europeus hamiltoniana [Kuwana1922]. Fabaceae: Acacia armata [Kuwana1922], Wisteria chinensis multiguga [Kuwana1922]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus syriacus [Kuwana1922]. Philadelphaceae: Deutzia scabra crenata [Kuwana1922]. Rosaceae: Kerria japonica [Kuwana1922], Prunus yezoensis [Kuwana1922], Rosa indica [Kuwana1922]. Rutaceae: Citrus [TangHa1995]. Sambucaceae: Sambucus racemosa [Kuwana1922]. Theaceae: Thea sinensis [Kuwana1922]. Ulmaceae: Zelkova acuminata [Kuwana1922].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Gansu (=Kansu) [TangHa1995]); Japan [Kuwana1922, Kawai1980].
BIOLOGY: In Japan, develops one annual generation. Oviposition during June and hatching in March of next year (Kuwana, 1922).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female, adult male and nymphs given by Kuwana (1922).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 8 mm long, 5 mm wide; colour pale orange with yellowish margin; ventral surface pale brownish-yellow (Kuwana, 1922). Colour photograph by Kawai (1980).
SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439511 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 128-130, 611-613 (male, female) [China, Asia]; Morrison 1928: 169 (male) [Species of Drosicha].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 166]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 423]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 86]; Kuwana1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 40-50]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 167, 169, 224]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 132-133, 562]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 274]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66].
Drosicha jujubae (Buckton)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizobius jujubae Buckton, 1883: 181. Type data: INDIA: in the neighbourhood of Kaladhughi, on the roots of Ziziphus jujubae; collected by Mr. Octavius Greig. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Ortheziopa jujubae; Lindinger, 1937: 192. Change of combination.
Drosicha jujubae; Morrison, 1952: 76. Change of combination.
HOST: Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujubae [Buckto1883].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Buckto1883].
BIOLOGY: Collected from roots of Ziziphus jujubae where it was attended by ants (Buckton, 1883, 1899).
SYSTEMATICS: Buckton twice described this species as an aphid, while seriously confusing its identity. Buckton (1883: 192) described it "size of body, 1.52 mm x 0.88 mm", however, Buckton (1899: 278) recorded the "size 16 x 7 mm. Laing (1923) examined Buckton's slides and concluded that they belonged to a monophlebid scale insect. Lindinger (1937: 192) assigned the species to the Ortheziidae. Morrison (1952: 76) and Doncaster (1973: 61) accepted its placement in the Margarodidae.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 167]; Buckto1883 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 181-182]; Buckto1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 277-278]; Doncas1973 [taxonomy: 61]; Laing1923 [taxonomy: 247]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 192]; Morris1952 [taxonomy: 76].
Drosicha koreiensis JashenkoNOMENCLATURE:
Drosicha koreiensis Jashenko, 1994c: 36. Type data: KOREA: Pyongyang, on Morus sp., 6.vii.1950, coll. N.S. Borchsenius. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 244-51. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Moraceae: Morus [Jashen1994c].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: North Korea [Jashen1994c].
BIOLOGY: Adults emerge in July (Jashenko, 1999).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Jashenko (1994c).
KEYS: Jashenko 1994c: 38 (female) [Palearctic].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 167]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Jashen1994c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36]; Jashen1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 43].
Drosicha leachii (Westwood)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus leachii Westwood, 1845: 22. Type data: INDIA: 'habitat in Malabaria' [=Malabar = Kerala], host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Type depository: Oxford: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, England. Described: male. Notes: Westwood (1845: 22) referred to an earlier description in Zoological Journal No. 20, p. 452.
Monophloebus leachii; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Misspelling of genus name.
Drosicha leachii; Cockerell, 1902j: 233. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Westwo1845] (Westwood (1845) referred to the locality: "Habitat in Malabaria.")).
GENERAL REMARKS: Westwood (1845) referred to the locality: "Habitat in Malabaria." Malabar was the old name for Kerala, India.
KEYS: Morrison 1928: 170 (male) [Species of Drosicha].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 167-168]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Cocker1916 [taxonomy: 236]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 19]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Lindin1907a [taxonomy: 20]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 169-170,224]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 860]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 351,364-366]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 724]; Westwo1845 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 22].
Drosicha littorea BeardsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Drosicha littorea Beardsley, 1966: 394. Type data: FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA: Caroline Atolls, Asor Island, Ulithi, on Scaevola, October 6, 1952, collected Krauss. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 67966. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Tournefortia [Beards1966]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola [Beards1966].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966]); Fiji [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoLa2011].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966) and by Williams & Watson (1990).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 128-130, 611-613 (male, female) [China, Asia].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-396]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 168]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 27]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 133]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-18].
Drosicha mangiferae (Stebbing)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus stebbingii mangiferae Stebbing, 1903: 332. Type data: INDIA: Punjab, Shalamar mango garden, on mango; collected by F. Beadon Bryant, 1902. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: Stebbing (1903: 332) credited the authorship to Green, however the author is Stebbing.
Monophlebus stebbingi octocaudata Green, 1908a: 16. Type data: PAKISTAN: Lahore, Shalimar gardens, on mango. Syntypes, male. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male. Synonymy by Morrison, 1928: 169.
Drosicha octocaudata; Vayssière, 1926: 274. Change of status.
Drosicha mangiferae; Morrison, 1928: 169. Change of combination and rank.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus nigritus [Kalia1995a], Sumnius renardi [Kalia1995a]. FUNGI : Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) [MasarrSrHa1998].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Stebbi1903, Green1908a, AtwalBhSa1969]. Fabaceae: Cassia fistula [LalReKa1977], Tamarindus indicus [LalReKa1977]. Solanaceae: Withania somnifera [Bhagat2004]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Conway1951].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Punjab [Stebbi1903, AtwalBhSa1969], Uttar Pradesh [Srivas1958, LalReKa1977]); Pakistan [Green1908a, KararArSa2008, KararSaAr2010].
SYSTEMATICS: The description of the synonym Monophlebus stebingii octocaudata was from the male only (Green, 1908a). Phylogenetic analysis confirms that the mango mealybug belongs to the family Monophlebidae. Minor genetic differences in both the ITS1 and the COI barcode region were noted among D. mangiferae collected from different geographic localities. These genetic differences revealed the existence of two genotypes of D. mangiferae that are region specific but not host-specific. (Ashfaq, et al., 2011)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species has been reported as pest of mango in India (Atwal et al., 1969), of citrus in Madhya Pradesh, India (Saxena & Rawat, 1968, 1968a), of Tamarindus indicus and Cassia fistula in Uttar Pradesh, India (Lal et al., 1977) and of mango in Pakistan (Karar et al., 2010).
KEYS: Morrison 1928: 169-170 (female, male) [Species of Drosicha].
CITATIONS: AshfaqArNo2011 [molecular data: 553-559]; AtwalBhSa1969 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 107-114]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue, economic importance: 168-169]; Bhagat2004 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 1-14]; Butani1975 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 91-101]; Cocker1916 [taxonomy: 235]; Conway1951 [host, distribution, economic importance: 50]; DwivedSiKa2003 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 159-160]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 16-17]; Kalia1995 [biological control: 124-125]; Kalia1995a [biological control: 125-126]; KararArSa2008 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 273]; KararArSa2008a [biological control, economic importance, distribution: 295]; KararArSa2008b [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 297]; KararSaAr2010 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 223-229]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; LalReKa1977 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 30-31]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 548]; MasarrSrHa1998 [biological control: 74-75]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 163,169,170,224]; PruthiBa1960 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-113]; SaxenaRa1968 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 309-313]; SaxenaRa1968a [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 66-68]; SinghShSh1988 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 26-27]; Srivas1958 [host, distribution, chemical control, economic importance: 107-109]; Srivas1981 [chemical control: 148-152]; Srivas1981a [chemical control: 210-212]; Srivas1981b [chemical control: 225-229]; Srivas1997 [chemical control: 366-368]; Srivas1997a [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; SrivasAw1958 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 243-244]; SrivasBu1972 [biological control: 35]; SrivasFa1988 [biological control: 8-10]; SrivasSiPa1973 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 87-88]; SrivasTa1981 [chemical control: 193-195]; SrivasTa1983 [host, distribution, economic importance: 139-146]; Stebbi1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 332-334]; TandonLaSr1978 [host, distribution: 281]; TandonSr1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 243-244]; TrivedSr1986 [host, distribution, chemical control: 109-111]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 274]; Veeres1988 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 553-554]; VohraSh1993 [structure, anatomy: 39-42]; YadavSiKu2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 35-37].
Drosicha maskelli (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus burmeisteri Maskell, 1897: 327. Type data: HONG KONG: on Gardenia florida. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 25266. Described: female and first instar. Homonym of Monophlebus burmeisteri Westwood, 1841; discovered by Cockerell, 1902j: 718.
Monophlebus maskelli Cockerell, 1902j: 718. Described: female and first instar. Replacement name for Monophlebus burmeisteri Maskell, 1897.
Drosicha maskelli; Morrison, 1928: 169. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [TangHa1995], Ficus retusa [Tao1999], Morus alba [Kuwana1907]. Pinaceae: Pinus [Kuwana1907, Tao1999]. Rosaceae: Malus pumila [Tao1999], Prunus cerasus [Kuwana1907]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia florida [MorrisMo1923, Tao1999]. Rutaceae: Aegle sepiaria [Kuwana1907], Citrus [Kuwana1907], Citrus reticulata [MartinLa2011]. Theaceae: Thea sasanqua [Kuwana1907]. Ulmaceae: Zelkova acuminata [Kuwana1907]. Vitaceae: Vitis [Kuwana1907].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [MorrisMo1923, TangHa1995]. Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1907].
GENERAL REMARKS: Kuwana (1922) and Morrison & Morrison (1923) concluded that the original material of Monophlebus burmeisteri Maskell, 1897, contained one lot from Hong Kong on Gardenia florida and the other from Japan on Pinus. Therefore, they restricted Monophlebus burmeisteri Maskell, 1897, to the material from Hong Kong. The Japanese material was later described as [Warajicoccus pinicola Kuwana, 1922. Good description and illustration of the first instar nymph given by Morrison & Morrison (1923).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 128-130, 611-613 (male, female) [China, Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 169-170]; Cocker1902j [taxonomy: 718]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Cocker1916 [taxonomy: 236]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 50]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 19]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 423]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 178]; Kuwana1922 [taxonomy, description: 50-53]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 45]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 327]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 164-166, 169, 225]; Shiau1990 [taxonomy: 1-129]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 134, 562]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 3, 41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 35].
Drosicha minor ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Drosicha minor Reyne, 1965b: 181. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Karimondjawa Islands and an island in the Bay of Batavia, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands. Described: male. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Reyne1965b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: This species was described from the adult male only. Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Reyne (1965b).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 170]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 181-184].
Drosicha palavanica CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Drosicha palavanica Cockerell, 1916: 235. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Palawan, P. Proncesa, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: male.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Palawan [Cocker1916]).
SYSTEMATICS: This species was described from the adult male (Cockerell, 1916).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 611-613 (male, female) [Asia]; Morrison 1928: 170 (male) [Species of Drosicha].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 170]; Cocker1916 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 235-236]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 169, 170, 225]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 274].
Drosicha philippinensis (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus philippinensis Green, 1924a: 1. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Samar Island, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male. Illust.
Drosicha philippinensis; Morrison, 1928: 169. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Samar [Green1924a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult male by Green (1924a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is known only from the male (Green, 1924a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 171]; Green1924a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-3]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 169,225].
Drosicha pinicola (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Warajicoccus pinicola Kuwana, 1922: 29. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, on Pinus densiflora, P. thunbergi and P. koraiensis. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: ITLA. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Drosicha pinicola; Vayssière, 1926: 274. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: matsu no Waraji-kaigaramushi [Kuwana1922].
ASSOCIATES: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. FLAVOBACTERIA : Candidatus Walszuchella monophlebidarum [RosenbSaSa2012, RosasPRoRi2014].
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus densiflora [Kuwana1922], Pinus koraiensis [Kuwana1922], Pinus thunbergi [Kuwana1922].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Jashen1994c]). Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1922, Kawai1980]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Jashen1994c]).
BIOLOGY: In Japan it develops one annual generation. Adult males and female appear in April-May, eggs are oviposited in June, and hatching during December of the same year. A detailed account on life cycle and seasonal history given by Kuwana (1922).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female, adult male and nymphs given by Kuwana (1922). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Jashenko (1994c).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 128-130, 611-613 (male, female) [China, Asia]; Jashenko 1994c: 37 (female) [Palearctic]; Morrison 1928: 169 (male) [Species of Drosicha].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 171]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 423]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Jashen1994c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34, 36]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 86-87]; Kuwana1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 29-39]; Mao1986 [host, distribution, life history: 201-204]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 167, 169, 226]; RosasPRoRi2014 [chemistry, molecular data: 719]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Shiau1990 [taxonomy: 1-129]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 135]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 274].
Drosicha quadricaudata (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus quadricaudatus Green, 1922: 434. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, host plant not indicated; collected October 1911. Syntypes, male. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male. Illust.
Drosicha quadricaudatus; Morrison, 1928: 169. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922].
GENERAL REMARKS: This species was described from the adult male only (Green, 1922).
STRUCTURE: Colour illustration of adult male by Green (1922). Adult male - length 4.5 mm, expanse of wings 11.5 mm (Green, 1922).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 128-130, 611-613 (male, female) [China, Asia]; Morrison 1928: 170 (male) [Species of Drosicha].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 171-172]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 434]; Green1937 [taxonomy: 277-278]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 169, 170, 226]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 136]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267].
Drosicha saundersii (Westwood)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus saundersii Westwood, 1845: 22. Type data: EAST INDIES: "Habitat in partibus septentrion, Indiae orientalis. D. Campbell, In Mus. D.W. Saunders". Syntypes, male. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male. Illust.
Monophloebus saundertii; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Misspelling of genus and species names.
Llaveia saundersii; Cockerell, 1902: 318. Change of combination.
Drosicha saundersii; Foldi, 2001a: 200. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Westwo1845].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Westwood (1845).
SYSTEMATICS: Described only from the adult male (Westwood, 1845).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 172]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 18]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Lindin1907a [taxonomy: 20]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 169,189,224,226]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 871]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 367]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 724]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 300]; Westwo1845 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22].
Drosicha stebbingii (Stebbing)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus stebbingii Stebbing, 1902: 135. Type data: INDIA: Siwalik Range of Hills running from the Ganges on the east to the Kalesar forest, situated on the western bank of the Jumna river on the west, on "Sal" trees. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Described: female, male and first instar.
Drosicha stebbingii; Vayssière, 1926: 274. Change of combination.
Drosicha stebbingi; Nath, 1972: 7. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.
Drosicha stebingii; Foldi, 2001a: 200. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.
COMMON NAME: giant mealybug [SchmutKlLu1957].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Rodolia fumida [MahmooMo1986], Sumnius renardi [MahmooMo1986]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus bohemanni (Westwood) [Noyes2004]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa scelestes Banks [SchmutKlLu1957].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [MahmooMo1986]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Nath1972]. Scrophulariaceae: Paulownia fortuneti [BajwaGu2000], Paulownia tomentosa [BajwaGu2000].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Stebbi1902] (West Bengal [Nath1972]); Pakistan [BajwaGu2000].
BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Pakistan (Mahmood & Mohyuddin, 1986).
SYSTEMATICS: Stebbing (1902) credited the authorship to "Green in litt.", however, the author is Stebbing.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 128-130, 611-613 (male, female) [Asia, China]; Morrison 1928: 169-170 (female, male) [Species of Drosicha].
CITATIONS: AsifAl1988 [chemical control, chemistry: 61-69]; BajwaGu2000 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, chemical control: 71-80]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 172-173]; Butani1979 [economic importance: 36-40]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 16]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Gentry1965 [host, distribution, economic importance]; HaqAk1960 [host, distribution, taxonomy, control: 199-202]; Hingst1929 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 880-887]; IshaqUsAs2004 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 452-454]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; Koteja1996a [taxonomy, illustration, description: 69-71]; Latif1949a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 351-354]; LatifCh1956 [structure: 62-67]; LatifCh1956a [structure: 140-146]; LatifSa1959 [structure: 121-136]; MahmooMo1986 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 8-10]; Mohyud1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 19-26]; MohyudMa1993 [host, distribution, biological control: 467-483]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 163-164,169-170,227]; Nath1972 [host, distribution: 7-8]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 177]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 422]; Srivas1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 83-91]; Srivas1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 110-115]; Srivas1980a [life history, biological control: 122-129]; Srivas1997a [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Stebbi1902 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 135-139]; Stebbi1904 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 142-144]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 136-137]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 274]; WadhiBa1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 227-260].
Drosicha sumatrensis GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Drosicha sumatrensis Green, 1930c: 281. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, locality and host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Green (1930c).
SYSTEMATICS: This species has been described from the adult male only (Green, 1930c).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 173]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Green1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 281-282].
Drosicha townsendi (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebulus townsendi Cockerell, 1905f: 127. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Batangas, host plant not indicated, 20 September. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Drosicha lichenoides Cockerell, 1913: 142. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Los Banos, on bark of Ficus nota, 1912, collected C.F. Baker. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Morrison, 1920: 157.
Llaveia luzonica Cockerell, 1914b: 334. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Mt. Makiling and Los Banos, collected by C.F. Baker. Syntypes, male. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: male. Synonymy by Morrison, 1928: 169.
Llaveia benguetensis Cockerell, 1916: 235. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Beguio, Benguet, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 5341. Described: male. Synonymy by Morrison, 1920: 157.
Drosicha townsendi; Morrison, 1920: 157. Change of combination.
Llaveia luzonica; Vayssière, 1926: 30. Change of combination.
Drosicha benguetensis; Morrison, 1928: 169. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Celastraceae: Gymnosporia spinosa [Morris1920]. Euphorbiaceae: Ipomoea carica [Morris1920]. Fabaceae: Cassia [Morris1920], Enterolobium saman [Morris1920]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Morris1920]. Moraceae: Ficus nota [Cocker1913]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia malaccensis [Morris1920].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Cocker1905f, Cocker1916] (Luzon [Cocker1913, Cocker1914b, Morris1920]).
BIOLOGY: Attended by the ant Dolichoderus bituberculatus Mayr (Cockerell, 1913).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1920).
STRUCTURE: Adult female, grey, flattened, 9 mm long, 5.5 mm. broad, about 3 mm. height, very dark reddish, the grey appearance resulting from the mealy covering; there is a well-defined dorsal area, about 4 mm broad, marked in the abdominal region by strong transverse ridges representing the segments; anal orifice plainly visible with a lens, on the dorsal surface about 2.5 mm from hind end (Cockerell, 1905f).
SYSTEMATICS: The synonym Llaveia benguetensis Cockerell, 1916, was originally described only from the adult male (Cockerell, 1916).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 128-130, 611-613 (male, female) [China, Asia]; Morrison 1928: 169-170 (female, male) [Species of Drosicha].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 174-175]; Cocker1905f [taxonomy, description, distribution: 127-128]; Cocker1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 142-143]; Cocker1914b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 334-335]; Cocker1916 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 235-236]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 199, 206]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Green1924a [taxonomy: 1]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 8]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151, 157-159]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 169,170,188-189]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 222,224]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 6]; Robins1917 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 4-5]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 137]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 274, 300].
Drosicha turkestanica ArchangelskayaNOMENCLATURE:
Drosicha turkestanica Archangelskaya, 1931: 69. Type data: UZBEKISTAN (Fergana, Tashkent, Samarkand and Termez), TURKMENISTAN (Bayram-Ali and Merv), and TADZHKISTAN (Isfara): on 21 host plants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Drosicha media Borchsenius, 1949b: 339. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Kzyl-orda, on Salix; collected F. Lukyanovitz, 30.iv.1938. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Jashenko, 1994c: 29.
Drosicha turkestanicae; Tao, 1999: 2. Misspelling of species name.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Rodolia fisheri [Jashen1999b]. DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum turanicum Narchuk [Cadahi1984, Jashen1999b].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Acroptilon picris [Archan1931]. Berberidaceae: Mahonia [Archan1931]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus angustifolia [Archan1931]. Fabaceae: Alhagi [Borchs1950b], Glycyrrhiza [Borchs1950b], Robinia pseudacacia [Archan1931], Tragopogon ruber [Archan1931, Borchs1950b], Trifolium pratense [Archan1931]. Fumariaceae: Fumaria [Archan1931]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum [Archan1931]. Lamiaceae: Ziziphora tenuior [Archan1931]. Moraceae: Morus alba [Archan1931]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus sp. [Moghad2013a]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Archan1931]. Rosaceae: Cydonia vulgaris [Archan1931], Prunus armeniaca [Archan1931], Pyrus malus [Archan1931]. Salicaceae: Populus [Archan1931, TangHa1995], Salix [Archan1931, Borchs1949b]. Scrophulariaceae: Dodartia orientalis [Archan1931]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix pallasii [Archan1931]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus campestris [Archan1931]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum fabago [Archan1931].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Liaoning [Tao1999], Xingiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) [TangHa1995, Tao1999]); Iran [Moghad2013a]; Kazakhstan [Borchs1950b] (Kzyl Orda Oblast [Borchs1949b, Borchs1950b]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1950b]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1950b]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1950b].
BIOLOGY: A monovoltine species (Jashenko, 1994c, 1999).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female, adult male and nymphs given by Jashenko (1994c).
STRUCTURE: General appearance of the adult male illustrated by Borchsenius (1950b).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 128-130, 611-613 (male, female) [Asia, China]; Jashenko 1994c: 38 (female) [Palearctic]; Jashenko 1994c: 39 (male) [Palearctic]; Borchsenius 1950b: 43 (female) [USSR].
CITATIONS: Archan1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-72]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 175-176]; Borchs1949b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 339]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 43]; Cadahi1984 [biological control: 181]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 423]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Jashen1994c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 29-34]; Jashen1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 44, 47]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 60]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 138, 562]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2].
Drosicha variegata (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus variegatus Green, 1922: 433. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kandy, host plant not indicated; collected on July. Holotype male. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male. Illust.
Drosicha variegatus; Morrison, 1928: 169. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Green (1922).
STRUCTURE: The general appearance (in colour illustration) of the adult male is given by Green (1922). Length of body 5 mm, expanse of wings 12 mm (Green, 1922).
SYSTEMATICS: Described from one adult male specimen (Green, 1922).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 128-130, 611-613 (male, female) [Asia, China]; Morrison 1928: 170 (male) [Species of Drosicha].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 176]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 433-434]; Green1937 [taxonomy: 277]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 169, 170, 227]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 139].
Drosichoides MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Drosichoides Morrison, 1927: 106. Type species: Llaveia haematoptera Cockerell, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Morrison (1927, 1928).
SYSTEMATICS: The genus was founded on the adult male only (Morrison, 1927). The genus Drosichoides Morrison has the type species Llaveia haematoptera Cockerell. Although Morrison did not give the gender of the genus name, he combined it with a feminine adjectival ending (-ptera in Greek compound words meaning winged). The genus name must be treated therefore as feminine. (Williams, 2011)
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 176-177]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 184]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description: 106]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 160, 171-172, 219]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 63]; Willia2011 [taxonomy: 66].
Drosichoides haematoptera (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Llaveia haematoptera Cockerell, 1919a: 272. Type data: INDONESIA: Kalimantan [=Borneo]: Sandakan, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 9615. Described: male.
Drosichoides haematoptera; Morrison, 1927: 106. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Reyne1965b], Kalimantan (=Borneo) [Cocker1919a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1919a, 1928).
STRUCTURE: Photograph of general appearance of adult male by Morrison (1928).
KEYS: Cockerell 1919a: 272 (male).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 176-177]; Cocker1919a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 272]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Kaweck1965a [taxonomy, structure: 205-211]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-172,189,224]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy, description, distribution: 179-181]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 300].
Drosichoides sanguinea (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Llaveia sanguinea Cockerell, 1915: 344. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Palawan, P. Princesa, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 3878. Described: male.
Drosichoides sanguinea; Morrison, 1927: 106. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Palawan [Cocker1915]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Morrison (1928).
STRUCTURE: Adult male about 5 mm long; length of wings about 7 mm (Cockerell, 1915).
SYSTEMATICS: This species was described from the male (Cockerell, 1915, 1919a).
KEYS: Cockerell 1919a: 272 (male).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 177]; Cocker1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 344]; Cocker1916 [taxonomy: 236]; Cocker1919a [taxonomy: 272]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 172, 189, 226]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 300]; Willia2011 [taxonomy: 66].
Echinicerya MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Echinicerya Morrison, 1930: 17. Type species: Echinicerya anomala Morrison, by monotypy and original designation.
Echinicerya; Ben-Dov, 2005a: 177. Notes: The type species Echinicerya anomala Morrison was misspelled on line 15 (from bottom) as Echinicerya echinatus Morrison.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Morrison (1930) and by Unruh & Gullan (2008).
SYSTEMATICS: Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are:
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008: 23-24 (female) [genera of Margarodidae - Iceryini]; Unruh & Gullan 2008: 24 (first instar) [Genera of Margarodidae - Iceryini]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 22 (female) [Genera of Iceryini].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 177]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 184]; Morris1930 [taxonomy, description: 17-20]; UnruhGu2005 [taxonomy: 133]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, description, molecular data, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy: 47-48].
Echinicerya anomala MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Echinicerya anomala Morrison, 1930: 18. Type data: GUATEMALA: Quirigua, on Acacia sp.; collected by Dr. Sally Hughes-Schrader, March 1928. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 36. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 11. Described: female. Illust.
Echinicerya anomola; Morrison, 1930: 18. Misspelling of species name.
Echinicerya anomala; Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 65.
Echinicerya anomola; Foldi, 1995a: 176. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Morris1930, Foldi1995a], Inga [UnruhGu2008]. Rutaceae: Citrus [UnruhGu2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Chiapas [Morris1930, Foldi1995a, UnruhGu2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Morrison (1930) and by Unruh & Gullan (2008). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1930) in the original description of this species used two spellings for the species epithet, on page 18 anomola, whereas anomala in the caption on Plate 1. Later, Morrison & Morrison (1966: 65) named the species Echinicerya anomala. Therefore, we conclude that the correct species epithet is anomala, whereas anomola is a mis-spelling.
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 177-178]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 176]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; KondoGuPo2012 [taxonomy: 6-7]; Morris1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-20]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 65]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, molecular data, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 48-49].
Etropera Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Etropera Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 882. Type species: Etropera papuensis Bhatti & Gullan, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
SYSTEMATICS: This genus differs from other Monophlebulini genera of New Guinea, in the genital opening of the female located on abdominal segments II and III and is associated with a marsupium (Bhatti & Gullan, 1990).
KEYS: Foldi 1994: 318-319 (female) [Genera of the Monophlebulini: Monophlebinae]; Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 881 (female) [Monophlebulini of the Monophlebinae, Margarodidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 179]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description: 880-882]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 201]; GullanSj2001 [taxonomy: 257-278].
Etropera ablusa Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Etropera ablusa Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 883. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe province, Bulolo, Forest Research Station, on Terminalia kaernbachii, 29.iii.1978, collected J. Simpson. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Combretaceae: Terminalia kaernbachii [BhattiGu1990]. Pinaceae: Pinus patula [BhattiGu1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [BhattiGu1990].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 882-883 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 179]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 883-885]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 201].
Etropera papuensis Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Etropera papuensis Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 886. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Central Province, Sogeri, on Terminalia kaernbachii; collected J.W. Ismay, 16.i.1985. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Combretaceae: Terminalia kaernbachii [BhattiGu1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [BhattiGu1990].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
STRUCTURE: In young adult female Etropera (just prior to egg production), the marsupium consists of two very strongly sclerotized unequal pouches, the anterior of which is unilobate and the posterior of which is bilobate. (Gavrilov, 2013) In older females containing eggs, it is a single thin sac with two strongly sclerotized “lips” at the opening
KEYS: Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 882-883 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [pp. 179-180]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 883-886]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 201]; Gavril2013 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 65-66].
Etropera pilosa Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Etropera pilosa Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 886. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Lae, host plant not indicated; paratypes were collected from "Lau Lau" tree by A.C. Hartley, 9.i.1957. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [BhattiGu1990].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 882-883 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 180]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 883-886]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 201].
Etropera sedlaceki Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Etropera sedlaceki Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 889. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Kunai Ck, 1250 m., Wau, host plant of holotype not indicated; paratypes on Terminalia, T. kaernbachii, Eucalyptus and Psidium guajava; 15.v.1965, J. Sedlacek. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Combretaceae: Terminalia kaernbachii [BhattiGu1990]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [BhattiGu1990], Psidium guajava [BhattiGu1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [BhattiGu1990].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 883 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 180]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 888-891]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 201].
Gigantococcus Pesson & BieleninNOMENCLATURE:
Gigantococcus Pesson & Bielenin, 1966: 219. Type species: Icerya maxima Newstead, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters (based on adult female, adult male and first instar) by Pesson & Bielenin (1966). Definition and characters (based on adult female and first-instar nymph) by Unruh & Gullan (2008).
SYSTEMATICS: Pesson & Bielenin (1966) placed the genus Gigantococcus in the tribe Monophlebini, subfamily Monophlebinae. Unruh & Gullan (2008) placed this genus in the Iceryini of the Monophlebidae. Unruh & Gullan (2008b) recognised 3 species groups in the genus Gigantococcus as follows: Gigantococcus alboluteus group Three species, Gi. alboluteus, Gi. pattersoni and Gi. schoutedeni, closely resemble one another. The ventral surface of the adult females of all three species has compound multilocular pores with an 8 to 12 lobed centre and 6-8 elongate reniform outer loculi. Gigantococcus schoutedeni can be separated from the other two by the absence of large compound pores, each with a bilocular to trilocular centre and 8-12 reniform outer loculi. Gigantococcus alboluteus and Gi. pattersoni differ by the density of these compound pores: Gi. alboluteus has 3-6 of these pores in marginal clusters on the head and thorax but Gi. pattersoni has only one or two. Also, pore density in the ovisac band of Gi. alboluteus is less than that of Gi. pattersoni. Gigantococcus ewarti group Four species, Gi. euphorbiae, Gi. ewarti, Gi. gowdeyi, and Gi. madagascariensis, were described as forming a marsupium at maturity. A fifth species, Gi. longisetosus, forms a marsupium, but Newstead (1911) did not describe this structure in his original description. These species have identical pores, but are widely distributed across the Afrotropical region (South Africa, Nigeria, Uganda, Madagascar and Tanzania, respectively) and we cannot confidently synonymize all of them without further study. Three other species, Gi. bicolor, Gi. cajani and Gi. caudatus (first collected in Ghana, Nigeria and Uganda, respectively) also closely resemble one another and were described originally as lacking an ovisac or marsupium (Newstead), but examination of the type material of Gi. bicolor and Gi. caudatus reveals that they are teneral adult females that had not yet fully formed the marsupium. Gi. cajani was described as an adult female from immature specimens and is possibly a synonym of a member of this group. We compared the third-instar nymph of Gi. cajani and Gi. gowdeyi and found them to be identical, but refrain from synonymizing them without further information. In the key to species of Gigantococcus, Unruh & Gullan (2008b) separated the former five species from the latter three species by the length and density of hair-like setae around the margin of the body. In life, Gi. euphorbiae and Gi. gowdeyi are described as covered in a thick waxy secretion, and Gi. madagascariensis, Gi. bicolor, Gi. caudatus, and Gi. ewarti are described as having waxy tufts forming longitudinal rows. Newstead commented that the specimens of Gi. longisetosus were too badly damaged for him to give an adequate description of the waxy secretion. Other Gigantococcus species The remaining Gigantococcus species (Gi. bimaculatus, Gi. brachystegiae, Gi. maximus, Gi. nigroareolatus and Gi. theobromae) do not resemble one another nor do they resemble any other Gigantococcus or iceryine species. Each species has unique compound multilocular pores not seen in any other species, except for Gi. brachystegiae and Gi. theobromae, which have unique simple multilocular pores in addition to common compound pores. Refer to the comparison section for each of these species for a discussion of unique features. Unruh & Gullan (2008b) were unable to examine material of Gi. rodriguesi, Gi. splendidus and Gi. sulfureus. The original descriptions were not sufficient enough for them to place any of these species into groups.
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008: 23-24 (female) [Genera of Monophlebidae - Iceryini]; Unruh & Gullan 2008: 24 (first instar) [Genera of Margarodidae - Iceryini]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 22 (female) [Genera of Iceryini].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 180]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 201]; HodgsoFo2006 [taxonomy: 150]; PessonBi1966 [taxonomy, description: 219-251]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, description, molecular data, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description: 49-51].
Gigantococcus alboluteus (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya seychellarum albolutea Cockerell, 1898x: 259. Type data: NIGERIA: Lagos, on Annona squamosa, collected H. Strachan. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 52. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 9802. Described: female.
Icerya albolutea; Cockerell, 1902q: 257. Change of status.
Gigantococcus alboluteus; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
HOST: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Cocker1898x].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Cocker1898x].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Cockerell (1898x) and by Morrison (1928). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Female, 5 mm long, 4 mm broad; dark red, resting on a cushion of yellow and white cotton. Dorsum entirely covered with bright yellow cotton. From the sides there radiate thick tufts (about 3 mm long and nearly 1 broad at base) of cotton, which are white beneath and bright canary yellow above. Apparently no well-formed ovisac, but a lot of loose cottony secretion (Cockerell, 1898x).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008v: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 191-192]; Cocker1898x [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 259]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 24]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 207,210,211,222]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51-52]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 319].
Gigantococcus bicolor (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Palaeococcus bicolor Newstead, 1917a: 5. Type data: GHANA (=GOLD COAST): Aburi, on Thespesia sp.; collected W.H. Patterson. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 53. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 1916136. Described: female.
Crypticerya bicolor; Vayssière, 1926: 313. Change of combination.
Gigantococcus bicolor; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Marietta leopardina Motschulsky [Noyes2004]. Encyrtidae: Anagyrus kivuensis Compere [Noyes2004], Prochiloneurus comperei Viggiani [Noyes2004], Tremblaya palaeococci (Risbec) [Noyes2004]. Eupelmidae: Eupelmus vuilleti (Crawford) [Noyes2004]. Pteromalidae: Parabruchobius senegalensis Risbec [Noyes2004].
HOST: Malvaceae: Thespesia [Newste1917a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Newste1917a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1917a) and by Vayssiere (1926). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Adult female, ovate, narrowed in front, covered with short bright yellow or white waxen processes, which are arranged in seven more or less well-defined rows: one short, median, and three on each side, the lateral rows continuous behind; intervening spaces with somewhat granular wax; margins with outstanding hairs, which appear more numerous and much longer posteriorly. Venter in the oldest examples, with a relatively thin layer of white wax, but this, in the specimens submitted, does not form a distinct ovisac or pad (Newstead, 1917a).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 154-155]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 203,222]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 5-6]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52-53]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 313-315].
Gigantococcus bimaculatus (De Lotto)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya bimaculata De Lotto, 1959a: 385. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on leaves of Chaetacme aristata, 13.i.1951 and 20.viii.1958. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 373. Described: female. Illust.
Gigantococcus bimaculatus; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
HOST: Ulmaceae: Chaetacme aristata [DeLott1959a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1959a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1959a). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Live adult female, 10-12 mm long; elongate, oval, moderately convex, covered by cottony wax, pure white in colour; with two red-orange spots on dorsum of thorax, represented by two small roundish areas devoid of any wax covering. Margin of body provided with a series of well-developed tufts of cottony wax; these tufts are short and stout on head and thorax and tend to be progressively longer and more slender towards posterior extremity; most posterior tufts noticeably longer than the body. Ovisac large, rounded behind, strongly convex, extending slightly beyond apex of posterior wax appendages (De Lotto, 1959a).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 192]; DeLott1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 385-387]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Hughes1963 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 173-184]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 53-54].
Gigantococcus brachystegiae (Hall)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya brachystegiae Hall, 1940: 488. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=RHODESIA]: Mazoe, on Brachystegia sp.; collected 9 October, 1927. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 55. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Gigantococcus brachystegiae; UnruhGu, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Brachystegia [Hall1940].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1940].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hall (1940). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 10 mm long, 7-8 mm wide; colour entirely obscured by heavy secretionary covering which, on account of dust, appears dirty white; dorsum covered with rounded masses of secretionary matter which have some general pattern; mediodorsally with an oval raised portion made up of rounded masses; surrounding this area is a double row of similar processes which in many places, particularly anteriorly, is sometimes deep; beyond this is a ring of masses of more oval shape which tend to be directed posteriorly; these are less conspicuous in the anterior half; finally there is a marginal series of elongated rounded processes which posteriorly are three times as long as wide; these also are directed posteriorly and are less conspicuous in anterior region (Hall, 1940).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 192]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Hall1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 488-489]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55-56].
Gigantococcus cajani (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Palaeococcus cajani Newstead, 1917a: 7. Type data: NIGERIA: Agege, on pigeon pea [=Cajanus cajan], 1914, collected W.A. Lamborn. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Crypticerya cajani; Vayssière, 1926: 315. Change of combination.
Gigantococcus cajani; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Cajanus cajani [Newste1917a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Newste1917a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1917a) and by Vayssiere (1926).
STRUCTURE: Adult female, ovate and highly convex, waxy covering pure white, the arrangement very like that of Icerya euphorbiae Brain, but more or less distinct processes are traceable; these are arranged as follows: margin with 13-14 short and bluntly rounded processes packed closely together and coalescing behind: immediately above them is a well defined constriction, and over this a ridge with similar but more irregular processes; cephalic extremity with an irregular cluster of blunt processes (Newstead, 1917a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 155]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 203]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-8]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313-316].
Gigantococcus caudatus (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Palaeococcus caudatus Newstead, 1917a: 6. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on crotons, 13 August 1912; collected C.G. Gowdey. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 56. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 4359. Described: female.
Steatococcus caudatus; Vayssière, 1926: 307. Change of combination.
Crypticerya caudatus; Morrison, 1928: 203. Change of combination.
Gigantococcus caudatus; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Alchordia cornifolia [Vayssi1926]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton [Newste1917a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Sierra Leone [Vayssi1926]; Uganda [Gowdey1917].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 155]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 187]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 203, 214, 223]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 203]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6-7]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 56-57]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 307-308].
Gigantococcus euphorbiae (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya euphorbiae Brain, 1915: 167. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, East London, on Euphorbia tree, Jan. 1915 collected C.P. Lounsbury; and also January 1915 by J.L. King. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 57. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
Steatococcus euphorbiae; Morrison, 1928: 208. Change of combination.
Gigantococcus euphorbiae; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [GermaiVaMa2010]. Apocynaceae: Carissa edulis tomentosa [Hall1940]. Combretaceae: Combretum [Hall1940]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Brain1915], Uapaca kirkiana [Hall1940], Uapaca nitida [Hall1940]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Hall1940], Berlinia globifera [Hall1940], Brachystegia [Hall1940]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hall1940]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Hall1940], Protea abyssinica [Hall1940].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [GermaiVaMa2010]; South Africa [Brain1915]; Zimbabwe [Hall1940].
BIOLOGY: Female viviparous; ovisac not formed (Brain, 1915).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Brain (1915). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Adult female orange-red; waxy secretion not divided into distinct masses, but covered with an homogenous membrane of waxy secretion; colour of secretion generally white, but in a few instances shows faint indication of yellow (Brain, 1915).
KEYS: Morrison 1928: 218 (female) [Species of Steatococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 271]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-168]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; GermaiVaMa2010 [host, distribution: 125]; Hall1940 [host, distribution: 489-490]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,214,218,223]; Newste1917a [taxonomy: 7]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 57-58]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 319].
