Family Kerriidae
Afrotachardina ChamberlinNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina (Afrotachardina) Chamberlin, 1923: 201. Type species: Tachardia longisetosa Newstead, by original designation.
Afrotachardina; Chamberlin, 1925: 40. Change of status.
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2007: 5-6 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992z: 386-387 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [World]; Balachowsky 1950: 8 (female) [Genera of Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 7-12]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 250]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 201]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 40]; Hall1935b [taxonomy: 475-477]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 33-34]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy: 5-6]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 178]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 5]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 440]; Takaha1949 [taxonomy: 8]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy: 17]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387].
Afrotachardina brachysetosa (Chamberlin)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina (Afrotachardina) brachysetosa Chamberlin, 1923: 203. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on Annona muricata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Afrotachardina brachysetosa; Chamberlin, 1925JC: 40. Change of combination.
Afrotachardina brachysetsa; Varshney, 1997: 30. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Chambe1923].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Chambe1923].
BIOLOGY: Isolated or mass on twigs (Chamberlin, 1923).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Isolated specimens showing alternating radial furrows and ridges; test 2.5 mm. high and when massed, lac is smooth surfaced and gently lobed. Lac surface a somewhat "dirty" light yellowish orange; secretion when broken showing a clear transparent, amber-like fracture, walls of test about 1/5 mm. thick and gutta-percha like (Chamberlin, 1923).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 250-251]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-204]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 40]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 33]; Thomso1971 [chemistry: 1-5]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Afrotachardina longisetosa (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia longisetosa Newstead, 1911: 102. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on Ficus sp., collected C.C. Gowdey. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Tachardina (Afrotachardina) longisetosa; Chamberlin, 1923: 201. Change of combination.
Afrotachardina longisetosa; Chamberlin, 1925: 40. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Gowdey1917, Almeid1969]. Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1911], Ficus sycomorus [Almeid1969], Ficus thonningii [Gowdey1917, Almeid1969]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Gowdey1917, Almeid1969].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1969]; Uganda [Newste1911].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female smoky ochreous buff to dusky amber-yellow. Isolated examples are distinctly hemispherical in form, with strong and somewhat wavy ridges radiating from the dorsum. Central orifice distinct and surrounded by a dull crimson area. Diameter 3-5 mm (Newstead, 1911).
CITATIONS: Almeid1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-132]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 251]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-203]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 40]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 187]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 34]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 102-103]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Albotachardina Zhang, Z.S.NOMENCLATURE:
Albotachardina Zhang, Z.S., 1992Z: 386. Type species: Albotachardina yunnanensis Zhang, by original designation.
Albotachardia; Tao, 1999: 48. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Zhang (1992Z).
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2007: 5-6 (female) [Genera of Kerriidae]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992z: 386-387 (female) [genera of Kerriidae].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 251]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy: 5-6]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 440]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 48]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy, description: 386].
Albotachardina capsella (Wang)NOMENCLATURE:
Paratachardina capsella Wang, 1986a: 196. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan province, on Rhus chinensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.
Albotachardina capsella; Kondo & Gullan, 2007: 36. Change of combination.
HOST: Anacardiaceae: Rhus chinensis [Varshn1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Varshn1997]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Wang (1986a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 277]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy: 36]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Wang1986a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-198].
Albotachardina sinensis Zhang, Z.S.NOMENCLATURE:
Albotachardina sinensis Zhang, Z.S., 1992Z: 387. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Changyan hsien, on Ficus benjamina and Ficus obtusifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China.. Described: female. Illust.
Albotachardia sinensis; Tao, 1999: 48. Misspelling of genus name.
HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Zhang1992Z], Ficus obtusifolia [Zhang1992Z].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Zhang1992Z]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zhang (1992Z).
STRUCTURE: Resinous test of adult female approximately hemispherical or subglobular, dimensions of larger egg-laying females about 5-6 mm in length, 3-4 mm in width and 2-3 mm in height, colour reddish dark brown (Zhang, 1992Z).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 251]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution : 48]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 387-390].
Albotachardina yunnanensis Zhang, Z.S.NOMENCLATURE:
Albotachardina yunnanensis Zhang, Z.S., 1992Z: 387. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan province, Jingdong hsien, on Ficus benjamina and Ficus obtusifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China.. Described: female. Illust.
Albotachardia yunnanensis; Tao, 1999: 48. Misspelling of genus name.
HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Zhang1992Z], Ficus obtusifolia [Zhang1992Z].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Zhang1992Z]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zhang (1992Z).
STRUCTURE: Resinous test of adult female almost oval or subglobular, dimensions of larger egg-laying females about 3.0-4.5 mm in length, 2.0-3.0 mm in height; colour reddish dark-brown (Zhang, 1992Z).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 252]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 387].
Austrotachardia ChamberlinNOMENCLATURE:
Austrotachardia Chamberlin, 1923: 194. Type species: Tachardia angulata Froggatt, by original designation.
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2007: 5-6 (female) [Genera of Kerriidae]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992: 386-387 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1976: 14 (female) [Genera of Tachardiinae]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 252]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 194-195]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 31-33]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy: 5-6]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 180]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy: 119-126]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 21]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 438]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 14-15]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy: 14]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387].
Austrotachardia acaciae (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Carteria acaciae Maskell, 1892: 56. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Acacia. "My specimens were sent by J.G.O. Tepper of Adelaide, with a note: collected by Mr. Helms, of the Elder Exploration, in central Australia." (Maskell, 1892). Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.
Tachardia acaciae; Fernald, 1903b: 123. Change of combination.
Austrotachardia acaciae; Chamberlin, 1923: 198. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Maskel1892, Cocker1893r, SchroePeCo2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Maskel1892, Cocker1893r] (Northern Territory [SchroePeCo2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Insects excreting a quantity of light-red or pinkish resinous matter, aggregated in masses or in detached irregular pieces (Maskell, 1892).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 252]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198]; Cocker1893r [taxonomy: 181]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 56]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Frogga1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1163]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 31-32]; Lit2002 [taxonomy, structure: 25-38]; Lit2002a [structure: 122-136]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy, structure: 119-126]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56]; SchroePeCo2008 [taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny, biological control: 256-266]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 438]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 14]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Austrotachardia angulata (Froggatt)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia angulata Froggatt, 1911: 154. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Eden and Milton, on quince. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.
HOST: Rosaceae: Cydonia oblonga [Frogga1911].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1911, Frogga1921b]).
STRUCTURE: The waxy secretion of the adult female forming the test is dark red to black in colour, broad at the base and coming up to blunt point at the apex, like a large rose thorn; viewed from above it is seen to be fluted, with four distinct ridges. The outer surface is smooth, with fine white filaments curling through the openings in the test. Height of test, a quarter of an inch. Diameter base, one-fifth of an inch (Froggatt, 1921b). Froggatt (1921b: 28) illustrated the external appearance of the female test.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 252-253]; Frogga1911 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 26-27]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 32]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 438]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 14]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Austrotachardia australis (Froggatt)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia australis Froggatt, 1899: 1161. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, on Beyeria viscosa. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Notes: Froggatt (1921b: 27), indicated that he first collected this species on Beyeria viscosa near Narrabi, New South Wales; later he found it on Melaleuca sp. near Bundaberg, Queensland.
Austrotachardia australis; Chamberlin, 1923: 195. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Beyeria australis [Frogga1899]. Myrtaceae: Melaleuca [Frogga1921b].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1921b], Queensland [Frogga1921b]).
STRUCTURE: The female tests vary considerably, the typical ones like a leaf of dark reddish wax, the basal half dull with the upper portion a shining round bead of bright red wax. In the Queensland specimens the wax is more confluent, forming masses in rings around the twigs without any very regular structure (Froggatt, 1921b). Froggatt (1921b: 28) illustrated the external appearance of the female test.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 253]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-196]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Frogga1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1161-1162]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 27-28]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 32]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 438]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 14]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Austrotachardia convexa (Fuller)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia convexa Fuller, 1899: 457. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Swan River, on Hypocalymma sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Notes: Depository unknown.
Austrotachardia convexa; Chamberlin, 1923: 198. Change of combination.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Hypocalymma [Fuller1899].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1899]).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 253]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 198-199]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 28]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 457]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 32]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 438]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 14]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Austrotachardia melaleucae (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Carteria melaleucae Maskell, 1892: 54. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Melaleuca uncinata and Eucalyptus sp. (sent by Mr. French) and on Melaleuca pustulata and Aster axillaris (sent by the late Mr. Crawford). Syntypes. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.
Tachardia melaleuca; Dominguez, 1906: 222. Misspelling of species name.
Austrotachardia melaleucae; Chamberlin, 1923: 196. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Aster axillaris [Maskel1892]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Maskel1892], Leptospermum [Maskel1893b], Leptospermum flavescens [Frogga1921b], Melaleuca pustulata [Maskel1892], Melaleuca uncinata [Maskel1892].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1893b, Frogga1921b, Chambe1923], Victoria [Maskel1892], Western Australia [Frogga1921b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Female insects producing a quantity of very dark-red or purple resinous matter, which may be aggregated in masses on the twigs, or in detached semi-globular pieces each of which contains an insect. On the outside of these resinous masses may be frequently seen small quantities of white cottony fibres (Maskell, 1892). Froggatt (1921b: 28) illustrated the external appearance of the female test. Chamberlin (1923) described "Lac dark red to purplish; surface of test smooth. isolated individuals have the test rather elongate and beset with two pairs of symmetrical lobes. In crowded conditions the tests fuse, and this characteristic lobation is lost. Length 4.5 mm, width 2 mm, height 2 mm.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 254]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-197]; Cocker1893r [host, distribution: 181]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 56]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 125]; Frogga1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1162-1163]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 29]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 33]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-55]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 249]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 438]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 14]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Austrotachardiella ChamberlinNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardiella (Austrotachardiella) Chamberlin, 1923: 174. Type species: Tachardia rotundata Cockerell & Cockerell, by original designation.
Austrotachardiella; Kapur, 1958: 29. Change of status.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Chamberlin (1923), Ferris (1955a) and by Kondo & Gullan (2005).
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2007: 5-6 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992z: 386-387 (female) [Kerriidae]; Varshney 1976: 14 (female) [Genera of Tachardiinae]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 254]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 174,187-188]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 8,29-31]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 401-407]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy: 5-6]; KondoGu2011 [taxonomy: 345]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 180]; Lindin1942 [taxonomy: 120]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 208]; MatileCo1993 [taxonomy: 447-448]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 439]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy: 16-17]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387].
Austrotachardiella bodkini (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia bodkini Newstead, 1917a: 18. Type data: BRITISH GUIANA [=GUYANA]: near Repos, Georgetown, on Sapium jenmani. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar.
Austrotachardiella bodkini; Chamberlin, 1923: 189. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Sapium jenmani [Newste1917a, Chambe1923, Kapur1958]. Moraceae: Ficus religiosa [Fabric1787].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1917a, Chambe1923, Kapur1958].
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 405 (female) [Species of Austrotachardiella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 254-255]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 29]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; KondoGu2011 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 347-348]; MatileCo1993 [taxonomy: 448]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 18-19]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Austrotachardiella colombiana Kondo & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Austrotachardiella colombiana Kondo & Gullan, 2005: 405. Type data: COLOMBIA: Cauca, Santander de Quilichao, 1369 meter above sea level, on stems of Psidium guajava; collected 15.vii.2003, by Aicardo Delgado. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [KondoGu2005, SchroePeCo2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [KondoGu2005, SchroePeCo2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Gullan (2005).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species was reported to cause dieback of twigs and branches of two local cultivars of guava, Psidium guajava in Colombia (Kondo & Gullan, 2005).
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 405 (female) [Species of Austrotachardiella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 255]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 401-407]; KondoGu2011 [host, illustration, taxonomy: 347-350]; SchroePeCo2008 [taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny, biological control: 256-266]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Austrotachardiella cydoniae (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia rosae Hempel, 1900: 414. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on branches of cultivated rose. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Chamberlin, 1923: 193.
Tachardia cydoniae Hempel, 1900a: 410. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on cultivated quince, Cydonia sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Tachardia caerulea Hempel, 1904: 314. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Maua, on "arbusto silvestre". Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 132-c. Described: female. Synonymy by Chamberlin, 1923: 193.
Tachardiella (Austrotachardiella) cydoniae; Chamberlin, 1923: 193. Change of combination.
Austrotachardiella cydoniae; Kapur, 1958: 30. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Rosaceae: Cydonia [Hempel1900a], Rosa [Hempel1900a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900]).
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 405 (female) [Species of Austrotachardiella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 255]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-194]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124,126]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 410-411]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 120-121]; Hempel1904 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 314]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 30]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; KondoGu2011 [host, taxonomy: 347-348]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 152]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Austrotachardiella gemmifera (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia gemmifera Cockerell, 1893r: 181. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Chrysobalanus icaco. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Austrotachardiella (Austrotachardiella) gemmifera; Chamberlin, 1923: 191. Change of combination.
Austrotachardiella gemmifera; Kapur, 1958: 30. Change of combination.
Austrotachardiella gemmiferra; Varshney, 1997: 29. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Rosaceae: Chrysobalanus [Cocker1914b], Chrysobalanus icaco [Cocker1893r].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Jamaica [Cocker1893r, Cocker1914b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: The female scale is subglobular, shiny, crimson-black, with a crimson ruby-like prominence on the centre of the back. but seen in somewhat immature examples. There are also one or two dorso-lateral prominences, more or less obscure. Sides with 4 or 5 keel-like folds. There is a conspicuous subdorsal aperture. The male scale is cylindrical, rather over 1 mill. long, dull dark crimson. There is an anterior ridge, leading to a mid-dorsal swelling (Cockerell, 1893r).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Cockerell (1914b) reported this species to destroy Chrysobalanus trees in Kingston, Jamaica.
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 405 (female) [Species of Austrotachardiella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 255-256]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191]; Cocker1893r [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 181-182]; Cocker1914b [host, distribution: 334]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 220]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 30]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; KondoGu2011 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 347-348]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 231].
Austrotachardiella nigra (Townsend & Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia nigra Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 172. Type data: MEXICO: Vera Cruz, Orizaba, on Acacia sp., July 15, 1897. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 7927. Described: female.
Tachardiella (Austrotachardiella) nigra; Chamberlin, 1923: 192. Change of combination.
Austrotachardiella nigra; Kapur, 1958: 30. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [TownseCo1898]. Myrtaceae [Fonsec1975].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [Cocker1903a], Veracruz [TownseCo1898]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Adult female: test globular, black, shiny, consistency somewhat soft, flexible, with elasticity of rubber, Dorsal region with three white filaments, curved, measuring 3 mm to 4 mm in length. Test measures 2 mm in diameter. Devoid of protective test, oblong, measuring a little more than 1 mm in length. Brachial plates cylindrical, slightly longer than wide, narrower in the mid-section, widened at extremities, with numerous fine, parallel ridges longitudinally; crater round, with the inner border finely crenulated, the central area with numerous quinquelocular pores. (Fonseca, 1975)
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 405 (female) [Species of Austrotachardiella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 256]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1903a [host, distribution: 165]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 126]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 220]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 30]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; KondoGu2011 [host, taxonomy: 347-348]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 172-173]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Austrotachardiella rotundata (Cockerell & Cockerell, in Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia rotundata Cockerell & Cockerell, in Cockerell, 1903a: 165. Type data: MEXICO: Jalisco, El Platanas, on "Zicna" and "Guasima", August 4, collected Townsend. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Tachardiella rotundata; MacGillivray, 1921: 126. Change of combination.
Tachardiella (Austrotachardiella) rotundata; Chamberlin, 1923: 188. Change of combination.
Austrotachardiella rotundata; Kapur, 1958: 31. Change of combination.
Austrotachardiella rotundata; Sharma & Ramani, 1999: 439. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Cockerell" as author.
HOST: Malvaceae: "guasima" [KondoGu2011].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [Cocker1903a]).
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 405 (female) [Species of Austrotachardiella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 256]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-189]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 165]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 220]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 31]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; KondoGu2011 [host, taxonomy: 347-348]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 126]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Austrotachardiella rubra (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia rubra Hempel, 1900a: 411. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cachoeira, on Croton sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.
Austrotachardiella rubra; Kapur, 1958: 31. Change of combination.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Croton [Hempel1900a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a]).
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 405 (female) [Species of Austrotachardiella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 257]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 126]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 411-412]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 31]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; KondoGu2011 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 347-348]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Austrotachardiella sexcordata Matile-Ferrero in Matile-Ferrero & CouturierNOMENCLATURE:
Austrotachardiella sexcordata Matile-Ferrero in Matile-Ferrero & Couturier, 1993: 445. Type data: PERU: Loreto, Jenaro Herrera, Plantation HAP, on Myrciaria dubia. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 11926. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Myrciaria dubia [MatileCo1993].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [MatileCo1993].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1993).
STRUCTURE: Young adult female is covered with brown red, semi-transparent lac; conical with 6 short lateral prolongations. See colour photograph in Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1993). Ultrastructure of several cuticular structures in the adult female given in Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1993).
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 405 (female) [Species of Austrotachardiella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 257]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; KondoGu2011 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 347-348]; MatileCo1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 443-448]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Austrotachardiella trilobata (Mendes)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardiella (Austrotachardiella) trilobata Mendes, 1936: 374. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, on a plant of the Myrtaceae. Syntypes. Type depository: Rio de Janeiro: Fundacao Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; type no. 729 730. Described: female. Illust.
Austrotachardiella trilobata; Matile-Ferrero & Couturier, 1993: 448. Change of combination.
HOST: Myrtaceae [Mendes1936].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Mendes1936]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mendes (1936).
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2005: 405 (female) [Species of Austrotachardiella].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 257]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 29]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 405-407]; KondoGu2011 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 347-348]; MatileCo1993 [taxonomy: 448]; Mendes1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-376]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Varshn2010 [taxonomy: 118-119].
Kerria Targioni TozzettiNOMENCLATURE:
Laccifer Oken, 1815: 430. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, by monotypy and original designation. Unavailable name; discovered by Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Notes: Kirkaldy (1906) first noted the priority of Laccifer Oken, 1815 (type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, 1782) over Tachardia R. Blanchard, 1886c, but it was Cockerell (1924) who formally introduced the family-group name Lacciferidae and used it to replace Tachardiidae. Chamberlin (1925) accepted Cockerell's changes and Lacciferidae was subsequently used in lac insect taxonomy. However, Lindinger (1933b) pointed out that the names in Oken (1815) were not consistently binomial, hence invalid, and therefore restored Tachardia Blanchard. Oken's (1815) book was intensively studied by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and an informal opinion was published (ICZN, 1954) which actually supported Lindinger's (1933b) conclusion. The ICZN (1954) opinion invalidated Laccifer, hence also the family-group name Lacciferidae. Nevertheless, several scale insect students continued to use Lacciferidae (e.g. Ferris, 1955a; Kapur, 1958; Munting, 1965a; Wang et al., 1982).
Carteria Signoret, 1874: 101. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 123. Homonym of Carteria in Protozoa, 1866.
Kerria Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 410. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, by monotypy.
Tachardia Blanchard in Signoret, 1886c: lxii. Replacement name for Carteria Signoret; synonymy by Chamberlin, 1925: 33.
Karteria; Berlese, 1894: 66. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: A mis-spelling of Carteria Signoret.
Lakshadia Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Unjustified replacement name for Tachardia; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 103.
Tachardia (Tachardia); Chamberlin, 1923: 165. Change of status.
Lackshadia; Mahdihassan, 1931d: 296. Misspelling of genus name.
Kerria (Chamberlinia) Varshney, 1984b: 365. Type species: Tachardia greeni Chamberlin, by original designation. Homonym of Chamberlinia Machado; discovered by Varshney, 1987a: 361.
Kerria (Chamberliniella) Varshney, 1987a: 361. Replacement name for Kerria (Chamberlinia) Varshney, 1984.
Kerria dubeyi Ahmad & Ramamurthy in Ahmad et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Kerria dubeyi Ahmad & Ramamurthy in Ahmad et al., 2013: 446-448. Type data: INDIA:Karnataka, Bangalore, 11/9/2010, on Ficus bengalensis, by unknown. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Moraceae: Ficus bengalensis [AhmadRaSh2013].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [AhmadRaSh2013]).
BIOLOGY: Lac test brown. Tests occur in aggregations; live mature females small, globular and crimson. Cleaned female removed from test purple-brown.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Ahmad, et al., 2013.
SYSTEMATICS: Kerria dubeyi Ahmad & Ramamurthy is similar to Kerria albizziae (Green) in having: (i) an abbreviated supra-anal plate, (ii) short brachia, (iii) 7 or 8 dimples on a circular brachial plate, and (iv) anterior spiracle close to brachial plate. However, it differs in having (character states for K. albizziae in brackets): (i) length of pedicel subequal to or greater than spine (pedicel shorter than spine), and (ii) 25-27 ducts in each marginal duct cluster (10-15).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.].
CITATIONS: AhmadRaSh2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 446-448].
