Family Kermesidae
Allokermes Bullington & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Allokermes Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 28. Type species: Kermes galliformis Riley, by original designation.
SYSTEMATICS: Baer & Kosztarab (1985) treat this genus in a discussion of the phylogeny of the Nearctic Kermesidae.
KEYS: Gill 1993: 131 (female) [California Kermesidae]; Miller & Miller 1993a: 239 (female) [Key to genera of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Kosztarab & Bullington 1986: 26 (female) [Key to the world genera of Kermesidae]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 140 (first instar) [First instars of Holarctic Kermesidae]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 143 (female) [First instar females of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 27 (female) [Genera of Nearctic Kermesidae].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 140]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 27, 28]; DoaneVaCh1936 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 382]; Gill1993 [distribution, taxonomy: 129, 131]; HuLi1994 [taxonomy: 40]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 268-269]; KosztaBu1987 [structure, taxonomy: 26]; Koteja1988d [taxonomy: 533]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 405]; MillerMi1993a [taxonomy: 239]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Turner2004 [taxonomy: 4]; TurnerBu2004 [taxonomy: 1].
Allokermes branigani (King)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermes branigani King, 1914d: 100-101. Type data: UNITED STATES: California, Placer County, Sierra Nevada Mountains, near Forest Hill, at 3,500 feet, Volcano Canyon, at the Bath Mine, on Quercus chrysolepis, 22/11/1913, by E.J. Branigan & E.O. Essig. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Blacksburg: Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: USNM has three topotype specimens.
Kermes nigropunctatus; Ferris, 1920b: 26-27. Described: female. Illust. Misidentification; discovered by Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 30.
Kermes nigropunctatus; Essig, 1929: 276. Illust. Misidentification; discovered by Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 30.
Allokermes branigani; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 30-33. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Branigan's kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus chrysolepis [King1914d], Quercus grisea? [Koszta1977a], Quercus wislizenii [BullinKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [King1914d], Texas? [Koszta1977a]).
BIOLOGY: This species was collected at an altitude of 3,500 feet (King, 1914d).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of adult by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985). Baer & Kosztarab (1985) provide a detailed description and illustration of both first and second instars.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is globular, light cream in color with four broad transverse bands of light yellowish brown (King, 1914d).
SYSTEMATICS: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) cite some misidentifications of this species as Kermes nigropunctatus and state that the two may be synonyms.
KEYS: Gill 1993: 131 (female) [California Kermesidae]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 141 (first instar) [First instars of Nearctic Allokermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 143 (female) [Second instar females of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 28 (female) [Adult females of Allokermes]; Baer 1980: 24 (first instar) [First instars of Kermes galliformis group]; MacGillivray 1921: 198 (female) [Species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: Baer1980 [taxonomy: 24]; BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 144-150]; Balach1950c [distribution, taxonomy: 344]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: iv, 28, 30-33]; CSCSH1914 [distribution, host: 189]; Essig1915a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 114]; Essig1929 [distribution, host, illustration: 276]; Ferris1920b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 27]; Ferris1955a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 195]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 131, 132]; King1914d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 100-101]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 198]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; TurnerBu2004 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy: 1-6]; USDAAP1977 [distribution, host: 813].
Allokermes cueroensis (Cockerell in King)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermes galliformis cueroensis Cockerell in King, 1900a: 79. Type data: UNITED STATES: Texas, Cuero, on Quercus sp., 02/06/1898, by T.D.A. Cockerell. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 34. Type depository: Manhattan: Kansas State University Collections, Kansas, USA. Described: female.
Kermes cueroensis; King, 1903: 21. Change of status.
Allokermes cueroensis; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 33-36. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: live oak kermes [Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus alba? [BullinKo1985], Quercus sp. [King1900a], Quercus virginiana [BullinKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [BullinKo1985], Georgia [BullinKo1985], Louisiana [Koszta1996], Michigan [Koszta1996], Mississippi [BullinKo1985], South Carolina [BullinKo1985], Texas [King1900a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985).
STRUCTURE: Cockerell in King (1900a) describes the adult female as large, convex, brownish white in color, obscurely marbled with very pale gray and linear transverse brown bands.
SYSTEMATICS: A. cueroensis can be distinguished by pre-anal row of multilocular disc pores extending dorsally to anal ring only, median lobe of false venter without disc pores and the spinescent 8-shaped pores are broader than long with well-developed pits. (Baer & Kosztarab, 1985)
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 269 (female) [Species of Allokermes]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 30 (female) [Adult females of Allokermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 33-36]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 62]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host: 197]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 143]; King1900a [description, distribution, host: 79]; King1903 [taxonomy: 21]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 34, 269-271]; KosztaBu1987 [structure, illustration: 23, 24]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Turner2004 [description, economic importance: 4].
Allokermes dubius Bullington & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Allokermes dubius Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 36. Type data: UNITED STATES: Mississippi, New Augusta, on Quercus falcata, 27/08/1930, by H. Dietrich. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: southern red-oak kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus falcata [BullinKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Mississippi [BullinKo1985]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985).
SYSTEMATICS: Allokermes dubius can be distinguished from other species of the genus by the spinescent pores being longer than broad, with elongate pits, and if with teeth, these subequal to pits in length, strongly convergent, and only present in older pre-reproductive specimens; lateral multilocular disc pores few and in single row; pre-anal row of multilocular disc pores with few or no pores extending medially onto median lobe of false venter, also with pores extending dorsally to area adjacent to anal lobes, but not above them (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 30 (female) [Adult females of Allokermes].
CITATIONS: BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 36-39]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359].
Allokermes essigi (King)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermes essigi King, 1913: 205-206. Type data: UNITED STATES: California, Ventura County, Santa Paula, Santa Paula Canyon, 1910, by E.O. Essig. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 39. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paralectotype in VPIC and USNM.
Kermes nigropunctatus; Ferris, 1920b: 27. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 39.
Kermes nigropunctatus; Essig, 1926: 276. Misidentification; discovered by Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 39.
Talla nigropunctata; Lindinger, 1943a: 148. Described: female. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 39.
Kermes essigii; Hoy, 1963: 144. Misspelling of species name.
Allokermes essigi; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 39. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Essig's kermes [BullinKo1985].
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aenasioidea kermicola [Fulmek1943].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus agrifolia [King1913], Quercus kelloggii [BullinKo1985], Quercus palustris? [Hoy1963], Quercus sp. [BullinKo1985], Quercus wislizenii [BullinKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [King1913]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985).
SYSTEMATICS: Allokermes essigi can be distinguished from other Allokermes by the lateral row of multilocular disc pores being absent; pre-anal row of multilocular disc pores not extending as far as dorsally as anal lobes; and spinescent 8-shaped pores without teeth and distributed evenly on mid-dorsum (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 29 (female) [Adult females of Allokermes]; MacGillivray 1921: 197 (female) [as Kermes essigi; Species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 39-42]; Ehrhor1898a [description, distribution, host: 186]; Essig1915a [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 115]; Essig1929 [taxonomy: 276]; Ferris1920b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 27]; Ferris1955a [distribution, host: 199]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 38]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 132]; Hartma1916 [distribution, host: 93]; Howard1919 [biological control, distribution, host: 256]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 144]; King1913 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 205-206]; King1914d [taxonomy: 100, 101]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 148]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 197]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Ruhl1917b [p. 50]; Ruhl1917b [taxonomy: 50]; Timber1916 [biological control, distribution, host: 584].
Allokermes ferrisi Bullington & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Allokermes ferrisi Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 42-44. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Rio Arriba County, on Quercus emoryi, 30/06/1977, by L. Iselin & W.A. Iselin. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Ferris's kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus emoryi [BullinKo1985], Quercus gambelii [BullinKo1985], Quercus sp [BullinKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [BullinKo1985], California [BullinKo1985], Colorado [BullinKo1985], New Mexico [BullinKo1985]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985).
SYSTEMATICS: Allokermes ferrisi can be distinguished from other Allokermes by the presence of a lateral row of multilocular disc pores which does not extend onto the mid-dorsum; the pre-anal row of multilocular disc pores with 25-40 pores extending medially onto median lobe of false venter, also with pores extending dorsally to above anal lobes, encircling them and the spinescent 8-shaped pores with teeth (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Gill 1993: 131 (female) [California Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 29 (female) [Adult females of Allokermes].
CITATIONS: BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 42-44]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 131, 133]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359].
Allokermes galliformis (Riley)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermes galliformis Riley, 1881: 482. Type data: UNITED STATES: Missouri, Iron Mountain, on Quercus palustris, by Warder. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) refer to paralectotypes of this species, but no lectotype was designated making the type material syntypes. Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) also mention some topotypes, but the collection data of these specimens does not match with the type series.
Kermes waldeni King, 1914: 150-151. Type data: UNITED STATES: Connecticut, Portland, on Quercus sp., 12/08/1913, by B.H. Walden. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Blacksburg: Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 45.
Coccus galliformis; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla galliformis; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Talla waldeni; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermes emoryi Ferris, 1955a: 197-198. Type data: UNITED STATES: Arizona, near Prescott, on Quercus emoryi. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 45.
Kermococcus galliformis; Kawai, 1972: 4. Change of combination.
Allokermes galliformis; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 45. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Allokermes gallinocolus; Lambdin & Grant, 1999: B-61. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAMES: gall-like kermes [Gill1993]; pin-oak kermes [BullinKo1985].
ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Camponotus pennsylvanica [King1899b], Crematogaster lineolata [King1899b], Formica obscuripes [King1899b], Formica subsericea [King1899b], Lasius americanus [King1899b].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aenasioidea kermicola [Fulmek1943], Encyrtus sp. [King1899b]. Mymaridae: Cosmocoma elegans [Comsto1883]. LEPIDOPTERA Cosmopterigidae: Euclemensia bassettella [King1899b], Euclemensia bassettella [Fulmek1943]. Scelionidae: Telenomus sp [Comsto1883].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Chrysolepis sp. [BaerKo1985], Quercus agrifolia [BaerKo1985], Quercus alba? [Amos1933], Quercus arizonica [BullinKo1985], Quercus borealis [BullinKo1985], Quercus chrysolepis [Gill1993], Quercus coccinea [BaerKo1985], Quercus douglasi [BullinKo1985], Quercus durata [BullinKo1985], Quercus emoryi [BullinKo1985], Quercus falcata [BullinKo1985], Quercus gambelii? [BaerKo1985], Quercus garryana? [Cocker1895p], Quercus gravesii [BullinKo1985], Quercus grisea [BaerKo1985], Quercus harvardii [BullinKo1985], Quercus hypoleucoides? [BaerKo1985], Quercus ilicifolia? [King1899b], Quercus imbricaria? [BaerKo1985], Quercus incana? [BaerKo1985], Quercus kelloggii? [King1913], Quercus laevis [BullinKo1985], Quercus laurifolia [BullinKo1985], Quercus lobata [BullinKo1985], Quercus macrocarpa [BullinKo1985], Quercus marilandica [BullinKo1985], Quercus neo-tharpii? [BaerKo1985], Quercus nigra [BullinKo1985], Quercus oblongifolia [BullinKo1985], Quercus palustris [BullinKo1985], Quercus phellos [BullinKo1985], Quercus prinus? [BaerKo1985], Quercus pungens? [BaerKo1985], Quercus robur [BaerKo1985], Quercus shumardii texana [BullinKo1985], Quercus sp. [BullinKo1985], Quercus stellata [BullinKo1985], Quercus undulata? [GilletBa1895], Quercus velutina [BullinKo1985], Quercus virginiana [BullinKo1985], Quercus wislizenii? [BaerKo1985], Quercus wrightii? [Cocker1896m].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada? (Ontario? [Jarvis1908TD]); Mexico [BullinKo1985] (Baja California Sur? [BaerKo1985], Oaxaca [Miller1996]); United States of America (Alabama [BullinKo1985], Arizona [BullinKo1985], Arkansas? [BaerKo1985], California [BullinKo1985], Colorado? [BaerKo1985], Connecticut? [Britto1930], Delaware? [BaerKo1985], District of Columbia [Fernal1903b], Florida [BullinKo1985], Georgia? [BaerKo1981], Indiana? [BaerKo1985], Iowa? [Osborn1898], Kansas [BullinKo1985], Louisiana [BullinKo1985], Maryland [BullinKo1985], Massachusetts? [King1899b], Michigan? [BaerKo1985], Minnesota? [BaerKo1985], Mississippi [BullinKo1985], Missouri [Riley1881], New Jersey [BullinKo1985], New Mexico? [King1900a], New York? [Lintne1896], North Carolina? [BaerKo1985], Ohio [BullinKo1985], Oklahoma? [BaerKo1985], Pennsylvania [BullinKo1985], South Carolina [BullinKo1985], Tennessee? [Amos1933], Texas [BullinKo1985], Utah? [Timber1916], Virginia [BullinKo1985], Wisconsin? [BaerKo1985]). Palaearctic: Japan [Kawai1980].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985). Baer & Kosztarab (1985) give detailed description and illustration of first instar, second instar male and females.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is subspherical, polished, smooth and pale yellow (Riley, 1881).
SYSTEMATICS: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) state that "It is possible that Allokermes galliformis contains a complex of several undescribed species or subspecies. A thorough study of the adult males undoubtedly will clarify this question."
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 269 (female) [Species of Allokermes]; Gill 1993: 131 (female) [California Kermesidae]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 140 (first instar) [First instars of Nearctic Allokermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 142 (male) [Second instar males of Nearctic Allokermes and Kermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 143 (female) [Second instar females of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 30 (female) [Adult females of Allokermes]; Baer 1980: 24 (first instar) [First instars of the Kermes galliformis group]; Britton 1923: 350 (female) [as Kermes galliformis; Kermes species]; Hollinger 1923: 43 (female) [as Kermes gallifornis; Kermes species of Missouri]; MacGillivray 1921: 197 (female) [as Kermes waldeni; Kermes species]; Lawson 1917: 183 (female) [Key to Kermes species of Kansas]; Dietz & Morrison 1916a: 233 (female) [as Kermes galliformis; Species of Kermes]; Sanders 1904a: 34 (female) [Ohio Kermes]; Cockerell 1900c: 44 (female) [as Kermes galliformis; North American Kermes].
CITATIONS: Amos1933 [distribution, host: 206]; Baer1980 [taxonomy: 24]; BaerKo1981 [taxonomy: 227]; BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 150-164]; Baker1972 [distribution, host: 97]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; Barber1911 [distribution, host: 449, 450]; Bogue1898 [taxonomy: 172]; Bogue1900 [taxonomy: 206]; Britto1920 [taxonomy: 63]; Britto1923 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 350]; Britto1930 [distribution, host: 497]; BullinKo1977 [taxonomy: 169]; BullinKo1977a [taxonomy: 61]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 45-53]; Carnes1907 [description, distribution, host: 169]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 31]; Cocker1895f [taxonomy: 101]; Cocker1895p [distribution: 244]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1896m [distribution, host: 226]; Cocker1897e [taxonomy: 95]; Cocker1898c [distribution, host: 65]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy: 431]; Cocker1900c [taxonomy: 44]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 192]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy: 337]; Comsto1883 [biological control, host: 132]; Dean1909 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 265]; DietzMo1916a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 235]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Ehrhor1898a [taxonomy: 186]; Ehrhor1899a [taxonomy: 104]; Essig1915a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 116-117]; Essig1926 [biological control: 833]; Felt1901 [distribution, host: 356]; FeltMo1928 [distribution, host: 194]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 61]; Ferris1955a [description, host: 204]; Friend1930 [taxonomy: 615]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 38]; Gibson1913 [taxonomy: 19]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 131, 133]; GilletBa1895 [distribution: 126]; Hamon1977 [distribution: 1]; Hamon1980f [taxonomy: 40]; HamonLaKo1976 [taxonomy: 1]; Hartma1916 [distribution, host: 94]; Hollin1923 [distribution, taxonomy: 43-44]; HollinPa1919 [biological control, distribution: 92]; Howard1919 [biological control, distribution, host: 256, 257]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 144, 164]; Jarvis1911 [distribution, host: 68, 76]; Kawai1972 [distribution: 4]; Kawai1977 [distribution, host: 154, 158]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 134]; King1899b [biological control, distribution: 139]; King1900a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 78, 79, 81, 84]; King1903 [taxonomy: 21]; King1913a [taxonomy: 206]; King1914 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 150-151]; King1914d [taxonomy: 100]; King1914e [taxonomy: 133]; Koszta1977a [host: 185]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 271-273]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 405-406]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; LambdiWa1980 [distribution, host: 79]; Lawson1917 [distribution, taxonomy: 183, 185]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 324]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lintne1896 [host: 60]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 197]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy: 21]; Maskel1894 [taxonomy: 93]; MawFoHa2000 [distribution: 46]; MerrilCh1923 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 196, 284]; Miller1985b [distribution, taxonomy: 101]; Miller1996 [distribution: 79]; NewellRo1908 [distribution, host: 154]; Newste1903 [taxonomy: 138]; Osborn1898 [distribution, host: 226]; Peck1963 [biological control: 934]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Riley1881 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 482]; Riley1894 [distribution, host: 70]; Ruhl1917b [taxonomy: 50]; Ruhl1923 [biological control: 4]; Sander1904a [description, distribution, taxonomy: 35-36]; Sleesm1945 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 44, 45]; Smith1910 [distribution, host: 122]; Timber1916 [biological control, distribution, host: 584]; Trimbl1928 [distribution, host: 43]; Turner2004 [taxonomy: 2,4]; WebsteBu1902 [distribution, host: 110]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 23]; Wilson1917 [description, distribution, host: 32, 33].
Allokermes gillettei (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermes gillettei Cockerell, 1895f: 100. Type data: UNITED STATES: Colorado, Manitou, on Quercus undulata, by C.P. Gillette. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Notes: Baer & Kosztarab (1985) state they examined topotypes and paralectotypes of this species, but we can find no evidence that a lectotype was ever designated. Therefore, the type material is syntypes.
Coccus gillettei; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla gillettei; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Allokermes gillettei; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 53. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Gillette's kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [BullinKo1985], Quercus alba [BaerKo1985], Quercus emoryi [BullinKo1985], Quercus engelmannii [BaerKo1985], Quercus gambelii [BaerKo1985], Quercus hypoleucoides [BullinKo1985], Quercus sp. [BullinKo1985], Quercus undulata? [BullinKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [BaerKo1985] (Baer & Kosztarab (1985) cite the localities of "Chivela" and "Claxaca.") (Mexico State [BaerKo1985]); United States of America (Arizona [BullinKo1985], Colorado [BullinKo1985], Florida [BaerKo1985], New Mexico? [Fernal1903b], Texas? [Essig1929]).
BIOLOGY: Cockerell (1897a) collected this species at 8000 feet in altitude, which was the highest of any Kermes.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985). Baer & Kosztarab (1985) provide detailed description and illustrations of first instar and second instar female.
SYSTEMATICS: Allokermes gillettei is unique in having the pre-anal row of multilocular disc pores with a few pores extending medially onto median lobe of false venter, also these pores extend dorsally to the area adjacent to anal lobes, but not above them; lateral multilocular disc pores in narrow, dense row; and spinescent 8-shaped pores without teeth, longer than broad, resembling double pits, with pits unequal in depth (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 141 (first instar) [First instars of Nearctic Allokermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 143 (female) [Second instar females of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 30 (female) [Adult females of Allokermes]; Baer 1980: 24 (first instar) [First instars of Kermes galliformis group]; Cockerell 1900c: 44 (female) [as Kermes gillettei; North American species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: Baer1980 [taxonomy: 24]; BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 164-170]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; Borchs1963a [taxonomy: 60]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 53-56]; Chambe1931 [distribution, host: 29]; Cocker1895f [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 101]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1897a [distribution, host: 14]; Cocker1897e [taxonomy: 95]; Cocker1900c [taxonomy: 44]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 192]; Cocker1906b [distribution, host: 35]; Cocker1929b [distribution: 150]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Ehrhor1898a [taxonomy: 186]; Essig1929 [description, distribution: 276]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 62]; Ferris1955a [distribution, host: 199]; GilletBa1895 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 126]; Himebr1904 [distribution, life history: 188]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 145]; King1900a [description, distribution, host: 79]; King1913 [taxonomy: 206]; King1914d [taxonomy: 101]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy: 268]; Lindin1914 [taxonomy: 116]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 196]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Terezn1970 [taxonomy: 14]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy: 33]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 24].
Allokermes grandis (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Lecanium tubuliferum Cockerell, 1898h: 132. Type data: MEXICO: Amecameca, on Quercus engelmanni,. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 57. Notes: BMNH has two specimens labeled by Cockerell as "type" (Williams, 1985a). One box of dry material in USNM.
Kermes grandis Cockerell, 1898j: 431. Type data: MEXICO: Amecameca, on Quercus engelmanni, 25/05/97, by Koebele. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 57. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.
Talla grandis; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Allokermes grandis; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 57. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Kermes tubuliferus; Williams, 1985a: 219. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: giant kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus engelmanni [Cocker1898j].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Distrito Federal [Ferris1955a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is globular, not visibly segmented, surface dull and peppered or marbled with black and grey and white (Cockerell, 1898j).
SYSTEMATICS: Allokermes grandis is unique in having a pre-anal row of multilocular disc pores with 25-40 pores extending medially onto median lobe of false venter, also with pores extending dorsally to area adjacent to anal lobes but not above them and the spinescent 8-shaped pores without pits (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 29 (female) [Adult females of Allokermes]; MacGillivray 1921: 196 (female) [as Kermes grandis; Kermes species]; Cockerell 1900c: 44 (female) [as Kermes grandis; North American species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 167]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 57-58]; Cocker1898h [distribution, host, taxonomy: 132]; Cocker1898j [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 431]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 10]; Cocker1900c [taxonomy: 44]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 62]; Ferris1955a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 199]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 146]; King1900a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 80]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 196]; Miller1996 [distribution: 79]; Willia1985a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 219].
Allokermes kingii (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermes kingii Cockerell, 1898q: 330. Type data: UNITED STATES: Massachusetts, Lawrence, on Quercus borealis, 28/07/1898, by G.B. King. Syntypes, female. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female and first instar. Notes: Cockerell (1898q) makes no mention of types in his original description, but Bullington & Kosztarab state they have examined a paratype. The USNM has a box of dry material whose label matches that of the type locality and date, but it is empty.
Kermes kingi; Cockerell, 1900c: 44. Misspelling of species name.
Talla kingi; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination and misspelling of species epithet.
Allokermes kingi; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 58-63. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination and misspelling of species epithet.
COMMON NAME: northern red-oak kermes [BullinKo1985].
ASSOCIATES: Formicidae: Pheidole dentata Mayr [Turner2004]. ACARINA : Tuckerella pavoniformi [Turner2004].
FOES: Neuroptera: Chrysopidae sp. [Turner2004]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bivulnerus [HamonLaKo1976]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Homalotylus sp. [HamonLaKo1976]. LEPIDOPTERA Cosmopterigidae: Euclemensia bassettella [Fulmek1943].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus borealis [Hoy1963], Quercus coccinea [BullinKo1985], Quercus ilicifolia [BullinKo1985], Quercus imbricaria [BullinKo1985], Quercus laurifolia [BullinKo1985], Quercus phellos [BullinKo1985], Quercus rubra [Cocker1898q], Quercus sp. [BullinKo1985], Quercus velutina [BullinKo1985]. Poaceae: Castanopsis sp. [Turner2004]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [BullinKo1985], Connecticut [BullinKo1985], Delaware [Cocker1898q], District of Columbia [BullinKo1985], Florida [BullinKo1985], Georgia [BullinKo1985], Indiana [BullinKo1985], Massachusetts [Cocker1898q], New York [BullinKo1985], Ohio [BullinKo1985], Pennsylvania [BullinKo1985], Tennessee [BullinKo1985], Virginia [BullinKo1985]).
BIOLOGY: Allokermes kingii has one generation per year with eggs being laid in July and hatched in September. First instars were recorded as having overwintered and molted in April and matured in June (Kosztarab 1996). McAtee (1926) states that this scale is fed upon by the Yellow Throated Vireo in New York. A. kingii is bivoltine in Florida. First generation crawlers emerge in late May. After hatching, they remain beneath the parental cover until environmental condigions favor dispersal. Second instar females migrate and secrete a hard, waxy covering. Second instar males migrate down the tree stems and cover themselves with a white, felt-like waxy test. Second instar females molt to a third instar which lasts two to four days. Third instar females become adults from late August to mid-December. Eggs are laid from early September to mid=December. Each female can lay an average of 3,000 eggs. Second generation crawlers begin emerging in mid-September. They overwinter as first and second instars and by late April become mature adults. (Turner & Buss, 2010)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985).
STRUCTURE: Adult female very convex, light ochreous in color and marbled with a darker reddish tint (Cockerell, 1898q). Discussion of eggs and wax secretion by Hamon et al. (1975).
SYSTEMATICS: Allokermes kingii is distinguishable by the pre-anal row of quinquelocular disc pores not extending medially onto median lobe of false venter, also with pores extending dorsally to above anal lobes, encircling them; lateral row of quinquelocular disc pores present, extending dorsally into sparsely distributed quinquelocular disc pores on mid-dorsum; and spinescent 8-shaped pores with small teeth that are subequal to length of pits (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Feeding results in branch dieback, reduced tree growth rates, and sooty mold, which grows on the honeydew secreted by the scales, Mechanical control including pruning, removing of the scales, and destroying infested plant material. Several natural enemies attack A. kingii. A detailed discussion of chemical control can be found in Turner, 2004.
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 269 (female) [Species of Allokermes]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 29 (female) [Adult females of Allokermes]; Britton 1923: 350 (female) [as Kermes kingii; Kermes species]; MacGillivray 1921: 197 (female) [as Kermes kingii; Kermes species]; Dietz & Morrison 1916a: 233 (female) [as Kermes kingii; Species of Kermes]; Sanders 1904a: 34 (female) [Ohio Kermes]; Cockerell 1900c: 44 (female) [as Kermes kingi; North American species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: Amos1933 [distribution, host: 206]; BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Baker1972 [distribution, host: 97]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; Balduf1939 [distribution, taxonomy: 20]; Barrow1979 [biological control: 570-575]; Britto1920 [taxonomy: 63]; Britto1923 [taxonomy: 350]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 58-63]; Chapin1925 [biological control: 15, 31]; Cocker1898q [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 330]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1900c [taxonomy: 44]; DietzMo1916a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 233, 235]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; EbbersBa1980 [ecology, host: 406]; FeltMo1928 [distribution, host: 194]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 63]; Ferris1921b [structure: 61]; Ferris1955a [distribution, host: 200]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 38]; Gullan1979 [physiology, structure: 5]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy: 93]; Hamon1977 [distribution, illustration: 1, 2]; HamonLaKo1975 [description, distribution, host: 1077-1078]; HamonLaKo1976 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 1-31]; Hartma1916 [distribution, host: 94]; HashimUe1983 [structure: 93]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 148]; King1899b [distribution, host: 139]; King1900a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 80]; King1900c [distribution, host: 117]; KnipscMiDa1976 [taxonomy: 4]; Koszta1996 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 34, 274]; KosztaRh1983 [host: 238, 244, 246]; Lindin1908 [taxonomy: 89, 91]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 197]; McAtee1926 [ecology: 73]; MerrilCh1923 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 196, 284]; Miller1985b [taxonomy: 101]; Newste1903 [taxonomy: 138]; OlsenNy1919 [biological control, distribution, host: 1]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Sander1904a [distribution, host: 36]; Smith1910 [distribution, host: 122]; Trimbl1928 [distribution, host: 43]; Turner2004 [behaviour, biological control, distribution, economic importance: 1-47].
Allokermes kosztarabi (Baer)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermes kosztarabi Baer, 1980: 20-25. Type data: UNITED STATES: Georgia, Tifton, on Quercus nigra, 22/11/1899, by W.M. Scott & A.L. Quaintance. Holotype larva (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: larva. Illust.
Allokermes kosztarabi; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 63. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Kosztarab's gall-like coccoid [Baer1980].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus laurifolia [BaerKo1985], Quercus myrtifolia [BaerKo1985], Quercus nigra [Baer1980], Quercus sp. [BaerKo1985]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [BaerKo1985], Florida [BaerKo1985], Georgia [Baer1980], Louisiana [BaerKo1985], South Carolina [BaerKo1985]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of first instar by Baer (1980).
SYSTEMATICS: This species was described solely from a first instar. Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) did not describe the adult female because they were unable to separate it from Kermes galliformis.
KEYS: Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 140 (first instar) [First instars of Nearctic Allokermes]; Baer 1980: 24 (first instar) [First instars of Kermes galliformis group].