Gigantococcus ewarti (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya ewarti Newstead, 1896a: 132. Type data: NIGERIA: Lekie, Lagos, on "Pehpet"; collected by J.W. Ewart, 24 July, 1895. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Crypticerya ewarti; Cockerell, 1899a: 390. Change of combination.
Palaeococcus ewarti; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination.
Crypticerya ewarti; Vayssiere, 1926: 313. Revived combination.
Gigantococcus ewarti; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Newste1896a].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected from a plant commonly named "Pehpet" (Newstead, 1896a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1896a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 156]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 390]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 233]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 21]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 203,223]; Newste1896a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-133]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 58]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 313].
Gigantococcus gowdeyi (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus gowdeyi Newstead, 1920: 177. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on Plumbago and Rosa, 15 October 1918, collected C.C. Gowdey. Lectotype female and first instar, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 59. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Steatococcus gowdeyi; Vayssière, 1926: 307. Change of combination.
Gigantococcus gowdeyi; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Cassia [UnruhGu2008b]. Lamiaceae: Tectona [UnruhGu2008b]. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago [Newste1920]. Rosaceae: Rosa [Newste1920].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [UnruhGu2008b]; Uganda [Newste1920].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1920) and by Vayssiere (1926). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Adult female completely covered dorsally with a thick and densely felted layer of dusky white and pale yellow wax; the wax more or less divided into segments corresponding to the segmentation of the body. Venter pale castaneous, slightly mealy and in parts covered with white woolly filaments (Newstead, 1920).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 271]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 158,214,224]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 58-59]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 307,309-311].
Gigantococcus longisetosus (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya longisetosa Newstead, 1911a: 155. Type data: TANZANIA: Amani, on Acacia sp.; collected by S.G. Vossler. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 60. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 938/06. Described: female. Illust.
Gigantococcus longisetosus; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Newste1911a, Lindin1913]. Moraceae: Morus [Vayssi1926].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Newste1911a, Newste1911]; Sierra Leone [Newste1913]; Tanzania [Newste1911a]; Zaire [Vayssi1926].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1911a, 1913) and by Vayssiere (1926). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Adult female ovate, attenuated in front; colour in alcohol dull crimson; legs piceous. Dorsum clothed with white secretionary matter ... Margin of body with a fringe of very long hairs; the longest being nearly equal to twice the length of the antenna ... (Newstead, 1911a).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 200]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Lindin1913 [host, distribution: 84]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,224]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 100]; Newste1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-157]; Newste1913 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 67-68]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy: 84]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 59-60]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319,325-326].
Gigantococcus madagascariensis (Mamet)NOMENCLATURE:
Steatococcus madagascariensis Mamet, 1951: 233. Type data: MADAGASCAR: 75 km west of Miandrivazo, on undetermined host, collected vi.1949 by R. Paulian; Tsaratanana Mt. (1500 m) on Psiadia tsaratananae, collected x.1949; Tsaratanana Mt. (1000 m) on Philippia sp. collected x. 1949 by R. Paulian. Syntypes. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 57,62. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Gigantococcus madagascariensis; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Psiadia tsaratananae [Mamet1951]. Ericaceae: Philippia [Mamet1951].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1951, UnruhGu2008b].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on twigs and leaves of host plants (Mamet, 1951).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1951). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 272]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233-235]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 60-61].
Gigantococcus maximus (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya maxima Newstead, 1914: 301. Type data: GHANA [=GOLD COAST]: Kwanyako, Winneba district, on Ficus sp.; Collected W.H. Patterson, 16.xi.1913. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Gigantococcus maximus; Pesson & Bielenin, 1966: 219. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
Gigantococcus maximus; Pesson & Bielenin, 1966: 219. Change of combination.
FOE: DIPTERA Drosophilidae: Cacoxenus (Gitonides) multidentatus Tsacas & Chassagnard [TsacasCh1999].
HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Lochnera [PessonBi1966]. Euphorbiaceae: Bridelia ferruginea [TsacasCh1999]. Fabaceae: Afzelia bella [PessonBi1966]. Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1914].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [PessonBi1966]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [PessonBi1966]; Gabon [PessonBi1966]; Ghana [Newste1914]; Nigeria [TsacasCh1999]; Uganda [Newste1914, Newste1917b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male and first instar by Pesson & Bielenin (1966). Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson & Foldi (2006). Description and illustration of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008).
STRUCTURE: Adult female, dorsum covered with striated lamellae of white wax; those in front relatively small and irregularly concoidal in shape; median row much the smallest; submedian row very broad, curved outwards, and very thin; marginal series of great length, ribbon-like and curled (Newstead, 1914). General appearance of the adult female shown in a photograph by Newstead (1914). Tha dult male is extremely large 7.7-9.0 mm long (Hodgson & Foldi, 2006).
SYSTEMATICS: Newstead described from Africa two margarodine species bearing the species epithet maximus. Newstead (1911) described Aspidoproctus maximus, which is Homonym and Synonym of the species Aspidoproctus maximus (Lounsbury, 1908). Newstead (1914) described Icerya maxima, which is a different species, currently known as Gigantococcus maximus (Newstead, 1914). Icerya corticalis Vayssiere, 1926: 321, was synonymized with Gigantococcus maximus (Newstead, 1914) by Pesson & Bielenin (1966: 248); synonymy not recognized in Foldi (2001) or Ben-Dov (2005, 2006)]. Unruh & Gullan (2008: 37) accepted the synonymy.
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus]; Hodgson & Foldi 2006: 173-174 (male) [males of Monophlebidae]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 180-181]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 201]; HodgsoFo2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-155]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 796]; Hughes1963 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 173-184]; Koteja1996a [taxonomy, illustration, description: 72-73]; MayneGh1934 [host, distribution: 3-38]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 210, 225]; Newste1914 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 301-302]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 126]; PessonBi1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219-251]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; TsacasCh1999 [host, distribution, biological control: 101-102]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, phylogeny: 8-50]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 319].
Gigantococcus nigroareolatus (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya nigroareolata Newstead, 1917a: 8. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on coffee, collected 4 November 1913, by C.C. Gowdey; and Jinia, on Croton, collected 1914 by R. van Someren. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 63. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 645. Described: female.
Icerya maynei Vayssière, 1926: 326. Type data: ZAIRE [=CONGO BELGE]: Makaiantete, on Acalypha; collected 20 July 1917, by R. Mayne. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France, and Tervuren: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Section d'Entomologie, Belgium. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 38.
Gigantococcus nigroareolatus; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 38. Change of combination.
FOES: DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum iceryae (Williston) [Ghesqu1943]. HYMENOPTERA Pteromalidae: Austroterobia iceryae Boucek [Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [GermaiVaMa2010]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Vayssi1926], Croton [Newste1917a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Newste1917a, Vayssi1955]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Strick1947a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [GermaiVaMa2010]; Ghana [Strick1947a]; Kenya; Uganda [Newste1917a, Gowdey1917]; Zaire [Vayssi1926, Ghesqu1943, Liegeo1944].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 203-204]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; GermaiVaMa2010 [host, distribution: 125]; Ghesqu1943 [host, distribution, biological control: 403]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 187]; MayneGh1934 [host, distribution: 3-38]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 225]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-9]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; Schmut1969 [host, distribution: 100]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 423]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 497-523]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 62-63]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319,326-329,333-334]; Vayssi1955 [host distribution: 257].
Gigantococcus pattersoni (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya sulfurea pattersoni Newstead, 1917a: 9. Type data: GHANA (=GOLD COAST): Aburi, on Tectona sp.; collected W.H. Patterson. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 64. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 136. Described: female.
Icerya pattersoni; Aisagbonhi, Nwana & Agwu, 1985: 24. Change of status.
Gigantococcus pattersoni; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Rodolia iceryae Janson [KairoMu1992]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) [Noyes2004], Tremblaya coffeicola Noyes [Noyes2004], Trenblaya [Noyes2004]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus [Noyes2004]. Pteromalidae: Austroterobia iceryae Boucek [Noyes2004].
HOST: Verbenaceae: Tectona [Newste1917a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Newste1917a]; Kenya [WanjalKiMw1986].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1917a). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus].
CITATIONS: AisagbNwAg1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24-32]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 204-205]; BoucekNo2004 [biological control: 137-145]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 204]; KairoMu1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 1027-1032]; KinuthMw1988 [host, distribution, taxonomy, life history, economic importance, biological control: 69-72]; KinuthMw1990 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 227, 225, 227]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-10]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; RajmohSuGi2004 [host, distribution, biological control]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 63-64]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 320]; WanjalKiMw1986 [host, distribution: 169-170].
Gigantococcus rodriguesi (Castel-Branco)NOMENCLATURE:
Crypticerya rodriguesi Castel-Branco, 1952: 23. Type data: MOZAMBIQUE: Nampula, C.I.C.A. experiment station, on "algodoeiros" [=cotton plants], 16.ix.1948. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal; type no. 312EA. Described: female. Illust.
Gigantococcus rodriguesi; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
HOST: Malvaceae: Gossypium hirsutum [Castel1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mozambique [Castel1952].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 159]; Castel1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-26]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64].
Gigantococcus schoutedeni (Vayssière)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya schoutedeni Vayssière, 1926: 337. Type data: ZAIRE [=CONGO BELGE]: Eala, on Acalypha wilkesiana; collected July 1915, by R. Mayne. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depositories: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France, and Tervuren: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Section d'Entomologie, Belgium. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Icerya tremae Vayssière, 1926: 344. Type data: ZAIRE [=CONGO BELGE]: Eala on coffee, at Stanleyville on Trema guineensis and on mango, guava, citrus and on Ura [=Hura] crepitans; collected by R. Mayne and by J. Ghesquiere 1912. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depositories: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France, and Tervuren: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Section d'Entomologie, Belgium. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 39.
Iceria tremae; Liegeois, 1944: 165. Misspelling of genus name.
Gigantococcus schoutedeni; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 39. Change of combination.
FOE: DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum melanum Ghesquiere [Ghesqu1943, Cadahi1984].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Vayssi1926, Vayssi1955]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha wilkesiana [Vayssi1926], Hura crepitans [Vayssi1926]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Vayssi1926, Vayssi1955]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Vayssi1955]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Vayssi1926]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Liegeo1944]. Ulmaceae: Trema guineensis [Vayssi1926, Vayssi1955].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Senegal [UnruhGu2008b]; Zaire [Vayssi1926].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Vayssiere (1926). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
SYSTEMATICS: This species has been originally described from the female (Vayssiere, 1926). Ghesquiere (1939) recorded the occurrence of males on Acalypha in Congo.
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 218, 226]; Cadahi1984 [biological control: 181]; DeLott1959a [taxonomy: 387]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203-204]; Ghesqu1939 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Ghesqu1943 [host, distribution, biological control: 405-407]; Hughes1963 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 173-184]; Liegeo1944 [host, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy: 165]; MayneGh1934 [host, distribution: 3-38]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 226-227]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 424]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64-65]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319-320,337-347]; Vayssi1955 [host, distribution: 257].
Gigantococcus splendidus (Lindinger)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya splendida Lindinger, 1913: 84. Type data: GERMAN EAST AFRICA [? TANZANIA]: Langenburg, host plant not indicated; collected 31.x.1898 by Dr. Fulleborn. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Berlin: Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany. Described: female.
Gigantococcus splendidus; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Lindin1913].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Lindinger (1913).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 224]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 204]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 84-85]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 227]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, distribution: 66]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 320]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy: 179].
Gigantococcus sulfureus (Lindinger)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya sulfurea Lindinger, 1913: 85. Type data: GERMAN EAST AFRICA [? TANZANIA]: Amani, on Ficus elastica; collected March 1907, by Zimmermann. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Berlin: Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany. Described: female.
Icerya sulphurea; Schmutterer, 1969: 100. Misspelling of species name.
Gigantococcus sulfureus; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Eranthemum [Newste1917b]. Moraceae: Ficus elastica [Lindin1913]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Gowdey1917].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Lindin1913]; Uganda [Gowdey1917].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Lindinger (1913).
KEYS: Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 225]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 204]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 187]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 85]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,211,227]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 126]; Schmut1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 100]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy: 66]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 320,343]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy: 179].
Gigantococcus theobromae (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Palaeococcus theobromae Newstead, 1908a: 154. Type data: NIGERIA: Calabar, on leaves of cultivated cocoa, [=Theobroma sp.]; January 1907, collected by Slater Jackson. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 67. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 1945.21. Described: female. Illust.
Steatococcus theobromae; Vayssière, 1926: 307. Change of combination.
Gigantococcus theobromae; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 37. Change of combination.
HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma [Newste1908a, Strick1947a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Newste1908a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus]; Morrison 1928: 218 (female) [Species of Steatococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 275]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 214, 218, 227]; Newste1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154]; Newste1908b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-40]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 497-523]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 37]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 66-67]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 307].
Gueriniella FernaldNOMENCLATURE:
Guerinia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Type species: Guerinia tinctoria Targioni Tozzetti, 1868 (= Coccus serratulae Fabricius, 1775), by monotypy. Homonym of Guerinia in the Diptera; discovered by Fernald, 1903b: 331.
Gueriniella Fernald, 1903b: 331. Replacement name for Guerinia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868.
Guerinococcus Berlese, 1909: 498. Nomen nudum; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 88. Notes: Cited in the combination Guerinococcus serratulae Fab.
Guerinella; MacGillivray, 1921: 72. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Vayssiere (1926), Morrison (1928), Borchsenius (1950b) and by Unruh & Gullan (2008). .
SYSTEMATICS: Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are: membranous derm; 11-segmented antenna; legs well-developed; four pairs of abdominal spiracles; with ventral abdominal cicatrices.
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008: 23-24 (female) [Genera of Margarodidae - Iceryini]; Unruh & Gullan 2008: 24 (first instar) [Genera of Margarodidae - Iceryini]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 22 (female) [Genera of Iceryini]; Tang & Hao 1995: 147 (female) [Palearctic]; Borchsenius 1950b: 32 (female) [Genera of USSR]; Morrison 1928: 196-197 (female, larva) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 429 (female) [Monophlebinae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 181-182]; Berles1909 [taxonomy: 498]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 155]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy: 32, 44]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy: 19-20, 331]; Ferris1922b [taxonomy: 248]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 424]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 202]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 186]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 72-73]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 195-197, 219]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 88]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description: 350-351, 356]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 147, 152]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 724]; UnruhGu2005 [taxonomy: 133]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, description, molecular data, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy: 67]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 429]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 259, 306].
Gueriniella decorata BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Gueriniella decorata Borchsenius, 1949b: 338. Type data: ARMENIA: Megri, on Verbascum; 25.v.1947, collected N. Borchsenius. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.
HOST: Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum [Borchs1949b, Borchs1950b].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949b, Borchs1950b].
KEYS: Borchsenius 1950b: 44 (female) [USSR].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 182]; Borchs1949b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 338-339]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 44]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 424]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 202]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-68].
Gueriniella serratulae (Fabricius)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus serratulae Fabricius, 1775: 744. Type data: ENGLAND: on Serratula arvensis. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Ziemsen, 1964).
Coccus picridis Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 201. Type data: FRANCE: Aix, on Picris hieracioides and Serratula arvensis. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1876: 356. Notes: Type material probably lost; Daniele Matile-Ferrero, 1994, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Coccus hirticornis Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 203. Type data: FRANCE: vicinity of Aix-en-Provence, host plant unknown. Syntypes, male. Described: male. Illust. Synonymy by Signoret, 1876: 358. Notes: Type material probably lost; Daniele Matile-Ferrero (1994, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).
Coccus fabae Guerin-Meneville, 1852: 334. Type data: FRANCE: midi de la France, on Phaseolus fabae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1876: 356.
Gerinia tinctoria Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Unjustified replacement name for Coccus fabae Guerin-Meneville. Notes: Type material lost; G. Pellizzari (1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).
Monophlebus hirticornis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Signoret, 1876: 358. Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Palaeococcus fuscipennis.
Monophloebus hirticornis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Misspelling of genus name.
Monophlebus serratulae; Cockerell, 1902q: 232. Change of combination.
Monophlebus hirticornis; Fernald, 1903b: 21. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Signoret, 1876: 358. Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Palaeococcus fuscipennis.
Gueriniella serratulae; Fernald, 1903b: 331. Change of combination.
Guerinococcus serratulae; Berlese, 1908: 498. Change of combination. Notes: Guerinococcus is a Nomen Nudum.
Coccus hirticornis; Tang & Hao, 1995: 193. Incorrect synonymy. Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Palaeococcus fuscipennis.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus pubescens Kust. [Balach1928d], Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant [Balach1932h, Bartle1978c]. DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum grandicorne Rondani [Vayssi1926, Thorpe1934, Bodenh1953a, GomezM1958b, Cadahi1984, Jashen1999b]. HYMENOPTERA Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron coccorum (Linnaeus) [Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum [UnruhGu2008]. Asteraceae: Artemisia monosperma [BenDov2012], Carduus argentatus [BenDov2012], Carlina sp. [BenDov2012], Centaurea [UnruhGu2008], Centaurea eringioidess [BenDov2012], Chrysanthemum [Borchs1950b], Cichorium intybus [KaydanKiKo2005a, KaydanUlEr2007], Gundelia tournefortii [MoghadTa2010], Inula [Borchs1950b], Picris hieracioides [Boyerd1834], Serratula [Borchs1950b], Serratula arvensis [Boyerd1834], Sonchus [UnruhGu2008], Varthemia iphionoides [BenDov2012]. Chenopodiaceae: Salsola dendroides [Hadzib1983]. Cistaceae: Cistus [Borchs1950b], Cistus alvifolia [UnruhGu2008]. Fabaceae: Ceratonia siliqua [GomezM1958b, Martin1985], Genista [Borchs1950b], Genista acanthoclada [PellizPoSe2011], Phaseolus fabae [Guerin1852], Spartinum junceum [BenDov2012]. Fagaceae: Quercus calliprinos [SpodekBeMe2014], Quercus ithaburensis [BenDov2012]. Lamiaceae: Rosmarinus [Borchs1950b], Salvia judaica [BenDov2012], Salvia sp. [BenDov2012]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Oleaceae: Olea europaea [Bodenh1953a, UnruhGu2008]. Pinaceae: Pinus [Martin1985], Pinus canariensis [BenDov2012], Pinus halepensis [Martin1985], Pinus pinaster [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus armeniaca [Bodenh1953a], Armeniaca vulgaris [GomezM1957, Martin1985], Sarcopoterium spinosum [BenDov2012]. Umbelliferae: Artedia sp. [BenDov2012], Daucus carota [Foldi2000, UnruhGu2008], Foeniculum vulgare [BenDov2012]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Bodenh1953a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Signor1876, UnruhGu2008]; Corsica [Foldi2003, UnruhGu2008]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Croatia [Masten2007]; France [Boyerd1834, Signor1876, Goux1931, Balach1932h, Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Georgia [Hadzib1983]; Greece [MilonaKoKo2008]; Iran [Moghad2013a]; Israel [Bodenh1927, BenDov2012, SpodekBeMe2014]; Italy [Trembl1988a, BarbagBiBo1995, UnruhGu2008]; Portugal [Lepesm1947, FrancoRuMa2011]; Sardinia [Pelliz2011]; Sicily [MazzeoLoRu1994]; Spain [GomezM1937, GomezM1957, GomezM1968, Martin1985]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, KaydanKiKo2005a, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1950b]).
BIOLOGY: Life history studied and described by Vayssière (1926). Balachowsky (1932c) reported the predator Rodolia cardinalis to have been established on this species in southern France.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Signoret (1876), Silvestri (1920), Vayssiere (1923a, 1926), Morrison (1928), Gomez-Menor Ortega (1937, 1958b), Della Befa (1940), Tremblay (1988a) and by Unruh & Gullan (2008). Description and illustration of nymphs by Vayssière (1926), Morrison (1928) and by Unruh & Gullan (2008). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
SYSTEMATICS: The author of the synonyms Coccus picridis and Coccus hirticornis was incorrectly cited, in most pre-2000 publications, as "Fonscolombe". The correct name is "Boyer de Fonscolombe". Boyer de Fonscolombe (1834) stated in the description of the male of Coccus hirticornis that he had good reasons to believe that it is the male of Coccus picridis. Coccus hirticornis was described from a single male specimen found unassociated with any females, and was synonymized with Gu. serratulae by Signoret (1876: 358). Unruh & Gullan (2008) suggested" "Male specimens of Gu. serratulae are completely absent from collections despite extensive study of the biology of this species by Vayssiere (1926) and Hughes-Schrader & Tremblay (1966: 9). On this basis, the latter authors [= Hughes-Schrader & Tremblay] rejected the synonymy, yet it is recognized on ScaleNet (Ben-Dov et al., 2006) and in the world catalogue (Ben-Dov, 2005: 182)." Unruh & Gullan (2008) considered the species Coccus hirticornis as incertae sedis.
CITATIONS: Balach1928d [biological control: 286]; Balach1932h [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 11-17]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 39]; Bartle1978c [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 136]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 182-184]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 34, 43]; Berles1909 [taxonomy: 498]; Bodenh1927 [distribution, ecology, life history: 195-198]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 220]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 155-156]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 44]; Boyerd1834 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-204]; Cadahi1984 [biological control: 181]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; DellaB1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, control: 33-53]; Fabric1775 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 775]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 20]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 424]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 77]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 202]; Foldi2002 [host, distribution: 245]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,17,25]; Ghesqu1943 [distribution, biological control: 399-400]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 405-407]; GomezM1957 [host, distribution: 85]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 118-121]; GomezM1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 563]; Goux1931 [distribution: 330]; Guerin1852 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 334-335]; Hadzib1983 [host, distribution: 266]; HechtSt1970 [life history]; HughesTr1966 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 1-13]; Jashen1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 44, 47]; KaydanKiKo2005a [host, distribution: 400]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 98]; Koteja1996a [taxonomy, illustration, description: 69-71]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 267]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94,100,257,258,382]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 203]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 135]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 101]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 201]; Melis1951 [host, distribution: 7]; MilonaKoKo2008 [host, distribution: 32]; Moghad2013a [distribution: 61]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-199,224,226]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 44]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 292]; Priore1963 [biological control, taxonomy: 63-198]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 422]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 852,856,865,872,873]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356-358]; Silves1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 494-499]; SoriaBr1999a [biological control, life history: 273-304]; SpodekBeMe2014 [distribution, host, illustration,: 110,114,116,118]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 152-153]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 724]; Thorpe1934 [life history, biological control: 273-304]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution: 208-209]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, molecular data, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 68,101]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 426]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 209-256]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1081]; White1970 [life history: 237-262]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 21,26,37,43].
Gullania FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Gullania Foldi, 1998a: 310. Type species: Gullania solomonensis Foldi, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Foldi (1998a).
SYSTEMATICS: This genus differs from other genera of the Monophlebinae - Monophlebulini in the short antennae and legs, anal tube with many pores of varied form, and venter and dorsum possess many setae and pores (Foldi, 1994).
KEYS: Foldi 1994: 318-319 (female) [Genera of the Monophlebulini: Monophlebinae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 184]; Foldi1998a [taxonomy, description: 310-312]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 202].
Gullania solomonensis FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Gullania solomonensis Foldi, 1998a: 310. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal, near Honiara, in bark crevices of undetermined tree; collected December 1955, by P. Pesson. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands [Foldi1998a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Foldi (1994).
STRUCTURE: Adult female bright brown, robust; about 20 mm long, 7 mm wide (Foldi, 1994). Foldi (1994) presented SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 184-185]; Foldi1998a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 310-313]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 202].
Hemaspidoproctus MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Hemaspidoproctus Morrison, 1927: 104. Type species: Walkeriana cinerea Green, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Morrison (1928).
SYSTEMATICS: Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are: abdominal spiracles small, without pores within atrium; about seven ventral cicatrices arranged in transverse row; ventral surface of abdomen with a complete band of pores around margin similar to the ovisac band in Icerya (Morrison, 1927).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 186 (female) [Asia]; Morrison 1928: 123-125 (female, larva, male) [Margarodidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 185]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 202]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 186]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description: 104-105]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 122-124, 148-151, 21]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 90]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 165-166]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 185-186].
Hemaspidoproctus cinereus (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana cinerea Green, 1908a: 18. Nomen nudum; discovered by Green, 1908a: 18.
Aspidoproctus cinerea Green, 1922: 450. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kandy, Gampola, Galagedra, Passara, and Delft Island, on stems of Grevillea, Citrus, Terminalia, Thespesia and unidentified jungle trees. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Hemaspidoproctus cinerea; Morrison, 1927: 105. Change of combination.
FOE: DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum curtipenne Knab [Ghesqu1943].
HOSTS: Combretaceae: Terminalia [Green1922]. Fabaceae: Acacia arabica [Green1908a]. Hamamelidaceae: Altingia excelsa [Reyne1965b]. Malvaceae: Thespesia [Green1937]. Proteaceae: Grevillea [Green1922]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Green1922].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Reyne1965b]); Sri Lanka [Green1922].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Morrison (1928) and by Reyne (1965b).
STRUCTURE: The general appearance (in colour illustration) of the adult female is given by Green (1922). The size of fully-grown adult female varies from 9.5 x 7.5 mm to 22 x 14 mm (Green, 1922).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 186, 618 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 185-186]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 202]; Ghesqu1943 [host, distribution, biological control: 404]; Green1908a [taxonomy: 18]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 450]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 279]; Morris1927 [taxonomy: 105]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-151, 223]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-166]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 186-187]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 280].
Hemaspidoproctus euphorbiae (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana euphorbiae Green, 1896: 6. Type data: SRI LANKA: Hambantota, on branches of Euphorbia antiquorum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Aspidoproctus euphorbiae; Green, 1922: 452. Change of combination.
Hemaspidoproctus euphorbiae; Morrison, 1927: 105. Change of combination.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia antiquorum [Green1896].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1896].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1896, 1922).
STRUCTURE: The general appearance (in colour illustration) of adult female by Green (1922).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 50-51 (female) [Species of Gigantococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 186, 618 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 186]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 23]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 202]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 452-453]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 279]; Morris1927 [taxonomy: 105]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 151,223]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 186,188]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 280].
Hemaspidoproctus senex (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana senex Green, 1896: 6. Type data: SRI LANKA: Chilaw and Putalam, on Dodonaea viscosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Hemaspidoproctus senex; Tang & Hao, 1995: 188. Change of combination.
HOST: Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Green1896, Green1922].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1922].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1896, 1922).
STRUCTURE: The general appearance (in colour illustration) of adult female by Green (1922).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 186, 618 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 186]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 23]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 218]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 447-448]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 279]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 123,141,144,226]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 186,188-189]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 276].
Icerya SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya Signoret, 1876: 351. Type species: Icerya sacchari Guerin-Meneville, 1867 (= Dorthesia seychellarum Westwood, 1855), by monotypy.
Crossotosoma Douglas, 1890: 79. Synonymy by Morrison, 1928: 219.
Iceryas; Herrera, 1903: 445. Misspelling of genus name.
Iceria; Hempel, 1912: 57. Misspelling of genus name.
Newsteadiella MacGillivray, 1921: 75. Type species: Icerya formicarum Newstead, by monotypy. Synonymy by Rao, 1951: 40.
Auloicerya Morrison, H. {in}: Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 22. Type species: Palaeococcus australis (Maskell), by original designation. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Notes: The footnote on page 22 of Morrison & Morrison (1923) states "New genera should be credited to the senior author only", therefore the author of Auloicerya is Morrison, H.
Aulo cerya; Vayssière, 1926: 306. Misspelling of genus name.
Iceria; Kiritchenko, 1932a: 253. Misspelling of genus name.
Pericerya Silvestri, 1939: 648. Type species: Icerya purchasi Maskell, by monotypy. Synonymy by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 152.
Acerya; Rao, 1943: 246. Misspelling of genus name.
Iceria; Liegeois, 1944: 165. Misspelling of genus name.
Aulycerya; Castel-Branco, 1952: 23. Misspelling of genus name.
Iceria; Kaussari, 1957: 2. Misspelling of genus name.
Perycerya; Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1957: 86. Misspelling of genus name.
Iceria; Kawecki, 1965a: 206. Misspelling of genus name.
Perycerya; Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1968: 563. Misspelling of genus name.
Icerva; Hadzibejli, 1983: 55. Misspelling of genus name.
Preicerya; Hadzibejli, 1983: 55. Misspelling of genus name.
Ycerya; Hadzibejli, 1983: 266. Misspelling of genus name.
Auloicerya; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Notes: The authorships of Auloicerya is incorrectly attributed to Morrison & Morrison.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and description by Morrison & Morrison (1923), Vayssiere (1926), Morrison (1928), Unruh & Gullan (2008) and by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
SYSTEMATICS: Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are: derm dorsally and marginally strongly sclerotized; 10- or 11-segmented antenna; labium conical, one-segmented; legs well-developed; three pairs of abdominal spiracles; with ventral abdominal cicatrices. Unruh & Gullan (2008b) recognised 8 species groups as follows: Icerya aegyptiaca group Two species belong to this group: I. aegyptiaca and I. schrottkyi. The pores of these two species are quite different, but both have pores on the derm that resemble the vulvar pores. They are separated easily by the number of cicatrices (I. aegyptiaca has one, I. schrottkyi has three) and are separated further by the shape of pores on the derm. Icerya schrottkyi has unique hexalocular pores on the ventral surface that are absent from all other iceryine species. Icerya jacobsoni group Unruh & Gullan (2008b) included five species in this group: I. assamensis, I. jacobsoni, I. jaihind, I. mangiferae and I. zimmermanni. Although the species vary in their egg-tending behaviour I. assamensis forms an internal marsupium, I. zimmermanni has an ovisac band and a simple waxy pad of secretion covering the ventral surface and I. jacobsoni, I. jaihind and I. mangiferae form neither an ovisac nor a marsupium), simple multilocular pores with characteristic stalked profiles are found on the dorsal surface of all species. Icerya jacobsoni and I. jaihind differ from one another by the number of ventral cicatrices (I. jacobsoni has three and I. jaihind has a single cicatrix). Unruh & Gullan (2008b) were unable to examine material of I. mangiferae, but included it in this group based on the original description and because they believed it a likely synonym of I. jacobsoni. Refer to the taxonomic notes on I. mangiferae for further discussion. Icerya natalensis group Three species make up this group: I. clauseni, I. natalensis and I. travancorensis. The former two species are the only Icerya species that do not form an ovisac band and have open-centre pores. The open-centre pores of each species resemble each other except that the open-centre pores of I. clauseni have a small cleft, which is lacking from the open-centre pores of I. natalensis. The third species, I. travancorensis lacks open-centre pores and forms an ovisac band. All species have only simple multilocular pores with bilocular centres on the dorsal surface, but I. natalensis differs by the shape of the pores on the ventromedial abdomen [I. natalensis has larger pores that appear bluish when stained] with a trilocular centre and 8-12 elongate outer loculi, while I. clauseni and I. travancorensis have smaller pores with a bilocular or trilocular centre and 4-6 outer loculi]. Icerya natalensis is very rare and was collected originally in Natal, South Africa, over 100 years ago. Unruh & Gullan (2008b) placed it in Icerya rather than Gigantococcus, because of the presence of open-centre pores and absence of compound multilocular pores. Icerya nudata group Unruh & Gullan (2008b) included two marsupium-forming species in this group: I. nudata and I. samaraia. These are the only two marsupium-forming species that have open-centre pores present on the derm. They can be separad by the shape and size of the open-centre pores: I. samaraia has large pores with tightly-spaced outer loculi while the open-centre pores of I. nudata are smaller, have fewer widely-spaced outer loculi and have a small cleft. Icerya pilosa group Unruh & Gullan (2008b) placed two species in this group: Icerya pilosa and I. kumari. Unruh & Gullan (2008b) were unable to examine material of I. kumari. Based on Rao's description, illustration and photographs, they believed it was probably closely related to Icerya pilosa and that it might even be a third-instar nymph of that species (refer to the taxonomic notes on I. kumari for further discussion). On both species, the derm around the open-centre pores becomes very sclerotized and the loculi present in the outer rim look similar. Icerya pilosa forms an ovisac band but Rao believed I. kumari formed neither an ovisac band nor a marsupium. Icerya pulchra group This group includes three species: I. pulchra, I. morrisoni and I. minor. All have the same pore types distributed in the same way on the derm. Icerya morrisoni has a single cicatrix whereas I. minor and I. pulchra have three cicatrices. The latter two species differ by the density of simple multilocular pores with a quinquelocular or hexalocular centre and 4-8 outer loculi. Morrison believed I. minor and I. pulchra to be synonyms because the only difference he found between the two species was the number of multilocular pores on the dorsum. Green also believed these two species to be synonyms and suggested that I. minor represented a smaller form of I. pulchra. Rao separated the two species based on the length of the antennal and apical setae of the first-instar nymph (long in I. minor, short in I. pulchra). He found that the dorsal pores of I. minor tend to have bilocular centres while the dorsal pores of I. pulchra tend to have trilocular centres. Icerya seychellarum group Five species belong to this group: I. crocea, I. formicarum, I. hanoiensis, I. menoni and I. seychellarum. Until recently, I. crocea was considered a synonym of I. seychellarum, but the two were separated based on the shape and distribution of the open-centre pores and genetic differences (Unruh & Gullan, 2008). These five species all have open-centre pores present in marginal clusters and transverse rows on the dorsal surface. This distribution of open-centre pores differs from other species in which the distribution is restricted to the margins and across the head only. The five species of this group can be separated based on the shape and density of their open-centre pores. The open-centre pores of I. crocea have 17-20 outer loculi and may or may not have a small cleft present. These pores are densely clustered on the middorsal head and thorax. Icerya seychellarum has similar-looking pores that always have a triangular cleft and are scattered only across the dorsal head and thorax. Both species have three cicatrices, which differs from I. formicarum and I. menoni, which each have a single cicatrix. The latter two species can be separated by the number of loculi in the open-centre pores and the shape of the ovisac in life [we were unable to examine material of I. menoni and base these claims on Rao's (1951a) description and illustrations]. In life, the external appearance of the two species differs as the ovisac of I. menoni consists of a fluffy white secretion on the ventral abdomen compared to the elongate, fluted ovisac of I. formicarum. Icerya menoni also has two pencils of wax projecting from the posterior end of the body [projections visible in photograph accompanying original description (Rao, 1951a: 61)] and I. formicarum has two tufts of wax surrounding the anal opening (1951a: 54). Rao reported that the open-centre pores of I. menoni are larger than those of I. formicarum and have a proportionately larger number of outer loculi and larger diameter. Refer to the taxonomic notes (in Unruh & Gullan, 2008b) on I. hanoiensis for a discussion of possible synonymy with I. seychellarum. "Pericerya" group Species in this group form a clade in the molecular phylogenetic analysis by Unruh & Gullan, 2008. "Pericerya" is the generic name created by Silvestri (1939) to describe all iceryine species with two pairs of abdominal spiracles. Four species, I. purchasi, I. callitri, I. koebelei and I. sumatrana, as well as several undescribed species from New Caledonia and Australia, belong to the "Pericerya" group. All species have only two pairs of abdominal spiracles and have open-centre pores present in marginal clusters. Icerya callitri looks the most dissimilar to the other species with simple multilocular pores, similar to vulvar pores, present on the dorsal surface and ventral margin to submargin. Icerya purchasi and I. koebelei can be separated easily in life because I. koebelei forms a "pencil" of wax that projects upward from the middorsum. Under the microscope they can be distinguished from one another by the number of antennal segments (I. purchasi has 11 segments, I. koebelei typically has 9 or 10) and by the density of dark hair-like setae on the dorsal surface. Also I. koebelei has a dense middorsal cluster of 30-50 simple multilocular pores from which the wax pencil emanates. Icerya sumatrana resembles I. purchasi in life, but can be separated by the shape of the multilocular pores, the absence of marginal clusters of setae and the absence of bilocular centre pores on the dorsum. Unplaced Icerya species Four Icerya species that were examined by Unruh & Gullan (2008b) could not be placed in any other group. These species are I. australis, I. acaciae, I. imperatae and I. nuda. Unruh & Gullan (2008b) did not place I. nuda in any group because the material was in very poor shape. Several undescribed species of Icerya that look similar to I. imperatae have been collected in Australia. Although I. acaciae and I. australis look similar and previously belonged to the genus Auloicerya, they were not closely related in the phylogenetic reconstruction of Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Uesato {et al.} 2011: 52 (female) [Icerya species in Japan]; Unruh & Gullan 2008: 23-24 (female) [Genera of Margarodidae - Iceryini]; Unruh & Gullan 2008: 24 (first instar) [Genera of Margarodidae - Iceryini]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 22-23 (female) [Genera of Iceryini]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Kosztarab 1996: 40 (female) [North America]; Gill 1993: 35 (female) [USA, California]; Morales 1991: 56 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams & Watson 1990: 15-16 (female) [Margarodidae Genera of Tropical South pacific]; Williams & Watson 1990: 21 (female) [Icerya species of South Pacific]; Beardsley 1966: 391 (female) [Genera of Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1950b: 32 (female) [Genera of USSR]; Morrison 1928: 196-197 (female, larva) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 428-429 (female) [Monophlebinae]; Kuwana 1922a: 2 (female) [Japan]; MacGil1ivray 1921: 73-74 (female) [Genus]; Morrison 1920: 150 (female) [Philippines]; Riley & Howard 1890b: 106 (female, nymph) [USA, Florida].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy: 397]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 150,186-188]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 155]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy: 32, 45]; Brain1915 [taxonomy: 166-167]; Cocker1895z [taxonomy, description: 15]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 274]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 3, 4]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy: 80]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 257]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy: 347]; Dougla1890 [taxonomy: 79]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 23]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description: 11-12]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 424-425]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 197,202]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy: 37]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy: 1346]; Fuller1897c [taxonomy: 11]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy: 438]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description: 35, 36]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 395]; GomezM1957 [taxonomy: 86]; GomezM1968 [taxonomy: 563]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 435-436]; GullanSj2001 [taxonomy: 257-278]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy: 55, 266]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy: 370]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy: 17, 57]; HodgsoFo2006 [taxonomy: 162]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy: 2]; Kaussa1957 [taxonomy: 2]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 87]; Kaweck1965a [taxonomy: 206]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 253]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 40-41]; Kuwana1922a [taxonomy, description: 1-2]; Liegeo1944 [taxonomy: 165]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 182, 193]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 221, 222]; Lizery1939 [taxonomy: 172]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 71,73-75]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 4]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy: 90]; MkrtchSa2001 [structure, taxonomy: 167-168]; Morale1991 [taxonomy, description: 56]; Morris1920 [taxonomy: 149-150]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 6-26,100-220]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy. description: 22-28,31]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 48, 95, 134, 152, 16]; Rao1943VP [taxonomy: 246]; Rao1951 [taxonomy, description: 40-50]; RileyHo1890b [taxonomy: 92-106]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description: 351-352]; Silves1920 [taxonomy: 487]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 147, 154-156]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 2-3]; UesatoKoUn2011 [taxonomy: 49-55]; UnruhGu2005 [taxonomy: 133]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, description, molecular data, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description: 69-73]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy: 142]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 428-429]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 259,306-307,316]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 16,18-21]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 19, 30-31]; Zahrad1959a [taxonomy: 534-535]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy: 136].
Icerya acaciae (Morrison & Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Auloicerya acaciae Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 26. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Swan River, on Acacia hueglii, collected George Compere (no. 950). Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 25272. Described: female. Illust.
Icerya acaciae; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia baileyana [Gullan1987], Acacia dealbata [Gullan1987], Acacia deanei [Gullan1987], Acacia decurrens [Gullan1987], Acacia elongata [Gullan1987], Acacia hueglii [MorrisMo1923, Gullan1987], Acacia melanoxylon [Gullan1987], Acacia myrtifolia [Gullan1987], Acacia parramattensis [Gullan1987], Acacia pentadenia [Gullan1987], Acacia pulchella [Gullan1987], Acacia rubida [Gullan1987], Acacia uncinata [Gullan1987], Acacia verticillata [Gullan1987], Acacia victoriae [Gullan1987], Acacia viscidula [Gullan1987].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Gullan1987], New South Wales [Gullan1987], South Australia [Gullan1987], Western Australia [MorrisMo1923, Gullan1987]).