Kerria maduraiensis Ahmad & Ramamurthy in Ahmad, et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Kerria maduraiensis Ahmad & Ramamurthy in Ahmad, et al., 2013: 523-526. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Madurai, on Albizia saman, 8/9/2011, by K.K. Sharma. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Albizia saman [AhmadShRa2013].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [AhmadShRa2013]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, illustration and photographs in Ahmad, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Lac test dark brown. Tests occur in aggregations; live mature females globular and crimson. (Ahmad, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Kerria maduraiensis is similar to Kerria fici fici (Green) in having: (i) a hispid supra-anal plate, (ii) a short brachia, (iii) a long dorsal spine with a short pedicel, and (iv) long antennae. However, it differs in having (character states for K. fici fici in brackets): (i) a larger body, 1.22-3.96 mm long (1.08-1.6 mm long); (ii) the supra-anal plate elongated (abbreviated); (iii) 5 or 6 dimples on the brachial plate (4 or 5); (iv) distance between the anterior spiracle and brachial plate 85-400 ìm (17-86 ìm); (v) anterior spiracle large 275-335 ìm (155-241ìm); and (vi) antennal apex with 4 long and 2 short setae (2 long and 2 short setae). Kerria maduraiensis also resembles Kerria fici jhansiensis (Misra) in having: (i) sessile brachia and (ii) dorsal spine nearly twice the diameter of the brachial crater, but the new species differs in having (character states for K. jhansiensis in brackets): (i) 5 or 6 dimples on the brachial plate (6-8); (ii) 8 or 9 perivulvar pore clusters on each side at the base of the anal tubercle (10); (iii) each marginal duct cluster with 39-42 ducts (more than 45), and (iv) antennae 3 segmented (2 segmented). (Ahmad, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 523-526, 530].
Kerria manipurensis Ahmad & Ramamurthy in Ahmad, et al.,NOMENCLATURE:
Kerria manipurensis Ahmad & Ramamurthy in Ahmad, et al.,, 2013: 520-522. Type data: INDIA: Churachandpur, Manipur, on Malvaviscus penduliflorus, 4/9/2011, by K. K. Sharma. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Malvaceae: Malvaviscus penduliflorus [AhmadShRa2013].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Manipur [AhmadShRa2013]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, illustrations and photographs in Ahmad, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Lac test light brown, soft, resinous. Tests occur in aggregations; live mature females crimson. (Ahmad, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Kerria manipurensis is very similar to Kerria javana (Chamberlin) in having: (i) the supra-anal plate abbreviated and hispid, (ii) brachia short and indistinct, and (iii) brachial plate quadrate/rectangular with 4 or 5 indistinct dimples. However, it differs in having (character states in K. javana in brackets): (i) antennae three segmented with 3 long setae (single segmented with 4 long setae); (ii) the dorsal spine is 1.16x longer than the width of brachial plate (as long as width of brachial plate); (iii) each anterior spiracle is 1.31x longer than the width of brachial plate (length smaller or equal to width of brachial plate); and (iv) the distance of anterior spiracle from crater rim to width of brachial plate is 1.38x greater in K. manipurensis than that of K. javana. (Ahmad, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 520-523, 531].
Kerria pennyiae Admad & Ramamurthy in Ahmad et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Kerria pennyiae Admad & Ramamurthy in Ahmad et al., 2013: 443-446, 451-452. Type data: INDIA:Orissa, Sundargarh, 11/9/2010, on Schleichera oleosa, by unknown. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Sapindaceae: Schleichera oleosa [AhmadRaSh2013].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Odisha [AhmadRaSh2013]).
BIOLOGY: Lac test yellow to light brown. Tests occur in aggregations; live mature females globular and yellow. Cleaned female after removal of test yellow. (Ahmad, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Ahmad, et al., 2013.
SYSTEMATICS: Kerria pennyae Ahmad & Ramamurthy, is similar to Kerria chamberlini Varshney in having: (i) an elongated, conical, supra-anal plate, and (ii) brachia wide, sloping down, merging with body. However, it differs in having (character states in K. chamberlini in brackets): (i) 28-32 ducts in each marginal duct cluster (33-40 ducts), (ii) distance of anterior spiracle from brachial crater 65-165 µm (0 µm) and (iii) length of pedicel subequal or greater than spine (length of pedicel shorter than spine). (Ahmad, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.].
CITATIONS: AhmadRaSh2013 [description, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 443-445].
Kerria thrissurensis Ahmad & Ramamurthy in Ahmad, et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Kerria thrissurensis Ahmad & Ramamurthy in Ahmad, et al., 2013: 526-528. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Thrissur, on Amherstia nobilis, 8/9/2011, by K.K. Sharma. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Amherstia nobilis [AhmadShRa2013].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [AhmadShRa2013]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, illustration and photographs in Ahmad, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Lac test brown, each test with a thick, hard resinous covering. Tests occur in aggregations; live mature females elongated and crimson. Female with an elongated anal tubercle and elevated brachia. (Ahmad, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Kerria thrissurensis is similar to K. pusana (Misra) in having: (i) a large, globular body, (ii) the supra-anal plate hispid and shorter than brachia, (iii) the brachia prominently elevated and tubular, (iv) the anterior spiracle far from brachial plate at a distance greater than the width of the brachial plate, and (v) the dorsal spine not longer than pedicel. Kerria thrissurensis differs in having (character states for K. pusana in brackets): (i) supra-anal plate elongated (abbreviated); (ii) perivulvar pore clusters numbering 12–14 on each side of the base of anal tubercle (10); (iii) 4 or 5 dimples on the brachial plate (5 or 6); and (iv) 49-53 ducts in each marginal duct cluster with surrounding sclerotization (35-40 ducts without sclerotization). (Ahmad, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 526-528,530].
Kerria varshneyi Ahmad & Ramamurthy in Ahmad et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Kerria varshneyi Ahmad & Ramamurthy in Ahmad et al., 2013: 448-451. Type data: INDIA:Punjab, Patiala, 10/31/2009, on Ziziphus mauritiana. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus mauritiana [AhmadRaSh2013].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Punjab [AhmadRaSh2013]).
BIOLOGY: Lac test brown. Tests occur in aggregations; live mature females globular and crimson.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Ahmad, et al., 2013.
SYSTEMATICS: Kerria varshneyi Ahmad & Ramamurthy sp. nov. is similar to Kerria chamberlini Varshney in having: (i) an elongated, conical, supra-anal plate, and (ii) brachia wide sloping down and merging with body. Kerria varshneyi differs in having (character states for K. chamberlini in brackets): (i) 4 or 5 dimples on brachial plate (generally 7), (ii) distance between anterior spiracle and brachial plate is 90-215 ìm (0 ìm), and (iii) perivulvar pore clusters numbering 11-12 on each side of base of anal tubercle (5-8). (Ahmad, et al., 2013
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.].
CITATIONS: AhmadRaSh2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 448-450].
Kerria (Chamberliniella) VarshneyNOMENCLATURE:
Kerria (Chamberlinia) Varshney, 1984b: 365. Type species: Tachardia greeni Chamberlin, by original designation. Homonym of Chamberlinia Machado; discovered by Varshney, 1987a: 361.
Kerria (Chamberliniella) Varshney, 1987a: 361. Replacement name for Kerria (Chamberlinia) Varshney, 1984.
GENERAL REMARKS: Varshney (1984b) provided characters for separating this subgenus from Kerria Kerria.
SYSTEMATICS: Varshney (1984b) described Kerria (Chamberlinia) as a subgenus of (Kerria =) Tachardia, and included in it four species. However, Chamberlinia Varshney, 1984b, was a homonym of Chamberlinia Machado, 1951, in the Myriapoda. Varshney (1987a) introduced the replacement name Kerria (Chamberliniella). A detailed study of the type specimens and the other identified material of Kerria by Ahmad, et al., 2013 indicate that there is much overlap of character states among the two subgenera. Kerria and Chamberliniella. In particular, the presence of star pores, abbreviated supra-anal plate, sessile brachia with ill-defined dimples, and convoluted marginal duct clusters are not exclusive to the subgenus Chamberliniella but have been observed also in some species placed in subgenus Kerria. It appears, therefore, that the subgeneric divisions of Chamberliniella and Kerria overlap and therefore that the subgeneric classification of Kerria (Kerria) and Kerria (Chamberliniella) need to be revised.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Varshney (1984b) indicated that the species belonging to this sub-genus were considered unsuitable for lac production.
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2007: 5-6 (female) [Genera of Kerriidae]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1984b: 367 (female) [Oriental region].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 257-258]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy: 5-6]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 440]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy, description: 365-366,384]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361-362]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Chamberliniella) greeni (Chamberlin)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia fici; Morrison, 1920: 178. Misidentification; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 36.
Tachardia (Tachardia) greeni Chamberlin, 1923: 168. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Los Banos, on Ficus ulmifolia. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Laccifer greeni; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination.
Kerria greeni; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.
Laccifer fici; Ali, 1967a: 41. Misidentification; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 67.
Kerria (Chamberlinia) greeni; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
Kerria (Chamberliniella) greeni; Varshney, 1987a: 361. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Varshn1976]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [Varshn1976]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia longan [Varshn1976]. Fabaceae: Calliandra haematocephala [Varshn1976]. Lauraceae: Machilus [Varshn1976]. Moraceae: Ficus bengalensis [Varshn1976], Ficus pumila [MartinLa2011], Ficus ulmifolia [Chambe1923, Varshn1976], Ficus wightiana [Varshn1976]. Myrtaceae: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [Varshn1976]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [Varshn1976]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Varshn1976]. Sapotaceae: Palaquium formosanum [Varshn1976]. Sterculiaceae: Heritiera littoralis [Varshn1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [SchroePeCo2008]; Philippines (Luzon [Chambe1923, Varshn1976]); Taiwan [Varshn1976]; Thailand [Takaha1941, Varshn1976].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923). Good description of the adult female given by Varshney (1976).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 531]; Ali1967a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 258]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 35]; ChenChFe2011 [distribution, taxonomy: 1-14]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 17-18]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 45]; Morris1920 [host, distribution: 178]; SchroePeCo2008 [taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny, biological control: 256-266]; Takaha1941 [host, distribution: 138-139]; Takaha1949 [host: 8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 67-68]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Chamberliniella) javana (Chamberlin)NOMENCLATURE:
Laccifer javanus Chamberlin, 1925: 34. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Buitenzorg, on Ficus sp., collected by A. Zimmerman. Syntypes. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Tachardia iabana; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Misspelling of species name.
Kerria javanus; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.
Kerria (Chamberlinia) javana; Varshney, 1984b: 369. Change of combination.
Kerria (Chamberliniella) javana; Varshney, 1987a: 361. Change of combination.
FOE: DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Dentifibula lacciferi Barnes [Barnes1935].
HOSTS: Bombacaceae: Durio zibethinus [Varshn1976]. Euphorbiaceae: Hevea brasiliensis [Varshn1976], Macaranga megalophylla [Miller1937NCE], Macaranga populifolia [Varshn1976], Mallotus cochinchinensis [Varshn1976]. Moraceae: Ficus [Chambe1925JC], Ficus polysyce [Miller1937NCE]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [YunusHo1980].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Chambe1925JC]); Malaysia [Varshn1976].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1925) and by Varshney (1976).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]; Chamberlin 1925: 33-34 (female) [world].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 531]; Barnes1935 [host, distribution, biological control: 525-526]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 258-259]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 18]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Miller1933 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control]; Miller1937NCE [economic importance, host, distribution: 1, 21]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-70]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; YunusHo1980 [host, distribution, economic importance].
Kerria (Chamberliniella) meridionalis (Chamberlin)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia (Tachardia) meridionalis Chamberlin, 1923: 167. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on unknown host, from Bremner Collection of Coccidae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Laccifer meridionalis; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination.
Tachardia meridionalis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.
Kerria (Chamberlinia) meridionalis; Varshney, 1984b: 369. Change of combination.
Kerria (Chamberliniella) meridionalis; Varshney, 1987a: 361. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Chambe1923].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 531]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 259]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 34]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 21-22]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Takaha1949 [host: 8]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Chamberliniella) rangoonensis (Chamberlin)NOMENCLATURE:
Laccifer rangoonensis Chamberlin, 1925: 35. Type data: MYANMAR (=BURMA): Rangoon, on Quisqualis sp. collected by J.H. Burkill. Syntypes. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Chamberlin (1925) erroneously cited India as the type locality.
Tachardia rangoonensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.
Kerria rangoonensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.
Kerria (Chamberlinia) rangoonensis; Varshney, 1984b: 369. Change of combination.
Kerria (Chamberliniella) rangoonensis; Varshney, 1987a: 361. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Green1930c]. Combretaceae: Quisqualis [Chambe1925JC, SharmaBhSu1999]. Theaceae: Thea chinensis [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Burma (=Myanmar) [Chambe1925JC]; India (Assam [Varshn1976]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1925).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 531]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 259]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 23]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1948b [host, distribution: 162]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 53-54]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) Targioni TozzettiNOMENCLATURE:
Laccifer Oken, 1815: 430. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, by monotypy and original designation. Unavailable name; discovered by Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Notes: Kirkaldy (1906) first noted the priority of Laccifer Oken, 1815 (type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, 1782) over Tachardia R. Blanchard, 1886c, but it was Cockerell (1924) who formally introduced the family-group name Lacciferidae and used it to replace Tachardiidae. Chamberlin (1925) accepted Cockerell's changes and Lacciferidae was subsequently used in lac insect taxonomy. However, Lindinger (1933b) pointed out that the names in Oken (1815) were not consistently binomial, hence invalid, and therefore restored Tachardia Blanchard. Oken's (1815) book was intensively studied by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and an informal opinion was published (ICZN, 1954) which actually supported Lindinger's (1933b) conclusion. The ICZN (1954) opinion invalidated Laccifer, hence also the family-group name Lacciferidae. Nevertheless, several scale insect students continued to use Lacciferidae (e.g. Ferris, 1955a; Kapur, 1958; Munting, 1965a; Wang et al., 1982).
Carteria Signoret, 1874: 101. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 123. Homonym of Carteria in Protozoa, 1866.
Kerria Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 410. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, by monotypy.
Tachardia Blanchard in Signoret, 1886c: lxii. Replacement name for Carteria Signoret; synonymy by Chamberlin, 1925: 33.
Karteria; Berlese, 1894: 66. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: A mis-spelling of Carteria Signoret.
Lakshadia Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Unjustified replacement name for Tachardia; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 103.
Tachardia (Tachardia); Chamberlin, 1923: 165. Change of status.
Lackshadia; Mahdihassan, 1931d: 296. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Green (1922), Varshney (1976; 1984b) and by Mishra & Sushil (2000).
SYSTEMATICS: The name Laccifer Oken, 1815, antedated Tachardia Blanchard in Signoret, 1886c, but this priority was first noted by Kirkaldy (1906) and accepted by Cockerell (1924) and by Chamberlin (1925). Lindinger (1933b) pointed out that the principles of binominal nomenclature were not consistently applied in Oken (1815). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature studied the case of Oken Lehrbuch and published an informal opinion (Hemming, 1954) which seems to confirm Lindinger's (1933b) finding. Morrison & Morrison (1966: 101) concluded that stability in lac insect nomenclature will not be disturbed by the removal of Laccifer, since several name changes have already been made, from Carteria to Tachardia to Laccifer to Kerria. In addition, many species already described in Tachardia have been transferred to other genera. Morrison & Morrison (1966) interpretation is followed in this catalogue. A detailed study of the type specimens and the other identified material of Kerria by Ahmad, et al., 2013 indicate that there is much overlap of character states among the two subgenera. Kerria and Chamberliniella. In particular, the presence of star pores, abbreviated supra-anal plate, sessile brachia with ill-defined dimples, and convoluted marginal duct clusters are not exclusive to the subgenus Chamberliniella but have been observed also in some species placed in subgenus Kerria. It appears, therefore, that the subgeneric divisions of Chamberliniella and Kerria overlap and therefore that the subgeneric classification of Kerria (Kerria) and Kerria (Chamberliniella) need to be revised.
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2007: 5-6 (female) [Genera of Kerriidae]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [India]; Zhang 1992: 386-387 (female) [Kerriidae]; Varshney 1984b: 367 (female) [Oriental region]; Varshney 1976: 14 (female) [Genera of Tachardiinae ]; Varshney 1976: 20-22 (female) [Species of India]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [World]; Chamberlin 1925: 33-34 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Ali1970 [taxonomy: 63]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 260]; BenDovLi1998 [taxonomy: 455-456]; Berles1896 [taxonomy: 66]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy: 248]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 164-165]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 33-34]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Comsto1882 [taxonomy: 209]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 5]; Green1896e [taxonomy: 17]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 402-406]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; GullanKo2008 [taxonomy: 63-70]; Hemmin1954 [taxonomy: 193-201]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy: 13-23]; Kirkal1905 [taxonomy: 78]; Kirkal1906 [taxonomy: 247-249]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy: 5-6]; KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy, catalogue: 9]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 453]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 166]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 187]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy: 119-126]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 153-154]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 98]; Mahdih1931d [taxonomy: 296]; Mahdih1935a [taxonomy: 365-366]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 70]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy, description: 215-217]; Morris1920 [taxonomy: 178]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 30, 98-103, 191]; Oken1815 [taxonomy: 425]; Russel1970 [taxonomy: 11]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 439-440]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description: 101-105]; Signor1877 [catalogue, taxonomy: 657]; Signor1886c [taxonomy: lxii]; Takaha1941 [taxonomy: 138]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 48]; Targio1884 [taxonomy: 410]; Targio1885 [taxonomy: 106]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 116-118]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description: 19-22]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy: 14-15,19-22]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy, description: 366-368,382-383]; Varshn1999 [taxonomy: 61-62]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 6]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 327-328]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy: 273].
Kerria (Kerria) albizziae (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia albizziae Green, 1903a: 98. Nomen nudum; discovered by Green, 1908a: 42.
Tachardia albizziae Maxwell-Lefroy, 1908: 129. Nomen nudum; discovered by Green, 1908a: 42.
Tachardia albizziae Green, 1908a: 42. Nomen nudum; discovered by Green, 1908a: 42.
Tachardia albizziae Green, 1911: 32. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Landolphia sp., Albizia stipulata, Filicium decipium, Harpullia cupanioides, Theobroma cacao, Sleichera trijuga and Croton lacciferum. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Lakshadia albizziae; Mahdihassan, 1923: 50. Change of combination.
Laccifer albizziae; Cockerel1, 1924: 47. Change of combination.
Laccifer albissiae; Ali, 1970: 64. Misspelling of species name.
Kerria (Kerria) albizziae; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
Kerria (Kerria) alvizziae; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Misspelling of species name.
Kerria albizzae; Mishra & Sushil, 2000: 217. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Landolphia [Green1911, SharmaBhSu1999]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton aromaticus [Ali1967a], Croton caudatum [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999], Croton lacciferum [Green1911], Hemicyclia sepiaria [Ali1967a]. Fabaceae: Albizia chinensis [SharmaBhSu1999], Albizia stipulata [Green1911], Amherstia nobilis [Ali1967a]. Moraceae: Ficus nervosa [Ali1967a]. Sapindaceae: Filicium decipiens [Green1911, Ali1967a], Harpullia cupanioides [Green1911, Ali1967a], Litchi chinensis [Ali1967a, Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999], Schleichera trijuga [Green1911]. Sterculiaceae: Pterospermum acerifolium [Varshn1976], Theobroma cacao [Green1911, SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Ali1967a, Varshn1976], Uttar Pradesh [Varshn1976], West Bengal [Varshn1976]); Sri Lanka [Green1911].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1911), Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 531]; Ali1967a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40-41]; Ali1970 [taxonomy: 64]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 261]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-167]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 34]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Green1903a [taxonomy: 98]; Green1908a [taxonomy: 42]; Green1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-35]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 411-414]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 14]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 50, 99]; Maxwel1908 [taxonomy: 129]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217,219]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 115-118]; Takaha1949 [host: 8]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-23]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 27]; Varshn2009 [ctalogue: 6]; VarshnGa1968 [taxonomy: 60].
Kerria (Kerria) brancheata VarshneyNOMENCLATURE:
Kerria brancheatus Varshney, 1966a: 357. Type data: INDIA: Namkum, Ranch, Bihar, on Schleichera oleosa. Holotype. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Described: female. Notes: Varshney (1976) referred to it as "n. sp.", however the description of 1966a was an available one.
Kerria brancheata; Varshney, 1977: 24.
Kerria (Kerria) brancheata; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Albizia lucidia [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. Sapindaceae: Schleichera oleosa [Varshn1966b, Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Varshn1966b, Varshn1976]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1977).
SYSTEMATICS: Varshney (1977: 24) referred to this species again as "sp. n.", however, the description by Varshney (1966a: 357) validated this species.
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 531]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 261-262]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1966b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 357]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 27]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 6].
Kerria (Kerria) chamberlini VarshneyNOMENCLATURE:
Kerria chamberlini Varshney, 1966a: 356. Type data: INDIA: Jodhpur, Rajasthan, on Ficus infectoria. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Described: female. Notes: Varshney (1977) referred to it as "n. sp.", however the description of 1966a was an available one.
Kerria chamberlini; Varshney, 1977: 27. Notes: Varshney (1977) referred to it as "n. sp.", however the description of 1966a was an available one.
Kerria (Kerria) chamberlini; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Moghania macrophylla [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. Moraceae: Ficus infectoria [Varshn1966b, Varshn1976], Ficus virens [SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Rajasthan [Varshn1966b, Varshn1976]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1977).
SYSTEMATICS: Varshney (1977) referred to it as "n. sp.", however the description of 1966a was an available one.
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 531]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 262]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217,219]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Varshn1966b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 356-357]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-28]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, illustration: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis (Mahdihassan)NOMENCLATURE:
Lakshadia chinensis Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: CHINA (south) and BURMA: host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Kapur, 1958; Varshney, 1976).
Laccifer chinensis; Chamberlin, 1925: 39. Change of combination.
Laccifer longispina Misra, 1930: 161. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Laflong, on Cajanus indicus. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Varshney, 1976: 28. Notes: Varshney (1976: 28) reported that no type material was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working.
Tachardia chinensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.