CITATIONS: Baer1980 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 20-25]; BaerKo1981 [taxonomy: 227]; BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 170-172]; BullinKo1985 [taxonomy: 63]; Hamon1980f [distribution, host: 39]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359].
Allokermes nivalis (King & Cockerell in Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermes nivalis King & Cockerell in Cockerell, 1898t: 330. Type data: UNITED STATES: Massachusetts, Lawrence, on Quercus alba, by G.B. King. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Notes: Dried type material in USNM.
Coccus nivalis; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla nivalis; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Allokermes nivalis; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 64-66. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: white kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus alba [Cocker1898q], Quercus borealis [Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Kansas [Hoy1963], Massachusetts [Cocker1898q]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is dark sepia brown and marbled with blackish and pale ochre (Cockerell, 1898q).
SYSTEMATICS: Allokermes nivalis is distinguishable by the presence of a gland on each anal lobe and the presence of quinquelocular and 7-locular disc pores densely distributed on the mid-dorsum (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 269 (female) [Species of Allokermes]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 29 (female) [Adult females of Allokermes]; Britton 1923: 350 (female) [as Kermes nivalis; Species of Kermes]; Britton 1923: 350 (female) [as Kermes nivalis; Kermes species]; Lawson 1917: 183 (female) [Key to Kermes species of Kansas].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; Britto1923 [distribution, taxonomy: 350-351]; BullinKo1977a [taxonomy: 61]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 29, 64-66]; Cocker1898q [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 330]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1900c [taxonomy: 44]; Cocker1929b [distribution: 150]; Dean1909 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 266]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 64]; Ferris1955a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 201]; Hartma1916 [distribution, host: 94]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 151-152]; Hunter1902 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 107, 120, 144]; King1899b [distribution, host: 139]; King1900a [description, distribution, host: 80]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 274-277]; KosztaRh1999 [distribution, host: 122]; Lawson1917 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 183-184]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 195]; Newste1903 [taxonomy: 138]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Willia1985a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 219]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 34].
Allokermes rattani (Ehrhorn)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermes rattani Ehrhorn, 1906: 329. Type data: UNITED STATES: California, Mountain View, Stevens Creek Canyon, on Quercus chrysolepis. Syntypes, female and first instar (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: both sexes. Notes: Two slides of type material including a larva in USNM, as well as two slides from the Ehrhorn Collection, not labeled as types, but containing the same locality information and dates.
Kermes occidentalis King, 1913a: 206. Type data: UNITED STATES: California, on Quercus sp., by E.M. Ehrhorn. Unknown type status female. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ferris, 1955a: 201. Notes: We have been unable to locate type material of this species.
Kermes mirabilis King, 1914e: 133. Type data: UNITED STATES: California, Mountain View, on Quercus sp., by E.M. Ehrhorn, 1901. Unknown type status female. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ferris, 1920b: 28. Notes: We have been unable to locate type material of this species.
Talla mirabilis; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Talla occidentalis; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Talla rattani; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Allokermes rattani; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 67-68. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: mirabilis kermes [Gill1993]; Rattan's kermes [BullinKo1985]; western kermes [Gill1993].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Chrysolepis chrysophylla [Gill1993], Chrysolepis sempervirens [BullinKo1985], Quercus chrysolepis [Ehrhor1906], Quercus douglasii [BullinKo1985], Quercus sp. [King1913a]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ehrhor1906]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985). Additional illustration by Gill (1993).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is globose with a smooth, but not shiny surface and is light brown to gray in color with four or five transverse bands and often spotted (King, 1914e). Larvae are reddish purple and partially covered with secretion. Male sac is snow white, elongate oval and convex above. Adult male is small with a dark red abdomen and black thorax and head (Ehrhorn, 1906).
SYSTEMATICS: Ferris (1920b and 1955a) considered Kermes mirabilis and K. occidentalis to be junior synonyms of Allokermes rattani. Hoy (1963) agreed with the synonomy of K. mirabilis, but listed K. occidentalis as distinct. Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) state that based on the type locality data, Kermes mirabilis and Allokermes rattani are probably identical, but they still listed the species as distinct. We here tentatively accept Ferris's synonyms, but further study of type material is needed.
KEYS: Gill 1993: 132 (female) [Key to California Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 29 (female) [Adult females of Allokermes]; MacGillivray 1921: 197 (female) [as Kermes occidentalis; Species of Kermes]; MacGillivray 1921: 196 (female) [as Kermes mirabilis; Species of Kermes]; MacGillivray 1921: 197 (female) [Species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 67-68, 112, 113, 114]; Cocker1940 [distribution, host: 288]; Ehrhor1906 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 329-330]; Essig1915a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 117]; Ferris1920b [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 7, 24, 28]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 200, 201]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 132, 133, 135, 136]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 152, 156-157]; King1913a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 206-207]; King1914d [taxonomy: 100]; King1914e [description, distribution, host, illustration,: 133]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 552]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 196, 197]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359].
Eriokermes Miller & MillerNOMENCLATURE:
Eriokermes Miller & Miller, 1993a: 239. Type species: Eriococcus gillettei Tinsley, by original designation. Notes: The genus Eriokermes was erected for three species previously placed in the Eriococcidae
GENERAL REMARKS: Generic characters described by Miller & Miller (1993a).
SYSTEMATICS: The family placement of this genus has been controversial. The species were originally placed in the Eriococcidae, but Miller and Miller (1993a) moved it to the Kermesidae and recent work by Hodgson (2002) confirmed this family placement. A recent paper by Kaydan & Kozár (2008) included Eriokermes as an eriococcid. In Kozár, et al., 2013, Eriokermes was placed in the family, Acanthococcidae Signoret, 1875, but is here kept in Kermesidae because placement of species.outside of the palaearctic are unclear.
KEYS: Kaydan & Kozár 2008: 6 (female) [as Eriococcidae; Eriococcidae Genera of the Western Palaearctic Region]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2008a: 256 (female) [as Eriococcus; Key to Genera of Eriococcidae in Western Palaearctic Region]; Miller & Miller 1993a: 237 (female) [Key to genera of Nearctic Kermesidae].
CITATIONS: Hodgso2002 [taxonomy: 129]; KaydanKo2008 [description]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 277]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 9, 260]; KozarKaKo2013 [taxonomy: 260]; KozarKo2008a [taxonomy: 256]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 475]; MillerHo1997 [taxonomy: 229]; MillerMi1993a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 237-251]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Turner2004 [taxonomy: 4]; TurnerBu2004 [taxonomy: 1].
Eriokermes gillettei (Tinsley)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus gillettei Tinsley, 1899: 46. Type data: UNITED STATES: Colorado, Salida, on conifer, 08/10/1898, by C.P. Gillette. Lectotype female (examined), by subsequent designation Miller & Miller, 1993a: 239. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Nidularia gillettei; Lindinger, 1933a: 116. Change of combination.
Eriokermes gillettei; Miller & Miller, 1993a: 239. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Juniperus californica [MillerMi1993a], Juniperus occidentalis [MillerMi1993a], Juniperus pachyphlaea [MillerMi1993a], Juniperus virginiana [MillerMi1993a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [MillerMi1993a], California [MillerMi1993a], Colorado [MillerMi1993a], District of Columbia [MillerMi1993a], Florida [MillerMi1993a], Idaho [MillerMi1993a], Maryland [MillerMi1993a], Nevada [MillerMi1993a], New Mexico [MillerMi1993a], Oregon [MillerMi1993a], Virginia [MillerMi1993a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of adult female, second instar female and first instar, adult male, fourth instar male, third instar male and second instar male by Miller & Miller (1993a). Hodgson (2002) used this species in a phylogenetic analysis of non-margarodid Coccoidea.
SYSTEMATICS: Eriokermes gillettei is similar to E. juniperinus. Both species have multilocular pores, simple disc pores, and tarsi longer than tibiae. E. juniperinus differs from E. gillettei in having 5- or 6-segmented antennae, quinquelocular pores on lateral margin of the abdomen, and 3 dorsal enlarged setae on each anal lobe. E. gillettei has 7- or 8-segmented antennae, no quinquelocular pores on lateral margin of abdomen and 4 dorsal enlarged setae on each anal lobe (Miller & Miller, 1993a).
KEYS: Miller & Miller 1993a: 239 (female) [Adult females of Eriokermes]; Miller & Miller 1993a: 239 [Adult and immature stages of Eriokermes gillettei]; Ferris 1955a: 95 (female) [as Eriococcus gillettei; North American species of Eriococcus].
CITATIONS: Arnett1985 [taxonomy: 239]; Chambe1931 [host, distribution: 29]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Cocker1900i [taxonomy: 595]; Colema1903 [distribution, host: 80]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 375]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 274]; Ferris1919a [distribution, host: 18]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 95, 132]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 134, 142, 157]; Goux1936a [distribution, host: 356]; Hodgso2002 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 135]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 91]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 277-279]; LambdiKo1977a [structure: 13]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 116]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 145]; Miller1984 [taxonomy: 322]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 475]; MillerMi1993a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 239-247]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; SchuhMo1948 [distribution, host: 36]; Tinsle1899 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 46-47]; Turner2004 [host: 4].
Eriokermes juniperi
No valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Nidularia juniperi; Lindinger, 1943b: 223. Change of combination.
Eriokermes juniperi; Miller & Miller, 1993a: 239. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus juniperi; Kozár, 2009: 106. Change of combination.
Eriokermes juniperinus (De Lotto)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus juniperinus De Lotto, 1954a: 217. Type data: ERITREA: Saganeiti, on Juniperus procera, 27/12/1952. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Eriokermes juniperinus; Miller & Miller, 1993a: 239. Change of combination.
HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus procera [DeLott1954a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Eritrea [DeLott1954a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by De Lotto (1954a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female covered by a thin dirty white ovisac; body is elongate ovoid in shape (DeLotto, 1954a).
SYSTEMATICS: Eriokermes juniperinus is similar to E. gillettei. Both species have multilocular pores, simple disc pores, and tarsi longer than tibiae. E. juniperinus differs from E. gillettei in having 5- or 6-segmented antennae, quinquelocular pores on lateral margin of the abdomen, and 3 dorsal englarged setae on each anal lobe. E. gillettei has 7- or 8-segmented antennae, no quinquelocular pores on lateral margin of abdomen and 4 dorsal enlarged setae on each anal lobe (Miller & Miller, 1993a).
KEYS: Miller & Miller 1993a: 239 (female) [Adult females of Eriokermes].
CITATIONS: DeLott1954a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 218]; DeLott1967a [distribution, host: 117]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host: 97]; Miller1984 [taxonomy: 323]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 475]; MillerMi1993a [taxonomy: 237].
Fulbrightia FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Fulbrightia Ferris, 1950: 7. Type species: Fulbrightia gallicola Ferris, by monotypy and original designation.
Fullbrightia; Hoy, 1963: 126. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Generic characters described by Ferris (1950).
SYSTEMATICS: Ferris described this genus as unquestionably belonging to the family "Kermidae (=Eriococcidae)" and suspected it to be a derivative of Kermes. Hoy (1963) confirmed the placement of this genus in the Eriococcidae, but Beardsley (1984) considered this genus to be a member of the Kermesidae.
KEYS: Kosztarab & Bullington 1986: 26 (female) [Key to world genera of Kermesidae]; Yang 1982: 101 (female) [Genera of the Eriococcidae].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 125, 136, 139]; Beards1984 [distribution, host: 80, 86]; BullinKo1985 [taxonomy: 10, 11, 13]; Ferris1950 [description, taxonomy: 7]; Ferris1957c [distribution, taxonomy: 86]; GullanMiCo2005 [ecology, host: 168]; Hoy1962 [distribution, taxonomy: 13, 210]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 126]; KosztaBu1987 [taxonomy: 23, 26]; Koteja1988d [taxonomy: 533]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; LambdiKo1977 [description, taxonomy: 245]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 476]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 82]; Reyne1954b [distribution, taxonomy: 239]; Yang1982 [distribution, taxonomy: 101, 107].
Fulbrightia gallicola FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Fulbrightia gallicola Ferris, 1950: 7-8. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kunming, An-lin-wen-chian, on Quercus delavayi, 28/04/1949, by G.F. Ferris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Fullbrightia gallicola; Hoy, 1963: 126-127. Misspelling of genus name.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus delavayi [Ferris1950].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Ferris1950]).
BIOLOGY: This insect causes galls on the host. It attaches itself at the base of a twig bud, causing the entire twig to be distorted in such a manner that all the lateral twigs which arise beyond this point are greatly shortened, the leaves are reduced in size and each twig with its leaves forms a short cone. The area shared by the bases of several of these cones becomes swollen and buried among the bases of the cones is the insect which induced the formation of the gall. When the bases of the cones are pulled apart the body of the insect may be seen. As far as noted there is but one insect associated with the gall (Ferris, 1950).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Ferris (1950).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval (Ferris, 1950).
SYSTEMATICS: Beardsley (1984) treated this species as a Kermesidae, not Eriococcidae and Baer & Kosztarab (1985) agreed based on the presence of only two pairs of longitudinal lines of setae and simple pores on the first instar. The adult female has multilocular pores similar to kermesids also.
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host: 78]; BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 139, 227-230]; Beards1984 [distribution, host: 86]; Borchs1960e [distribution, host: 916]; BullinKo1985 [taxonomy: 11]; Ferris1950 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 7-8]; Ferris1957c [distribution, taxonomy: 86]; GullanMiCo2005 [ecology, host: 168]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 127]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 137]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 387]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 476]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 82]; Reyne1954b [taxonomy: 239]; Reyne1961 [taxonomy: 131]; ShiLi1991 [host: 162]; StoetzMi1979 [taxonomy: 16]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 33]; Yang1982 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 107, 108].
Kermes BoitardNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes Boitard, 1828: 171. Type species: Coccus variegatus Gmelin (= Chermes roboris Fourcroy). Subsequently designated by Fernald, 1903b: 60.
Dryocecis Amyot, 1848: 501. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by.
Talla von Heyden, 1860: 90. Type species: Coccus quercus Linnaeus. Synonymy by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 192. Notes: The type as suggested by Morrison and Morrison (1966) is Lecanium quercus Reamur, 1860 = Coccus quercus Linnaeus, 1758 of current usage. Morrison and Morrison state "Lindinger, 1933a: 143, placed this as a valid genus, with Kermes Boitard a synonym of the name, but this opinion has not been accepted by most coccid workers. The critical point in the problem is the character of the Latreille, 1798: 113, use of the name Kermes. Our opinion is the he presented it as a group commmon name, which did not invalidate its later usage by Boitard, 1828, in a technical sense. We place Talla von Heyden, 1860, in synonymy with Kermes Boitard, 1828.
Kermococcus Silvestri, 1911: 148. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ferris, 1921c: 157.
Kermesococcus; Cromartie, 1959: 61. Misspelling of genus name.
BIOLOGY: The majority of species of the family are considered to be restricted to Quercus species (Fagaceae).. Individuals develop mainly in bark crevices and on small twigs and branches. (Ben-Dov et al. 2012)
STRUCTURE: All Kermes species share the following traits in the adult female: presence of (i) a submarginal band of tubular ducts on venter; (ii) multilocular pores ventrally on the abdominal segments, and (iii) a three-segmented labium with 14 setose setae. Our study suggests that the many species currently included in Kermes have a very varied morphology making a generic diagnosis difficult, indicating that further work needs to be done, particularly those described from post-reproductive females. (Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Baer & Kosztarab (1985) treat this genus in a discussion of the phylogeny of the Nearctic Kermesidae. The family contains about one hundred valid species in ten genera. (Spodek, et al., 2012)
KEYS: Gill 1993: 131 (female) [California Kermesidae]; Miller & Miller 1993a: 239 (female) [Key to genera of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Kosztarab & Bullington 1986: 26 (female) [Key to the world genera of Kermesidae]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 140 (first instar) [First instars of Holarctic Kermesidae]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 143 (female) [First instar females of Nearactic Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 27 (female) [Genera of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Baker 1972: 93 (female) [Field key to the general of scale insects based principally on host plants].
CITATIONS: AhmadGh1972 [biological control, distribution, host: 68]; AhmadGh1974 [biological control, distribution, host: 391]; Arnett1985 [taxonomy: 239]; Ashmea1900 [biological control, host: 388]; BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 140]; Baker1972 [taxonomy: 97]; Balach1948b [taxonomy: 254]; Balach1950c [distribution, taxonomy: 343-346]; Balach1953f [distribution, taxonomy: 181]; Balduf1938 [biological control: 375]; Balduf1939 [taxonomy: 15, 18, 20]; Barbie1933 [chemical control: 492]; Beards1970a [taxonomy: 510]; Beckma1790 [taxonomy: 1-46]; Bernar1783 [taxonomy: 108]; Bernar1788 [taxonomy]; Blanch1883 [description, taxonomy: 53-54]; Bodenh1924 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 8, 20, 86]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 412]; Bodenh1953a [distribution, taxonomy: 140-141]; Bohner1933 [host, taxonomy: 78]; Boitar1828 [taxonomy: 169]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, taxonomy: 24, 25, 26, 27, 33]; Borchs1966 [taxonomy: 33]; Boyerd1834 [taxonomy: 201-218]; Brain1923 [taxonomy: 13]; Britto1924a [distribution: 242]; Britto1926 [distribution: 237]; Britto1928 [distribution, host: 206]; Britto1929 [distribution: 682]; Britto1933a [distribution: 134]; Britto1933b [biology: 85]; Britto1935a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 160]; BrittoZa1927a [distribution, host, illustration: 142, 151]; BrittoZa1928 [distribution, host: 212]; BrittoZa1929a [taxonomy: 691]; BruesGl1921 [taxonomy: 303]; BruesMeCa1954 [taxonomy: 167]; BullinKo1977 [distribution, host: 168]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 68]; Canard1980 [taxonomy: 159]; Chambe1931 [taxonomy: 29]; Cocker1894v [distribution: 1053]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327, 333]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 269-270]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 276]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 9]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Comper1926a [biological control, host: 30]; Comper1931 [biological control, distribution, host: 106]; Comsto1881a [description, illustration, taxonomy: 337]; Crawfo1911 [biological control, distribution: 126]; Danzig1964 [distribution, taxonomy: 634-635]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 710]; Davids1974 [chemical control, distribution, host: 4]; DegrulRa1915 [chemical control: 42-43]; Disney1992 [biological control, host: 39-40]; Dougla1886 [taxonomy: 248]; Earle1940 [chemical, host: 45]; Essig1913b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 105]; Fenton1939 [distribution, host: 74]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy: 15]; Ferris1920b [description, taxonomy: 23]; Ferris1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 81]; Ferris1921b [taxonomy: 60, 61]; Ferris1921c [taxonomy: 157]; Ferris1922b [taxonomy: 246-247]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 5]; Ferris1937e [taxonomy: 529]; Ferris1955a [description, taxonomy: 192]; Ferris1957b [taxonomy: 66]; Ferris1957c [taxonomy: 87]; Foldi1984a [ecology: 349]; Friend1930 [distribution, host, illustration: 615]; Frogga1915 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 1058]; Frogga1921a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 46, 62]; Fulmek1943 [taxonomy: 37]; Gahan1910 [biological control, host, taxonomy: 208]; Garcia1921 [biological control: 237, 243, 247]; Gerson1980 [physiology: 85]; Gill1982b [host, illustration: 8]; Gill1993 [distribution, taxonomy: 129, 130, 131]; Giraud1877 [biological control: 422, 427]; Gistel1848 [description, taxonomy: 150]; Goeze1778 [taxonomy: 330-346]; GomezM1937 [description, taxonomy: 245]; Goux1946b [taxonomy: 98-101]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 345, 346]; Green1922b [taxonomy: 21]; Green1928 [taxonomy: 9]; GuerriVi1992 [biological control, host: 139-150]; Hamon1977 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1-2]; Herber1936 [chemical control, host: 39]; Heyden1860 [descripiton, taxonomy: 89-90]; Hoke1927 [distribution: 350]; Hollin1923 [distribution, host: 43]; HollinPa1919 [biological control, distribution: 92, 93]; Howard1899 [biological control: 242]; Howard1911 [biological control: 277]; Howard1919 [biological control: 255-258]; HowellWi1976 [illustration: 183]; Hu1986X [description, taxonomy: 291]; HuLi1994 [taxonomy: 39, 40]; Ishii1928 [biological control, host: 101, 121]; Kawai1980 [description, distribution: 132]; King1900a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 78-79]; Kirkal1906a [taxonomy: 254]; Koebel1907 [biological control, distribution: 160]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 279]; KosztaBu1987 [taxonomy: 23, 25, 26]; KosztaKo1978 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 85-87]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, taxonomy: 262]; Koteja1988d [taxonomy: 533]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 406]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 262]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy: 66]; Kuwana1931 [description, distribution: 16-17]; Lal1939 [biological control, distribution: 55]; Lamarc1801 [taxonomy: 29]; Latrei1798 [taxonomy: 113]; Lawson1917 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 183]; Leonar1901a [taxonomy: 386, 440-441]; Lindin1923 [taxonomy: 148]; Lindin1928 [taxonomy: 107]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 89]; Lindin1932c [taxonomy: 205]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 187, 193]; Lindin1943 [taxonomy: 114]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 148]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 265]; Lindin1943c [taxonomy: 249]; Lindin1944 [taxonomy: 18]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 369]; Liu1997 [distribution, host: 93-94]; LiuSh1995 [distribution, taxonomy: 155]; Lloyd1980 [chemistry: 93]; Lugger1900 [biological control, host, illustration: 216]; Mahdih1929b [chemistry: 615]; Malloc1921 [taxonomy: 352]; MarottTr2001 [taxonomy: 136]; Masi1931 [taxonomy: 430]; Maskel1884 [distribution: 134]; Maskel1885 [taxonomy: 14]; Maskel1894 [taxonomy: 93, 95]; Maxwel1923 [taxonomy: 287]; McAtee1907 [host, ecology: 195]; Middle1931 [taxonomy: 52]; Middle1933 [taxonomy: 76]; Miller1985b [taxonomy: 100]; MillerMi1993a [taxonomy: 239]; Morris1919b [pp. 258-259]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 98-99]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 121]; Newste1897b [taxonomy: 170]; Newste1903 [description, taxonomy: 138-140]; Nikols1934 [biological control, host: 131, 137]; Olivie1792 [taxonomy: 418-442]; Paik1978 [description, taxonomy: 172]; Peck1963 [biological control, distribution, host: 935]; PerkinEv1918 [taxonomy: 95]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Ramakr1926 [taxonomy: 451]; Ramire1921 [taxonomy: 662]; Riley1894 [distribution, host: 70]; Robiso1972 [taxonomy: 68]; Ruhl1913a [biological control: 90]; Ruhl1917b [taxonomy: 50]; Sander1904a [description, distribution, host: 33-34]; Schmut1952 [description, taxonomy: 420]; Schude1975 [illustration: 3, 4]; Schude1979 [taxonomy: 3]; Scott1900 [description, host: 53]; Silves1911 [description: 148]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 692-693]; Sleesm1945 [distribution, host: 44, 45]; Smith1928MR [host: 321, 329]; SolomoMcAn1980 [host: 36]; SpodekBe2012 [distribution, host: 12]; SpodekBe2014 [description, host, taxonomy: 4, 7-78]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 219]; Sternl1969 [taxonomy: 253]; Stimme1986b [distribution, host: 17-18]; Sugony1965 [biological control: 225]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 125, 127-128, 133]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 733]; Taylor1983 [chemistry: 156]; Terezn1981 [description, taxonomy: 66]; Terezn1982 [taxonomy: 38]; Thiery1787 [distribution: 342]; Timber1916 [biological control, host: 580, 581]; Tothil1919 [biological control: 194]; Tuncyu1970 [biological control: 40]; Turner2004 [taxonomy: 4]; TurnerBu2004 [taxonomy: 1]; Varshn2005 [catalogue: 145]; Vayssi1927a [host: 4]; Wang1982c [description, taxonomy: 236]; Weber1933 [taxonomy: 659]; Weidha1968 [taxonomy: 255]; Wheele1910 [taxonomy: 349]; Wilson1917 [distribution, taxonomy: 64]; Worsha1909 [distribution, host: 207]; WouterVe1991 [chemistry: 393, 394]; Yang1982 [description, taxonomy: 114].
Kermes arizonensis KingNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes arizonensis King, 1903: 21-22. Type data: UNITED STATES: Arizona, Prescott, on Quercus sp., ?/03/1902, by T.D.A. Cockerell. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Talla arizonensis; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Arizona kermes [Essig1929].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus alba? [Trimbl1928], Quercus sp [King1903].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [King1903], Colorado? [Cocker1905b], Ohio? [Sander1904a], Pennsylvania? [Trimbl1928]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by King (1903).
STRUCTURE: Adult females are globular, grayish white in color, distinctly marbled with a light yellow or reddish brown (King, 1903).
KEYS: MacGillivray 1921: 197 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Sanders 1904a: 34 (female) [Ohio Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; BullinKo1985 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 108-109]; Cocker1905b [distribution: 192]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Essig1929 [distribution, host: 275]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 60]; Ferris1955a [distribution, host: 194, 197]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 139]; King1903 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 21-22]; King1913a [taxonomy: 207]; King1914a [taxonomy: 48]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 197]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Sander1904a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 34, 35]; Sleesm1945 [distribution, host: 44-45]; Trimbl1928 [distribution, host: 43].
Kermes austini EhrhornNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes austini Ehrhorn, 1899a: 104. Type data: UNITED STATES: California, San Diego County, Guejito Mts., 8 miles E of Escondido, on "Quercus oblongifolius", by F. Austin. Syntypes, female and first instar (examined). Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Blacksburg: Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Notes: Three slides of type material, including one larva in USNM.
Talla austini; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Austin's kermes [Essig1929].
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus sp. [Ehrhor1899a]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ehrhor1899a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description by Ferris (1955a).
STRUCTURE: Scale not gibbous. Adult female 4.0 mm in diameter, spherical, light brown with several irregular, white stripes parallel with the segments. A distinct groove on the caudal portion which is distinctly marked with light brown. Derm more or less pitted, the pits generally marked dark brown or black. Dorsum slightly covered with waxy secretion. Antennae very short and stout, indistinctly 6-segmented (Ferris, 1955a).
KEYS: Cockerell 1900c: 44 (female) [North American Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 109-110]; Carnes1907 [description, distribution, host: 158, 168]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1900c [description, taxonomy: 44]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Ehrhor1899a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 104]; Essig1915a [taxonomy: 117]; Essig1929 [distribution, host: 275]; Essig1931 [taxonomy: 614]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 60]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host: 194]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 135]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 139-140]; King1900a [description, distribution, host: 81]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 197]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359].
Kermes bacciformis LeonardiNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes bacciformis Leonardi, 1908a: 156-159. Unknown type status. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: No material of this species has been located (Marotta, personal communication, September 29, 1998).
Kermococcus bacciformis; Leonardi, 1920: 273. Change of combination.
Talla bacciformis; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: pearl-like kermes [KosztaKo1988F].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aenasioidea hispanica [Fulmek1943], Blastothrix erythrostethus [Fulmek1943], Cheiloneurus Formosus [Fulmek1943], Encyrtus chalcostomus [KosztaKo1988F], Metaphycus hirtipennis [Fulmek1943], Microterys chalcostomus [Fulmek1943], Psilophrys longicornis [Fulmek1943], Psilophrys tenuicornis [GuerriVi1992].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus cerris [Hoy1963], Quercus ilex [Balach1933e], Quercus pubescens [LongoRuMa1991], Quercus sp. [Hoy1963], Quercus suber [LongoRuMa1991].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Sugony1965]; France [Balach1933e, Foldi2001]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Morocco [Hoy1963]; Poland [Sugony1965]; Sardinia [Pelliz2011]; Sicily [LongoRuMa1991]; Spain [Hoy1963].
BIOLOGY: This species is the only Mediterranean Kermes to adapt to oaks with deciduous leaves (Balachowsky, 1950c). Detailed biological information by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).
STRUCTURE: Adult female spherical, flattened on venter with dorsum divided into two halves by a longitudinal furrow (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
SYSTEMATICS: Lindinger (1954) considered Kermes bacciformis to be a junior synonym of Talla aterrimus. Hoy (1963) considers bacciformis to be the senior name. Since no explanation for the synonymy can be found, we consider the species to be distinct and here consider Kermes aterrimus incertae sedis.
KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 263 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 263 (female) [Kermes first instars].