BIOLOGY: A biparental species, univoltine in Australian Capital Territory, but may be bivoltine in warmer parts of Australia (Gullan, 1987).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Morrison & Morrison (1923). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 151]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 197]; Gullan1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 155-160]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-213,222]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 73-74].
Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya aegyptiacum; Riley & Howard, 1890: 256. Change of combination.
Crossotosoma aegyptiacum Douglas, 1890: 79. Type data: EGYPT: Alexandra [sic]. Lectotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 1945121. Described: female. Notes: Unruh & Gullan (2008b: 75) gave this collection data of the lectotype "No. 40/BM 1945, 121/ R. Newstead." / " Icerya/(=Crossotosoma)/ Aegyptiaca Doug/ females (Egypt)./ Alexandra 1890.".
Icerya aegyptiaca; Maskell, 1893b: 247. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
Icerya tangalla Green, 1896: 7. Type data: SRI LANKA: Tangalla, on leaves of unidentified plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 21. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Rao, 1951: 54.
COMMON NAMES: breadfruit mealybug [WatsonOoGi1995]; Egyptian cottony cushion scale [Newste1894c]; Egyptian Icerya [RileyHo1890b]; Egyptian mealy bug [Hall1922].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Rodolia breviuscula Weise [PuttarCh1957], Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant [Bartle1978c], Rodolia koebelei Oliff [SchmutKlLu1957], Rodolia pumila Weise [UesatoKoUn2011], Rodolia ruficollis Mulsant [Muzaff1969]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard) [Noyes2004]. Encyrtidae: Leptomastix nigrocoxalis Compere [Noyes2004], Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam) [Noyes2004], Rhopus nigroclavatus (Ashmead) [Noyes2004]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus [Noyes2004]. Pteromalidae: Oricoruna arcotensis (Mani & Kurian) [Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Asystasia [Rao1951], Barleria [Rao1951], Barleria cristata [Morris1920], Pseuderanthemum [WilliaWa1990], Ruellia brittoniana [UesatoKoUn2011], Strobilanthes [Green1922]. Alangiaceae: Alangium salvifolium [Rao1951]. Amaranthaceae: Bragantia [Green1922, Rao1951]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Hall1922, Takaha1942b, Rao1951, UesatoKoUn2011], Schinus terebinthifolius [Hall1922]. Annonaceae: Annona [Green1922, Rao1951, TangHa1995], Annona cherimolia [Rao1951], Annona squamosa [Hall1922, Rao1951, KawaiMaUm1971], Polyalthia longifolia [Rao1951]. Apiaceae: Peucedanum japonicum [UesatoKoUn2011]. Apocynaceae: Carissa edulis [Hall1923], Ochrosia [Beards1966], Ochrosia nakaiana [KawaiMaUm1971]. Araceae: Cyrtosperma chamissionis [WilliaWa1990]. Arecaceae [Newste1917b, Rao1951], Cocos nucifera [Beards1966], Hyophorbe verschaffeltii [Beards1966], Latania [Hall1922], Mascarena verschaffeltii [UesatoKoUn2011], Phoenix dactylifera [Hall1922]. Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [Rao1951, UesatoKoUn2011], Gaillardia aristata [UesatoKoUn2011], Pluchea indica [WilliaWa1990], Pluchea odorata [Beards1966], Synedrella nodiflora [WilliaWa1990], Vernonia, Wedelia biflora [Beards1966]. Blechnaceae: Blechnum pyramidalum [Beards1966]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [Takaha1942b], Cullenia [Green1922]. Buxaceae: Buxus liukiuensis [UesatoKoUn2011]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [Beards1966]. Caryophyllaceae: Drymaria [WilliaMi2010]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [Rao1951, Beards1966, WilliaWa1990, WilliaMi2010]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [Beards1966, WilliaWa1990, UesatoKoUn2011]. Cupressaceae: Thuja [Hall1923]. Cyatheaceae: Cyathea mertensiana [KawaiMaUm1971]. Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta [UesatoKoUn2011]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros egbert-walkeri [UesatoKoUn2011]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia dicksonii japonica [UesatoKoUn2011]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus sylvestris [UesatoKoUn2011]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Lindin1913, Green1922, Hall1922, WilliaWa1990], Alchornea liukiuensis [UesatoKoUn2011], Alchornea trewioides [MartinLa2011], Aleurites fordii [Rao1951], Aporusa dioica [MartinLa2011], Bridelia sp. [MartinLa2011], Bridelia tomentosa [MartinLa2011], Codiaeum [Green1922, Rao1951, Beards1966], Codiaeum variegatum [Rao1951, WilliaWa1990], Croton [Green1896, Rao1951, Beards1966], Drypetes integerrima [KawaiMaUm1971], Euphorbia [Beards1966], Euphorbia tirucalli [UesatoKoUn2011], Glochidion [Beards1966], Ipomoea indica [UesatoKoUn2011], Macaranga [Beards1966], Macaranga tanarius [UesatoKoUn2011], Mallotus japonicus [UesatoKoUn2011], Pedilanthus tithymaloides variegata [UesatoKoUn2011], Phykanthus amarus [UesatoKoUn2011]. Fabaceae: Acacia [TangHa1995], Acacia decurrens [Rao1951], Cajanus indicus [Rao1951], Cassia didymobotrya [Rao1951], Jacaranda mimosaefolia [Hall1923], Leucaena leucocephala [UesatoKoUn2011], Parkinsonia aculeata [Hall1922, Rao1951], Pithecolobium saman [Rao1951], Poinciana regia [Hall1922], Vigna marina [Beards1966]. Flagellariaceae: Flagellaria indica [Beards1966]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola [Beards1966, WilliaWa1990], Scaevola koenigi [WilliaWa1990]. Guttiferae: Hypericum mysorensis [Rao1951]. Lamiaceae: Coleus sp. [BenDov2012], Leucas [Rao1951], Ocimum sanctum [Rao1951]. Lauraceae: Litsea japonica [UesatoKoUn2011], Litsea rotundifolia [MartinLa2011], Machilus thunbergii [UesatoKoUn2011]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [Rao1951]. Lythraceae: Cuphea hyssopifolia [UesatoKoUn2011], Lawsonia alba [Hall1922], Nesaea [Rao1951], Pemphis acidula [WilliaWa1990]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [BenDov2012]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Hall1922], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [UesatoKoUn2011]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [Hall1922]. Memecylaceae: Memecylon edule [Rao1951]. Montiniaceae: Montinia [Green1922]. Moraceae: Artocarpus incisa [Rao1951, Beards1966, WilliaWa1990], Artocarpus integrifolia [Rao1951], Ficus [Takaha1942b, Beards1966], Ficus asperrima [Rao1951], Ficus benghalensis [Hall1922, Rao1951], Ficus carica [Hall1923, Rao1951], Ficus elastica [Hall1922], Ficus erecta [UesatoKoUn2011], Ficus hirta [MartinLa2011], Ficus indica [Lindin1913], Ficus infectoria [Hall1922], Ficus microcarpa [UesatoKoUn2011], Ficus nitida [Hall1922, BenDov2012], Ficus platyphylla [Hall1922], Ficus rubiginosa [Newste1894c], Ficus sycomorus [Hall1922, BenDov2012], Ficus tinctoria [WilliaWa1990], Morus alba [Morris1920, Hall1922], Morus australis [UesatoKoUn2011]. Musaceae: Musa [Beards1966], Musa paradisiaca [WilliaWa1990]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia jambolana [Rao1951], Eugenia javanica [KawaiMaUm1971], Myrtus communis [Hall1923], Psidium [Green1922], Psidium cattleianum [KawaiMaUm1971], Psidium guajava [DoaneHa1909, Hall1922, Rao1951, KawaiMaUm1971]. Onagraceae: Ludwigia capitata [WilliaWa1990]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus odoratissimus [WilliaWa1990]. Phyllanthaceae: Antidesma pentandrum barbatum [UesatoKoUn2011], Bischofia javanica [UesatoKoUn2011]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [KawaiMaUm1971]. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago capensis [Rao1951]. Poaceae: Zea mays [WilliaWa1990]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Hall1923], Punica granatum [Rao1951]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis chinensis [UesatoKoUn2011], Clematis terniflora [UesatoKoUn2011]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Hall1922]. Rosaceae: Osteomeles boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971], Pyrus communis [Hall1922], Pyrus malus [Rao1951], Raphiolepis integerrima [KawaiMaUm1971], Rosa [Lindin1913, Hall1922, Rao1951, UesatoKoUn2011]. Rubiaceae: Psychotria asiatica [MartinLa2011], Psychotria boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971], Psychotria rubra [UesatoKoUn2011], Rubia cordifolia [Rao1951]. Rutaceae: Boninia grisea [KawaiMaUm1971], Citrus [Hall1922, Rao1951, Beards1966, TangHa1995], Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1990], Glycosmis pentaphylla [Rao1951]. Salicaceae: Salix babylonica [Hall1923]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Rao1951]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Rao1951], Planchonella obovata [UesatoKoUn2011], Pouteria obovata [KawaiMaUm1971], Sapota [Hall1922], Sideroxylon ferrugineum [KawaiMaUm1971]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [Rao1951], Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaWa1990], Solanum nigrum [Rao1951]. Theaceae: Thea [Green1922]. Ulmaceae: Trema [Rao1951], Trema argentea [KawaiMaUm1971]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria nivea nipononivea [UesatoKoUn2011]. Verbenaceae: Lantana [Hall1922], Tectona grandis [Lindin1913, Rao1951, SenthiBa2005]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Hall1922].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Lindin1913]; Yemen [FoldiVa2004]; Zanzibar [Newste1917b]. Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1987]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966], Ponape Island [Beards1966], Truk Islands [Beards1966], Yap [Beards1966]); French Polynesia (Society Islands [DoaneHa1909]); Guam [Beards1966]; Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [WatsonMuSh2014]); Kiribati [WilliaWa1990] (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966]); Marshall Islands [Beards1966]; Northern Mariana Islands [Beards1966]; Palau [Beards1966]; Wake Island [Beards1966]. Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [TangHa1995]); Hong Kong [TangHa1995]; India (Assam [SenthiBa2005], Bihar [Rao1951], Gujarat [Rao1951], Karnataka [Rao1951], Kerala [Rao1951], Maharashtra [Rao1951, GodseBh2003], Odisha [Rao1951], Tamil Nadu [Rao1951]); Indonesia (Kalimantan (=Borneo) [WilliaMi2010]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]; Pakistan [Muzaff1969]; Philippines (Luzon [Morris1920]); Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [UesatoKoUn2011]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1922]; Taiwan [TangHa1995]; Thailand [Takaha1942b]. Palaearctic: China [Yang1982]; Egypt [Dougla1890, Hall1922]; Israel [BenDov2012]; Japan [Kawai1980] [Tanaka2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Tang & Hao (1995). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: The general appearance (in colour illustration) of the adult female and adult male is given by Green (1922). Adult female orange red or brick red, limbs blackish, the dorsum more or less completely covered with cushions of white mealy secretion intermingled with pulverulent or granular wax (Green, 1922). Colour photograph by Kawai (1980).
SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439512 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009). Although Williams & Watson (1990) stated that the type material of Crossotosoma aegyptiacum probably was lost, Unruh & Gullan (2008b: 75) believed that the slide which they designated as lectotype was part of the type series. Douglas (1890) described the species from material sent to him in England from Alexandria, Egypt. In Newstead’s (1894: 28) review of the pest, he stated that he “had specimens of the females from Egypt…”. Unruh & Gullan (2008b: 75) believed that the specimens Newstead had were from Douglas’s original collection.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Hall (1922) noted that it is widely distributed in Egypt and decidedly a pest. Considered a pest in the Pacific Region (Waterhouse & Norris, 1987; Williams & Watson, 1990; Waterhouse, 1993).
KEYS: Uesato {et al.} 2011: 52 (female) [Icerya species in Japan]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Williams & Watson 1990: 21 (female) [Icerya species of Tropical South Pacific]; Rao 1951a: 157 (female) [South East Asia]; Borchsenius 1950b: 45 (female) [USSR]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Riley & Howard 1890b: 106 (female, nymph) [Palearctic].
CITATIONS: AbouEl2001 [host, distribution: 185-189]; Bartle1978c [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 135-136]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 398-399]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue, economic importance: 188-191]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 34, 44]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 220]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 126]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 45]; BrancaSa1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 56]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 238-245]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 286-291]; Butani1979 [economic importance: 36-40]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; DoaneHa1909 [host, distribution: 297]; Dougla1890 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 24, 27]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 425]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; FoldiVa2004 [host, distribution: 79-80]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description: 37]; Gardne1958 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 465-471]; Gentry1965 [host, distribution, economic importance]; GodseBh2003 [host, distribution: 1]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 7]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 439-440]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 280]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1-2]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30]; Hughes1963 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 173-184]; Joseph1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 35]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 88-89]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 14]; KondoGuPo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 2]; LattinOm1983 [host, distribution, economic importance: 93]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 266]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 113,156,382]; Lindin1913 [host, distribution: 84]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 135]; MaityGh2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-12]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 46]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy: 274]; MendelBl1991 [biological control: 68]; MendelBlZe1992 [host, distribution, chemistry, ecology: 118-124]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 154]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 152-153]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 207-208, 210, 222, 2]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 44]; Muzaff1969 [host, distribution, biological control: 91-93]; Muzaff1974 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-92]; Newste1894c [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 27-31]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 126]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; PaulGh2004 [chemical control: 729-732]; PuttarCh1953a [biological control: 87-95]; PuttarCh1957 [host, distribution, biological control: 7]; Rao1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41, 51-54]; RileyHo1890b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-99, 105]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; SalemAbAb2001 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 563-586]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 423]; SenthiBa2005 [host, distribution: 31-32]; Shiau1990 [taxonomy: 1-129]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 63]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 6]; Tanaka2012 [distribution, host: 21-22]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-157, 565, 685]; Teuria1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; ThistlVa1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3-15]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 209]; UesatoKoUn2011 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 49-55]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 74-76]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 319]; WadhiBa1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 227-260]; Waterh1991 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, life history: 117-122]; Waterh1993 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 49-63]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, life history: 156-171]; WaterhFe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control]; WaterhNo1987 [host, distribution, economic importance]; WatsonMuSh2014 [distribution, host: 1595]; WatsonOoGi1995 [description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 37-39]; WilliaGuEn2006 [host, distribution: 269]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 46]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration. host, distribution: 20-23]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 3, 41]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 30]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66].
Icerya assamensis (Rao)NOMENCLATURE:
Steatococcus assamensis Rao, 1951a: 154. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Dawki, on Citrus. Holotype female. Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female. Illust.
Icerya assamensis; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum variegatum [MartinLa2011]. Gnetaceae: Gnetum hiofuense [MartinLa2011]. Lauraceae: Litsea glutinosa [MartinLa2011]. Myrtaceae: Rohdomyrtus sp. [MartinLa2011]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Rao1951a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India (Assam [Rao1951a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951a). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Rao 1951a: 158 (female) [South East Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 270]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 46]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-155]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 169]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 76].
Icerya australis MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya rosae australis Maskell, 1894b: 101. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, on Hakea gibbosa; collected by Froggatt. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 77. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Unruh & Gullan (2008b) discussed the type locality and their selection of the lectotype.
Icerya (Crypticerya) australis; Cockerell, 1896b: 323. Change of combination and rank.
Palaeococcus australis; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination.
Auloicerya australis; Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 22. Change of combination.
Paleococcus australis; Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 22. Misspelling of genus name.
Icerya australis; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Revived combination.
HOST: Proteaceae: Hakea gibbosa [Maskel1894b, MorrisMo1923].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1894b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison & Morrison (1923) and by Morrison (1928). Partial illustration of adult male by Morrison & Morrison (1923).
STRUCTURE: Adult female subglobular or very slightly elliptical, the ventral surface flat, the dorsum very convex; colour a deep rich brown, almost black, with a row of yellow spots on the margin and another row of similar spots midway (Maskell, 1894b). External appearance of the adult female illustrated by Froggatt (1921b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 151-152]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 323]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 233]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 50]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 21]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 197]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34-35]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-102]; Maskel1896b [taxonomy, description, illustration: 406-408]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-214, 220, 222]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-25]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 76-78]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 307].
Icerya callitri (Froggatt)NOMENCLATURE:
Llaveia callitri Froggatt, 1923: 162. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, near Corinbil homestead, near Carrathool, on branchlets of Cypress pines, Callitris glauca. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female and first instar.
Icerya callitri; Morrison, 1928: 189. Change of combination.
Icerya callitris; Lindinger, 1955a: 346. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Cupressaceae: Callitris glauca [Frogga1923].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1923, Morris1928, UnruhGu2008b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Froggatt (1923). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Adult female about half an inch in diameter; thickly enveloped in a mass of loose cotton wool secretion (Froggatt, 1923).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 194]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Frogga1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 162]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 189,209,222]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 78]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 300].
Icerya chilensis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya chilensis Hempel, 1920a: 333. Type data: CHILE: Central Chile, on leaves of an indigenous tree; collected January, 1909. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 20084. Described: female.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [Hempel1920a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hempel (1920a).
SYSTEMATICS: Unruh & Gullan (2008) regarded this pecies as Incertae sedis.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 194]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333-334, 357-358]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 207, 223]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy: 101].
Icerya clauseni (Rao)NOMENCLATURE:
Crypticerya clauseni Rao, 1951a: 144. Type data: MALAYA: Kuala Selangor, on Citrus, collected by C.P. Clausen, April 1930. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Icerya clauseni; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Change of combination.
HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus [Rao1951a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Rao1951a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951a).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 148, 614-615 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 158 (female) [South East Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 156]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-146]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, distribution: 148-149]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79].
Icerya corticalis VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya corticalis Vayssière, 1926: 321. Type data: ZAIRE [=CONGO BELGE]: Makaiantete, on bark of undetermined tree in forest; collected November 1915 by R. Mayne. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depositories: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France, and Tervuren: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Section d'Entomologie, Belgium. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire [Vayssi1926].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male and third instar nymph by Vayssière (1926).
SYSTEMATICS: Icerya corticalis Vayssiere, 1926: 321, was synonymized with Gigantococcus maximus (Newstead, 1914) by Pesson & Bielenin (1966: 248); synonymy not recognized in Foldi (2001) or Ben-Dov (2005, 2006)]. Unruh & Gullan (2008: 37) accepted the synonymy.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 194=195]; MayneGh1934 [host, distribution: 3-38]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208,223,319-323].
Icerya crocea GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya crocea Green, 1896: 7. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kandy, on leaves of Croton. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 80. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Icerya crocae; Vayssière, 1926: 340. Misspelling of species name.
Icerya crocea; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Revived status.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Croton [Green1896]. Menispermaceae: Cocculus [Green1896]. Rosaceae: Fubus felexus [MartinLa2011], Rubus [UnruhGu2008b]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Green1896]. Ulmaceae: Trema orientalis [MartinLa2011].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [UnruhGu2008b]; India (Assam [UnruhGu2008b]); Sri Lanka [Green1896].
SYSTEMATICS: Icerya procea Green, 1896, was synonymized with Ice. seychellarum seychellarum (Westwood, 1855), by Green (1922), and was listed as such a synonym by Ben-Dov (2005). Unruh & Gullan (2008) re-validated the species Ice. crocea.
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: Green1896 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-10]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 46]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79-80].
Icerya formicarum NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya formicarum Newstead, 1897b: 169. Type data: INDIA: Bombay District, in nests of Crematogaster subnuda; collected by R.C. Wroughton. Lectotype immature, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 80. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 289. Described: immature. Illust. Notes: The lectotype is second-instar nymph (Unruh & Gullan, 2008b.
Newsteadiella formicarum; MacGillivray, 1921: 75. Change of combination.
Icerya peninsularensis Rao, 1951: 55. Nomen nudum; discovered by Rao, 1951: 55.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aenasius indicus (Narayanan & Subba Rao) [Noyes2004], Anagyrus chrysos (Noyes & Hayat) [Noyes2004], Anagyrus mirzai Agarwal & Alam [Noyes2004], Prochiloneurus comperei Viggiani [Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Rao1951]. Cactaceae: Opuntia [Rao1951]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [Rao1951]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Rao1951], Aleurites [Rao1951], Croton [Rao1951], Phyllanthus [Rao1951]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Rao1951, TangHa1995], Bauhinia [Rao1951], Caesalpinia coriaria [Rao1951], Cassia auriculata [Rao1951], Cassia occidentalis [Rao1951], Cassia renigera [Rao1951], Cassia siamea [Rao1951], Crotalaria [Rao1951], Mimosa pudica [Rao1951], Pithecellobium saman [Rao1951], Prosopis juliflora [Rao1951], Tamarindus indica [Rao1951], Tephrosia [Rao1951]. Lamiaceae: Ocimum sanctum [Rao1951]. Lauraceae: Litsea [TangHa1995]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Rao1951], Hibiscus esculenta [Rao1951], Kydia calycina [Rao1951]. Memecylaceae: Memecylon edule [Rao1951]. Moraceae: Artocarpus incisa [Rao1951], Chlorophora excelsa [Rao1951], Ficus [Rao1951, TangHa1995]. Myrtaceae: Myrtus communis [Rao1951], Psidium guajava [Rao1951]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Rao1951]. Rosaceae: Pyrus malus [Rao1951], Rosa [Rao1951]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Rao1951, TangHa1995]. Santalaceae: Santalum album [Rao1951]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Rao1951]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Rao1951]. Verbenaceae: Tectona grandis [Rao1951].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [TangHa1995]); Hong Kong [TangHa1995]; India (Andhra Pradesh [UnruhGu2008b], Assam [Rao1951], Karnataka [Rao1951], Kerala [Rao1951], Madhya Pradesh [Rao1951], Maharashtra [Rao1951], Odisha [Rao1951], Tamil Nadu [Rao1951], West Bengal [Rao1951]); Taiwan [TangHa1995]. Palaearctic: France [Foldi2001].
BIOLOGY: Found in nests of the ant Crematogaster subnuda Mz., together with the mealybug Ripersia formicicola (Newstead, 1897b).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Newstead (1897b), Rao (1951) and by Tang & Hao (1995). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan, 2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 156 (female) [South East Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 195-196]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 24]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 75]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 46]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 203, 208, 223]; Newste1897b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-170]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; Rao1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-41,54-58]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155-158,565]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 80-81]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 319].
Icerya gaponiana GavrilovNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya gaponiana Gavrilov, 2013: 66-69. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: near Jayapura City, on twigs and leaves of dicotyledonous tree, 11/1/2011 by I.A. Gavrilov. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. K 882. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustrations in Gavrilov, 2013.
STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body broadly oval, up to 7 mm long. Eyes each about 80 mm in diameter. Antennae each 11-segmented, about 900 mm long. Legs well developed. Defined ovisac absent, but narrow wax band present along the ventral margin of the abdomen. (Gavrilov, 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: I. gaponiana belongs to the Icerya jacobsoni Green group, erected by Unruh and Gullan (2008). All four of the previously known species in this group are characterized by the possession of unique stalked pores. I. gaponiana differs from all the four species in possessing marginal groups of special multilocular pores of complicated structure. (Gavrilov, 2013)
CITATIONS: Gavril2013 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 66-69].
Icerya hanoiensis Jashenko & DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya hanoiensis Jashenko & Danzig, 1992: 90. Type data: VIETNAM: Hanoi, on Citrus sp.; collected January 3 1986, by Konstantinova and Danzig. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 40-88. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus [JashenDa1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Vietnam [JashenDa1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Jashenko & Danzig (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 197]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; JashenDa1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-90]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 81].
Icerya imperatae RaoNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya imperatae Rao, 1951: 58. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Occidental Negros, Ada Tanao Sagay, on Saccharum spontaneum, collected W.D. Pierce, October 10, 1928. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 29/897. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa spinosa [Rao1951, WilliaGuEn2006], Brachiaria decumbens [WilliaGuEn2006, HodgsoLa2011], Chloris barbata [WilliaGuEn2006], Imperata conferta [WilliaGuEn2006], Imperata exaltata [WilliaGuEn2006], Oryza sativa [WilliaGuEn2006], Ottochloa nodosa [WilliaGuEn2006], Paspalum conjugatum [WilliaGuEn2006], Paspalum notatum [WilliaGuEn2006], Pennisetum [WilliaGuEn2006], Saccharum spontaneum [Rao1951, WilliaGuEn2006], Sorghum [WilliaGuEn2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [WilliaGuEn2006], Queensland [WilliaGuEn2006]); Fiji [HodgsoLa2011]. Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]). Australasian: Palau [WilliaGuEn2006, HodgsoLa2011]. Oriental: Brunei [WilliaGuEn2006]; Malaysia (Malaya [WilliaGuEn2006]); Philippines (Negros [Rao1951, WilliaGuEn2006]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951) and by Hodgson & Lagowska (2011). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Williams et al. (2006).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Williams et al. (2006) reported this species as a serious pest of grasses in the Republic of Palau.
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 157 (female) [South East Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 197-198]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Gavril2013 [distribution, host: 69]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-5]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 27]; Rao1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-60]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 155-156, 158]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 81-82]; WilliaGuEn2006 [economic importance, host, distribution, taxonomy: 267-272].
Icerya insulans HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya insulans Hempel, 1923: 510. Type data: BRAZIL: Ilhas dos Alcatrazes, on a plant of Compositae and on Tibouchina holosericea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 20400. Described: female. Notes: Vayssiere (1926) listed this species as Icerya insulans Luederwaldt & Fonseca.
Icerya insulans; Vayssière, 1926: 319. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Luederwaldt & Fonseca" as authors.
HOSTS: Asteraceae [Hempel1923]. Melastomataceae: Tibouchina holosericea [Hempel1923].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1923]).
SYSTEMATICS: Unruh & Gullan (2008) regarded this species as incertae sedis.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 198]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Hempel1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 510-512]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 224]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy: 101]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 319].
Icerya jacobsoni GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya jacobsoni Green, 1913: 316. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Semarang, on Dombeya acutangula. Lectotype female and first instar, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 83. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 1301. Described: female and first instar.
Crypticerya jacobsoni; Morrison, 1928: 203. Change of combination.
Crypticerya jakobsoni; Tao, 1999: 2. Misspelling of species name.
Icerya jacobsoni; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Burseraceae: Canarium pimela [Rao1951a, TangHa1995]. Dipterocarpaceae [Lit1997b]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga carolinensis [Beards1966], Macaranga tanarius [WilliaMi2010]. Fabaceae: Leucaena leucocephala [Beards1966]. Lauraceae: Litsea glutinosa [Morris1920, Rao1951a]. Moraceae: Castilloa elastica [Rao1951a]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Rao1951a], Psidium guajava [Morris1920, Rao1951a]. Rubiaceae: Neonauclea calycina [WilliaMi2010]. Rutaceae: Citrus [TangHa1995]. Sterculiaceae: Dombeya acutangula [Green1913, Tao1999]. Urticaceae: Leucosyke capitellata [Rao1951a], Villebrunea rubescens [WilliaMi2010].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia [Beards1966]. Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Green1913, Rao1951a]); Burma (=Myanmar) [Beards1966]; China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [TangHa1995, Tao1999], Hainan [TangHa1995, Tao1999]); Hong Kong [TangHa1995, Tao1999]; Philippines (Luzon [Morris1920, Rao1951a], Palawan [Lit1997b]); Thailand [Takaha1942b]. Palaearctic: China [Rao1951a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951a). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 148, 614-615 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 158 (female) [South East Asia]; Morrison 1920: 150 (female) [Philippines].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 397]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 156-157]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198]; Green1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 316-317]; Lit1997b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 94]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 46]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 150-151]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 203, 208, 224]; Rao1951 [taxonomy: 41]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-148]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 424]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 6]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 149, 564]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 319]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 46]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 30].
Icerya jaihind (Rao)NOMENCLATURE:
Crypticerya jaihind Rao, 1951a: 148. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Mangalore, on Ficus asperrima. Holotype female. Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female. Illust.
Icerya jaihind; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Rao1951a]. Lauraceae: Litsea glutinosa [UnruhGu2008b], Machilus velutina [MartinLa2011]. Moraceae: Ficus asperrima [Rao1951a], Streblus asper [UnruhGu2008b]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Rao1951a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [UnruhGu2008b]; India (Kerala [Rao1951a], Tamil Nadu [Rao1951a]); Thailand [UnruhGu2008b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951a). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 148, 614-615 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 158 (female) [South East Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 157]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 46]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-150]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host: 149-150]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 83-84].
Icerya koebelei MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya koebelei Maskell, 1892: 184. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney and Brisbane, on Leptospermum laevigatum; collected by Mr. Koebele. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 84. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Leptospermum laevigatum [Maskel1893b]. Proteaceae: Persoonia [UnruhGu2008b].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1893b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Maskell (1892a), Froggatt (1921b) and by Morrison & Morrison (1923). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 198]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 50]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 24]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy description, host, distribution: 37-38]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; Maskel1892a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183-184]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 224]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-33]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 84-85]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 319].
Icerya kumari (Rao)NOMENCLATURE:
Crypticerya kumari Rao, 1951a: 152. Type data: INDIA: Mysore [=Karnataka] state, Gopalaswamy Hill, on 'Darbha' grass [=Desmostachys bipinnata]. Holotype female. Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female. Illust.
Icerya kumari; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Desmostachys bipinnata [Rao1951a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Rao1951a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951a). Description of adulr female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 148, 614-615 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 158 (female) [South East Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [p. 157]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description,: 150-151]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: UnruhGu2008b].
Icerya mangiferae (Tang & Hao)NOMENCLATURE:
Crypticerya mangiferae Tang & Hao, 1995: 151. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Jinghong, on Mangifera indica; paratypes from a plant named "Xiang-ti-guo" [=Elephant's shoe-shaped fruit] [=Ficus auriculata]. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.
Cryticerya mangiferae; Tao, 1999: 2. Misspelling of genus name.
Icerya mangiferae; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [TangHa1995]. Moraceae: Ficus auriculata [TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [TangHa1995, Tao1999]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tang & Hao (1995). Description of adult female by Unruh& Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 148, 611-613 (male, female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 158]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151,564-565]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 85-86].
Icerya menoni RaoNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya menoni Rao, 1951: 60. Type data: INDIA: Cochin State [=Kerala], Maradu, on Cocos nucifera, 7-12-1943. Holotype female. Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female. Illust.
Icerya menoi; Tang & Hao, 1995: 615. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Rao1951].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Rao1951]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Adult female about 5 mm long, 3 mm broad; dorsum covered with a snow-white, fluffy, wooly wax secretion intermingled with a very large number of glassy threads; two prominent pencils of wax project from the anal end; no marginal tassels of wax noticeable; ovisac not fluted but consisting of a fluffy wax secretion beneath the abdomen and projecting out to 3 to 4 mm from the posterior end of the body, the whole however, partly concealed by the large number of long glassy filaments that project from various parts of the dorsum and margin (Rao, 1951).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 156 (female) [South East Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 201]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Rao1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-62]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 155-156, 158-159]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 86].
Icerya minor GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya minor Green, 1908a: 17. Type data: INDIA: Bengal, Pusa, on mango, collected H.M. Lefroy. Lectotype female, male and first instar, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 87. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Leachia festiva Kieffer, 1909: 163. Type data: INDIA: Bengal, Manresa House near Ranchi, on underside of leaves of Mangifera indica. Syntypes, male. Described: male. Illust. Synonymy by Morrison, 1928: 223. Notes: Type material lost (D. Matile-Ferrero, personal information to Y. Ben-Dov).
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Green1908a, Kieffe1909, Vayssi1926]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Rao1951]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Rao1951].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Assam [Rao1951], Uttar Pradesh [Rao1951], West Bengal [Green1908a, Kieffe1909, Vayssi1926]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1908a), Vayssiere (1926) and by Rao (1951). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Adult female with short, stout, opaque white, waxy processes, arranged symmetrically in median dorsal, dorso-lateral, and marginal series. Body purplish above, yellowish orange beneath. Ovisac covering the ventral area of abdomen (Green, 1908a).
SYSTEMATICS: Leachia festira sp.n. Kieffer, 1909, as listed in Zoological Records for the year 1908, p. 410, is a mis-spelling of Leachia festiva Kieffer. The junior synonym Leachia festiva Kieffer, 1909, was described from the male and nymph.
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 157 (female) [South East Asia]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 201-202]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-18]; Kieffe1909 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,210,225]; Rao1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41,62-64]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 155-156,160]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 87]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319,330].
Icerya morrisoni RaoNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya morrisoni Rao, 1951: 64. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Manila, Intercepted at Seattle, USA, on coconut. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 174. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Rao1951, TangHa1995, UnruhGu2008b]. Lauraceae: Litsea glutinosa [Rao1951].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Rao1951, UnruhGu2008b]). Palaearctic: China [Rao1951].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 157 (female) [South East Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 203]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Rao1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-66]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 155-156, 159-160, 56]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 87-88].
Icerya natalensis (Douglas)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortonia natalensis Douglas, 1888a: 86. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Richmond, on Cliffortia serrulata; collected in 1888 by J.R. Ward. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Icerya natalensis; Cockerell, 1896a: 323. Change of combination.
Crypticerya natalensis; Morrison, 1928: 203. Change of combination.
Icerya natalensis; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Revived combination.
FOE: DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum iceryae (Williston) [Ghesqu1943].
HOST: Rosaceae: Cliffortia serrulata [Brain1915].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, Vayssi1926].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Douglas (1888a), Brain (1915) and by Vayssiere (1926). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Young female 7 mm long, 4 mm broad; body colour bright orange-chrome (Brain, 1915).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 158]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 168-171]; Cocker1896a [taxonomy: 323]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Dougla1888a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 25]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198]; Ghesqu1943 [host, distribution, biological control: 403]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 203,208,225]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 44]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 88-89]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 319,331-332].
Icerya nuda GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya (Crypticerya) nuda Green, 1930c: 282. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, on Gigantochloa aspera; collected E. Jacobson. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 90. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Crypticerya nuda; Rao, 1951a: 154. Change of combination.
Icerya nuda; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Revived combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Gigantochloa aspera [Green1930c].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c]).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 148, 614-615 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 158-159]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 198]; Green1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 282-284]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 148, 152]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 89-90].
Icerya nudata MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya nudata Maskell, 1896b: 405. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, on Cosmos sp. and Verbena sp.; collected by Mr. Olliff. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 91. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
Crypticerya nudata; Cockerell, 1899a: 390. Change of combination.
Palaeococcus nudatus; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination.
Icerya hyperici Froggatt, 1919a: 472. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Mudgee, on roots and basal stems of Hypericum perforatum. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 43.
Palaeococcus dymocki Froggatt, 1921b: 36. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Spring Valley, near Hughenden, on basal stems above the roots of a small shrubby plant; collected by Miss M. Dymock. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 43.
Steatococcus nudatus; Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 28. Change of combination.
Steatococcus dymocki; Vayssière, 1926: 307. Change of combination.
Steatococcus hyperici; Williams & Watson, 1990: 33. Change of combination.
Icerya nudata; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 41. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Cosmos [Maskel1896b]. Guttiferae: Hypericum perforatum [Frogga1919a, Frogga1921b]. Poaceae [MorrisMo1923]. Verbenaceae: Verbena [Maskel1896b].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1896b, Frogga1919a, Frogga1921b, MorrisMo1923], Queensland [Frogga1921b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Maskell (1896b), Froggatt (1921b) and by Morrison & Morrison (1923). Description and illustration of adult female by Froggatt (1919a, 1921b). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: External appearance of the adult female illustrated by Froggatt (1921b).External appearance of the nymph and adult female illustrated by Froggatt (1921b).Adult female light biscuit brown or buff coloured, very lightly covered with mealy secretion, chiefly on the margins and under-surface; broadly convex, rounded on dorsal surface, narrowest in front, very slightly ribbed, broadly rounded behind (Froggatt, 1921b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Morrison 1928: 218 (female) [Species of Steatococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 197,270,273]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 390]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 233]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 51]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 22]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203,216]; Frogga1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 470-472]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36,38-39]; Maskel1896b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 405-406]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,214-225]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-31]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90-91]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 307,319].
Icerya paulista HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya paulista Hempel, 1920a: 336. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cantareira, near Sao Paulo, on the thorns of "taquarucu" [=Guadua sp.]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 16770. Described: female.
HOST: Poaceae: Guadua [Hempel1920a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1920a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Hempel (1920a).
SYSTEMATICS: Unruh & Gullan (2008) regarded this species as Incertae sedis.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 205]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 336-337, 360-361]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 225]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy: 101]; WilliaGuEn2006 [host, distribution: 270].
Icerya pilosa GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya pilosa Green, 1896: 7. Type data: SRI LANKA: Chilaw, on a species of wiry grass growing on seashore. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 92. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Icerya seychellarum nardi Green, 1922: 441. Type data: SRI LANKA: Diyatalawa, on Andropogon nardus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Rao, 1951a: 128.
Icerya nardi; Morrison, 1928: 226. Change of status.
Icerya pilosa nardi; Green, 1937: 281. Change of combination and rank.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Rodolia fumida Mulsant [Srivas1973]. DIPTERA Chamaemyiidae: Cryptochaetum iceryae Williston [Menon1942]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Euryischia indica Mani & Kurian [Noyes2004]. Encyrtidae: Charitopus panchgania (Mani & Saraswat) [Noyes2004], Eotopus beneficus (Shafee) [Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Poaceae [Green1896], Andropogon nardus [Green1922], Saccharum officinalis [Rao1951a], Spinifex squarrosus [Green1908a, Green1922, Rao1951a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Andhra Pradesh [UnruhGu2008b], Tamil Nadu [Green1908a, Rao1951a]); Sri Lanka [Green1922].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1896, 1922) Rao (1951a) and by Tang & Hao (1995). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 6-8 mm long, 3-4 mm broad; covered by creamy white wax secretion interspersed with a very large number of erect tubular filaments; without a distinct ovisac at the posterior end, but with a pad of wax secreted by the ovisac band of pores on the venter forming a sort of marsupium in which the crawlers are found (Rao, 1951a).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 156 (female) [South East Asia]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: AgarwaSi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 149]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 205-206]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 25]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 18]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 441-443]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 281]; Menon1942 [host, distribution, biological control: 233]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208-209,225-226]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-129]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 423]; Srivas1973 [host, distribution, biological control: 180-181]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 155-156,160-161]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 91-93]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 319].
Icerya pulchra (Leonardi)NOMENCLATURE:
Paleococcus pulcher; Leonardi, 1907: 1. Misspelling of genus name.
Paleococcus pulcher Leonardi, 1907: 1. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on leaves of Ilex. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Icerya pulcher; Vayssière, 1926: 319. Change of combination.
Icerya ordinata Vayssière, 1926: 336. Nomen nudum; discovered by Vayssière, 1926: 336. Notes: Icerya ordinata Green, probably is a manuscript name of Green.