Tachardia longispina; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.
Laccifer siamensis Takahashi, 1941: 140. Type data: THAILAND: Mt. Sutep, near Chiengmai, on unknown tree. Holotype female. Described: female. Synonymy by Mahdihassan, 1952: 39. Notes: The type was lost, according to information given by R. Takahashi to A.P. Kapur (Kapur, 1958).
Kerria chinensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.
Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination and rank.
COMMON NAME: Chinese lac insect [Cardon2007].
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Cajanus cajan [Misra1930, SharmaBhSu1999]. Sapindaceae: Schleichera [SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Bhutan [Varshn1976]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Varshn1976]; India (Assam [Misra1930, Varshn1976], West Bengal [Varshn1976]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Varshn1997]; Nepal [Varshn1976]; Thailand [Takaha1941]; Vietnam [Varshn1997]. Palaearctic: China (Xizang (=Tibet) [Varshn1976]).
BIOLOGY: The phylogenetic relationships among seven species of lac insects using a cladistic approach showed that K. chinensis was the earliest diverging member of the group exhibiting similar morphological characters. (Chen, et al., 2011)
GENERAL REMARKS: Chamberlin (1925) noted that it was quite impossible to speculate safely as to the real identity of this species. Varshney (1976, 1984b) regarded it as a distinct sub-species. Varshney (1976) gave a good description and illustration of the adult female, based on material from Thailand, Chiengmai, coll. D.C. Thurman, June 5, 1952 (deposited at USNM).
STRUCTURE: Mahdihassan (1952) reported and described in great detail the oldest specimens of lac in the world, which he identified as belonging to Kerria chinensis. The specimens have been imported in the eight century A.D. from Siam [=Thailand] and are deposited in the "Shso-in" (the Imperial warehouse) at Nara, Japan.
SYSTEMATICS: The original description reads: "Next darkest lac comes from Assam and Indo-China. I feel sure, it is the same insect as found in South China and also in Burma. I therefore propose naming it Lakshadia chinensis. The long spinoid process and the rib-like chitinous extensions of the stigmatic processes should be additional guides in its identification (Mahdihassan, 1923: 98). Kapur (1958) and Varshney (1976) noted that the depository of type material was unknown. However, Varshney (1976) indicated that Mahdihassan informed him (in litt.) that he sent his specimens to the British Museum, London. Varshney inquired at the BMNH about such material and was informed that no information was available in London regarding material submitted by S. Mahdihassan.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Main commercial species used in the lac industry in Thailand. (Chen, et al. 2011)
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [as India]; Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 530]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 262-263]; Cardon2007 [economic importance, host, distribution: 659-660]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 39]; ChenChFe2011 [economic importance, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 1-14]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 15-16, 21]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; LiZhLi1994 [host, distribution, chemistry: 456-459]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 98]; Mahdih1948a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 441-457]; Mahdih1948b [taxonomy: 161-163]; Mahdih1952 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39-43]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-162]; RanjanMaSa2011 [economic importance: 511]; SaharAbMe2010 [economic importance, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 112-120]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1941 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140-141]; Takaha1949 [host: 9, 10]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 116-118]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-30]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, illustration: 28]; Varshn2009 [catakogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) chinensis kydia (Misra)NOMENCLATURE:
Laccifer kydia Misra, 1930: 162. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Silchar, on Kydia calycina. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Varshney (1976: 30) reported that no type material was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working.
Tachardia kydia; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.
Kerria chinensis kydia; Varshney, 1977: 30. Change of combination and rank.
HOST: Malvaceae: Kydia calycina [Misra1930, SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Assam [Misra1930, Kapur1958, Varshn1976]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is very close to Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis, with which it was synonymized by Mahdihassan (1936). Varshney (1976) restored it as a subspecies and gave characters for distinguishing between the two.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 263]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 19]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-163]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-32]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [xatalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) communis (Mahdihassan)NOMENCLATURE:
Lakshadia communis Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka (=Mysore), host plant not specified. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Kapur, 1958).
Laccifer communis; Chamberlin, 1925: 38. Change of combination.
Tachardia communis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.
Kerria (Kerria) communis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Chambe1925JC]. Fabaceae: Albizia lebbek [Chambe1925JC]. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis [Chambe1925JC], Ficus drupacea pubesens [SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus mysorensis [Mahdih1923], Ficus religiosa [Chambe1925JC]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Chambe1925JC]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium litchi [Chambe1925JC]. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma tomentosa [Chambe1925JC].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Mahdih1923]).
GENERAL REMARKS: In the BMNH collection is deposited one slides (3 specimens) labelled "Tachardia communis, Ficus mysorensis, India, Bangalore, ex-coll. Mahdihassan"; (Jon Martin, The Natural History Museum, London, February 24, 1999, in letter to Yair Ben-Dov). Chamberlin (1925) suggested that this "species" (quotation marks by Chamberlin) is probably a synonym of Kerria lacca, although perhaps forming a distinct race. Varshney (1976) regarded it as "sp. inquirenda".
SYSTEMATICS: The original description reads: "The darkest lac almost garnet-coloured or ruby-coloured variety, comes from F. mysorensis. It is also found in Hyderabad on F. benghalensis and also to a lesser extent on F. religiosa. In Bombay I found the same species on Albizia lebbek in December 1916. My friend Mr. Swaminathan, of the National University, Adyar, sent me specimens of lac, found on F. benjamina in the Botanical gardens, Madras, which again belongs to this insect. It might be the same species, which also occurs more or less rarely in Indo-China and in the Philippines. Considering its wide distribution with regard to host-plants and geography, I propose calling it Lakshadia communis." (Mahdihassan, 1923).
KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 263-264]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 218-223]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38-39]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 16-17]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, distribution: 98-99]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 32-33]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) ebrachiata (Chamberlin)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia ebrachiata Chamberlin, 1923: 170. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Manbhum district, on unknown host plant. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Notes: Chamberlin (1923) supposed that the host plant was "manbhum", but Kapur (1958) clarified that Manbhum is the name of a district.
Laccifer ebrachiatus; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination.
Laccifer (Tachardia) ebrachiata; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 66. Change of combination.
Laccifer brachiata; Takahashi, 1949: 9. Misspelling of species name.
Kerria ebrachiata; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.
Kerria (Kerria) ebrachiata; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
Kerria ebracheata; Sharma et al., 1999: 116. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus elastica [Chambe1925JC]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Varshn1976], Ziziphus mauritiana [SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Chambe1923] (Bihar [Ali1967a], Karnataka [Chambe1925JC, Kapur1958]); Pakistan [Varshn1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923, 1925).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 530]; Ali1967a [host, distribution: 41]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 264]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 17]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy: 66]; SharmaBhSu1999 [taxonomy, host: 116]; Takaha1949 [taxonomy: 9]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 33-34]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) fici fici (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia fici Green, 1903a: 97. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Monghyr, on Ficus religiosa and F. benghalensis. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Tachardia (Tachardia) fici; Chamberlin, 1923: 168. Change of combination.
Lakshadia ficii; Mahdihassan, 1923: 57. Change of combination.
Laccifer fici; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination.
Laccifer (Tachardia) fici; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 66. Change of combination.
Kerria fici; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.
Kerria (Kerria) fici fici; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination and rank.
HOSTS: Bombacaceae: Adansonia digitata [MishraBhSu1998]. Fabaceae: Butea frondosa [Ali1967a, Varshn1976], Butea monosperma [SharmaBhSu1999], Peltophorum inermis [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999], Samanea saman [Varshn1976], Samanea saman [SharmaBhSu1999]. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis [Ali1967a, SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus carica [SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus lacor [Varshn1976], Ficus lucescens [SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus religiosa [Ali1967a, SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus rumphii [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus mauritiana [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Ali1967a, MishraBhSu1998], Rajasthan [Varshn1976], Tamil Nadu [Varshn1976], Uttar Pradesh [Varshn1976], West Bengal [Varshn1976]); Pakistan [Varshn1997]; Thailand [Varshn1976]. Palaearctic: China [Varshn1976].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976, 2005).
STRUCTURE: Test of mature female subglobular in isolated examples, often with supplementary globules of lac attached to the surface. Even where the insects are crowded together and the tests have become confluent, the original form can be roughly distinguished. Colour bright fulvous or castaneous. Apex pierced with the usual three apertures, the two stigmatic apertures closer together than their distance from the anal orifice: the anal aperture the largest surrounded by a prominent rim; the stigmatic apertures small and slightly sunk, usually blocked by white pulverulent wax (Green, 1903a).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 531]; Ali1967a [host, distribution: 41]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 265]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-169]; ChenChFe2011 [distribution, taxonomy: 1-14]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Green1903a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-99]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 17]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 57, 99]; MishraBhSu1998 [host, distribution, economic importance: 2,49]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy: 66]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 115-118]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-37]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 145-146]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) fici jhansiensis (Misra)NOMENCLATURE:
Laccifer jhansiensis Misra, 1930: 164. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Jhansi, on Ziziphus jujuba. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Varshney (1976: 37) reported that no type material of this species was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working.
Tachardia jhangensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Misspelling of species name.
Kerria jhansiensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.
Kerria fici jhansiensis; Varshney, 1977: 37. Change of combination.
Kerria (Kerria) fici jhansiensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Misra1930], Ziziphus mauritiana [SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Uttar Pradesh [Misra1930]).
GENERAL REMARKS: This species is known so far only from the original description.
KEYS: Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 265-266]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 18]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 10]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37-38]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) indicola (Kapur)NOMENCLATURE:
Laccifer indica Misra, 1930: 164. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Jamunia, on Ziziphus jujuba. Syntypes. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Lakshadia indica Mahdihassan, 1923. Notes: Varshney (1976: 30) reported that no type material of the species described by Misra, was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working.
Tachardia indica; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.
Laccifer indicola Kapur, 1958: 18. Replacement name for Laccifer indica Misra.
Kerria (Kerria) indicola; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Misra1930], Ziziphus mauritiana [Ali1967a, SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Misra1930, Ali1967a]).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]; Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 531]; Ali1967a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 266]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 18]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 10]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39-40]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua (Misra)NOMENCLATURE:
Laccifer ambigua Misra, 1930: 163. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Guna, Jhansi, on "Jheolia" [a botanical or vernacular name of unknown plant (Kapur, 1958)]. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Varshney (1976: 30) reported that no type material of the species described by Misra, was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working.
Tachardia ambigua; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.
Kerria ambigua; Varshney, 1966: 177. Change of combination.
Kerria lacca ambigua; Varshney, 1977: 43. Change of combination.
Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambiqua; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Not traceable: "jheolia" [Varshn1966, Misra1930, SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Uttar Pradesh [Misra1930, Varshn1976]).
BIOLOGY: Misra (1930) reported this species from "Jheolia", a vernacular name that was not verified by Kapur (1958) and by Varshney (1976).
GENERAL REMARKS: Takahashi (1949) regarded this species as a form or subspecies of Kerria lacca. Varshney (1976) gave a table of taxonomic characters to distinguish between Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca, Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua and Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis.
KEYS: Varshney 1976: 72 (female) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca]; Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 266]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 14]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-164]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 9, 11]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 177]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 43-46]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca (Kerr)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus gummilaccae Goeze, 1778: 342. Nomen nudum; discovered by Lindinger, 1933b: 228.
Coccus lacca Kerr, 1782: 374. Type data: INDIA: uncultivated mountains on both sides of the Ganges. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female and first instar. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Varshney, 1976).
Coccus ficus Fabricius, 1787: 319. Type data: INDIA: on Ficus religiosa and Indica gummi. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869: 859. Notes: Type material lost (Ziemsen, 1964).
Chermes lacca; Roxburgh, 1791: 228. Change of combination.
Carteria lacca; Signoret, 1874: 102. Change of combination.
Kerria lacca; Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 410. Change of combination.
Tachardia lacca; Signoret, 1886c: lxii. Change of combination.
Tachardia (Tachardia) lacca; Chamberlin, 1923: 170. Change of combination.
Lakshadia indica Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Unjustified replacement name for Coccus lacca Kerr.
Laccifer lacca; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination.
Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination and rank.
COMMON NAMES: common lac insect [Varshn1976]; Indian lac insect [Cardon2007]; lac insect [Kapur1958, Varshn1976].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia [Hadzib1983], Coccophagus tschirchii Mahdihassan [Hadzib1983, SharmaJaBh1997], Marietta javanensis How. [Hadzib1983]. Braconidae: Bracon greeni Ashmead [SharmaJaBh1997]. Encyrtidae: Erencyrtus dewitzi [SharmaJaBh1997], Ooencyrtus kerriae Hayat [HayatNaRe2003], Parechtrodryinus clavicornis (Cam.) [SharmaJaBh1997]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus bangaloricus Hayat [HayatNaRe2003], Tachardiaephagus tachardiae (Howard) [Hadzib1983, SharmaJaBh1997], Tetrastichus purpureus (Cam.) [Hadzib1983, SharmaJaBh1997]. Eupelmidae: Eupelmus tachardiae [Hadzib1983, SharmaJaBh1997]. LEPIDOPTERA Blastobasidae: Holocera pulverea Mayr. [Hadzib1983], Pseudohypatopa pulverea (Meyr) [BhattaNaSe1998]. Gelechiidae: Lacciferophaga yunnanea Zagu. [Hadzib1983]. Noctuidae: Eublema amabilis Moore [Hadzib1983, Cock1985], Eublema scitula Rambr. [Hadzib1983]. Tineidae: Nemapogon granellus L. [Hadzib1983]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa madestes [MishraSuSh1996]. PULMONATA Planorbidae: Anisus [Hadzib1983].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [SubbarRa1997]. Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Carter1861, SubbarRa1997], Polyalthia longifolia [SubbarRa1997]. Apocynaceae: Thevetia peruviana [Sharma1997]. Betulaceae: Corylus avenae [Hadzib1983]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [Sharma1991, SharmaRa1997]. Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea assamica [SubbarRa1997], Shorea robusta [SubbarRa1997], Shorea roxburghii [SubbarRa1997]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Hadzib1983]. Erythroxylaceae: Erythroxylon timeheri [Cocker1893r]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton oblongifolius [SubbarRa1997], Ricinus communis [SubbarRa1997]. Fabaceae: Acacia auriculaeformis [SubbarRa1997], Acacia catechu [Takaha1941, SubbarRa1997], Acacia farnesiana [SubbarRa1997], Acacia nilotica indica [SubbarRa1997], Albizia [Takaha1941], Albizia julibrissin [Hadzib1983], Albizia lebbek [SubbarRa1997], Albizia lucida [SubbarRa1997], Atylosia mollis [SubbarRa1997], Butea frondosa [Takaha1941], Butea monosperma [SubbarRa1997, SequeiBe1998, SharmaBhSu1999], Cajanus cajan [Takaha1941, SubbarRa1997], Cajanus indicus [Hadzib1983], Dalbergia latifolia [SubbarRa1997], Dalbergia siemaoensis [SubbarRa1997], Dalbergia sisso [SubbarRa1997], Desmodium pulchellum [SubbarRa1997], Desmodium tortuosum [SubbarRa1997], Eriolaena spectabilis [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia chappar [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia macrophylla [SubbarRa1997, SharmaBhSu1999], Flemingia paniculata [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia semialata [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia spectabilis [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia stricta [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia strobilifera [SubbarRa1997], Millettia extensa [SubbarRa1997], Mimosa pudica [SubbarRa1997], Ougenia dalbergioides [SubbarRa1997], Pithecellobium dulce [Takaha1941, JalaluMoSa1999], Pongamia pinnata [SubbarRa1997], Samanea saman [Takaha1941, SubbarRa1997], Tamarindus indica [SubbarRa1997]. Juglandaceae: Carya pecan [Hadzib1983], Pterocarya pterocarpa [Hadzib1983]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus syriacus [SubbarRa1997]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [SubbarRa1997]. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis [SubbarRa1997, SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus carica [Hadzib1983], Ficus lacor [SubbarRa1997], Ficus racemosa [SubbarRa1997], Ficus religiosa [SubbarRa1997, SharmaBhSu1999]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [SubbarRa1997]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [SubbarRa1997]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Miller1937NCE], Ziziphus mauritiana [SubbarRa1997, SequeiBe1998, SharmaBhSu1999, Varshn2000], Ziziphus oenoplia [SubbarRa1997], Ziziphus xylopyra [SubbarRa1997]. Rosaceae: Rosa chinensis [SubbarRa1997]. Rutaceae: Citrus paradisi [Glover1935]. Salicaceae: Salix babilonica [Hadzib1983], Salix matsudana [Hadzib1983]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [SubbarRa1997], Litchi chinensis [HsiehHw1983], Schleichera oleosa [SubbarRa1997, SequeiBe1998, SharmaBhSu1999]. Tiliaceae: Grewia hirsuta [SubbarRa1997], Grewia tiliaefolia [SubbarRa1997], Tilia caucasica [Hadzib1983]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [SubbarRa1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Cocker1893r]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Varshn1976]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Varshn1976]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India (Andhra Pradesh [Varshn1976], Bihar [Varshn1976], Gujarat [Varshn2000], Karnataka [Varshn1976], Madhya Pradesh [RanjanMaSa2011], Maharashtra [RanjanMaSa2011], Tamil Nadu [JalaluMoSa1999], West Bengal [Varshn1976]); Malaysia [Varshn1997]; Nepal [Varshn1976]; Pakistan [Varshn1976]; Sri Lanka [Varshn1976]; Taiwan [HsiehHw1983]. Palaearctic: Azerbaijan [Hadzib1983]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1983, Varshn1997]).
BIOLOGY: In India, there are two varieties, commonly called 'strains', of K. lacca, the Rangeeni strain and the Kusumi strain. Each strain is specific to particular host trees, has a different life cycle and produces different body extracts. However, morphologically these strains could not be separated into different species (Varshney, 1976; Sequeira & Bezkorowajnyj, 1998). Sharma (1991) and Sharma & Ramani (1997) found the pumpkin, Cucurbita moschata a suitable host for laboratory rearing of the two strains Kerria lacca f. rangeeni and Kerria lacca f. kusumi. The development period was shorter than on natural host plants. The pumpkin-developing insects produced about 30% less lac, and the rate of males increased significantly. The strains, Rangeeni and Kusumi, hybridize freely under laboratory conditions, thereby producing viable progeny. Premating barriers, such as differences in host preference and asynchrony in sexual-maturity periods, due to differences in life-cycle patterns, prevent interbreeding under natural conditions. (Ranjan, et al., 2011) The males of the lac scale, Kerria lacca (Kerr) (= Laccifer lacca) (Hemiptera, Coccidae) live for 62 to 91 h. (Mendel, et al., 2012)
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923), Varshney (1976) and by Gullan & Kondo (2008). Varshney (1976) gave a table of taxonomic characters to distinguish between Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca, Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua and Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis. Description and illustration of the first, second and third instar nymphs given by Hadzibejli (1983).
STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999). Misra (1930a) gave a detailed account on the post-embryonic development, including life cycle, form of the body, migration of spiracles, wax secretion, lac glands, muscular system and nervous system. Takahashi (1941) illustrated the remarkable variation, from flat elongate to almost globular, in the body shape of the adult female. The adult female of this species possesses a pair of long, slender and beaded malpighian tubes, which open by a common ampulla into the alimentary canal. Chromatographic analysis showed a positive relationship between the aqueous solution of lac dye and the malpighian tubes. Varshney & Ganguli (1972) presumed that the tubes absorb the lac-dye from body fluid together with other excretory matter and water. However, Varshney & Ganguli (1972) noted that the dye is not excreted, but stored in the tubes, as the honeydew drops are colourless. fructose, sucrose and an unidentified oligosaccharide. Varshney & Srivastava (1989) analysed the amino acids and carbohydrate constituents of the Kerria lacca f. rangeeni developing on Moghania macrophylla in India, and correlated them with the developmental stages and the annual generations of the insect. Detailed electron microscopic phographs of the mouthparts of K. lacca and their importance in location of feeding sites. Observed were a modified clypeolabral shield which is not used for piercing and sucking, and segmented labium, ultrastructure of mandibular and maxillary stylets, and the presence of sensilla which may have a role in feeding site selection. (Ahmad, et al., 2012) Detailed electron microscopic photographs of the first instar nymph in Admad, et al., (2013a) Ahmad, et al, 2013a, found that differentiation of the first-instar nymphs of K. lacca from those of P. mahdihassani could be based on the differences in shape of the 6th antennal segment, antennal and labial sensilla, brachial bordering setae, brachial pores, anal ring and associated structures is possible. These also provide an identification of the antennal sensilla based on external morphology, which were earlier known as setae, and also with their arrangement. Two sensilla chaetica were observed on 6th antennal segment at the apex in K. lacca, whereas they were lacking on P. mahdihassani.