CITATIONS: Balach1928a [distribution, host: 141]; Balach1930a [distribution, host: 180]; Balach1930e [biological control, host: 220]; Balach1933e [distribution, host: 5]; Balach1935b [distribution, host: 263]; Balach1950c [distribution, taxonomy: 343, 345]; Balach1950d [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 740, 745-746]; Balach1953f [taxonomy: 182, 184, 186]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 43]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 242, 244, 246]; Borchs1960d [biological control, description, distribution, taxonomy: 27, 72-73, 76]; Efimof1937 [distribution: 60]; Foldi2000 [distribution, host: 81]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, host: 228]; Garcia1921 [biological control, host, taxonomy: 245, 399, 514, 642]; GomezM1937 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 246, 251-252]; GomezM1958a [distribution: 10]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 140]; Hu1986X [distribution: 300]; HuLi1993 [taxonomy: 20]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 88, 89]; KosztaKo1988F [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 263-264]; Kozar1974 [taxonomy: 535]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 406]; KozarKo1982 [distribution, host: 204]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 263]; Kuwana1931 [taxonomy: 28]; Leonar1908a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 156-159]; Leonar1918 [host: 212]; Leonar1920 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 273]; LepineMi1931 [distribution, host: 250]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 155, 330]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 284]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 136]; Lindin1954 [taxonomy: 619]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 122]; LongoRuMa1991 [distribution, host: 189]; Martin1984MP [distribution, host, taxonomy: 65-66]; Melis1930 [distribution, host: 17]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 312]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; Pierce1917 [distribution, host: 153]; PorcelPe2014 [taxonomy: 61]; Rivnay1944 [biological control, host: 77]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 691]; Sternl1969 [taxonomy: 252]; Sternl1974 [taxonomy: 195]; Sugony1965 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 225]; Tranfa1981 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 21].
Kermes bannaensis LiuNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes bannaensis Liu, 1995: 267-270. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou, Menghai Xian, Xiangshanzhen. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Kermes bannzensis; Tao, 1999: 35-36. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus sp. [Liu1995]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Liu1995]).
STRUCTURE: This species is allied to Kermes miyasakii, but can be distinguished by several characters such as the adult male's four pairs of ventral marginal setae on each abdominal segment, the first instar nymph having six pairs of bilocular pores and the young adult female having circular pores distributed sparely on mid dorsum and seven or eight pairs of pre-anal setae in a U shape (Liu, 1995).
CITATIONS: Liu1995 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy]; Tao1999 [distribution: 35-36].
Kermes bekiri BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes bekiri Bodenheimer, 1953a: 147-148. Type data: TURKEY: Kurkcu, on Quercus aegilops. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
Kermococcus bekiri; Borchsenius, 1960d: 50. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus aegilops [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Hoy1963].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Bodenheimer (1953a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female almost globular, 4.5 mm long, 4.0 mm broad, 3.5 mm high. Surface smooth, groundcolor shining yellow with 4 blackbrown transverse bands which end at some distance before the ventral lateral margin, and which are not interrupted in the median (Bodenheimer, 1953a).
KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 34 (female) [as Kermococus bekiri; Species of Kermococcus]; Bodenheimer 1953a: 141 (female) [Macroscopic key to the Turkish species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: BenDovHa1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 31]; Bodenh1953a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 141, 147-148, 158]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, taxonomy: 50]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 140]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 406-407]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38].
Kermes biblicus (Bodenheimer)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermococcus biblicus Bodenheimer, 1926: 45. Type data: LEBANON: Beirut, on Quercus coccifera, ?/07/1914. Unknown type status, type designation unknown. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Ben-Dov & Harpaz (1985) state that no type material could be found in ICVI.
Kermes biblicus; Bodenheimer, 1931: 242. Change of combination.
Talla biblicus; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus coccifera [Hoy1963], Quercus ilex [Hoy1963], Quercus suber [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Israel [Hoy1963] (Spodek B Ben-Dov (2014) viewed the general appearance of Bodenheimer's specimen of K. biblicusfrom Lebanon as very similar to the post-reproductive female of K. greeni from Israel. Both species are spherical and one coloured, although the post-reproductive female of K. greeni is light brown and not dark red to black. The general also resembles the post-reproductive female of K. ilicis. They conclude that, until further material is collected from Lebanon, K. biblicus remains a species not present in Israel); Lebanon [Bodenh1926].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected en masse on the small branches of its host (Bodenheimer, 1926).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is spherical, dark reddish brown or black in color (Bodenheimer, 1926).
SYSTEMATICS: Both Bytinski-Salz and Sternlicht (1967) and Sternlicht (1969) considered K. palestiniensis to be a synonym of K. biblicus, although, according to Ben-Dov and Harpaz (1985), no type material of K. biblicus is known and therefore the basis for this synonymy is unsubstantiated. (Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2014)
KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 34 (female) [as Kermococus biblicus; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1950c [distribution: 343]; Balach1953f [distribution, taxonomy: 183, 188]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 33, 42]; BenDovHa1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 31]; Bodenh1926 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 45]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 242, 244]; Bodenh1953a [distribution, taxonomy: 140]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, taxonomy: 27, 34, 38-39]; BytinsSt1967 [distribution, host: 126]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 141]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 407]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 202]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 157]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; PorcelPe2014 [taxonomy: 61]; SpodekBe2014 [distribution: 93]; Sternl1969 [host, taxonomy: 251, 252, 253]; WouterVe1991 [taxonomy: 211]; Ziderm1986 [chemistry: 419].
Kermes boguei CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes boguei Cockerell, 1897e: 94-95. Type data: UNITED STATES: Oklahoma, 10 miles from Stillwater, on the shore of a small pond, on Quercus alba, 26/08/1896, by E.E. Bogue. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Blacksburg: Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Notes: USNM has four boxes of dry material and also one slide with matching locality data, but is not labeled as types.
Coccus boguei; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla boguei; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus alba [Cocker1897e].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Oklahoma [Cocker1897e]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Best descriptions by Cockerell (1897e) and Ferris (1955a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female globular, 6.25 mm long, 5.75 mm long, 5.0 mm high. Not gibbous. General color dark; with 5 suffused, more or less broken bands of dull scarlet, the areas between which are whitish but largely occupied by broken black lines or stripes and there are also transverse blotchy bands of black, much interrupted. The general effect produced is an irregular blotching of scarlet, black and dull white (Ferris, 1955a).
KEYS: MacGillivray 1921: 197 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Cockerell 1900c: 44 (female) [North American Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 110]; Cocker1897e [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 94-95]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1900c [description, taxonomy: 44]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 61]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host: 194]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 141]; King1900a [description, distribution, host: 79-80]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 197]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 11].
Kermes castaneae Shi & Liu in Liu & ShiNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes castaneae Shi & Liu in Liu & Shi, 1993a: 420-421. Type data: CHINA: on Castanea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Anthribus kuwanai [Shen1998]. Coccinellidae: Chilocorus kuwanae [Shen1998], Chilocorus rubidus [Shen1998], Exochomus mongol [Shen1998], Harmonia axyridis [Shen1998], Harmonia obscurosignata [Shen1998]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Blastothrix chinensis [Shen1998], Blastothrix sp. [Shen1998], Microterys kuwanae [Shen1998], Microterys sp. [Shen1998], Psilophrys sp. [Shen1998], Psilophrys tenuicornis [Shen1998]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus sp. [Shen1998]. Eupelmidae: Eupelmus urozonus [Shen1998]. Pteromalidae: Merisus sp. [Shen1998], Pachyneuron sp. [Shen1998]. HYPHOMYCETALES Dematiaceae: Cladosporium cladosporioides [Shen1998]. RAPHIDIOPTERA Inocellidae: Inocellia crassicornis [Shen1998].
HOST: Fagaceae: Castanea sp. [LiuSh1993a]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [LiuSh1993a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Liu & Shi (1993a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female with pre-anal row with densely distributed multilocular pores extending along lateral band of tubular ducts and narrowing, randomly on the anterior part of the body, conical dorsal marginal setae being 28-32 pairs. First instar, with each anterior spiracle with 6-9 quinquelocular pores and one larger setae (Liu & Shi, 1993a).
CITATIONS: LiuSh1993a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 419-420]; Shen1998 [biological control, distribution: 14-16].
Kermes ceriferus EhrhornNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes ceriferus Ehrhorn, 1899: 5-6. Type data: UNITED STATES: Arizona, Flagstaff, Walnut Creek Canyon, on Quercus sp. Syntypes, female and first instar (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Notes: USNM has two slides of type material which includes one immature.
Coccus ehrhorni Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Unjustified replacement name for Coccus ceriferus Anderson 1791. Notes: Cockerell (1929b) synonymized the genus Kermes with Coccus. This created secondary homonyms of Coccus ceriferus Anderson 1791 and Kermes ceriferus Ehrhorn 1899. Cockerell proposed the replacement name C. ehrhorni for the junior homonym. According to the ICZN "A junior secondary homonym replaced before 1961 is permanently invalid unless the substitute name is not in use and the relevant taxa are no longer considered congeneric." Since subsequent workers did not agree with the synonymy of the two genera and the two species are not congeneric and because the replacement name K. ehrhorni was used only once (Balachowsky, 1950c) we hereby uphold the use of Kermes ceriferus as the valid name.
Talla cerifera; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermes ehrhorni; Balachowsky, 1950c: 344. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus sp. [Ehrhor1899]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ehrhor1899]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description Ehrhorn (1899).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is globular, brown in color dotted with black spots. The scale is completely covered with dirty white wax. The larva is twice as long as broad, reddish in color, but turning yellow when dead (Ehrhorn, 1899).
KEYS: MacGillivray 1921: 196 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Cockerell 1900c: 44 (female) [North American Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 186]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 110-111]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1900c [description, taxonomy: 44]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Ehrhor1899 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 5-6]; Essig1929 [distribution, host: 275]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 61]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host: 195]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 141]; King1900a [description, distribution, host: 81]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 196]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 20].
Kermes chinensis Tao nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes chinensis Tao, 1999: 36. Nomen nudum. Notes: Tao (1999) lists this name, but gives no authorship. No other information is available.
CITATIONS: Tao1999 [distribution: 36].
Kermes cockerelli EhrhornNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes cockerelli Ehrhorn, 1898a: 185. Type data: UNITED STATES: California, Mountain View, on Quercus lobata. Syntypes, female and first instar (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Baer & Kosztarab (1985: 173) refer to paralectotypes, but not to a lectotype. It seems that no lectotype was designated. In addition to the ten slides of labeled type material at USNM, there are three slides with matching data but not labeled as types from the Ehrhorn Collection. Baer & Kosztarab also state there are type slides at VPIC and UCDC.
Coccus cockerelli; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla cockerelli; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Cockerell's kermes [Essig1929].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Microterys yolandae [Fulmek1943], Psilophryoidea comesor [Fulmek1943]. Mymaridae: Polynema howardii [Peck1963].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus chrysolepis? [King1914d], Quercus douglasii [BaerKo1985], Quercus durata [BaerKo1985], Quercus garryana [BaerKo1985], Quercus kelloggii? [King1913a], Quercus lobata [Ehrhor1898a], Quercus sp. [BaerKo1985]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ehrhor1898a], Oregon [BaerKo1985]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of first instar, second instar male and female by Baer & Kosztarab (1985).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is deeply segmented, light brown in color, with red eyes (Ehrhorn, 1898a).
SYSTEMATICS: Second-instar females of K. bytinskii and K. quercus have 5 or 6- segmented antennae, and short, 3-segmented legs; these characters are shared with the second-instar females of the Nearctic K. cockerelli Ehrhorn, K. concinnulus Cockerell and K. rimarum Ferris (Baer & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 141 (first instar) [First instars of Nearctic Kermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 142 (male) [Second instar males of Nearctic Allokermes and Kermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 144 (female) [Second instar females of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Baer & Kosztarab 1981: 233 (first instar) [First instars of the Kermes concinnulus group]; MacGillivray 1921: 197 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Cockerell 1900c: 44 (female) [North American Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1981 [taxonomy: 233]; BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 173-183]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 111]; Carnes1907 [description, distribution, host: 158]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1900c [description, taxonomy: 44]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Comper1926 [biological control, distribution: 41]; Comper1928 [biological control, distribution, host: 215]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Ehrhor1898a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 185]; Essig1915a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 115]; Essig1929 [distribution, host: 275]; Essig1931 [taxonomy: 573, 614]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 61]; Ferris1920b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 7, 24-26]; Ferris1921b [taxonomy: 61]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 195-196]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 38]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 135]; Goux1946b [taxonomy: 99]; HamonLaKo1976 [taxonomy: 2]; Hartma1916 [distribution, host: 93]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 141]; King1900a [description, distribution, host: 80]; King1913a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 207]; King1914d [distribution: 101]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy: 280]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 197]; Peck1963 [biological control: 934]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Steinw1929 [structure: 214]; Turner2004 [taxonomy: 2]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 16].
Kermes concinnulus Cockerell in BogueNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes concinnulus Cockerell in Bogue, 1898: 172. Type data: UNITED STATES: Kansas, Manhattan, on Quercus macrocarpa, by J.B. Norton. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Baer & Kosztarab (1985) state they examined paralectotypes of Kermes concinnulus and Williams (1985a) states that there is a specimen in the BMNH labeled "type," but there is no published designation of a lectotype so all original material must be considered as syntypes.
Coccus concinnulus; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla concinnula; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus alba [BaerKo1985], Quercus borealis [BaerKo1985], Quercus lyrata [BaerKo1985], Quercus macrocarpa [Bogue1898], Quercus nigra [BaerKo1985], Quercus prinus [BaerKo1985], Quercus sp. [BaerKo1985], Quercus stellata [BaerKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [BaerKo1985], Arizona [BaerKo1985], Connecticut [BaerKo1985], Georgia [BaerKo1985], Indiana [BaerKo1985], Kansas [Bogue1898], Maryland [BaerKo1985], Massachusetts [BaerKo1985], Ohio [BaerKo1985], Oklahoma [BaerKo1985], Pennsylvania [BaerKo1985], Virginia [BaerKo1985]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of first instar, male and female second instar (Baer & Kosztarab, 1985).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is very convex, rounded in front, more or less flattened behind, ochreous in color with distinct segmentation (Bogue, 1898).
SYSTEMATICS: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) state that this species may be a synonym of Kermes sylvestris. Second-instar females of K. bytinskii and K. quercus have 5 or 6- segmented antennae, and short, 3-segmented legs; these characters are shared with the second-instar females of the Nearctic K. cockerelli Ehrhorn, K. concinnulus Cockerell and K. rimarum Ferris (Baer & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 141 (first instar) [First instars of Nearctic Kermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 142 (male) [Second instar males of Nearctic Allokermes and Kermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 143 (female) [Second instar females of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Baer & Kosztarab 1981: 234 (first instar) [First instars of the Kermes concinnulus group]; MacGillivray 1921: 198 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Lawson 1917: 183 (female) [Key to Kermes species of Kansas]; Cockerell 1900c: 44 (female) [North American Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1981 [taxonomy: 233]; BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 141, 143, 183-192]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; Bogue1898 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 172]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 111, 112]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1900c [description, taxonomy: 44]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Dean1909 [distribution, host: 265]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 61]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 197]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 142]; Hunter1902 [distribution, host: 145]; King1900a [description, distribution, host: 80]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy: 280]; Lawson1917 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 183, 185]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 198]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Willia1985a [distribution, host: 218-219]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 17].
Kermes cordiformis LindingerNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes cordiformis Lindinger, 1912b: 286. Type data: Triest, on Quercus robur. Described: female. Notes: Weidner & Wagner (1968) state that the type material of this species is missing from the Berlin Museum.
Coccus cordiformis; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla cordiformis; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermes quercus; Balachowsky, 1950d: 746. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Hoy, 1963: 142.
Kermococcus cordiformis; Borchsenius, 1960d: 49. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus pubescens [Lindin1930], Quercus robur [Lindin1912b].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Pierce1917]; Italy? [Lindin1912b] (The locality seems to be "Triest." In later papers, Lindinger (1930) gives the localities "Dalmatien" and "Castelnuovo.").
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description by Lindinger (1912b).
STRUCTURE: Adult is light brown-grey in color (Bodenheimer, 1931).
KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 35 (female) [as Kermococus cordiformis; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1950d [taxonomy: 746]; Bodenh1931 [description, taxonomy: 242, 244-245]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, taxonomy: 49]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 142]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 407]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; LagowsGo2002 [economic importance: 365]; Lindin1912b [description, taxonomy: 286]; Lindin1930 [distribution, taxonomy: 102]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 26]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 136]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, structure: 38]; Pierce1917 [distribution, host: 153]; WeidneWa1968 [distribution, host: 176]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 17].
Kermes corticalis NasonovNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes variegatus corticalis Nasonov, 1908: 490-492. Type data: UKRAINE: Kiev, Cherkassy, on Quercus sp., 5/6/1907, by E. Miriam. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998b: 306. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Kermococcus corticalis; Borchsenius, 1949d: 152. Change of status.
Talla roboris; Lindinger, 1957: 549. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Kozár & Drozdják, 1998h: 407.
Kermes corticalis; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988: 87. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: southern kermes [KosztaKo1988F].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Blastothrix erythrostetha [Borchs1960d], Psilophrys longicornis [Borchs1960d].
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus sp [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia [KosztaKo1988F]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Ukraine [Nasono1908].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of biology by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).
STRUCTURE: Adult female irregular, somewhat horseshoe-shaped, derm smooth, shiny and brown with black irregular bands (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
SYSTEMATICS: Kozár & Ostafichuk (1987) state this species has been collected from "Moldavia (USSR)." It is not clear whether they mean the country currently known as Moldova, or the region Moldavia which runs along the Romania-Moldova boarder.
KEYS: Kozarzhevskaya 1992: 66 (female); Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 263 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Danzig 1971d: 824 (female) [as Kermococcus corticalis; Key to species of family Kermococcidae]; Danzig 1964: 635 (female) [as Kermococcus corticalis; Kermococcus species in SSSR]; Borchsenius 1960d: 35 (female) [as Kermococus corticalis; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 43]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 243]; Borchs1948e [distribution, taxonomy: 237]; Borchs1949d [taxonomy: 152]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy: 130]; Borchs1950c [taxonomy: 368, 370]; Borchs1953a [taxonomy: 523]; Borchs1955 [taxonomy: 859]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 46-48]; Borchs1963a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 193, 194]; Borchs1973 [host, taxonomy: 194]; Danzig1964 [description, distribution, host: 634]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 824]; Diadec1954 [taxonomy: 129]; Hadzib1983 [distribution, host: 270]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 133]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 142-143]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, taxonomy: 87]; KosztaKo1988F [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 263, 264-265]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 407]; KozarKo1982 [distribution, host: 204]; KozarOs1987 [distribution: 92]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; Kozarz1992 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 66, 69-70]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 369]; Lindin1914 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 245]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 549]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 122]; Nasono1909 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 490-492]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; Plugar1963 [distribution, host: 16]; Sugony1965 [biological control, distribution: 225]; Terezn1970 [illustration: 49].
Kermes echinatus BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes echinatus Balachowsky, 1953f: 183-184. Type data: ISRAEL: Nahalal Forest, on Quercus coccifera, by Bytinski-Salz. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: There are 10 syntypes on 10 slides in MNHN (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999).
Kermococcus echinatus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 41. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus calliprinos [SpodekBe2012, SpodekBeMe2014], Quercus coccifera [Balach1953f, PorcelPe2014], Quercus ilex L. [PorcelPe2014].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Crete [PorcelPe2014]; Greece [PorcelPe2014]; Israel [Balach1953f, SpodekBeMe2014].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Balachowsky (1953f). Detailed redescription, illustration and photographs of adult females and first-instar nymph in Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2012) Detailed description, illustrations and photographs of first, second and third instar nymphs in Porcelli & Pellizzari (2014), Detailed descripton, illustrations and photographs of first, second, third instar and adult females as well as second instar, prepupa, pupa and adult males in Spodek & Ben-Dov (2014),
STRUCTURE: Adult female is subspherical and of average size and is ochre in color (Balachowsky, 1953f). Young, pre-reproductive adult: Oval, soft and slightly convex; dorsum brownish-grey with 4 or 5 black longitudinal and 6-9 black transverse lines formed of dots and lines; 2.5-3.2 mm long and 2-3 mm wide. Fully-mature reproductive female highly convex; dorsum brownish-grey with black, longitudinal and transverse lines; body tapering posteriorly. Post-reproductive female oval and moderately convex, 2.9-4.4 mm long, 2.7-5.1 mm wide and 3.2-4.8 mm high; dorsum sclerotized; red with 6-9 black, transverse black lines represented as reticulated folds. (Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2012) First-instar nymph. General appearance. Dorsum and venter red, body oval and tapering posteriorly, 0.37-0.44 mm long and 0.14-0.2 mm wide. Each with a fringe of curly white wax on margins once first-instars settle on branch for feeding (Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2012) Oval, and almost flat, orange-red. (Porcelli & Pellizzari, 2014) Third-instar nymph body rounded, convex, bright yellow just after moult, otherwise orange-brown, with numerous protruding white waxy tufts on dorsum. (Porcelli & Pellizzari, 2014) Third-instar female K. echinatus differ from those of K. vermilio mostly as follows (characters of K. vermilio in brackets): monomerous antennae (2- or 3-segmented); and with about 50-60 marginal spine-like setae (132-222). (Porcelli & Pellizzari, 2014)
SYSTEMATICS: Balachowsky (1953f) states that it is probable that K. echinatus is the species Bodenheimer described as K. greeni. The first-instar of both K. echinatus and K. vermilio are easily distinguishable from other Mediterranean and European Kermes species due to the presence of conical, spine-like marginal setae. The first-instars of other Palaearctic Kermes species possess hair-like, spatulate or club-shaped marginal setae. (Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2012) Balachowsky (1953) observed two main differences between the morphology of the first-instar nymph of K. echinatus and K. vermilio: (i) dorsal simple pores present on K. echinatus but absent on K. vermilio and (ii) in K. echinatus, the conical marginal setae are slightly longer and curved compared to those of K. vermilio. Spodek & Ben-Dov (2012) found that first-instar K. echinatus and K. vermilio had two rows of conical marginal setae but that they differed in size and shape. They also noted a small denticle on each claw of K. echinatus. These were considered to be absent on K. vermilio by Balachowsky (1950) and Pellizzari et al. (2012). The general appearance of young females and fully-grown reproductive females of K. echinatus differs from that of K. vermilio. The young female of K. echinatus is slightly convex, has a brownish-grey dorsum with 4 or 5 black longitudinal and 6-9 black transverse lines composed of dots and lines. The young female of K. vermilio is reddish without transverse and longitudinal lines. The fully-grown reproductive female of K. vermilio has been described as dark red or brown covered with a fine, white or pale grey mealy wax. In contrast, the fully-grown female of K. echinatus is not covered in wax and has transverse and longitudinal black lines on its dorsum. Both species at this stage are highly convex and subspherical. (Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2012) In first-instar K. echinatus and K. hermonensis the marginal spine-like setae are distinctly longer and slightly bent. However, K. echinatus has 62-68 marginal spines whereas K. hermonensis has only 42-48 spines. (Porcelli & Pellizzari, 2014) Kermes echinatus second-instar females mainly differ from those of K. vermilio as follows (characters of K. vermilio in brackets): 1-3-segmented antennae (5-segmented); and with 58-64 marginal spine-like setae (68-74). Both species have frontal lobes and small, tubercle-like legs. (Porcelli & Pellizzari, 2014) K. hermonensis second-instar females differ from those of both K. vermilio and K. echinatus in having 3-segmented legs. K. echinatus has one-segmented antennae and one-segmented legs whereas K. hermonensis has 5- or 6-segmented antennae and 3-segmented legs; and K. echinatus lacks the membranous frontal lobes of K. vermilio. In addition, tubular ducts are present on both the venter and dorsum in K. echinatus and K. hermonensis, whereas they are only found on the venter in K. vermilio; and K. echinatus has two longitudinal rows of conical setae on the dorsum while K. vermilio has one transverse row of setae on dorsum. The third instar females of K. hermonensis differ from those of both K. vermilio and K. echinatus in having 3-segmented legs and 5- or 6-segmented antennae (Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2014).
KEYS: Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 7 (female, adult) [Key to the adult females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 7-8 (female) [Key to the third-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (female, second instar) [Key to the second-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (first instar) [Key to the first-instar nymphs of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (female, adult) [Key to the post-reproductive females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 9 (male, second instar) [Key to the second-instar males of Kermesidae in Israel]; Spodek et al. 2014: 8-9 (male) [Key to the adult males of Kermesidae species in Israel]; Borchsenius 1960d: 34 (female) [as Kermococus echinatus; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1953f [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 183-184]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 33, 42]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, taxonomy: 41]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 143]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 407]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; PorcelPe2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 61-74]; SpodekBe2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 12, 14-24]; SpodekBe2014 [distribution, distribution, economic importance, illustration, molecular data, taxonomy: 7-24]; SpodekBeGh2012 [distribution: 25]; SpodekBeMe2014 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 107,108,114,116,117,118]; SpodekBePr2012 [distribution: 67]; Sternl1969 [host, taxonomy: 251, 252, 253].
Kermes flavus Liu in Liu & ShiNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes flavus Liu in Liu & Shi, 1995: 157-158. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, Simao County, on Castanea mollissima, 20/04/1988, by M. Xue & J. Sun. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in SFAZ, BMNH and IEBC.
HOST: Fagaceae: Castanea mollissima [LiuSh1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [LiuSh1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Liu & Shi (1995).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is spherical, bright yellow, smooth and has a whitish waxy secretory material and two waxy thread curls at the anal area. Young adult female is circular and light yellow. First instar elongate oval and light red (Liu & Shi, 1995).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult Kermes flavus resembles K. taishanensis, K. shastensis and K. orientalis (Liu & Shi, 1995).
KEYS: Liu & Shi 1995: 158 (female) [Young adult females of Chinese Kermes].
CITATIONS: Liu1997 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 93, 94]; LiuSh1995 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 157]; Tao1999 [distribution: 36].
Kermes formosanus TakahashiNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes formosanus Takahashi, 1929: 49-50. Type data: TAIWAN: Tattaka, on Quercus sp., 19/05/1924, by R. Takahashi. Unknown type status. Described: female. Notes: It is likely that type material, if it exists, is in the IMZT.
Talla formosana; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus sp. [Takaha1929]. Meliaceae: Dysoxylum sp. [Hua2000]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1929].
BIOLOGY: Kermes formosanus was collected at an altitude of more than 7000 feet (Takahashi, 1929).
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Takahashi (1929).
STRUCTURE: Adult female yellowish brown or dark yellowish brown, with many mostly circular black markings scattered over the whole surface except on the basal side attached to the host; these markings large, some on the upper portion united, but very small, well separated from each other near the base. Body almost globular, smooth on surface, without wax or setae, 7-8 mm long (Takahashi, 1929).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host: 79]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 144]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; Kuwana1931c [taxonomy: 49, 50]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; ShiLi1991 [host: 162]; Su1982 [distribution, host: 62]; Takaha1929 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 24, 28, 49-50]; Takaha1936d [taxonomy: 2]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 3]; Tao1978 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 108]; Tao1999 [distribution: 36]; Teodor1933 [distribution, host: 70]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 116].
Kermes fuscata Baer & Kosztarab nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes fuscata Baer & Kosztarab, 1985: 157. Nomen nudum. Notes: Baer & Kosztarab (1985) list this species as being a manuscript name of King's but cite no publication or source.
Kermes fuscuatum Liu & ShiNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes fuscuatum Liu & Shi, 1993a: 418-419. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, Kunming, on Quercus sp., 28/04/1988, by S. Jilin & X. Ming. Holotype female. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [LiuSh1993a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Liu & Shi (1993a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female with multilocular pores densely distributed on pre-anal area, more densely near the marginal setae, same kind of pores distributed sparely between marginal setae rows and 1-7 pores clustered around each seta. First instar with anal ring with some translucent cells, dorsal submedial setae on head and thorax which 2-3 times as long as on abdomen, two conical setae on inner sides of anal lobes equal (Liu & Shi, 1993a).
CITATIONS: LiuSh1993a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 418-419].
Kermes gibbosus SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes gibbifera Signoret, 1874a: vii. Nomen nudum.
Kermes gibbosus Signoret, 1875: 552. Type data: AUSTRIA: Vienna. Syntypes. Notes: There is no type material of this species in the MNHN (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999).
Coccus gibbosus; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla gibbosa; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermococcus gibbosus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 73. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: humped kermes [KosztaKo1988F].
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus cerris [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Hoy1963]; Bulgaria [KosztaKo1988F]; Germany [KosztaKo1988F]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F]; Italy [LongoRu1990]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995].