Icerya pulchra; Lindinger, 1932f: 197. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
FOE: DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum vayssierei Ghesquiere [Cadahi1984].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [Rao1951a], Mangifera indica [WatsonMuSh2014]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Leonar1907]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Rao1951a], Rhopaloblaste [Morris1921, Rao1951a]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaMi2010]. Euphorbiaceae [WilliaMi2010], Croton [Rao1951a]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia champaca [Morris1921, Vayssi1926, Rao1951a]. Rosaceae: Rosa [Rao1951a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Rao1951a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [YunusHo1980].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Leonar1907, Rao1951a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [WatsonMuSh2014] [WilliaMi2010]). Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Rao1951a]); Philippines (Negros [Rao1951a]); Singapore [Morris1921, Rao1951a]. Palaearctic: Japan [Rao1951a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Leonardi (1907), Morrison (1921), Vayssiere (1926) and by Rao (1951a). Description and illustration of adult male by Leonardi (1907). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Uesato {et al.} 2011: 49 (female) [Icerya species in Japan]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 157 (female) [South East Asia]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 206]; Cadahi1984 [biological control: 181]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Leonar1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-11]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 197]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 638-640]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,210,226]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-131]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 423]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 155-156, 161-162]; UesatoKoUn2011 [taxonomy: 49]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 93]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319,336-337]; WatsonMuSh2014 [distribution, host: 1595]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 46]; YunusHo1980 [host, distribution].
Icerya purchasi MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1879: 221. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, on kangaroo acacia [=Acacia sp.]; collected by Dr. Purchas. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Morales, 1991: 57. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
Icerya purchasi crawii Cockerell, 1897n: 94. Type data: USA: California, locality not indicated, on Citrus, collected Alex Craw. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 94. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 93.
Icerya purchasi citriperda Hempel, 1920a: 337. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 94. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 20083. Described: female. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 93.
Iceria purchasi; Kiritchenko, 1932a: 253. Misspelling of genus name.
Pericerya purchasi; Silvestri, 1939: 649. Change of combination.
Acerya purchasi; Rao, 1943: 246. Misspelling of genus name.
Icerya pulchasi; Chou, 1947a: 30, 39. Misspelling of species name.
Iceria purchasi; Kaussari, 1957: 2. Misspelling of genus name.
Perycerya purchasi; Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1957: 86. Misspelling of genus name.
Peryceria purchasi; Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1960: 204. Misspelling of genus name.
Perycerya purchasi; Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1965: 114. Misspelling of genus name.
Ycerya purchasi; Hadzibejli, 1983: 266. Misspelling of genus name.
Preicerya purchsi; Hadzibejli, 1983: 55. Misspelling of genus and species names.
COMMON NAMES: Australian fluted scale [Hall1922]; Australische wollschildlaus [SchmutKlLu1957]; citrus fluted scale [Bodenh1951a]; cochenille australienne [SchmutKlLu1957]; cochinilla acanalada de Australia [Lizery1938]; conchuela acanalada de los citricos [Gonzal1989, RipaLaRo2008c]; cottony cushion scale [DeitzTo1980, Gill1993]; escama algodonosa [QuezadCoDi1972]; escama australiana [QuezadCoDi1972]; fluted scale [DeitzTo1980]; pulgao branco da laranjeira [FonsecAu1938]; white scale [Marlat1897].
ASSOCIATES: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. FLAVOBACTERIA : Candidatus Walczuchella monophlebidarum [RosenbSaSa2012, RosasPRoRi2014].
FOES: COLEOPTERA : Tolsphorus circumdatus [Jashen1999b]. Coccinellidae: Anovia punica Gordon [GonzalKo2014], Chilocorus bipustulatus L. [ArgyriStMo1976], Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [PuttarCh1957, Jashen1999b], Hippodamia [Jashen1999b], Leis (Coccinella) conformis [Jashen1999b], Pullus gratiosus Weise [PuttarCh1957], Rodolia amabilis Kapur [PuttarCh1957], Rodolia breviuscula Weise [PuttarCh1957], Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant [Fuller1899, BrainKe1917, Kuwana1931b, Lizery1938, Zimmer1948, QuezadDe1973, MoraleHi1990], Rodolia cardinalis Mulstant [UlgentSzUy2013], Rodolia iceryae Jenson [MendelBl1991, Jashen1999b], Rodolia limbata [Jashen1999b]. Nitidulidae: Scymnus fagus [Jashen1999b], Scymnus (Pullus) canariensis [Jashen1999b]. DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum iceryae Williston [Flande1953a, QuezadDe1973, Bartle1978c, Cadahi1984, MendelBl1991, Jashen1999b], Cryptochaetum monophlebi Skuse [Ghesqu1943, Jashen1999b]. Phoridae: Syneura infraposita Borgm. [Autuor1928]. FUNGI Trichocomaceae: Paecilomyces sp. [KondoGuPo2012]. HEMIPTERA Anthocoridae: Cardiastethus nazarenus Reuter [TawfikAwSw1976, UlgentSzUy2013]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Ablerus molestus Blanchard [Noyes2004], Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [Noyes2004], Coccophagus scutellaris (Dalman) [Noyes2004], Euryischia [Noyes2004]. Encyrtidae: Brethesiella abnormicornis (Girault) [Noyes2004], Brethesiella latifrons (Timberlake) [Noyes2004, TrjapiTr2006], Cheiloneurus pulvinariae Dozier [Noyes2004], Homosemion bennetti Annecke [Noyes2004], Isodromus iceryae Howard [Noyes2004], Lamennaisia ambigua (Nees) [Noyes2004], Tetracnemoidea brevicornis (Girault) [Noyes2004]. Eulophidae: Entedon cocquilleti Riley [Noyes2004]. Mymaridae: Alaptus iceryae Riley [Noyes2004]. Pteromalidae: Ophelosia crawfordi Riley [Noyes2004], Ophelosia hypatia Girault [Noyes2004], Parasaphodes townsendi (Ashmead) [Noyes2004]. LEPIDOPTERA : Laetilia coccidivora [Jashen1999b]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa matsumurae Okamoto [Kuwana1922a, Jashen1999b], Chrysopa sapporensis [Jashen1999b], Chrysopa septempunctata [Jashen1999b], Chrysopa ventralis [Jashen1999b]. THYSANOPTERA : Megalothrips [Jashen1999b].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Avicennia germinans [LincanHoCa2010], Blechum pyramidatum [LincanHoCa2010]. Aceraceae: Acer [Morale1991], Acer negundo [MatileLeRi1999]. Amaranthaceae: Alternanthera echinocephala [LincanHoCa2010]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [LincanHoCa2010], Schinus [Hall1923]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimola [LincanHoCa2010]. Apiaceae: Cyclospermum leptophyllum [LincanHoCa2010]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [LincanHoCa2010], Vallesia gladra [LincanHoCa2010], Vinca minor [Martin1985]. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [Morale1991], Hedera helix [Martin1985]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucivera [CalderCaHo2012], Hedyscepe canterburyana [Morale1991]. Asclepiadaceae: Stapelia variegata [Martin1985]. Asteraceae: Acanthospermum hispidum [Rao1951a], Artemisia glutinosa [GomezM1957, Martin1985], Artemisia gorgonum [VanHarCoWi1990], Artemisia monosperma [BenDov2012], Aster novi belgii [Hall1923], Bidens humilis [Rao1951a], Bidens pilosa [TanakaOhTa2011], Brickellia diffusa [LincanHoCa2010], Chrysanthemum coronarium [Hall1923], Darwiniothamnus lancifolius [LincanHoCa2010], Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius [LincanHoCa2010], Erigeron sp. [BenDov2012], Gamochaeta purpurea [LincanHoCa2010], Lecocarpus darwinii [LincanHoCa2010], Lecocarpus pinnatifidus [LincanHoCa2010], Macraea laridifolia [LincanHoCa2010], Porophyllum ruderale [LincanHoCa2010], Scaevola plumieri [LincanHoCa2010], Scalesia aspera [LincanHoCa2010], Scalesia atractyloides [LincanHoCa2010], Scalesia baurii [LincanHoCa2010], Scalesia cordata [LincanHoCa2010], Scalesia divisa [LincanHoCa2010], Scalesia gordilloi [CalderCaHo2012], Scalesia helleri [LincanHoCa2010], Scalesia pedunculata [LincanHoCa2010], Sonchus tenerrimus [Martin1985]. Begoniaceae: Begonia sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Berberidaceae: Berberis canadensis [MatileLeRi1999]. Bignoniaceae: Tecoma smithii [Hall1923]. Bombacaceae: Matisia cordata [CalderCaHo2012]. Boraginaceae: Cordia leucophyctis [CalderCaHo2012], Cordia lutea [CividaGu1996], Heliotropium angiospermum [LincanHoCa2010], Tournefortia psilostachya [LincanHoCa2010], Tournefortia rufo-sericea [LincanHoCa2010]. Brassicaceae: Brassica oleracea [LincanHoCa2010]. Burseraceae: Bursera graveolens [LincanHoCa2010]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [Rao1951a, Martin1985, MatileLeRi1999]. Cactaceae: Jasminocereus thouarsii [LincanHoCa2010]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera periclymenum [Hall1923], Viburnum rhytidophyllum [MatileLeRi1999]. Caryophyllaceae: Calandrinia galapagosa [LincanHoCa2010], Pisonia floribunda [LincanHoCa2010], Plumbago scandens [LincanHoCa2010], Portykaca oleracea [LincanHoCa2010]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Beards1966], Casuarina equisetifolia [Hall1923, Hoffma1932, Rao1951a]. Celastraceae: Maytenus octogona [LincanHoCa2010]. Cistaceae: Cistus rosmarinifolius [GomezM1957, Martin1985], Cistus salviaefolius [GomezM1954, Martin1985]. Combretaceae: Conocarpus erectus [CalderCaHo2012], Laguncularia racemosa [LincanHoCa2010]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea habeliana [LincanHoCa2010], Ipomoea nil [LincanHoCa2010], Ipomoea pes-caprae [LincanHoCa2010], Merremia aegyptia [LincanHoCa2010]. Cornaceae: Cornus mas [MatileLeRi1999]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus anderssonii [LincanHoCa2010]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Hall1922], Acalypha abingdonii [LincanHoCa2010], Acalypha parvula [CalderCaHo2012], Acalypha wigginsii [CalderCaHo2012], Chamaesyce amplexicaulis [LincanHoCa2010], Chamaesyce amplexicaulis [CalderCaHo2012], Chamaesyce punctulata [CalderCaHo2012], Chamaesyce viminea [LincanHoCa2010], Croton scouleri [CalderCaHo2012], Euphorbia cyathophora [LincanHoCa2010], Excoecaria [WilliaWa1990], Jatropha curcas [ArifAh2012], Phyllanthus [Hall1922], Phyllanthus acidus [CalderCaHo2012], Phyllanthus caroliniensis [CalderCaHo2012], Phyllanthus reticulatus [Rao1951a], Ricinus communis [LincanHoCa2010]. Fabaceae: AbRhynchosia minima [LincanHoCa2010], Acacia [Maskel1879, Fuller1899, Martin1985, Gonzal1989, Morale1991], Acacia arabica [Hall1922], Acacia baileyana [Prasad1992], Acacia dealbata [Hadzib1983, Martin1985, Foldi2000], Acacia elata [Rao1951a], Acacia floribunda [Martin1985], Acacia insulae-iacodi Riley [LincanHoCa2010], Acacia macracantha [LincanHoCa2010], Acacia nilotica [LincanHoCa2010], Acacia rorudina [LincanHoCa2010], Albizia julibrissin [Hadzib1983], Albizia neumaniana [Martin1985], Amorpha fructicosa [Hadzib1983, MatileLeRi1999], Amorpha nana [Martin1985], Bauhinia [Hall1922], Cajanus cajan [Hall1922, Hadzib1983, WilliaWa1990], Canavalia maritima [CalderCaHo2012], Canavalia rosea [LincanHoCa2010], Cassia didymobotrya [Rao1951a], Cassia purchasi [MartinLa2011], Centrolobium paraense [LincanHoCa2010], Crotalaria incana [CalderCaHo2012], Cytisus [Gonzal1989], Cytisus scoparius [Kuwana1922a], Dalbergia sissoo [Hall1923], Desmanthus virgatus [LincanHoCa2010], Desmodium glabrum [LincanHoCa2010], Desmodium incanum [LincanHoCa2010], Desmodium rufescens [Rao1951a], Glycine max [Moghad2013a], Glycine soja [Kuwana1922a], Indigofera anil [WilliaWa1990], Indigofera tinctoria [Kuwana1922a], Inga edulis [LincanHoCa2010], Jacaranda mimosaefolia [Hall1922], Lespedeza [Kuwana1922a], Mimosa [Martin1985, WilliaWa1990], Mimosa pudica [WilliaWa1990], Neptunia plena [LincanHoCa2010], Parkinsonia aculeata [VanHarCoWi1990], Parkinsonia digitata [GomezM1968, Martin1985], Phaseolus mollis [LincanHoCa2010], Piscidia carthagenensis [LincanHoCa2010], Prosopis farcia [BenDov2012], Prosopis juliflora [LincanHoCa2010], Robinia pseudacacia [Martin1985], Sarothamnus scoparium [Martin1985], Senna obtusifolia [LincanHoCa2010], Senna occidentalis [LincanHoCa2010], Senna pistaciifolia [LincanHoCa2010], Spartium [Gonzal1989], Spartium junceum [Martin1985], Stylosanthes sympodiales [LincanHoCa2010], Tamarindus [Martin1985], Templetonia [Fuller1897b], Tephrosia vogelii [Rao1951a], Ulex [Gonzal1989, Morale1991], Vigna luteola [LincanHoCa2010]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [Martin1985]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola frutescens [Beards1966], Scaevola plumieri [CalderCaHo2012]. Hydrangaceae: Deutzia magnigica [MatileLeRi1999]. Lamiaceae: Hyptis pectinata [LincanHoCa2010], Mentha piperita [LincanHoCa2010], Ocimum basilicum [LincanHoCa2010], Rosmarinus officinalis [PapadoCh2012a], Salvia [Hall1922], Tectona grandis [LincanHoCa2010]. Lauraceae: Laurus maderensis [Martin1985], Laurus nobilis [Hadzib1983, Martin1985]. Liliaceae: Scalesia gordilloi [LincanHoCa2010]. Magnoliaceae: Trema micrantha [LincanHoCa2010]. Malpighiaceae: Phizophora mangle [LincanHoCa2010], Phyllanthus acidus [LincanHoCa2010], Phyllanthus caroliniensis [LincanHoCa2010]. Malvaceae: Althaea rosea [Hall1922], Bastardia vixcosa [LincanHoCa2010], Bauhinia monandra [LincanHoCa2010], Gossypium darwinii [LincanHoCa2010], Gossypium klotzschianum [LincanHoCa2010], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [LincanHoCa2010], Hibiscus tiliaceum [LincanHoCa2010], Matisia cordata [LincanHoCa2010], Phaseolus vulgaris [LincanHoCa2010]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hall1922], Ficus carica [PerezGCa1987], Ficus gnaphalocarpa [VanHarCoWi1990], Morus alba [Kuwana1922a]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum [Martin1985], Myoporum pictum [GomezM1968, Martin1985]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [PerezGCa1987]. Nandinaceae: Nandina domestica [Kuwana1922a]. Nyctaginaceae: Commicarpus tuberosus [CalderCaHo2012], Cryptocarpus pyriformis [CalderCaHo2012]. Oleaceae: Forsythia suspensa [MatileLeRi1999], Jasminum nudiflorum [MatileLeRi1999]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora quadrangularis [LincanHoCa2010]. Pinaceae: Pinus caribaea [WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Bursaria spinosa [Rao1951a], Pittosporum [Hall1922, Morale1991], Pittosporum coriaceum [GomezM1968, Martin1985], Pittosporum tobira [PellizPoSe2011]. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago capensis [Rao1951a], Plumbago scandens [CalderCaHo2012], Plumbago zeylanica [Rao1951a]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus macrophylla [Kuwana1931b]. Polygalaceae: Polygala galapageia [LincanHoCa2010]. Portulacaceae: Colandrinia galapagosa [CalderCaHo2012], Portulaca oleracea [CalderCaHo2012]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Hall1922]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mangle [CalderCaHo2012]. Rosaceae: Cotoneaster dammeri [MatileLeRi1999], Cotoneaster francheti [MatileLeRi1999], Cotoneaster horizontalis [MatileLeRi1999], Malus [Morale1991], Prunus padus [MatileLeRi1999], Pyrus communis [Hall1923, PerezGCa1987], Pyrus malus [Kuwana1922a, Hall1923], Pyrus sinensis [Kuwana1922a], Rosa [Hempel1920a], Rosa [SeabraVa1918, Hall1922], Rosa centifolia [Martin1985], Sorbaria sorbifolia [MatileLeRi1999], Spiraea prunifolia [MatileLeRi1999]. Rubiaceae: Borreria ericaefolia [LincanHoCa2010], Chiococca alba [LincanHoCa2010], Psychotria rufipes [LincanHoCa2010]. Rutaceae: Choisya ternata [MatileLeRi1999], Citrus [Fuller1899, Hempel1918, Kuwana1931b, Fullaw1946, Hadzib1983, WilliaWa1990, UygunSeEr1998], Citrus arantiifolia [CalderCaHo2012], Citrus aurantium [Martin1985, PerezGCa1987], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1990], Citrus limon [Hall1922, Martin1985, PerezGCa1987, WilliaWa1990], Citrus reticulata [Hall1922, WilliaWa1990], Citrus sinensis [WilliaWa1990], Clausena villedenovii [Rao1951a], Murraya exotica [Kuwana1931b], Poncirus trifoliatus [MatileLeRi1999]. Salicaceae: Salix babylonica [Hall1923]. Scrophulariaceae: Russelia equisetiformis [LincanHoCa2010], Scoperia dulcis [LincanHoCa2010], Sopubia delphinifolia [Rao1951a]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [GomezM1954, Martin1985], Smilax aspera [Rungs1939a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Castel1962], Waltheria ovata [CalderCaHo2012]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix africana [MatileLeRi1999], Tamarix gallica [GomezM1968, Martin1985], Tamarix tetrandra [MatileLeRi1999]. Thymelaeaceae: Daphne [Martin1985], Daphne odora [Moghad2013a]. Ulmaceae: Trema micantha [CalderCaHo2012]. Umbelliferae: Foeniculum vulgaris [GomezM1954, Martin1985]. Urticaceae: Parietaria officinalis [GomezM1957, Martin1985]. Verbenaceae: Clevodendrum molle [CalderCaHo2012], Lantana camara [WilliaWa1990], Lantana peduncularis [LincanHoCa2010]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Bodenh1953a, Hadzib1983].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [CABI1971a]; Ascension Island [WilliaMe2007]; Cape Verde [CABI1971a, Fernan1973a, SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Ethiopia [CABI1971a]; Kenya [CABI1971a]; Madagascar [CABI1971a]; Malawi; Mauritius [CABI1971a]; Mozambique [CABI1971a]; Saint Helena [CABI1971a]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [SeabraVa1918, Seabra1921]); Senegal [CABI1971a]; Somalia [CABI1971a]; South Africa [Howard1908, Brain1915, BrainKe1917]; Sudan [CABI1971a]; Tanzania [CABI1971a]; Togo [CABI1971a]; Uganda [CABI1971a]; Yemen [CABI1971a, FoldiVa2004]; Zaire [CABI1971a]; Zambia [CABI1971a]; Zanzibar [Newste1913]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969c, CABI1971a]. Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [CABI1971a], Queensland [CABI1971a], South Australia [CABI1971a, Prasad1992], Tasmania [CABI1971a], Western Australia [Fuller1897b]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]; Christmas Island [CABI1971a]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, CABI1971a]); Fiji [CABI1971a, WilliaWa1990, HodgsoLa2011]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1990]; Guam [Fullaw1946, Beards1966]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948], Kauai [CABI1971a], Maui [CABI1971a], Molokai [CABI1971a], Oahu [CABI1971a]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [CABI1971a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [CABI1971a]). Australasian: Johnston Island [CABI1971a]; Line Islands [CABI1971a]; Lord Howe Island [CABI1971a, WilliaWa1990]; Marshall Islands [Beards1966, CABI1971a]; Midway Islands [CABI1971a]; New Caledonia [CABI1971a]; New Zealand (North Island [Cottie1939, Morale1991], South Island [Cottie1939, Morale1991]); Norfolk Island [WilliaWa1990]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1990]; Solomon Islands [CABI1971a, WilliaWa1990]; Tonga [CABI1971a, WilliaWa1990]; Wake Island [Beards1966, CABI1971a]. Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n] (Guerrero [Foldi1995a], Sonora [CABI1971a], Veracruz [CABI1971a]); United States of America (Alabama [CABI1971a], Arizona [CABI1971a], California [CABI1971a, Gill1993, Koszta1996, DownieGu2004], California [Cocker1897n], Florida [CABI1971a, Koszta1996], Georgia [CABI1971a], Louisiana [CABI1971a], Mississippi [CABI1971a], Montana [CABI1971a], New Mexico [CABI1971a], North Carolina [CABI1971a], Oklahoma [CABI1971a], South Carolina [CABI1971a], Virginia [CABI1971a, Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [CABI1971a]); Argentina [Lizery1938, CABI1971a] (Tucuman [GranarCl2003]); Bahamas [CABI1971a]; Barbados [CABI1971a]; Bermuda [CABI1971a]; Bolivia [CABI1971a]; Brazil (Amazonas [CABI1971a], Bahia [CABI1971a], Ceara [CABI1971a], Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Minas Gerais [CABI1971a], Paraiba [CABI1971a], Parana [CABI1971a], Pernambuco [CABI1971a], Piaui [CABI1971a], Rio Grande do Sul [CABI1971a], Rio de Janeiro [CABI1971a], Santa Catarina [CABI1971a], Sao Paulo [Hempel1918, Hempel1920a]); Chile [CABI1971a, Gonzal1989, RipaLaRo2008c]; Colombia [CABI1971a]; Cuba [CABI1971a]; Dominican Republic [CABI1971a]; Ecuador [CABI1971a]; El Salvador [CABI1971a, QuezadCoDi1972]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Galapagos Islands [RoqueACa1999, RoqueA2003, CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guatemala [CABI1971a]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Martinique [CABI1971a]; Mexico (Chiapas [Foldi1995a]); Montserrat [CABI1971a]; Paraguay [CABI1971a]; Peru [Lindin1942, Beders1969, CABI1971a]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Hoffma1932, CABI1971a, Martor1976]); Saint Lucia [CABI1971a]; Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Barthelemy [CABI1971a, MatileEt2006]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [CABI1971a]); Uruguay [Lizery1938, CABI1971a]; Venezuela [CABI1971a]. Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [CABI1971a], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [CABI1971a], Hubei (=Hupei) [CABI1971a], Hunan [Yang1982, TangHa1995], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [CABI1971a], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [CABI1971a], Yunnan [CABI1971a], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001b]); Hong Kong [CABI1971a]; India (Andhra Pradesh [CABI1971a], Karnataka [Rao1951a], Kerala [Rao1951a, RaoKa1966], Maharashtra [Rao1951a], Odisha [CABI1971a], Tamil Nadu [Rao1951a, CABI1971a]); Indonesia (Sumatra [CABI1971a]); Malaysia [CABI1971a]; Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]; Pakistan [CABI1971a]; Philippines (Luzon [Morris1920]); Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [Kuwana1909, CABI1971a]; Sri Lanka [Green1922]; Taiwan [CABI1971a]; Vietnam [CABI1971a]. Palaearctic: Albania [CABI1971a]; Algeria [CABI1971a]; Azores [Fernan1981, LopesFiMa2008]; Canary Islands [GomezM1967O, CABI1971a, PerezGCa1987]; China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [CABI1971a], Shandong (=Shantung) [CABI1971a]); Corsica [CABI1971a, Foldi2003]; Crete [Ayouta1940, PellizPoSe2011]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Cyprus [CABI1971a, SismanUl2010]; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, CABI1971a, EzzatNa1987]; France [Vayssi1921a, Goux1931, CABI1971a, MatileLeRi1999, Foldi2000]; Georgia [CABI1971a, Hadzib1983]; Greece [Ayouta1927, MilonaKoKo2008]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013]; Iran [Kaussa1957, CABI1971a]; Iraq [CABI1971a]; Israel [Bodenh1924, CABI1971a, MendelBl1991]; Italy [Trembl1988a, BarbagBiBo1995]; Japan [Kuwana1922a, CABI1971a, Kawai1980]; Jordan [CABI1971a]; Lebanon [CABI1971a]; Libya [Martin1954, CABI1971a]; Madeira Islands [CABI1971a]; Malta [CABI1971a]; Morocco [Vayssi1920, Rungs1939a, Rungs1970, CABI1971a]; Portugal [Seabra1930, Fernan1992]; Romania [CABI1971a]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [Borchs1950b]); Sardinia [CABI1971a]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, CABI1971a]; Sicily [CABI1971a]; Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; South Korea [KimYaJa2011]; Spain [GomezM1954, Martin1985]; Switzerland [Faes1925]; Syria [CABI1971a]; Tunisia [CABI1971a]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, Tuncyu1970a, CABI1971a, KansuUy1979, UygunSeEr1998]; United Kingdom (England [MalumpBa2012]); Yugoslavia [CABI1971a].
BIOLOGY: Hermaphroditic self-fertilization is the most common mode of reproduction in this species, however, a few males may appear in population (Pierantoni, 1912, 1913, 1914; Hughes-Schrader, 1963; Royer. 1966, 1975). Matile-Ferrero et al. (1999) reported on dense populations developing since 1996 on many ornamental plants in Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France. These observations indicated that the cottony cushion scale could survive the low, winter temperature of Paris. Rungs (1939a) observed 4 annual generations in Morocco.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951a), Williams & Watson (1990), Morales (1991), Gill (1993), Tang & Hao (1995), Kosztarab (1996). Description and illustration of adult female, adult male and nymphs by Kuwana (1922a). Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson & Foldi (2006). Description of adult female by Cockerell (1897n), Hempel (1920a) and by Unruh & Gullan (2008b)..
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Kawai (1980), Gill (1993) and by Foldi (2003a). An illustration of the general appearance by Borchsenius (1950b). The newly hatched nymphs are bright red with dark antennae and thin brown legs. The antennae are six segmented. After three molts, the adult female begins to lay eggs and secrete the conspicuous ovisac. As the ovisac is formed, the scale abdomen becomes more tilted until the scale appears to be standing on its head. (Papadopoulou & Chryssohoides, 2012a)
SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439513 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009). Hempel (1920a) indicated that Icerya purchasi citriperda differed from the nominal species in the colour of the dorsum, the larger size, especially of the ovisac, and in the number of the dark hairs composing the marginal tufts of the body. The mature females have bright orange-red, yellow, or brown bodies. The body is partially or entirely covered with yellowish or white wax. The most conspicuous feature is the large fluted ovisac, which is frequently 2 to 2.5 times longer than the body. The ovisac contains about 1000 red eggs. (Papadopoulou & Chryssohoides, 2012a)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This polyphagous pest, mainly to the citrus industry throughout the world, has been successfully controlled by the coccinellid Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant). This classic case in the history of biological control has been extensively discussed in numerous textbooks, e.g. Zimmerman (1948), Bodenheimer (1950), DeBach (1964), Bartlett (1978c), Kosztarab (1996). Kuwana (1922a) described the history of its inadvertent introduction into Taiwan and Japan and the establishment of its natural enemy Rodolia cardinalis. During the 1980's severe outbreaks occurred in Israel in Citrus orchards and on ornamentals. Good suppression of the pest's population was obtained following the importation of the coccinellid Rodolia iceryae Jenson from South Africa, and the parasitic fly Cryptochaetum iceryae Williston (Mendel & Blumberg, 1991). Recorded as a pest of pigeon peas in South Africa (Mathews et al., 2001). In Greece, I. purchasi prefers to attack Rosemary stems initially and the leaves secondarily. Because of the many uses of rosemary, a reduction of its productivity would have a significant economic impact for Greece.(Papadopouou & Chryssohoides, 2012)
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (modified from Kondo and Unruh 2009)]; Uesato {et al.} 2011: 49 (female) [Icerya species in Japan]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South America]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Williams & Watson 1990: 21 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Rao 1951a: 156 (female) [South East Asia]; Borchsenius 1950b: 45 (female) [USSR]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Kuwana 1922a: 2 (female) [Japan]; Morrison 1920: 150 (female) [Philippines]; Riley & Howard 1890b: 106 (female, nymph) [Palearctic].
CITATIONS: AbouEl2001 [host, distribution: 185-189]; AllahHaHe2000 [chemistry: 103-111]; Anneck1969 [biological control: 849-854]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 22]; Armita1919 [biological control: 257-260]; AustinYeCa2004 [distribution: 220]; Autuor1928 [biological control, life history: 193-200]; Ayouta1927 [host, distribution: 19-20]; Ayouta1928 [host, distribution, biological control: 317-318]; Ayouta1940 [host, distribution: 2-4]; Badr2014 [distribution, host: 51]; Balach1928d [biological control: 286]; Balach1932b [ecology: 517-522]; Balach1954f [host, distribution: 93]; BalachMo1930 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance, life history]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 39]; Bartle1978c [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 132-135]; BartleLa1960 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control, economic importance: 1055-1058]; BaskarLaUt1999a [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 28-31]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 398-399]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 194]; Beders1969 [distribution, host, chemical control: 933-940]; Beingo1969d [biological control: 827-838]; Benass1959b [biological control, chemical control: 867-872]; Benass1961b [host, distribution, ecology: 1-157]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 207-217]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 34, 44]; Bennan1972a [chemical control: 15-25]; Bennet1971 [host, distribution, biological control: 371]; Bennet1974 [biological control: 69-76]; Bennet1974b [biological control]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; Berger1932 [host, distribution, biological control: 131-136]; BernarVi2002 [biological control: 81-88]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution, economic importance: 17-46]; BindraVa1972 [host, distribution: 14-24]; BlumbeIsGo1994 [chemical control, biological control: 434-440]; BlumbeMe1991 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 1107-1112]; BlumbeMeAs1989 [economic importance, life history, biological control, structure: 395-400]; Bodenh1933 [host, distribution, biological control: 89-91]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 220]; Bodenh1951a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 472-511]; Bodenh1953a [life history, host, distribution: 156-157]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 120-126]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 30, 45]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-174]; BrainKe1917 [host, distribution: 181]; CABI1971a [distribution: 1-3]; Cadahi1984 [biological control: 181]; CalderCaHo2012 [biological control: 167-175]; Calkin1983 [host, distribution, economic importance: 321]; Caltag1999 [ecology, life history: 217]; Camach1929 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 569-572]; CarmanEwJe1951 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1-16]; CarmanEwJe1956 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1957 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1958 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1959 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1960 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1961 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1962 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1976 [host, distribution, control: 14-68]; CarmanEwRi1980 [host, distribution, control: 14-77]; Castel1962 [host, distribution, biological control: 754-758]; Causto2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 448-457]; Causto2004 [host, distribution, biological control]; CaustoLiPo2004 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 315-325]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; ChangHu1963 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 688-700]; Charle1998 [distribution, economic importance: 47N,51N]; Chou1947a [taxonomy, chemical control: 30, 39]; Cillie1978 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 85-87]; Clause1958a [host, distribution, biological control: 443-447]; Cocker1897n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, distribution: 4]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy: 80]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Cocker1914b [host, distribution: 335]; Collar1918 [host, distribution: 154-162]; Comper1961 [biological control: 177-178]; Comper1969 [biological control: 755-764]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 347-348]; Conway1951 [host, distribution: 159-164]; Coquil1889a [life history, biological control: 70-74]; Costan1950a [host, distribution: 26]; Cottie1939 [life history, distribution: 421-422]; CressmDu1930 [life history, biological control: 197-199]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DahlstMi1999 [biological control: 761-788]; DeBach1947a [life history, chemical control, biological control, economic importance: 406-407]; DeBach1958 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 187-194]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 51]; DelavaRoDu1969 [life history, ecology: 71-80]; DelGue1906 [host, distribution: 257-263]; DhaliwAr1994a [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 1-55]; Doutt1958 [biological control, economic importance: 119-123]; DownieGu2004 [host, distributution, phylogeny, molecular data: 258-259]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, economic importance, control]; Dzhash1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 176-177]; Ehler1990 [biological control: 111]; EhlerEn1984 [chemical control, biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 1]; ElekciSe2007 [host, distribution, biological control: 29-34]; ElmerEwCa1951 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 593-597]; EsfandMo2007 [host, distribution, life history, ecology``: 1239-1243]; EsfandMoEs2007 [life history, host, distribution: 393-403]; Ewart1969 [chemical control: 879-880]; EwartCa1951 [chemical control, host, distribution]; EwartCaJe1952 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1-6]; EwartCaJe1954 [chemical control: 1-11]; EwartDe1947 [chemical control, biological control: 342-345]; EwartEl1953a [economic importance, host, distribution: 352]; EwartMe1956 [chemistry: 441-447]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Faes1925 [host, distribution, biological control: 679-682]; FaurotMi1965 [chemistry: 93-97]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 25-27]; Fernan1973a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 265-266]; Fernan1975 [host, distribution: 45]; Fernan1981 [distribution: 47]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 61]; Ferrer2001 [biological control: 67-74]; Feytau1930 [host, distribution: 133-141]; Flande1940b [biological control, ecology: 245-253]; Flande1940c [biological control: 814]; Flande1949a [biological control: 257-274]; Flande1953a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 266-269]; Fletch1951 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1-24]; FlintVa1981 [economic importance, biological control]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 176]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 425]; Foldi1999 [structure, taxonomy: 326]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 77]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Foldi2002 [host, distribution: 245]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 148]; Foldi2003b [taxonomy: 27]; FoldiVa2004 [host, distribution: 80]; FonsecAu1938 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 1-11]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 17,25]; FrankMc2007 [biological control: 151-174]; Frogga1919a [taxonomy: 472]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1346]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control]; GeierBa1950 [life history, host, distribution, biological control: 104-116]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; Ghesqu1939 [host, distribution: 49]; Ghesqu1943 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 390-393,404]; Gill1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 37, 38, 53]; GomezC1950 [biological control, host, distribution]; GomezC1954a [biological control, host, distribution: 19-35]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 395-401]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 144]; GomezM1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 86]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 121-129]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 408]; GomezM1960O [taxonomy, host, distribution: 204]; GomezM1965 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 114]; GomezM1967O [host, distribution: 134]; GomezM1968 [host, distribution: 563]; Gonzal1969 [biological control: 839-847]; Gonzal1989 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 107-109]; GonzalKo2014 [biological control, distribution: 4]; Goux1931 [distribution: 330]; GraebnMoBa1984 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 227-33]; Grafto2000 [host, distribution, chemical control: 47-50]; Grafto2006 [host, distribution, economic importance: 5-14]; GraftoGu2003 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology, life history: 1388-1398]; GraftoGuMo2005 [biological control: 473-478]; GraftoLeSt2006 [chemical control, biological control: 733-744]; GraftoOuSt2001 [resistance: 20-25]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 633]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Greath1973 [biological control: 29-33]; Greath1976 [biological control, economic importance]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 435-438]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 280]; Greig1944 [host, distribution, control]; GriffiTh1947 [host, distribution, chemical control: 386-388]; GruwelVoPa2005 [taxonomy, endosymbionts: 79-114]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; GullanKo2011 [taxonomy: 3]; GutierCaMe1999 [biological control: 243-252]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55-59, 266]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 31]; Hall1940 [host, distribution: 489]; HallEhBi1980 [Biological control: 111-114]; HamonFa1998 [host, distribution, taxonomy, life history, economic importance: 352]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data: 51-71]; HarpazRo1971 [biological control, economic importance: 458-468]; HattinCi1998 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 108-112]; HattinTa1995 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 489-493]; Hely1964 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 53-57]; Hempel1918 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 195-197]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 112-114]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 337-339, 361-363]; Hendel1933 [biological control, distribution: 97-103]; HerricSe1999 [genetics: 41-71]; Hoddle2003 [biological control: 3-16]; Hodgso1969c [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control, economic importance: 21]; HodgsoFo2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-168]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 795]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 27]; Hoffma1932 [host, distribution: 726]; Horn1988 [chemical control, biological control]; Horsfa1983 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-13]; Hosny1968 [host, distribution, ecology: 179-182]; Howard1908 [host, distribution: 265-277]; HowellBe1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 441-444]; HoyHe1985 [biological control]; Hudson1890 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 176-178]; Huffak1985 [biological control: 13-23]; HuffakCa1986 [biological control, economic importance: 95-107]; HuffakLuMe1976 [biological control: 560]; HuffakMeDe1971 [biological control: 16-67]; Hughes1925 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 264-292]; Hughes1926 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes, sperm: 500-501]; Hughes1927 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 509-540]; Hughes1930 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 359-380]; Hughes1963 [life history, physiology: 173-184]; IceryaPu1923 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 277-282]; IntegrPeMa1991 [taxonomy, life history, biological control: 1]; IsmailSm2002 [biological control: 13-16]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 127]; Jannon1967 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 85-128]; Jashen1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 44, 47, 48]; Jourdh1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 75-79]; KansuUy1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 565-567]; Kaussa1957 [taxonomy, distribution: 2]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 3]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87-88]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 98]; Khalaf1987 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-2,47-48]; KimYaJa2011 [ecology, life history: 305-309]; KindlmDi2003 [biological control: 118-124]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 253-254]; Kobakh1965 [biological control, host, distribution: 323-330]; Koch1989 [host, distribution, biological control: 5-20]; KondoGuPo2012 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 2, 6-7, 13]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; Koszta1987 [life history: 216]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-43]; Koteja1996a [taxonomy, illustration, description: 69-71]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KreiteAuGe2006 [distribution, economic importance, host: 143]; KreiteMaDi1998a [life history, economic importance : 201-206]; Kuwana1909 [host, distribution: 150-151]; Kuwana1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 2-30]; Kuwana1927 [host, distribution: 70]; Kuwana1931b [host, distribution: 163-164]; LegnerBe1999 [biological control: 87-101]; LenterWo1988 [biological control, host, distribution, economic importance: 239-269]; Leonar1932a [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 1103-1107]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 267]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 5]; Lindin1907a [taxonomy: 20]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51,85,156,256]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 135]; Lindin1942 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 121]; Lindin1954 [taxonomy: 619]; LiottaMiRa1977 [host, economic importance: 29-67]; Lizery1938 [host, distribution: 346-347]; LlorenViRa2003 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 169]; LopesFiMa2008 [host, distribution: 153-154]; Malump2012b [distribution: 211]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance, host: 18,38,39,41]; MalumpHa2012 [distribution, host: 196]; Marcha1913 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 13-27]; MarinL1990 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 64-66]; Marlat1897 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control``: 217-236]; Marlat1915 [host, distribution: 1]; Martel1910 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 290-291]; Martin1954 [host, distribution, economic importance: 113-116]; Martin1958 [host, distribution: 120-123]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 101-102]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 46]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 1-303]; Maskel1879 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-223]; Maskel1882 [taxonomy, economic importance, host, distribution: 226]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy: 247]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; MathewMiSa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 48-50]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 175]; MatileLeRi1999 [host, distribution, ecology, economic importance, life history: 175-178]; MayneGh1934 [host, distribution: 3-38]; McCoy1985 [biological control: 481-499]; MendelBl1991 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 68-74]; MendelBlAs1988 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 349-351]; MendelBlIs1991 [chemical control: 103-112]; MendelBlIs1994 [chemical control, biological control: 199-209]; MendelBlWy1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 45S-49S]; MendelBlZe1992 [host, distribution, chemistry, ecology: 118-124]; MendelZeTa1991 [biological control: 68-74]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Michel1962 [biological control, ecology: 694-697]; MilonaKoKo2008 [host, distribution: 33]; Mizell1990 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Mo2002a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-2]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 61]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 154]; Monast1958 [economic importance, control: 131-165]; MonastZa1959 [description, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 50]; Morale1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 56-58]; MoraleBa1989 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 201-207]; MoraleHi1990 [biological control, host, distribution: 129-130]; Morris1920 [host, distribution: 151]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 223, 226]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208, 209, 223, 226]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 189, 207-209, 226]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 34]; MukaiHaTs1965 [chemistry: 77-91]; Muma1953 [host, distribution, biological control: 24-25]; Muma1969 [biological control: 863-870]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control: 1-39]; MurdocChCh1985 [biological control: 344-366]; Newste1913 [host, distribution: 68]; Nohara1963 [biological control: 157-168]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; NRC1969 [taxonomy, economic importance, ecology, biological control, chemical control]; OlkowsOlKa1978 [biological control: 311-347]; OmerCoJoWh1946 [biological control: 154]; Ordish1967 [economic importance, biological control]; OrganiWoCo1970 [distribution, control: 14-23]; OsorioCe1984 [host, distribution, economic importance: 110-114]; OuvrarKoGu2013 [biological control, illustration: 2]; Paoli1927a [host, distribution: 382-387]; PapadoCh2012a [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 148-149]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 60]; Peleka1974 [biological control: 14-20]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 313]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 292]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 217]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 129]; Pieran1911 [life history, physiology: 322-323]; Pieran1912 [life history, physiology: 321-400]; Pieran1913 [life history, physiology: 300-314]; Pieran1914 [life history, physiology: 27-46,243-274]; PietriBiCo1969 [chemical control: 909-915]; PoirauVu1913 [host, distribution, biological control: 27-33]; Poutie1930 [chemistry, biological control : 1023-1025]; PowellHo1979 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Prasad1992 [host, distribution: 115-121]; Pratt1958 [taxonomy, illustration, distribution]; Priore1963 [biological control, taxonomy: 63-198]; Priore1971 [biological control: 3-5]; PuttarCh1953a [biological control: 87-95]; PuttarCh1957 [distribution, biological control: 6,8]; Quayle1911e [biological control: 510-515]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution, economic importance: 20-22]; QuezadDe1973 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 631-688]; Quilic2002 [biological control: 313-362]; RamachCh1944 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, biological control: 92-102]; Rao1943VP [taxonomy, host, distribution: 246-247]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-135]; RaoKa1966 [host, distribution: 552]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Reddy1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 465]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 65-66]; Ribaga1902 [host, distribution, biological control: 299-323]; RicciSt1988 [life history, distribution, biological control: 989-998]; RiehlBrMc1980 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 319]; RileyHo1890 [taxonomy: 333]; RileyHo1890b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 92-106]; RipaLaRo2008c [host, distribution, description, economic importance, biological control: 150-154]; RoqueA2003 [host, distribution: 177-180]; RoqueACa1999 [host, distribution: 33-34]; RosasPRoRi2014 [chemistry, molecular data: 719]; Rosen1969 [biological control: 45-53]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Royer1966 [life history, physiology: 341]; Royer1975 [life history, physiology: 135-145]; Rungs1939a [host, distribution, life history: 101-105]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-94]; Russo1956 [host, distribution: 181-190]; Russo1959 [economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 20-21]; SaccoPaD2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 3-8]; Sailer1983 [host, distribution, economic importance: 15]; Sakimu1935a [biological control: 76-82]; SalamaElMe1985 [host, distribution, life history: 471-476]; Samway1981a [biological control: 1]; Sankar1988 [biological control: 151-158]; SaTaLu2001 [biological control: 154-160]; Savast1918 [biological control: 1-3]; Schmut1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 99-100]; SchmutKlLu1957 [p. 423]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance : 327]; SchradHu1926 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 182-200]; Scott1984a [host, distribution: 11-31]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 95-96]; Seabra1930 [host, distribution, economic importance: 123-126]; SeabraVa1918 [host, distribution: 163]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 101]; Shiau1990 [taxonomy: 1-129]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; Shirak1912 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Silves1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 487-494]; Silves1921 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-11]; Silves1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 649]; Simant1976a [host, distribution]; Simmon1969a [biological control: 765-767]; SimmonGr1977 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; SkaifeLeBa1981 [taxonomy, distribution: 1-5]; Smith1926 [biological control: 294-302]; Smith1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 597-664]; SmithFl1950 [biological control: 362, 376, 378]; SoaresElSc1999 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 459-467]; Stehr1982 [economic importance, biological control: 135-173]; SternSmVa1959 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 81-101]; StreibFrKa1994 [chemical control: 23-30]; Subram1955 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 391-415]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwinglWe1896 [host, distribution: 1-7]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 61-63]; Takagi2003b [host, distribution, biological control: 351-355]; Talhou2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 82-83]; TanakaOhTa2011 [ecology, host: 5]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 155-156,162-164,565]; TawfikAwSw1976 [life history, biological control: 239-240]; Thiem1932 [life history, physiology: 488-492]; Thorar1988 [life history, biological control: 1-78]; Thorpe1931a [life history, biological control: 929-971]; Tisdel1990 [biological control: 301]; Tort2004 [host, life history, structure: 53-56]; Tourne1970 [host, distribution, biological control: 97-107]; TownseCo1898 [host, distribution: 165]; TrabouBe1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-13]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 209]; TrjapiTr2006 [biological control: 1-16]; Tuncyu1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 67-80]; UesatoKoUn2011 [taxonomy: 49]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, molecular data, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 93-94]; UygunKaUl1995 [host, distribution, biological control: 171-183]; UygunOnKa2001 [biological control: 231]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; Valles1965 [biological control: 259-279]; vanden2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 160-161]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 132]; vanLen2003b [biological control: 167-179]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 142-143]; Vayssi1920 [host, distribution: 259]; Vayssi1921a [host, distribution: 215-216]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 425-426]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 319, 337]; Vayssi1931 [distribution: 57-58]; Vayssi1932a [economic importance, biological control: 629-648]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 48]; Viggia1989c [biological control: 49-51]; WaageGr1988 [biological control: 111-128]; WadhiBa1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 227-260]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; WangLoLi2002 [host, distribution: 36-38]; Watana1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 515-517]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; WatsonBe1932 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 41-42]; WatsonOoGi1995 [description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 39]; Webber1897a [host, distribution: 1-3]; Wei2002 [economic importance: 66-70]; WhitteHo1999 [biological control: 271-296]; Wight1890 [host, distribution, biological control: 148-151]; Wight1890a [host, distribution, biological control: 224-226]; Wight1891 [host, distribution, biological control: 395]; Wille1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 519-523]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 217]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distribution: 133]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-25]; Willis1888 [host, distribution, biological control: 23-24]; Willis1888a [host, distribution, biological control: 328-331]; Woglum1919 [biological control: 106,141]; Woglum1946 [economic importance, chemical control, biological control, host, distribution: 1-2]; WoglumLaLa1947 [biological control, chemical control: 818-820]; Wolcot1955 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-3]; Wolcot1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 511-513]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 3-4, 41]; Wood1962 [distribution, biological control: 8-11]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 30]; Wu2001b [ecology: 250]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 30]; Yasuma1969 [biological control: 773-780]; YasumaNa1957 [life history, ecology: 203-219]; YigitCaZa1994a [host, distribution: 409-420]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66]; Zahrad1959a [taxonomy: 535]; ZchoriBePo2005 [endosymbionts, Cardinium: 211-221]; Zhang2000 [host, distribution, chemical control, economic importance: 23]; Zimmer1948 [economic importance, host, distribution: 136-138].