SYSTEMATICS: Varshney (1976) recognized in Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca of India, two infra sub-specific forms, which have been referred to by earlier workers as varieties or strains: 1. Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca f. rangeeni which grows on Ficus spp., Butea monosperma and many other host plants, but not on Schleichera oleosa. The summer generation of this form lasts about 8 months, from October-November to June-July, is called the Baisakhi lac crop. The rainy season generation lasts about 4 months, from June-July to October-November, is called the Katki lac crop. The rangeeni is the major form found in India, though the quality of the lac produced by it is inferior. 1. Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca f. kusumi which grows on Schleichera oleosa and some other host plants but not on Ficus spp. and not on Butea monosperma. The life cycle of both generations is about 6 months. The summer generation from January-February to June-July, is called the Jethwi lac crop. The winter generation from June-July to January-February, is called the Aghani lac crop. The kusumi is the minor form found in India, but the quality of the lac produced by it is superior to that of the rangeeni form. Varshney (1976) reported on differences between the two forms in their body extracts, and in chromatographic and ultra-violet analyses.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Varshney (1970) published a bibliography of about 3000 references on all aspects of Lac insect studies - taxonomy, cultivation, natural enemies and economic importance. Miller (1937) presented a detailed account on attempts (1933-1937) to introduce Kerria lacca into Malaya from India, for commercial lac production. The attempts were abortive, and it was concluded that climatic conditions and other circumstances were wholly unsuitable in Malaya for lac propagation. Takahashi (1941) reported that "the lac cultivation is one of the outstanding industries in Siam [=Thailand]". Sequeira & Bezkorowajnyj (1998) gave a detailed account on the economy of lac production in India. Sharma (1991) and Sharma & Ramani (1997) found the pumpkin, Cucurbita moschata a suitable host for laboratory rearing of the two strains Kerria lacca f. rangeeni and Kerria lacca f. kusumi. The development period was shorter than on natural host plants. The pumpkin-developing insects produced about 30% less lac, and the rate of males increased significantly. The species was introduced into and became established in the Black sea coast of Georgia and Caspian Sea Coast of Azerbaijan (Kachibaya, 1965; Hadzibejli, 1983). Hsieh & Hwang (1983) reported on experiments on chemical control of this species on litchi in Taiwan.
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]; Varshney 1976: 72 (female) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca].
CITATIONS: AAEE1925 [ah]; AhmadKaRa2012 [description, physiology: 435-441]; AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 530]; Ali1967a [host, distribution: 41-42]; BahuguSh2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 63-70]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 267-271]; BenDovLi1998 [taxonomy: 455-456]; BhattaChMi1994 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 69-71]; BhattaJaMi1995 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 15-18]; BhattaJaMi1999 [life history, ecology: 62-63]; BhattaJaSh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 365-369]; BhattaMiCh1996 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 75-76]; BhattaMiNa1995 [life history, behaviour: 205-206]; BhattaMiSh1999 [chemical control: 59-61]; BhattaMiSu2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 301-303]; BhattaNaSe1998 [biological control: 83-87]; BhattaShSu1996 [biological control, host, distribution: 57-58]; BhattaSuJa2000 [biological control: 155]; BhattaSuMi1998 [behaviour, biological control: 15-16]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy, description, illustration, economic importance, chemistry: 248-262]; Bohmer2000 [chemistry, economic importance: 57-60]; Cardon1999a [economic importance, chemistry: 18-29]; Cardon2007 [economic importance, host, distribution: 656-659]; Carter1861 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-10]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-172]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 33, 37]; Chauha1970b [structure, chromosomes: 341-344]; Chauha1977 [structure, chromosomes: 155-159]; ChauhaMi1970 [behaviour, life history: 102-103]; ChauhaMi1970a [life history, behaviour: 390-392]; ChenChFe2011 [distribution, economic importance, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 1-14]; ChenChLi2004 [host, distribution, ecology, life history: 159-166]; ChenChLi2004a [chemistry: 362-367]; ChenHo1994 [host, distribution, economic importance: 69-73]; ChenXuCh2003 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 411-417]; ChiuChCh1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 9-11]; Chou1986 [illustration, structure, anatomy: 441]; Cock1985 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control : 213-223]; Cocker1893r [taxonomy: 181]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; ColombBoGa2003 [chemistry, economic importance: 357-364]; Comsto1882 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-211]; CruzHeGaRo2003 [chemistry: 37-45]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fabric1787 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 319]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124-125]; Ferrie1928 [biological control: 171-176]; Ferrie1935 [biological control: 391-406]; Ghorai1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 1-167]; Glover1930 [life history, taxonomy, anatomy, biological control, economic importance: 261-266]; Glover1932 [life history, ecology, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-18]; Glover1933 [economic importance, host, distribution: 1-23]; Glover1935 [host, distribution, economic importance: 151-153]; Glover1937 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-147]; Goeze1778 [taxonomy: 342]; GullanKo2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-70]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-163]; HayatNaRe2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 309-334]; HeShDe2003 [host, distribution, life history: 604-609]; HsiehHw1983 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 31-40]; Huffak1977 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 329-339]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; JaiswaShAg1998 [biological control: 81-86]; JaiswaShAg1999 [biological control: 106-110]; JaiswaShBh1996 [life history, behaviour, chemistry: 349-353]; JaiswaShSu1998 [economic importance, biological control: 133-136]; JalaluMoSa1999 [host, distribution: 161]; KapoorPu2002 [chemistry, economic importance: 8-14]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 19-21]; Kerr1782 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-381]; KondoGu2011 [host, illustration, taxonomy: 347-350]; KondoGu2011 [taxonomy: 347-348]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 454]; KozielSa2001 [distribution: 1-5]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 268]; LiHoLi1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 519-524]; LiHu1994 [host, distribution, life history: 224-226]; Lin2002 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 121-127]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; LinSu2001 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 65-67]; Lit2002 [taxonomy, structure: 25-38]; Lit2002a [structure: 122-136]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy, structure: 119-126]; LiZhLi1994 [host, distribution, chemistry: 456-459]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 98]; Mahdih1961 [structure, anatomy: 115-126]; Mahdih1963 [life history, structure, anatomy: 423-435]; MehandRaSh1968 [chemistry: 2231-2234]; MendelPrJa2012 [behaviour: 390]; Miller1937NCE [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 1-21]; MishraBh1995 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 6-8]; MishraBhNa1996 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 189-190]; MishraBhSi1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 28-29]; MishraBhSi1996 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 54-55]; MishraBhSu1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 351-355]; MishraBhSu1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 291-293]; MishraNaBh1995 [host, distribution, control: 14-15]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217,219]; MishraSuBh1995 [economic importance: 28-29]; MishraSuBh1998 [taxonomy: 171-172]; MishraSuBh2000 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 121-124]; MishraSuCh2000 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 343-348]; MishraSuCh2000 [life history, economic importance, host: 343-348]; MishraSuKu2000 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 19-26]; MishraSuSh1996 [chemical control, biological control: 17-20]; Misra1923 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, biological control, chemistry: 1-83]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Misra1930a [life history, structure, anatomy: 455-466]; NegiMiGu1930 [host, distribution, life history: 182-188]; NegiMiGu1930 [host, distribution, life history: 182-188]; NiranjPaKu2006 [economic importance: 35-37]; Olivie1791 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96]; PrasadJaKu2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 54-58]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; RamaniSh1991 [life history, economic importance: 47-53]; RamaniSh1995 [economic importance: 19-20]; RanjanMaSa2011 [molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 511-519]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Roxbur1791 [taxonomy, life history, economic importance: 228-235]; SahaJaSi2000 [life history, economic importance, ecology, host, distribution: 125-132]; SahaRaMa2011 [economic importance, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 112-120]; SequeiBe1998 [economic importance, life history, chemistry, host: 225-234]; Sharma1991 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 544-545]; Sharma1997 [host, distribution: 29]; SharmaBhSu1999 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 115-118]; SharmaJaBh1997 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 17-22]; SharmaJaKu1999 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 95-99]; SharmaJaKu2000 [biological control: 156]; SharmaJaKu2001 [biological control: 369-371]; SharmaKuKu2005 [distribution, ecology, economic importance: 95-96]; SharmaRa1997 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 169-174]; SharmaRa2001 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 456-459]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 853, 859]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 102-105]; Signor1877 [catalogue: 649, 668]; Signor1886c [taxonomy: lxii]; SinghMiKu2001 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 166-170]; SinghMiSu2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 490-493]; Speigh2001 [distribution: 1-5]; Srivas1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 83-91]; SrivasKuMi1998 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 1,9-12]; SrivasKuSa2002 [life history, chemistry: 3250328]; SubbarRa1997 [host, distribution: 187-192]; SunLiCh2003 [host, distribution: 129-132]; SushilBhJa2002 [biological control: 100-101]; SushilBhMi2000 [biological control, host: 152-154]; SushilMiBh1997 [chemical control, biological control: 39-41]; SushilMiBh1999 [biological control: 365-368]; Takaha1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 139-140]; Takaha1949 [host, distribution: 8-11]; Tanaka1997 [chemistry: 373-380]; TandonBaJa2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-354]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Targio1884 [taxonomy: 410]; ThakurJaSh2006 [host, distribution, economic importance: 79-82]; ThamasGu2003 [host, distribution, life history: 77-79]; Thomas2003 [host, distribution, economic importance: 24-27]; TulsyaBo1970 [structure: 99-106]; Varshn1970 [taxonomy: i-v]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-43]; Varshn1978 [chemistry, physiology: 95-98]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 367-368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2000 [host, distribution: 27]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; VarshnGa1972 [structure, anatomy: 195-201]; VarshnSr1989 [taxonomy, chemistry, life history: 380-382]; WadaKoAo2005 [chemistry: 2097-2106]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1081]; Waller1986 [chemistry: 145-155]; WenLuHa2002 [host, distribution: 56-64]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 22,28]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7-8,45]; WouterVe1989a [chemistry: 189-200]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; YangLiSu2005 [host, distribution, economic importance: 204-208]; YangZhCa1998 [host, distribution, ecology: 647-651]; ZhouLiZh2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 55-57].
Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis (Mahdihassan)NOMENCLATURE:
Lakshadia mysorensis Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, on Shorea talura, let. S. Mahdihassan, Nov. 1922, No. 1st 9/14/23. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Varshney, 1976: 46. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Laccifer mysorensis; Chamberlin, 1925: 38. Change of combination.
Tachardia mysorensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.
Kerria mysorensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.
Laccifer mysorensia; Ali, 1970: 67. Misspelling of species name.
Kerria lacca mysorensis; Varshney, 1977: 46. Change of status.
Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: Mysore lac insect [Varshn1976]; mysore lac insect [Varshn1976]; trivoltine lac insect [Varshn1976].
HOSTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea roxburghii [SharmaBhSu1999], Shorea talura [Chambe1925JC, Varshn1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Kapur1958]).
BIOLOGY: This subspecies was reported to develop 3 generations, in 12-13 months, in South India on Shorea talura. However, the same subspecies developed 2 generations, in 12 months, in Bihar, India on Shorea talura (Varshney, 1976).
GENERAL REMARKS: In the BMNH collection are deposited two slides (6 specimens) labelled "Tachardia mysorensis, Shorea talura, India, Bangalore, ex-coll. Mahdihassan"; (Jon Martin, The Natural History Museum, London, February 24, 1999, in letter to Yair Ben-Dov). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976). Varshney (1976) gave a table of taxonomic characters to distinguish between Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca, Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua and Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis.
SYSTEMATICS: The original description reads: "The next darkest lac is the product of the Mysore lac insect. It is the smallest commercial lac insect in India. It is the only trivoltine insect of its kind. It is to be called Lakshadia mysorensis" (Mahdihassan, 1923).
KEYS: Varshney 1976: 72 (female) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca].
CITATIONS: Ali1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 271-272]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 38]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 22]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, distribution: 98]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-48]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) lacca takahashii VarshneyNOMENCLATURE:
Kerria lacca takahashii Varshney, 1974: 23. Nomen nudum; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 70.
Kerria lacca takahashii Varshney, 1977: 70. Type data: THAILAND: Chieng-Mai, from "old lac samples of Siam lac", Coll. R.K. Varshney, 1966. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Described: female. Illust.
Kerria (Kerria) lacca takahashii; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Varshn1976].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976).
KEYS: Varshney 1976: 72 (female) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca.].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 272]; Varshn1974 [taxonomy: 23]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-72, 90]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) mengdingensis Zhang, Z.S.NOMENCLATURE:
Kerria (Kerria) mengdingensis Zhang, Z.S., 1993a: 276. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Mengding of gengma-hsien, on Ficus benjamina and Ficus lacor, host plant of holotype not indicated, 3.V.1965, Coll. Zhang Z. S. Holotype female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China.. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Zhang1993a], Ficus lacor [Zhang1993a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Zhang1993a]). Palaearctic: China [Varshn1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zhang (1993a).
STRUCTURE: Isolated resinous test of adult female globose or approximately hemispherical; surface smooth or granulose, diameter of test 6-8 mm; colour orange brown. Male pupal resinous test cigar-like; length 2.7-3.3 mm, width 0.7-0.9 mm, color reddish yellow. Adult male and female normally uniform orange or yellow but a variety with rich crimson color in all stages is seen (Zhang, 1993a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 272]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 276-277, 284-285].
Kerria (Kerria) nagoliensis (Mahdihassan)NOMENCLATURE:
Lakshadia nagoliensis Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: INDIA: Madhya Pradesh, Raipur and Sohagpur, on Schleichera trijuga. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Kapur, 1958).
Laccifer nagoliensis; Chamberlin, 1925: 37. Change of combination.
Tachardia nagoliensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.
Kerria nagoliensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.
Kerria (Kerria) nagoliensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: Nagoli lac [Varshn1976]; nagoli lac [Varshn1976]; Schleichera trijuga lac [Varshn1976].
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia auriculaeformis [MishraKuSu1999], Acacia catechu [MishraKuSu1999], Acacia farnesiana [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999], Flemingia macrophylla [MishraKuSu1999]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus mauritiana [MishraKuSu1999]. Sapindaceae: Schleichera oleosa [SharmaBhSu1999], Schleichera trijuga [Mahdih1923, Kapur1958, Varshn1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Madhya Pradesh [Mahdih1923, Varshn1976, Varshn1984b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Chamberlin (1925) suggested that this species is probably a synonym of Kerria Kerria lacca lacca. Varshney (1976) regarded it as "sp. inquirenda".
SYSTEMATICS: The original description (Mahdihassan, 1923, p. 98) of this species reads "... on S. trijuga. This insect exudes a thick layer of resin and has very strongly developed stigmatic processes and a spinoid process."
KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 272-273]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 37]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 22]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 98]; MishraKuSu1999 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 130-131]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 48-49]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) nepalensis VarshneyNOMENCLATURE:
Kerria nepalensis Varshney, 1973: 12. Nomen nudum; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 49.
Kerria nepalensis Varshney, 1977: 49. Type data: INDIA: North Bihar, Valmikinagar, Indo-Nepal border, on Litchi chinensis, coll. R.K. Varshney, 31.12.1968. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Described: female. Illust.
Kerria (Kerria) nepalensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
HOST: Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Varshn1976]); Nepal [Varshn1976].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 530]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 273]; ChenChFe2011 [molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 2-14]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Varshn1973 [taxonomy: 12]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, illustration: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) pusana (Misra)NOMENCLATURE:
Laccifer pusana Misra, 1930: 163. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Pusa, on Ziziphus jujuba and Butea frondosa. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Varshney (1976: 52) reported that no type material was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working.
Tachardia pusana; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.
Kerria (Kerria) pusana; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Butea frondosa [Misra1930], Butea monosperma [SharmaBhSu1999]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Misra1930], Ziziphus mauritiana [SharmaBhSu1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Misra1930, Varshn1976]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Misra (1930) and by Varshney (1976).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]; Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 531]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 273]; ChenChFe2011 [molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 2-14]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 19]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51-53]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) ruralis (Wang, Yao, Teiu & Liang)NOMENCLATURE:
Laccifer ruralis Wang, Yao, Teiu & Liang, 1982: 53. Type data: China: Yunnan Province, on branches of Mallotus philippinensis, June 10, 1969. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.
Kerria (Kerria) ruralis; Varshney, 1997: 28. Change of combination.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus philippinensis [WangYaTe1982].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [WangYaTe1982]).
BIOLOGY: Bi-voltine, summer (March-July) and winter (August-the next March). (Chen, et al., 2011)
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wang et al. (1982).
STRUCTURE: Two body color types, i.e. red and yellow. The ratio of red:yellow is about 12:1. (Chen, et al., 2011)
SYSTEMATICS: Kerria ruralis was genetically closely related to K. yunnanensis, but relatively far from K. lacca. (Chen, et al., 2011)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: K. ruralis and K. lacca, are the main commercial lac species in India. (Chem, et al., 2011)
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 273-274]; ChenChFe2011 [distribution, economic importance, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 1-14]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; WangYaTe1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-57].
Kerria (Kerria) sharda Mishra & SushilNOMENCLATURE:
Kerria (Kerria) sharda Mishra & Sushil, 2000: 217. Type data: INDIA: Orissa, Sarat, on Schleichera oleosa; collected 10.vii.1997. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India; type no. LR5331. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Sapindaceae: Schleichera oleosa [MishraSu2000].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Odisha [MishraSu2000]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mishra & Sushil (2000).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 531]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 274]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-220]; RanjanMaSa2011 [economic importance: 511]; SahaRaMa2011 [economic importance, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 112-120]; Varshn2003 [taxonomy: 22-23]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Kerria (Kerria) sindica (Mahdihassan)NOMENCLATURE:
Lakshadia sindica Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: PAKISTAN: Sind, near Hyderabad, on Acacia arabica, Nov. 1922; let S. Mahdihassan, Sept. 14, 1923host plant not indicated. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Varshney, 1976: 73. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Laccifer sindica; Chamberlin, 1925: 37. Change of combination.
Tachardia sindica; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.
Kerria sindica; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.
Lakashadia sindica; Ali, 1970: 68. Misspelling of genus name.
Kerria (Kerria) sindica; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia arabica [Kapur1958, Varshn1976], Albizia lebbek [Varshn1976]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Varshn1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Kapur1958, Varshn1976].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976).
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [taxonomy: 531]; Ali1970 [taxonomy: 68]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 274]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 37-38]; ChenChFe2011 [molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 2-14]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 23]; LiHu1994 [host, distribution, life history: 224-226]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; LiYaWa1991 [host, distribution, chemistry: 555-559]; LiZhLi1994 [host, distribution, chemistry: 456-459]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, description: 98]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-74]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; YanLiWa1992 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, economic importance: 71-77].
Kerria (Kerria) yunnanensis Ou & HongNOMENCLATURE:
Kerria (Kerria) yunnanensis Ou & Hong, 1990: 15. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Jingdong, on Dalbergia obtusifolia, May 4, 1987. Holotype female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China.. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Dalbergia obtusifolia [OuHo1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [OuHo1990]).
BIOLOGY: Bi-voltine, summer (May-October) and winter (October-the next May).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ou & Hong (1990). Redescription in English and illustration in Ahmad, et al., 2013.
SYSTEMATICS: Morphology, cytology, and molecular biology analysis indicated K. yunnanensis and K. ruralis, the two Chinese endemic species, had significant differences from other Kerria species and confirmed that the lac commercial species in China was a different species from K. lacca. Evidence showed the commercial species in China was K. yunnanensis and this species was very different from K. chinensis, the commercial species of Thailand.(Chen, et al., 2011) K. yunnanensis is similar to K. chinensis (Mahdihassan) in having: (i) an elongated large body, (ii) an elongated and hispid supra-anal plate, and (iii) the brachia prominently elevated and tubular; it differs in (character states for K. chinensis in brackets): (i) canellar band absent, (ii) 29-39 ducts in each marginal duct cluster (57-62 ducts), and (iii) number of star pores near mouthparts 2 (2-19). (Ahmad, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Ahmad et al. 2013: 530-531 [Key to the species of Kerria based on adult females]; Ahmad et al. 2013: 451-452 (female) [An updated key to adult female Kerria species from India.].
CITATIONS: AhmadShRa2013 [description, distribution, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 528-531]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 274]; ChenChFe2011 [distribution, economic importance, molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 1-14]; OuHo1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-18]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Lac Anderson nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Lac Anderson, 1790: 359. Nomen nudum. Notes: Morrison & Morrison (1966: 101) presented information about this Nomen Nudum as follows: "In his introductory letter to the Roxburgh 1790 article describing the lac insect, Anderson said: "Mr. Roxburgh's discovery will bring Lac a genus into the class Hemiptera of Linnaeus." There was no obvious use of the binomial system in this presentation." It should be indicated that in the Coccoidea, there is also Lacca Signoret, 1869: 848, a Nomen Nudum which is placed with Ceroplastes in the Coccidae (see Ben-Dov, 1993: 153).
No species found.
Metatachardia ChamberlinNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia (Metatachardia) Chamberlin, 1923: 172. Type species: Tachardia conchiferata Green, by monotypy and original designation.
Metatachardia; Chamberlin, 1925: 39. Change of status.
Metacardia; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1926: 451. Misspelling of genus name.
etatachardia; Varshney, 1984b: 383. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976). Varshney (1984b) provided characters for separating this genus from Kerria.
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2007: 5-6 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1984b: 367 (female) [Oriental region]; Varshney 1976: 14 (female) [Genera of Tachardiinae ]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 278]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 172]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 39]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 23-24]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy: 5-6]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 454]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 190]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 119-120]; Ramakr1926 [taxonomy: 450]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 440]; Takaha1949 [taxonomy: 10-11]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 49]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 75]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy: 15-16]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366,369,383]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy: 273].
Metatachardia conchiferata (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia conchiferata Green, 1922: 407. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kandy, Matale, Jaffna and Tangalla, on Mimosa sp., Annona palustris, Exaecaria agallocha and on Croton lacciferum. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Tachardia (Metatachardia) conchiferata; Chamberlin, 1923: 172. Change of combination.
Lakshadia conchiferata; Mahdihassan, 1923: 53. Change of combination.
Laccifer conchiferatus; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination.