BIOLOGY: According to Tzalev (1968), eggs hatch from the beginning of June to the end of June and the species overwinters as a second-instar nymph.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).
STRUCTURE: Adult female spherical, without body segmentation, dorsum divided by furrows. Body is dark reddish brown in color with a few black spots and is covered with a white wax powder (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 263 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Borchsenius 1960d: 36 (female) [as Kermococus gibbosus; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 43]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 242, 244]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 73]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 62]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 145]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 89]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 263, 265]; Kozar1980 [taxonomy: 67]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 408]; KozarKo1982 [distribution, host: 204]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; Lindin1912b [description, taxonomy: 285]; Lindin1923 [taxonomy: 144, 148]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 136]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 151]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 122]; LongoRu1990 [distribution, host: 113]; LongoRuMa1991 [distribution, host: 189]; Newste1903 [taxonomy: 138]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; Pierce1917 [distribution, host: 153]; Savesc1961 [life history: 33-34]; Signor1874a [taxonomy: vii]; Signor1875 [description, distribution: 552]; TrenchGoTr2008 [distribution, host: 137-141]; TrenchGoTr2009 [behaviour, distribution, host: 220]; Tsalev1964 [illustration, taxonomy: 23-24, 26]; Tsalev1968 [distribution, host: 208]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 24].
Kermes globosus (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermococcus globosus Borchsenius, 1960d: 39-41. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, 82 km south of Midu, 19/04/1957, by N. Borchsenius. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Notes: According to Danzig (personal communication, November 10, 1998) a paratype is in the ZMAS and the holotype must be in IEBC.
Kermes globosus; Hoy, 1963: 146. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus sp [Borchs1960d].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960d]).
KEYS: Yang 1982: 116 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Borchsenius 1960d: 34 (female) [as Kermococus globosus; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 79]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 27, 34, 39, 41]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 146]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 408]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; ShiLi1991 [host: 161]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 36]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 114, 116].
Kermes greeni BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Kermococcus greeni Bodenheimer, 1927a: 181. Nomen nudum. Notes: In this publication Bodenheimer simply presents the name Kermococcus greeni, stating that a description of the species would be published shortly.
Kermes greeni Bodenheimer, 1931: 246. Type data: ISRAEL: Nahalal, on Quercus coccifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
Talla greeni; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermes palestiniensis Balachowsky, 1953f: 186. Type data: ISRAEL: Ras-El Nakurah, on Quercus coccifera, 17/07/1950, by Neumark. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Spodek et al., 2012: 68-74. Notes: There are 2 syntypes on 2 slides in the MNHN (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999). Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967) state that Kermes palestiniensis is a synonym of Kermes biblicus. In later papers by Sternlicht, K. palestiniensis is treated as a valid species and no other citations of this synonymy can be found.
Kermococcus palestiniensis; Borchsenius, 1960d: 39. Change of combination.
Kermes palaestinensis; Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht, 1967: 126. Misspelling of species name.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Blastothrix gurselae [JaposhKa2003], Psilophrys tenuicornis [JaposhKa2003].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus calliprinos [SpodekBeMe2014], Quercus coccifera [Hoy1963, PellizPoSe2011].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Greece [SpodekBePr2012]; Israel [Hoy1963, SpodekBeMe2014]; Syria [Hoy1963].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Bodenheimer (1931).Best description and illustration by Balachowsky (1953f). Colour photographs of first instar nymphs and egg shells, yonng adult females, gravid females, and post-reproductive females in Spodek, et al., 2012. Detailed description, illustrations and photographs of first instar, second instar males and females, third instar and adult females as well as second instar, pupa and adult males in Spodek & Ben-Dov (2014).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is more or less spherical, with smooth, shining surface. The body is two-toned: light brown with more closely, roughly blackish-brown flecking (Bodenheimer, 1931).Adult female is spherical and brownish red (Balachowsky, 1953f). Dorsum of young adult females with red and black areas and with a transverse red area medially; dorsum round and smooth. Body 2.5-3.7 mm long, 1.9-3 mm wide. Gravid female dark red to black and uniform in colour. Post-reproductive female. Orange to tan coloured; body spherical and derm smooth and sclerotized. Body 4.2-5.9 mm long, 2.9-5 mm wide, 3.8-4.3 mm high. Mounted adult female. Oval to round, 2.5-3 mm long, 1.8-2.5 wide. (Spodek, et al,. 2012) First instar nymph, dorsum and venter orange; body oval and tapering posteriorly; body length 0.5-0.52 mm, width 0.21-0.23 mm.(Spodek, et al., 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Bodenheimer's (1931) description of K. greeni and K. nahalali was based on post-reproductive females, in which the cuticle of the post-reproductive female adult is highly sclerotized and convex and some of the morphological characters of taxonomic significance are not visible, making it difficult to establish its taxonomic identity. Three additional species of Kermes (K. echinatus, K. palestiniensis and K. spatulatus) were described from Israel by Balachowsky (1953) based entirely on the first-instar nymphs because he was unable to relate these nymphs to the Kermes post-reproductive adults described by Bodenheimer (1931). K. palestiniensis was determined to be a junior synomym of K. greeni in Sodek, et al., 2012, based on the type series and new material esamined.This species is close to Kermes quercus (Balachowsky, 1953f). The first-instar of both K. echinatus and K. vermilio are easily distinguishable from other Mediterranean and European Kermes species due to the presence of conical, spine-like marginal setae. The first-instars of other Palaearctic Kermes species possess hair-like, spatulate or club-shaped marginal setae. (Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2012)
KEYS: Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 7 (female, adult) [Key to the adult females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 7-8 (female) [Key to the third-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (female, second instar) [Key to the second-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (first instar) [Key to the first-instar nymphs of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (female, adult) [Key to the post-reproductive females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8-9 (male, adult) [Key to the adult males of Kermesidae species in Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 9 (male, second instar) [Key to the second-instar males of Kermesidae in Israel]; Borchsenius 1960d: 34. 35 (female) [as Kermococus palestiniensis, Kermococus ilicis; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Avidov1961 [taxonomy: 133, 512, 525]; Balach1950c [distribution, taxonomy: 343]; Balach1953f [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 183. 186, 188]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 33, 42]; BenDovHa1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 31]; Bodenh1927a [taxonomy: 181]; Bodenh1930a [taxonomy: 367]; Bodenh1931 [description, taxonomy: 246-247]; Bodenh1935 [taxonomy: 251, 265]; Bodenh1935b [distribution, host: 306-308]; Bodenh1937 [distribution, host: 220]; Bodenh1953a [distribution, taxonomy: 140]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, taxonomy: 27, 35, 39, 54]; BytinsSt1967 [distribution, host: 126]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 146. 1152]; HuLi1993 [taxonomy: 20]; JaposhCe2010 [p. 133]; JaposhKa2003 [host: 187]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 408, 410]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75-76]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 157]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294,296]; PorcelPe2014 [taxonomy: 61]; Silves1939 [distribution, taxonomy: 696]; SpodekBe2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 12]; SpodekBe2014 [distribution, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 24-37]; SpodekBeGh2012 [distribution: 25]; SpodekBeMe2014 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 108,113,116,117]; SpodekBePr2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 67-75]; Sternl1969 [host, taxonomy: 251, 252, 253]; WouterVe1991 [taxonomy: 211].
Kermes hermonensis Spodek & Ben-DovNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes hermonensis Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2014: 37-50. Type data: ISRAEL: Mt. Hermon, 06/20/2012, on Quercus look. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust. Notes: Most type material is deposited in ICVI, with 1 paratype adult female and 1 slide of first-instar nymphs (non-type) at BMNH, MNHN and USNM depositories.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus infectoria [KaydanBoSp2014], Quercus ithaburensis [SpodekBe2014], Quercus look [SpodekBe2014].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Israel [SpodekBe2014]; Turkey [KaydanBoSp2014].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descriptions, illustrations and photographs of first instar, second and third instar and adults females as well as second instar, prepupa and adult males in Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2014.
STRUCTURE: In K. hermonensis, the number of marginal spine-like setae varies slightly among the different instars, attaining a maximum of 74-80 spines in the third-instar; antennae are 6 segmented in all the instars even if the segmentation is indistinct in some specimens; legs are 3 segmented starting from second-instar female onwards (Spodek & Ben- Dov, 2014).
SYSTEMATICS: Even though the derm of K. hermonensis produces a thick, waxy ovisac that covers its' membranous body during oviposition, Spodek & Ben-Dov (2014) assigned it to the family Kermesidae because its microscopic characters match other species of this family. The derm of most post-reproductive female Kermesidae is sclerotized and lacks a waxy ovisac but two species of Nidularia, N. japonica and N. pulvinata, produce a waxy ovisac posterior to female's body. Adult female K. hermonensis share several traits with K. echinatus and K. vermilio: (i) legs reduced or absent; (ii) same type of tubular duct on both venter and dorsum; (iii) setapore clusters absent from dorsum; (iv) anal ring ventral; (v) conical setae on both margin and dorsum; and (vi) presence of multilocular pores surrounding each scape. These species differ in the structure of the anal ring: K. echinatus has three pairs of setae without pores; K. hermonensis has three pairs of setae with pores, and K. vermilio has pores without setae. Kermes hermonensis also differs from K. echinatus and K. vermilio in the number of antennae and leg segments: K. hermonensis has three, four, five or six-segmented antennae and three-segmented legs, while the two other species have one-segmented antennae and no legs. (Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2014) K. hermonensis second-instar females differ from those of both K. vermilio and K. echinatus in having 3-segmented legs and 3-6-segmented antennae (Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2014). The third instar females of K. hermonensis differ from those of both K. vermilio and K. echinatus in having 3-segmented legs and 5- or 6-segmented antennae (Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2014).
KEYS: Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 7 (female, adult) [Key to the adult females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 7-8 (female) [Key to the third-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (female, second instar) [Key to the second-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (first instar) [Key to the first-instar nymphs of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (female, adult) [Key to the post-reproductive females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8-9 (male) [Key to the adult males of Kermesidae species in Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 9 (male, second instar) [Key to the second-instar males of Kermesidae in Israel ].
CITATIONS: KaydanBoSp2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 109-112]; PorcelPe2014 [taxonomy: 62]; SpodekBe2014 [distribution, ecology, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 37-50].
Kermes himalayensis GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes himalayensis Green, 1909: 10. Type data: INDIA: N.W. Himalayas, above Bhim Tal, on Quercus incana, by E.P. Stebbing. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Coccus himalayensis; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla himalayensis; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: ban oak grey scale [Stebbi1909].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus delata [Green1909], Quercus incana [Green1909].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Hoy1963].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Green (1909).
STRUCTURE: Adult female approximately hemispherical, sometimes slightly oblong, with a broad base of attachment, often much distorted by crowding. Ground color varying from milky-white to fulvous or pale castaneous, closely marbled and spotted, the markings varying from dark castaneous to black. To the naked eye the pattern appears to be in the form of 3 longitudinal series of large irregular spots (Green, 1909).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 79]; Balach1950c [taxonomy: 343]; Beeson1941 [distribution, host: 751]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 242, 244]; Cocker1929b [description, host, taxonomy: 150]; Green1909 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 10-12]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 146]; Lindin1914 [taxonomy: 120]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Ramakr1921a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 343]; Stebbi1909 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 26-30]; Varshn2005 [catalogue, distribution, host: 145]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 26].
Kermes ilicis (Linnaeus)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus ilicis Linnaeus, 1758: 455. Type data: FRANCE: on Quercus coccifera. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Linnean Society of London, England. Described: female.
Chermes ilicis; Olivier, 1792: 440. Change of combination.
Lecanium ilicis; Blanchard, 1840: 214. Change of combination.
Chermes bauhini Planchon, 1864: 22-24. Type data: FRANCE: Montpellier, on Quercus ilex. Unknown type status. Described: female. Synonymy by Bodenheimer, 1931: 243. Notes: All type material of Planchon is assumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, November 20, 1996).
Coccus bauhini; Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 45. Change of combination.
Kermes bauhini; Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 45. Change of combination.
Kermes bauhinii; Signoret, 1874: 88. Misspelling of species name.
Kermes bankinii; Maskell, 1894: 93. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Maskell (1894) mentions a Planchon species Kermes bankinii which appears to be a misspelling of K. bauhini which is currently a junior synonym of K. ilicis.
Kermes ilicis; Cockerell, 1899j: 270. Change of combination.
Kermococcus ilicis; Leonardi, 1918: 212. Change of combination.
Talla ilicis; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Mediterranean scale [Brown1975].
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Camponotus piceus picea [Foldi1984a].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aenasioidea hispanica [SilvaCa1988], Blastothrix erythrostethus [Fulmek1943], Metaphycus hirtipennis [Fulmek1943], Psilophrys longicornis [Fulmek1943]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus leptoneurus [Domeni1966]. Pteromalidae: Pteromalus chermis [Fulmek1943].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus coccifera [Hoy1963], Quercus ilex [Planch1864, Hoy1963], Quercus pubescens [Hoy1963], Quercus suber [SilvaCa1988], Quercus toza [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Hoy1963]; Austria [Sugony1965]; France [Hoy1963, Foldi2001]; Greece [Hoy1963]; Hungary [Sugony1965]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Poland [Sugony1965]; Portugal [SilvaCa1988]; Sardinia [Pelliz2011]; Spain [Hoy1963].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Leonardi (1920).
CITATIONS: Argyri1983 [distribution, host: 364]; Arnett1985 [distribution, host: 239]; Balach1927 [taxonomy: 184, 186]; Balach1930 [host: 313]; Balach1930a [taxonomy: 180]; Balach1930e [distribution, host: 220]; Balach1932d [distribution: lvi]; Balach1950c [distribution, taxonomy: 343, 345]; Balach1950d [taxonomy: 740, 742-743]; Balach1953f [distribution: 182]; Banks1977 [chemistry: 63]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 43]; Bentle1960 [chemistry: 208, 210]; Blanch1840 [taxonomy: 214]; Bodenh1926 [taxonomy: 46]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 242, 244]; Bodenh1935 [taxonomy: 270]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 140, 141]; Boitar1828 [distribution, taxonomy: 171]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 27, 39, 57-59]; BorgesViSa1986 [taxonomy: 39]; Brown1975 [chemistry, distribution, host: 271]; Buchne1921 [taxonomy: 251]; CameroDeFe1981 [taxonomy: 2407, 2417]; Carmon1985 [host, taxonomy: 433]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 270]; Cocker1922 [taxonomy: 309]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Collin1950 [taxonomy: 160]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy: 337]; Domeni1966 [biological control: 37]; Donkin1977a [taxonomy: 859]; Ealand1915 [chemistry, host: 220]; Eastop1979 [chemistry, host: 120]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 62]; Feytau1916 [distribution, host: 2]; Foldi1984a [ecology, host: 349]; Foldi2000 [distribution, host: 81]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Foldi2003b [p. 30]; FoldiCa1985 [taxonomy: 34, 44]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 16,25]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 38, 78]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 56]; GervaiVa1859 [host, taxonomy: 373]; Gilmou1961 [chemistry, host: 229]; GomezM1937 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 246-7]; GomezM1958a [distribution: 10]; GomezM1960O [description, distribution, host, life history: 202-203]; Goux1946b [taxonomy: 98]; Hendry1962 [taxonomy: 127]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 147]; Koszta1987 [chemistry, distribution, host: 218]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 408]; KozarOs1987 [distribution, host: 92]; KozarPaPa1991 [distribution, host: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; Leonar1908a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 159]; Leonar1918 [host: 212]; Leonar1920 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 271-272]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 286]; Lindin1930 [host, taxonomy: 102]; Lindin1931 [taxonomy: 115]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 201]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 136]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 136]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 547]; Linnae1758 [distribution, host: 455]; Lizery1943 [chemistry: 460]; Lloyd1980 [chemistry, host, taxonomy: 93]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 122]; Martin1984MP [distribution, host, taxonomy: 66]; Mayet1903 [taxonomy: 729]; Melis1930 [distribution: 17]; Menozz1927 [taxonomy: 73]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; Morley1910b [biological control: 94]; Newste1903 [taxonomy: 138]; Olivie1792 [taxonomy: 440]; ParentPa1960 [chemistry, economic importance: 22]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 312]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, structure: 38]; Perrie1926 [taxonomy: 124]; Pierce1917 [distribution, host: 153]; Plaisa1978 [taxonomy: 24]; Planch1864 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 22-24]; PorcelPe2014 [taxonomy: 61]; Quijan1981 [host, taxonomy: 222]; Rivnay1944 [biological control: 77]; SchildSc1928 [biological control: 258, 267]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy: 420]; Schwep1986 [chemistry: 159]; SilvaCa1988 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 5-19]; Sternl1969 [taxonomy: 252]; Sugony1965 [biological control, distribution: 225]; Sugony1965 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 225]; Talhou1950 [distribution, host: 138]; Targio1869 [taxonomy: 733]; Targio1888 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 450, 433]; Thomso1957 [chemistry: 222, 227]; Thomso1960 [chemistry: 27, 28]; Tokuna1944 [taxonomy: 212, 214]; Trabut1910 [host: 71]; Trabut1911 [host: 53]; Tranfa1981 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 21]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 11,27,40].
Kermes kuwanae KandaNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes kuwanae Kanda, 1932a: 551-553. Type data: Japan: Honshu, Mt. Hakone, on Quercus myrisnaefolia, 03/05/1931, by S. Kanda. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: both sexes. Illust.
Talla kuwanae; Lindinger, 1943b: 265. Change of combination.
Kermococcus kuwanae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 53. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus myrisnaefolia [Kanda1932a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan (Honshu [Kanda1932a]).
BIOLOGY: Kuwana (1932a) states "this insect is always found sticking to forked parts of trees, and when taken off, it leaves a little white waxy secretion on the spot."
GENERAL REMARKS: Kanda (1932a) provides a description and illustration of adult male and female.
STRUCTURE: Adult female oval, with four hollow dots on dorsum. Dusky in color and often covered with a grayish white waxy secretion. Adult male is reddish brown, thorax pinkish purple with black plates, wings pale gray with pale rose colored costae (Kanda, 1932a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species resembles Kermes mutsurensis in the shape and size of female. Its legs resemble those of K. nakagawae (Kuwana, 1932a).
KEYS: Yang 1982: 117 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Borchsenius 1960d: 35 (female) [as Kermococus kuwanae; Species of Kermococcus]; Kanda 1932a: 554 (female) [Japanese species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [distribution, host, taxonomy: 53-54]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 148]; Kanda1932a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 551-554]; Kawai1972 [distribution, host: 5]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 133]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 409]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 265]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 117].
Kermes macrantherae (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermococcus macrantherae Borchsenius, 1960d: 73-75. Type data: AZERBAIJAN: near Lenkoran, on Quercus macranthera, 25/06/1947, by N. Borchsenius. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Notes: According to Danzig (personal communication, November 10, 1998) a paratype is in the ZMAS.
Kermes macrantherae; Hoy, 1963: 149. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Transcaucasicus kermes [Borchs1960d].
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus macranthera [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Azerbaijan [Borchs1960d].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1960d).
KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 36 (female) [as Kermococus macrantherae; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Borchs1955 [taxonomy: 860]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 73-75]; Borchs1963a [distribution, host: 193, 194]; Borchs1973 [host: 194]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 149]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 409]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy: 66].
Kermes miyasakii KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes miyasakii Kuwana, 1907: 181-182. Type data: JAPAN: on Quercus serrata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Coccus miyasakii; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Kermes tomarii Kuwana, 1931c: 49-51. Type data: CHINA: Kwangtung, South Manchuria, on Quercus variabilis, 22/09/1930, by S. Tomari. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hu, 1986X: 299.
Talla miyasakii; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermococcus miyasakii; Borchsenius, 1960d: 54. Change of combination.
Kermococcus tomarii; Borchsenius, 1960d: 56. Change of combination.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus kuwanae [Paik1982], Chilocorus rubidus [HertinSi1972]. Elateridae: Agrypnus binodulus [HertinSi1972]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aenasioidea tenuicornis [Fulmek1943], Blastothrix kermivora [Paik1982], Blastothrix tenuicornis [Fulmek1943], Cheiloneurus matsuyamensis [HertinSi1972], Cheiloneurus tenuicornis [Fulmek1943], Microterys interpunctus [HertinSi1972].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus acutissima [Hoy1963], Quercus glandulifera [Hoy1963], Quercus serrata [Kuwana1907], Quercus sp. [Kuwana1931c], Quercus variabilis [Kuwana1931c].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Kuwana1931c, Hua2000]). Palaearctic: China [Kuwana1931c] (Heilongjiang (=HeilungKiang) [Tao1999], Liaoning [Tao1999], Shandong (=Shantung) [Hoy1963]); Japan [Kuwana1907] (Honshu [Kuwana1931]); South Korea [KSPP1972].
STRUCTURE: Eggs are elongate in outline, shiny, and pale yellowish orange in color. Newly hatched larvae are very pale yellow and elongate, narrowing toward both ends. Adult female is dark brown in color with transverse black bands, thinly covered with a grayish waxy secretion and nearly globular in outline (Kuwana, 1931).
KEYS: Liu & Shi 1995: 158 (female) [Young adult females of Chinese Kermes]; Hu 1986X: 301 (female) [Mounted young adult females]; Hu 1986X: 302 (male) [Key to adult males]; Hu 1986X: 302 (first instar) [Key to first instars]; Hu 1986X: 302 (adult) [Key to old adult females in the field]; Yang 1982: 115 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Paik 1978: 173 (female) [as Kermococcus miyasakii; Key to species of Kermococcus]; Borchsenius 1960d: 35 (female) [as Kermococus miyasakii; Species of Kermococcus]; Borchsenius 1960d: 35 (female) [as Kermococus tomarii; Species of Kermococcus]; Kanda 1932a: 553 (female) [Japanese species of Kermes]; Kuwana 1931: 17 (female) [Key to Kermes species]; Kuwana 1931: 17 (larva) [Key to Kermes species].
CITATIONS: Balach1950c [distribution, taxonomy: 343, 345]; Balach1953f [distribution: 182]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 242, 244]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 54-57]; Borchs1963a [illustration, taxonomy: 49, 50]; Clause1931 [distribution, taxonomy: 83, 85-86]; Clause1940 [taxonomy: 409]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 38]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 133]; Howard1919 [biological control, distribution, host: 256]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 149, 161]; Hu1986X [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 293, 295-296, 297]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; Ishii1928 [biological control, distribution: 119, 120, 148]; Kanda1932a [taxonomy: 553]; Kawai1972 [distribution: 5]; Kawai1977 [distribution, host: 154, 158]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 133]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 409, 412]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; KSPP1972 [taxonomy: 106]; Kuwana1907 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 181-182]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 167]; Kuwana1931 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 18-19]; Kuwana1931c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 47-51]; Lindin1907e [taxonomy: 476]; Lindin1908f [taxonomy: 476]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 197]; LiuSh1995 [distribution, taxonomy: 155, 158]; Paik1978 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 173]; Paik1982 [biological control, distribution: 27, 49]; Ruhl1917b [taxonomy: 50]; ShiLi1991 [host: 161]; TakahaTa1956 [distribution, host: 2]; Tang1984b [distribution, host: 126]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 3]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 36]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy: 61]; Timber1916 [biological control, distribution: 583]; Trjapi1964 [taxonomy: 1465]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 32]; Wu1935 [distribution: 176]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 115, 116].
Kermes muhlisi BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes muhlisi Bodenheimer, 1941: 76-78. Type data: TURKEY: Antalya, near Manavgat and Fineke, ?/08/1940, by S. Erkelic. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
Kermococcus muhlisi; Borchsenius, 1960d: 50. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus sp. [Bodenh1941]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Bodenh1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bodenheimer (1941).
STRUCTURE: Adult female globular with smooth shining surface, light reddish brown in color, legs apparently absent, dark transverse bands. (Bodenheimer, 1941).
KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 34 (female) [as Kermococus muhlisi; Species of Kermococcus]; Bodenheimer 1953a: 141 (female) [Macroscopic key to the Turkish species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: Balach1950d [distribution: 740]; Balach1953f [distribution, taxonomy: 183]; BenDovHa1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 31]; Bodenh1941 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 76-78]; Bodenh1953a [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 141, 142-143, 158]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, taxonomy: 50]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 149]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 409]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38].
Kermes multiporus Hu & LiNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes multiporus Hu & Li, 1993: 18-19. Type data: CHINA: Henan Province, Xinyang, 25/05/1989, by X. Hu & S. Li. Holotype larva, by original designation. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Anthribus kuwanai [HuLi1993]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Psilophrys sp. [HuLi1993].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus autissima [HuLi1993], Quercus tabri [HuLi1993].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Henan (=Honan) [HuLi1993]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Hu & Li (1993) describe and illustrate first instar, second instar female and pre-reproductive adult female.
CITATIONS: HuLi1993 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 18-19].
Kermes mutsurensis KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes mutsurensis Kuwana, 1931: 26-28. Type data: JAPAN: Kyushu, Matsure, near Moji city, on Pasania edulis, 06/05/1930, by K. Muramatsu & S. Imai. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Talla mutsurensis; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermococcus mutsurensis; Borchsenius, 1960d: 52. Described: female. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Pasania edulis [Hoy1963], Quercus glauca [Tachik1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan (Kyushu [Kuwana1931], Shikoku [Tachik1971]).
STRUCTURE: Eggs are oval in shape, highly polished and pale yellowish brown in color. Newly hatched larvae are pale brown, elongate, gradually tapering toward both extremities with distinct segmentation. Adult female globular or hemispherical, pale yellowish brown in color with transverse narrow blackish bands and partially covered with a grayish waxy secretion (Kuwana, 1931).
KEYS: Yang 1982: 117 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Paik 1978: 173 (female) [as Kermococcus mutsurensis; Key to species of Kermococcus]; Borchsenius 1960d: 35 (female) [as Kermococus mutsurensis; Species of Kermococcus]; Kanda 1932a: 554 (female) [Japanese species of Kermes]; Kuwana 1931: 17 (female) [Key to Kermes species]; Kuwana 1931: 17 (larva) [Key to Kermes species].
CITATIONS: Balach1950c [distribution: 343, 345]; Balach1950d [distribution: 739]; Balach1953f [distribution: 182]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, taxonomy: 52-53]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 149]; Hu1986X [distribution, taxonomy: 297, 300]; Kanda1932a [taxonomy: 554]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 5]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 133]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 409]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kuwana1931 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 26-28]; Kuwana1931c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 49-50]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Paik1978 [taxonomy: 173]; Tachik1971 [distribution, host: 34]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 117].
Kermes nahalali BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Kermococcus nahalali Bodenheimer, 1927b: 181. Nomen nudum.
Kermes nahalali Bodenheimer, 1931: 246. Type data: ISRAEL: Nahalal, on Quercus coccifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
Talla nahalali; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermococcus nahalchi; Silvestri, 1939: 696. Change of combination and misspelling of species epithet.
Kermes bytinskii Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht, 1967: 126. Nomen nudum. Notes: Bytinskii-Salz & Sternlicht (1967) cite Kermes bytinskii as "i. litt." and state that "new species mentioned by M. Sternlicht in litteris will be described later in a separate paper."
Kermes bytinskii Sternlicht, 1969: 253-269. Type data: ISRAEL: Carmel range, Tivon, Allonim, on Quercus ithaburensis, ?/03/1958. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2014: 51.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus coccifera [Bodenh1927a], Quercus ithaburensis [SpodekBeMe2014, BytinsSt1967].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Israel [Bodenh1927a, BytinsSt1967, SpodekBeMe2014].