Icerya purchasi maskelli
No valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya purchasi maskelli Cockerell, 1897n: 94. Type data: USA: California, locality not indicated, on Citrus, collected by Alex Craw. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 94. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 93.
HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus [Cocker1897n].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Cockerell (1897n).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 207]; Cocker1897n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, distribution: 4]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 27]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208-209, 225, 226]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 166-167]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 217].
Icerya samaraia (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Steatococcus samaraius Morrison, 1927: 109. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Samarai, on unstated host; collected by George Compere. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Icerya samaraia; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 42. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [WilliaWa1990], Schinus terebinthifolius [WilliaWa1990]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaWa1990]. Araceae [WilliaWa1990], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaWa1990]. Arecaceae [WilliaWa1990], Cocos nucifera [Beards1966, WilliaWa1990]. Asteraceae [WilliaWa1990], Mikania cordata [WilliaMi2010]. Bombacaceae: Ochroma [WilliaWa1990]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [WilliaWa1990]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Beards1966, WilliaWa1990], Casuarina equisetifolia [WilliaMi2010], Casuarina oligodon [WilliaWa1990]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [WilliaWa1990], Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaWa1990]. Dilleniaceae: Tetracera [WilliaWa1990]. Dipterocarpaceae: Anisoptera thurifera polyandra [WilliaWa1990]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Beards1966], Macaranga [WilliaMi2010], Macaranga aleuritoides [WilliaWa1990], Omalanthus populneus [WilliaMi2010]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Beards1966], Cajanus cajan [WilliaWa1990], Erythrina [Beards1966], Mimosa pigra [WatsonMuSh2014], Tephrosia [WilliaWa1990]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola taccada [WilliaWa1990]. Loganiaceae: Fagraea [WilliaWa1990]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [WilliaWa1990], Hibiscus tiliaceus [Beards1966, WilliaMi2010]. Moraceae: Ficus [WilliaWa1990], Ficus ampelas [WilliaMi2010]. Musaceae: Musa [Beards1966, WilliaWa1990]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus deglupta [WilliaWa1990], Psidium guajava [Beards1966, WilliaWa1990]. Pinaceae: Pinus caribaea [WilliaWa1990], Pinus merkusii [WilliaWa1990]. Proteaceae: Finschia [WilliaWa1990], Grevillea papuana [WilliaWa1990]. Rosaceae: Rosa [Beards1966]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Reyne1965c], Neonauclea calycina [WilliaMi2010], Timonius [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Beards1966, WilliaWa1990]. Sterculiaceae: Commersonia bartramia [WilliaWa1990], Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1990]. Urticaceae: Pipturus argenteus [WilliaWa1990]. Zingiberaceae: Elettaria cardamomum [WilliaWa1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966], Yap [Beards1966]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1990, Gavril2013], Java [Reyne1965c]). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [WatsonMuSh2014]). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Gavril2013]). Australasian: New Caledonia [WilliaWa1990]; Palau [Beards1966]; Papua New Guinea [Morris1927, WilliaWa1990]; Solomon Islands [Beards1966, WilliaWa1990].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1927) and by Williams & Watson (1990). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Morrison 1928: 218 (female) [Species of Steatococcus].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 401]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 274]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 69]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 109]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 214,218,226]; Reyne1965c [host, distribution: 212-213]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95]; WatsonMuSh2014 [distribution, host: 1595]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 46]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-35].
Icerya schrottkyi HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya schrottkyi Hempel, 1900a: 373. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Jundiahy, on "arvore das mattas" [=undetermined forest tree]; collected 1900. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 96. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Sebastiania klotzehiana [Lizery1938]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [FoldiSo1989].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Lizery1936, Lizery1938]; Brazil (Parana [FoldiSo1989], Rio Grande do Sul [FoldiSo1989], Santa Catarina [FoldiSo1989]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hempel (1900a, 1920a), Vayssiere (1929) and by Foldi & Soria (1989). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Female entirely covered by a mass of thick, white curled or undulated threads. On dorsum four tall, thick tufts of white wax, two or three of which are inclined towards anterior end, and the remainder towards the posterior end. Ovisac very large, wider than body, and is composed of fine, white, glossy, felted threads (Hempel, 1920a).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 219]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 27]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 203]; FoldiSo1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 421-423]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 373-375]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description,, host, distribution: 339-340,363-364]; Lizery1936 [host, distribution: 116]; Lizery1938 [host, distribution: 173]; Lizery1939 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 173]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,211,226]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, descriprtion, host, distribution: 95-96]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 319]; Vayssi1929 [taxonomy, description: 83-84].
Icerya seychellarum (Westwood)NOMENCLATURE:
Dorthesia seychellarum Westwood, 1855: 836. Type data: ENGLAND: on a palm imported from the SEYCHELLES ISLANDS. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Coccus sacchari Guérin-Méneville, 1867: 451. Type data: MAURITIUS: on sugar cane. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 27. Notes: Type material lost; personal information (February 22 2002) from Daniele Matile-Ferrero, MNHN, to Yair Ben-Dov.
Orthezia seychellarum; Targioni Tozzetti, 1869: 30. Change of combination.
Icerya sacchari; Signoret, 1876: 352. Change of combination.
Icerya seychellarum; Maskell, 1897: 329. Change of combination.
Icerya candida Cockerell, 1905f: 128. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Manila, on a cultivated tree; collected 4 June. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 43. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Morrison, 1928: 208.
Icerya okadae Kuwana, 1907: 178. Type data: JAPAN: on orange tree. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: ITLA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Green, 1922: 178.
Icerya seychellarum cristata Newstead, 1908: 9. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Fenerive (East Coast Madagascar), host plant not indicated, July 1914. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Berlin: Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany. Described: female. Synonymy by Unruh & Gullan, 2008b: 96.
Iceria seychellarum; Kawecki, 1965a: 206. Misspelling of genus name.
COMMON NAME: common white mealybug [MoutiaMa1946].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Rodolia breviuscula Weise [PuttarCh1957], Rodolia chermesina Mulsant [Mamet1978], Rodolia limbatus Motschulsky [Bartle1978c]. DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum limbatus Rondani [Bartle1978c], Cryptochaetum utilis Bruegg. [Cadahi1984]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Euryischia indica Mani & kurian [Noyes2004]. Encyrtidae: Neoplatycerus tachikawai Subba Rao [Noyes2004]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus pauliani Risbec [Noyes2004]. Pteromalidae: Ophelosia crawfordi Girault [Noyes2004], Parasaphodes townsendi (Ashmead) [Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Cordyline [WilliaWa1990]. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes aspera [Beards1966]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Newste1917b, TangHa1995, KinjoNaHi1996, WilliaWa1990], Rhus simarubiaefolia [WilliaWa1990], Semecarpus magnifica [WilliaWa1990], Spondias dulcis [WilliaWa1990]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaWa1990], Annona reticulata [WilliaWa1990], Annona squamosa [WilliaWa1990], Monodora myristica [Newste1914]. Apocynaceae: Alyxia stellata [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1990]. Araceae: Alocasia macrorhiza [WilliaWa1990], Anthurium andraeanum [WilliaWa1990], Epipremnum pinnatum [WilliaWa1990], Scindapsus aureus [WilliaWa1990], Xanthosoma sagittifolia [WilliaWa1990]. Araliaceae: Schefflera [WilliaWa1990]. Arecaceae [Westwo1855], Areca catechu [WilliaWa1990], Cocos nucifera [Beards1966, TangHa1995, WilliaWa1990], Elaeis guineensis [WilliaWa1990], Livistona chinensis [Mamet1952], Monstera deliciosa [WilliaWa1990], Phoenix [WilliaWa1990]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium nidus. Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa, Lactuca sativa [WilliaWa1990], Zinnia [Reyne1957a]. Bixaceae: Bixa orellana [WilliaWa1990]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [WilliaWa1990]. Boraginaceae: Cordia [WilliaWa1990]. Brassicaceae: Raphanus sativus [WilliaWa1990]. Burseraceae: Canarium harveyi [WilliaWa1990]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Green1908a], Casuarina equisetifolia [Rao1951a, WilliaWa1990]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaWa1990], Mammea americana [WilliaWa1990]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [WilliaWa1990], Ipomoea [WilliaWa1990], Ipomoea batatas [WilliaWa1990], Merremia peltata [WilliaWa1990]. Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta [Kuwana1922a, Kuwana1931b]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [WilliaWa1990]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus tonganus [WilliaWa1990]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Green1922], Acalypha godseffiana [WilliaWa1990], Acalypha hispida [WilliaWa1990], Acalypha tricolor [WilliaWa1990], Bridelia tomentosa [MartinLa2011], Croton [Green1922], Euphorbia heterophylla [WilliaWa1990], Excoecaria agallocha [WilliaWa1990], Glochidion ramiflorum [WilliaWa1990], Macaranga aleurotoides [WilliaWa1990], Macaranga harveyana [WilliaWa1990], Phyllanthus [Mamet1978]. Fabaceae: Acacia decurrens [Rao1951a], Acacia spirobris [WilliaWa1990], Albizia [WilliaWa1990], Albizia falcataria [WilliaWa1990], Bauhinia monandra [WilliaWa1990], Caesalpinia pulcherrima [WilliaWa1990], Cajanus cajan [WilliaWa1990], Cassia [WilliaWa1990], Crotalaria [WilliaWa1990], Derris [WilliaWa1990], Derris eliptica [WilliaWa1990], Erythrina [WilliaWa1990], Erythrina indica [WilliaWa1990], Gliricidia sepium [WilliaWa1990], Inocarpus fagifera [WilliaWa1990], Mimosa pudica [WilliaWa1990], Phaseolus artocarpus [WilliaWa1990], Phaseolus atropurpureus [WilliaWa1990], Vigna glabra [WilliaWa1990]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Vayssi1926]. Flacourtiaceae: Hydnocarpus [WilliaWa1990]. Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra [WilliaWa1990]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola floribunda [WilliaWa1990], Scaevola taccada [WilliaWa1990]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [WilliaWa1990]. Lamiaceae: Ocimum gratissimum [WilliaWa1990]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora [MartinLa2011], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [WilliaWa1990], Litsea glutinosa [Morris1920], Persea americana [Mamet1978, WilliaWa1990, GermaiLeRo2007]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia asiatica [WilliaWa1990], Barringtonia butonica [WilliaWa1990]. Loganiaceae: Fagraea berteriana. Loranthaceae [Vayssi1926]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia [WilliaWa1990], Pemphis acidula [WilliaWa1990]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [Rao1951a]. Malvaceae: Gossypium barbadense [Mamet1978], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [WilliaWa1990], Hibiscus tliaceus [WilliaWa1990]. Meliaceae: Dysoxylum forsteri [WilliaWa1990]. Menispermaceae: Cocculus [Green1922]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [Takaha1942b, WilliaWa1990], Artocarpus heterophyllus [WilliaWa1990], Artocarpus integrifolia [Newste1909, Morris1920, Rao1951a, WilliaWa1990], Broussonetia papyrifera [WilliaWa1990], Ficus [Brain1915, WilliaWa1990], Ficus elastica [WilliaWa1990], Ficus glandifera [WilliaWa1990], Ficus scabra [WilliaWa1990], Ficus tinctoria [WilliaWa1990], Morus alba [WilliaWa1990], Streblus asper [Morris1920]. Musaceae: Musa [TangHa1995], Musa paradisiaca [WilliaWa1990], Musa sapientum [Mamet1978]. Myricaceae: Myrica rubra [Kuwana1922a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Beards1966, WilliaWa1990], Eugenia cumini [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia jambolana [Vayssi1926], Eugenia uniflora [WilliaWa1990], Feijoa sellowiana [WilliaWa1990], Psidium guajava [Morris1920, WilliaWa1990], Syzygium brackenridgei [WilliaWa1990], Syzygium jambos [MartinLa2011], Syzygium mandangense [WilliaWa1990]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis hirsutula. Onagraceae: Ludwigia octovalvis [WilliaWa1990]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus odoratissimus. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [WilliaWa1990], Passiflora edulis [WilliaWa1990]. Pinaceae: Pinus caribaea [WilliaWa1990]. Piperaceae: Piper [WilliaWa1990], Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1990], Piper nigrum [WilliaWa1990]. Poaceae: Cymbopogon coloratus [WilliaWa1990], Saccharum [TangHa1995]. Portulacaceae: Portulacaria caffra [Mamet1959a]. Proteaceae: Grevillea [Green1922], Grevillea robusta [Rao1951a], Macadamia tetraphylla [WilliaWa1990]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [WilliaWa1990]. Rhamnaceae: Alphitonia zizyphoides [WilliaWa1990]. Rosaceae: Crataegus mexicana [Mamet1959a], Fragaria [WilliaWa1990], Malus silvestris [WilliaWa1990], Pyrus communis [Rao1951a], Pyrus malus [Rao1951a], Rosa [Brain1915, Rao1951a, Reyne1957a], Rosa chinensis [WilliaWa1990]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Lever1945], Coprosma [WilliaWa1990], Guettarda speciosa [WilliaWa1990], Ixora macrothyrsa [WilliaWa1990], Rubus idaeus [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Kuwana1907, Kuwana1922a, Green1922, Rao1951a, Reyne1957a, Beards1966], Citrus aurantifolia [Mamet1978], Citrus aurantium [Mamet1978, WilliaWa1990], Citrus decumana [Newste1909, Morris1920], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1990], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1990], Citrus nobilis [Morris1920], Citrus paradisi [WilliaWa1990], Citrus reticulata [WilliaWa1990], Citrus sinensis [WilliaWa1990], Poncirus trifoliata [WilliaWa1990]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. [Rao1951a, MesbahMoMo2012], Litchi chinensis [Mamet1959a, WilliaWa1990, GermaiLeRo2007, GroveScDe2014]. Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum cainito [WilliaWa1990], Manilkara sapota [WilliaWa1990]. Solanaceae: Capsicum frutescens [WilliaWa1990], Solanum nigrum [WilliaWa1990]. Sterculiaceae: Pterospermum suberifolium [Green1922]. Taccaceae: Tacca pinnatifida [WilliaWa1990]. Theaceae: Thea sasangana [Kuwana1922a]. Ulmaceae: Trema orientalis [MartinLa2011]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [WilliaWa1990], Premna [WilliaWa1990], Tectona grandis [WilliaWa1990]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [WilliaWa1990]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber zerumbet [WilliaWa1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1943a, Mamet1978]; Comoros [UnruhGu2008]; Kenya [CABI1955]; Madagascar [Newste1908, Newste1909, Vayssi1926, Mamet1951, CABI1955]; Malawi [Newste1914]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Reunion [Mamet1952, GermaiMiPa2014]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1943a]; Seychelles [Westwo1855, Vayssi1926, Mamet1943a] (Aldabra Island [WilliaMa2009b]); South Africa [BrainKe1917, Bedfor1965a]; Uganda [Newste1914, Gowdey1917, Newste1917b, CABI1955]; Yemen [FoldiVa2004]. Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland [UnruhGu2008]); Cook Islands [WilliaWa1990]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966], Yap [Beards1966]); Fiji [Lever1945, WilliaWa1990, HodgsoLa2011]; French Polynesia [Cohic1956]. Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1990], Java [CABI1955]). Australasian: Kiribati [WilliaWa1990]; New Caledonia [Cohic1956, WilliaWa1990]; Niue [WilliaWa1990]; Palau [Beards1966]; Papua New Guinea [Reyne1957a, WilliaWa1990]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1990]; Tonga [CABI1955]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1990]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaWa1990]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1990]. Neotropical: Colombia [Figuer1946]; French Guiana [WilliaWa1990]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [CABI1955]; China (Fujian (=Fukien) [TangHa1995], Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [TangHa1995]); Hong Kong [CABI1955, UnruhGu2008]; India [Green1908a] (Assam [Rao1951a], Karnataka [Rao1951a], Kerala [Rao1951a], Tamil Nadu [Rao1951a], West Bengal [Rao1951a]); Indonesia (Sumatra [CABI1955]); Malaysia [CABI1955]; Pakistan [CABI1955]; Philippines (Luzon [Cocker1905f, Morris1920, CABI1955]); Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996, Kuwana1931b]; Sri Lanka [Green1922, CABI1955]; Taiwan [CABI1955]; Thailand [Takaha1942b, UnruhGu2008]. Palaearctic: Corsica [new] (Corsica, Ajjacio); Egypt [MesbahMoMo2012]; France [new] (Hyeres, Var); Japan [Kuwana1907, CABI1955, Kawai1980]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011].
BIOLOGY: Bedford (1965a) reported on unsuccessful attempts to control this pest in South Africa with the predatory fly Cryptochaetum monophlebi Skuse, introduced from Mauritius and Madagascar.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Westwood (1855), Guerin-Meneville (1867), Green (1896, 1922), Kuwana (1907, 1922a), Brain (1915), Vayssiere (1926), Morrison (1928), Rao (1951a), Williams & Watson (1990), Morales (1991) and by Unruh & Gullan (2008). Description of adult female by Newstead (1908, 1909) and by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
STRUCTURE: Colour illustration of adult female by Green (1922). Colour photograph of adult female by Kawai (1980).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This is a common pest on various host plants in parts of Asia, several Pacific islands, Japan and Africa.
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2012: 6-7 (female) [Key to the adult females of South American iceryine species (modified from Kondo and Unruh 2009)]; Uesato {et al.} 2011: 49 (female) [Icerya species in Japan]; Kondo & Unruh 2009: 94-95 (female) [Crypticerya species of South America]; Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Williams & Watson 1990: 21 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Rao 1951a: 156 (female) [South East Asia]; Morrison 1928: 208-211 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Riley & Howard 1890b: 106 (female, nymph) [Palearctic].
CITATIONS: AbouEl2001 [host, distribution: 185-189]; Bartle1978c [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 135]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 400-401]; Bedfor1965a [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 155-165]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue, economic importance: 219-224]; Box1953 [host, distribution, biological control: 53]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-175]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 181]; CABI1955 [distribution: 1-2]; Cadahi1984 [biological control: 181]; CharmoGe1921 [host, distribution: 185,188,189]; Cocher1972 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 89-104]; Cocker1898x [taxonomy: 259]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Cocker1905f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 128]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 27]; Figuer1946 [host, distribution: 216]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 426]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 204]; FoldiVa2004 [host, distribution: 80]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 17,25]; Gentry1965 [host, distribution, economic importance]; GermaiLeRo2007 [host, distribution: 472]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 24]; Ghesqu1943 [distribution, biological control: 400]; GouldHiNe1983 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 247-254]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 187]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; Green1908a [host, distribution, taxonomy: 18]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 440-441]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 281]; GroveDeDa2013 [distribution, host: 378]; GroveScDe2014 [distribution, host: 413]; Guerin1867 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 451]; Hill1980 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 345-352]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 27]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 3]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 88]; Kaweck1965a [taxonomy, structure: 205-211]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 125-127]; KondoGuPo2012 [taxonomy: 6-7]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; KondoUn2009 [taxonomy: 94-95]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-179]; Kuwana1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 30-39]; Kuwana1927 [host, distribution: 70]; Kuwana1931b [host, distribution: 164]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 267]; Lever1945 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 300-301]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 135-136]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 143-144]; Mamet1949 [catalogue: 4-5]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 215]; Mamet1952 [host, distribution: 170]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 6]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 371]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 105]; Mangou2008a [host, distribution, chemical control: 295-296]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 46]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy: 247]; Maskel1896b [taxonomy: 406]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy: 329]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 175]; McClur1983c [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 125-153]; MesbahMoMo2012 [distribution, ecology, host, life history: 27-31]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 154]; Morale1991 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 58, 120]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-209,222-226]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 44]; MoutiaMa1946 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 462-463]; NegmAsEl2001 [host, distribution, chemical control: 453-461]; Newste1908 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 9-10]; Newste1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 354-355]; Newste1914 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 302]; Newste1917a [taxonomy: 6]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 126]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; PuttarCh1953a [biological control: 87-95]; PuttarCh1957 [host, distribution, biological control: 7]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-137]; Reyne1957a [host, distribution: 124]; RileyHo1890b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105]; RobertSe1989 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 332-334]; SalemElAb2006 [life history, physiology, ecology, host, distribution]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 424]; Shiau1990 [taxonomy: 1-129]; Shirak1912 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 872]; Signor1869a [host, distribution, economic importance: 90, 94]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-353]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 6]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155-156,164-165,565]; Targio1869 [taxonomy: 30]; UesatoKoUn2011 [taxonomy: 49]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, molecular data, phylogeny: 8-50]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320,340-342]; VeseyF1941 [host, distribution, biological control: 161]; WadhiBa1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 227-260]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; Westwo1855 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 836]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 42]; WilliaGuEn2006 [host, distribution: 269]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 119]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-28]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 4,42]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 30].
Icerya sumatrana RaoNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya sumatrana Rao, 1951a: 137. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Medan, on Citrus; collected C.P. Clausen, August 9, 1929. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 30/275. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Erythrina [Rao1951a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Rao1951a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Rao1951a], Sumatra [Rao1951a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951a). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 156 (female) [South East Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 225]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 204]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-139]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 155-156, 165-166]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 97-98].
Icerya travancorensis RaoNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya travancorensis Rao, 1951a: 140. Type data: INDIA: Travancore [=Kerala], Munnar, on Hypericum mysorensis. Holotype female. Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [Rao1951a]. Fabaceae: Acacia decurrens [Rao1951a]. Guttiferae: Hypericum mysorensis [Rao1951a]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Rao1951a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Rao1951a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Rao1951a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Rao1951a], Tamil Nadu [Rao1951a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951a). Decsription of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 158 (female) [South East Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 226]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 204]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-142]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 155-156, 166-167]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 98-99].
Icerya zimmermanni GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya zimmermanni Green, 1932: 32. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on Melastoma sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Icerya zimmermani; Foldi, 2001a: 204. Misspelling of species name.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Eulophidae: Aprostocetus purpureus (Cameron) [Noyes2004]. Pteromalidae: Austroterobia [Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga ranarius [WilliaMi2010]. Melastomataceae: Melastoma [Green1932]. Moraceae: Ficus religiosa [Takaha1942b]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Rao1951a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Rao1951a]); India (Assam [Rao1951a]); Thailand [Takaha1942b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951a).
KEYS: Unruh & Gullan 2008b: 72-73 (female) [Species of Icerya]; Tang & Hao 1995: 155-156, 615-616 (female) [Asia]; Rao 1951a: 157 (female) [South East Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 227]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 204]; Goel1994 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-221]; Green1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32]; GuptaSi1994 [host, distribution, biological control: 96-98]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 141, 227]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; Rao1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-144]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 6]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 155-156, 167-168]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50]; UnruhGu2008b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 99-100]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 47].
Insulococcus BhattiNOMENCLATURE:
Insulococcus Bhatti, 1991: 146. Type species: Insulococcus magnoporus Bhatti, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Bhatti (1991).
SYSTEMATICS: This genus was distinguished from other monophlebine genera of New Caledonia by the structure of dorsal and ventral multilocular pores, and by the distribution of abdominal cicatrices (Bhatti, 1991).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 227]; Bhatti1991 [taxonomy, description: 146]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 204].
Insulococcus magnoporus BhattiNOMENCLATURE:
Insulococcus magnoporus Bhatti, 1991: 146. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: Loyalty Islands, Lifu Island, We, on Eugenia jambos; collected by Yoshimoto, 16-18.2.1963. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eugenia jambos [Bhatti1991].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [Bhatti1991].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti (1991).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 227]; Bhatti1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-148]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 204].
Labioproctus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Labioproctus Green, 1922: 453. Type species: Walkeriana polei Green, by monotypy and original designation.
Fissiventer Misra, 1924: 346.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Green (1922), Vayssiere (1926) and by Morrison (1928).
SYSTEMATICS: Green (1922) indicated that this genus is related to Aspidoproctus, while differing in that the ventral invagination of the female is not closed by a secretionary operculum, but by prominent lateral lobes.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 182 (female) [Asia]; Morrison 1928: 123-125 (female, larva, male) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 428 (female) [Monophlebinae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 227-228]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 205]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 453]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 187]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 122-125, 145-148, 21]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 101]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 182, 189-190]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 428]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 258, 299-300].
Labioproctus poleii (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana poleii Green, 1896: 6. Type data: SRI LANKA: Chilaw, on stems and twigs of Dodonaea viscosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Labioproctus polei; Green, 1922: 453. Change of combination.
FOE: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Rodolia breviuscula Weise [PuttarCh1957].
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eugenia rotundifolia [Green1922], Psidium guajava [Green1922, Green1937]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Green1922, Nath1972]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Green1896, Green1922].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (West Bengal [BasuNaCh1969, Nath1972]); Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1922].
BIOLOGY: Male pupae usually on leaves, females occur on twigs (Green, 1937).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of nymph, adult female and adult male by Green (1922), Morrison (1928) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
STRUCTURE: Colour illustration of adult female and adult male by Green (1922). Length (including processes) 11 to 14 mm, breadth 6.5 to 7.5 mm, height approximately 6 mm (Green, 1922).
CITATIONS: BasuNaCh1969 [economic importance, host, distribution: 169-178]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 228]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 23]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 205]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 19]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 453-454]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-148,226]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 44]; Nath1972 [host, distribution: 8]; PuttarCh1957 [host, distribution, biological control: 7]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 178]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 190-191]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 299].
Laurencella FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Ortonia Signoret, 1876: 367. Type species: Ortonia uhleri Signoret, 1876. Subsequently designated by Cockerell, 1902q: 232. Homonym of Ortonia Wood, 1869 and Ortonia Nicholson, 1873; discovered by Cockerell, 1899j: 259.
Laurencella Foldi, 1995a: 166. Type species: Laurencella marikana Foldi, by original designation.
Ecuadortonia Ben-Dov, 2004: 385. Unjustified replacement name for Ortonia Signoret, 1876.
Ecuadortonia Ben-Dov, 2004: 385. Type species: Ortonia uhleri Signoret, 1876. Synonymy by Williams & Gullan, 2008: 81.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Foldi & Williams, 2013.
STRUCTURE: Adult female oval, derm covered by a dense pilosity. Antennae each 8 or 9 segmented. Eyes close to scape, each laterad to antennal base. All species in the genus possess well developed mouthparts, seven pairs of abdominal spiracles and cribriform cicatrices.
SYSTEMATICS: Signoret (1876: 367) established the genus Ortonia (Hemiptera, Coccoidea: Margarodidae) for two new species, namely Ortonia bouvari Signoret, 1876 and O. uhleri Signoret, 1876 without designation of type species. Cockerell (1899: 259) discovered that Ortonia Signoret, 1876 was a homonym of Ortonia Wood, 1869 (in order Opiliones, class Arachnida; see Kury, 2003) and of Ortonia Nicholson, 1873 (in phylum Annelidae). In addition, Cockerell synonymized Ortonia Signoret with Llaveia Signoret (1876: 37), because he considered O. bouvari and O. uhleri to be congeneric with Llaveia axin (Llave, 1832), the type species of Llaveia. Subsequently, Cockerell (1902b: 232) designated Ortonia uhleri as type species of Ortonia Signoret. Morrison & Morrison (1966) discussed the status of Ortonia Signoret, but made no conclusions, probably because no type material was available to him. Ben-Dov (2004) studied type material of Ortonia uhleri Signoret, 1876, designated the lectotype, and concluded that the species is not congeneric with Llaveia axin, but rather belongs to a different genus for which the replacement name Ecuadortonia Ben-Dov was proposed. Williams & Gullan (2008) concluded that Ecuadortonia Ben-Dov, 2004 is a synonym of Laurecella Foldi, 1995.
KEYS: Williams & Gullan 2008: 82-83 (female) [Genera of Llaveiini]; Foldi & Watson 2001: 372-373 (female) [Tribe Llaveiini].
CITATIONS: Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 94]; BenDov2004 [taxonomy, description: 383-386]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 178,228-229]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 259]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 3]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 16]; Ferris1922b [taxonomy: 248]; Foldi1995a [taxonomy, description: 166-169]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 205]; FoldiWa2001 [taxonomy, description: 367-374]; FoldiWi2013 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 88]; HodgsoFo2006 [taxonomy: 137-138]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 190]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy: 90]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 183,189,191,220]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 140]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description: 351,367-368]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy: 81].
Laurencella colombiana Foldi & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Laurencella colombiana Foldi & Watson, 2001: 369. Type data: COLOMBIA: Caldas, Villamaria, on avocado (Persea americana); collected 14.v.1999, by F. Posada. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 14101/1. Described: both sexes. Illust.
HOST: Lauraceae: Persea americana [FoldiWa2001].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [FoldiWa2001].
BIOLOGY: Infests avocado trees in Colombia at locations above 2000 m altitude. Develops one annual generation (Foldi & Watson, 2001).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and adult male by Foldi & Watson (2001). Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson & Foldi (2006).
STRUCTURE: The adult male, measuring 5.5-7.0 mm, is distinguished in possessing four pairs of caudal extension on posterior 4 abdominal segments, one extension on either side of each segment (Foldi & Watson, 2001).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of avocado, Persea americana trees in Colombia, causing dieback of twigs, and significant reduction in productivity and fruit quality (Foldi & Watson, 2001).
KEYS: Foldi & Williams 2013: 88-89 (female) [Key to species for adult females of Laurencella]; Hodgson & Foldi 2006: 173-174 (male) [Males of Monophlebidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue, economic importance: 229]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 205]; FoldiWa2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 367-374]; FoldiWi2013 [taxonomy: 87]; HodgsoFo2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-144]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 796].
Laurencella jonmartini Foldi & WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Laurencella jonmartini Foldi & Williams, 2013: 87-94. Type data: GUYANA: Mazaruni-Potaro, Kaieteur Falls top, savannah area, 6/10/2006, by J.H. Martin. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [FoldiWi2013].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, photographs and illustration in Foldi & Williams, 2013. Third-instar female nymphs also described as Laurencella ?jonmartini since they were collected separately from the adult female and, although they are all possibly conspecific, there is yet no direct evidence for this. (Foldi & Williams, 2013)
STRUCTURE: Body oval, 4.0 mm long, 2.5 mm wide; derm membranous, with well-developed pilosity mostly forming setal + spine groups. (Foldi & Williams, 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: The combination of an anal ring containing pores at the inner end, and with more than three ventral cicatrices are characters that place this species in Laurencella. The adult female is clearly different from that of other species of the genus due to the presence of a series of dorsal setaria, each an association of spines. spinose setae and pores in a secretory unit, distributed in more or less 8 longitudinal rows on the dorsal surface. (Foldi & Williams, 2013)
KEYS: Foldi & Williams 2013: 88-89 (female) [Key to species for adult females of Laurencella].
Laurencella marikana FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Laurencella marikana Foldi, 1995a: 169. Type data: MEXICO: Las Cruces, Chiapas, on Acacia pennatula, 14.vi.1987, Coll. I. Foldi. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia pennatula (Schltdl. & Cham.) [Foldi1995a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Chiapas [Foldi1995a]).
BIOLOGY: Found under stone, on roots of Acacia, forming small colonies attended by ants (Foldi, 1995a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Foldi (1995a).
STRUCTURE: Live female brown, covered by white waxy secretion (Foldi, 1995a). Foldi (1995a) presented SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female.
KEYS: Foldi & Williams 2013: 88-89 (female) [Key to species for adult females of Laurencella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 229]; Foldi1995a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-169]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 205]; FoldiWi2013 [distribution, host: 87].
Laurencella taunayi (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya taunayi Hempel, 1920a: 340. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Bosque de Saude near Sao Paulo, on bark of limbs of an indigenous plant; collected 22 November 1919, by Julius Melzer. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 20087. Described: female.
Monophlebus taunayi; Foldi, 2001a: 210. Change of combination.
Laurencella taunayi; Unruh & Gullan, 2008: 44. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1920a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female Hempel (1920a).
STRUCTURE: Female oval, dorsum dark brown, red on venter (Hempel, 1920a).
KEYS: Foldi & Williams 2013: 88-89 (female) [Key to species for adult females of Laurencella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 225-226]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; FoldiWi2013 [taxonomy: 87]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 340-342,364-365]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 208,227]; UnruhGu2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 8-50].
Laurencella uhleri (Signoret)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortonia uhleri Signoret, 1876: 369. Type data: ECUADOR: Napo Forest, near the banks of Marpa river, about 10 miles east of Quito, elevation about 6600 feet; probably on a palm tree or a tree of the Fougeres family, which is common in the forest; collected by Prof. Orton and by M. Uhler. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 2004: 385. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust.
Llaveia uhleri; Cockerell, 1899j: 259. Change of combination.
Monophlebus uhleri; Cockerell, 1902q: 232. Change of combination.
Llavea uhleri; Lindinger, 1955a: 345. Misspelling of genus name.
Ecuadortonia uhleri; Ben-Dov, 2004: 385. Change of combination.
Laurencella uhleri; Williams & Gullan, 2008: 81. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae [Signor1876].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Signor1876].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Signoret (1876).