Metatachardia conchiferata; Chamberlin, 1925: 39. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona palustris [Varshn1976]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton lacciferum [Varshn1976], Excoecaria agallocha [Varshn1976]. Fabaceae: Mimosa [Green1922].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1922), Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 275]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-173]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 39]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 407-408]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 23-24]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 53, 49]; Takaha1949 [host: 10]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-78]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Metatachardia fukienensis Zhang, Z.S.NOMENCLATURE:
Metatachardia fukienensis Zhang, Z.S., 1993a: 274. Type data: CHINA: Fukien Province, Nanching, on Litchi chinensis and Mallotus philipensis, host plant of holotype not indicated, 5.VI.1978, Coll. Zhang, Z. S. Holotype female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China.. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus philippinensis [Zhang1993a]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Zhang1993a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Zhang1993a]). Palaearctic: China [Varshn1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zhang (1993a).
STRUCTURE: Similar to that of Metachardia hunanensis, except that the lac is much lighter in colour, being clear reddish orange. Diameter of isolated tests 2.4-3.4 mm. Male pupa resinous test cigar-like; colour reddish yellow, length 2.7-2.8 mm; width 0.7-0.8 mm (Zhang, 1993a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 275-276]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274-276, 282-283].
Metatachardia hunanensis Zhang, Z.S.NOMENCLATURE:
Metatachardia hunanensis Zhang, Z.S., 1993a: 274. Type data: CHINA: Hunan Province, Kiangin hsien, on Mallotus philippinensis, 26.V. 1979, Coll. Zhang, Z. S. Holotype female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China.. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus philippinensis [Zhang1993a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hunan [Zhang1993a]). Palaearctic: China [Varshn1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zhang (1993a).
STRUCTURE: Resinous test of adult females globose or approximately hemispherical, smooth above with six deep depressions above the marginal area, each surrounded by prominent radiating ridges forming a definite and graceful shell-like pattern; colour reddish brown to orange brown, partly due to the colour of the contained insect, the lac being semi-translucent. Diameter of isolated tests 2-3 mm. Male pupa resinous test cigar-like; colour reddish yellow; length 2.5-2.7 mm; width 0.6-0.7 mm (Zhang, 1993a).
SYSTEMATICS:
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 276]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274, 280-281].
Metatachardia myrica TangNOMENCLATURE:
Metatachardia myrica Tang, 1974: 207. Type data: CHINA: Chekiang Province, on Myrica. Holotype female. Described: female.
HOST: Myricaceae: Myrica [Tang1974].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Tang1974]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1974).
CITATIONS: KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 454]; Tang1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-209]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Metatachardia sinensis Zhang, Z.S.NOMENCLATURE:
Metatachardia sinensis Zhang, Z.S., 1993a: 273. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Changyan hsien, on Ficus benjamina, Eriolaena malvacea and Dalbergia spp., host plant of holotype not indicated, 13.VI.1971, Coll. Zhang, Z. S. Holotype female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China.. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Dalbergia [Zhang1993a]. Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Zhang1993a]. Sterculiaceae: Eriolaena malvacea [Zhang1993a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Zhang1993a]). Palaearctic: China [Varshn1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zhang (1993a).
STRUCTURE: Resinous test of adult females globose or approximately hemispherical, smooth above with six deep depressions above the marginal area, each surrounded by prominent radiating ridges forming a definite and graceful shell-like pattern; colour reddish brown to orange brown, partly due to the colour of the contained insects. The lac semi-translucent. Diameter of isolated tests 5-6 mm. Male pupa resinous test cigar-like; colour reddish yellow, length 2.9-3.5 mm; width 0.8-1.0 mm (Zhang, 1993a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 276-277]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273, 278-279].
Metatachardia yunnanensis Zhang, Z.S.NOMENCLATURE:
Metatachardia yunnanensis Zhang, Z.S., 1992aZ: 383. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Changyar hsien, on Ficus benjamina, Eriolaena malvacea and Dalbergia spp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China.. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Dalbergia [Zhang1992aZ]. Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Zhang1992aZ]. Sterculiaceae: Eriolaena malvacea [Zhang1992aZ].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Zhang1992aZ]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zhang (1992aZ).
STRUCTURE: Resinous test of adult females globose or approximately hemispherical, smooth above with six deep depressions above the marginal area, each surrounded by prominent radiating ridges forming a definite and graceful shell-like pattern, colour reddish brown to reddish yellow brown, partly due to the colour of the contained insects, the lac being semi translucent. Diameter of isolated tests 5.5-6.5 mm. Male pupa resinous test cigar-like, colour reddish yellow, length 3.3-3.8 mm, width 0.9-1.1 mm (Zhang, 1992aZ).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 277]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; Zhang1992aZ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383-385].
Paratachardina BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Paratachardina Balachowsky, 1950: 8. Type species: Carteria decorella Maskell, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Kondo & Gullan (2007) revised the genus, with its 8 species. Description and definition given by Balachowsky (1950), Varshney (1976), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Kondo & Gullan (2007). Varshney (1984b) provided characters for separating this genus from related ones.
KEYS: Kondo {et al.} 2011: 142-143 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Kondo & Gullan 2007: 7-8 (female) [Species of the genus Paratachardina]; Kondo & Gullan 2007: 5-6 (female) [Genera of Kerriidae]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992z: 386-387 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1984b: 367 (female) [Oriental region]; Varshney 1976: 55-56 (female) [Species of India]; Balachowsky 1950: 8 (female) [Genera of Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy, description: 8]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 277]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy, description, revision: 1-41]; KondoGu2011 [taxonomy: 345]; KondoGuPe2011 [taxonomy: 141-143]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 454]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy: 119-126]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 147]; SchroePeCo2008 [taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny: 256-266]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 440-441]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description: 54-56, 80]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy: 18]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366, 370-371, 383]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 187]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387].
Paratachardina decorella (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Carteria decorella Maskell, 1893b: 247. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, on Myrica cerifera. Specimens of males and second stage female sent by Mr. Koebele. Adults sent by Mr. Olliff. Lectotype immature, by subsequent designation Kondo & Gullan, 2007: 8. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.
Tachardia decorella; Maskell, 1895b: 70. Change of combination.
Tachardia (Carteria) decorella; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1921a: 340. Change of combination.
Paratachardina decorella; Balachowsky, 1950: 8. Change of combination.
Tachardina decorella; Brimblecombe, 1962: 228. Change of combination.
Paratachardina decorella; Varshney, 1984b: 370. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: native cochineal [Maskel1895a]; native shellac [Maskel1895a].
HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Monotoca elliptica [Frogga1921b]. Juglandaceae: Carya illinoiensis [Brimbl1962]. Myricaceae: Myrica cerifera [Frogga1921b]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia smithii [Frogga1921b, KondoGu2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1895a], Queensland [Brimbl1962], Victoria [Maskel1895a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923) and by Kondo & Gullan (2007).
STRUCTURE: Froggatt (1921b: 28) illustrated the external appearance of the female test.
KEYS: Kondo {et al.} 2011: 142-143 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Kondo & Gullan 2007: 7-8 (female) [Species of Paratachardina].
CITATIONS: AnneckIn1970 [biological control: 227-237]; Balach1950 [taxonomy: 7-9]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 277-278]; Brimbl1962 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 228]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-211]; Cocker1903c [taxonomy: 66]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 56]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124]; Frogga1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1162]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-29]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 36-37]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-11]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 455]; Lit2002 [taxonomy, structure: 25-38]; Lit2002a [structure: 122-136]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy, structure: 119-126]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 247-249]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 70]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 147]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9].
Paratachardina javanensis Kondo & Gullan {in}: Kondo {et al.}NOMENCLATURE:
Paratachardina javanensis Kondo & Gullan {in}: Kondo {et al.}, 2011: 143-146. Type data: INDONESIA: West Java, Cibodas, on Myrica rubra; collected R.W. Pemberton and H. Liu, 26.vi.2007. Holotype female; type no. UCDC. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myricaceae: Myrica rubra [KondoGuPe2011].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [KondoGuPe2011]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Kondo et al 2011.
KEYS: Kondo {et al.} 2011: 142-143 (female) [Species of Paratachardina].
CITATIONS: KondoGuPe2011 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-146].
Paratachardina mahdihassani Kondo & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Paratachardina mahdihassani Kondo & Gullan, 2007: 11. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, Jarakabande State Forest, on Pongamia pinnata; collected S. Schroer & R.W. Pemberton, vii.2006. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Pongamia pinnata [KondoGu2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [KondoGu2007]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Gullan (2007).
STRUCTURE: Detailed electron microscopic photographs of the first instar nymph in Admad, et al., 2013a)
SYSTEMATICS: Ahmad, et al, 2013a, found that differentiation of the first-instar nymphs of K. lacca from those of P. mahdihassani could be based on the differences in shape of the 6th antennal segment, antennal and labial sensilla, brachial bordering setae, brachial pores, anal ring and associated structures is possible. These also provide an identification of the antennal sensilla based on external morphology, which were earlier known as setae, and also with their arrangement. Two sensilla chaetica were observed on 6th antennal segment at the apex in K. lacca, whereas they were lacking on P. mahdihassani.
KEYS: Kondo {et al.} 2011: 142-143 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Kondo & Gullan 2007: 7-8 (female) [Species of Parathachardina].
CITATIONS: KondoGu2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-14]; MangalSuNa2012 [description, distribution, host, ecology: 110-116]; SchroePeCo2008 [taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny, biological control: 256-266]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9].
Paratachardina minuta (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia minuta Morrison, 1920: 179. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Basilan, Isabela, on Mangifera indica; collected S.A. Reyes, xii.1918. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Kondo & Gullan, 2007: 14. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 10102. Described: female. Illust.
Tachardina (Tachardina) minuta; Chamberlin, 1923: 209. Change of combination.
Paratachardina minuta; Varshney & Teotia, 1968: 489. Change of combination.
HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Morris1920, Varshn1976, KondoGu2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines (Mindanao [Morris1920, KondoGu2007]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of the host, mostly on the underside along the midribs (Morrison, 1920).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1920) and by Kondo & Gullan (2007).
STRUCTURE: Test somewhat egg-shaped, broadest behind, but with a constriction on each side about the middle, strongly convex, broadly ribbed laterally, this more pronounced on the anterior portion, posterior dorsal opening oval, located just at the end of the larval exuvium, the anterior pair of openings diagonally slitlike, placed just before the exuvium; maximum length, about 1.5 mm; color dark red-dish to almost black (Morrison, 1920).
KEYS: Kondo {et al.} 2011: 142-143 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Kondo & Gullan 2007: 7-8 (female) [Species of Paratachardina].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 280]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 39]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-17]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-181]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9]; VarshnTe1968 [taxonomy: 489].
Paratachardina mithila VarshneyNOMENCLATURE:
Paratachardina mithila Varshney, 1968: 489. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Shilong, in the gardens of Ward Lake, on Photinia notoniana var. macrophylla. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Described: female. Illust.
Paratachardina mithila; Varshney, 1977: 58. Illust. Notes: Listed again as "n. sp.", however, the description date is 1968.
Paratachardina mithilae; Varshney, 1997: 30. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Rosaceae: Photinia notoniana macrophylla [Varshn1976, KondoGu2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Assam [Varshn1976, KondoGu2007]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Varshney (1976) cited this species again as "sp. nov.", however, Varshney (1984b) concluded that the (1968) description satisfied the requirements for availability of this binomen. Description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976). Description of adult female by Kondo & Gullan (2007).
KEYS: Kondo {et al.} 2011: 142-143 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Kondo & Gullan 2007: 7-8 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Varshney 1976: 56 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: Ali1970 [host, distribution: 69]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 280-281]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17-18]; Varshn1968 [taxonomy, description: 489]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-61]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9].
Paratachardina morobensis Williams & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Paratachardina morobensis Williams & Watson, 1990: 189. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe P., Bulolo, on Casuarina oligodon, coll. J.A. Simpson, 31.iii.1977. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Paratachardina morobensis; Sharma & Ramani, 1999: 441. Notes: Incorrectly cited as "n. sp.".
HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina oligodon [WilliaWa1990, KondoGu2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1990, KondoGu2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990) and by Kondo & Gullan (2007).
KEYS: Knodo {et al.} 2011: 142-143 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Kondo & Gullan 2007: 7-8 (female) [Species of Paratachardina].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 281]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-20]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 441]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-189].
Paratachardina pseudolobata Kondo & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Paratachardina lobata; Pemberton, 2003a: 373-377. Misidentification.
Paratachardina pseudolobata Kondo & Gullan, 2007: 20. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Broward county, Davie, University of Florida Fort Lauderdale Research Education Center, on leaf of Mangifera indica; collected T. Kondo, 20.xi.2002. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Anoplolepis gracilipes [KondoGu2007].
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Ammonoenevrtus carolinensis {Meyer) [Schauf2005].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Graptophyllum pictum [HowardPeHo2006], Justicia brandegeana [HowardPeHo2006], Pachystachys lutea [HowardPeHo2006], Ruellia brittoniana [HowardPeHo2006]. Aceraceae: Acer rubrum [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006]. Anacardiaceae: Annona reticulata [HowardPeHo2006], Mangifera indica [Pember2003a, KondoGu2007], Metopium toxiferum [HowardPeHo2006], Pseudospondias microcarpa [HowardPeHo2006], Rhus copallinum [HowardPeHo2006], Schinus malle [HowardPeHo2006], Schinus terebinthifolius [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Spondias mombin [HowardPeHo2006], Toxicodendron radicans [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006]. Annonaceae: Annona glabra [HowardPeHo2006], Annona muricata [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Annona squamosa [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Cananga odorata [HowardPeHo2006], Nnona cherimola [HowardPeHo2006]. Apocynaceae: Trachelospermum jasminoides [Pember2003a]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex cassine [HowardPeHo2006], Ilex vomitoria [HowardPeHo2006]. Araceae: Phoenix roebelenii [HowardPeHo2006]. Araliaceae: Schefflera elegantissima [HowardPeHo2006], Schefflera getinophylla [HowardPeHo2006]. Arecaceae: Chrysobalanus icaco [KondoGu2007]. Asteraceae: Ambrosia artemisifolia [HowardPeHo2006], Baccharis halimifolia [HowardPeHo2006], Bidens alba [HowardPeHo2006], Flaveria linearis [HowardPeHo2006], Montanoa grandiflora [HowardPeHo2006], Pluchea carolinensis [HowardPeHo2006], Tridax procumbens [HowardPeHo2006], Verbesina virginica [HowardPeHo2006]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [HowardPeHo2006]. Bignoniaceae: Amphitecna latiforia [HowardPeHo2006], Dolichandrone spathacea [HowardPeHo2006], Tecoma capensis [HowardPeHo2006], Tecoma stans [HowardPeHo2006]. Burseraceae: Bursera simaruba [HowardPeHo2006]. Cannabaceae: Celtis timorensis [KondoGu2007]. Capparaceae: Capparis cynophallophora [HowardPeHo2006]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum sp. [HowardPeHo2006]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina cunninghamiana [HowardPeHo2006], Casuarina equisetifolia [HowardPeHo2006]. Celtidaceae: Celtis laevigata [HowardPeHo2006], Trema micrantha [HowardPeHo2006]. Chrysobalanaceae: Licania tomentosa [HowardPeHo2006]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum brasiliense [HowardPeHo2006], Calophyllum calaba [HowardPeHo2006], Calophyllum inophyllum [HowardPeHo2006], Clusia lanceolata [HowardPeHo2006], Clusia rosea [HowardPeHo2006], Garcinia mestonii [HowardPeHo2006], Garcinia prainiana [HowardPeHo2006], Mesua ferrea [HowardPeHo2006], Rheedia acuminata [HowardPeHo2006], Rheedia aristata [Pember2003a], Rheedia edulis [HowardPeHo2006], Rheedia marcophylla [HowardPeHo2006]. Combretaceae: Bucida bucceras [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Bucida spinosa [HowardPeHo2006], Combretum acuminatum [KondoGu2007], Combretum obovatum [HowardPeHo2006], Conocarpus erectus [HowardPeHo2006], Eombretum aubletii [HowardPeHo2006], Laguncularia racemosa [SegarrCa2010], Laguncularia racemosa [HowardPeHo2006], Terminalia catappa [SegarrCa2010], Terminalia catappa [KondoGu2004], Terminalia catappa [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Terminalia muelleri [HowardPeHo2006]. Cupressaceae: Juniperus virginiana [HowardPeHo2006]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros digyna [HowardPeHo2006], Diospyrus mespilliformis [HowardPeHo2006]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elacocarpus decipiens [HowardPeHo2006]. Erythroxylaceae: Erythoxylu, reticulatum [HowardPeHo2006]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha godseffiana [HowardPeHo2006], Acalypha hispida [HowardPeHo2006], Acalypha wilkesiana [HowardPeHo2006], Antidesma bunius [HowardPeHo2006], Antidesma dallachyanum [HowardPeHo2006], Antidesma platyphyllum [HowardPeHo2006], Bischofia javanica [Pember2003a], Bridelia monoica [HowardPeHo2006], Chamaesyce hyrta [HowardPeHo2006], Codiaeum variegatum [Pember2003a], Euphorbia leucocephala [HowardPeHo2006], Fluggea acidoton [HowardPeHo2006], Jatropha integerrima [HowardPeHo2006], Mallotus philippinensis [HowardPeHo2006], Sauropus androgynus [Pember2003a]. Fabaceae: Acacia auriculiformis [HowardPeHo2006], Acacia choriophylla [HowardPeHo2006], Acacia farnesiana [Pember2003a], Albizia lebbek [HowardPeHo2006], Amorpha herbacea [HowardPeHo2006], Archidendron lucyi [HowardPeHo2006], Bouhinia [HowardPeHo2006], Brya ebenus [HowardPeHo2006], Butea monosperma [HowardPeHo2006], Caesalphinia violacea [HowardPeHo2006], Caesalpinia pulcherima [HowardPeHo2006], Calliandra surinamensis [HowardPeHo2006], Cassia pendula [Pember2003a], Dalbergia ecastaphylum [HowardPeHo2006], Dalbergia sissoo [HowardPeHo2006], Dalea carthegenensis [HowardPeHo2006], Gigasiphon macrosiphon [HowardPeHo2006], Inga affinis [HowardPeHo2006], Inga edulis [HowardPeHo2006], Leucaena leucocephala [HowardPeHo2006], Lonchocarpus [HowardPeHo2006], Lysiloma latisiliqua [HowardPeHo2006], Lysiloma sabieu [HowardPeHo2006], Parmentiera aculeata [HowardPeHo2006], Peltophorum pterocarpum [HowardPeHo2006], Pithecellobium flexicaule [HowardPeHo2006], Pithecellobium keyense [HowardPeHo2006], Pongamia pinnata [HowardPeHo2006], Pseudosamanea cubana [HowardPeHo2006], Samanea saman [HowardPeHo2006], Wallaceodendron celebicum [HowardPeHo2006]. Fagaceae: Quercus geminata [HowardPeHo2006], Quercus hemisphaerica [HowardPeHo2006], Quercus incana [HowardPeHo2006], Quercus laurifolia [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Quercus virginiana [HowardPeHo2006]. Flacourtiaceae: Banara vanderbiltii [HowardPeHo2006], Casearia arguta [HowardPeHo2006], Dovyalis herbecarpa [HowardPeHo2006]. Guttiferae: Garcinia intermedia [SegarrCa2010]. Lamiaceae: Leonotis leonurus [HowardPeHo2006], Leonotis nepetifolia [HowardPeHo2006], Ocimum [HowardPeHo2006], Rosmarinus officinalis [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Salvia coccinea [HowardPeHo2006], Solanstemon scutellarioides [HowardPeHo2006]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum zeylanicum [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Laurus noblis [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Licaria triandra [HowardPeHo2006], Ooteca coriacea [HowardPeHo2006], Persea americana [HowardPeHo2006], Persea borbonia [HowardPeHo2006], Persea palustris [HowardPeHo2006]. Lecythidaceae: Lecythis minor [HowardPeHo2006]. Lythraceae: Ginoria glabra [HowardPeHo2006], Ginoria nudiflora [HowardPeHo2006], Lagerstroemia indica [HowardPeHo2006], Lagerstroemia speciosa [HowardPeHo2006], Lawsonia inermis [HowardPeHo2006]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia champaca [HowardPeHo2006], Magnolia virginiana [HowardPeHo2006], Michelia [Pember2003a]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [HowardPeHo2006], Durio testudinarium [HowardPeHo2006], Heritiera littoralis [HowardPeHo2006], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Hibiscus schizopetala [HowardPeHo2006], Hibiscustiliaccus [HowardPeHo2006], Malvaviscus penduliflorus [HowardPeHo2006], Pavonia bahamensis [HowardPeHo2006], Pavonia paludicola [HowardPeHo2006], Ruizia cordata [HowardPeHo2006], Trichospermum mexicanum [HowardPeHo2006], Urena lobata [HowardPeHo2006]. Melastomataceae: Tetrazygia bicolor [KondoGu2007], Tetrazygia bicolor [HowardPeHo2006]. Meliaceae: Aglia odorata [Pember2003a], Lansium domesticum [HowardPeHo2006]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus [Pember2003a], Brosimum allcastrum [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus aspera [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus aurea [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus benjamin [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Ficus capensis [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus citrifolia [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus deltoidea [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus elastica [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus microcarpa [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus natalensis [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus nota [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus pertusa [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus pumila [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus racemosa [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus rubiginosa [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus rumphii [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus salicifolia [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus subcordata [HowardPeHo2006], Ficus virens [HowardPeHo2006], Morus [Pember2003a]. Myricaceae: Merciaria vexator [HowardPeHo2006], Myrica cerifera [KondoGu2011, KondoGu2007], Myrica cerifera [Pember2003, Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Pimenta dioica [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia escallonioidea [HowardPeHo2006], Ardisia hirtella [HowardPeHo2006], Ardisia revoluta [HowardPeHo2006], Ardisia sieboldii [HowardPeHo2006], Ropanea punctata [HowardPeHo2006]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon viminale [HowardPeHo2006], Calyptranthes pallens [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Calyptranthes thomasiana [HowardPeHo2006], Calyptranthes zuzygium [HowardPeHo2006], Eucalyptus gella [HowardPeHo2006], Eugania axillaris [HowardPeHo2006], Eugenia aggregata [Pember2003a], Eugenia brasiliensis [Pember2003a], Eugenia confusa [KondoGu2007], Eugenia confusa [HowardPeHo2006], Eugenia foetida [HowardPeHo2006], Eugenia luschnathiana [HowardPeHo2006], Eugenia uniflora [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Marliera edulis [HowardPeHo2006], Melaleuca bracteata [HowardPeHo2006], Melaleuca decora [HowardPeHo2006], Melaleuca quinquenervia [HowardPeHo2006], Melaleuca vinifera [KondoGu2007], Mosiera longipes [HowardPeHo2006], Myrcianthes fragrans [HowardPeHo2006], Myriciaria cauliflora [Pember2003, Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Pimenta racemosa [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Psidium androsianum [HowardPeHo2006], Psidium guajava [HowardPeHo2006], Psidium littorale [HowardPeHo2006], Syzygium cumini [SegarrCa2010], Syzygium cuminii [HowardPeHo2006], Syzygium grande [HowardPeHo2006], Syzygium jambos [HowardPeHo2006], Syzygium malaccense [HowardPeHo2006], Syzygium paniculatum [HowardPeHo2006], Syzygium samarangense [HowardPeHo2006]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvilea [Pember2003a], Osmanthus fragans [Pember2003a]. Oleaceae: Jasminum gracillimum [HowardPeHo2006]. Onagraceae: Ludwigia peruviana [HowardPeHo2006]. Orchidaceae: Dendrobium aphyllum [HowardPeHo2006]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa bilimbi [HowardPeHo2006], Averrhoa carambola [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006]. Piperaceae: Piper [HowardPeHo2006]. Poaceae: Bambusa vulgaris [Pember2003a], Phyllostachys nigra [Pember2003a]. Polygalaceae: Polygala cowellii [HowardPeHo2006]. Polygonaceae: Antipogon leptopus [HowardPeHo2006], Coccoloba uvifera [Pember2003a], Triplaris cumingiana [HowardPeHo2006]. Proteaceae: Macadamia integrifolia [HowardPeHo2006], Macadamia tetraphylla [HowardPeHo2006]. Rhamnaceae: Krugiodendron ferreum [HowardPeHo2006], Ziziphus mauritiana [HowardPeHo2006]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mangle [HowardPeHo2006]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Pember2003a], Malus sylvestris [HowardPeHo2006], Pyrus [HowardPeHo2006], Rosa [HowardPeHo2006]. Rub: Ixora coccinea [Pember2003a]. Rubiaceae: Euthalis fruticosa [HowardPeHo2006], Gardenia jasminoides [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Gardenia thunbergia [HowardPeHo2006], Hamelia cuprea [HowardPeHo2006], Hamelia patens [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Ixora [HowardPeHo2006], Mussaenda erythrophylla [HowardPeHo2006], Pentas lanceolata [HowardPeHo2006], Psychotria ligustifolia [HowardPeHo2006], Psychotria nervosa [KondoGu2007], Psychotria nervosa [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Psychotria punctata ` [HowardPeHo2006], Psychotria sulzneri [HowardPeHo2006], Psychotria viridis [HowardPeHo2006], Rondeleria leucophylla [HowardPeHo2006], Rondia aculeata [HowardPeHo2006], Spermacoce verticillata [HowardPeHo2006]. Rutaceae: Amyris balsamifera [HowardPeHo2006], Amyris elemifera [HowardPeHo2006], Citrus [Pember2003a], Citrus paradisi [HowardPeHo2006], Citrus sinensis [Pember2003a], Clausena lansium [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Evodia ridleyi [HowardPeHo2006], Fortunella japonica [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Murraya paniculata [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Zanthoxylum fagara [Pember2003a]. Salicaceae: Salix caroliniana [HowardPeHo2006]. Sapindaceae: Alectryon coriaceus [HowardPeHo2006], Allophylus cominia [HowardPeHo2006], Blighia sapida [HowardPeHo2006], Cupaniopsis anacardioides [HowardPeHo2006], Dimocarpus longan [Pember2003a], Dodonaea viscosa [HowardPeHo2006], Exothea paninculata [HowardPeHo2006], Filicium decipiens [HowardPeHo2006], Harpullia arborea [HowardPeHo2006], Hypelate trifoliata [HowardPeHo2006], Koelreuteria elegans [HowardPeHo2006], Litchi sinensis [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Melicocca bijuga [HowardPeHo2006], Talisia olivaeformis [HowardPeHo2006]. Sapotaceae: Bumelia celastrina [HowardPeHo2006], Calvaria inermis [HowardPeHo2006], Chrysophyllum cainito [HowardPeHo2006], Chrysophyllum oliviforme [HowardPeHo2006], Manilkara jaimiqui [HowardPeHo2006], Manilkara kauki [HowardPeHo2006], Manilkara plecana [HowardPeHo2006], Manilkara roxburghiana [HowardPeHo2006], Manilkara zapota [HowardPeHo2006, Pember2003a], Mimusops balata [HowardPeHo2006], Mimusops caffra [HowardPeHo2006], Mimusops elengi [HowardPeHo2006], Pouteria caimito [HowardPeHo2006], Sideroxylon americanum [HowardPeHo2006], Sideroxylon foetidissimum [HowardPeHo2006], Sideroxylon salicifolium [HowardPeHo2006], Synsepalum dulcificum [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia lactea [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Brunfelsia nitida [Pember2003a], Brunfelsia nitida [HowardPeHo2006], Cestrum diurnum [HowardPeHo2006], Cestrum nocturnum [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Solanum diphyllum [HowardPeHo2006], Solanum tampicense [HowardPeHo2006], Solanum torvum [HowardPeHo2006]. Sterculiaceae: Pterospermum acerifolium [HowardPeHo2006], Sterculia ceramica [HowardPeHo2006]. Taxodiaceae: Taxodium distichum [HowardPeHo2006]. Theophrastaceae: Jacquinia aurantiaca [HowardPeHo2006], Jaquinia armillaris [HowardPeHo2006]. Tiliaceae: Grewia occidentalis [HowardPeHo2006], Trumfetta semitriloba [HowardPeHo2006]. Urticaceae: Pouzolzia zeylanica [HowardPeHo2006]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia germinans [HowardPeHo2006], Callicarpa americana [HowardPeHo2006], Citharexylum spinonum [Pember2003a], Duranta erecta [HowardPeHo2006], Petrea volubilis [HowardPeHo2006]. Vitaceae: Parthenocissus quinquefolia [Pember2003a, HowardPeHo2006], Vitis rotundifolia [HowardPeHo2006]. Zygophyllaceae: Guaiacum officinale [HowardPeHo2006], Guaiacum sanctum [HowardPeHo2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Christmas Island [KondoGu2007]. Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [KondoGu2007]). Neotropical: Bahamas [KondoGu2007]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [SegarrCa2010]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, second-instar nymph female and first-instar nymph female by Kondo & Gullan (2007).
STRUCTURE: Lac test purplish red to dark reddish brown, often appearing brown or black due to sooty mould; tests of adjacent females often fused if crowded; covering infested twigs and branches of host. Test with 4 marginal lobes, each lobe rounded: anterior lobes (al) smaller than posterior lobes (pl); first-instar test incorporated into adult test on mid-dorsum, with a circular opening on an elevated area just posterior to first-instar test. Dimensions of adult female test: 1.2-2.0 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm wide at anterior lobes, 1.0-2.0 mm wide at posterior lobes, 1.0-1.5 mm high. Lac texture very hard, brittle, shiny. (Kondo & Gullan, 2007)
SYSTEMATICS: Paratachardina pseudolobata can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) ventral duct clusters totalling 4 pairs, with clusters of most anterior pair well separated (Fig. 1N) and each usually with 20-45 (41-86 combined) microducts, and (ii) test of adult female X-letter or bowtie-shaped with each of the four lobes of the test rather smooth, purplish red to dark reddish brown, often black due to sooty mould. (Kondo & Gullan, 2007) This species was known mistakenly as P. lobata in all literature prior to Kondo and Gullan, 2007m which discusses its biology and pest status. In their online identification key for scale insects, Miller et al. (2007) http://www.sel.barc.gov/Scaleakeys/ScaleInsectsHom e/ScaleInsects?others.htm) describe and illustrate the adult female of P. pseudolobata under the name "Paratachardina sp. nr. lobata", and also provide diagnostic notes. (Kondo & Gullam, 2007)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Pemberton (2003, 2003a) recorded this species as a pest in southern Florida, USA, where it was found infesting a total of 67 species of woody plants belonging to 30 plant families. Howard et al. (2006) recorded this species from 307 plant species, nearly all of which are dicotyledonous trees.
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World]; Kondo {et al.} 2011: 142-143 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Kondo & Gullan 2007: 7-8 (female) [Species of Paratachardina].
CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [biological control, distribution, ecology , host: 1238-1246]; BenDov2006b [catalogue, taxonomy: 278-279]; ChongRoMa2008a [life history, ecology: 674-678]; EpskyAmKe2006 [distribution, ecology, host, life history: 367-374]; Hamon2000 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy]; HowardPeHa2004 [distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy: 96]; HowardPeHo2006 [distribution, economic importance, host: 398-408]; HowardPeSc2010 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-7]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-27]; KondoGu2011 [host, illustration, taxonomy: 347-350]; OuvrarKoGu2013 [economic importance: 3]; Pember2003 [distribution, economic importance, host, biological control: 353-360]; Pember2003a [host, distribution, economic importance: 373-377]; PemberNgWi2006 [biological control: 336-339]; Schauf2005 [distribution, biological control: 115-118]; SchroePe2007 [biological control, distribution, host: 545-552]; SchroePeCo2008 [taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny, biological control: 256-266]; SchroePeCo2008 [biological control,, economic importance, host: 12-17]; SegarrCa2010 [description, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy: 179-181]; Stocks2012a [description, host, distribution: 1]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9].
Paratachardina silvestri (Chamberlin)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia lobata Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1919a: 47. Nomen nudum; discovered by Varshney, 1966a: 77.
Tachardia lobata Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1921a: 340. Nomen nudum.
Tachardia minuta; Green, 1922: 414. Misidentification; discovered by Chamberlin, 1923: 208.
Tachardina lobata lobata Chamberlin, 1923: 208. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Fluggea leucopyrus. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Tachardia silvestri Mahdihassan, 1923: 76. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka (=Mysore), Bangalore, on Ixora parviflora, coll. F. Silvestri, February 1922. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Varshney, 1976: 61. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Tachardina lobata; Chamberlin, 1925: 41. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.
Tachardina silvestrii; Chamberlin, 1925: 41. Change of combination. Notes: Justified emendation
Tachardina lobata schmidtii Mahdihassan, 1946: 136. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, on Guazuma tomentosa. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Synonymy reestablished. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Kapur, 1958). Subspecies considered to be incertae sedis by Kondo & Gullan, 2007: 27
Tachardina lobata walczuchii Mahdihassan, 1946: 136. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, on Guazuma tomentosa. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Synonymy reestablished. Notes: Subspecies considered to be incertae sedis by Kondo & Gullan, 2007: 27
Tachardina lobata; Kapur, 1958: 37. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Green.
Paratachardina silvestrii; Varshney, 1968a: 488. Change of combination.
Paratachardina lobata; Varshney, 1976: 56. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Green.
Paratachardina lobata; Varshney, 1984b: 370. Change of combination.
Paratachardina lobata; Varshney, 1984b: 370. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.
Paratachardina lobata Kondo & Gullan, 2007: 27. Synonymy by Kondo & Gullan, 2007: 27.
Paratachardina silvestri; Kondo & Gullan, 2007: 30. Justified emendation.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Tachardiaephagus tachardiae Howard.
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Graptophyllum [Varshn1992]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [Varshn1992], Semecarpus [Varshn1992], Spondias [Varshn1992]. Annonaceae: Annona [Varshn1992]. Apocynaceae: Cryptostegia [Varshn1992]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Varshn1992]. Bignoniaceae: Kigelia [Varshn1992], Spathodea [Varshn1992], Stererospermum [Varshn1992]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Varshn1992]. Celastraceae: Celastrus [Varshn1992]. Combretaceae: Terminalia [Varshn1992]. Erythroxylaceae: Erythroxylum [Varshn1992]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Varshn1992], Fluggea leucopyrus [Chambe1923], Mallotus [Varshn1992]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia [Varshn1992], Pongamia [Varshn1992], Sesbania [Varshn1992]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Varshn1992]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia [Varshn1992], Punica [Varshn1992]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia [Varshn1992]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia [Varshn1992]. Malvaceae: Guazuma [Varshn1992], Hibiscus [Varshn1992], Sterculia [Varshn1992], Thespesia [Varshn1992]. Moraceae: Ficus [Varshn1992], Ficus benjamina [Varshn1976]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa [Varshn1992]. Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus [Varshn1992], Securinega [Varshn1992]. Rosaceae: Pyrus [Varshn1992]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Varshn1992], Hamelia [Varshn1992], Ixora parviflora [Mahdih1923, Varshn1976]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Varshn1992]. Santalaceae: Santalum [Varshn1992], Santalum album [Varshn1976]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea [Varshn1992]. Solanaceae: Cestrum [Varshn1992]. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma tomentosa [Mahdih1946], Guazuma tomentosa [Mahdih1946, Kapur1958], Guazuma tomentosa [Varshn1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Varshn1997] (Karnataka [Mahdih1923, Varshn1976, Mahdih1946]); Sri Lanka [Chambe1923, Varshn1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Chamberlin (1925) noted that it was very closely allied to Tachardia minuta. He also added that it seems probable that it is really valid, although, this cannot be regarded as certain until it has been adequately redescribed. Description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976) and by Kondo & Gullan (2007).Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Resin of test often fused; orange, or wine red to dark reddish brown, with tinges of orange. Test with 4 marginal lobes, each anterior lobe with 1-3 (usually 1) ridges, posterior lobes each with three ridges: anterior lobes smaller than posterior lobes; first-instar test incorporated into adult test on mid-dorsum, with a circular opening on an elevated area just posterior to first-instar test. Dimensions of adult female test: 0.9-1.7 mm long, 0.5-1.1 mm wide at anterior lobes, 0.8-1.5 mm wide at posterior lobes, 0.4-0.8 mm high. Lac texture very hard, brittle, and shiny. (Kondo & Gullan, 2007)
SYSTEMATICS: The name Tachardia silvestri was given by Mahdihassan (1923, p. 76) to lac insects on Ixora parviflora from India, Mysore, which differed from Tachardia minuta in the type and shape of their symbionts.Green (1922) described and illustrated in great details a species that he identified as Tachardia minuta Morrison, 1920. Chamberlin (1923) concluded that Green's (1922) description was a misidentification of Morrison's species, and described a new species that he named Tachardina lobata. Chamberlin (1925) supposed that the species should be credited to Green, and his interpretation was adopted by Kapur (1958) and by Varshney (1976; 1984b). However, according to Article 50(a) of the International Code the author is Chamberlin.Mahdihassan (1946) described this subspecies and the closely related one, Tachardina lobata walczuchii from the same locality and host plant, while distinguishing them from each other on the basis of morphologically-different symbionts. Kapur (1958, p. 38) regarded Tachardina lobata schmidti as a synonym of Tachardina lobata, whereas Varshney (1984b) regarded the former a distinct subspecies.Mahdihassan (1946) described this subspecies and the closely related one, Tachardina lobata schmidti from the same locality and host plant, while distinguishing them from each other on the basis of morphologically-different symbionts. Kapur (1958, p. 38) regarded Tachardina lobata schmidti as a synonym of Tachardina lobata. However, both Kapur (1958) and Varshney (1984b) regarded Tachardina lobata walczuchae as a distinct subspecies. The symbiont varieties of Tachardina lobata described by Mahdihassan (1946) as Tachardina lobata Walczuchii and T. lobata Schmidtii have been treated in several different ways since they were described. Mahdihassan clearly considered them to be varieties (not subspecies) and indicated so numerous times in his paper. He could find no morphological characters to separate them other than differences seen in the endosymbionts . Kapur (1958) treated walczuchii as a separate variety of T. lobata but considered T. lobata variety schmidtii to be a synonym of Tachardina lobata. Varshney (1984) continued Mahdihassan's varietal ranking but transferred them into Paratachardina. Ben-Dov (2006) decided to elevate the varieties to subspecies and treated them as Paratachardina lobata schmidtii (Mahdihassan) and P. lobata walczuchii (Mahdihassan). Kondo and Gullan (2007) did not agree with Ben-Dov's change and argued that based on the original description they were never intended to be more than infrasubspecific categories i. e., varieties. Because there apparently is no type material and there is no description of the morphology of the species it is impossible to determine the correct identity of these varieties. We therefore consider them to be incertae sedis.
KEYS: Kondo {et al.} 2011: 142-143 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Kondo & Gullan 2007: 7-8 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Varshney 1976: 55 (female) [as Parachardina lobata; India]; Varshney 1976: 55 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 279-281]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 218-223]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-209]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 414-416]; Kapur1958 [catalogue, taxonomy: 37-39]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-31]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 76]; Mahdih1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135-136]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 340]; SchroePeCo2008 [taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny, biological control: 256-266]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 56]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-58, 61-63]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9]; VarshnTe1968 [taxonomy: 489].
Paratachardina ternata (Chamberlin)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina (Tachardina) ternata Chamberlin, 1923: 208. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Travancore, on Acacia sundra. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Kondo & Gullan, 2007: 31. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.
Tachardina ternata; Chamberlin, 1925: 41. Change of combination.
Paratachardina ternata; Varshney, 1968a: 489. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia sundra [Chambe1923, Varshn1976, KondoGu2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Varshn1976, Varshn1984b, KondoGu2007]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923), Varshney (1976) and by Kondo & Gullan (2007).
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2007: 7-8 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Varshney 1976: 56 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 281-282]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 41]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 39-40]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-33]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 63-64]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9].
Paratachardina theae (Green in Green & Mann)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia decorella theae Green in Green & Mann, 1907: 348. Type data: INDIA: Darjeeling and Assam, on tea plants. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Tachardina theae; Chamberlin, 1923: 210. Change of combination and rank. Notes: Incorrect citation of Green & Mann as authors.
Laccifer theae; Misra, 1930: 161. Change of combination.
Tachardina theae; Kapur, 1958: 40. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green & Mann" as authors.
Paratachardina theae; Varshney, 1968a: 489. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Varshn1976]. Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus philippinensis [Varshn1976]. Lauraceae: Machilus [Varshn1976]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia longifolia [Varshn1976]. Moraceae: Ficus religiosa [Varshn1976], Ficus retusa [Varshn1976]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Varshn1976]. Rosaceae: Photinia benthamiana [KondoGu2007]. Rubiaceae: Cinchona calisaya [Varshn1976], Gardenia florida [Varshn1976]. Theaceae: Thea sinensis [GreenMa1907].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Varshn1976], Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India (Assam [GreenMa1907], West Bengal [GreenMa1907, Varshn1976]); Taiwan [Varshn1976, WongChCh1999].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923), Varshney (1976) and by Kondo & Gullan (2007).
STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999).
KEYS: Kondo {et al.} 2011: 142-143 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Kondo & Gullan 2007: 7-8 (female) [Species of Paratachardina]; Varshney 1976: 56 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 282]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210]; GreenMa1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 348-349]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-181]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 40]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-36]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 455]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-67]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9]; VarshnTe1968 [taxonomy: 488]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8,45]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518].
Tachardiella CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardiella Cockerell, 1901: 249. Type species: Tachardia cornuta Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.
Tachardia (Tachardiella); Chamberlin, 1923: 174. Change of status.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Chamberlin (1923) and by Ferris (1955a).
STRUCTURE: There are seven North American species of Tachardiella and, with the exception of T. mexicana, the adult females of all of these species have an often diffuse cluster or more often a pair of clusters of macroducts on the mid dorsum, with the number of ducts in each cluster ranging from two to 15 or more, depending on population and species. (Kondo & Gullan, 2011)
SYSTEMATICS: Chamberlin (1923) split Tachardiella Cockerell into two subgenera, namely Tachardiella Tachardiella and Tachardiella Austrotachardiella, but Chamberlin (1925: 39) elevated his former subgenera to the genera Tachardiella and Austrotachardiella. Chamberlin (1923) placed six of the North American species, namely T. cornuta, T. ferrisi, T. fulgens, T. glomerella, T. larreae and T. pustulata, in his informal ‘Group of T. cornuta’, He further split this group into two subgroups: (i) ‘Subgroup of T. larreae’ containing T. cornuta, T. glomerella, T. larreae and T. pustulata, for which adult females can be diagnosed most readily by having a very narrow collar around the brachial crater and lacking the posterior ventral duct clusters (vdc-3), and (ii) ‘Subgroup of T. fulgens’ containing T. ferrisi and T. fulgens, for which adult females are diagnosed by having a brachial collar that is wider than half the width of the crater and a distinct vdc-3.(Kondo & Gullan, 2011)
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2007: 5-6 (female) [Genera of Kerriidae]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992z: 386-397 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1976: 14 (female) [Genera of Tachardiinae ]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 282-283]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 174-176]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 39]; Cocker1901 [taxonomy: 63]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 219-223]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 220]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 8, 24-29]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy: 5-6]; KondoGu2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 345-367]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 153-154]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 191]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 439]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy: 16]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; Varshn2010 [taxonomy: 118-119]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387].