BIOLOGY: Young females are common in February and March. Copulation occurs at the beginning of March. Males may be found glued to the sweet liquid excreted by the females during and after copulation. Three to four weeks later, the first stage larvae emerge and are active. Larvae enter diapause from April until November or December, feeding for ten to fourteen days then moulting into the second stage male and female larvae. Males spin a waxy cocoon in which they moult in prepupae. Females moult into small hemispherical adult like third stage larvae. After seven to fourteen days of development, they moult in January or February into adult females (Sternlicht, 1969).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1960d).Detailed description and illustration of adults, first instar, both sexes of second instars and third instar female by Sternlicht (1969). Hodgson (2002) used this species in a phylogenetic analysis of non-margarodid Coccoidea. Detailed descriptions, photographs and illustrations of first instar nymphs, second, third instar and adult females as well as second instar, pupa and adult males in Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2014.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is regular, flat, oblong, but never spherical (Bodenheimer, 1931).Adult female has longitudinal furrow with deep transverse lines, brown or reddish grey. Newly emerged males are red to light brown, long and slender posteriorly and wide at their thoracal part, comparatively large (Sternlicht, 1969).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to Kermes bacciformis (Bodenheimer, 1931).Second-instar females of K. bytinskii and K. quercus have 5 or 6- segmented antennae, and short, 3-segmented legs; these characters are shared with the second-instar females of the Nearctic K. cockerelli Ehrhorn, K. concinnulus Cockerell and K. rimarum Ferris (Baer & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 7 (female, adult) [Key to the adult females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 7-8 (female) [Key to the third-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (female, second instar) [Key to the second-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (first instar) [Key to the first-instar nymphs of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (female, adult) [Key to the post-reproductive females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8-9 (male, adult) [Key to the adult males of Kermesidae species in Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 9 (second instar, male) [Key to the second-instar males of Kermesidae in Israel]; Borchsenius 1960d: 36 (female) [as Kermococus nahali; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Avidov1961 [taxonomy: 133, 512, 525]; Balach1950c [distribution: 343]; Balach1950d [distribution: 740]; Balach1953f [distribution, taxonomy: 183]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 33, 42]; BenDovHa1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 31]; Bodenh1927a [taxonomy: 181]; Bodenh1930a [taxonomy: 367]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 243, 244, 246]; Bodenh1935 [taxonomy: 251, 265]; Bodenh1935b [distribution, host: 306-308]; Bodenh1937 [distribution, host: 7, 26, 220]; Bodenh1953a [distribution, taxonomy: 140]; Borchs1955 [taxonomy: 860]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 73, 76]; BytinsSt1967 [distribution, host: 126]; Hodgso2002 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 135]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 150]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 407, 409-410]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75-76]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 157]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; PorcelPe2014 [structure, taxonomy: 61, 64]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 696]; SpodekBe2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 12]; SpodekBe2014 [description, ecology, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 51-65]; SpodekBeGh2012 [distribution: 25]; SpodekBeMe2014 [distribution, host, illustration: 108,113,116,117]; SpodekBePr2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 67]; Sternl1969 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 251-252, 253-270].
Kermes nakagawae KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes nakagawae Kuwana, 1902: 49. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Tokyo, Nishigahara, on Quercus serrata. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Type material was originally placed in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stanford Jr. University, which is now a part of the UCDC collection.
Coccus nakagawae; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla nakagawae; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermococcus nakagawae; Chumak, 1956: 117. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Oak globular scale [KSPP1972].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Brachytarsus kuwanai [Ishii1932]. Coccinellidae: Chilocorus kuwanae [Ishii1932], Chilocorus rubidus [Ishii1932], Rodolia limbata [Ishii1932]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Blastothrix kermivora [Ishii1932], Cheiloneurus sp. [HertinSi1972], Cheiloneurus tenuicornis [Ishii1932].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus glandulifera [Hoy1963], Quercus serrata [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guizhou (=Kweichow) [Hua2000], Hunan [Hua2000], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Hua2000], Yunnan [Hua2000]). Palaearctic: China [Tao1999] (Liaoning [Hua2000]); Japan (Honshu [Hoy1963]); South Korea [KSPP1972].
BIOLOGY: Kuwana (1931) states that this species has one generation per year and overwinters in the larval stage. The male appears about the later part of April. After copulation, the female body gets swollen and produces a lot of honeydew which is attractive to ants and flies. Females lay eggs in late May and they hatch in the middle of June.
STRUCTURE: Eggs are elongate in shape, highly polished and pale lemon in color. Newly hatched larvae are pale brown in color, elongate in outline. Adult female is dark brown in color with five or more black transverse bands, shiny, slightly covered with a grayish white waxy secretion. Male pupa and adult male are both brown (Kuwana, 1931).
KEYS: Liu & Shi 1995: 158 (female) [Young adult females of Chinese Kermes]; Yang 1982: 117 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Paik 1978: 173 (female) [as Kermococcus nakagawae; Key to species of Kermococcus]; Borchsenius 1960d: 36 (female) [as Kermococus nakagawae; Species of Kermococcus]; Kanda 1932a: 554 (female) [Japanese species of Kermes]; Kuwana 1931: 17 (female) [Key to Kermes species]; Kuwana 1931: 17 (larva) [Key to Kermes species].
CITATIONS: Balach1950c [distribution: 343, 345]; Balach1953f [distribution: 182]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 243, 244]; Borchs1955 [taxonomy: 860]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 9, 13-15, 26-27, 36, 61-65]; Borchs1963a [distribution, host: 194, 195]; Borchs1973 [host: 194]; Chumak1956 [taxonomy: 117]; Clause1931 [distribution: 83, 85, 86]; Cocker1929b [distribution: 150]; Danzig1977b [taxonomy: 43, 49, 50]; Danzig1978 [host, taxonomy: 13]; Danzig1980b [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 236]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 710]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 63]; HashimUe1983 [structure: 93]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 133]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 150]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; HuHeWa1992 [distribution, illustration: 181]; Ishii1932 [biological control: 131]; Kanda1932a [taxonomy: 553, 554]; Kanda1941a [distribution, taxonomy: 11]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 5]; Kawai1977 [distribution, host: 154, 158]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 132]; King1914b [distribution, taxonomy: 34]; KotejaZa1972 [taxonomy: 194]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 410]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy: 66]; KSPP1972 [taxonomy: 107]; Kuwana1902 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 49]; Kuwana1907 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 181]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 5]; Kuwana1931 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 21-24]; Kuwana1931c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 48, 50]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; LiuSh1995 [taxonomy: 158]; Paik1978 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 173, 175-176]; Paik1982 [biological control: 27, 49]; ShiLi1991 [host: 161]; Shinji1935b [taxonomy: 767]; Tamaki1970 [chemistry: 107]; TamakiKa1969 [chemistry: 80, 84]; Tang1984b [distribution, host: 126]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 36]; Tsalev1968 [distribution, host: 208]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 33]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 115, 117].
Kermes nawae KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes nawae Kuwana, 1902: 49-50. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Fukui-ken, on Quercus glandulifera by Nawa. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Type material was originally placed in the Stanford collection, which is now part of the UCDC collection.
Coccus nawae; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla nawae; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermococcus nawae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 50. Change of combination.
Kermes nawai; Jia et al., 2004: 75-78. Misspelling of genus and species names.
COMMON NAME: Nawa globular scale [KSPP1972].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Blastothrix chinensis [ShiSiWa1995], Blastothrix kermivora [Fulmek1943].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Castanea mollissima [Ni1998], Castanea pubinervis [Hoy1963], Quercus acutissima [Hoy1963], Quercus glandulifera [Kuwana1902], Quercus serrata [Hoy1963]. Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus japonica genuina [Fernal1903b].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Hua2000], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [Hua2000], Hunan [Hua2000], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Tao1999], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Ni1998]). Palaearctic: China (Henan (=Honan) [Tao1999]); Japan (Honshu [Kuwana1931]); South Korea [KSPP1972].
STRUCTURE: Newly hatched larva is elongate oval, more or less acute at both extremities and pale yellow in color. Adult female is variable in size, nearly circular, chestnut brown in color with transverse black bands, shiny and thinly covered with a white powdery secretion (Kuwana, 1931).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A discussion of spatial distribution and control on Castanea mollissima is given by Yan et al. (2001).
KEYS: Yang 1982: 117 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Paik 1978: 173 (female) [as Kermococcus nawae; Key to species of Kermococcus]; Borchsenius 1960d: 35 (female) [as Kermococus nawae; Species of Kermococcus]; Kanda 1932a: 553 (female) [Japanese species of Kermes]; Kuwana 1931: 17 (female) [Key to Kermes species]; Kuwana 1931: 17 (larva) [Key to Kermes species].
CITATIONS: Balach1950c [distribution: 342, 343, 345]; Balach1950d [distribution: 739]; Balach1953f [distribution: 182]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 242, 243, 244]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, taxonomy: 26-27, 35, 50-51]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 63]; FJSNH1938 [taxonomy: 6]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 38]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 150-151]; Hu1986X [taxonomy: 297]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; HuHeWa1992 [distribution, illustration: 181]; HuLi1993 [taxonomy: 19]; Ishii1928 [biological control: 119, 133]; JiaHuXu2004 [behaviour, biological control: 75-78]; JiaHuXu2004 [biological control: 75-78]; Kanda1932a [taxonomy: 553]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 5]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 133]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 410]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; KSPP1972 [taxonomy: 107]; Kuwana1902 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 49-50]; Kuwana1907 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 181]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 5]; Kuwana1931 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 19-21]; Kuwana1931c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 47-50]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 148]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 369]; Liu1997 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 93, 94]; Ni1998 [host: 69]; Paik1978 [taxonomy: 173]; Paik1982 [biological control: 49]; ShiLi1991 [host: 161]; ShiSiWa1995 [biological control, distribution: 363]; Takaha1936d [taxonomy: 2]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 3]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 36]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 33]; Wu1935 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 175]; WuChTo2000 [chemical control, distribution, host: 28-29]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 116, 117]; YanZeXi2001 [chemical control, ecology: 20].
Kermes niger Baer & Kosztarab nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes niger Baer & Kosztarab, 1985: 157. Nomen nudum. Notes: Baer & Kosztarab (1985) refer to this as one of King's manuscript species.
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157].
Kermes nigronotatus HuNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes nigronotatus Hu, 1986X: 293-294. Type data: CHINA: Shandong, Yantai, on Quercus acutissima, 30/04/1984. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus acutissima [Hu1986X], Quercus variabilis [Hu1986X].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Heilongjiang (=HeilungKiang) [Hua2000], Liaoning [Hua2000], Shandong (=Shantung) [Hu1986X]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Hu (1986X).
STRUCTURE: Adult female similar in appearance to Kermes vastus. Adult male is red to light brown. First instar close to K. vastus (Hu, 1986X).
KEYS: Liu & Shi 1995: 159 (female) [Young adult females of Chinese Kermes]; Hu 1986X: 301 (female) [Mounted young adult females]; Hu 1986X: 302 (male) [Key to adult males]; Hu 1986X: 302 (first instar) [Key to first instars]; Hu 1986X: 302 (adult) [Key to old adult females in the field].
CITATIONS: Hu1986X [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 293-294]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; LiuSh1995 [taxonomy: 157, 159]; ShiLi1991 [host: 162]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 36].
Kermes nigropunctatus Ehrhorn & Cockerell in EhrhornNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes nigropunctatus Ehrhorn & Cockerell in Ehrhorn, 1898a: 186. Type data: UNITED STATES: California, Los Angeles, on Quercus sp., by Mr. Craw. Syntypes, female and first instar (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Notes: USNM has five slides of type material which includes one larva.
Talla nigripunctata; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: black-punctured kermes [Essig1929].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus scutatus [Fulmek1943]. Encyrtidae: Aenasioidea kermicola [Peck1963], Prospaltella aurantii [Peck1963].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus agrifolia? [Essig1915a], Quercus chrysolepis? [Cocker1899n], Quercus kelloggii? [Essig1929], Quercus sp. [Ehrhor1898a], Quercus wislizenii? [Essig1929].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico? [Ferris1920b] (Chihuahua? [Cocker1899n]); United States of America (California [Ehrhor1898a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Essig (1915a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is ochreous with very small black specks, segmentation obscure (Ehrhorn, 1898a).
SYSTEMATICS: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) state that "judging from the species of oaks that this Kermes has been recorded from, one would suspect that it is identical to Allokermes essigi (King)."
KEYS: MacGillivray 1921: 198 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Cockerell 1900c: 45 (female) [North American Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; BrownEa1965a [chemical control, distribution, host, illustration: 10]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 113]; Carnes1907 [description, distribution, host: 158]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1899n [distribution, host, taxonomy: 10]; Cocker1900c [description, taxonomy: 45]; DoaneVaCh1936 [illustration: 382]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Ehrhor1898a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 186]; Essig1913b [taxonomy: 105]; Essig1915a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 117]; Essig1929 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 276]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 63]; Ferris1920b [description, host, illustration, taxonomy: 7, 24, 26-27]; Ferris1921b [taxonomy: 61]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host: 200]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 38]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 135]; Howard1911 [biological control, host: 277]; Howard1919 [biological control, distribution, host: 257]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host: 151]; King1900a [description, distribution, host: 80]; King1914a [taxonomy: 48, 49]; King1914d [taxonomy: 100]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 148]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 198]; Miller1996 [distribution: 79]; Peck1963 [biological control: 935]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359].
Kermes nudus Bullington & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes nudus Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 71. Type data: UNITED STATES: California, Yosemite National Park, State Rt. 120, on Chrysolepis chrysophylla, 30/06/1976, by M. & M. Kosztarab. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: chinquapin kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Chrysolepis chrysophylla [BullinKo1985], Chrysolepis sempervirens [BullinKo1985], Chrysolepis sp. [BullinKo1985]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [BullinKo1985]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is distinguished from other North American Kermes by its pre-anal row of multilocular disc pores that are similar in size to multilocular disc pores around lateral setae; mid-dorsum without multilocular disc pores; false venter without small median lobe posteriorly; marginal setae as long as pre-anal setae (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Gill 1993: 131 (female) [California Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 71 (female) [Nearctic species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 71-72]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 132]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359].
Kermes orientalis Shi & Liu in Liu & ShiNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes orientalis Shi & Liu in Liu & Shi, 1993a: 417-418. Type data: CHINA: Shandong, Qufu County, on Quercus acutissima, 25/04/1993, by Y. Liu. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in BMNH, IEBC.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus acutissima [LiuSh1993a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shandong (=Shantung) [LiuSh1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Liu & Shi (1995).
STRUCTURE: Adult female spherical, greenish gray in color and having a thin layer of white waxy powder on the derm. Purple circular marks with yellow margin located on dorsal surface and sides. Whitish waxy secretory materials and 2 curly waxy threads at anal area. Younger female is circular and yellowish. First instar is elongate oval, light red (Liu & Shi, 1995).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to Kermes taishanensis, K. shastensis, and K. flavus (Liu & Shi, 1995).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species was collected from Quercus acutissima in Confucius Forest, Shandong, China. Most of the trees there were over one hundred years old. Heavy infestations and severe damage were observed on some of these old trees (dead branches and twigs), as well as on some young trees (Liu & Shi, 1995).
KEYS: Liu & Shi 1995: 158 (female) [Young adult females of Chinese Kermes].
CITATIONS: LiuSh1993a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 417-418]; LiuSh1995 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 155-157]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 36].
Kermes peronatus Hu & LiNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes peronatus Hu & Li, 1993: 19. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan Province, Emeishan, 17/05/1989, by S. Li. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus acutissima [HuLi1993].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Sichuan (=Szechwan) [HuLi1993]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of pre-reproductive adult female and first instar by Hu & Li (1993).
STRUCTURE: Pre-reproductive female has dorsum with evenly and densely distributed multilocular pores and bilocular microducts, four pairs of setal clusters at the margin of the head. First instar with stout dorsal setae, rodlike. Ventral setae are fine (Hu & Li, 1993).
CITATIONS: HuLi1993 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy].
Kermes perryi KingNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes perryi King, 1900a: 81. Type data: UNITED STATES: Massachusetts, Lawrence, on Quercus ilicifolia, 28/07/1898. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: We have been unable to locate type material of this species.
Talla perryi; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Described: nymphal stages. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus ilicifolia [King1900a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Massachusetts [King1900a]).
BIOLOGY: Adult female occurs on the twigs in clusters (King, 1900a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by King (1900a).
STRUCTURE: Scale is globular, small and dark gray in color. Female larva is dark yellow, oval and broader in front than behind. This is the smallest of the American Kermes (King, 1900a).
KEYS: Britton 1923: 350 (female) [Kermes species]; MacGillivray 1921: 196 (female) [Species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; Britto1923 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 350, 351]; BullinKo1977a [taxonomy: 61]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host: 114]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 64]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host: 201]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 152]; King1900a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 81, 82]; King1902b [distribution, host: 60]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 196]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359].
Kermes pettiti EhrhornNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes pettiti Ehrhorn, 1899: 7. Type data: UNITED STATES: New York, Ithaca, on Quercus sp., by R.H. Pettit. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: USNM has two slides of type material.
Talla pettiti; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
FOE: LEPIDOPTERA Cosmopterigidae: Euclemensia bassettella [Fulmek1943].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus alba? [MacGil1921], Quercus borealis? [MacGil1921], Quercus imbricaria? [HollinPa1919], Quercus laurifolia? [MerrilCh1923], Quercus sp. [Ehrhor1899], Quercus velutina [Sander1904a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada? (Ontario? [Jarvis1908TD]); United States of America (Florida? [MerrilCh1923], Indiana? [MacGil1921], Massachusetts? [King1900a], Missouri? [Balduf1939], New York [Ehrhor1899], Ohio? [MacGil1921], Pennsylvania? [Trimbl1928]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Ehrhorn (1899) and illustration by Sanders (1904a).
STRUCTURE: Female scale dark purplish brown, some individuals are paler in color and marbled with brown. A distinct longitudinal groove on the meson indicated by a dark line. Segmentation not distinct, indicated by rows of black spots. Ventral surface where it touches the bark, flattened and more or less covered with a yellow secretion. Beak prominent. When removed from host, scale leaves a whitish powder. When boiled in KOH derm is colorless except for numerous brown spots with black centers scattered over the dorsum (Ehrhorn, 1899).
SYSTEMATICS: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) state that "one would suspect that this species is a synonym of Allokermes kingi."
KEYS: MacGillivray 1921: 198 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Sanders 1904a: 34 (female) [Ohio Kermes]; Cockerell 1900c: 45 (female) [North American Kermes].
CITATIONS: Amos1933 [distribution, host: 206]; BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Baker1972 [distribution, host: 97]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; Balduf1939 [distribution, host: 21]; Britto1923 [distribution, taxonomy: 350, 351]; BullinKo1977a [taxonomy: 61]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 115-116]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1900c [description, taxonomy: 45]; DietzMo1916 [description, taxonomy: 236]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Ehrhor1899 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 7]; Felt1901 [distribution, host: 356]; FeltMo1928 [distribution, host: 194]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 64]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host: 201]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 38]; Hamon1977 [distribution: 1]; HollinPa1919 [ecology, distribution, host: 94]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 152-153]; Jarvis1908TD [distribution, host: 50]; Jarvis1911 [distribution, host: 68]; King1900a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 81]; King1901f [distribution, host: 193]; King1902b [distribution, host: 59]; King1903 [distribution: 21]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 198]; MerrilCh1923 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 284]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Sander1904a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 36]; Smith1910 [distribution, host: 122]; Trimbl1928 [distribution, host: 43].
Kermes prinus Baer & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes prinus Baer & Kosztarab, 1981: 230. Type data: UNITED STATES: West Virginia, Pipestem State Park, on Quercus prinus, 27/06/1978, by M. & E. Kosztarab & D. & M. Suhayda. Holotype larva (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: larva. Illust.
COMMON NAME: chestnut oak kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus prinus [BaerKo1981].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (West Virginia [BaerKo1981]).
GENERAL REMARKS: This species was described based on first instars only (Baer & Kosztarab, 1981). Detailed description of first instar also by Baer & Kosztarab (1985).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is closely allied to Kermes concinnulus, K. cockerelli, K. shastensis and K. rimarum (Baer & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 141 (first instar) [First instars of Nearctic Kermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1981: 234 (first instar) [First instars of the Kermes concinnulus group].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1981 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 230-233]; BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 192-195]; BullinKo1985 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 72-73]; Koszta1996 [description, taxonomy: 280]; KosztaRh1999 [distribution, host: 122, 123]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359].
Kermes punctatus (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermococcus punctatus Borchsenius, 1960d: 60. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, Siaguan, on Castanopsis delavayi, 29/05/1955, by U. Lo & T. Bustshik. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Notes: According to Danzig (personal communication, November 10, 1998) a paratype is in the ZMAS and the holotype must be in IEBC.
Kermes punctatus; Hoy, 1963: 153. Change of combination.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Blastothrix speciosus [ShiSiWa1995].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Castanopsis delavayi [Borchs1960d], Quercus sp. [Tao1999]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Hua2000], Yunnan [Borchs1960d]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE: Adult female oval, wider than long, indistinct longitudinal groove. At the posterior end of the body the groove is clearer than at the top. Light cream colored, young specimens have three bands of black points, older specimens have entire body with points instead of bands (Borchsenius, 1960d).
SYSTEMATICS: Kermes punctatus closely resembles K. nakagawae, but is differentiated by the light color of the body (Borchsenius, 1960d).
KEYS: Liu & Shi 1995: 158 (female) [Young adult females of Chinese Kermes]; Yang 1982: 117 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Borchsenius 1960d: 36 (female) [as Kermococus punctatus; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 80]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 60-61]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 153]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; HuLi1993 [taxonomy: 19]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 410]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; LiuSh1995 [taxonomy: 158]; ShiLi1991 [host: 161]; ShiSiWa1995 [biological control, distribution: 363, 365]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 36]; Terezn1975 [illustration, taxonomy: 20]; Terezn1981 [illustration: 62]; Wang1980 [description, taxonomy: 222]; Wang1982c [description, taxonomy: 236]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 116, 117].
Kermes qingdaonensis HuNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes qingdaonensis Hu, 1986X: 296-297. Type data: CHINA: Qingdao, on Quercus acutissima and Q. variabilis, 6-11/05/1984. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Kermes quingdaoensis; Shi & Liu, 1991: 162. Misspelling of species name.
Kermes gingdaoensis; Tao, 1999: 36. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus acutissima [Hu1986X], Quercus variabilis [Hu1986X].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shandong (=Shantung) [Hu1986X]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Hu (1986X).
STRUCTURE: Adult female similar in appearance to both Kermes tropicalis and K. mutsurensis (Xu, 1986X).
KEYS: Liu & Shi 1995: 159 [Young adult females of Chinese Kermes]; Hu 1986X: 301 (female) [Mounted young adult females]; Hu 1986X: 302 (male) [Key to adult males]; Hu 1986X: 302 (first instar) [Key to first instars]; Hu 1986X: 302 (adult) [Key to old adult females in the field].
CITATIONS: Hu1986X [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 296-297]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; HuLi1993 [taxonomy: 20]; LiuSh1995 [taxonomy: 159]; ShiLi1991 [host: 162]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 36].
Kermes quercus (Linnaeus)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus quercus Linnaeus, 1758: 455. Type data: on Quercus roboris. Unknown type status. Notes: Type material presumed lost.
Chermes reniformis Fourcroy, 1785: 230. Unknown type status. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 64. Notes: Types presumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999). Geoffroy (1762) gives the description "CHERMES quercus reniformis;" but this treatment is considered invalid because the publication does not consistently use binominal nomenclature. The first description and binominal use of this name appears to be given in Fourcroy (1785), although many subsequent authors have cited Signoret (1875) as the author of Kermes reniformis.
Coccus cambii Ratzeburg, 1844: 194. Unknown type status. Described: female. Synonymy by Fulmek, 1943: 28, 38. Notes: Type not found in DEIC (Eckhard Groll, personal communication, May 29, 2002) and presumed lost.
Physokermes reniformis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1869: 41. Change of combination.
Kermes reniformis; Signoret, 1875: 553. Described: female and first instar. Change of combination. Notes: This species is often cited as being authored by "Signoret ex Reaumur."
Kermes quercus; Cockerell, 1894t: 178. Change of combination.
Kermes lindingeri King, 1914b: 34. Type data: GERMANY: on Quercus sessiliflora, 1906, by L. Lindinger. Unknown type status female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1928: 107. Notes: We have been unable to locate type material of this species.
Kermococcus quercus; Henriksen, 1921: 308. Change of combination.
Talla quercus; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: kermes berry [KozarDr1998h]; striped kermes [KosztaKo1988F].
ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Formica cinerea [KosztaKo1988F], Lasius fuliginosus [KosztaKo1988F], Lasius niger [KosztaKo1988F], Leptothorax acervorum [KosztaKo1988F], Myrmica laevinodis [KosztaKo1988F], Myrmica ruginodis [KosztaKo1988F].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Anthribus nebulosus [Lesche2000]. Coccinellidae: Exochomus quadripustulatus [KosztaKo1988F]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia [Tudor1982], Coccophagus sp. [Fulmek1943]. Braconidae: Bracon breviusculus [Fulmek1943]. Encyrtidae: Aphycus zebratus [Tudor1982], Blastothrix orientalis [ShiSiWa1995], Blastothrix sericea [Fulmek1943], Cheiloneurus ablicornis [Fulmek1943], Encyrtus chalcostomus [KosztaKo1988F], Metaphycus punctipes [Fulmek1943], Microterys chalcostomus [Fulmek1943], Microterys ferrugineus [KosztaKo1988F], Prospaltella citrella [Fulmek1943]. Eulophidae: Eulophus pachyneurus [Fulmek1943], Geniocerus orchestidis [ZakOga1961], Geniocerus pachyneurus [Sugony1962a], Geniocerus thysanotus [Danzig1959], Tetrastichus inunctus [Fulmek1943], Tetrastichus leptoneurus [Domeni1966], Tetrastichus pachyneurus [KosztaKo1988F]. Eupelmidae: Eupelmus urozonus [Fulmek1943]. Pteromalidae: Pteromalus audouinii [Morley1910c].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus pendunculata [Hoy1963], Quercus pubescens [Hoy1963], Quercus robur [Hoy1963], Quercus sessiliflora [Hoy1963], Quercus sp. [Hoy1963]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Hoy1963]; Bulgaria [KosztaKo1988F]; China (Liaoning [ShiSiWa1995]); Croatia [MastenSi2008]; Czechoslovakia [KosztaKo1988F]; Denmark [KosztaKo1988F, Gertss2001]; Finland [KosztaKo1988F, Gertss2001]; France [Hoy1963, Foldi2001]; Germany [Hoy1963]; Greece [KozarPaPa1991]; Hungary [Hoy1963]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009]; Netherlands [KosztaKo1988F]; Poland [Hoy1963, SimonKa2011]; Portugal [Hoy1963, FrancoRuMa2011]; Romania [KosztaKo1988F]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959]); Sweden [Hoy1963, Gertss2001]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Hoy1963]); United Kingdom [Hoy1963]; Yugoslavia [KosztaKo1988F].