SYSTEMATICS: Notes on several taxonomic characters of this species by Ben-Dov (2004) and by Williamd & Gullan (2008).
KEYS: Foldi & Williams 2013: 88-89 (female) [Key to species for adult females of Laurencella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 383-386]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 178-179]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 259]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 18]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 206]; FoldiWi2013 [taxonomy: 87]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 345]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 181,183,189,227]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 369-370]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 300]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy: 81]; WilliaMa1995 [taxonomy: 148].
Lecaniodrosicha TakahashiNOMENCLATURE:
Lecaniodrosicha Takahashi, 1930: 29. Type species: Lecaniodrosicha lithocarpi Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Takahashi (1930).
SYSTEMATICS: Takahashi (1930) placed this genus close to Aspidoproctus and its allies, but differs from them in possessing dorsal transverse ridges.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 182 (female) [Asia]; Yang 1982: 18-19 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 229-230]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 205]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 187]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 104]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, description: 29-30]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 182, 191]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 3]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 19, 35-36].
Lecaniodrosicha lithocarpi TakahashiNOMENCLATURE:
Lecaniodrosicha lithocarpi Takahashi, 1930: 30. Type data: TAIWAN: Suisha, on Lithocarpus sp.; collected M. Kato, May 16, 1928. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus [Takaha1930, ShiLi1991].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1930].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1930).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 230]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 205]; Shiau1990 [taxonomy: 1-129]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-33]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 192]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 35].
Llaveia SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Llaveia Signoret, 1876: 370. Type species: Coccus axin Llave, by monotypy.
Monophlebus (Llaveia); Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of status.
Llavea Lindinger, 1937: 188. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 111.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Vayssiere (1926) and by Morrison (1928).
SYSTEMATICS: Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are: derm membranous; antenna 11-segmented; legs well-developed; labium two-segmented; seven pairs of abdominal spiracles; with numerous ventral cicatrices.
KEYS: Williams & Gullan 2008: 82-83 (female) [Genera of Llaveiini]; Foldi & Watson 2001: 372-373 (female) [Tribe Llaveiini]; Foldi 1994: 319 (female) [Genera of the Llaveiini]; Morrison 1928: 182 (female, larva) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 429 (female) [Monophlebinae]; MacGil1ivray 1921: 72 (female) [Genus].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 230]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 3]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 233]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 16-18]; Ferris1922b [taxonomy: 248]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 205]; FoldiWa2001 [taxonomy: 372]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 188]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 341-346]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 71-72]; Miller1971b [taxonomy: 64]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 136, 181-192, 219]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 111]; PerezMaWi2005 [taxonomy: 18]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description: 370]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 429]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 258, 300]; Vayssi1939 [taxonomy: 124]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy: 81-83]; WilliaMa1995 [taxonomy: 147-148].
Llaveia axin axin (Llave)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus axin Llave, 1832: 148. Type data: MEXICO: Veracruz State, Tlacotalpa and Papantla, on Jatropha curcas and Spondias myrobalanus. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Coccus axinus; Salle, 1861: 374. Misspelling of species name.
Coccus adipofera Donde Ibarra, 1875: 175. Type data: MEXICO: Yucatan, on Spondias sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1899n: 2. Notes: Depository of type series unknown.
Ortonia bouvari Signoret, 1876: 368. Type data: GUATEMALA: Cordillieres, host plant not indicated; collected by Mr. Aime Bouvar. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 2004: 384. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 2004: 384.
Llaveia axin; Signoret, 1876: 370. Change of combination.
Llaveia axin; Signoret, 1876: 370. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Hernandez, Salle" as author.
Llaveia aximus; Comstock, 1883: 136. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Mis-spelling of species name and incorrect citation of "Hernandez" as author.
Llaveia bouvari; Cockerell, 1899j: 259. Change of combination.
Monophlebus axinus; Cockerell, 1899n: 2. Change of combination.
Monophlebus bouvari; Cockerell, 1899n: 2. Change of combination.
Llaveia bouvari; Cockerell, 1902r: 319. Revived combination.
Monophlebus dugesi Vayssière, 1914b: 335. Type data: MEXICO: Guanajuato, host plant not indicated; collected 1890 by M. Duges. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Vayssière, 1926: 300.
Llavea bouvari; Lindinger, 1955a: 343. Misspelling of genus name.
COMMON NAMES: aje [Jenkin1970]; axin [Jenkin1970]; ni-in [Jenkin1970]; nij [Jenkin1970]; nije [Jenkin1970].
ASSOCIATES: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. FLAVOBACTERIA : "Candidatus Walczuchella monophlebidarum" [RosenbSaSa2012, RosasPRoRi2014].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus [Foldi1995a], Spondias [DondeI1875, RosasPRoRi2014], Spondias lutea [Jenkin1970, Foldi1995a], Spondias myrobalanus [Llave1832, Signor1876]. Euphorbiaceae: Jatropha curcas [Llave1832, Signor1876, Jenkin1970, RosasPRoRi2014]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Foldi1995a], Acacia cochliacantha [Jenkin1970], Acaciella (=Acacia) angustissima [Jenkin1970, RosasPRoRi2014], Erythrina americana [Jenkin1970].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Signor1876, Vayssi1926, Foldi1995a] (Guanajuato [Vayssi1914b], Michoacan [Jenkin1970], Veracruz [Llave1832, Jenkin1970]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Jenkin1970] [Signor1876, Cocker1899n, Vayssi1926]; Mexico (Chiapas [Jenkin1970], Yucatan [DondeI1875, Jenkin1970]).
BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Mexico. Crawlers emerge in early spring, and fully grown female (ready for harvesting) appear in September-November (Jenkins, 1970).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Llave (1832), Signoret (1876), Vayssière (1914b, 1926).
STRUCTURE: The adult female measures up to 25 mm long (Llave, 1832; Signoret, 1876). Colour photograph of adult female by MacGregor-Loayza (1969) and by Foldi (2003b).
SYSTEMATICS: Vayssière (1926) synonymized Monophlebus dugesi Vayssière, 1914, with Llaveia axin. Later he noted that it is very likely that Monophlebus dugesi Vayssière is identical with Llaveia axin var. dorsalis Duges.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The native people of Mexico and Central America cultivate this coccoid, and use the fat extraction from adult females as a lacquer for waterproofing various tools and as a base for medicines and cosmetics (Jenkins, 1970; Williams & MacVean, 1995).
KEYS: Morrison 1928: 189 (female) [Species of Llaveia].
CITATIONS: Anoiin1880 [taxonomy, distribution, host, chemistry, economic importance: 10]; BenDov2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 383-386]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue, economic importance: 231-232]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy, life history, distribution, chemistry, economic importance: 303-305]; CasonDaSh1971 [chemistry: 2621-2625]; Cocker1897u [taxonomy, host, distribution: 271]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 259]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy: 79]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Cocker1902r [taxonomy: 319]; Comsto1883 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 136]; DondeI1875 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 174-180]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 17]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 176]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 206]; Foldi2003b [taxonomy: 28]; Hughes1931 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 742-769]; Jenkin1970 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 79-81]; Koszta1987 [economic importance: 218]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 341-344]; Llave1832 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-152]; Llave1861 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 374-379]; MacGre1969 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-203]; Macvea1994 [life history, distribution, economic importance]; MacVea1999 [economic importance, distribution: 90-93]; MacVeaCaLl1999 [distribution, economic importance: 126]; MacVeaScCa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-7]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 182-183,188-189,222]; PerezMaWi2005 [taxonomy: 18]; RosasPRoRi2014 [distribution, economic, illustration, importance, life history]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 844]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 370-372]; Vayssi1914b [taxonomy, description, distribution: 335-336]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 300-305]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 7,10]; WilliaMa1995 [taxonomy, distribution, economic importance: 147-148].
Llaveia axin dorsalis DugesNOMENCLATURE:
Llaveia dorsalis Duges, 1888: 160. Type data: MEXICO: Guanajuato State, Penjamo, on "ajes" and "tepame" (probably a Mimosa); collected November 1887 by Eugenio Duges. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Llaveia axinus dorsalis; Duges, 1888: 161. Change of combination and rank.
Llaveia axinus dorsalis; Duges, 1888: 161. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Fabaceae [Duges1888].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Guanajuato [Duges1888]).
SYSTEMATICS: Duges (1888: 160) first described this as a species. Minor differences were observed from Llaveia axin in the dorsal wax secretion, and therefore Duges (1888: 161) reduced it to subspecies level. Morrison (1928) supposed that the separate status from L. axin was doubtful, but refrained from making the change without a study of authentic material. Vayssière (1926) synonymized Monophlebus dugesi Vayssière, 1914, with Llaveia axin. Later he noted that it is very likely that Monophlebus dugesi Vayssière is identical with Llaveia axin var. dorsalis Duges, which was described from Mexico, Guanajuato State.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 232-233]; Duges1888 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-161]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 17]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 206]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 188].
Llaveia championi (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus sp. Cockerell, 1899n: 3. Nomen nudum; discovered by Cockerell, 1902a: 26.
Monophlebus championi Cockerell, 1902a: 26. Type data: PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, at altitude of 3000 feet, host plant not indicate; collected by Champion. Syntypes, male. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: male.
Tessarobelus championi; Cockerell, 1902r: 318. Change of combination.
Llaveia championi; Miller, 1971a: 64. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [Cocker1899n, Cocker1902a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult male by Cockerell (1899n, 1902).
SYSTEMATICS: The description of this species was based on the adult male. Cockerell (1899n: 3) presented description of males of three different species, all of which were named Monophlebus sp. Two Monophlebus spp. were collected at "Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui 3000 feet, by Champion", while the third was from "Mexico, Acaguizotla in Guerrero 3500 feet by H.S. Smith". Cockerell (1902a: 26) first published the name Monophlebus championi while clearly restricting it to the description of Monophlebus sp. that was described by Cockerell (1899n) in "middle of page" no. 3, from Panama: Volcan de Chiriqui 3000 feet, collected by Champion. Morrison (1928) suggested that this species belongs in an uncertain genus of Monophlebinae, Llaveiini.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 233]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 3]; Cocker1902a [taxonomy, description: 26]; Cocker1902r [taxonomy: 318]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 16]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 206]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Miller1971b [taxonomy: 64]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 223].
Llaveia mexicanorum (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortonia (Protortonia) mexicanorum; Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 169. Change of combination.
Ortonia mexicanorum Cockerell, 1898j: 430. Type data: MEXICO: Misebac (?), on Acacia greggii (?), a thorny plant; collected August 13, 1897, by Koebele. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 7877. Described: female.
Llaveia mexicanorum; Cockerell, 1899j: 260. Change of combination.
Monophlebus mexicanorum; Cockerell, 1899n: 2. Change of combination.
Llaveia mexicanorum; Morrison, 1928: 189. Revived combination.
Llavea mexicanorum; Lindinger, 1955a: 344. Misspelling of genus name.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Croton [Foldi1995a]. Fabaceae: Acacia greggii [Cocker1898j]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Foldi1995a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1898j, Cocker1899n] (Durango [Foldi1995a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1928).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The fat extracted from females of this species is used in Guatemala as finish and preservative for cups and bowls made from gourds (Williams & MacVean, 1995).
KEYS: Morrison 1928: 189 (female) [Species of Llaveia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 233-234]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 430-431]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 260]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, distribution: 2]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy: 80]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 17]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 176]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 206]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 184-189, 225]; PerezMaWi2005 [taxonomy: 18]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy: 169]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 300]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 216]; WilliaMa1995 [distribution, economic importance: 147-148].
Llaveia oaxacoensis MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Llaveia oaxacoensis Morrison, 1927: 107. Type data: MEXICO: Oaxaca, on Acacia sp., September 22, 1923; collected by E.G. Smyth. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Llavea oaxacoensis; Lindinger, 1955a: 344. Misspelling of genus name.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Morris1927].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Oaxaca [Morris1927]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Morrison (1928).
KEYS: Morrison 1928: 189 (female) [Species of Llaveia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 234]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 176]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 206]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 344]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 107-108]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-189, 225]; WilliaMa1995 [taxonomy: 148].
Llaveiella MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Llaveiella Morrison, 1927: 108. Type species: Llaveiella taenechina Morrison, by monotypy and original designation.
Llaveella Lindinger, 1937: 188. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 111.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Morrison (1927, 1928).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1927) separated this genus from its immediate relatives in the Monophlebinae, by these features: adult female with 9-segmented antennae; about 15 ventral cicatrices; spines retained on body, and hairs and spines together distinctly more abundant than disk pores; larva with both lateral and apical marginal setae elongate and conspicuous, anal opening with a circle of disk pores, and abdomen with a single median circular ventral cicatrix.
KEYS: Williams & Gullan 2008: 82-83 (female) [Genera of Llaveiini]; Foldi & Watson 2001: 373 (female) [Tribe Llaveiini]; Foldi 1994: 319 (female) [Genera of the Llaveiini]; Morrison 1928: 182 (female, larva) [Margarodidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 234-235]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 206]; FoldiWa2001 [taxonomy: 373]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 188]; Lindin1955 [taxonomy: 345]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description: 108]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 182, 192, 219]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 111]; Vayssi1939 [taxonomy: 124]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy: 81-83].
Llaveiella dugmilleri FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Llaveiella dugmilleri Foldi, 1995a: 169. Type data: MEXICO: VeraCruz, Los Tuxtlas, on Caesalpinia gaumeri, 10.vi.1987, Coll. I. Foldi. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Caesalpinia gaumeri [Foldi1995a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Veracruz [Foldi1995a]).
BIOLOGY: Found on branches of the host plant (Foldi, 1995a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Foldi (1995a).
STRUCTURE: Live female brown, covered by white waxy secretion (Foldi, 1995a). Foldi (1995a) presented SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 235]; Foldi1995a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-172]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 206].
Llaveiella taenechina MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Llaveia axin; Cockerell, 1897u: 271. Misidentification; discovered by Morrison, 1927: 108.
Llaveiella taenechina Morrison, 1927: 108. Type data: MEXICO: Salina Cruz; Collected May 29, 1896, by C.H.T. Townsend. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Llaveella taenechina; Lindinger, 1937: 188. Misspelling of genus name.
HOST: Fabaceae: Larrea [Foldi1995a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Durango [Foldi1995a]).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 235]; Cocker1897u [host, distribution: 271]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 176]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 206]; Hughes1940 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 312-337]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 188]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 345]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 108]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 192-194, 227].
Matesovia Jashenko & DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Matesovia Jashenko & Danzig, 1992: 84. Type species: Matesovia turkmenica Jashenko & Danzig, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Jashenko & Danzig (1992).
SYSTEMATICS: The genus is related to Drosicha and Monophleboides (Jashenko & Danzig, 1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 235-236]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 207]; JashenDa1992 [taxonomy, description: 84-88].
Matesovia turkmenica Jashenko & DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Matesovia turkmenica Jashenko & Danzig, 1992: 84. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: South West Turkmenistan, near Bugdaily, on stem of Halocnemum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Halocnemum [JashenDa1992], Halocnemum strocilaceus [JashenDa1992], Haloxylon ammodendron [JashenDa1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkmenistan [JashenDa1992].
BIOLOGY: Adults emerge at the end of May (Jashenko, 1999).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and nymphs by Jashenko & Danzig (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 236]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 207]; Jashen1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 43]; JashenDa1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-88].
Melaleucococcus BhattiNOMENCLATURE:
Melaleucococcus Bhatti, 1990: 499. Type species: Melaleucococcus phacelopilus Bhatti, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Bhatti (1990).
SYSTEMATICS: This genus differs from other genera in tribe Monophlebulini of the Monophlebinae, in two diagnostic features of the adult female - presence of ampullate setae, and in greater length of the third antennal segment than each of the second or fourth segments.
KEYS: Foldi 1994: 318-319 (female) [Genera of the Monophlebulini: Monophlebinae]; Bhatti 1990: 498 (female) [Monophlebulini]; Bhatti 1990: 499 (first instar) [Monophlebulini].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 236]; Bhatti1990 [taxonomy, description: 498-501]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy: 877-881]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 208]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; GullanSj2001 [taxonomy: 257-278].
Melaleucococcus hirtipectus BhattiNOMENCLATURE:
Melaleucococcus hirtipectus Bhatti, 1990: 511. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Yule Brook Reserve, off Brook Road, Kenwick, Perth suburb, on Melaleuca sp., 7.i.1986, collected P.J. Gullan & C.A.M. Reid. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca [Bhatti1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Bhatti1990]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti 1990: 511 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 236]; Bhatti1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 511-512]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 208].
Melaleucococcus nodosus BhattiNOMENCLATURE:
Melaleucococcus nodosus Bhatti, 1990: 509. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Perth suburb, Bartram Road, near intersection with Tepper Road, Banjup, on Melaleuca raphiophylla; collected 10.i.1986, by P.J. Gullan & M.J. Lewis. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca raphiophylla [Bhatti1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Bhatti1990]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti 1990: 501 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [p. 237]; Bhatti1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 509-511]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 208]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425].
Melaleucococcus notoporosus BhattiNOMENCLATURE:
Melaleucococcus notoporosus Bhatti, 1990: 514. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, near Eastern Highway, 38 km East of Southern Cross, near Kelland, on Melaleuca uncinata, 11.i.1986, collected P.J. Gullan. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca uncinata [Bhatti1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Bhatti1990]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti 1990: 501 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 237]; Bhatti1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 514-515]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 208].
Melaleucococcus phacelopilus BhattiNOMENCLATURE:
Melaleucococcus phacelopilus Bhatti, 1990: 501. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Australian Capital Territory, on Melaleuca ericifolia, 24.i.1986. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Coccinella repanda Thunberg [Bhatti1990], Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant [Bhatti1990].
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca ericifolia [Bhatti1990], Melaleuca glaberrima [Bhatti1990], Melaleuca nodosa [Bhatti1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Bhatti1990], New South Wales [Bhatti1990]).
BIOLOGY: A univoltine species in Canberra, Australia. Adult females were usually present on plants from December to march, after which they entered the soil and oviposited. Nymphs and adults of this species are attended by ants of the genus Iridomyrmex (Bhatti, 1990).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, first instar nymph, second instar nymph, third instar female nymph and third instar male nymph by Bhatti (1990).
STRUCTURE: Adult female about 12 mm long, 5 mm wide; teneral specimens are bright reddish brown becoming buff-coloured or pale brown with black pigmentation pattern on dorsum and venter; long coiled wax threads present marginally; dorsum dusted with white powdery wax (Bhatti, 1990). Photograph of the external appearance of the adult female given in Bhatti (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti 1990: 501 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 237-238]; Bhatti1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 501-509]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 208]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425].
Mimosicerya CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Icerya (Mimosicerya) Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Type species: Icerya (Crypticerya) hempeli Cockerell, by monotypy.
Clypeococcus Newstead, 1920: 175. Type species: Icerya (Crypticerya) hempeli Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Morrison, 1928: 105.
Mimosicerya; Morrison, 1928: 104. Change of status.
Nautococcus Vayssière, 1939: 124. Type species: Nautococcus schraderae Vayssière, by monotypy. Synonymy by Foldi & Gullan, 2014: 20.
BIOLOGY: All stages live either exposed, or hidden in cracks or under bark on twigs or stems of the host plant; the adult female is pupillarial, remaining inside the sclerotised preadult exuviae for reproduction. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Vayssiere (1926, 1939 & 1948), Morrison (1928) and by Foldi (2009). Redescription and illustrations in Foldi & Gullan (2014).
STRUCTURE: Body broadly oval, female remaining within preadult exuviae after last moult. Derm membranous except for an approximately circular sclerotised area anteriorly bearing antennae, eyespots, multilocular pores, setae and numerous spines of varying stoutness and length. Ventral dermal pocket-like depressions (apodemes) present, 2 per segment in a submedian line on abdomen (M. hempeli) or absent (M. mexicana, M. schraderae and M. williamsi). Antenna greatly reduced, platelike or bulbous, segments not discernable on slide-mounted specimens, but bearing a group of sensory setae. Mouthparts absent. Legs either absent (M. schraderae and M. mexicana), present but strongly reduced (M. hempeli) or represented by vestigial protuberances (M. williamsi). (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1928) assigned this genus to the Coelostomidiinae, characterizing it by: antenna greatly reduced to a plate-like appendage; legs reduced; without ventral cicatrices. Vayssiere (1939) assigned this genus to Llaveiini of the Monophlebinae, while characterizing it by: body highly sclerotized; 9-segmented antenna; legs well-developed; seven pairs of abdominal spiracles. In Hodgson & Hardy, 2013, the South American Neocoelostoma and Nautococcus formed a clade sister to Monophlebidae, rather than forming a clade with the New Zealand members of Coelostomidiidae. To preserve the monophyly of Coelostomidiidae and Monophlebidae, Hodgson and Hardy suggested that these South American taxa could be treated as a separate family-level group, or Neocoelostoma could be transferred to Monophlebidae as was Nautococcus. Foldi & Gullan (2014) recognized Nautococcus as a junior synomym of Mimosicerya although the described species are not the same, based on a review of the morphology of male and female instars. They transferred Mimosicerya to the Monophlebidae and noted that species of Mimosicerya do not secrete a test as do most Neotropical coelostomidiids. The preadult cuticle becomes heavily sclerotised and forms a protective cover for the adult female which can, therefore, be considered as "pupillarial" because it remains and oviposits within the exuviae of the previous instar.
KEYS: Foldi & Gullan 2014: 11 (female, adult, first inst) [Key to genera of Cryptokermesini]; Foldi 2009: 26-27 (female) [Genera of Coelostomidiidae in Neotrpical region]; Morrison 1928: 96-97 (female, larva) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 429 (female) [as Nsutococcus; Monophlebinae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005 [p. 253]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, description: 233]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 208, 210]; Foldi2009 [taxonomy, description: 27-28]; FoldiGu2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, phylogenetics, structure, taxonomy: 11, 20-41]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 182]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 222]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 74]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 96-97, 104-108, 219]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 39, 120]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description: 175]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 429]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 259, 305]; Vayssi1939 [taxonomy, description: 124-127]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy: 82].
Mimosicerya hempeli (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Icerya (Crypticerya) hempeli Cockerell, 1899c: 43. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Campinas, on Mimosa; collected May 12, 1898, A. Hempel. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Four boxes in the USNM contain Cockerell's type material, from which specimens probably later were slide-mounted for Morrison's (1928) monograph. Morrison provided detailed illustrated descriptions of the adult and preadult females and the first-instar nymph that would have required slidemounted specimens.
Crypticerya hempeli; Hempel, 1900a: 376. Change of combination.
Palaeococcus hempeli; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination.
Clypeococcus hempeli; Newstead, 1920: 175. Change of combination.
Mimosicerya hempeli; Morrison, 1928: 105. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Mimosa [Cocker1899c, Hempel1912].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Cocker1899c, Hempel1912, Newste1920]).
BIOLOGY: Collected from spiny branches of an undetermined, probably Mimosa, tree or shrub (Newstead, 1920).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Cockerell (1899c), Hempel (1900a), Newstead (1920), Vayssiere (1926) and by Morrison (1928). Description and illustration of nymph by Morrison (1928).
STRUCTURE: Adult female spherical and hollow at gestation, the marsupium filling practically the whole of the interior. Integument densely chitinised, faintly ribbed and polished; very dark plum-coloured, with a delicate "bloom-like" secretion, the segmentation of the dorsum indicated by faint blackish interrupted lines. Venter membranous, resting on a thin layer of hard resin-like secretion, segmentation distinct. Mentum biarticulate, the "filaments" enclosed in a membranous sheath, the latter lying obliquely to one side of the median line in mounted preparation (Newstead, 1920). Third-instar (preadult) female living exposed on bark; body subglobose, dark slate-gray with a thin but dense coating of cream-coloured mealy secretion; subdorsal areas marked by a longitudinal series of small round spots free from secretion; legs blackish brown to dark brown (Cockerell, 1899). Young preadults reddish-brown but becoming darker with age, with derm strongly sclerotised in old specimens. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: This species was described by Cockerell (1899) based on what he believed to be the adult female. However, he described 9-segmented antennae and small stout legs, which are characteristic of the third-instar (preadult) female. Later, Newstead (1920) also described and illustrated the preadult female, believing it to be the adult and described and illustrated the first-instar nymph. Later still, Morrison (1928) recognised that the preadult exuviae concealed the pharate adult female and described the adult and preadult females and the first-instar nymph. Males are not known. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
KEYS: Foldi 2009: 28 (female) [Species of Mimosicerya].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 36]; Cocker1899c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 43-44]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 233]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 22]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Foldi2009 [taxonomy: 28]; FoldiGu2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 22-27]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 376]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-108]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-177]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210,305-306,319]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 216].
Mimosicerya mexicana (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Cryptokermes brasiliensis; Cockerell, 1902t: 469. Misidentification; discovered by Morrison, 1927: 103.
Cryptokermes brasiliensis; Ferris, 1918a: 22. Misidentification; discovered by Morrison, 1927: 103.
Cryptokermes mexicanus Morrison, 1927: 103. Type data: MEXICO: Zapotlan, Jalisco, on Mimosa sp., 1903, collected by C.H.T. Townsend. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 22. Described: female.
Mimosicerya mexicana; Foldi & Gullan, 2014: 28. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Mimosa [Ferris1918a, Morris1927, Foldi1995a], Prosopis [Cocker1902q].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Durango [Cocker1899n, Foldi1995a], Jalisco [Morris1927], Morelos [Morris1927]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descriptions of adult female, third-instar and first-instar females and illustrations in Foldi & Gullan, 2014.
STRUCTURE: Adult female body broadly oval, 5.2 mm long, 5.0 mm wide. Derm membranous throughout except for a wide circular sclerotised area on anterior end of body and a smaller slightly sclerotised area surrounding anal opening on posterior end of body. Antennae not seen. Eyespots appear as 2 light spots within sclerotised area. Mouthparts absent. Legs absent. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: There have been several descriptions of this species. Cockerell (1902t) and Ferris (1918a) both erroneously referred to the species as Cryptokermes brasiliensis. Later, Morrison (1927) named the species as Cryptokermes mexicanus and provided the details of the type specimens. Morrison (1928) pointed out that Ferris' (1918a) and Cockerell's (1902t) descriptions were actually of C. mexicanus. There is no mention of a test in any of the above four papers, and Ferris (1918a, page 221) says of the adult female: "remaining enclosed within the derm of the penultimate stage", which is a characteristic of the genus Mimosicerya. Also Morrison (1927, page 103) describes the first-instar nymph as having curious derm discs that are flattened or with the centre slightly convex. We examined these structures under the compound microscope and they are toadstool shaped in side view and exactly match the disc-like tubercles of the first-instar nymph of M. hempeli, rather than the disc-like tubercles of the first-instar nymph of C. brasiliensis. Based on the morphological features of the first-instar nymph and the preadult and adult females, Foldi & Gullan, 2014, transfered it to Mineosicerya as M. mexicana. As the genus name Mimosicerya (based on Icerya Signoret) is feminine and the species name is an adjective (Pellizzari & Williams, 2013), the latter was amended to "mexicana".
KEYS: Foldi 2011: 484 (female, adult) [A key to Species of Cryptokermes Hempel Based on Adult Females]; Morrison 1928: 104 (female, larva) [Species of Cryptokermes].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [p. 31]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 4]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy: 80]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 233]; Cocker1902t [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 469-470]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 22]; Ferris1918a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-225]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 177]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 199]; Foldi2011 [taxonomy: 484]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 100-104, 225].
Mimosicerya schraderae (Vayssière)NOMENCLATURE:
Nautococcus schraderae Vayssière, 1939: 124. Type data: PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, on Annona sparguei; collected February 1937 by S. Hughes-Schrader. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Nautococcus schaderae; Hodgson & Hardy, 2013: 796. Misspelling of species name.
Mimosicerya schraderae; Foldi & Gullan, 2014: 31. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona sparguei [Vayssi1939, VayssiHu1948]. Fabaceae: Inga tondurii [VayssiHu1948].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [VayssiHu1948]; Panama [Vayssi1939, VayssiHu1948].
BIOLOGY: In Panama, the preadult females were found on the trunk and the largest branches, mostly fixed in cracks or under bark. Frequently the second-instar male nymphs formed little groups of 4 to 20 individuals under bark or under the protective shelter constructed by ants. Third-instar males produced a white filamentous cocoon in which they developed to the adult stage. Each adult female is enclosed within the strongly sclerotised preadult exuviae, which frequently is covered by a protective shelter constructed by ants; an association with ants is frequently observedwith this species. The posterior end of the dorsal abdomen of the preadult has a large area of circular dermsurrounded by a sclerotised rim; at maturity, this derm is strongly sclerotised and transformed into a hard plate(operculum) that is pushed out by the adult female, through which she very slowly pushes out her posteriorabdomen; this process can take some hours. Sometimes only the posterior end of the abdomen, but frequently abouta third of the abdomen, extends from the preadult exuviae, and is directed upwards and anteriorly and, in the laboratory, the attraction of males started immediately. The duration of mating varied considerably, between 8 to 126 minutes, with an average of 34 minutes, and males mated once, rarely twice, whereas the female could be mated successively by two different males. However, after mating, the female retracts its abdomen and stays within the preadult exuviae. Oviposition started from the seventh day after mating, was well advanced around days 12-13 and apparently finished by about day 14. The eggs are laid within a network of filamentous wax secretions between the body of the female and the exuvial wall of the preadult. The period from oviposition to eclosion varied widely (48 and 66 days); the first-instar nymphs stay immobile inside the preadult exuviae for about two months after which they move out and settle on the trees. The most important cause of mortality of the females, nymphs and eggs was due to predators, particularly the larvae of coccinellids. Observations in the field and the laboratory suggest that there are two distinct, not overlapping, generations per year. This life cycle appears similar to those of Llaveia Signoret and Llaveiella Morrison, which also have two distinct generations per year.Translation from French of pages 66-73 from Vayssière & Hughes-Schrader (1948) in Foldi & Gullan (2014).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of adult and third-instar female and adult male and illustrations in Foldi & Gullan, 2014.
STRUCTURE: Adult female enclosed within thick, strongly sclerotised derm of preadult, where it oviposits. Individuals or aggregations of the scale insects are frequently covered by a protective shelter constructed by ants. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014) Third-instar (preadult) female body broadly ovoid, 9.0-11.0 mm long, 7-9 mm wide and 5-6 mm high; reddish-brown with dorsal and marginal derm strongly sclerotised, mid-venter of abdomen more or less membranous. Distribution of dorsal secretions characteristic of species: dorsum and dorsal margin with white secretions distributed in regular transverse ridges on body segments, also forming 5 longitudinal lines, one median, 2 submedial and 2 submarginal to marginal; each longitudinal line separated by a space covered by a light coating of secretion. Posterior end of abdomen dorsally with a circular area, 1.7-2.3 mm in diameter, with derm covered by pores and setae, forming a plate that later is pushed out allowing adult female to protrude her abdomen. Venter with powdery secretions; antennae and legs brownish-black. An external waxy tube, about 4-5 mm long, produced from anus. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: The original description by Vayssière (1939) was based on the preadult female that he had assumed was the adult female. Later Vayssière & Hughes-Schrader (1948) described the adult female and all other instars, and provided a plate of photographs and information on biology. Vayssière & Hughes-Schrader concluded that the placement of Nautococcus based on morphology (e.g., absence of legs and mouthparts in the adult female) was in the Coelostomidiinae (now family Coelostomidiidae), but, based on cytological results (2n female=6, male=5), it belonged to the Monophlebinae (now Monophlebidae).Foldi & Gullan (2014) synonymised the genus Nautococcus with Mimosicerya based on morphology of male and female instars, and consequently N. schraderae became M. schraderae (Vayssière). This species is distinct morphologically from all others in Mimosicerya. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 254]; Foldi1999 [structure, taxonomy: 326]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 796,799]; Hughes1942 [taxonomy, structure, chromosomes: 261-299]; Vayssi1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124-127]; VayssiHu1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 57-74].
Mimosicerya williamsi FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Mimosicerya williamsi Foldi, 2009: 28. Type data: VENEZUELA: Mérida state, around Mérida, altitude 2500 meters, on young stem of Inga sp.; collected I. Foldi, 24.x.1984. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Inga [Foldi2009].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Foldi2009].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and pre-adult female by Foldi (2009).
KEYS: Foldi 2009: 28 (female) [Species of Mimosicerya].
CITATIONS: Foldi2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-33].
Misracoccus RaoNOMENCLATURE:
Misracoccus Rao, 1950a: 115. Type species: Lophococcus convexus Morrison, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Rao (1950a).
SYSTEMATICS: Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are:
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 174 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 238]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Rao1950a [taxonomy, description: 115-120]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 174, 176-177]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 3].
Misracoccus assamensis RaoNOMENCLATURE:
Misracoccus assamensis Rao, 1950a: 117. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Shillong, on a wild tree; collected by V.P. Rao. Holotype female. Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Assam [Rao1950a]).
BIOLOGY: Females found attached to twigs (Rao, 1950a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1950a).
STRUCTURE: Female 10-12 mm long, 5-7 mm wide, 4-5 mm in height (Rao, 1950a).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 177, 617 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 238]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Rao1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-120]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 177-178].
Misracoccus convexus (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Lophococcus convexus Morrison, 1920: 153. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Laguna province, Mount Maquling, on Pithecellobium scutiferum; collected July 1918 by Baker; and Manila on Peltophorum ferrugineum; collected 1911 by Compere, no. 20186. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Aspidoproctus convexus; Vayssière, 1926: 280. Change of combination.
Perissopneumon convexa; Morrison, 1928: 136. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
Misracoccus convexus; Rao, 1950a: 115. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Peltophorum ferrugineum [Morris1920], Pithecellobium scutiferum [Morris1920].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Luzon [Morris1920]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1920, 1928), Rao (1950a) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
STRUCTURE: Adult female maximum length 12.5 mm, width 9 mm, height 7 mm. Oval, strongly convex, anterior apex truncate, posterior rounded (Morrison, 1920).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 177, 617 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 238-239]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-157]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-138,223]; Rao1950a [taxonomy, description: 114-116]; SchmutKlLu1957 [host, distribution, economic importance: 422]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 177-178]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 280].
Misracoccus serrei (Vayssière)NOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus serrei Vayssière, 1914b: 334. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Batavia, host plant not indicated; collected 1906 by M.P. Serre. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
Perissopneumon serrei; Morrison, 1928: 226. Change of combination.
Misracoccus serrei; Rao, 1950a: 115. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Vayssi1914b, Vayssi1926]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Vayssière (1914b, 1926).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 16-17 mm long, 11-12 mm wide, 8-9 mm high (Vayssière, 1914b, 1926).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 239]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 138,226]; Rao1950a [taxonomy: 115]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; Vayssi1914b [taxonomy: 334]; Vayssi1914b [taxonomy, description, distribution: 334-335]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280,296-298].
Misracoccus xyliae (Ramakrishna Ayyar)NOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus xyliae Vayssière, 1926: 280. Nomen nudum; discovered by Rao, 1950: 117.
Walkeriana xyliae Morrison, 1928: 227. Nomen nudum; discovered by Rao, 1950a: 117.
Aspidoproctus xyliae Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 69. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, South India, Coimbatore on Pithecellobium saman and at Taliparamba, Malabar, on Xylia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Perissopneumon xyliae; Yang, 1982: 28. Change of combination.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Microterys ericeri Ishii [Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Pithecellobium saman [Rao1950a], Xylia [Rao1950a]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Rao1950a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [Rao1950a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1950a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 12-15 mm long, 8-10 mm wide, 5-8 mm in height (Rao, 1950a).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 177, 617 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 239-240]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 227]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69]; Rao1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-118]; SunYa2002 [host, distribution, life history: 289-291]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 177-179]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 280]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, illustration: 28-29].
Modicicoccus Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Modicicoccus Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 892. Type species: Modicicoccus monticolus Bhatti & Gullan, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult females of species in this genus are distinguished in presence of pores in atrium of the thoracic and abdominal spiracles (Bhatti & Gullan, 1990).
KEYS: Foldi 1994: 318-319 (female) [Genera of the Monophlebulini: Monophlebinae]; Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 881 (female) [Monophlebulini of the Monophlebinae, Margarodidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 240]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description: 892-893]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209].
Modicicoccus gagnei Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Modicicoccus gagnei Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 893. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province, Mo River near Morobe, 10 m, on shrubs in jungle understory; collected 16.i.1978, by W.C. Gagne. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [BhattiGu1990].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 892-893 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 240]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 893-895]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209].
Modicicoccus kaindiensis Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Modicicoccus kaindiensis Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 895. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province, collected by general sweeping, Mt. Kaindi, altitude 2300 meters; collected 15.iv.1973, by W.C. Gagne. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [BhattiGu1990].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 892-893 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 240]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 895-896]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209].
Modicicoccus monticolus Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Modicicoccus monticolus Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 895. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Mt Kaindi, altitude 2350 meters, on ginger roots; collected 11.ix.1968. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Zingiberaceae: Zingiber officinale [BhattiGu1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [BhattiGu1990].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 892-893 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 241]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 895-899]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209].
Modicicoccus newsteadi Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Modicicoccus newsteadi Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 899. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Sepik, altitude 1570 meters, host plant not indicated; collected November 1910, by L. Schultze. Holotype female. Type depository: Berlin: Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany. Described: female. Illust.
Monophlebus schultzei Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 901. Nomen nudum; discovered by Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 901.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [BhattiGu1990].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 892-893 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 241]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 899-901]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209].
Monophlebidus MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebidus Morrison, 1927: 104. Type species: Monophlebidus indicus Morrison, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Morrison (1927, 1928).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1927) characterized this genus in: adult female with seven pairs of abdominal spiracles each of which possesses a conspicuous collar of disk pores within atrium; numerous small circular ventral cicatrices grouped into clusters, forming two longitudinal bands on each side of body. The adult male has antennae with cylindrical segments; no trace of nodes or of distinct whorls of setae.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 174 (female) [Asia]; Morrison 1928: 123-125 (female, larva, male) [Margarodidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 241]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 189]; Miller1971b [taxonomy: 66]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description: 104]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 122-125, 132-135, 21]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 124]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 173-174]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 174, 179-180].
Monophlebidus indicus MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebidus indicus Morrison, 1927: 104. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka [=Mysore], Bangalore, on Shorea talura; collected by Mr. S. Mahdihassan. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
HOST: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea talura [Morris1927].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Morris1927]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and adult male by Morrison (1927, 1928).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 242]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 291]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Kaweck1965a [taxonomy, structure: 205-211]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 104]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-135,224].
Monophleboides MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Monophleboides Morrison, 1927: 104. Type species: Monophlebus gymnocarpi Hall, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Morrison (1928).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of this genus is characterized: by lack of cylindrical or other stout derm spines; lack of marsupium; absence of large tubular bilocular pores along margin; presence of a single ventral cicatrix; lack of disk pores within atrium of abdominal spiracles (Morrison, 1927). The author did not indicate the gender of the genus but there are two species names with masculine adjectival endings so the gender of the genus is treated as masculine. (Williams, 2011)
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 182 (female) [Asia]; Morrison 1928: 123-125 (female, larva, male) [Margarodidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 242]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 429-430]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 189]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description: 104]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 121-129, 219]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 124]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 173-174]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 182, 192-193]; Willia2011 [taxonomy: 66].
Monophleboides africanus (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus africanus Newstead, 1912: 15. Type data: NAMIBIA [=SOUTH WEST AFRICA]: Rooibank near Walfischbai, on roots of 'knibes plants' [=plants of family Zygophyllaceae]; collected December 1903, by L. Schultze. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Berlin: Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany. Described: female. Illust.
Monophleboides africanus; Morrison, 1928: 127. Change of combination.
HOST: Zygophyllaceae [Newste1912].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Namibia (=South West Africa) [Newste1912].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 242]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 161-162]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, distribution: 127, 222]; Newste1912 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 83]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267].