Tachardiella argentina (Dominguez)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia argentina Dominguez, 1906: 219. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cordoba Province, in the surroundings of Totoral, on south-eastern slope of hill which borders the mill of this locality, on Tusca, Acacia cavenia. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown. LECTOTYPE: Adult female, designated in Kondo & Gullan (2011), 1 slide (1 specimen) (BME Type # 1788). ARGENTINA, Province of Córdoba, date not given, coll. Dominguez, ex Acacia caven, slide mounted by PJG in 2004 from dry material labeled: "Tachardiella argentina (Domínguez) / on Acacia cavenia Hook. & Arn. / Province of Córdoba / Domínguez coll. -Lizer y Trelles leg.".
Tachardiella argentina; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: Insecto laca de la Tusca [KondoGu2011]; Tusca lac insect [KondoGu2011].
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia cavenia [Doming1906].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Doming1906]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Dominguez (1906). Redescription, illustration and photograph in Kondo & Gullan, 2011.
STRUCTURE: Dominguez (1906) studied and analyzed the chemical composition of the lac excreted by this species from a collection made on tusca trees, Acacia cavenia (now A. caven). He stated that the lac formed masses of a resinous aspect, of a deep red color; individual insects were more or less voluminous, round or ovoid in shape, 5-8 mm in diameter, 2.5-3.0 mm thick, with a smooth, convex surface, interiorly flattened in the form of a crude crust, 4-5 mm thick, which often wraped a branch. The resinous mass made up from the fusion of numerous individuals was rugose, unequal, covered in nipples which correspond to the cells of the individual insects that remain underneath; some individuals are in contact with the exterior throughout the year through small orifices, whereas in others the orifices are much smaller, or missing. The material of which constitutes this product is odorless, without flavor, denser than water, hard and easily breakable, but difficult to pulverise. Adult females oval to elongate oval with the margin 6-lobed in youngest specimens, becoming 3 lobed in older individuals. (Kondo & Gullan, 2011)
SYSTEMATICS: The adult female most closely resembles that of T. palobrea.
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 283]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy: 194]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Doming1906 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, chemistry: 219-223]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 24]; KondoGu2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 347-353]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Tachardiella artocarpi (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia artocarpi Hempel, 1921: 145. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, on twigs of "jaqueira"=jack-fruit Artocarpus heterophyllus, "cajueiro"= cashew Anacardium occidentale and Terminalia catappa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
Tachardiella artocarpi; Chamberlin, 1923: 194. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [Hempel1921]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [Hempel1921]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus [Hempel1921].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Hempel1921]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Hempel (1921).
STRUCTURE: The resin of the adult female has a globular form, with a pointed elevation on mid dorsum, with dilated margins and with many shallow sulci at the base. The resin is reddish-brown in color, slightly yellowish, darker towards the margins, and red in young individuals. Young individuals star-shaped, with an elevation on dorsum, with medium-sized specimens of a pyramid form. The surface of the resin is rough, but shiny, very hard with a tendency to crack, when dissolved in alcohol, resin changing to an orange yellow color. Without the resin, the adult female is orange yellow in color, with the two brachial plates of a black color. It has three lobes on each side, at the margin, one on mid-dorsum, plus one at the posterior end of the dorsum, on which the dorsal spine is located. The anal tubercle is well developed, dark, placed in almost a vertical direction. The two brachial plates are conical in shape, with the height being same as the diameter of the base. Next to these brachial there are two large spiracles, and next to the antennae there are two more small spiracles. (Kondo & Gullan, 2011 (from Hempel, 1921))
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 283]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy: 194]; Hempel1921 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 145-146]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 24-25]; KondoGu2011 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 347-350,353-354]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Tachardiella cordaliae (Leonardi)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia cordaliae Leonardi, 1911a: 24. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Cordalia lineata. Syntypes. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
Tachardiella cordaliae; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination.
Tachardiella condaliae; Varshney, 1997: 29. Misspelling of species name.
Tachardiella condaliae; Sharma & Ramani, 1999: 439. Misspelling of species name.
Tachardiella condaliae; Varshney, 2009: 7. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Cordalia lineata [Leonar1911a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Leonar1911a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Leonardi (1911a).
STRUCTURE: The test is similar to that of the T. lycii, except that, on the dorsum, instead of having a single hump, this one has two conspicuous humps. With a large aperture corresponding to the anal opening. Walls of the test thick. In cases where the lac of individuals are close to each other, their lac merges to form a protective envelope, forming an encrustation. Color of the test dark purple.
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 283]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 194]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 25]; KondoGu2011 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 347-350,354]; Leonar1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; Varshn2010 [taxonomy: 118-119].
Tachardiella cornuta (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia cornuta Cockerell, 1894s: 284. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Little Mountain, Mesilla Valley, on Parthenium incanum. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Tachardiella (Tachardiella) cornuta; Chamberlin, 1923: 182. Change of combination.
Tachardiella cornuta; Kapur, 1958: 25. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Parthenium incanum [Cocker1894s], Viguiera [SchroePeCo2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1902m]; United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1894s], Texas [SchroePeCo2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Solitary or lightly massed on stem of host; solitary individuals show distinct lobations; lac somewhat variable in color, between a burnt sienna and brown ochre. (Kondo & Gullan, 2011)
SYSTEMATICS: The adult females are most readily distinguished from those of closely related Tachardiella species found in the southwest USA by having prominent dorsal ducts that are nearly as broad as long. (Kondo & Gullan, 2011)
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 284]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 218-223]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Cocker1894s [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 284]; Cocker1902m [taxonomy, host, distribution: 177-178]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-222]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 25]; KondoGu2011 [description, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy: 347-350,354]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; SchroePeCo2008 [taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny, biological control: 256-266]; SharmaRa1999 [catalogue: 439]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Tachardiella ferrisi ChamberlinNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardiella (Tachardiella) ferrisi Chamberlin, 1923: 183. Type data: MEXICO: Lower California, La Paz, on Acacia flexicaulis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: LECTOTYPE: Adult female, designated in Kondo & Gullan (2011), on slide with two other adult females, lectotype clearly marked, apparently in Chamberlin’s handwriting, with sketch of the three females and an arrow to the primary type but incorrectly labeled as "Holotype", slide labeled: "Tachardiella/ferrisi Chamberlin / Holotype [with sketch of position of specimens] / On Acacia/flexicaulis / La Paz, Lower Calif. / G. F. Ferris, col. / Entomological Laboratory / Stanford University / JCC G.F.F." (BME).
Tachardiella ferrisi; Kapur, 1958: 26. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia flexicaulis [Chambe1923].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [Chambe1923]).
BIOLOGY: Loosely massed upon twigs of host (Chamberlin, 1923). Tests smooth and gently lobed; lac smooth with color between that of dragon’s blood and burnt sienna. (Kondo & Gullan, 2011)
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Tests smooth and gently lobed; lac smooth and between dragon's blood and burnt sienna in colour, averaging, perhaps, a little darker than the latter (Chamberlin, 1923).
SYSTEMATICS: T. ferrisi is closest to T. fulgens. (Kondo & Gullan, 2011)
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 284]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 221]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 26]; KondoGu2011 [host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 347-350,355-356]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Tachardiella fulgens (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia fulgens Cockerell, 1895r: 1. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, on Sesbania (?). Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Tachardiella fulgens; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination.
Tachardiella (Tachardiella) fulgens; Chamberlin, 1923: 183. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Coursetia microphylla [KondoGu2011], Sesbania [Cocker1895r].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Varshn1997]; United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1895r, KondoGu2011]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Female scales usually massed together, more or less surrounding the twig, forming an irregular nodulose bright reddish-orange coating about 4 mm. thick. A single scale is about 5 mm. long and 4mm wide, and presents a conspicuous somewhat curved, blunt, shining, dorsal hump; also a tail-like projection, sometimes directed upwards, and two or three irregular projections on the side. (Cockerell 1895)
SYSTEMATICS: T. fulgens is most close to T. ferrisi. (Chamberlain, 1923)
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 284]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183]; Cocker1895r [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 221]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 25-26]; KondoGu2011 [host, illustration, taxonomy: 347-350,356-357]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 230].
Tachardiella glomerella (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia glomerella Cockerell, 1905a: 52. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, on the mesa near Little Mountains, Mesilla Valley, on Gutierrezia glomerella. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: female.
Tachardiella glomerella; MacGillivray, 1921: 153. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis sp [KondoGu2011], Gutierrezia glomerella [Cocker1905a]. Rosaceae: Adenostoma sp. [KondoGu2011]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1905a], Texas [KondoGu2011]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Crowded on the stems of Gutierrezia glomerella Greene the individuals coalescing in large numbers, but not (in the material received) not entirely surrounding the stem; color very dark, with translucent shining orange-red rounded bosses, suggesting of guava jelly (Cockerell, 1905a).
SYSTEMATICS: T. glomerella is most closely related to T. pustulata. (Chamberlin, 1923). Adult females from Baccharis collected at Tornillo Creek between Marathon and Glenn Springs, Texas, by Ferris (1921) differ from typical specimens of T. glomerella by having many more microducts in vdc-2. Chamberlin, 1923, erected a new form, T. glomerella f. baccharidis, based on this population.
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 285]; Cocker1905a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 221]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 26]; KondoGu2011 [host, illustration, taxonomy: 347-350,357-358]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 8]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Tachardiella ingae (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia ingae Hempel, 1900a: 415. Type data: BRAZIL: near river Moggy-guassu, on twigs of Inga. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.
Tachardiella ingae; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Inga [Hempel1900a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Hempel1900a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Adult female scale subglobular, dorsum slightly flattened, with aperture in the centre. The lac [resin] is dull, shiny when the surface becomes rubbed, semitransparent, thick, brittle, light green with brown stripes. Some fine white filaments usually protrude from the dorsal orifice. The lac of many individuals usually unites to form a confused mass. Diameter 5.25 mm.; height 3.75 mm. Denuded of lac the insect is three-lobed.(Hempel, 1901)
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 285]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-177]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 415-416]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 26-27]; KondoGu2011 [host, illustration, taxonomy: 347-350,358-359]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Tachardiella larreae (Comstock)NOMENCLATURE:
Carteria larreae Comstock, 1882: 211. Type data: U.S.A. and MEXICO: specific locality not stated, but "South-western portions of the United States and Mexico, on Covillea glutinosa [=Larrea mexicana]. Syntypes. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Tachardiella larreae; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination.
Tachardiella (Tachardiella) larreae; Chamberlin, 1923: 177. Change of combination.
Tachardiella (Tachardiella) larreae californica Chamberlin, 1923: 179. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Shaver's Well, near Mecca, on Peucephyllum shotti, summer 1918, coll. G.F. Ferris. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1955a: 223.
Lakshadia larreae; Mahdihassan, 1923: 53. Change of combination.
Tachardiella larrea; Colton, 1944: 1. Misspelling of species name.
Tachardiella larreae californica; Kapur, 1958: 27. Change of combination.
Tachardiella larrae; Stacey {et al.}, 1998: 53. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: American lac insect [Colton1944].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Marietta albocephala Hayat [Stocks2012a], Tachardiobius nigricans Timberlake [Gordh1979], Tachardobius vladimiri Triapitsyn [Stocks2012a].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Peucephyllum schotti [Chambe1923]. Zygophyllaceae: Covillea glutinosa [Comsto1882], Larrea [Cocker1893r], Larrea tridentata [KondoGu2011].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Comsto1882]; United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1893r], California [Chambe1923, Chambe1925JC]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Tests of adult females aggregated but each test more-or-less globular in form, with tendency to be 6-lobed if isolated (Comstock 1882); resin dark grey-brown in color with tinges of crimson or orange to reddish-brown with tinges of orange (Gill 1993).
SYSTEMATICS: Chamberlin’s taxon T. larreae forma californica was described from insects collected by G.F. Ferris on the shrub Peucephyllum schottii, commonly called pygmy-cedar, which has resinous foliage and apparently closely resembles the creosote bush. Ferris (1955) stated that forms have no nomenclatural standing and thus he placed Chamberlin’s ‘form’ in synonymy with T. larreae. However, according to Article 45.6.4 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), a name is to be treated as subspecific if first published before 1961 and its author expressly used either the term "variety" or "form", including the terms "var.", "v.", "forma" or "f." [the latter was used by Chamberlin (1923)]. Furthermore, the differences noted by Chamberlin might be sufficient to warrant species status for this ‘form’ Despite some variability in morphology, it seems that there may be two kinds of lac insect occurring on Larrea in the southwestern United States. (Kondo & Gullan, 2011)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: During the First and Second World Wars, the lac resin of T. larreae was studied to determine the feasibility of its use as a replacement for imported shellac of Kerria lacca (Kerr), which was in short supply (Ferris 1919, Colton 1943, 1944). It was concluded that it would be uneconomic to harvest the resin of T. larreae in sufficient quantity and that chemically the resin would not be suitable for the production of varnish. (Kondo & Gullan, 2011)
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 285-286]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy, economic importance: 262-263]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-179]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Cocker1893r [host, distribution: 181]; Colton1943 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 21-32]; Colton1944 [structure: 1-24]; Colton1948 [structure: 66]; Comsto1882 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 211-212]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 125]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 223]; Gordh1979 [biological control: 928]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 27]; KondoGu2011 [host, illustration, taxonomy: 347-350,359-360]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 53]; StaceyHeSu1998 [economic importance, chemistry: 53-71]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Tachardiella lycii (Leonardi)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia lycii Leonardi, 1911a: 22. Type data: ARGENTINE: Cacheuta, on Lycium chilense. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
Tachardiella lycii; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination.
HOST: Solanaceae: Lycium chilense [Leonar1911a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Leonar1911a].
GENERAL REMARKS: GENERAL: Description and illustration of adult female by Leonardi (1911a).
STRUCTURE: The test which envelopes the insect is convex, with thin walls, round, oval, laterally adpressed so to appear trilobed, with the median lobes much more pronounced than the other lobes; on the dorsum, towards the middle, there are two protruding breast-like lumps. The opening corresponding to the anal opening, large, circular. Color dark purple. (Leonardi, 1911)
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 286]; KondoGu2011 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 347-350,360]; Leonar1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Tachardiella mexicana (Comstock)NOMENCLATURE:
Carteria mexicana Comstock, 1882: 212. Type data: MEXICO: Tamaulipas, Tampico, on Mimosa. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Tachardia mexicana; Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 173. Change of combination.
Tachardia fulvoradiata Cockerell, 1898j: 431. Type data: MEXICO: on a large tree named "Palo de gusano", June 4, 1897; coll. Townsend. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Chamberlin, 1923: 185.
Tachardia (Tachardiella) mexicana; Chamberlin, 1923: 185. Change of combination.
Tachardia (Tachardiella) texana Chamberlin, 1923: 186. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Atosca County, Jordanton, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Chamberlin, 1925: 40.
Tachardiella mexicana; Chamberlin, 1925: 40. Change of combination.
Tachardiella texana; Chamberlin, 1925: 40. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Chambe1923, Chambe1925JC], Acacia cornigera [KondoGu2011, Stocks2012a], Acacia farnesiana [KondoGu2011], Acacia pinetorum [KondoGu2011, Stocks2012a], Ebenopsis ebano [KondoGu2011, Stocks2012a], Lysiloma latisiliqua [Stocks2012a], Lysiloma latisiliquum [KondoGu2011, Stocks2012a], Lysiloma sabicu [KondoGu2011, Stocks2012a], Mimosa sp. [Comsto1882, Cocker1893r, TownseCo1898, Stocks2012a], Parkinsonia aculeata [KondoGu2011], Pitheleocelobium flexicaule [Stocks2012a]. Myricaceae: Myrica cerifera [KondoGu2011, Stocks2012a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Tamaulipas [Comsto1882, Cocker1893r]); United States of America (Arizona [Stocks2012a], Florida [KondoGu2011], Texas [Chambe1923, Chambe1925JC]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923, 1925).
STRUCTURE: Tests of adult females on twigs, either individually or slightly massed; each test is six-lobed at its base, more so in immature than adult specimens (Comstock 1882); resin a clear ‘Indian’ red, apparently darker in streaks (Chamberlin 1923), or dark orange-brown, varying in parts from light orange to black; three light reddish-orange bands or stripes start from the centre and pass down the sides between the lateral processes [lobes]. (Cockerell 1898) In heavy infestations, the tests of multiple females will develop into a single, aggregated mass such that the distinctive appearance of the individual tests is lost. (Stocks, 2012a)
SYSTEMATICS: Lobate lac scale is easily distinguished from the Mexican lac scale by the former’s distinctive lobed, or bow tie-shaped test. (Stocks, 2012a)
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 286]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy, economic importance: 263-264]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-186]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 40]; Cocker1893r [host, distribution: 181]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 431]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Comsto1882 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124, 126]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 223]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 28]; KondoGu2011 [host, illustration, taxonomy: 347-350]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Stocks2012a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 1-2]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 173]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 7].
Tachardiella nigra FonsecaNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardiella nigra Fonseca, 1975: 81. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, in park at Morumbi, on plant of the Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae [Fonsec1975].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Fonsec1975]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Fonseca (1975).
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 287]; Fonsec1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-83]; KondoGu2011 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 347-350,361-362]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Varshn2010 [taxonomy: 118-119].
Tachardiella ourinhensis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardiella ourinhensis Hempel, 1937: 8. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Ourinhos, on Myrtaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 711. Described: female.
HOST: Myrtaceae [Hempel1937].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1937]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Hempel (1937). Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1994) suggested that this species belong to Austrotachardiella.
STRUCTURE: The adult female resin is light yellowish green in color, shiny, sticky, more or less globular in shape, the resin being composed of many individuals together. Individual insects about 4 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height. (Hempel, 1937)
SYSTEMATICS: The color and consistency of the wax distinguishes this species from any other known species in the genus (Hempel, 1937) Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1993) considered whether T. ourinhensis might be a species of Austrotachardiella and whether it might have affinities with A. sexcordata Matile-Ferrero since both species occur on Myrtaceae. However, Kondo & Gullan (2011) believe that T. ourinhensis is a species of Tachardiella because the adult female is described as having three to four setae at the apex of the antenna and the original description further suggests that the marginal duct clusters are duplex.
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 287]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8-9]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 28]; KondoGu2011 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 347-350,362]; MatileCo1993 [taxonomy: 448]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardiella palobrea Kondo & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardiella palobrea Kondo & Gullan, 2011: 345-367. Type data: ARGENTINA: Salta Province, Ruta 68, Quebrada de Cafayate, (26°03'S, 65°53'W), ex stem of Parkinsonia praecox, 2/23/2010, by P.J. Gullan. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust. Notes: PARATYPES: ARGENTINA: same data as holotype, 21 slides (18 adult females, 3 immature females: 9 (IMLA), 12 (UCDC))
COMMON NAMES: Insecto laca del palo brea [KondoGu2011]; palobrea lac insect [KondoGu2011].
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Camponotus rosariensis [KondoGu2011].
HOST: Fabaceae: Parkinsonia [KondoGu2011].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Salta [KondoGu2011]).
BIOLOGY: T. palobrea tended by Camponotus rosariensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). (Kondo & Gullan, 2011)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kondo & Gullan, 2011.
STRUCTURE: Single specimens sub-globose, with rather flat dorsum. More-or-less reddish brown in color, upper part darker, with white waxy filaments secreted from area of brachial plates, perhaps exuding from spiracular pores on anterior spiracles and canellar pores on the brachial plates. Lac of crowded specimens fused. (Kondo & Gullan, 2011)
SYSTEMATICS: The test of this species differs from that of all other species known from Argentina by the absence of humps or elevations on the dorsum. The adult female most closely resembles that of T. argentina. Morphological variation. The dimensions of the brachia, the pedicel of the dorsal spine and the pre-anal plate of the anal tubercle are mostly affected by age. The number of spiracular pores around the posterior spiracle may vary from 15 to 32, the number being greater in larger individuals.
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: KondoGu2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 345-367].
Tachardiella parva (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia parva Hempel, 1900a: 413. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cochoeira and Ypiranga, on a tree of Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.
Tachardiella parva; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination.
Tachardiella (Tachardiella) parva; Chamberlin, 1923: 184. Change of combination.
HOST: Myrtaceae [Hempel1900a, Hempel1901, MacGil1921, Chambe1923, Kapur1958].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a, Hempel1901, MacGil1921, Chambe1923, Kapur1958]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923). Description of adult female by Hempel (1901).
STRUCTURE: The younger females have a test of brown lac, elongate, with a tubercle in the middle of the dorsum and three processes on the lateral margin on each side. In the older specimens, the test is globular and of an orange-brown color. Specimens varying from 2.00-2.75 mm. long and 1.25-2 mm. high. The female, denuded of wax, has three conspicuous lobes on each side. (Kondo & Gullan, 2011)
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 287]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-185]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 126]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 413-414]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122-123]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 28-29]; KondoGu2011 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 347-350]; MacGil1921 [catalogue: 154]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardiella pustulata (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia pustulata Cockerell, 1895r: 2. Type data: USA: Arizona, near Phoenix, on a small perennial Compositae, 1894, collected Prof. Toumey. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Tachardiella (Tachardiella) pustulata; Chamberlin, 1923: 179. Change of combination.