BIOLOGY: This species has one generation per year, overwinters as second instars and molts to adult at the end of April or early May in Germany. They mate and start laying eggs from the end of May and the eggs hatch in 2-3 weeks. Ants and bees are commonly associated with this species drawn by the large quantities of honeydew (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). Under the climatic conditins of Poland, Kermes quercus (L.) is not a univoltine species. Each generation probably develops over two years. In the first year, individuals overwinter as 1st-instar nymph and in the second year as 2nd-instar nymphs. (Podsiadlo, 2011) In Poland, each life stage of K. quercus appeared every two years and reproduction took place in the June of even-numbered years. (Podsiadlo, 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Hodgson (2002) used this species in a phylogenetic analysis of non-margarodid Coccoidea. Photograph in Malumphy, et al., 2009)
STRUCTURE: Adult female is heart shaped, venter wedge-shaped, bulging. The derm has only a transverse furrow and is a dark brown (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
SYSTEMATICS: Fernald (1903b) lists several authors giving the combination Lecanium quercus under her treatment of Kermes roboris. It is uncertain what the intention of this was. Perhaps, they belonged with her treatment of K. quercus and were misplaced. Perhaps the authors in question intended "quercus" to be a junior synonym of "roboris." Second-instar females of K. bytinskii and K. quercus have 5 or 6- segmented antennae, and short, 3-segmented legs; these characters are shared with the second-instar females of the Nearctic K. cockerelli Ehrhorn, K. concinnulus Cockerell and K. rimarum Ferris (Baer & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Kozarzhevskaya 1992: 66 (female) [Key to species of Kermes]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 263 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 263 (female) [Kermes first instars]; Danzig 1971d: 824 (female) [as Kermococcus quercus; Key to species of family Kermococcidae]; Danzig 1964: 635 (female) [as Kermococcus quercus; Kermococcus species in SSSR]; Borchsenius 1960d: 36 (female) [as Kermococus quercus; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Amyot1848 [taxonomy: 503]; Andria1960 [distribution, host: 17]; Apstei1915 [taxonomy: 160]; Bagani1977 [distribution, host: 82]; Balach1937c [distribution, host: 4]; Balach1950c [distribution: 343, 345]; Balach1950d [distribution: 741, 746-747]; Balach1953f [distribution, taxonomy: 182, 186, 188]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 243, 244]; BognarVi1979 [distribution, host: 16]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; BoratyWi1964 [distribution: 91]; Borchs1934 [distribution, host: 20]; Borchs1936 [distribution, host: 119]; Borchs1937 [illustration, taxonomy: 64]; Borchs1937a [host: 174, 175, 180, 182, 188]; Borchs1948e [distribution, taxonomy: 237]; Borchs1949d [taxonomy: 152]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy: 130]; Borchs1950c [taxonomy: 368, 370]; Borchs1950d [taxonomy: 16]; Borchs1953a [taxonomy: 524]; Borchs1955 [taxonomy: 860]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 9, 14, 23, 26, 36, 65-72]; Borchs1963a [distribution, host: 21, 33, 49, 65, 188, 193, 195]; Borchs1973 [distribution, host: 194]; Brain1923 [taxonomy: 13, 24]; Brozek2006 [structure, taxonomy: 255-265]; Buchne1912 [taxonomy: 19, 94]; Buchne1921 [taxonomy: 225, 227, 230, 235]; Buchne1930 [taxonomy: 407-416]; Buchne1965 [chemistry: 236]; BullinKo1985 [taxonomy: 10, 11]; Cocker1894t [distribution: 178]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1899j [host, taxonomy: 270]; Cocker1901c [taxonomy: 92]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Danzig1959 [biological control, distribution, host, life history: 446, 451, 453]; Danzig1964 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 634]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 824]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy: 237]; Diadec1954 [taxonomy: 129]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Domeni1966 [biological control: 37, 43]; Dziedz1977 [taxonomy: 59]; Elliot1933 [distribution: 142]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 64-65]; Foldi2001 [distribution, economic importance: 305, 307]; Forste1973 [taxonomy: 118]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 16,25]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 28, 29, 38, 49, 60,]; FusuPo2003 [host: 87]; Garcia1921 [biological control, host: 399]; Gavalo1928a [distribution, host: 25]; Gavalo1932 [host, taxonomy: 140]; Gavalo1932b [taxonomy: 7]; Gavalo1935 [taxonomy: 16]; Gertss1997 [distribution, host, illustration: 113, 114]; Gertss2000 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 151]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 126]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 56]; Gertss2011 [distribution, host: 41]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy: 158]; Gogibe1938 [distribution, taxonomy: 44]; Goux1946b [host, taxonomy: 100]; Green1920 [distribution, host: 118-119]; Green1922b [description, distribution, host, illustration: 21]; Green1928 [description, distribution, host: 10]; Hadzib1956a [distribution, host: 157]; Hadzib1956b [distribution, host: 50]; Hadzib1983 [distribution, host: 270]; Hendry1962 [taxonomy: 127]; Henrik1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 308]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 133]; Heyden1860 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 89-90]; Hodgso2002 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 135]; Howard1919 [biological control, distribution, host: 257, 257]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 154-156]; Jaap1914 [host: 140]; Jansen2001 [distribution: 200]; KalandPf1940 [host: 43]; Kaweck1935 [distribution, host: 80]; Kaweck1936a [distribution, host: 322]; Kaweck1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 33]; King1901g [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 258]; King1902i [taxonomy: 255]; King1914b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 34]; Kiritc1928a [taxonomy: 213]; Kiritc1931 [distribution, host: 311]; Kiritc1936 [taxonomy: 72]; Kiritc1940 [host, taxonomy: 119]; Knecht1930 [distribution, host: 235]; Komosi1987 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 96, 99, 101, 102]; Komosi1987a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 106, 109, 110, 113]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 87, 88]; KosztaKo1983 [biological control, distribution: 225]; KosztaKo1988F [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 265-267]; Koteja1974a [structure: 248]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 77]; Koteja1976 [structure: 272, 273]; Koteja1980 [structure: 74, 79, 80]; Koteja1983a [distribution, taxonomy: 674, 676]; KotejaLi1976 [structure: 667]; KotejaZa1969 [distribution, host: 351-373]; KotejaZa1972 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 193-216]; KotejaZa1983 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 478]; Kozar1974 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 534]; Kozar1980 [taxonomy: 67]; Kozar1985a [host, taxonomy: 312]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 410-411]; KozarFoZa1996 [distribution: 65]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 60]; KozarKo1982 [distribution, host: 204]; KozarKo2002b [distribution: 376]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarOrKo1977 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 72]; KozarOs1987 [distribution, host: 93]; KozarPaPa1991 [distribution, host: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kozarz1986 [distribution, taxonomy: 307]; Kozarz1992 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 66, 67]; KozarzRe1975 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 17]; KozarzVl1981 [host, taxonomy: 16, 20, 23]; KozarzVl1982 [distribution, host, illustration: 189]; Krasuc1922 [distribution, host: 58]; Kunkel1967 [taxonomy: 47]; Kunkel1973 [taxonomy: 113]; KunkelKl1977 [taxonomy: 371, 377]; Lagows1998a [ecology: 65]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 244]; Laing1919 [distribution, host: 233]; Lesche2000 [biological control: 919]; Lindin1907b [taxonomy: 137]; Lindin1907d [taxonomy: 160]; Lindin1907e [taxonomy: 473]; Lindin1909b [taxonomy: 224]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 151]; Lindin1911 [taxonomy: 379]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 285]; Lindin1921a [taxonomy: 9]; Lindin1923 [taxonomy: 145, 148, 151]; Lindin1928 [taxonomy: 103, 106, 107]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 91, 115]; Lindin1932d [taxonomy: 125]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 204]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1934b [taxonomy: 175]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 136]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 157]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 197]; Lindin1938 [distribution: 6]; Lindin1938b [distribution, host: 27]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 148]; Lindin1943b [distribution: 265]; Lindin1943c [taxonomy: 249]; Lindin1954 [taxonomy: 617]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 552]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 369]; Linnae1758 [distribution, host: 455]; MalumpOsPy2009 [description, distribution, host: 120-127]; Maskel1894 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; MastenSi2008 [catalogue, distribution, host: 105-119]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 58]; MoghadTa2010 [distribution: 39]; Morley1910c [biological control: 110]; Nasono1910 [illustration, life history, taxonomy: 47-60]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, host: 121]; Newste1903 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 138, 142-146]; Newste1903a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 57-58]; Nikols1936 [taxonomy: 154]; PellizCa1991a [distribution: 193]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; Perrie1926 [distribution, description: 124]; Pflugf1970 [chemistry: 397-403]; Pflugf1972 [taxonomy: 407, 409, 420]; Piltz1952 [distribution: 304]; Plugar1963 [distribution, host: 16]; Podsia2011 [life history: 279-281]; Podsia2012 [description, structure, illustration: 35-42]; Podsia2013 [life history: 151-158]; PorcelPe2014 [taxonomy: 61]; Rasina1955 [distribution, host: 70]; Rasina1959 [distribution, host: 110, 114]; Rasina1960 [distribution, host: 10]; Ratzeb1844 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 194]; Ratzeb1848 [taxonomy: 191, 217]; Ratzeb1852 [taxonomy: 234, 253]; Reh1903 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 355-6]; Reh1904a [taxonomy: 149]; Reh1933 [taxonomy: 111]; Rihar1963 [host, taxonomy: 271]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 173]; SaakyaMu1971 [taxonomy: 48]; SaakyaMu1972a [biological control, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 498-519]; Santas1983 [distribution, host: 97, 100]; Savesc1961 [life history: 34]; Schimi1935 [taxonomy: 216]; Schmid1939 [taxonomy: 92]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy: 378, 420]; Schmut1959 [illustration, taxonomy: 41]; Schmut1972a [biological control, host: 419]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 50, 53]; Seabra1941 [taxonomy: 7]; Shelde1972 [taxonomy: 52, 53, 55]; ShiLi1991 [host: 162]; ShiSiWa1995 [biological control, distribution: 364, 365]; Signor1875 [taxonomy: 553]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; Smith1910 [distribution, host: 122]; Sternl1969 [taxonomy: 252]; Sternl1972 [taxonomy: 261]; Strese1994 [host, taxonomy: 80]; Sugony1958 [taxonomy: 316]; Sugony1962 [distribution, host: 176]; Sugony1962a [biological control: 755, 759]; Sugony1965 [biological control, distribution: 225]; Sulc1906 [taxonomy: 1]; Sulc1912 [taxonomy: 32]; Szklar1998 [host, illustration, physiology: 168, 169, 170, 171]; Szulcz1921 [host: 81]; Terezn1959b [distribution, host: 447, 448]; Terezn1959c [distribution, host: 795]; Terezn1963 [distribution, host: 186]; Terezn1963a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 48]; Terezn1963c [distribution: 1527]; Terezn1966 [distribution, host: 27]; Terezn1966b [distribution, host: 680]; Terezn1966c [distribution, host: 963]; Terezn1967a [description, distribution: 475]; Terezn1968b [distribution: 48]; Terezn1968c [distribution, host: 48]; Terezn1970 [distribution, illustration: 48]; Terezn1975 [illustration, taxonomy: 8, 10, 21, 31, 58, 71, 76, 77]; Terezn1981 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 61, 63, 64, 66-70]; Terezn1982 [illustration, taxonomy: 38]; TerGri1962 [distribution, host: 133, 152, 153, 156]; TerGri1969a [taxonomy: 83]; Thiem1938 [taxonomy: 247]; TrenchGoTr2008 [distribution, host: 137-141]; Tsalev1964 [illustration, taxonomy: 23-26]; Tsalev1968 [distribution, host: 208]; Tsalev1972 [biological control: 82]; Tudor1982 [biological control: 88]; Tullgr1906 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 93]; Vappul1965 [distribution: 151]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 12,20,39,41]; Wunn1913 [taxonomy: 365]; Wunn1919 [distribution, host: 10]; Wunn1925 [distribution, host: 246]; Wunn1925b [taxonomy: 281]; Wunn1925c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 428, 440, 442, 443]; Wunn1926 [host: 42, 48]; Wunn1929a [taxonomy: 370]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy: 121]; ZahradRo1995 [distribution, host: 205]; ZakOga1961 [biological control, distribution, host: 351, 383, 384].
Kermes rimarum FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes rimarum Ferris, 1955a: 202. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Beulah, on Quercus utahensis (= Q. gambelii). Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 74. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: bark-crevice kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus douglasii [BullinKo1985], Quercus durata [BullinKo1985], Quercus gambelii [Ferris1955a], Quercus garryana [BullinKo1985], Quercus lobata [BullinKo1985], Quercus sp [BullinKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [BullinKo1985], California [BullinKo1985], Colorado [BaerKo1985], New Mexico [Ferris1955a], Oregon [BullinKo1985]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985). Baer & Kosztarab (1985) provide description and illustration of first instar, second instar male and female.
SYSTEMATICS: Kermes rimarum is distinguishable by the pre-anal row of multilocular disc pores with 3 prolongations posteriolaterally, each prolongation apically with about 20 multilocular disc pores surrounding 2 or 3 setae, the false venter with small median lobe posteriorly and the mid-dorsum without multilocular disc pores (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985). Second-instar females of K. bytinskii and K. quercus have 5 or 6- segmented antennae, and short, 3-segmented legs; these characters are shared with the second-instar females of the Nearctic K. cockerelli Ehrhorn, K. concinnulus Cockerell and K. rimarum Ferris (Baer & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Gill 1993: 131 (female) [California Kermesidae]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 141 (first instar) [First instars of Nearctic Kermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 142 (male) [Second instar males of Nearctic Allokermes and Kermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 144 (female) [Second instar females of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 70 (female) [Nearctic species of Kermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1981: 234 (first instar) [First instars of the Kermes concinnulus group].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1981 [taxonomy: 233]; BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 195-203]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 74-77]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 202-203]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 132]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 157]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy: 280]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Robiso1977 [chemistry, distribution, host: 45, 47].
Kermes roboris (Fourcroy)NOMENCLATURE:
Chermes roboris Fourcroy, 1785: 229. Unknown type status. Described: female. Notes: Types presumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999).
Kermes variegatus; Gmelin, 1790: 2221. Described: female. Change of combination.
Coccus variegatus Gmelin, 1790: 559. Synonymy by Bodenheimer, 1931: 243. Notes: Types presumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999). This species has been incorrectly cited as having been authored by Geoffroy, Reaumur, Olivier and Targioni-Tozzetti.
Chermes variegatus; Olivier, 1792: 440. Change of combination.
Kermes pallidus Signoret, 1875: 553. Unknown type status. Described: larva. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1960d: 46. Notes: There is no type material of this species in the MNHN (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999). The authorship of this species is sometimes listed as "Signoret ex Reaumur."
Kermes roboris; Fernald, 1903b: 65. Change of combination.
Kermococcus roboris; Leonardi, 1918: 212. Change of combination.
Coccus pallidus; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination. Notes: Lindinger (1935) cites this combination and erroneously cites Cockerell as the author.
Coccus roboris; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla pallida; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Talla roboris; Kawecki, 1936: 322. Change of combination.
Talla roboris simplex Lindinger, 1949: 213. Type data: GERMANY: Hamburg, 1930. Described: female. Synonymy by Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988: 267. Notes: Lindinger's original description is quite brief and Weidner & Wagner (1968), who list types in the Hamburg Museum, make no mention of this species.
COMMON NAME: English oak kermes [KosztaKo1988F].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Blastothrix clara [Kozarz1992], Blastothrix confusa [Tsalev1972], Blastothrix erythrostetha [KosztaKo1988F], Blastothrix ilicicola [Tsalev1972], Blastothrix sericea [Fulmek1943], Cheiloneurus formosus [KosztaKo1988F], Discodes aeneus [Tudor1982], Microterys ferrugineus [Fulmek1943], Phaenodiscus aeneus [KosztaKo1988F], Psilophrys longicornis [KosztaKo1988F]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus pachyneurus [Fulmek1943].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus ilex [LongoRuMa1991], Quercus pendunculata [Hoy1963], Quercus polycarpa [TrenchGoTr2009], Quercus pubescens [Hoy1963], Quercus robur [Hoy1963], Quercus sessiliflora [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Tao1999], Guizhou (=Kweichow) [Tao1999], Hubei (=Hupei) [Tao1999], Hunan [Tao1999], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Tao1999], Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) [Tao1999], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Tao1999], Yunnan [Tao1999], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Tao1999]). Palaearctic: Austria [Hoy1963]; Bulgaria [KosztaKo1988F]; China (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Tao1999], Shandong (=Shantung) [Hua2000], Xizang (=Tibet) [Tao1999]); Croatia [MastenSi2008]; Czech Republic [KosztaKo1988F]; France [Hoy1963, Foldi2001]; Germany [KosztaKo1988F]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Morocco [Hoy1963]; Netherlands [Jansen2001]; Poland [Szulcz1926, Hoy1963]; Portugal [Hoy1963, FrancoRuMa2011]; Russia [KosztaKo1988F]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995]; Spain [KosztaKo1988F]; Turkey [KosztaKo1988F]; United Kingdom (England [Hoy1963, MalumpBa2012]); Yugoslavia [KosztaKo1988F].
BIOLOGY: According to Tzalev (1968), K. roboris overwinters as a second instar nymph on the woody parts of the host plant. The eggs are laid at the beginning of June and hatch at the end of the month (Tzalev, 1968). Females are found singly on thin branches of Quercus spp. One yearly generation is reported, with eggs being laid in May in central Europe (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
STRUCTURE: Postreproductive female nearly spherical, almost flat on venter, derm smooth, shiny, and light brown. If females are crowded or in a twig fork they are often deformed, not spherical. Teneral females oval, quite flat in side view and resembling Coccidae (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
SYSTEMATICS: Fernald (1903b) lists several authors giving the combination Lecanium quercus under her treatment of Kermes roboris. It is uncertain what the intention of this was. Perhaps, these authors belonged with her treatment of K. quercus and were misplaced. Perhaps the authors in question intended "quercus" to be a junior synonym of "roboris."
KEYS: Kozarzhevskaya 1992: 66 (female) [Key to species of Kermes]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 262 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 263 (female) [Kermes first instars]; Danzig 1971d: 824 (female) [as Kermococcus roboris; Key to species of family Kermococcidae]; Danzig 1964: 635 (female) [as Kermococcus roboris; Kermococcus species in SSSR]; Borchsenius 1960d: 34 (female) [as Kermococus roboris; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Andria1960 [distribution, host: 17]; Bagani1977 [distribution, host: 82]; Balach1937c [distribution, host: 4]; Balach1950c [distribution, host: 343, 345]; Balach1950d [distribution: 740, 743-745]; Balach1953f [distribution, taxonomy: 182, 183, 185]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 43]; Belgov1956 [taxonomy: 357]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 243, 244]; Bodenh1935 [taxonomy: 271]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 141]; BoratyWi1964 [distribution: 91]; Borchs1934 [distribution, host: 20]; Borchs1936 [distribution, host: 119]; Borchs1937 [illustration, taxonomy: 63]; Borchs1937a [host: 174, 175, 180, 182, 188]; Borchs1948e [distribution, taxonomy: 237]; Borchs1949d [taxonomy: 152]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy: 130]; Borchs1950d [taxonomy: 16]; Borchs1955 [taxonomy: 860]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 23, 27, 34, 41-46, 4]; Borchs1963a [distribution, host: 65, 192, 194]; Borchs1973 [distribution, host: 192]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 269]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Danzig1964 [distribution, host: 635]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 824]; Diadec1954 [taxonomy: 129]; Domeni1966 [biological control: 43]; Dziedz1967 [taxonomy: 18]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 65]; Ferris1957c [taxonomy: 87]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Fourcr1785 [taxonomy: 229]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 16,25]; Fulmek1943 [biological control: 39, 79]; GarciaPi1924 [biological control, distribution, host: 356-357]; Gavalo1928a [distribution, host: 25]; Gavalo1932 [host, taxonomy: 140]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 384]; Gmelin1790 [taxonomy: 2221]; Gogibe1938 [distribution, taxonomy: 44]; GomezM1937 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 246, 249-251]; GomezM1948 [distribution, taxonomy: 81]; GomezM1958a [distribution: 10]; Green1922b [description, distribution, host, illustration: 21]; Green1928 [description, distribution, host: 9-10]; Hadzib1950 [distribution, host: 257]; Hadzib1956a [distribution, host: 157]; Hadzib1956b [distribution, host: 50]; Hadzib1983 [distribution, host: 270]; Hendry1962 [taxonomy: 127]; HertinSi1972 [biological control, taxonomy: 134]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 157-160]; Hu1986X [taxonomy: 293]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; HuLi1993 [taxonomy: 19]; Jansen2001 [distribution: 200]; Kaweck1936a [distribution, host: 322]; Kaweck1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 33]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Kiritc1928 [taxonomy: 114]; Kiritc1928a [taxonomy: 213]; Kiritc1931 [distribution, host: 310]; Kiritc1940 [host, taxonomy: 119]; Kirkal1906a [taxonomy: 255]; Knecht1930 [distribution, host: 235]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 87]; KosztaKo1988F [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 262, 267-268]; KotejaZa1983 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 478]; Kozar1980 [taxonomy: 67]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 411]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 50]; KozarKo1982 [distribution, host: 204]; KozarKo2002b [distribution: 376]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarOrKo1977 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 72]; KozarOs1987 [distribution, host: 93]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kozarz1992 [biological control, description, taxonomy: 66, 69]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 245]; Leonar1901a [taxonomy: 442]; Leonar1918 [host: 212]; Leonar1920 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 266, 269-271]; Lindin1911 [taxonomy: 379]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 287]; Lindin1914 [taxonomy: 245]; Lindin1923 [taxonomy: 148]; Lindin1928 [taxonomy: 103, 106]; Lindin1930 [taxonomy: 102]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 113]; Lindin1932d [taxonomy: 126]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 201]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1934e [taxonomy: 168]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 136]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 167]; Lindin1943b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 265]; Lindin1949 [taxonomy: 213]; Lindin1954 [taxonomy: 617]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 549]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 122]; LongoRuMa1991 [distribution, host: 189]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 25-26]; Martin1984MP [distribution, host, taxonomy: 66]; MastenSi2008 [catalogue, distribution, host: 105-119]; Melis1949 [host: xxiii]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, host: 121]; Newste1897c [description, distribution, host: 267]; Newste1903 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 138]; Nikols1936 [taxonomy: 154]; Paik1978 [taxonomy: 172]; Parker1924 [biological control, taxonomy: 288]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; Perrie1926 [distribution, taxonomy: 124]; Pierce1917 [distribution, host: 153]; Plugar1963 [distribution, host: 16]; PorcelPe2014 [structure: 61]; Ruhl1924 [biological control: 43]; Rungs1934 [distribution, host: 22]; Sachar1916 [host: 327]; Savesc1961 [life history: 34]; Schmid1940 [taxonomy: 186]; Schmut1955a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 101]; Schmut1972a [biological control, host: 419]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 50]; Seabra1918 [taxonomy: 73-74]; Seabra1930a [distribution: 144]; ShiLi1991 [host: 162]; Signor1875 [taxonomy: 553]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 696]; Sugony1965 [biological control, distribution: 225]; Sulc1912 [taxonomy: 32]; Szulcz1921 [host, taxonomy: 81]; Szulcz1926 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 140]; Szulcz1927 [host, taxonomy: 140]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 36]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 733]; Targio1888 [taxonomy: 431]; Terezn1959c [distribution, host: 195, 797]; Terezn1963 [distribution, host: 186]; Terezn1963a [distribution, host: 48]; Terezn1963c [distribution: 1527]; Terezn1966 [distribution, host: 28]; Terezn1966a [taxonomy: 544]; Terezn1966b [host, taxonomy: 680]; Terezn1966c [distribution, host: 963]; Terezn1968b [distribution: 48]; Terezn1968c [host: 48]; Terezn1970 [illustration: 76]; Terezn1975 [illustration, taxonomy: 15, 29, 32, 39, 52, 73, 77]; Terezn1981 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 66, 70-72]; Terezn1982 [illustration, taxonomy: 38]; TerGri1962 [distribution, host: 133, 152, 153, 156]; TerGri1969a [distribution: 83]; Tranfa1981 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 21]; TrenchGoTr2008 [distribution, host: 137-141]; TrenchGoTr2009 [behaviour, distribution, host: 220]; Tsalev1964 [illustration, taxonomy: 23-26]; Tsalev1968 [distribution, host: 208]; Tsalev1972 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 82]; Tudor1982 [biological control: 89]; Vayssi1926 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 353]; Wang1982c [distribution, taxonomy: 236-237]; Wang1988 [host, taxonomy: 174]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 40,47]; Wunn1926 [taxonomy: 49]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy: 121]; ZakOga1961 [biological control, distribution, host: 360, 384].
Kermes sadrii BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes sadrii Bodenheimer, 1953a: 145-147. Type data: TURKEY: Kurkcu, on western slopes of the Anatolian plateau, on Quercus aegilops, by S. Erkilic. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
Kermococcus sadrii; Borchsenius, 1960d: 35. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus aegilops [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Hoy1963].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bodenheimer (1953a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female ellipsoid, surface smooth. Ground color shining yellowish brown with five black transverse bands, which reach with a narrow, pointed end at the ventral lateral margin and which are interrupted in the median furrow (Bodenheimer, 1953a).
KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 35 (female) [as Kermococus sadrii; Species of Kermococcus]; Bodenheimer 1953a: 141 (female) [Macroscopic key to the Turkish species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: BenDovHa1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 31]; Bodenh1953a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 141, 145-147, 158]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 27, 35, 59]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 160]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 411]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, structure: 38].
Kermes safinazae OzkokNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes safinazae Ozkok, 1941: 18. Type data: TURKEY: Beynam forest near Ankara, on Quercus sp., 09/11/1940. Unknown type status. Described: female.
Kermococcus safinazae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 49. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus cerris [KaydanUlEr2007], Quercus sp. [Ozkok1941]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Ozkok1941].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Ozkok (1941).
STRUCTURE: Body of adult female almost globular, with smooth shining surface. Groundcolor camel-brown with a pattern of 3 chestnut brown transverse bands and series of spots and short stripes (Ozkok, 1941).
KEYS: Borchsenius 1960d: 34 (female) [as Kermococus safinazae; Species of Kermococcus]; Bodenheimer 1953a: 141 (female) [Macroscopic key to the Turkish species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: Bodenh1953a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 141, 143-145, 158]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, taxonomy: 12, 27, 34, 49]; Hoy1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 160]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 411-412]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Ozkok1941 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 18-22]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38].
Kermes sassceri KingNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes sassceri King, 1914a: 48-49. Type data: UNITED STATES: Massachusetts, Lawrence, on Quercus rubra. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: The USNM material is dry and not mounted.
Talla sassceri; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Sasscer's kermes [Gill1993].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus borealis? [Essig1915a], Quercus rubra [King1914a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada? [King1914a]; United States of America (California? [Carnes1907], Connecticut? [Britto1923], Massachusetts [King1914a], New York? [King1914a], Pennsylvania? [King1914a], Rhode Island? [King1914a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by King (1914a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female turns white when shell is formed. Scale form is globular, but transverse with a broad medio-dorsal depression which gives it a bilobed look (King, 1914a).
KEYS: Britton 1923: 350 (female) [Kermes species]; MacGillivray 1921: 198 (female) [Species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; Britto1917 [distribution, host: 143]; Britto1920 [distribution, host: 63]; Britto1923 [taxonomy: 350, 351]; BullinKo1977a [taxonomy: 61]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 116-117]; Carnes1907 [distribution: 18]; Essig1915a [description, dsitribution, host, taxonomy: 118]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 204]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 136]; HollinPa1919 [distribution: 92]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 160]; King1914 [distribution, host: 151]; King1914a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 48-49]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 198]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Ruhl1923 [biological control: 4].
Kermes shastensis EhrhornNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes shastensis Ehrhorn, 1911: 275-276. Type data: UNITED STATES: California, Siskyou County, Shasta Springs, on Quercus chrysolepis. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Three type slides in USNM.
Talla shastensis; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermes branigani; Ferris, 1955a: 195. Misidentification; discovered by Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 77.
COMMON NAME: cottony kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Chrysolepis sempervirens [BaerKo1985], Chrysolepis sp. [BullinKo1985], Quercus chrysolepis [Ehrhor1911], Quercus chrysolepis shastensis? [Hoy1963], Quercus sp. [BaerKo1985], Quercus turbinella [BullinKo1985], Quercus vaccinifolia [BaerKo1985], Quercus wislizenii [BaerKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ehrhor1911]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985). Baer & Kosztarab (1985) provide description and illustration of first instar.
STRUCTURE: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) remark that this species is noted "for its covering of white wax, which in younger specimens is fluffy and cottony, and in older specimens, hard and brittle."
SYSTEMATICS: Kermes shastensis is distinguishable by its possession of many multilocular disc pores distributed evenly and densely on the mid-dorsum (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Gill 1993: 132 (female) [California Kermesidae]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 141 (first instar) [First instars of Nearctic Kermes]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 70 (female) [Nearctic species of Kermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1981: 233 (first instar) [First instars of the Kermes concinnulus group]; MacGillivray 1921: 196 (female) [Species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1981 [taxonomy: 233]; BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 204-207]; Balach1950c [taxonomy: 344]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 77-80]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Ehrhor1911 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 275-276]; Essig1915a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 118]; Essig1929 [distribution, host: 276]; Essig1931 [taxonomy: 614]; Ferris1955a [distribution, host: 195]; Gill1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 131, 132, 135, 145]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 160]; HuLi1993 [taxonomy: 20]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy: 280]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; LiuSh1995 [taxonomy: 157]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 196]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359].
Kermes siamensis (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus siamensis Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Type data: THAILAND: Doi Sutep, on Quercus semiserrata?. Unknown type status. Described: female. Notes: We have been unable to locate type material of this species.
Talla siamensis; Lindinger, 1937: 197. Change of combination.
Kermes siamensis; Takahashi, 1942b: 10. Change of combination.
Kermococcus siamensis; Borchsenius, 1960d: 59. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus sp. [Hoy1963], Quercus semiserrata? [Cocker1929b].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Hoy1963]); Thailand [Cocker1929b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description by Cockerell (1929b) and illustration by Borchsenius (1960d and 1963a).
STRUCTURE: This species has a shallow median longitudinal groove, highly polished surface, black, with creamy white transverse markings, consisting of rows of spots. The arrangement of the light markings is transverse, instead of longitudinal as in Kermes himalayensis. The under side is black (Cockerell, 1929b).
KEYS: Yang 1982: 117 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Borchsenius 1960d: 35 (female) [as Kermococus siamensis; Species of Kermococcus]; Borchsenius 1960d (female) [as Kermococus siamensis; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 80]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 27, 35, 59]; Borchs1963a [illustration: 50]; Cocker1929b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 150]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 161]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 412]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 197]; ShiLi1991 [host: 161]; Takaha1942b [distribution, taxonomy: 10]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 36]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 43]; Yang1982 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 116, 117].