Monophleboides arachidis VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Monophleboides arachidis Vayssière, 1957: 6. Type data: ZAIRE: Ubangi, on "Arachide" [=Arachis hypogaea]; collected by J. Vrydagh. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 407I953. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [Vayssi1957].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire [Vayssi1957].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of nymphs and adult female by Vayssière (1957).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 243]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Vayssi1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-8].
Monophleboides gymnocarpi (Hall)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus gymnocarpi Hall, 1926a: 1. Type data: EGYPT: Eastern Desert, Wadi Ibtadi and Wadi Gerrawi, near Helwan, on Gymnocarpos decander; collected May 4 & 6 1925. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Monophleboides gymnocarpi; Morrison, 1927: 104. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Gymnocarpos decander [Hall1926a]. Chenopodiaceae: Haloxylon schweinfurthii [Hall1926a]. Zygophyllaceae: Nitraria retusa [Hall1926a, Hall1927a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1926a, Hall1927a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of nymph, adult female and adult male given by Hall (1926a, 1927a) and by Morrison (1928).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 7 mm long, 4 mm wide; broadly oval, narrowed in front with flattened frons. Colour orange, some specimens yellower and others redder (Hall, 1926a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 243]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 430]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-4]; Hall1927a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-117]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 160]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 154]; Morris1927 [taxonomy: 104]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-129,224]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 194-195]; Willia2011 [taxonomy: 66].
Monophleboides hirtus (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus hirtus Brain, 1915: 165. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Stutterheim, Kubusie Plantation, on shoots of Pinus canariensis; collected April 13, 1913, by C.C. Robertson. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
Monophleboides hirtus; Morrison, 1928: 128. Change of combination.
HOST: Pinaceae: Pinus canariensis [Brain1915, Vayssi1926].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Malawi [Newste1917a]; South Africa [Brain1915].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 243]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-166]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 128, 224]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 3]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 267].
Monophleboides sjostedti (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus sjostedti Newstead, 1908: 2. Type data: KENYA: Kilimandjaro, Kibonoto; collected December 1905, by Y. Sjostedt. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Stockholm: Naturhistoriska Riksmusset, Sweden. Described: female. Illust.
Monophleboides sjostedti; Morrison, 1928: 128. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae [Newste1908].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Newste1908, Lindin1913].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1908).
STRUCTURE: Adult female slightly farinaceous; scantily pubescent on the dorsum, but more so on venter. Colour pale terra-cota with a dull orange tinge, when dry (Newstead, 1908).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 244]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy: 90]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 128,227]; Newste1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-3]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 61]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267].
Monophleboides suaedae halocnemae (Vayssière)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus suaedae halocnemae Vayssière, 1927: 107. Type data: TUNISIA: Chott de Nefta, on Halocnemum strobilaceum, January 1927, collected by M.C. Dumont. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
Monophlebus suedae halocnemae; Vayssière, 1927: 107. Misspelling of species name.
Monophleboides suaedae halocnemae; Foldi, 2001a: 209. Change of combination.
HOST: Salsolaceae: Halocnemum strobilaceum [Vayssi1927].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tunisia [Vayssi1927].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 244]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Vayssi1927 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 107].
Monophleboides suaedae suaedae (Vayssière)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus suaedae Vayssière, 1923a: 423, 426. Nomen nudum.
Monophlebus suaedae Vayssière, 1924: 29. Type data: TUNISIA: Djerba Island, l'illot Djilli, on Suaeda pruinosa; collected L. Seurat. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Monophlebus suedae; Vayssière, 1927: 107. Misspelling of species name.
Monophleboides suaedae; Morrison, 1928: 128. Change of combination.
HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Suaeda pruinosa [Vayssi1924, Vayssi1926].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tunisia [Vayssi1924, Vayssi1926].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Vayssière (1924, 1926).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 7 mm long, 4 mm broad, 1.5 mm high; colour yellow-orange (Vayssière, 1924).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 244]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 430]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 209]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 160]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 128,227]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy: 423,426]; Vayssi1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-31]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267,271-273]; Vayssi1927 [taxonomy: 107].
Monophlebulus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebulus Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Type species: Monophlebus fuscus Maskell, by monotypy and original designation.
Monophlebus (Monophlebulus); Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of status.
Monophlebulus; Foldi, 2001a: 210. Revived rank.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Morrison & Morrison (1922), Morrison (1928) and by Williams & Watson (1990).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1928) characterized the adult female of this genus by: labium short, indistinctly two-segmented; seven pairs of abdominal spiracles; with numerous ventral cicatrices disposed in transverse rows across abdominal segments anterior to vulva.
KEYS: Foldi 1994: 318-319 (female) [Genera of the Monophlebulini: Monophlebinae]; Bhatti 1990: 498 (female) [Monophlebulini]; Bhatti 1990: 499 (first instar) [Monophlebulini]; Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 901 (female) [Papua New Guinea]; Williams & Watson 1990: 15-16 (female) [Margarodidae Genera of Tropical South pacific]; Miller 1971a: 64 (female) [Monophlebulini]; Morrison 1928: 174 (female, larva) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 428 (female) [Monophlebinae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 245]; Bhatti1990 [taxonomy: 495-498]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy: 877-881]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy: 901]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 233]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 19]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; GullanSj2001 [taxonomy: 257-278]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 189]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 75]; Miller1971b [taxonomy: 64,66]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 20-26, 163-177,189,2]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description: 4-7]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 6]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 124]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 184-185]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 428]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 258]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy: 16, 28].
Monophlebulus comperei Morrison & MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebulus comperei Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 12. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Brisbane, on Eucalyptus sp., collected by George Compere. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 25269. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [MorrisMo1923].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [MorrisMo1923]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and adult male by Morrison & Morrison (1923).
KEYS: Morrison & Morrison 1923: 18 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 245]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 176-179,223]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-14]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 278].
Monophlebulus crawfordi (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus crawfordi Maskell, 1889: 108. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, host plant not indicated; collected by F.S. Crawford. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
Monophlebulus crawfordi; Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 6. Change of combination.
FOE: DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum monophlebi Skuse [Ghesqu1943].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Maskel1889]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Maskell (1889, 1891, 1892), Froggatt (1921b), Morrison & Morrison (1923) and by Morrison (1928).
STRUCTURE: Adult female brick-red in colour, with two broad longitudinal stripes of purple extending the whole length on the dorsal side and on the abdominal segments beneath. The body is slug-like, fat, and distinctly segmented with twelve divisions; somewhat convex above and flat beneath. The cephalic and thoracic region occupies half the length, so that the feet seem placed rather in a forward position, and the insect crawls slowly. There is a quantity of white, short, cotton covering the insect, and at gestation this is heaped in large masses containing the eggs (Maskell, 1889). External appearance of the adult female illustrated by Froggatt (1921b).
KEYS: Morrison & Morrison 1923: 18 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 246]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy: 877]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 50]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 19]; Flande1934 [host, distribution: 145-150]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 31,33]; Ghesqu1943 [host, distribution, biological control: 404]; Green1923c [taxonomy: 170]; Maskel1889 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-110]; Maskel1891 [taxonomy, description: 28-29]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description: 51-52]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-179,223]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-9]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 278].
Monophlebulus enarotalicus Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebulus enarotalicus Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 901. Type data: INDONESIA: Irian Jaya, Wisselmeren, Enarotali, host plant not indicated; collected 11.vii.1962, by J. Sedlacek. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [BhattiGu1990]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 901 (female) [Papua New Guinea].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 246]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 901-903]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210].
Monophlebulus fuscus (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus fuscus Maskell, 1893b: 244. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, on Eucalyptus sp.; collected by Mr. Koebele. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
Monophlebulus fuscus; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination.
FOE: DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum iceryae (Williston) [Ghesqu1943].
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Maskel1893b].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1893b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Maskell (1893b), Froggatt (1921b) and by Morrison & Morrison (1922).
STRUCTURE: Adult female brown in colour, elongated, active, distinctly segmented; length averaging 0.2 inch (Maskell, 1893b).
KEYS: Morrison & Morrison 1923: 18 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 247]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 50]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 19]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 31-32]; Ghesqu1943 [distribution, biological control: 402-403]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 244-245]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 177,223]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-7]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 278]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy: 28].
Monophlebulus gressitti Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebulus gressitti Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 903. Type data: INDONESIA: Irian Jaya, Wisselmeren, altitude 1530 meters, Urapuara, Kamo V, host plant not indicated, 11.viii.1955, J.L. Gressitt. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [BhattiGu1990]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
KEYS: Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 892-893 (female) [Papua New Guinea].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 247]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 903-905]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210].
Monophlebulus montanus ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebulus montanus Reyne, 1965b: 186. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Top camp, altitude of 2100 meters. Syntypes, male. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands. Described: male. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Reyne1965b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Reyne (1965b).
SYSTEMATICS: This species has been described only from the adult male.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 247]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy: 877]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 186]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy: 28].
Monophlebulus pilosior (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus crawfordi pilosior Maskell, 1893b: 244. Type data: AUSTRALIA: locality and host plant not indicated by Maskell (1893b), Morrison & Morrison (1923) nor by Deitz & Tocker (1980). Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.
Drosicha crawfordi pilosior; Fernald, 1903b: 19. Change of combination.
Monophlebulus pilosior; Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 9. Change of combination and rank.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphycopsis [Noyes2004].
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [MorrisMo1923].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Maskel1893b] (New South Wales [MorrisMo1923]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of nymph and adult female by Maskell (1893b) and by Morrison & Morrison (1923).
KEYS: Morrison & Morrison 1923: 18 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 248]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 51]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 19]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 244]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 114,176,223,225]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-11]; Noyes2004 [biological control]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 278].
Monophlebulus subterraneus Morrison & MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebulus subterraneus Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 14. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Adelaide, on roots of Eucalyptus sp., collected in 1888 by Albert Koebele. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 25270. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [MorrisMo1923].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [MorrisMo1923]).
BIOLOGY: Collected on the roots of Eucalyptus sp. (Morrison & Morrison, 1923).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison & Morrison (1923).
KEYS: Morrison & Morrison 1923: 18 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 248]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 227]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-19]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 278].
Monophlebulus toxopei ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebulus toxopei Reyne, 1965b: 185. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: collected at altitudes of 1800 and 2100 meters, host plant. Syntypes, male. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands. Described: male. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Reyne1965b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Reyne (1965b).
SYSTEMATICS: This species was described from the adult male only.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 248]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy: 877]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 185-186]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy: 28].
Monophlebus Guérin-MénevilleNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus Guérin-Méneville, 1827: 99. Type species: Monophlebus atripennis Burmeister. Subsequently designated by Cockerell, 1902q: 232.
Monophleba; Latreille, 1829: 233. Misspelling of genus name.
Monophlebus; Burmeister, 1835: 80. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Leach" as author.
Monophlebus; Westwood, 1845: 21. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Leach" as author.
Monophloebus; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Misspelling of genus name.
Monophloebus; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Leach" as author.
Monophlebus; Signoret, 1876: 363. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Leach" as author.
Monophlebus; Maskell, 1889: 107. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Leach" as author.
Monophlebus; Maskell, 1891: 28. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Leach" as author.
Monophlaebus; Berlese & Leonardi, 1898a: 14. Misspelling of genus name.
Monophlebus; Cockerell, 1899n: 2. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Leach" as author.
Monophlebus; Kuwana, 1902: 46. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Leach" as author.
Monophlebus; Cockerell, 1902o: 79. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Leach" as author.
Monophlebus; Cockerell, 1902q: 232. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Leach" as author.
Monophlebus (Monophlebus); Cockerell, 1902q: 232. Change of status.
Monophlebus; Fernald, 1903b: 15. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Burmeister" as author.
Monophlebus; Brain, 1915: 160. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Leach" as author.
Monophlebus; MacGillivray, 1921: 71. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Burmeister" as author.
Monophlebus; Green, 1922: 430. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Burmeister" as author.
Monophlebus; Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 1. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Burmeister" as author.
Monophlebus; Vayssière, 1923a: 427. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Burmeister" as author.
Monophlebus; Vayssière, 1926: 266. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Burmeister" as author.
Monophlebus; Morrison, 1928: 144. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Burmeister" as author.
SYSTEMATICS: The name Monophlebus was first published by Guerin-Meneville (1827: 99). Although this name was credited to Leach by early workers (Burmeister, 1835: 80; Westwood, 1845: 21; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724; Signoret, 1876: 363; Maskell, 1889: 107; Maskell, 1891: 28; Cockerell, 1899n: 2; Kuwana, 1902: 46; Cockerell, 1902o: 79; Cockerell, 1902q: 232; Brain, 1915: 160) no recent coccid worker has reported its presence in any of Leach's publications (see discussion in Morrison & Morrison (1966: 124). The first type fixation was by Cockerell (1902q: 232; 1902r: 317). Several early workers (Fernald, 1903b: 15; Green, 1922: 430; Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 1; Vayssiere, 1923a: 427; Vayssiere, 1926: 266; Morrison, 1928: 144) incorrectly cited Burmeister (1835) as the author of Monophlebus. Vayssiere (1926) characterized the adult female of the genus by: derm slightly chitinized; 11-segmented antenna; seven pairs of abdominal spiracles; derm with one type of multilocular pores.
KEYS: Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 427 (female) [Monophlebinae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 249-250]; Brain1915 [taxonomy: 160]; Burmei1835 [taxonomy, description: 80]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 2-3]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy: 79]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 232-233]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 15]; Ferris1922b [taxonomy: 248]; Ferris1941 [taxonomy: 6-10]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 430]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy: 31]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy: 405]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 430-431]; Guerin1827 [taxonomy: 99]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 205]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy: 46]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 189]; Lindin1939 [taxonomy: 38]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 71]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy: 90,107]; Maskel1889 [taxonomy: 107]; Maskel1891 [taxonomy: 28]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 144-145, 219]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 1]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 124]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description: 351, 363-364]; Silves1920 [taxonomy: 494]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 724]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 427]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 258, 266-267]; Westwo1845 [taxonomy: 21-22].
Monophlebus atripennis BurmeisterNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus atripennis Burmeister, 1835: 80. Type data: INDONESIA: Java. Syntypes, male. Described: male. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Monophloebus atripennis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1845: 724. Misspelling of genus name.
Monophlebus atripennis; Cockerell, 1902q: 232. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Klug" as author.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Signor1876]).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 250]; Burmei1835 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 80]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 15]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 129,144,222]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 177-178]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 844]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 351, 364]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 724]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267]; Westwo1845 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22].
Monophlebus dumonti VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus dumonti Vayssière, 1932: 24. Type data: TUNISIA: Bordj-bou-Hedma, on Fagonia cretica, March 1929, collected by M.C. Dumont. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Zygophyllaceae: Fagonia cretica [Vayssi1932].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tunisia [Vayssi1932].
BIOLOGY: Vayssière (1932) recorded a fly of the genus Cryptochaetum parasitizing this species.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Vayssière (1932).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 10 mm long, 5 mm broad, colour reddish, covered with a mealy secretion (Vayssière, 1932).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 250]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 430]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Ghesqu1943 [distribution, biological control: 400]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 160]; Vayssi1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25].
Monophlebus fabricii WestwoodNOMENCLATURE:
Chironomus dubius Fabricius, 1805: 46. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra. Syntypes, male. Described: male. Illust. Homonym of Coccus dubius Fabricius, 1794; discovered by Westwood, 1845: 22. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Monophlebus fabricii Westwood, 1845: 22. Replacement name for Coccus dubius Fabricius, 1794.
Monophloebus dubius; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Misspelling of genus name.
Monophloebus fabricii; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Misspelling of genus name.
Monophlebus (Drosicha) dubius; Green, 1930c: 181. Change of combination.
Monophlebus (Drosicha) fabricii; Green, 1930c: 281. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Fabric1805]).
SYSTEMATICS: Known only from the adult male.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 251]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Cocker1916 [taxonomy: 235]; Fabric1794 [taxonomy: 228]; Fabric1805 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 46]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 15]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Green1930c [distribution, taxonomy: 281]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 145, 223]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 851, 852]; Signor1876 [taxonomy: 351, 365]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 724]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267]; Westwo1845 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 22]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 20].
Monophlebus ficus Vayssière nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus ficus Vayssière, 1926: 267. Nomen nudum; discovered by Morrison, 1928: 223. Notes: Vayssière (1926: 267) credited this name to Laing.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy: 251].
Monophlebus hirculus Vayssière nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus hirculus Vayssière, 1926: 267. Nomen nudum; discovered by Morrison, 1928: 224. Notes: Vayssière (1926: 267) credited the authorship to Green.
Monophlebus hirculus Morrison, 1928: 224. Nomen nudum. Notes: Morrison credited the name to Green.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy: 251]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 224]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267].
Monophlebus hoggarensis VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus hoggarensis Vayssière, 1932: 25. Type data: ALGERIA: Hoggar, Oued Amsa, on Crambe kralikii; collected by M.P. de Peyerimhoff, 13 March 1928. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Brassicaceae: Crambe kralikii [Vayssi1932].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Vayssi1932].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 251]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 430]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 160]; Vayssi1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26].
Monophlebus illigeri WestwoodNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus illigeri Westwood, 1845: 22. Type data: TASMANIA: Terra Van Diemenii, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Described: male. Illust. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Monophloebus illigeri; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Misspelling of genus name.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Westwo1845]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Westwood (1845) and by Signoret (1876).
SYSTEMATICS: This species was described from the adult male only.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 251-252]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 16]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy: 32]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy: 245]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 224]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 858]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 365]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 724]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267]; Westwo1845 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22].
Monophlebus irregularis Germar & Berendt in: BerendtNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus irregularis Germar & Berendt in: Berendt, 1856: 4. Type data: Inclusion in Baltic amber. Holotype male. Described: male. Illust. Notes: The type was deposited in Koenigsberg Collection. It disappeared during the Second World War (Jan Koteja, personal information to Yair Ben-Dov; February 2001.
Palaeococcus irregularis; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Berendt (1856).
SYSTEMATICS: This fossil margarodine is included in Prussian amber (Cockerell, 1902q: 233). Koteja (2000c: 205-206) summarized the status of this species: "Ferris (1941) suggested its identity with Monophlebus [=Matsucoccus] pinnatus Germar & Berendt which apparently is not well founded."
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 252]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 233]; Ferris1941 [taxonomy: 6-10]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; GermarBe1856 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 4]; Koteja1987c [taxonomy: 29]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 205].
Monophlebus niveus HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus niveus Hempel, 1920a: 331. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cantareira and Campinas, on indigenous forest tree, on roots of cassava [=Manihot] and on Grevillea robusta; collected September, November 1919 and January 1920. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 20069. Described: female.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Manihot [Hempel1920a]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Hempel1920a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1920a]).
BIOLOGY: This species has been collected from roots of its host plant (Hempel, 1920a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hempel (1920a).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Found on the roots of cassava (Hempel, 1920a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 252]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 331-333,355-357]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 225].
Monophlebus raddoni WestwoodNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus raddoni Westwood, 1845: 22. Type data: GHANA [="Gold Coast"]: Locality and host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Described: male. Illust. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Monophloebus raddoni; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Misspelling of genus name.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Westwo1845]; Uganda [Newste1913, Gowdey1917].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Westwood (1845) and by Signoret (1876).
SYSTEMATICS: This species was described from the adult male only.
KEYS: Cockerell 1919a: 272 (male).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 253]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Cocker1919a [taxonomy: 272]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 16]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 187]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 226]; Newste1913 [distribution: 67]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 179]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 869]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 366]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 724]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267]; Westwo1845 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22].
Monophlebus simplex ScudderNOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus simplex Scudder, 1890: 242. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, fossil from shales of Florissant; Tertiary, Oligocene or Miocene. Holotype male; type no. 7561. Described: male.
Leachia simplex; Cockerell, 1894: 35. Change of combination.
Palaeococcus simplex; Cockerell, 1896b: 322. Change of combination.
Monophlebus simplex; Koteja, 2000c: 205. Revived combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado [Scudde1890]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Scudder (1890).
SYSTEMATICS: A fossil species found in shales of Florissant, tertiary (Scudder, 1890). Koteja (1987) suggested that this species might be a matsucoccid.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 253]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 33-36]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 322]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, host, distribution: 233]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Koteja1987 [taxonomy: 42]; Koteja1987c [taxonomy: 29]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 205-206]; Scudde1890 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 241-242].
Neocoelostoma HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Neocoelostoma Hempel, 1932: 310. Type species: Neocoelostoma xerophila Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.
BIOLOGY: The life cycle of females of Neocoelostoma differs from that of Cryptokermes, Mimosicerya and Paracoelostoma in that the adult female is not retained within the test or exuviae of the preadult, as occurs in the other genera. In Neocoelostoma, the adult female escapes from the exuviae of the third-instar female via a circular opening at the anal end and then seeks a sheltered position on the bark where it exudes a mass of cottony white filaments prior to oviposition. Most stages live exposed on the trunk or branches. The fully-constructed test, enclosing the third-instar female, is up to 11 mm long and 8.5 mm wide, with an apical orifice about 2 mm in diameter. The test varies from light yellow to red-brown and has a rough texture on the outer surface, whereas the internal surface is smooth and coated with a thin layer of powdery white wax. Second-instar nymph similar to third-instar female but setae and pores less abundant. First-instar nymph elliptical; derm membranous apart from a large sclerotised anal disc at posterior end with anal opening and multilocular pores and setae. Antenna 6 segmented, all segments with hair-like setae; apical segment also with fleshy setae. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Hempel (1932). Detailed redescription in Foldi & Gullan, 2014.
STRUCTURE: Adult female body broadly oval, posterior end rounded; derm membranous. Antenna 11 segmented, each segment with numerous setae. Eyespot situated lateral to antennal scape. Mouthparts absent. Legs well developed, each with a large apodeme and with setae on all segments; trochanter with 3 or 4 campaniform sensilla on each side; inner edges of tibia and tarsus with stout setae; claw stout and curved without a denticle. Third-instar (preadult) female.enclosed in a resinous test with a thin wall. Body almost round to ovoid; derm membranous except posterior end that has a large circular, strongly sclerotised, anal disc bearing scattered multilocular pores and setae. Antenna short, conical, 8 or 9 segmented. Eyespot located posterolateral to antennal scape. Mouthparts well developed; labium 3 segmented; basal segment narrow and difficult to discern. Legs considerably reduced, but each segment present; trochanter with 3 campaniform sensilla on each surface. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Hempel (1932) noted that this genus is related to Coelostomidia in the non-chitinized abdominal apex of the larva, but differs from it in the presence of two pairs of terminal setae on abdomen of the larva. In Hodgson & Hardy, 2013, the South American Neocoelostoma and Nautococcus formed a clade sister to Monophlebidae, rather than forming a clade with the New Zealand members of Coelostomidiidae. To preserve the monophyly of Coelostomidiidae and Monophlebidae, Hodgson and Hardy suggested that these South American taxa could be treated as a separate family-level group, or Neocoelostoma could be transferred to Monophlebidae as was Nautococcus. Foldi & Gullan, 2014 transferred Neocoelostoma to Monophlebidae, noting that the adult female escapes from the test to seek a sheltered position on the bark, and exudes a mass of cottony white filaments prior to ovipositing within. Related to this behaviour, the adult female of Neocoelostoma has well-developed legs, as typical in monophlebids.
KEYS: Foldi & Gullan 2014: 11 (female, adult, first inst) [Key to genera of Cryptokermesini]; Foldi 2009: 26-27 [Genera of Coelostomidiidae in Neotrpical region].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 36]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 211]; Foldi2009 [taxonomy: 26-27]; FoldiGu2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, phylogenetics, structure, taxonomy: 11]; FoldiGu2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 41-54]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description: 310-312]; HodgsoFo2005 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 35-48]; Lizery1939 [taxonomy: 174]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 130].
Neocoelostoma xerophila HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Neocoelostoma xerophila Hempel, 1932: 311. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Pirapitinguy, on Piptadenia falcata; collected March 1932. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Ammonoencyrtus bonariensis (Brethes) [Noyes2004], Coccidaphycus nigricans Blanchard [Noyes2004]. Eupelmidae: Eupelmus coccidovorus Gahan [Noyes2004], Pseudocalosoter haywardi Blanchard [Noyes2004].
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia aroma [FoldiGu2014], Acacia atramentaria [Lizery1939], Acacia farnesiana [Lizery1936], Acacia lutea [Lizery1936], Acacia moniliformis [Lizery1939], Cercidium praecox [Lizery1936], Parkinsonia praecox [FoldiGu2014], Piptadenia falcata [Hempel1932].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Catamarca [Lizery1939], Cordoba [Lizery1939], Jujuy [Lizery1939]); Bolivia [Lizery1936]; Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1932]); Paraguay [Lizery1936].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hempel (1932). There are no adult female type specimens of this species, but adult females of a species that appeared to be N. xerophila were available to Foldi and Gullan (2014). In order to confirm the identity of the latter adult females, we compared the third-instar females from Brazil described by Hempel with third-instar females collected with the adult females from Argentina and Uruguay. The third-instar females from all three countries appear to be identical and thus below they described redescribed of adult, third-instar, second-instar females, first-instar nymph and adult males based on these specimens from Argentina and Uruguay. Detailed illustrations in Foldi & Gullan, 2014.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 37]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 211]; FoldiGu2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 42-54]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 310-312]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy, structure: 253]; Lizery1936 [host, distribution: 116]; Lizery1939 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 174-175]; Noyes2004 [biological control].
Neohodgsonius FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Hodgsonius Foldi, 1998a: 312. Type species: Hodgsonius cassicola Foldi, by monotypy and original designation. Homonym of Hodgsonius Bonaparte, 1851 in Aves; discovered by Foldi, 1999a: 348.
Neohodgsonius Foldi, 1999a: 348. Replacement name for Hodgsonius Foldi, 1998a.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Foldi (1994).
SYSTEMATICS: Foldi (1998a) distinguished this genus from other genera in the Monophlebinae by: characteristic external morphology; remarkable development of anterior part of body; presence of stout conical spines on anal region.
KEYS: Williams & Gullan 2008: 82-83 (female) [Genera of Llaveiini]; Foldi & Watson 2001: 372-373 (female) [Tribe Llaveiini]; Foldi 1994: 319 (female) [Genera of the Llaveiini].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 254]; Foldi1998a [taxonomy, description: 312]; Foldi1999a [taxonomy: 348]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 211]; FoldiWa2001 [taxonomy: 373]; LinKoGu2013 [molecular data, phylogeny: 257]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy: 81-83].
Neohodgsonius cassicola (Foldi)NOMENCLATURE:
Hodgsonius cassicola Foldi, 1998a: 312. Type data: VENEZUELA: near Pueblo Nuevo (Merida), on Cassia siamea, 18.x.1984, coll. I. Foldi. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Neohodgsonius cassicola; Foldi, 1999a: 348. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Cassia siamea [Foldi1998a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Foldi1998a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Foldi (1994).
STRUCTURE: Live female brown; young female about 9 mm long, fully-grown female about 15 mm long (Foldi, 1994). Foldi (1994) gave SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 254]; Foldi1998a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 312-316]; Foldi1999a [taxonomy: 348]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 211].
Nietnera GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Nietnera Green, 1922: 454. Type species: Nietnera pundaluoya Green, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Vayssiere (1926) and by Morrison (1928).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of this genus comes close to Walkeriana differing from the latter mainly by the 11-segmented antenna.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 174 (female) [Asia]; Morrison 1928: 123-125 (female, larva, male) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 427 (female) [Monophlebinae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 255]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 212]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 454]; Miller1971b [taxonomy: 66]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 122-132, 219]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 134]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 173-174]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 174, 180-181]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 427]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 258-259, 279].
Nietnera pundaluoya GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Nietnera pundaluoya Green, 1922: 455. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, Watawela, Maskeliya, Hakgala, Namunkali, Haldummulla, Bandarawela, Patipola, Horton Plains and Nuera Eliya, on Litsea, Cinnamomum, Mallotus, Loranthus, Eurya, Psychotria and Vitis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus [Green1922]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Green1922], Litsea [Green1922]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Green1922]. Rubiaceae: Psychotria [Green1922]. Theaceae: Eurya [Green1922]. Vitaceae: Vitis [Green1922].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of nymph and adult female by Green (1922) and by Morrison (1928).
STRUCTURE: The general appearance (in colour illustration) of the adult female is given by Green (1922).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 255]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 212]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 455]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 280]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-132,226]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 181-182]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 279].
Nodulicoccus Morrison in Morrison & MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Nodulicoccus Morrison in Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 19. Type species: Monophlebus crawfordi levis Maskell, by monotypy.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Morrison & Morrison (1923) and by Morrison (1928).
SYSTEMATICS: Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are: legs well-developed; labium incompletely two-segmented; seven pairs of abdominal spiracles; with ventral cicatrices.
KEYS: Foldi 1994: 318-319 (female) [Genera of the Monophlebulini: Monophlebinae]; Miller 1971a: 64 (female) [Monophlebulini]; Morrison 1928: 174 (female, larva) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 428 (female) [Monophlebinae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 255-256]; Bhatti1990 [taxonomy: 495-499]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy: 877-881]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 212]; Miller1971b [taxonomy: 64,66]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 173-177, 220]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy, description: 19]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 428]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 259, 278-279].
Nodulicoccus levis (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus crawfordi levis Maskell, 1893b: 244. Type data: AUSTRALIA: locality and host plant not indicated in Maskell (1893b), Morrison & Morrison (1923) nor Deitz & Tocker (1980). Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 284. Described: female.
Drosicha crawfordi levis; Fernald, 1903b: 19. Change of combination.
Nodulicoccus levis; Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 19. Change of combination and rank.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Maskel1893b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of nymph and adult female by Maskell (1893b) and by Morrison & Morrison (1923).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 256]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 51]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, catalogue: 19]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 212]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description: 244]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 177-181,223,224]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-22]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 278-279].
Palaeococcus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Leachia Signoret, 1876: 359. Type species: Monophlebus fuscipennis Burmeister. Subsequently designated by Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Homonym of Leachia in Mollusca.
Palaeococcus Cockerell, 1894: 36. Replacement name for Leachia Signoret, 1876.
Palacococcus; Lindinger, 1919: 2. Misspelling of genus name.
Paleococcus; Ferris, 1919a: 7. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris (1919a), Morrison (1928) and by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988F).
SYSTEMATICS: The nomenclature of this genus has been well-established in the Monophlebinae (see Morrison, 1928). It is most closely related to Monophleboides, however, further studies are required to define its generic characters.
KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 47 (female) [central Europe]; Vayssière 1923a: 429 (female) [Monophlebinae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 256-257]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 36]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy: 80]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 233]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 21]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description: 7-8]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 212]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy: 34]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 402]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy: 17]; HodgsoFo2006 [taxonomy: 155-156]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 47, 50]; Lindin1919 [taxonomy: 2]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 187, 192]; Lindin1939 [taxonomy: 38]; Lizery1939 [taxonomy: 171]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 72]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy: 90]; Maskel1891 [taxonomy: 25-26]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 122-129,144,208,220]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 104, 141]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 173-174]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description: 351, 359]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 429]; Willia1986 [taxonomy: 127-128].
Palaeococcus brasiliensis (Walker)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus brasiliensis Walker, 1852: 1089. Type data: BRAZIL: "Para, from Mr. Steven's collection" (Walker, 1852). Syntypes, male. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male.
Leachia braziliensis; Signoret, 1876: 359. Change of combination and misspelling of species epithet.
Palaeococcus braziliensis; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination and misspelling of species epithet.
Palaeococcus braziliensis; Fernald, 1903b: 21. Misspelling of species name.
Palaeococcus braziliensis; Hempel, 1912: 17. Misspelling of species name.
Crypticerya braziliensis; Vayssière, 1926: 313. Change of combination and misspelling of species epithet.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Signor1876, Lizery1938]); Brazil [Walker1852].
SYSTEMATICS: Walker (1852) described this species from the male collected in Brazil, Paraiba or Parana. Signoret (1876: 359-361) described and illustrated, under the name Leachia brasiliensis (Walker), the male and female from material collected in Argentina, Buenos Aires.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 257]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 233]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 21]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17]; Lizery1939 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 171-172]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 128-129,222]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, distribution: 845]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 359-361]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 724]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 313]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 1089-1090].
Palaeococcus fuscipennis (Burmeister)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus fuscipennis Burmeister, 1835: 80. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, at the Zoo, on trunks of forest trees - oaks, spruce and maple. Syntypes, both sexes. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: Depository of type series unknown.
Monophloebus fuscipennis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 724. Misspelling of genus name.
Leachia fuscipennis; Signoret, 1876: 361. Change of combination.
Palaeococcus fuscipennis; Cockerell, 1896b: 322. Change of combination.
Monophleboides fuscipennis; Tang & Hao, 1995: 193. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: ancient giant scale [KosztaKo1988F].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Novius cruentatus Mulsant [Balach1928d, KosztaKo1988F, MendelAsZe1998], Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant [MendelAsZe1998]. DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum buccatum Hend. [Ghesqu1943, Cadahi1984, KosztaKo1988F], Cryptochaetum jorgepastori Cadahia [Cadahi1984, MendelAsZe1998]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla carnea [MendelZeZe1991a].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Burmei1835, KosztaKo1988F]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Burmei1835, Westwo1845, Signor1876, KosztaKo1988F]. Pinaceae: Abies [KosztaKo1988F], Picea [Burmei1835], Pinus [Westwo1845, Signor1876], Pinus brutia brutia [MendelAsZe1998], Pinus canariensis [MendelAsZe1998], Pinus halepensis [Martin1985, MendelAsZe1998], Pinus pinea [MendelAsZe1998], Pinus silvestris [Martin1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1928d]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; France [Signor1876]; Germany [Westwo1845, Signor1876]; Israel [MendelAsZe1998]; Poland [Foldi1998]; Spain [Martin1985, EizaguArLu2002]; Switzerland [Foldi1998]; Turkey [Foldi1998, KaydanUlEr2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and adult male by Burmeister (1835), Westwood (1845), Signoret (1876), Vayssière (1926), Gomez-Menor Ortega (1937) and by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Discovered in Israel for the first time in 1991 on Pinus spp. The coccinellid Novius cruentatus and the parasitoid Cryptochaetum jorgepastori were introduced from Spain, and considerable decrease of the pest was achieved (Mendel et al., 1998).
KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 47 (female) [Central Europe].
CITATIONS: Balach1928d [biological control: 287]; BalderStBa2003 [host, distribution: 53-57]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue, economic importance: 257-258]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 34,]; Burmei1835 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-81]; Cadahi1984 [biological control, distribution: 159-184]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 233]; EizaguArLu2002 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 199-205]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 21]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 432-433]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 212]; Ghesqu1943 [distribution, biological control: 401]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 402-405]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 98]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 50-51]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 54,257,385]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 142]; Lindin1939 [taxonomy: 38]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 102]; Mendel2000 [host, distribution: 234]; MendelAsZe1998 [life history, biological control, host, distribution, economic importance: 151-157]; MendelZeZe1991a [host, distribution, economic importance: 759-760]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 122,128-129,144,223]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 854]; Signor1876 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 361-363]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; SoriaMoVi2000 [host, distribution: 335-348]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 193-194]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 724]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 208]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267-271]; Westwo1845 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21-22]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 23].
Palaeococcus tabaybae (Lindinger)NOMENCLATURE:
Palacococcus tabaybae Lindinger, 1919: 2. Type data: SPAIN: Canary Islands, Tenerife Island, Upper slope of the Valle Tabares, between Mesa Gallardina and the Pico Colorado, near La Laguna, on top of 'tabayba' [=Euphorbia regis-jubae]; collected March 16, by Lindinger. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; see Weidner & Wagner (1968), Williams (1986).
Palaeococcus tabayae; Morrison, 1928: 227. Misspelling of species name.
Palaeococcus tabaiae; Weidner & Wagner, 1968: 179. Misspelling of species name.
Palacococcus tabaybae; Williams, 1986: 127. Misspelling of genus name.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia regis-jubae [Lindin1919, Willia1986].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Canary Islands [Lindin1919, Willia1986].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Lindinger (1919) and by Williams (1986).
STRUCTURE: Female elongated, 7-10 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, up to 2 mm thick; The dorsum blackish with three reddish longitudinal lines, the middle line being the thinnest. The ventral face light orange, and whitish from the exudation of wax (sometimes leaving a spot on the stalk of the plant on which it lives), while the dorsum, for the same reason, appears somewhat grey (Lindinger, 1919; Williams, 1986).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 258-259]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 433]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 212]; Lindin1919 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2-3]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 161]; Lindin1939 [taxonomy: 38]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 227]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy: 179]; Willia1986 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 127-128].
Paracoelostoma MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Paracoelostoma Morrison, 1927: 102. Type species: Paracoelostoma peruviana Morrison, by original designation.
BIOLOGY: In this test-forming genus, each immature stage of development is enclosed within a thickly-walled test, in which the adult female remains and oviposits. The only known species is from Samán in the Piura region of coastal Peru on a plant belonging to the family Sapotaceae. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Morrison (1927, 1928).
STRUCTURE: Adult female ovoid to globular; derm membranous, except that surrounding anal opening that becomes sclerotised at maturity. Antenna much reduced. Mouthparts present; labium 3 segmented. Legs reduced, without distinct segments; claw curved with setose digitules. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1927) described this genus as related to Coelostomidia, Ultracoelostoma, Cryptokermes and Mimosicerya. The larva has the posterior apex of body strongly chitinized, as in Ultracoelostoma. The larva differs from all closely related genera in that the ventral cicatrices are arranged in two longitudinal rows of several each, rather than in a single transverse row of three. He also noted that the anal tube of the preadult females was often retained within that of the adult, which may suggest that they are pupillarial. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
KEYS: Foldi & Gullan 2014: 11 (female, adult, first inst) [Key to genera of Cryptokermesini]; Foldi 2009: 26-27 (female) [Genera of Coelostomidiidae in Neotrpical region]; Morrison 1928: 96-97 (female, larva) [Margarodidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 37]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 212]; Foldi2009 [taxonomy: 26-27]; FoldiGu2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, phylogenetics, structure, taxonomy: 11, 54-62]; FoldiGu2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 54-60]; GullanSj2001 [taxonomy: 257-278]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 192]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description: 102-103]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 23, 97-100, 220]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 143].
Paracoelostoma peruvianum MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Paracoelostoma peruviana Morrison, 1927: 103. Type data: PERU: Piura, Despo Blado near Saman, on Achras zapota, collected by C.H.T. Townsend. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Paracoelostoma peruvianum; Williams, 2011: 67. Justified emendation.
HOST: Sapotaceae: Manilkara (=Achras) zapota [Morris1928].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Morris1927, Lindin1942].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of nymph and adult female by Morrison (1927, 1928). Detailded description and illustrations of adult, third-instar females and first-instar nymph in Foldi and Gullan, 2014.
STRUCTURE: Adult female oval to globular at maturity, Derm membranous; dorsal posterior end of body with a dense group of setae surrounding anal opening, this small zone becoming slightly sclerotised at maturity. Antenna 5 or 6 segmented, each segment with short flagellate setae . Eyespot situated lateral to antennal scape. Mouthparts well developed. (Foldi & Gullan, 2014)
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 37-38]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 212]; FoldiGu2014 [description, distribution, host, host, structure, taxonomy: 55-60]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 197]; Lindin1942 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 121]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 102-103]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-100,225]; Willia2011 [taxonomy: 67].
Paramoandesia FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Paramoandesia Foldi, 2009: 13. Type species: Paramoandesia colombiensis Foldi, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Denition and description by Foldi (2009).
KEYS: Foldi 2009: 16 (female) [key to species].
CITATIONS: Foldi2009 [taxonomy, description: 13-25].