Tachardiella pustulata; Kapur, 1958: 29. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae [Cocker1895r], Baccharis [Chambe1923, Kapur1958]. Rubiaceae: Bigelovia brachylepis [Chambe1923, Kapur1958].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1895r, Chambe1923, Kapur1958], California [Chambe1923]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adulr female by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Female scales more or less massed together, sometimes single, deep crimson, about the colour of black-currant jelly, moderately shiny, with small, transparent or translucent pustule-like prominences. A single scale is 3.5 mm. long, 3 wide and 2.5 high, but there is variability in size, some being larger. Very young scales, only 1.5 mm. long, are more pellucid, and about the colour of guava-jelly, with three irregular blunt rays on each side, and a dorsal tooth-like prominence resembling that of T. cornuta. (Cockerell, 1895)
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2011: 347-350 (female) [Key Based on Adult Females to Separate Species of the Family Kerriidae Known to Occur in the New World].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 287-288]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-180]; Cocker1895r [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 223]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 126]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 223]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 29]; KondoGu2011 [taxonomy: 347-350,365]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardiella resinata (Kieffer & Herbst)NOMENCLATURE:
Lecanium resinatum Kieffer & Herbst, 1909: 122. Type data: CHILE: on Baccharis rosmarinifolius. Syntypes, female and first instar. Syntypes. Described: female and first instar.
Coccus resinatum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 88. Change of combination.
Tachardiella resinata; Kondo & Gullan, 2010: 2. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis linearis [KondoGu2011], Baccharis rosmarinifolia [KieffeHe1909, Sassce1911].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [KieffeHe1909].
STRUCTURE: T. resinata induces galls which are yellow, resinous, spherical or semispherical, sessile and usually densely packed. (Varshney, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Kondo & Gullan (2010) assigned this species to the family Kerriidae, and provided the following reasons. "Many scale insect species described in the genus Lecanium Burmeister (now an unavailable name) are soft scale insects and a number have been transferred to the genus Coccus (see Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009). Presumably, this was the reason that Ben-Dov (1993) transferred L. resinatum to Coccus. Kieffer & Herbst (1909) described this scale insect from the host plant Baccharis rosmarinifolia (Asteraceae), which is now Baccharis linearis (Tropicos, 2010), from Concepcion, Chile. The original description is in German and the claim (Ben-Dov, 1993), which has been perpetuated by others (e.g., Gullan et al., 2005), that this species induces a gall is based on a misinterpretation of the description, which refers to these insects producing "Harzgallen", which literally translates to "resin galls". These structures are described as yellow, tending to spherical or hemispherical, attaining 4-5 mm in diameter, sessile, and usually densely packed. Resinous tests are produced by several scale insect groups, including the lac insects (Kerriidae). It seems certain that C. resinatus is a kerriid because Kieffer's & Herbst's (1990) description of the red "larvae", the first-instar nymphs, matches that of kerriid nymphs. Two genera of Kerriidae, Austrotachardiella Chamberlin and Tachardiella Cockerell, are widespread in South America (Ben-Dov, 2006) and it cannot be established with certainty to which genus C. resinatus belongs because there is no type material. However, only Tachardiella species have been found on Asteraceae, including T. pustulans (Cockerell) on Baccharis from the southwestern USA. Furthermore, the resinous tests of adult females of Tachardiella species are usually globular, as in C. resinatus, whereas those of Austrotachardiella species usually have various projections or processes. Here we transfer Lecanium resinatum to Tachardiella as T. resinata (Kieffer & Herbst) comb. nov., until the identity of this species can be investigated further based on collections made from the host plant in the region of the type locality."
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 88]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 164,181-182]; HodgsoMiGu2011 [description, host, life history, taxonomy: 2]; KieffeHe1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122-126]; KondoGu2010 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2-3]; KondoGu2011 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 345-350]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; Varshn2010 [taxonomy: 118-119]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 41].
Tachardina CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina Cockerell, 1901l: 249. Type species: Tachardia albida Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.
Tachardina (Tachardina); Chamberlin, 1923: 204. Change of status.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976)
KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2007: 5-6 (female) [Genera of Kerriidae]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Zhang 1992z: 386-387 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1984b: 367 (female) [Oriental region]; Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Southern Africa]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [World]; Balachowsky 1950: 8 (female) [Genera of Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy, description: 7-12]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 288]; Brain1920 [taxonomy: 122-123]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 204-205]; Cocker1901 [taxonomy: 63-64]; Cocker1901l [taxonomy, description: 249]; Hall1935b [taxonomy: 475-477]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 34-40]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy: 5-6]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 455]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 196]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 153-154]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 191]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 441]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy: 78]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy: 17-18]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 366, 370]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387].
Tachardina actinella (Cockerell & King)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia actinella Cockerell & King, 1901a: 342. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, host plant not specified. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Tachardina (Tachardina) actinella; Chamberlin, 1923: 207. Change of combination.
Tachardina digitata Munting, 1965a: 37. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Standfontein, on Rhus glauca, 25.v.1962, Coll. J. Munting. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. HC1511. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Munting, 1966: 123.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus glauca [Muntin1965a]. Ebenaceae: Euclea racemosa [Muntin1965a], Royena pallens [Hall1935b]. Euphorbiaceae: Pseudolachnostylis maprounaefolia [Hall1935b]. Juglandaceae: Carya [Hall1935b]. Proteaceae: Grevillea [Hall1935b]. Rosaceae: Rosa [Hall1935b]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [Brain1920, Hall1935b], Citrus paradisi [Brain1920].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mozambique [Varshn1997]; South Africa [Brain1920, Muntin1965a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923) and by Munting (1965a; 1966).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 288]; BenDovGi2014 [catalogue: 231]; BenDovGi2014 [catalogue: 231]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-124]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-208]; CockerKi1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 342]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 478-479]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 34]; Muntin1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-39]; Muntin1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 123]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 230].
Tachardina affluens affluens (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia affluens Brain, 1920: 125. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Euclea sp.; Collection No. 76. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
Tachardina (Tachardina) affluens; Chamberlin, 1923: 206. Change of combination and rank.
Tachardina affluens; Kapur, 1958: 34. Change of combination and rank.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Athanasia [Muntin1965a]. Ebenaceae: Euclea [Brain1920], Euclea crispa [Muntin1965a], Euclea undulata undulata [Muntin1965a]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus spina-christi [Matile1988]. Solanaceae: Cestrum aurantiacum [Muntin1965a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, Muntin1965a]. Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia [Matile1988].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923) and by Munting (1965a).
STRUCTURE: Test more or less globular, almost as deep as wide, sometimes slightly tapering to the top, about 3 mm in diameter, yellowish to dull shellac-brown with a reddish spot in the centre. The test is generally smooth, but may show indications of faint ridges to the margins, which are prominent in young specimens. Male scale exceptionally long and narrow, pale yellowish brown, with reddish larval exuviae; posterior aperture closed by a rough buff flap (Brain, 1920).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 289]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-126]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-207]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 34-35]; Matile1988 [host, distribution: 26]; Muntin1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-35]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina affluens coagulata HallNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina affluens coagulata Hall, 1935b: 484. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Brits, on ? Hakea sp., coll. Mrs. R. Martin, 1932, and Warmbath, on "Persimon", coll. R.J.B. Meek, June 1931. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Hall1935b]. Proteaceae: Hakea [Hall1935b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Hall1935b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Munting (1966) studied paratypes of this subspecies and found that its characters fall within the range of variation of Tachardina affluens affluens, but formally he did not synonymize Tachardina affluens coagulata with the former.
KEYS: Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 289]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 484]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 35]; Muntin1966 [taxonomy: 123]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 29]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina affluens natalensis HallNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina affluens natalensis Hall, 1935b: 484. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Pietermaritzburg, on Ficus sp., coll. A. Kelley, 1910. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Hall1935b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Hall1935b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Munting (1966) studied paratypes of this subspecies and found that its characters fall within the range of variation of Tachardina affluens affluens, but formally he did not synonymize Tachardina affluens natalensis with the former.
KEYS: Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 289-290]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 484]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 35]; Muntin1966 [taxonomy: 124]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina africana HallNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia decorella; Brain, 1920: 125. Misidentification; discovered by Chamberlin, 1923: 212.
Tachardina africana Hall, 1935b: 481. Type data: ZIMBABWE (=SOUTHERN RHODESIA): Melfort, on Acacia sp., 11.vi.1928. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Hall1935b, Muntin1965a, Muntin1966], Acacia karroo [Brain1920, Hall1935b, Muntin1965a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mozambique [Varshn1997]; South Africa [Brain1920, Hall1935b, Muntin1965a, Muntin1966]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1935b).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: AnneckIn1970 [biological control: 227-237]; Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 290]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 481-483]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 35]; Muntin1965a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina albida CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina (Tachardina) albida Cockerell, 1901l: 249. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Verulan, on Mimosa sp.; collected Fuller. Syntypes. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Tachardia albida; Fernald, 1903b: 123. Change of combination.
Tachardina (Tachardina) albida; Chamberlin, 1923: 206. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Hall1935b], Acacia karroo [Cocker1901], Acacia stolonifera [Hall1935b], Mimosa [Cocker1901l].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Cocker1901l, Brain1920, Chambe1923, Hall1935b]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Forming smooth yellowish-white masses on the twigs; the extremely dense and hard lac of the several individual running together; masses up to 10 mm. diameter and 30 in length. The individuals are marked externally by orange patches, each presenting a small corrugated or segmented ridge, and an aperture. Cavities for females globular to subpyriform. Male scales of the usual elongated form. red, with a very short dorsal segmented ridge, about one-third of total length of scale (Cockerell, 1901l).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 290]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 41]; Cocker1901l [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 249]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 477-478]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 35-36]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369-370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 230].
Tachardina aurantiaca (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia aurantiaca Cockerell, 1903c: 65. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Garoet, on grapefruit, Citrus. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Tachardina (Tachardina) aurantiaca; Chamberlin, 1923: 205. Change of combination.
Tachardina aurantiaca; Hall, 1935b: 475. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.
Tachardina aurantiaca; Kapur, 1958: 36. Change of combination.
Tachardina aurentiaca; Varshney, 1984b: 370. Misspelling of species name.
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Anoplolepis gracilipes [OngNeKh2014].
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Tachardiaephagus somervillei [OngNeKh2014].
HOSTS: Averrhoaceae: Averrhoa carambola [MartinLa2011]. Fabaceae: Acacia auriculiformis [OngNeKh2014], Acacia sphaerocephala [Morris1921, Chambe1923], Albizia [Green1913], Cajanus cajan [Morris1921, Chambe1923], Inocarpus fagifer [SchroePeCo2008], Millettia pinnata [OngNeKh2014], Pithecolobium [Takaha1941, Kapur1958]. Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtia [Green1913]. Moraceae: Ficus [Takaha1941, Kapur1958]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Takaha1941], Ziziphus mauritiana [Kapur1958]. Rubiaceae: Ixora macrothyrsa [Morris1921, Chambe1923]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Cocker1903c].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Christmas Island [ODowdGrLa2003, AbbottGr2007, SchroePeCo2008, OngNeKh2014]. Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Cocker1903c, Green1913, Varshn1976]); Malaysia [Varshn1976]; Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]; Singapore [Morris1921, Takaha1941]; Thailand [Takaha1941, Varshn1976].
BIOLOGY: Found on bark of branch (Cockerell, 1903c).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923).
STRUCTURE: Scales usually separate, sometimes coalescing, round, seen from above, 4 mm. long, convex, but flattened dorsally, so that they are not half as high as broad; surface thrown more or less into concrete folds; colour bright orange; median dorsal area ferruginous, with radiating ridges and the usual orifices, the minutely transversely ribbed larval exuviae in the middle. Young up to about 2 mm. long, orange-ferruginous, with rather obscure radiating ridges (Cockerell, 1903c). Resinous test of adult female (fig. 1) circular, somewhat flattened dorsally: the larval pellicle forming a crenulated ridge in the centre of the dorsal area: anal orifice circular or broadly oval, its posterior rim raised into a prominent tooth-like point: respiratory orifices small, very slightly prominent, situated one on each side of and close to the larval pellicle: sides more or less distinctly broadly radially fluted. Colour bright fulvous to castaneous, the larval pellicle reddish; semitranslucent. Diameter 25 mm (Green, 1913).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Female wasps are known to adjust their offspring sex ratios depending on host size, with a female biased sex ratio on larger hosts. A significant relationship was found between the size of female T. aurantiaca and the number of emerging Tachardiaephagus somervillei. Rearing of T. aurantiaca on larger size host plants under optimum conditions in the field is likely to produce larger females at a shorter development time with more crawlers produced per female. Therefore, Ong, et al. could have important implications on the biological control of T. aurantiaca.
CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 1238-1246]; Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 291]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-206]; Cocker1903c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65-66]; Green1913 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 314-316]; Hall1935b [taxonomy: 475]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 511]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 36]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 455]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 45]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 647]; NeumanODGu2014 [ecology: 27]; ODowdGrLa2003 [host, distribution: 813]; OngNeKh2014 [description, ecology, economic importance, host, life history: 435-441]; SchroePeCo2008 [taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny, biological control: 256-266]; Takaha1941 [host, distribution: 138]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 370]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 59]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 46].
Tachardina bernardi BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina bernardi Balachowsky, 1950: 13. Type data: ALGERIA: Tassili N'Ajjeret; between Amais and Djanet; between Fort Gandel and Dider; Ihrir et Ahrar; on Acacia raddiana and A. seyal Collected April and May 1949. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia raddiana [Balach1950], Acacia seyal [Balach1950].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1950].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1950).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 291]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina brachystegiae HallNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina brachystegiae Hall, 1935b: 484. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=SOUTHERN RHODESIA]: Glendale, on Ziziphus jujuba; Mazoe on Cestrum sp., on Acacia sp., on Brachystegia sp.; El Dorado on Berlinia globiflora; Salisbury on 'custard apple', on Hibiscus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Hall1935b]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Hall1935b], Berlinia globiflora [Hall1935b], Brachystegia [Hall1935b]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Hall1935b]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Hall1935b]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [LePell1968].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Malawi [LePell1968]; Tanzania [LePell1968]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hall (1935b).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: AnneckIn1970 [biological control: 227-237]; Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 292]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 484-485]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 36]; LePell1968 [host, distribution]; Muntin1965a [taxonomy, description: 39-40]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina diclipterae HallNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina diclipterae Hall, 1935b: 485. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=SOUTHERN RHODESIA]: Inyazura, on Dicliptera rogersii, 6.vi.1928. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Acanthaceae: Dicliptera rogersii [Hall1935b, Muntin1965a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1935b, Muntin1965a].
BIOLOGY: Found to infest the stems just below ground level and on the roots (Hall, 1935b).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hall (1935b) and supplemented by Muntin1 (1965a).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 292]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 485-486]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 37]; Muntin1965a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35-36]; Muntin1973a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 59]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, description: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina gripha MuntingNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina gripha Munting, 1966: 124. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Van Rhynsdorp District, Bitterfontein, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis, 18.ii.1965, coll. J.H. Giliomee. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. HC1851. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Muntin1966].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1966].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Munting (1966).
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female round, somewhat flattened on top; about 2 mm in diameter; pinkish in colour, and of a gelatinous texture when freshly secreted; occurring singly or in fused masses on the host plant. Male puparia not seen (Munting, 1966).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 292]; BenDovGi2014 [catalogue: 231]; Muntin1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124-126]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina karroo (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia karroo Brain, 1920: 124. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape province, Montague, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis, in association with Tachardia minor, collected by C.P. van der Merwe, November 1914, Collection No. 324. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 185. Described: female. Illust.
Tachardina (Tachardina) karroo; Chamberlin, 1923: 211. Change of combination.
Tachardina karroo; Hall, 1935b: 480. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Brain1920, Muntin1966].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, Muntin1966].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923), Hall (1935b) and by Munting (1966). Munting (1966: 129) discussed and indicated that there was confusion about the true collection data of the type series; the collection data given here was taken from the original description.
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female globose; about 2.5 mm in diameter; yellow, glassy, transparent with the insect clearly visible inside in fresh material. Male puparia about 1.3 mm long (Munting, 1966).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 292-293]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-212]; Hall1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 480-481]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 37]; Muntin1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-129]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina lereddei BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina lereddei Balachowsky, 1950: 12. Type data: ALGERIA: Tassili N'Ajjers, gorges d'Ahrar, Sa central, altitude of 1300 m., on Tamarix f. gallica. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix gallica [Balach1950].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1950].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1950) and by Munting (1973a).
CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-13]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 293]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 37]; Muntin1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina minor (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Tachardia minor Brain, 1920: 124. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Montague, on rhenosterbosch, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, coll. C.P. van de Merwe. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
Tachardina (Tachardina) minor; Chamberlin, 1923: 211. Change of combination.
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Crematogaster peringueyi [Giliom2014].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Brain1920, SchroePeCo2008]. Compositae: Chrysanthemoides incana [Giliom2014], Metalasia muricata [Giliom2014].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, SchroePeCo2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa]; Hall 1935b: 477 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1950 [taxonomy: 9]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 293]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211]; Giliom2014 [ecology, host, illustration: 34-35]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 39]; SchroePeCo2008 [taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny, biological control: 256-266]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina oligopora MuntingNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina oligopora Munting, 1966: 129. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Van Rhynsdorp District, Bitterfontein, on Struthiola ? confusa, 18.ii.1965, coll. J.H. Giliomee. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. HC1894. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Thymelaeaceae: Struthiola ? confusa [Muntin1966].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Varshn1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Munting (1966).
STRUCTURE: Test of young adult female circular, flattened dorsally, yellow with a brownish mediodorsal area, and distinct lateral ridges. Male puparium reddish brown, and about 1.5 mm in length (Munting, 1966).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 293-294]; BenDovGi2014 [catalogue: 231]; Muntin1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-131]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina perplexa MuntingNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina perplexa Munting, 1973a: 59. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Van Rhynsdorp District, Bitterfontein, on Galenia africana, Nov. 1964, Coll. J.G. Theron. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. HC1725. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Galenia africana [Muntin1973a]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Muntin1973a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1973a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Munting (1973a).
STRUCTURE: Test of the adult female globular, smooth, dirty-white or light brown, with a dark mediodorsal spot; often thickly encrusted on stems of the host plant. Male puparium elongate, about 1.5 mm long, brown in colour (Munting, 1973a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 294]; BenDovGi2014 [catalogue: 231]; Muntin1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59, 61]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 8].
Tachardina protrudens MuntingNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina protrudens Munting, 1965a: 39. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Piketberg District, Aurora, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis, 19.v.1962, coll. J. Munting. Holotype. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. HC1201. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Muntin1965a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1965a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Munting (1965a).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 294]; BenDovGi2014 [catalogue: 231]; Muntin1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-41]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9].
Tachardina psiadiae MametNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina psiadiae Mamet, 1954: 22. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ambatoloana, on twigs of Psiadia, xi.1950, coll. R. Paulian. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 279. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Psiadia [Mamet1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954).
STRUCTURE: Test of the adult female circular, yellowish-buff, globular but slightly flattened dorsally. No regular flutings but with a few irregular shallow depressions. Occurring singly on the stems of the host plant. Diameter 3.5 mm; height 2.0 mm (Mamet, 1954).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 294]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9].
Tachardina recurva MuntingNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina recurva Munting, 1973a: 59. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Du Toit's Kloof Pass, on Erica sp. Coll. J. Munting. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. HC2056. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Ericaceae: Erica [Muntin1973a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1973a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Munting (1973a).
STRUCTURE: Test of the adult female dirty yellow, globular, about 2 mm in diameter, occurring singly or in fused masses on the host plant. Male puparia with posterior third curved upwards and slightly forward so that the exit faces forward (Munting, 1973a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 295]; BenDovGi2014 [catalogue: 231]; BenDovGi2014 [catalogue: 231]; Muntin1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59,62-63]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9].
Tachardina sclerosa MuntingNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina sclerosa Munting, 1965a: 41. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Clanwilliam District, Citrusdal, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis, 14.v.1962, Coll. J. Munting. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. HC1416. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Muntin1965a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1965a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Munting (1965a).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 295]; Muntin1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-43]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9].
Tachardina spinosa MuntingNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina spinosa Munting, 1966: 131. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Worcester, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis, 1.xii.1964, coll. J. Munting. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. HC1747. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Muntin1966].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1966].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Munting (1966).
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female indistinguishable from those of Tachardina karroo which was found in association with this species on the same plant (Munting, 1966).
KEYS: Munting 1966: 121-122 (female) [Species of Tachardina in Southern Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 295]; BenDovGi2014 [catalogue: 231]; Muntin1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-133]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9].
Tachardina tsimbazazae MametNOMENCLATURE:
Tachardina tsimbazazae Mamet, 1954: 24. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tsimbazaza, on twigs of Diospyros kaki, 15.v.1950, coll. A. Robinson. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 166,255. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Mamet1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954).
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female circular to oval, dome-shaped, flattened on top, with usually 16 distinct, straw-coloured to yellowish, irregular ridges radiating from a little below the apex to the margin which sometimes appears as coarsely crenulate. Colour dark greyish-brown. Tests may be separate, but are often so close together that they coalesce into masses of varying sizes. Longest diameter 3.5-4.0 mm; height about 2.0 mm (Mamet, 1954).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 295]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 30]; Varshn2009 [catalogue: 9].
Genera Removed from Family
GascardiaNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Gascardia Targioni Tozzetti, 1893a: 88. Notes: Current status: Gascardia Targioni Tozzetti in the Coccidae.
Species Removed from Family
Gascardia madagascariensisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Gascardia madagascariensis Targioni Tozzetti, 1893a: 88. Notes: Current status: Gascardia madagascariensis Targioni Tozzetti, in the Coccidae.