Kermes spatulatus BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes spatulatus Balachowsky, 1953f: 184-186. Type data: ISRAEL: Daphne Oaks, Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, on Quercus ithaburensis, 12/05/1952, by H. Bytinski-Salz. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Notes: There are 7 syntypes on 7 slides in the MNHN (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999).
Kermococcus spatulatus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 36. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus ithaburensis [Balach1953f, SpodekBeMe2014].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Israel [Balach1953f, SpodekBeMe2014].
BIOLOGY: This species is bi-parental and univoltine. (Spodek, et al., 2014)
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Balachowsky (1953f). Detailed descriptions, photographs and illustrations of first instar nymphs, second, third instar and adult females as well as second instar, pupa and adult males in Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2014.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is similar to Kermes bacciformis both in coloration and form (Balachowsky, 1953f).
SYSTEMATICS: The first-instar nymph and post-reproductive female are morphologically similar to K. bacciformis Leonardi, a Mediterranean and European kermesid (Balachowsky, 1953f). Kermes spatulatus was described by Balachowsky (1953) based on first-instar nymphs collected in Israel. A redescription by Spodek & Ben-Dov (2014), includes several features not originally described, such as presence of: (i) dorsal microtubular ducts in four longitudinal rows; (ii) a complete submarginal row of setae on venter; (iii) a single bilocular pore located submarginally level with each spiracle on venter; (iv) a denticle near tip of each claw; (v) one setose seta mesad to each coxa; (vi) anal ring open both posteriorly and anteriorly; and (vii) microspines on abdominal segments on venter.
KEYS: Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 7 (female, adult) [Key to the adult females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 7-8 (female) [Key to the third-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (female, second instar) [Key to the second-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (first instar) [Key to the first-instar nymphs of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (female, adult) [Key to the post-reproductive females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8-9 (male) [Key to the adult males of Kermesidae species in Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 9 (male, second instar) [Key to the second-instar males of Kermesidae in Israel]; Borchsenius 1960d: 36 (female) [as Kermococcus spatulatus; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1953f [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 184-186]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 33, 42]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 27, 36, 73, 76]; BytinsSt1967 [distribution, host: 126]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 161]; Hu1986X [distribution: 300]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 412]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; PorcelPe2014 [taxonomy: 61]; SpodekBe2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 12]; SpodekBe2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, phylogeny, taxonomy: 65-79]; SpodekBeGh2012 [distribution: 25]; SpodekBeMe2014 [distribution, host, life history, illustration: 109, 116, 117]; SpodekBePr2012 [distribution: 67]; Sternl1969 [host, taxonomy: 251, 252, 235]; Ziderm1986 [chemistry: 419].
Kermes sylvestris (Cockerell & King)NOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus sylvestris Cockerell & King, 1898: 326. Type data: UNITED STATES: Massachusetts, Methuen, on Quercus alba, 15/06/1895, by G.B. King. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Although there is a specimen in the USNM labeled as "lectotype", no such designation has been published so all material must be considered syntypic.
Kermes andrei King, 1900: 22. Type data: UNITED STATES: Massachusetts, Lawrence, on Quercus alba and Q. rubra, 09/09/1899. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 80. Notes: The USNM material is labeled "type" and is not mounted.
Talla andrei; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermes sylvestris; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 80. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: forest kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus alba [CockerKi1898], Quercus ilicifolia [BullinKo1985], Quercus rubra [CockerKi1898], Quercus sp. [BullinKo1985], Quercus stellata [BullinKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [BullinKo1985], District of Columbia [BullinKo1985], Georgia [BullinKo1985], Indiana? [Amos1933], Maryland [BullinKo1985], Massachusetts [CockerKi1898], Mississippi? [Hoy1963], Ohio? [Sander1904a], Pennsylvania? [Trimbl1928], South Carolina [BullinKo1985], Texas [Koszta1996], Virginia [BullinKo1985], Wisconsin? [SeveriSe1909]).
BIOLOGY: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) state that this species completes its life cycle rapidly. Kosztarab (1996) states this species has one generation per year.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is pyriform in shape, very convex and light brown in color (King, 1900).
SYSTEMATICS: This species may contain a complex of one or more undescribed species or subspecies (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 71 (female) [Nearctic species of Kermes]; Hollinger 1923: 43 [as Kermes andrei; Kermes species of Missouri]; MacGillivray 1921: 196 [as Kermes andrei; Species of Kermes]; Sanders 1904a: 34 (female) [as Kermes andrei; Ohio Kermes]; Cockerell 1900c: 44 [as Kermes andrei; North American Kermes].
CITATIONS: Amos1933 [distribution, host: 206]; BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 186]; Balach1950c [distribution, taxonomy: 344]; Britto1923 [distribution, host: 382]; BullinKo1977 [taxonomy: 169]; BullinKo1977a [taxonomy: 61]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 80-87]; Cocker1900c [taxonomy: 44]; CockerKi1898 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 326]; DietzMo1916a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 233-234]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Fernal1903b [distribution, host: 60]; Ferris1955a [distribution, host: 194]; Hollin1923 [description, taxonomy: 43]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 139]; King1900 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 22]; King1900a [distribution, host: 81]; King1902b [distribution: 60]; King1902d [taxonomy: 160]; King1903 [distribution, host: 21]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 268, 280-282]; KosztaRh1999 [distribution, host: 122]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 196]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 301]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Sander1904a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 34, 35]; SeveriSe1909 [distribution, host: 297]; Sleesm1945 [distribution, host: 44, 45]; Smith1910 [distribution, host: 122]; Trimbl1928 [distribution, host: 43]; WebsteBu1902 [distribution, host: 113].
Kermes szetshuanensis (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermococcus szetshuanensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 41. Type data: CHINA: Szechwan, Omeishan Mountains, southwest of Chendu, 580m above sea level, on Quercus sp., 24/06/1955, by Si Ta-Li & T. Bustshik. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Notes: According to Danzig (personal communication, November 10, 1998) a paratype is in the ZMAS and the holotype must be in IEBC.
Kermes szetshuanensis; Hoy, 1963: 161. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus sp. [Borchs1960d]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Borchs1960d]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE: Adult female spherical, sand colored with large irregularly shaped spots (Borchsenius, 1960d).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to Kermes globosus, but can be distinguished by the larger size of its body and its color (Borchsenius, 1960d).
KEYS: Yang 1982: 117 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Borchsenius 1960d: 34 (female) [as Kermococus szetshuanensis; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [distribution, host, taxonomy: 41]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 161]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 412]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; ShiLi1991 [host: 161]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 36-37]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 116, 117].
Kermes taishanensis HuNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes taishanensis Hu, 1986X: 300-301. Type data: CHINA: Taishan and Yantai, 6-11/05/1984. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus acutissima [Hu1986X], Quercus variabilis [Hu1986X].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Hu1986X], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Tao1999]). Palaearctic: China (Shandong (=Shantung) [Hu1986X]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Hu (1986X).
STRUCTURE: Adult female globose and very distinct. Easily separated from its congeners by covering of thick, snowy wax over the entire body. Adult male is similar to Kermes nigronotatus. First instar has a stout rob-like dorsal seta more than three times as long as wide (Hu, 1986X).
KEYS: Liu & Shi 1995: 158 (female) [Young adult females of Chinese Kermes]; Hu 1986X: 301 (female) [Mounted young adult females]; Hu 1986X: 302 (male) [Key to adult males]; Hu 1986X: 302 (first instar) [Key to first instars]; Hu 1986X: 302 (adult) [Key to old adult females in the field].
CITATIONS: Hu1986X [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 293, 294-295]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; HuLi1993 [taxonomy: 20]; LiuSh1995 [taxonomy: 157, 158]; ShiLi1991 [host: 162]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 37].
Kermes trichrous Hu & LiNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes trichrous Hu & Li, 1993: 20. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Binchuan county, Jizushan, on Castanopsis spp., 14/06/1989, Li. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Castanopsis delavayi [HuLi1993], Castanopsis myrsinaefolia [HuLi1993], Castanopsis yclobajanopsis glauca [HuLi1993].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [HuLi1993]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of pre-reproductive adult female and first instar by Hu & Li (1993).
STRUCTURE: Pre-reproductive adult female, bilocular microducts scattered over entire dorsum, multilocular pores with 5 and 7 loculars clustered around submarginal and marginal setae and on either side of anal lobes; anal ring sclerotized, parenthesis like, with 2 short setae or without. First instar with strong dorsal marginal setae, other body setae short (Hu & Li, 1993).
CITATIONS: HuLi1993 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy].
Kermes trinotatus BogueNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes trinotatus Bogue, 1900: 205-206. Type data: UNITED STATES: Oklahoma, Stillwater, on Quercus nigra. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar.
Talla trinotata; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus alba [WebsteBu1902], Quercus aquatica? [Scott1900], Quercus nigra [Bogue1900].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia? [Scott1900], New Jersey? [Felt1901], New York? [Felt1901], Ohio? [WebsteBu1902], Oklahoma [Bogue1900]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Bogue (1900). Illustrations by Sanders (1904a) and Ferris (1955a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is rounded above, flattened behind, convex beneath, front turned down into a more or less beak-like prominence (Bogue, 1900).
KEYS: Britton 1923: 350 (female) [Kermes species]; MacGillivray 1921: 198 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Sanders 1904a: 34 (female) [Ohio Kermes].
CITATIONS: Baer1980 [taxonomy: 21, 25]; BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 157]; Baker1972 [distribution, host: 97]; Balach1950c [distribution: 344]; Bogue1900 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 205-206]; Britto1923 [distribution, taxonomy: 350, 351]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 116-117]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; Felt1901 [distribution, host: 356]; FeltMo1928 [distribution, host: 194]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 65]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 204]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 161-162]; King1903 [taxonomy: 21]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 198]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Sander1904a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 37]; Scott1900 [distribution, host: 53]; Smith1910 [distribution, host: 122]; WebsteBu1902 [distribution, host: 110].
Kermes tropicalis TakahashiNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes tropicalis Takahashi, 1936d: 1-2. Type data: TAIWAN: Chushinron, near Rokki, Takao Prefecture, on Quercus sp., 19/05/1935, by R. Takahashi. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female and first instar.
Talla tropicalis; Lindinger, 1943b: 265. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus sp. [Takaha1936d]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1936d].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Takahashi (1936d).
STRUCTURE: Adult female dirty yellowish brown, with many small circular black spots mostly arranged in irregular transverse rows, which spots are variable in size, not reticulate in specimens treated with caustic potash and some of them are confluent or indistinctly defined. Globular, with no evident secretion (Takahashi, 1936d).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is closely allied to Kermes nawae, but differs in the coloration, the longer third antennal segment, and the structures of the legs of the adult female (Takahashi, 1936d).
KEYS: Liu & Shi 1995: 158 (female) [Young adult females of Chinese Kermes].
CITATIONS: Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 162]; Hu1986X [taxonomy: 297]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; Lindin1943b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 265]; LiuSh1995 [taxonomy: 159]; ShiLi1991 [host: 161]; Takaha1936d [taxonomy: 1-2]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 37]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 116, 117].
Kermes vastus KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes vastus Kuwana, 1907: 181. Type data: JAPAN: on Quercus acutissima. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Tokyo: Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Tachikawa, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Coccus vastus; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla vasta; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermococcus vastus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 34. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: large globular scale [KSPP1972].
FOE: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Brachytarsus kuwanai [Kuwana1931].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Castanea sp. [Tao1999], Quercus acutissima [Kuwana1907], Quercus glanulifera [Hua2000].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Tao1999]). Palaearctic: China [Hoy1963]; Japan (Honshu [Kuwana1931]); South Korea [KSPP1972].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kuwana (1907).
STRUCTURE: Eggs are elongate, polished and yellowish orange in color. Newly hatched larvae are brownish orange and elongate with distinct segmentation. Adult female dark brown with black transverse irregular bands, shiny and covered with a white powdery secretion (Kuwana, 1931).
KEYS: Yang 1982: 117 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Paik 1978: 173 (female) [as Kermococcus vastus; Key to species of Kermococcus]; Borchsenius 1960d: 35 (female) [as Kermococus vastus; Species of Kermococcus]; Kanda 1932a: 553 (female) [Japanese species of Kermes]; Kuwana 1931: 17 (female) [Key to Kermes species]; Kuwana 1931: 17 (larva) [Key to Kermes species].
CITATIONS: Balach1950c [distribution: 343, 345]; Balach1953f [distribution: 182]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 243, 244]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, taxonomy: 9, 27, 34, 51-52]; Clause1940 [taxonomy: 583]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Hartma1916 [distribution, host: 94]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 162]; Hu1986X [taxonomy: 294]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; HuLi1993 [taxonomy: 20]; Ishii1932 [taxonomy: 131]; Kanda1932a [taxonomy: 553]; Kanda1941a [distribution, taxonomy: 11]; Kawai1972 [distribution, taxonomy: 5]; Kawai1977 [taxonomy: 154]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 133]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 412]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; KSPP1972 [taxonomy: 107]; Kuwana1907 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 181]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 5]; Kuwana1931 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 24-26]; Kuwana1931c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 48-49, 50]; Lindin1907e [taxonomy: 476]; Lindin1908f [taxonomy: 476]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Paik1978 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 173, 176-177]; ShiLi1991 [host: 161]; Tang1984b [distribution, host: 126]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 3]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 37]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 47]; Wu1935 [distribution: 176]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 116, 117].
Kermes vermilio PlanchonNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes vermilio Planchon, 1864: 19-21. Type data: FRANCE: on Quercus coccifera. Unknown type status. Described: female. Notes: All type material of Planchon is assumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, November 20, 1996).
Kermes ballotae Signoret, 1875: 548-549. Type data: on Quercus ballota, by Lichtenstein. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1960d: 38. Notes: There is no type material of this species in the MNHN (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999).
Kermococcus vermilio; Leonardi, 1918: 212. Change of combination.
Coccus vermilio; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla ballotae; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Talla vermilio; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermococcus vermilia; Stacey et al., 1998: 54. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: kermes berry [KozarDr1998h].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus quadripustulatus [BelcarMi1989]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aenasioidea hispanica [Fulmek1943], Cheiloneurus claviger [DelBenLa1992], Encyrtus infidus [Trjapi1957], Encyrtus scutellatus [Fulmek1943], Eucomys scutellata [Lepine1928], Metaphycus hirtipennis [Fulmek1943]. Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron muscarum [DelBenLa1992].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus coccifera [Hoy1963, PellizPoSe2011], Quercus ilex [Hoy1963, MarottTr2001], Quercus rotundifolia (=ballota) [Signor1875], Quercus sp. [Hoy1963], Quercus suber [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Hoy1963]; Corsica [Hoy1963]; Crete [Hoy1963, PellizPoSe2011]; France [Hoy1963, Foldi2001]; Greece [Argyri1983]; Italy [DelBenLa1992]; Morocco [Hoy1963]; Portugal [SilvaCa1988]; Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995]; Spain [Hoy1963]; Turkey [Hoy1963].
BIOLOGY: This species has one generation per year. The larvae appear in late May and in early June. They are very active for two or three days, then attach, giving preference to young branches. Females lay on average 2000 eggs (Leonardi, 1920). More recent discussions by Belcari & Minnocci (1989), Belcari (1991) and Del Bene & Landi (1992). Kermes vermilio is oviparous and monovoltine and overwinters as first instars (Marotta et al., 1999).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Leonardi (1920). Illustration by Borchsenius (1960d). Discussion of biological control by Del Bene & Landi (1992). Photographs in Pellizzai, et al., 2012,
STRUCTURE: Fully-grown reproductive females sub-spherical, dark red or brown, covered with a fine white or pale grey mealy wax; body 5 (3-7) mm long, 4.7 (2.7-6.6) mm wide and 4.6 (2.6-6) mm high. Due to their heavily sclerotized cuticle, these are unsuitable for a reliable identification, and characters are more reliable in prereproductive females. (Pellizzari, et. al, 2012) based on microscopic morphological characters.Larva body elongate oval, segments well defined. Adult female nearly spherical, red and covered with a remarkable powder layer (Leonardi, 1920). This species has ventral frontal lobes in male and female young instars. Marotta & Tranfaglia (1998) record these structures for the first time in the Kermesidae and state that they are likely present in other species of the family. First instar nymph oval and flat, orange-red with yellow legs. Settled specimens at first covered by mealy-white wax secretion, and then by thin wax threads. In overwintering specimens, the secretion consists of wax tufts regularly arranged on dorsum. Second-instar female oval, red, with white wax tufts regularly arranged on dorsum and thin wax threads on margin. Third-instar female body largely oval or hemispherical, red or brown; dorsum covered with glassy wax with some protruding conical waxy tufts regularly distributed Second-instar male similar to first-instar nymphs, but more elliptical; dorsum with white wax tufts regularly arranged and without thin wax threads. (Pellizzari, et al., 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Other second instar Kermes males, clearly differ from K. vermilio because their marginal setae are long and hair-like, whereas those of K. vermilio are spinose.The Nearctic 2nd-instar males of K. cockerelli, K. rimarum and K. concinnulus also have long, hair-like marginal setae, and also tubular ducts and 5-locular pores scattered on both the dorsum and venter. (Pellizarri, et al., 2012)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The dried body of this insect was long used as a dye (Leonardi, 1920). This species has become invasive on ornamental Quercus ilex trees and heavy infestations have been recorded in urban environments, mainly in Central and Southern Italy. (Pellizzari, et al., 2012)
KEYS: Pellizzari et al. 2012: 49 (larva) [Key to Kermes vermilio instars (prepupa, pupa and adult male not included)]; Borchsenius 1960d: 34 (female) [as Kermococcus vermilio; Species of Kermococcus]; Bodenheimer 1953a: 141 (female) [Macroscopic key to the Turkish species of Kermes].
CITATIONS: Argyri1983 [distribution, host: 364, 366]; Balach1927 [taxonomy: 184]; Balach1929a [biological control: 303]; Balach1930e [distribution, host: 220]; Balach1931a [distribution, taxonomy: 99]; Balach1950c [distribution: 343, 345]; Balach1950d [distribution, taxonomy: 740, 741-742]; Balach1953f [distribution, taxonomy: 182, 183, 184]; Barany1978 [description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 85-92]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 43]; Beffa1937 [taxonomy: 67]; Belcar1991 [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 1-4]; BelcarMi1989 [biological control, distribution, host: 1-5]; Blanch1883 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 271-281]; Bodenh1931 [taxonomy: 243]; Bodenh1953a [distribution, taxonomy: 140, 141-142, 158]; Bohmer2000 [chemistry, taxonomy: 57]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 12, 13, 22, 34, 38,]; BorgesViSa1986 [taxonomy: 39]; Buchne1965 [chemistry: 236]; Carmon1985 [biological control, description, host, illustration, life history: 433-443]; Casazz1928 [chemistry: 411]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 327]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 270]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy: 337]; DelBenLa1992 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 229-236]; Donkin1977 [chemistry, host: 9, 51]; Donkin1977a [chemistry: 847]; Dziedz1967 [taxonomy: 19]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 61, 65]; Ferris1921b [taxonomy: 61]; Feytau1916 [distribution, economic importance, host: 2]; Foldi2000 [distribution, host: 81]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Foldi2003 [distribution: 150]; Foldi2003b [life history: 28]; FoldiCa1985 [structure, taxonomy: 34, 44]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 16,25]; Frogga1921a [taxonomy: 62]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 39, 79]; GarciaPi1924 [biological control, distribution, host: 356]; Georgh1977 [host: 153]; GomezM1937 [description, distribution, host: 22, 246, 248-249]; GomezM1958a [distribution: 10]; GomezM1960O [distribution, host: 204]; Goux1946b [taxonomy: 98, 99]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 162-163]; JaposhCe2010 [distribution: 133]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Koszta1987 [chemistry, distribution, host: 218]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 413]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Lanham1964 [chemistry: 174]; Leonar1918 [host: 212]; Leonar1920 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 267-269]; Lepage1940a [taxonomy: 262]; Lepine1928 [biological control, distribution: 320]; LepineMi1931 [distribution, host: 250]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 286]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 136]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 369]; Lizery1938 [taxonomy: 341]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 122]; LongoRuMa1991 [distribution, host: 189]; Lupo1966a [chemistry: 26]; MarottRiTr1999 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 63-83]; MarottTr1998 [distribution, host, structure: 1]; MarottTr2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, structure: 133-138]; Martin1984MP [distribution, host, taxonomy: 66-67]; Maskel1894 [taxonomy: 93]; Mayet1903 [chemistry, description, taxonomy: 729, 730-733]; Melis1930 [taxonomy: 14]; MilonaKoKo2008 [distribution, host: 33]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; NewmanOCAn1929 [chemistry: 516]; Panis1974 [distribution, host: 494]; Paoli1915 [host: 240]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 312]; PellizCa1991a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 195, 202]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PellizGe2010a [distribution, economic importance: 476]; PellizGe2010a [economic importance: 476]; PellizPoCo2012 [description, distribution, illustration, structure: 36-50]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294,296]; Perrie1926 [taxonomy: 124]; Pierce1917 [distribution, host: 153]; Planch1864 [taxonomy: 19]; PorcelPe2014 [taxonomy: 61]; Schmut1972a [biological control, host: 420]; Schwep1986 [chemistry: 159]; Signor1875 [description, taxonomy: 555]; Silves1911 [description, host, illustration, taxonomy: 148]; Silves1939 [distribution, host: 694-696]; StaceyHeSu1998 [economic importance: 54]; Sternl1969 [taxonomy: 252]; Targio1868 [host, taxonomy: 733]; Taylor1987 [chemistry: 143]; Trabut1910 [host: 71]; Trabut1911 [host: 53]; Tranfa1981 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 22]; Traver1935 [host: 77]; Trjapi1957 [biological control: 707]; Vayssi1920 [distribution: 258]; Vayssi1921 [taxonomy: 360-361]; Waller1986 [chemistry: 147]; Weber1930 [taxonomy: 370]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 47]; WouterVe1989 [chemistry: 393, 394, 398-400]; WouterVe1991 [chemistry, taxonomy: 211]; Yang1982 [description, illustration: 114]; Ziderm1986 [chemistry: 419].
Kermes viridis (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermococcus viridis Borchsenius, 1960d: 76. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, Forest near Kunming, on Pasania sp., 25/02/1957. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: According to Danzig (personal communication, November 10, 1998) a paratype is in the ZMAS and the holotype must be in IEBC.
Kermes viridis; Hoy, 1963: 164. Change of combination.
Kermes vividis; Liu & Shi, 1995: 159. Misspelling of species name.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Blastothrix viridis [ShiSiWa1995].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Pasania sp. [Borchs1960d], Quercus sp. [Tao1999]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960d]).
BIOLOGY: Larvae were found at the beginning of June (Borchsenius, 1960d).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE: Adult female wider than long, green, with three transverse reddish bands. In some specimens, besides the bands are reddish spots gathered into transverse rows. Top of body has a deep longitudinal groove. First stage larvae are oval (Borchsenius, 1960d).
KEYS: Liu & Shi 1995: 159 (female) [Young adult females of Chinese Kermes]; Yang 1982: 117 (female) [Species of Kermes]; Borchsenius 1960d: 36 (female) [as Kermococcus viridis; Species of Kermococcus].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 80]; Borchs1960d [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 27, 36, 75-76]; Borchs1963a [illustration: 33]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 164]; Hu1986X [distribution, taxonomy: 300]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 413]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; LiuSh1995 [distribution, taxonomy: 159]; ShiLi1991 [host: 162]; ShiSiWa1995 [biological control, distribution: 363, 365]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 37]; Terezn1981 [illustration: 64]; Vayssi1926 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 353]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 116, 117].
Kermes williamsi SternlichtNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes williamsi Sternlicht, 1972: 259-266. Type data: ENGLAND: Wyre, near Stourport-on-Severn, on Quercus sp., 1954. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: The BMNH number for the type series is 2881a/13747, BM. 1959-578 (Sternlicht, 1972).
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus sp. [Sternl1972]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [Sternl1972]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustrations of first and second stage larvae and adult female by Sternlicht (1972).
STRUCTURE: First stage larva is oblong, slightly tapered at the posterior end, consisting of eight distinct abdominal segments with three cephalic segments (Sternlicht, 1972).
CITATIONS: KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 413]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; PellizPoCo2012 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; Sternl1972 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 259-266].
Nanokermes Bullington & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Nanokermes Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 87. Type species: Kermes pubescens Bogue, by original designation.
SYSTEMATICS: Baer & Kosztarab (1985) treat this genus in a discussion of the phylogeny of the Nearctic Kermesidae.
KEYS: Miller & Miller 1993a: 239 (female) [Key to genera of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Kosztarab & Bullington 1986: 26 (female) [Key to the world genera of Kermesidae]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 140 (first instar) [First instars of Holarctic Kermesidae]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 143 (female) [First instar females of Nearactic Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 26 (female) [Genera of Nearctic Kermesidae].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 140]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 87-88]; Gill1993 [distribution, taxonomy: 129]; HuLi1994 [taxonomy: 40]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy: 268]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 283]; KosztaBu1987 [taxonomy: 26]; Koteja1988d [taxonomy: 533]; MillerMi1993a [taxonomy: 239]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Turner2004 [taxonomy: 4]; TurnerBu2004 [taxonomy: 1].
Nanokermes folium Bullington & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes pubescens; McConnell & Davidson, 1959: 463. Misidentification; discovered by Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 88.
Nanokermes folium Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 88-94. Type data: UNITED STATES: Virginia, Falls Church, 25/04/1916, by W. Middleton. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: leaf kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus alba [BullinKo1985], Quercus borealis [BullinKo1985], Quercus sp [BullinKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [BullinKo1985], Maryland [BullinKo1985], Massachusetts [BullinKo1985], New York [BullinKo1985], Pennsylvania [BullinKo1985], Tennessee [BullinKo1985], Virginia [BullinKo1985]).
BIOLOGY: This species has one generation per year (Kosztarab, 1996) with eggs laid in late June and July. Crawlers overwinter and the first molt occurs in May of the next year (McConnell & Davidson, 1959).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by McConnell & Davidson (1959)(as Kermes pubescens) and Bullington & Kosztarab (1985).
STRUCTURE: Post reproductive female spheroid, basal fourth covered with short clear strands of wax, yellowish brown in color with three to five transverse, suffused bands of brown intersecting with two longitudinal stripes of darker brown. If the wax is rubbed off, the surface of the dorsum is shiny, somewhat translucent and covered with minute dark brown specks (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
SYSTEMATICS: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) state that this species "has been confused with Nanokermes pubescens and much of the literature referring to N. pubescens may actually refer to N. folium."
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 283 (female) [Species of Nanokermes]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 87 (female) [Adult female Nanokermes].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 217]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 88-94]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 283-285]; KosztaRh1999 [distribution, host: 123]; KosztaRh1999 [distribution, host: 122]; McConnDa1959 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 463-468]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359].
Nanokermes iselini (Baer & Kosztarab)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermes iselini Baer & Kosztarab, 1981: 226. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Otero County, 15 miles north of El Paso gap, on Quercus mohriana, 15/06/1976, by W.A. Iselin. Holotype immature, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: immature.
Nanokermes iselini; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 94-97. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Iselin's kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus arizonica [BullinKo1985], Quercus grisea [BaerKo1981], Quercus mohriana [BullinKo1985], Quercus rugosa [BaerKo1981].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [BullinKo1985], New Mexico [BullinKo1985]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985). Baer & Kosztarab (1985) described and illustrated first instar and second instar female.
STRUCTURE: Adult female spheroidal, completely covered with short clear strands of wax and uniformly dark yellowish brown in color (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
SYSTEMATICS: Nanokermes iselini is distinguishable by the mid-dorsum with about 1000 type II tubular ducts distributed evenly and densely on it; the anterior spiracular furrow absent; 4 setae in each dorsal submedial row; and the anal plate small, narrow and indistinct (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 230 (larva) [as Kermes iselini; Kermes first instars]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 142 (first instar) [First instars of Nearctic Nanokermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 143 (female) [Second instar females of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 88 (female) [Adult female Nanokermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1981: 230 (first instar) [First instars of the Kermes pubescens group].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1981 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 226, 227-230]; BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 207-213]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 94-97]; KosztaBu1987 [taxonomy: 26]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359].
Nanokermes pubescens (Bogue)NOMENCLATURE:
Kermes pubescens Bogue, 1898: 172. Type data: UNITED STATES: Kansas, Manhattan, on Quercus macrocarpa, by J.B. Norton. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Notes: There are 7 slides labeled "paralectotype" in the USNM. No evidence of the designation of a lectotype can be found so the type series must be considered syntypic.
Coccus pubescens; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Change of combination.