Paramoandesia colombiensis FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Paramoandesia colombiensis Foldi, 2009: 16-21. Type data: COLOMBIA:Boyacá, Pàramos NW of Belén, altitude 4100 meters, on dead leaves of Espeletia brachyaxiantha; collected P. Pesson, x.1982. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: both sexes. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Espeletia brachyaxiantha [Foldi2009].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Foldi2009].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and adult male by Foldi (2009).
KEYS: Foldi 2009: 16 (female) [Species of Paramoandesia.].
CITATIONS: Foldi2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-21]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 796].
Paramoandesia ecuadorensis FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Paramoandesia ecuadorensis Foldi, 2009: 21-25. Type data: ECUADOR: Páramo El Angel, altitude 4000 meters, on dead leaves of Espeletia pycnophylla; collected P. Pesson, x.1982. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Espeletia pycnophylla [Foldi2009].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Foldi2009].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and third-instar female by Foldi (2009).
KEYS: Foldi 2009: 16 (female) [Species of Paramoandesia].
CITATIONS: Foldi2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-25].
Peengea Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Peengea Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 904. Type species: Peengea affinis Bhatti & Gullan, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
SYSTEMATICS: Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are: ventral cicatrices scattered over entire surface except absent medially on abdominal segments III-IX; multilocular tubular pores present submarginally on entire venter and ventromedially on head and thorax, absent on dorsum; multilocular pores located in a distinct cluster on derm outside all spiracular openings (Bhatti & Gullan, 1990).
KEYS: Foldi 1994: 318-319 (female) [Genera of the Monophlebulini: Monophlebinae]; Bhatti & Gullan 1990: 881 (female) [Monophlebulini, Monophlebinae of the Margarodidae.].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 259]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description: 904-906]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 213].
Peengea affinis Bhatti & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Peengea affinis Bhatti & Gullan, 1990: 906. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe District, on Albizia sp.; collected 17.iv.1959, by J.H. Ardley. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Combretaceae: Terminalia kaernbachii [BhattiGu1990]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus [BhattiGu1990]. Fabaceae: Albizia [BhattiGu1990]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus torreliana [BhattiGu1990]. Pinaceae: Pinus [BhattiGu1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [BhattiGu1990].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Bhatti & Gullan (1990).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 259]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 906-910]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 213].
Perissopneumon NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Perissopneumon Newstead, 1900: 250. Type species: Perissopneumon ferox Newstead, by monotypy.
Perissopneumon; Fernald, 1903b: 20. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Morrison, 1928: 135. Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Stigmacoccus Ferris.
Drosichiella Morrison, 1927: 105. Type species: Monophlebus tamarindus Green, by original designation. Synonymy by Rao, 1950a: 114.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Morrison (1928) and by Rao (1950a).
SYSTEMATICS: Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are: abdominal spiracles with prominent band of disk pores within atrium; ventral cicatrices grouped in clusters in a semicircle; with a definite marsupium and marsupial opening pore band (Morrison, 1928).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 139, 613 (female) [Asia]; Morrison 1928: 123-125 (female, larva, male) [Margarodidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005 [p. 260]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 213]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 184, 192]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 75]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 135-138,160-163,220]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 63, 152]; Newste1900 [taxonomy, description: 250-251]; Rao1950a [taxonomy, description: 114-120]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 173-174]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 139-140]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 19, 28-29].
Perissopneumon cellulosus (Takahashi)NOMENCLATURE:
Drosichiella cellulosa Takahashi, 1942b: 4. Type data: THAILAND: Mt. Setup, on undetermined plant; collected 9.iv & 13.v.1940. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Perissopneumon cellulosa; Tang & Hao, 1995: 140. Change of combination.
Perissopneumon cellulosus; Williams, 2011: 67. Justified emendation.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Takaha1942b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1942b) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 140, 613 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 260]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 213]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-5]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140-141]; Willia2011 [taxonomy: 67].
Perissopneumon ferox NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Perissopneumon ferox Newstead, 1900: 250. Type data: INDIA: N. Konkan, "kept in special nests, built for the purpose, by Oecophylla smaragdina"; collected by Wroughton, Ex Coll, Wasmann, 1899. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Stigmacoccus ferox; Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of combination.
Perissopneumon ferox; Morrison, 1928: 135. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [ShuklaTa1984a]. Meliaceae: Melia indica [Rao1950a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Rao1950a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Newste1900, Rao1950a] (Karnataka [ShuklaTa1984a], Uttar Pradesh [SrivasVe1985]).
BIOLOGY: Collected from nests of the ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Newstead, 1900; Green, 1908a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1900), Rao (1950a) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
STRUCTURE: Adult female elliptical, length about 9 mm, greatest width about 6 mm (Rao, 1950a).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 140, 613 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 260-261]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 233]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 20]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 213]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 19]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 135,138,223]; Newste1900 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 250-251]; Rao1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-116]; ShuklaTa1984a [host, distribution: 31]; Srivas1997a [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; SrivasVe1985 [host, distribution: 184-186]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 28].
Perissopneumon phyllanthi (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus contrahens; Green, 1922: 431. Misidentification; discovered by Green, 1923c: 169.
Monophlebus (Drosicha) phyllanthi Green, 1923c: 169. Type data: SRI LANKA [=CEYLON]: on Phyllanthus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Drosicha phyllanthi; Vayssière, 1926: 274. Change of combination.
Drosichiella phyllanthi; Morrison, 1927: 105. Change of combination.
Perissopneumon phyllanthi; Rao, 1950a: 114. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Bombacaceae: Bombax [Green1923c]. Euphorbiaceae: Cleistanthus [Green1923c], Croton [Green1923c], Phyllanthus [Green1923c]. Fabaceae: Prosopis [Green1923c]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [Green1923c]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Green1923c].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Green1923c], Kerala [Green1923c], West Bengal [Green1923c]); Sri Lanka [Green1923c].
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 140, 613 (female) [Asia]; Morrison 1928: 162-163 (female) [Species of Drosichiella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 261]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 213]; Green1922 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 431-432]; Green1923c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-171]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 278]; Morris1927 [taxonomy: 105, 162]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 162, 225]; Rao1950a [taxonomy: 114]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141-142]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 274].
Perissopneumon tamarindus (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus tamarindus Green, 1908a: 17. Type data: INDIA: Agra, on branches of 'Tamarind'. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Drosichiella tamarindus; Morrison, 1927: 105. Change of combination.
Monophlebus tamarindi Lindinger, 1932f: 197. Unjustified emendation.
Perissopneumon tamarindus; Rao, 1950a: 114. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Balika1999c]).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 140, 613 (female) [Asia]; Morrison 1928: 162-163 (female) [Species of Drosichiella].
CITATIONS: Balika1999c [host, distribution: 67-69]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 261-262]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 291]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 213]; Gentry1965 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17]; Morris1927 [taxonomy: 105, 160]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 160-163, 227]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 1-2]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 63]; PruthiBa1960 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-113]; Rao1950a [taxonomy: 114]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 142-143]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267]; WadhiBa1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 227-260].
Perissopneumon tectonae (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus tectonae Stebbing, 1902: 145. Nomen nudum; discovered by Morrison, 1927: 106.
Monophlebus tectonae Vayssière, 1926: 267. Nomen nudum; discovered by Morrison, 1928: 162.
Drosichiella tectonae Morrison, 1927: 105. Type data: INDIA: Madhya Pradesh [=Berar], on Tectona sp.; collected by E.P. Stebbing. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Perissopneumon tectonae; Rao, 1950a: 114. Change of combination.
Drosicha tectonae; Foldi, 2001a: 200. Change of combination.
HOST: Verbenaceae: Tectona [Morris1927].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Madhya Pradesh [Morris1927]).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 140, 613 (female) [Asia]; Morrison 1928: 162-163 (female) [Species of Drosichiella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 262]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 16]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 200]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105-106, 162]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 161, 162, 227]; Rao1950a [taxonomy: 114]; Stebbi1902 [taxonomy: 145]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 143]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267].
Protortonia Townsend in Townsend & CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Protortonia Townsend in Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 169. Type species: Ortonia primitiva Townsend, by monotypy and original designation.
Prototonia; Fonseca, J.P., 1979: 7. Misspelling of genus name.
Prototornia; Foldi, 1998a: 319. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Morrison (1928).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1928) assigned this genus to the Llaveiini of the Monophlebinae, close to Llaveia and Llaveiella.
KEYS: Williams & Gullan 2008: 82-83 (female) [Genera of tribe Llaveiini]; Williams & Gullan 2008: 87-88 (female) [Species of protortonia]; Williams & Gullan 2008: 88 (Third-instar female) [Species of Protortonia]; Williams & Gullan 2008: 88-89 (second-instar female) [Species of Protortonia]; Williams & Gullan 2008: 89 (first-instar nymph) [Species of Protortonia]; Foldi & Watson 2001: 373 (female) [Tribe Llaveiini]; Foldi 1994: 319 (female) [Genera of the Llaveiini]; Morrison 1928: 182 (female, larva) [Margarodidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 262]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 2]; Foldi1998a [taxonomy: 319]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 215]; Foldi2006 [taxonomy: 102-108]; FoldiWa2001 [taxonomy: 373]; Fonsec1979 [taxonomy: 7]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 17,23,182,189,220]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy: 169]; Vayssi1939 [taxonomy: 124]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy, description: 77-128].
Protortonia azteca (Ferris)NOMENCLATURE:
Marchalina azteca Ferris, 1925: 230. Type data: MEXICO: Mexico City, on Pinus teocote; collected Professor Ruelas. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Gullan, 2008: 93. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Protortonia azteca; Williams & Gullan, 2008: 89. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus [WilliaGu2008], Pinus teocote [Ferris1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Mexico State [Ferris1925], Michoacan [WilliaGu2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1925) and by Williams & Gullan (2008). Description and illustration of first-, second- and third-instar nymphs by Williams & Gullan (2008).
KEYS: Williams & Gullan 2008: 87-89 (female, nymphs) [Species of Protortonia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 33]; Ferris1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-230]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 177]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 206]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 222]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 260]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-94].
Protortonia cacti (Linnaeus)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus cacti Linnaeus, 1758: 457. Type data: St. EUSTASIUS ISLAND: on cactus. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost.
Monophlebus cacti; Cockerell, 1902j: 718. Change of combination.
Llaveia cacti; Cockerell, 1902r: 319. Change of combination.
Protortonia cacti; Morrison, 1928: 191. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: The Coccus of the cochineal cactus [Willia2007b].
HOST: Cactaceae [Linnae1758, Fernal1903b, WilliaGu2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGu2008]); Saba & Sint Eustatius (=Neth. Leew. Is.) (Sint Eustatius [Linnae1758]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first- and third-instar nymphs by Williams & Gullan (2008). Description and illustration of first instar nymph by Morrison (1928).
KEYS: Williams & Gullan 2008: 87-89 (female, nymphs) [Species of Protortonia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 263]; Cocker1902j [taxonomy: 718]; Cocker1902r [taxonomy: 319]; CockerHe1907 [taxonomy: 217-225]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 17]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 215]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 55-58]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Linnae1758 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 457]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5,189-192,222]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 300]; Willia2007b [taxonomy: 427-490]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 12]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89, 94-101].
Protortonia crotonis ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Protortonia crotonis Reyne, 1964: 122. Type data: NETHERLANDS ANTILLES: Bonaire (Washington Park), on Croton flaves; collected 31.5.1957 by R.H. Cobben. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Croton flavens [Reyne1964, WilliaGu2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire [Reyne1964, WilliaGu2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of nymphs and adult female by Reyne (1964) and by Williams & Gullan (2008).
KEYS: Williams & Gullan 2008: 87-89 (female, nymphs) [Species of Protortonia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 263]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 215]; Reyne1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-126]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89, 101-106].
Protortonia ecuadorensis FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Protortonia ecuadorensis Foldi, 2006: 102. Type data: ECUADOR: Biblian, on trunk of Salix sp.; collected 16.xii.1954 by H.R. Yust. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: both sexes. Illust.
HOSTS: Rosaceae: Prunus communis [WilliaGu2008]. Salicaceae: Salix [Foldi2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [WilliaGu2008]; Ecuador [Foldi2006].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and adult male by Foldi (2006). Description and illustration of adult female and third-instar female nymph by Williams & Gullan (2008).
KEYS: Williams & Gullan 2008: 87-89 (female, nymphs) [Species of Protortonia].
CITATIONS: Foldi2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-108]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 796]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89. 106-111].
Protortonia navesi Fonseca, J.P.NOMENCLATURE:
Protortonia navesi Fonseca, J.P., 1979: 7. Type data: BRAZIL: DF, Brasilia, Planaltina, on Manihot utilissima; collected Dr. Marcio A. Naves. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 872. Described: female. Illust.
Prototonia navesi; Fonseca, J.P., 1979: 7. Misspelling of genus name.
COMMON NAMES: Cassava root scale [OliveiFrFi2008].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Acanthospermum australe [OliveiFo2008], Ageratum conyzoides [OliveiFo2008], Bidens pilosa [OliveiFo2008], Conyza canadensis [OliveiFo2008], Emilia sonchifolia [OliveiFo2008], Eupatorium pauciflorum [OliveiFo2008], Tridax procumbens [OliveiFo2008], Tridax procunbens [OliveiFo2008], Vernonia cognata [OliveiFo2008]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [OliveiFiFo2005, WilliaGu2008, OliveiFrFi2008, OliveiFo2008], Manihot utilissima [Fonsec1979]. Fabaceae: Stylosanthes guyanensis [OliveiFo2008]. Poaceae: Andropogon gaianus [OliveiFo2008], Brachiaria decumbens [OliveiFo2008], Cenchrus echinatus [OliveiFo2008], Rhynchelytrum repens [OliveiFo2008]. Solanaceae: Solanum americanum [OliveiFo2008]. Sterculiaceae: Waltheria indica [OliveiFo2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [OliveiFiFo2005, WilliaGu2008], Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Fonsec1979, OliveiFiFo2005, OliveiFrFi2008], Goias [OliveiFiFo2005, OliveiFrFi2008], Minas Gerais [OliveiFiFo2005, OliveiFrFi2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Fonseca (1979). Description and illustration of adult female and nymphs by Williams & Gullan (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photographs of adult female and infested Manihot plants by Oliveira et al. (2005).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Reported as a pest of Manihot esculenta in four states of Brazil (Oliveira et al. (2005); Oliveira et al. (2008).
KEYS: Williams & Gullan 2008: 87-89 (female, nymphs) [Species of Protortonia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 263]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 215]; Fonsec1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-10]; OliveiFiFo2005 [economic importance, host, distribution, life history: 11-29]; OliveiFo2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 197-200]; OliveiFrFi2008 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 779-785]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89, 111-118].
Protortonia primitiva (Townsend in: Townsend & Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Ortonia primitiva Townsend in: Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 169. Type data: MEXICO: Cuantla, Morelos, on "Nettle-tree", which is probably Manihot sp.; collected May 31, 1897 by Koebele. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Gullan, 2008: 121. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 7878. Described: female.
Ortonia (Protortonia) primitiva; Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 169. Change of combination.
Monophlebus primitivus; Cockerell, 1899n: 2. Change of combination.
Crypticerya primitiva; Vayssière, 1926: 313. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Manihot [TownseCo1898]. Pinaceae: Pinus oocarpa [Foldi1995a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Foldi1995a] (Morelos [TownseCo1898]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Gullan (2008).
KEYS: Williams & Gullan 2008: 87-89 (female, nymphs) [Species of Protortonia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 264]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, distribution: 2]; Cocker1902o [taxonomy: 79]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 18]; Foldi1995a [host, distribution: 176]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 215]; Lindin1955a [taxonomy: 346]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-192, 226]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 169-170]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 313]; Vayssi1929 [taxonomy: 82]; WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89, 118-122].
Protortonia quernea Williams & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Protortonia quernea Williams & Gullan, 2008: 122. Type data: COSTA RICA: Iraqu (on slope of volacan, 3000 meters, on Quercus sp.; collected F. Nevermann, 16.i.1926. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [WilliaGu2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [WilliaGu2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Gullan (2008).
KEYS: Williams & Gullan 2008: 87-89 (female) [Species of Protortonia].
CITATIONS: WilliaGu2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89, 122-124].
Pseudaspidoproctus MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudaspidoproctus Morrison, 1927: 104. Type species: Aspidoproctus hypheniacus Hall, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Morrison (1928) and by Borchsenius (1950b).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison (1927) placed this genus to the Monophlebinae and characterized (adult female) it: abdominal spiracles without disk pores within atrium; three ventral cicatrices; without elongate tubular bilocular pores at margin; derm with cylindrical spines; with ventral marsupium.
KEYS: Borchsenius 1950b: 32 (female) [Genera of USSR]; Morrison 1928: 123-125 (female, larva, male) [Margarodidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 264]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy: 32, 42]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 215]; GullanSj2001 [taxonomy: 257-278]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 194]; Morris1927 [taxonomy, description: 104]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 121-125, 138-141, 22]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 163]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 173-174].
Pseudaspidoproctus acaciae (Joubert)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus acaciae Joubert, 1925: 119. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Orange Free State, Glen, on Acacia; collected March 1921, by Mr. Biglake. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
Pseudaspidoproctus acaciae; Morrison, 1928: 140. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Jouber1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Jouber1925].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Joubert (1925).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 7-10 mm long, 5-6 mm wide (Joubert, 1925).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 264-265]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 215]; Jouber1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-120]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 140,222].
Pseudaspidoproctus africanus (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana africana Newstead, 1908: 4. Type data: KENYA: Kilimandjaro, Kibonoto, among grass; collected December 1905, by Y. Sjostedt. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Stockholm: Naturhistoriska Riksmusset, Sweden. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Pseudaspidoproctus africana; Morrison, 1928: 140. Change of combination.
Pseudaspidoproctus africanus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 410. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
HOST: Poaceae [Newste1908].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Newste1908, Lindin1913].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1908).
STRUCTURE: Adult female pubescent, slightly farinose, very convex behind, narrowed and depressed in front; segmentation strongly pronounced; sides between the marginal and submarginal patches of wax steep and irregularly concave. Pubescens fulvous, densest and longest at the margins, more especially so at the two extremities. The narrow margin is clothed with short, white, granular wax, more or less continuous; and there are contiguous patches of the same kind of white wax forming a median (abdominal) and a submedian, longitudinal band, which show up very distinctly against the dark ground (Newstead, 1908).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 265]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 215]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy: 90]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 140,222]; Newste1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-6]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 61]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 276].
Pseudaspidoproctus fortis (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus fortis Cockerell, 1901l: 224. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Pietermaritzburg, under bark of Eucalyptus, collected Fuller. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Pseudaspidoproctus fortis; Morrison, 1928: 223. Change of combination.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Cocker1901l].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Cocker1901l].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Cockerell (1901l) and by Brain (1915).
STRUCTURE: Female 5.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide; dark grey, distinctly segmented, mealy; posterior end covered with cottony secretion; sides with scattered long pale bristles; legs black (Cockerell, 1901l).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 265]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 162]; Cocker1901l [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 224]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 15]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 215]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 140,223]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267].
Pseudaspidoproctus fulleri (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus fulleri Cockerell, 1901l: 223. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Pietermaritzburg, on grass heads, collected by Fuller. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Pseudaspidoproctus fulleri; Morrison, 1928: 140. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae [Cocker1901l, Brain1915], Cynodon [Brain1915], Cynodon dactylon [GermaiMiPa2014].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014]; South Africa [Cocker1901l, Brain1915].
BIOLOGY: The female is viviparous (Brain, 1915).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Cockerell (1901l) and by Brain (1915).
STRUCTURE: Female 7 mm long, 3 mm wide, 2.5 mm high, without cottony covering, but secreting some loose white cotton, beneath at maturity; salmon pink when live (Cockerell, 1901l).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 266]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-165]; Cocker1901l [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 223-224]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 15]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 215]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution, host: 24]; Hall1925 [taxonomy: 5]; Jouber1925 [taxonomy: 119-120]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 140,141,223]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 206]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 216].
Pseudaspidoproctus gramineus Jashenko & DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudaspidoproctus gramineus Jashenko & Danzig, 1992: 89. Type data: AFGHANISTAN: near Kabul, host plant not indicated, at altitude of 2000 meters; collected 29.vii.1966, by E. Sugonyaev. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 77-69. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Poaceae [JashenDa1992], Odyssea mucronata [FoldiVa2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Yemen [FoldiVa2004]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [JashenDa1992]; Iran [Moghad2013a].
BIOLOGY: Adults were observed in Afghanistan at the end of July (Jashenko, 1999).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Jashenko & Danzig (1992). Originally described from Afghanistan (Jashenko & Danzig, 1992) and recorded later from Yemen (Foldi & Van Harten, 2004).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 266]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 215]; FoldiVa2004 [host, distribution: 81]; Jashen1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 43]; JashenDa1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-90]; Moghad2013a [distribution].
Pseudaspidoproctus hyphaeniacus (Hall)NOMENCLATURE:
Aspidoproctus hyphaeniacus Hall, 1925: 1. Type data: EGYPT: Kharga Oasis, on Hyphaene thebaica; October 1924, collected C.B. Williams. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Pseudaspidoproctus hyphaeniacus; Morrison, 1927: 104. Change of combination.
Pseudaspidoproctus armeniacus Borchsenius, 1949b: 338. Type data: ARMENIA: Megri; collected 25.x.1947 by N. Borchsenius; AZERBAIJAN: Ordubadski Ridge; collected 29.vii.1933; both collections from Stipa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Jashenko, 1999: 43. Notes: Borchsenius (1949b) recorded Stipa as the host, whereas Borchsenius (1950b) listed it as Verbascum.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Hyphaene thebaica [Hall1925], Phoenix dactylifera [Beccar1971]. Poaceae: Stipa [Borchs1949b]. Rosaceae: Malus sylvestris [FoldiVa2004]. Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum [Borchs1950b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Yemen [FoldiVa2004]. Oriental: India (Punjab [BindraVa1972]). Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949b]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949b, Borchs1950b]; Egypt [Hall1925, EzzatNa1987]; Iran [Moghad2013a]; Libya [Martin1958]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971].
BIOLOGY: Found on fronds of the host plant (Hall, 1925).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of nymph and adult female by Hall (1925), Morrison (1928) and by Borchsenius (1949b, 1950b).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 196, 618 (female) [Asia]; Borchsenius 1950b: 42 (female) [USSR].
CITATIONS: AminSa1975 [host, distribution, control: 333-337]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 195]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 266-267]; BindraVa1972 [host, distribution, economic importance: 14-24]; Borchs1949b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 338]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 42]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Foldi1998 [catalogue: 439]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; FoldiVa2004 [host, distribution: 81]; Hall1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-5]; Jashen1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; Koteja1996a [taxonomy, illustration, description: 69-71]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 268]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 153]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy: 233]; Martin1958 [host, distribution, economic importance: 120-123]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 61]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 154]; Morris1927 [taxonomy: 104]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-141,224]; PriesnHo1940 [biological control: 58-70]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 196-197]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 280].
Pseudaspidoproctus madecassus MametNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudaspidoproctus madecassus Mamet, 1951: 230. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Soavinandriana, on twig of Psiadia dodoneaefolia; collected ix.1949, by R. Paulian. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 73. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Psiadia dodoneaefolia [Mamet1951].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1951].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Mamet (1951).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 267]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 215]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230-233].
Pseudaspidoproctus vayssieriellus GhesquièreNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudaspidoproctus vayssieriellus Ghesquière, 1943: 395. Type data: ZAIRE: Barumbu, Eala, Likete s/Lomela, Ikaka s/Busira, on lower surface of leaves of Elaeis guineensis and Oreodoxa regia. Holotype female. Type depository: Tervuren: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Section d'Entomologie, Belgium. Described: female.
FOES: DIPTERA Cryptochaetidae: Cryptochaetum curtipenne Knab [Ghesqu1943], Cryptochaetum iceryae (Williston) [Ghesqu1943].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [AisagbNwAg1985], Elaeis guineensis [Ghesqu1943], Oreodoxa regia [Ghesqu1943].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [AisagbNwAg1985]; Zaire [Ghesqu1943].
CITATIONS: AisagbNwAg1985 [host, distribution: 24-32]; BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 268]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; Ghesqu1943 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 395-397,403,404]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 268].
Pseudaspidoproctus zimmermanni (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Perissopneumon zimmermanni Newstead, 1911a: 157. Type data: GERMAN EAST AFRICA [? TANZANIA]: Lewa, on twigs of Manihot glaziovii; collected viii.1902, A. Zimmermann. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Stigmacoccus zimmermanni; Lindinger, 1913: 90. Change of combination.
Pseudaspidoproctus zimmermanni; Foldi, 2001a: 216. Change of combination.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Manihot glaziovii [Newste1911a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Lindin1913].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1911a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female, length 10-12 mm, width 7-8.5 mm. Covered evenly with a fine granular layer of wax of an ochreous-white colour after immersion in alcohol (Newstead, 1911a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 268]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 90]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 227]; Newste1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-158]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy: 83].
Sishania FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Sishania Ferris, 1950: 12. Type species: Sishania nigropilata Ferris, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris (1950) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
SYSTEMATICS: Ferris (1950) regarded this genus most closely related to Drosicha and to Drosichiella, but differs from both in the dorsal patches of black spines. It also differs from Drosichiella in the absence of any pores associated with abdominal spiracles, and from Drosicha in the presence of a pore band just within the atrium of the dorsal spiracles.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 144, 613 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 18-19 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005 [p. 268]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy, description: 12-13]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 185]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 143-144, 562-563]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 4]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 19, 32].
Sishania flavopilata Tang & HaoNOMENCLATURE:
Sishania flavopilata Tang & Hao, 1995: 144. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Simao, on undetermined host, 5.vii.1983. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 144, 613-614 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 269]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 144-145,563,683].
Sishania nigropilata FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Sishania nigropilata Ferris, 1950: 13. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Nunming, near the lowest temple at Si-shan, on Prunus pseudocerasus; collected May 12, 1949. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rosaceae: Prunus pseudocerasus [Ferris1950, TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Ferris1950, TangHa1995]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the trunk and limbs of the host, beneath bark scales (Ferris, 1950)
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1950) and by Tang & Hao (1995).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 144, 613-614 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 269]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13,32-33]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 216]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 145,563]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 32].
Tessarobelus Montrouzier in Perroud & MontrouzierNOMENCLATURE:
Tessarobelus Montrouzier in Perroud & Montrouzier, 1864: 246. Type species: Tessarobelus guerini Montrouzier, by monotypy and original designation.
Monophlebus (Tessarobelus); Cockerell, 1902q: 233. Change of status.
Tessarobelus; Vayssière, 1923a: 427. Incorrect synonymy.
Tessarobolus; Vayssière, 1923a: 427. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Miller (1971b), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Bhatti (1991).
SYSTEMATICS: Genus differs from all other margarodid genera by combination of these characters: apical segments of antenna fused, with tubular ducts, without tubular pores (Miller, 1971b). The adult female of the type species, possess tubular ducts of unique structure, which occur also in Aspidoproctus, Monophlebidus, Monophlebulus and Nietnera.
KEYS: Foldi 1994: 318-319 (female) [Genera of the Monophlebulini: Monophlebinae]; Bhatti 1991: 135-136 (female) [world]; Williams & Watson 1990: 15-16 (female) [Margarodidae Genera of Tropical South pacific]; Miller 1971a: 64 (female) [Monophlebulini].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 276]; Bhatti1990 [taxonomy: 495-499]; Bhatti1991 [taxonomy, description: 131-136]; BhattiGu1990 [taxonomy: 877-881]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 233]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 16]; Ferris1922b [taxonomy: 248]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 217]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 197]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 74]; Miller1971b [taxonomy, description: 64-68]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 220]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 194]; PerrouMo1864 [taxonomy, description: 246-247]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, description: 600]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy: 427]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 16, 35].
Tessarobelus guerini Montrouzier in Perroud & MontrouzierNOMENCLATURE:
Tessarobelus guerini Montrouzier in Perroud & Montrouzier, 1864: 247. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: Ponerihouen, on Annona squamosa; collected 6.x.1969 by Cochereau. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Bhatti, 1991: 138. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The type material of Montrouzier (1864) was lost (Miller, 1971a).
Monophlebus guerini; Cockerell, 1902q: 232. Change of combination.
Tessarobelus guerini; Morrison, 1928: 224. Revived combination.
Tessarobelus guerinii; Morrison, 1928: 224. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Bhatti1991]. Guttiferae: Calophyllum [Bhatti1991]. Myrtaceae: Jambosa pseudomalaccensis [Miller1971a], Melaleuca [Signor1877, WilliaWa1990, Bhatti1991], Melaleuca leucadendron [Miller1971a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [Signor1877, Miller1971a, Bhatti1991].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Signoret (1877), Miller (1971a), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Bhatti (1991).
STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate oval, 10.8 - 21 mm long, 6.4 - 10.8 mm wide; anal lobes slightly protruding; orange colour, covered with a white, cottony wax; legs, antennae and mouthparts black (Montrouzier, 1864).
SYSTEMATICS: Type material lost (Miller, 1971a), therefore, Bhatti (1991) selected and designated a neotype.
KEYS: Bhatti 1991: 135-136 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 277]; Bhatti1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-138]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 232]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 16]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 217]; Lindin1907a [taxonomy: 20]; Miller1971b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-68]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 224]; PerrouMo1864 [taxonomy, description: 247]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 855]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 600-601]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35].
Tessarobelus immaturus BhattiNOMENCLATURE:
Tessarobelus immaturus Bhatti, 1991: 138. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: Col d'Amieu, in ants' nest at leaf base of a palm, 21.iii.1968, MAA. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Arecaceae [Bhatti1991].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [Bhatti1991].
KEYS: Bhatti 1991: 135-136 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 277]; Bhatti1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-140]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 217].
Tessarobelus inusitatus BhattiNOMENCLATURE:
Tessarobelus inusitatus Bhatti, 1991: 140. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: Riviere des Lacs, on Tristaniopsis guillainii; collected 1.iii.1987 by McKee. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Tristaniopsis guillinii [Bhatti1991].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [Bhatti1991].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti (1991).
KEYS: Bhatti 1991: 135-136 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [pp. 277-278]; Bhatti1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-142]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 217]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425].
Tessarobelus ordinarius BhattiNOMENCLATURE:
Tessarobelus ordinarius Bhatti, 1991: 142. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: plaine des Lacs, on Casuarina branches, 2.ii.1963, Krauss. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Bhatti1991].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [Bhatti1991].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti (1991).
KEYS: Bhatti 1991: 135-136 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 278]; Bhatti1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-144]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 217].
Tessarobelus perissoporosus BhattiNOMENCLATURE:
Tessarobelus perissoporosus Bhatti, 1991: 144. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: on wild plant; collected 16.ii.1984 by Muniappan. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [Bhatti1991].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bhatti (1991).
KEYS: Bhatti 1991: 135-136 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 278]; Bhatti1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-146]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 217].
Vrydagha VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Vrydagha Vayssière, 1957: 1. Type species: Vrydagha lepesmei Vayssière, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Vayssière (1957).
SYSTEMATICS: Assigned to the Monophlebinae. Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are: derm membranous; 10-segmented antenna; five pairs of abdominal spiracles; legs well-developed; three ventral cicatrices (Vayssiere, 1957).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 278]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 218]; Vayssi1957 [taxonomy, description: 1-6].
Vrydagha lepesmei VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Vrydagha lepesmei Vayssière, 1957: 1. Type data: ZAIRE [=Congo Belge]: Gandajika, on "cotonnier" [=Gossypium]; collected January 1956, by M. Luc Spaute. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [Vayssi1957]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [Vayssi1957]. Poaceae: Imperata cylindrica [Vayssi1957], Zea mays [Vayssi1957].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire [Vayssi1957].
BIOLOGY: Collected in Zaire from roots of cotton, associated with ants of the genus Camponotus (Vayssière, 1957).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of nymphs and the adult female given by Vayssière (1957).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 279]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 218]; Vayssi1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-6]; Vayssi1958a [host, distribution: 909-910].
Walkeriana SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana Signoret, 1876a: 390. Type species: Coccus floriger Walker, by monotypy.
Walkerana Lindinger, 1937: 198. Unjustified emendation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Vayssiere (1926) and by Morrison (1928).
SYSTEMATICS: Main characteristics (adult female) of this genus are: generally of large size and strongly convex; derm membranous; 10-segmented antenna; labium conical and one-segmented; 6 or 7 abdominal spiracles; with three ventral cicatrices located posterior to anal opening.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 182 (female) [Asia]; Morrison 1928: 123-125 (female, larva, male) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1926: 258-259 (female) [Margarodidae]; Vayssière 1923a: 428 (female) [Monophlebinae]; Green 1922: 444 (female) [Sri Lanka].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, catalogue: 279]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 23]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 218]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 444]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 198]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy: 90]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description: 122-125, 140-151, 22]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 6]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 203, 204]; Signor1876a [taxonomy, description: 390-391]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 182, 199-200]; Vayssi1923a [taxonomy, description: 428]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description: 259, 275-276].
Walkeriana andreae GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana andreae Green, 1899: 45. Type data: CONGO: on bark of unidentified tree; collected by G.L.E. Andreae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [Green1899, Vayssi1926].
GENERAL REMARKS: Vayssière (1926: 276-277) described and illustrated the adult female, while Morrison (1928: 222) indicated that this species was based on a preadult of Aspidoproctus sp.
SYSTEMATICS: Foldi (2001a) listed this species both in Aspidoproctus and in Walkeriana.
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 279-280]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 23]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 196, 218]; Green1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 45-47]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 222]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, distribution: 170, 276-277].
Walkeriana compacta GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana compacta Green, 1896: 6. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kelani Valley, on stems of undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1922].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1896, 1922).
STRUCTURE: Colour illustration of general appearance of adult female by Green (1922). Length of adult female, with processes intact, 12 mm, breadth 9 mm; female broadly oval, strongly convex above; flattish beneath; dull pale reddish; the colour obscured or concealed by a thin covering of greyish white waxy secretion (Green, 1922).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 198, 619 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 280]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 23]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 218]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 446-447]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 279]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 144,223]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 174]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 198-199]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 276].
Walkeriana digitifrons NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana digitifrons Newstead, 1920: 177. Type data: UGANDA: Lake Victoria, Sesse Islands, Damba Island, on Baikiaea eminii; collected 8 October 1912, by C.C. Gowdey. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
HOST: Fabaceae: Baikiaea eminii [Newste1920, Vayssi1926].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda? [Newste1920, Vayssi1926].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Newstead (1920).
STRUCTURE: Adult female somewhat pyriform, narrowed in front; highly convex and sloping gradually towards the cephalic margin. Dorsum more or less covered with an easily deciduous layer of white or pale buff-white, granular wax; margin with relatively robust, coalescing plated of white wax, which, when perfect, are distinctly laminated transversely; cephalic margin with a short stout centrally placed, cylindrical process (Newstead, 1920).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 280]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 218]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 223]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 177-178]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 276].
Walkeriana florigera (Walker)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus floriger Walker, 1858: 305. Type data: SRI LANKA [=CEYLON]: host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Walkeriana floriger; Signoret, 1876a: 391. Change of combination.
Coccus laniger Kirby, 1891: 175. Type data: SRI LANKA [=CEYLON]: Pundaluoya; collected E.E. Green. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1899a: 391.
Walkeriana florigera Lindinger, 1932f: 198. Unjustified emendation.
Walkeriana florigera; Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 22. Justified emendation.
HOSTS: Lauraceae: Litsea zeylanica [Green1896, Fernal1903b, Green1922, Green1937]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Green1922, Green1937].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Walker1858, Signor1876a, Green1922, Green1937].
BIOLOGY: Green (1937) indicated that this species is believed to have a life cycle extending over several years. It was recorded only at altitude of about 4000 feet (Green, 1937).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of nymph and adult female by Signoret (1876a), Green (1922) and by Morrison (1928).
STRUCTURE: The general appearance (in colour illustration) of the adult female is given by Green (1922). Fully grown female, with its covering of tomentum, may attain a length of 20-24 mm, with a breadth of 18-20 mm. Adult female broadly oval, covered above with longish, dense, plush-like tomentum which is concentrated - on the medio-longitudinal area - into close, forwardly directed tufts, with some shorter and broader transverse tufts on abdomen. The tomentum varies in colour according to the age and exposure, and may be whitish, yellow, olivaceous, grey or brown (Green, 1922).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 199, 619 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 281]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Cocker1902q [taxonomy, distribution: 257]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 23]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 218]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 6]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 445-446]; Green1937 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 278]; Kirby1891 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 175]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 198]; Morris1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-144,223]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 44]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, distribution: 854]; Signor1876a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 391-392]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 199-200]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 276]; Walker1858 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 305]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 22,28].
Walkeriana furcata (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Monophlebus furcatus Green, 1922: 433. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pattipola, Pundaluoya, Maskeliya, taken at high elevations only, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, male. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male. Illust.
Walkeriana furcatus; Morrison, 1928: 223. Change of combination.
Walkeriana furcata; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 411. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult male by Green (1922).
STRUCTURE: Colour illustration of general appearance of adult male by Green (1922). Adult male 4.5-6 mm long; expanse of wings 10-13 mm (Green, 1922).
SYSTEMATICS: This species was described from the adult male only (Green, 1922).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 281-282]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 210]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 433]; Green1937 [taxonomy: 278]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 223]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 267].
Walkeriana kadyense Cadahia nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana kadyense Cadahia, 1984: 181. Nomen nudum.
Walkeriana kandyensis Ghesquiere nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana kandyensis Ghesquiere, 1943: 404. Nomen nudum. Notes: Listed as Walkeriana kandyensis Green.
Walkeriana ovilla GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana ovilla Green, 1922: 448. Type data: SRI LANKA: Hakgala, Botanic Gardens, on stems of Eugenia subavenis and Michelia nilagirica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Magnoliaceae: Michelia nilagirica [Green1922]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia subavenis [Green1922].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922).
STRUCTURE: Colour illustration of general appearance of adult female by Green (1922). Adult female, without processes, 10-12 mm long, 10 mm wide; with all processes intact largest specimen measured 25 by 18 mm; average size of specimens 20 by 15 mm (Green, 1922).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 198, 619 (female) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 282]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 218]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 448-449]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 278]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 144,225]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy, description: 200-201]; Vayssi1926 [taxonomy: 276].
Walkeriana speciosa Morrison & Morrison nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana speciosa Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 44. Nomen nudum. Notes: Cited as Walkeriana speciosa Green (Morrison & Morrison, 1923: 44). This nomen nudum was not listed by Fernald (1903b) and not in Morrison (1928).
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison & Morrison (1923: 44) stated: "Besides the species discussed in the preceding pages, the Maskell collection includes a number of others belonging in these [Monophlebinae and Margarodinae] two sub-families, ... Walkeriana speciosa Green (No. 394) ... ". Maren Gimpel (in letter to Yair Ben-Dov, July 10, 2000) sent this information: "... as for Walkeriana speciosa Green, the card file of Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Beltsville, has only one card for Morrison & Morrison 1923: 44. The card says that this species is Walkeriana compacta according to Maskell's note."
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy: 282]; MorrisMo1923 [taxonomy: 44].
Walkeriana tosariensis ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Walkeriana tosariensis Reyne, 1957a: 116. Type data: INDONESIA: East Java, Tenngar Mts., near Tosari, altitude 1750 meters, on stems of Casuarina junghuhniana; collected by Roepke. Holotype female, male and first instar. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina junghuhniana [Reyne1957a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Reyne1957a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, male pupa and prepupa, and nymphs by Reyne (1957a).
STRUCTURE: The structure of the wax covering of the adult female in a photograph by Reyne (1957a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2005a [taxonomy, host, distribution, catalogue: 283]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 218]; Reyne1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-145].