Talla pubescens; Lindinger, 1933a: 143. Change of combination.
Kermococcus pubescens; Sugonyaev, 1965: 227. Change of combination.
Nanokermes pubescens; Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985: 97-101. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: burr oak kermes [McDani1930]; post oak scale [Baerg1955]; pubescent leaf kermes [BullinKo1985].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aenasioidea latiscapus [Timber1916], Aphycus pulchellus [Jarvis1911, Ruhl1913], Blastothrix longipennis [Jarvis1911, Ruhl1913], Cheiloneurus pulcher [Fulmek1943], Microterys cincticornis [King1899b], Microterys cincticornis [Peck1963]. Eulophidae: Gyrolasia sp. [Fulmek1943]. Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron siphonophorae [Peck1963].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus alba [BullinKo1985], Quercus bicolor? [DodgeRi1943], Quercus borealis? [King1899b], Quercus deamii [BullinKo1985], Quercus falcata [BaerKo1985], Quercus lyrata? [NewellRo1908], Quercus macrocarpa [BullinKo1985], Quercus marilandica [BullinKo1985], Quercus prinus [BaerKo1985], Quercus sp. [BullinKo1985], Quercus stellata [BullinKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [Hunter1902]); United States of America (Alabama [BullinKo1985], Arkansas [BullinKo1985], Connecticut? [King1914], Delaware [BaerKo1985], District of Columbia? [Kotins1921], Georgia [BaerKo1985], Illinois [BullinKo1985], Indiana [BullinKo1985], Iowa [BaerKo1985], Kansas [BullinKo1985], Kentucky? [Garman1905], Louisiana? [NewellRo1908], Massachusetts? [Cocker1898q], Michigan? [McDani1930], Minnesota [BaerKo1985], Mississippi [BullinKo1985], Missouri [BullinKo1985], New Hampshire [BaerKo1985], New Jersey? [Cocker1900c], New York? [FeltMo1928], North Carolina [BaerKo1985], Ohio [WebsteBu1902], Oklahoma [BullinKo1985], Pennsylvania? [Sleesm1945], Rhode Island? [King1903b], South Carolina [BaerKo1985], Tennessee [BaerKo1985], Texas [BullinKo1985], Virginia [BullinKo1985], Wisconsin [SeveriSe1909]).
BIOLOGY: This species has one generation per year. The insect so closely resembles the buds of Quercus macrocarpa in size, shape and pubescence, that it is difficult to tell them apart in the field (Kosztarab, 1996).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985).
STRUCTURE: "The post reproductive female is noted for its dorsum, which is covered with short strands of wax that en masse resemble pubescence. This "pubescence" is so remarkably similar in color and texture to the pubescence on the buds of Quercus macrocarpa, and the scale so similar in size to these buds, that the first author has had problems distinguishing scales from buds even when using a dissecting microscope (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985.)"
SYSTEMATICS: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) state that most of the literature references for Nanokermes pubescens probably refer to N. folium.
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 283 (female) [Species of Nanokermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 142 (first instar) [First instars of Nearctic Nanokermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 143 (female) [Second instar females of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 88 (female) [Adult female Nanokermes]; Baer & Kosztarab 1981: 230 (first instar) [First instars of the Kermes pubescens group]; Britton 1923: 350 (female) [as Kermes pubescens; Kermes species]; MacGillivray 1921: 195 (female) [as Kermes pubescens; Species of Kermes]; Lawson 1917: 183 (female) [Key to Kermes species of Kansas]; Sanders 1904a: 34 (female) [Ohio Kermes]; Cockerell 1900c: 44 (female) [as Kermes pubescens; North American Kermes].
CITATIONS: Amos1933 [distribution, host: 206]; Baerg1955 [biological control, distribution, host, illustration: 147-151]; BaerKo1981 [taxonomy: 230]; BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 213-220]; Baker1972 [distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy: 97]; Balach1950c [distribution, taxonomy: 344]; Barber1911 [distribution: 449]; Bogue1898 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 172]; Britto1920 [taxonomy: 63]; Britto1923 [distribution: 351]; Britto1926 [taxonomy: 175]; BrittoZa1927 [taxonomy: 182]; BrittoZa1930 [taxonomy: 504]; BullinKo1977 [taxonomy: 169]; BullinKo1977a [taxonomy: 61]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 97-101]; Cocker1898q [taxonomy: 322]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1900c [taxonomy: 44]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Dean1909 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 266]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy: 235]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 383]; DodgeRi1943 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 509]; Englis1976 [distribution, taxonomy: 50]; FeltMo1928 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 194]; FeltRa1932 [taxonomy: 351]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 64]; Ferris1955a [distribution, host: 202]; FletchGi1908 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 130]; FlintFa1940 [host, illustration: 41]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 38]; Garman1905 [taxonomy: 51-54]; Gibson1913 [host, taxonomy: 18, 19]; Giraul1911 [biological control, distribution, host: 168]; GullanKo1997 [description, host: 31]; HamonLaKo1976 [distribution, taxonomy: 2]; Hartma1916 [distribution, host: 94]; Headle1929 [distribution: 127]; Heller1977 [chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 1-2]; Herric1935 [taxonomy: 237]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 133]; HilburWe1984 [taxonomy: 4]; Houser1918a [distribution, taxonomy: 306]; Howard1919 [biological control, distribution, host: 256, 257]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 153]; Hunter1902 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 107, 120, 145]; Jarvis1908TD [chemical control, description, distribution, taxonomy: 50, 67]; Jarvis1911 [biological control, distribution, host: 68, 75]; JohnsoLy1976 [distribution, host, illustration, life history: 316]; JohnsoLy1988 [distribution, host, illustration, life history: 365, 366]; King1899b [biological control, distribution, host: 139]; King1900a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 80]; King1903 [distribution, host: 21]; King1903b [distribution, host: 192]; King1914 [distribution, host: 151]; Koszta1977a [host: 185]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 283, 285-286]; Koteja1974b [structure, taxonomy: 49, 77, 154]; Koteja1976 [structure, taxonomy: 273]; KotejaLi1976 [structure: 668]; KotejaZa1972 [taxonomy: 194]; Kotins1921 [distribution, host: 79]; Kuwana1931 [taxonomy: 16]; LambdiWa1980 [distribution, host: 79]; Lawson1917 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 183, 184]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 324]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 369]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 195]; McConnDa1959 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 463-468]; McDani1930 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 13-14]; Miller1985b [distribution, host, life history: 101]; NewellRo1908 [distribution, host: 154]; Osmun1962 [distribution, host, life history: 134]; Peck1963 [biological control: 935]; Pirone1941 [taxonomy: 262]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Ruhl1913 [biological control: 80]; Ruhl1913c [biological control: 106]; Ruhl1914 [biological control: 25]; Ruhl1917b [taxonomy: 50]; Ruhl1919 [biological control: 44]; Sander1904a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 37]; Schmid1939 [taxonomy: 140]; Sleesm1945 [host, taxonomy: 44, 45]; Smith1910 [distribution, host: 122]; SOC1931 [chemical control, description, host: 20]; Stimme1986b [chemical control, distribution, host, illustration, life history: 17-18]; Sugony1965 [biological control, distribution: 227]; Timber1916 [biological control, distribution: 585]; Treher1916 [biological control, distribution: 186]; Trimbl1928 [distribution, host: 43]; WebsteBu1902 [distribution, host: 113]; Westco1973 [taxonomy: 411]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 39].
Nidularia Targioni TozzettiNOMENCLATURE:
Nidularia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 727. Type species: Coccus pulvinatus Planchon. Subsequently designated by Signoret, 1875b: 17. Notes: The genus Nidularia originally included three species Nidularia pulvinatus (Planchon)Nidularia lanigera (Gmelin)(=Eriococcus spuria), and Nidularia gramuntii(Planchon)(=Eriococcus spuria(Modeer)). Since the work of Signoret in 1875b, N. pulvinatus has been considered to be the type species of Nidularia with the exception of the work of Lindinger (1933a). In the paper by Lindinger, Querceticoccus is considered to be the valid genus for N. pulvinatus. Lindinger asserted that the first species named by Targioni Tozzetti (N. gramuntii) must be accepted as the type species, and Nidularia must replace both Gossyparia and Eriococcus. We here accept current usage of Nidularia with Coccus pulvinatus(Planchon) as the type species of Nidularia.
Pulvinata Signoret, 1875b: 16. Unavailable name. Notes: This apparently is a lapsus for Nidularia Targioni Tozzetti. There was no species associated with this genus so it has no standing (Morrison & Morrison, 1966).
Querceticoccus Lindinger, 1933a: 117. Unjustified replacement name for Nidularia Signoret; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 171.
Quercetococcus Lindinger, 1943b: 264. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 171.
BIOLOGY: Nidularia spp. are monophagous and develop on oak trees. They are known as ‘gall-like insects’ due to the size and body shape of the convex and sclerotized post-reproductive adult female (Kosztarab and Kozár, 1988). They mainly develop in bark crevices, forks between small twigs and buds, and on branches (Bullington and Kosztarab 1985)
STRUCTURE: The main diagnostic character for separating adult female Nidularia from those of Kermes is that Nidularia spp. have microtubular ducts on entire dorsum while Kermes spp. do not. Another differencevis the presence of ventral, submarginal rows of both quinquelocular and bilocular pores within the submarginal band of tubular ducts in Nidularia. Most Kermes species lack these pores, although K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and K. vermilio (Pellizzari et al., 2012) are exceptions because they have a line of bilocular pores, but lack quinquelocular pores, within the submarginal band of tubular ducts on the venter. Nidularia spp. are distinguished from K. echinatus, K. hermonensis and K. vermilio by the lack of conical dorsal setae and the lack of tubular ducts on the dorsum. (Spodek & Ben-Dov, 2014),
SYSTEMATICS: Morrison & Morrison (1966) stated that Nidularia should be assigned close to Kermes Boitard, but the genus has been included in the Eriococcidae by Hoy (1963) and others. Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) and Baer & Kosztarab (1985) both consider this genus to belong in the Kermesidae as do Longo et al. (1995). Morrison & Morrison (1966) give the following information on the status of the genus "The author established this genus with a brief descriptive note and three associated species. Signoret, l.c., restricted the genus to pulvinatus, the second of these species, and it stood unquestioned as type-species of Nidularia for nearly 60 years. Lindinger, 1933a: 107-108, asserted that the first species named by Targioni-Tozzetti, the species currently called Gossyparia spuria (Modeer), must be accepted as type-species, and Nidularia must replace both Gossyparia Signoret and Eriococcus Targioni-Tozzetti of current usage. For the complex that had been known in literature as Nidularia, he proposed to substitute the name Querceticoccus. We believe that the Signoret, 1875, restriction of Nidularia constituted an effective type species establishment and that Lindinger's subsequent changes were not legitimate. On the basis of Marchal's redescription of the type-species, 1908: 259, it appears that Nidularia can assign close to Kermes Boitard."
KEYS: Kosztarab & Bullington 1986: 26 (female) [Key to world genera of Kermesidae].
CITATIONS: Balach1942 [taxonomy: 42]; Balach1948b [taxonomy: 254]; Borchs1948 [taxonomy: 501]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy: 43]; Borchs1959 [taxonomy: 164]; Cocker1894v [distribution, taxonomy: 1050]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 324]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 276]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 66]; Ferris1957c [description, taxonomy: 87]; GomezM1937 [description, taxonomy: 8, 9, 10, 323, 372]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy: 96]; Hoy1962 [distribution, taxonomy: 11, 13, 201, 202]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 171-172]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy: 131]; KosztaBu1987 [taxonomy: 25]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 296]; Koteja1980b [description, taxonomy: 589]; Koteja1988d [taxonomy: 533]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 414]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy: 469]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 107-108]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 178, 180, 184, 186,190]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 147]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 206, 223]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 543, 551, 552]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 132]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy: 259]; McConn1954 [taxonomy: 23]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 477]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 134]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy: 406]; Signor1875b [description, distribution, taxonomy: 17]; SpodekBe2012 [distribution, host: 12]; SpodekBe2014 [description, structure: 79]; SpodekBeGh2012 [description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 24-25]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 727].
Nidularia balachowskii BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer, 1941: 78-80. Type data: TURKEY: Mardin/Diyarbakir, on Quercus sp., 13/02/1939, F.S. Bodenheimer. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus ithaburensis [BenDov2012, SpodekBeMe2014], Quercus sp. [Bodenh1941]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [Bodenh1941]; Israel [BenDov2012, SpodekBeMe2014]; Turkey [Bodenh1941].
BIOLOGY: There appears to be only one generation per year (Bodenheimer, 1941). Gravid females were observed on branches and trunks of trees throughout March, during which time they oviposited 200 to 250 (range from 10 specimens) whitish eggs. Each egg was about 0.4 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Once all of the eggs have been laid and the brood chamber full of eggs, the female dies and the dorsum becomes sclerotized. The sclerotized, convex body of the dead, post-reproductive female may remain on the host tree for a year or more after first-instar emergence. Eclosion of first-instar nymphs occurs inside the brood chamber and nymphs emerge from the cavity under the dead female body. This takes place from end of March and throughout April. Crawlers settle in bark crevices on branches and on the trunks of the trees. Young teneral females are found on the branches from June to February. The females continue feeding and increase in body size throughout this period. By late February, the dorsum of the female begins to expand greatly, increasing in convexity and sclerotization. The ventral surface of the abdomen becomes concave, forming the brood chamber into which the eggs are deposited. The ovipositing female secretes a woolly, white wax that surrounds its body margin. (Spodek, et al., 2012)
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Bodenheimer (1941). Detailed redescription, illustration and photograph in Spodek, et al., 2012,
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval, highly convex. No trace of an ovisac has been found, but it is probable that the species does form one (Bodenheimer, 1941). Young, pre-reproductive adult female dorsum brownish and venter yellowish white; oval, soft and flat; 1.2-1.9 mm long and 0.6-0.9 mm wide. Dorsal surface covered with 5 longitudinal rows of rectangular wax plates, each plate about 0.25 mm long and 0.3 mm wide; median row with 11 plates, lateral row on each side of median row with 9-11 plates and marginal rows with 7-9 plates. The wax plates become gradually smaller in size towards anterior and posterior apices and lateral margin. Post-reproductive female oval, moderately convex and sclerotized; 2.75-3.75 mm long, 2-3 mm wide and 0.8-1.8 mm high; 5 longitudinal rows of dark brown wax plates almost fused; with lighter brown wax in between rows of plates. (Spodek, et al., 2012) First-instar nymph yellow-greyish, oval and tapering posteriorly 0.38-0.43 mm long and 0.2-0.3 mm wide. (Spodek, et al., 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Lectotype female (ICVI), and paralectotype female (MNHN), designated in Spodek, et al., from Turkey, 21 km at road from Mardin to Diyarbakir, on branches and twigs of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 2/13/1939, F.S. Bodenheimer. Bodenheimer (1941) did not select a holotype, and they regard the above-mentioned specimens as the original material studied by him as indicated on the slide labels. Bytinski-Salz and Sternlicht (1967) listed this species on Q. ithaburensis, however they classified it erroneously under the Pseudococcidae. Spodek et al. (2012b) confirm family placement of this species in Kermesidae by morphological and molecular analyses. (Spodek, et al., 2014)
KEYS: Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 7 (female, adult) [Key to the adult females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 7-8 (female) [Key to the third-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (female, second instar) [Key to the second-instar females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (first instar) [Key to the first-instar nymphs of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8 (adult, female) [Key to the post-reproductive females of Kermesidae species of Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 8-9 (male) [Key to the adult males of Kermesidae species in Israel]; Spodek & Ben-Dov 2014: 9 (male, second instar) [Key to the second-instar males of Kermesidae in Israel]; Spodek et al. 2012: 41 [Key to first-instar nymphs of Nidularia species].
CITATIONS: BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 33]; BenDovHa1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 31]; Bodenh1941 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history: 78-80]; Bodenh1944b [distribution, taxonomy: 92, 99]; Bodenh1953a [description, distribution, host: 133-134, 159]; BullinKo1985 [taxonomy: 12]; BytinsSt1967 [distribution, host: 126]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 172]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Koteja1980b [taxonomy: 590]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 414]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; LiuLiSh1997 [taxonomy: 15, 19]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 477]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 58]; SpodekBe2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 12]; SpodekBe2014 [distribution, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 79-93]; SpodekBeGh2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, molecular data, structure, taxonomy: 23-45]; SpodekBeMe2014 [distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 109, 116, 117]; SpodekBePr2012 [distribution: 67].
Nidularia japonica KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Nidularia japonica Kuwana, 1918: 131. Type data: JAPAN: Kyushu, on Quercus glandulifera. Syntypes. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Nidularia iaponica Lindinger, 1943b: 264. Unjustified emendation.
Quercetococcus iaponicus; Lindinger, 1943b: 264. Change of combination.
Quercetococcus kuwanai Lindinger, 1943b: 264. Unjustified replacement name for Nidularia iaponica Kuwana 1918. Notes: Lindinger (1933a) placed the eriococcid Eriococcus japonicus (=iaponicus) Kuwana 1902 in Nidularia. Lindinger (1943b) noticed that the kermesid Nidularia japonica (=iaponica) Kuwana 1918 was a junior secondary homonym and proposed the replacement name Quercetococcus kuwanai. As can be seen, he placed the kermesid N. iaponica Kuwana 1918 (=kuwanai) Lindinger 1943b in Quercetococcus. In effect, there was no secondary homonomy because the two species epithets were never congeneric making the name Q. kuwanai an unnecessary replacement name.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus acutissima Carruth. [SpodekBeGh2012], Quercus ailena Blume [SpodekBeGh2012], Quercus dentate Thunb. [SpodekBeGh2012], Quercus fabri [SpodekBeGh2012], Quercus glandulifera [Kuwana1918].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guizhou (=Kweichow) [Hua2000], Hunan [Hua2000], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Hua2000], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Hua2000], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Hua2000]). Palaearctic: China (Hebei (=Hopei) [Hua2000], Liaoning [Hua2000], Shandong (=Shantung) [Hua2000]); Japan [Kuwana1918].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of first instar nymph and both sexes of adults by Liu et al. (1997).
SYSTEMATICS: This species has been treated as a junior synonym of Asiacornococcus japonicus by Lindinger (1933a), but is quite distinct; being placed in a separate family. The external appearance of this species resembles that of Gossyparia, but the reduced or absent legs in adults suggest a relationship with the Kermesidae. The family placement of this species needs to be studied. Nidularia japonica can be told from N. pulvinata by the following: 4 pairs of long setae in a transverse row behind anal ring in adult female and 4 pairs of quinquelocular disc pores on the venter of head and thorax of first instar nymph (Liu et al., 1997).
KEYS: Spodek et al. 2012: 41 [Key to first-instar nymphs of Nidularia species].
CITATIONS: Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 97]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; HuHeWa1992 [distribution, illustration: 181]; HuLiZh1990 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 3-4]; Kawai1972 [description, distribution: 5]; Kawai1980 [description, taxonomy: 131-132]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 414]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kuwana1918 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 312-314]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 264]; LiuLiSh1997 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 15-19]; SpodekBeGh2012 [distribution, host: 24, 41].
Nidularia pulvinata (Planchon)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus pulvinatus Planchon, 1864: 25-26. Type data: FRANCE: on Quercus sp. Unknown type status, type designation unknown. Described: female. Notes: According to Daniéle Matile-Ferrero (personal communication, November 20, 1996) there is little chance of finding type material of this species.
Nidularia pulvinata; Targioni Tozzetti, 1869: 727. Change of combination.
Querceticoccus pulvinata; Lindinger, 1933a: 107, 117. Change of combination.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Microterys dichrous [Viggia1991].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus coccifera [Hoy1963], Quercus ilex [Balach1933e], Quercus ithaburensis [Hoy1963], Quercus sp. [Hoy1963]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Koteja1980b]; China [Tang1984]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Balach1933e, Foldi2001]; Israel [Koteja1980b] (Bodenheimer (1935) listed N. pulvinata among the Kermesidae in Israel. However, Spodek & Ben-Dov (2014) could not recover this species from Israel and no material has been found in the ICVI, BMNH, MNHN and TAU collections. Therefore, they concluded that the species does not occur there.); Italy [Hoy1963]; Portugal [Hoy1963, FrancoRuMa2011]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995]; Spain [GomezM1937, Hoy1963]; Turkey [Hoy1963].
BIOLOGY: Discussion of biology by Viggiani (1991).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Koteja (1980b), detailed description of life cycle and biological control by Viggiani, 1991a).
STRUCTURE: Egg is elliptical, waxen and white (Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1937). First stage larvae elongate-oval (Koteja, 1980b) and yellow in color (Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1937). Adult female is brownish red, convex, oval (Planchon, 1864). During oviposition females become irregularly ovoid (Koteja, 1980b).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Microterys dichrous has been a common natural enemy of Nidularia pulvinata in southern Italy (Viggiani, 1996a).
KEYS: Spiller 1952: 41 [Key to first-instar nymphs of Nidularia species].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [physiology, taxonomy: 129]; BaetaN1947 [taxonomy: 134]; Balach1927 [distribution, host: 190]; Balach1932d [taxonomy: lxv]; Balach1933e [distribution, host: 6]; Balach1937 [distribution, taxonomy: 340]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 43]; Bodenh1930a [distribution, host: 367]; Bodenh1935 [distribution, host: 265, 270]; Bodenh1935b [taxonomy: 306]; Bodenh1941 [behaviour: 78, 80]; Bodenh1953a [structure: 133, 134]; Borchs1948 [taxonomy: 501]; BytinsSt1967 [distribution, host: 126]; CiampoGuMo2000 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy: 100-102]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 324]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 66]; Ferris1957c [taxonomy: 87]; Foldi2000 [distribution, host: 81]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Foldi2003 [distribution: 150]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 16,25]; Fulmek1943 [taxonomy: 56, 72]; GomezM1937 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 14, 372-373]; GomezM1958a [distribution, host: 6, 8, 10]; GomezM1960O [distribution, host: 202]; Goux1933a [distribution, host: 234]; Goux1934a [taxonomy: 29]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 134]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 173]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; Koteja1980b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 592]; KozarDr1998h [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 414-415]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Leonar1918 [distribution, host: 215]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy: 469]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 192]; Lindin1912b [host, taxonomy: 281]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 107, 117]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 141]; LiuLiSh1997 [taxonomy: 15, 19]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 115, 122]; LongoRuMa1991 [distribution, host: 189]; Marcha1908 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 259-262]; Martin1985 [distribution, host: 94]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 477]; Neves1936 [distribution, host: 210]; PellizGe2010a [distribution, economic importance: 476]; PellizGe2010a [economic importance: 476]; Pierce1917 [distribution, economic importance, host: 153]; Planch1864 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 25-26]; Seabra1930 [distribution: 361-362]; Seabra1941 [distribution: 7]; ShiLi1991 [host: 162]; Signor1869 [catalogue: 868]; Signor1875b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 17]; SpodekBe2014 [ecology: 93]; SpodekBeGh2012 [distribution, host: 24, 41]; Tang1984b [distribution, host: 125]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 727]; Trabut1910 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 71]; Trabut1911 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 53]; Vayssi1927 [taxonomy: 4]; Viggia1991a [biological control, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 218-224]; Viggia1996a [biological control, distribution: 105-109]; Viggia1997 [biological control, distribution: 105, 109]; WilliaBe2009 [catalogue: 39]; Zahrad1972 [distribution, host: 403].
Olliffiella CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Olliffiella Cockerell, 1896l: 300. Type species: Olliffiella cristicola Cockerell, by monotypy.
GENERAL REMARKS: This genus is restricted to the Nearctic Region (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
SYSTEMATICS: Baer & Kosztarab (1985) treat this genus in a discussion of the phylogeny of the Nearctic Kermesidae.
KEYS: Miller & Miller 1993a: 239 (female) [Key to genera of Nearctic Kermesidae]; Kosztarab & Bullington 1986: 26 (female) [Key to world genera of Kermesidae]; Bullington & Kosztarab 1985: 27 (female) [Genera of Nearctic Kermesidae]; MacGillivray 1921: 188 (female) [Genera of Asterolecaniinae].
CITATIONS: BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 102]; Cocker1896l [description, taxonomy: 299-300]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 276]; Ferris1919a [description, taxonomy: 15]; Ferris1921b [taxonomy: 60-61]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 5]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy: 7]; Ferris1955a [description, host, taxonomy: 205]; Ferris1957c [taxonomy: 87-88]; Gill1993 [distribution, taxonomy: 129, 130]; GullanMiCo2005 [ecology, host: 168]; Hoy1962 [host, taxonomy: 12, 13, 201, 202]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 174]; HuLi1994 [taxonomy: 40]; Johans1980 [biological control, taxonomy: 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 30]; JohansMo1996 [biological control, distribution, illustration: 21-22, 25, 30, 31]; KosztaBu1987 [taxonomy: 26]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 191]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 188, 190]; MillerMi1993a [taxonomy: 239]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Reyne1954b [distribution, taxonomy: 239]; Steinw1929 [illustration, structure: 214, 219].
Olliffiella cristicola CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Olliffiella cristicola Cockerell, 1896l: 299. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Pinos Altos, on Quercus "wrightii", 03/08/1896. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Williams (1985a) states that there are two slides of the type lot in the BMNH. There is one slide labeled "lectotype" in USNM, but since no published designation of a lectotype can be found the type lot must be considered syntypic.
COMMON NAMES: gall kermes [BullinKo1985].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus emoryi [BullinKo1985], Quercus sp. [BullinKo1985], Quercus undulata pungens [BaerKo1985], Quercus wrightii [BullinKo1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [BullinKo1985], New Mexico [BullinKo1985]).
BIOLOGY: Kosztarab (1982a) details the relationship between Ollifiella cristicola and Torvothrips kosztarabi which inhabits its galls. Howard (1897) states that a lepidopteroid larva also inhabits the galls and preys on the coccid.
GENERAL REMARKS: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) state that this is the only North American Kermesidae to form a gall. Detailed description and illustration of larva by Sternlicht (1974). Baer & Kosztarab (1985) describe and illustrate the first instar.
STRUCTURE: "Insect is orange, broad oval, somewhat more pointed posteriorly, and with a fringe of short stiff hairs around the whole margin (Howard, 1897). First instar larva ovate, tapered at posterior end with eight distinct abdominal and three cephalic segments (Sternlicht, 1974).
KEYS: Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 140 (female, first instar) [First instars of Holarctic Kermesidae].
CITATIONS: Arnett1985 [taxonomy: 239]; BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 221-224]; Beards1984 [distribution, host, illustration: 86, 94-95]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 102-108]; Cocker1896l [distribution, host: 299]; Cocker1896m [distribution, host: 226]; Cocker1898c [distribution, host: 65]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution, host: 383]; Ehrhor1912 [taxonomy: 149]; Essig1929 [description, distribution, host: 276]; Ferris1919a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 15]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, history, illustration, taxonomy: 23, 206]; Ferris1957c [host, taxonomy: 87-88]; GullanMiCo2005 [ecology, host: 168]; Houard1940 [illustration, taxonomy: 294, 300]; Houard1946 [distribution, host: 44]; Howard1897 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 76-77]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 175]; Johans1980 [biological control: 30]; JohansMo1996 [biological control, distribution, host: 31]; Koszta1982a [distribution, host, illustration: 159]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 191]; Lobdel1937 [structure: 79-80]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 190]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 359]; Reyne1954b [distribution, host: 239]; Schmid1940 [taxonomy: 167]; Steinw1929 [structure: 219]; Sternl1974 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 195-197]; Willia1985a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 219].
Olliffiella secunda FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Olliffiella secunda Ferris, 1955b: 23, 27. Type data: MEXICO: Guerrero, La Providencia, 30 miles east of Acapulco, on Quercus sp., 15/03/1926, by G.F. Ferris. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Baer & Kosztarab (1985) refer to "paralectotypes," but there is no mention of type in the original description and there was no published designation of a lectotype. Therefore, the type series must be considered syntypes.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus sp. [Ferris1955b]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Guerrero [Ferris1955b]).
BIOLOGY: Ferris (1955b) reports that "in habit similar of Olliffiella cristicola Cockerell, causing galls on the leaves of host, these galls being mostly on the ventral surface of the leaf. The opening of the gall is always along the midrib on the dorsal side of the leaf and is surrounded by elevated lips (Ferris, 1955b).
GENERAL REMARKS: Baer & Kosztarab (1985) provide a description and illustration of the second instar female.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is broadly oval or almost circular. The dorsum is not sclerotized (Ferris, 1955b).
SYSTEMATICS: Olliffiella secunda was described on the basis of the third instar female not the adult and it most likely is a synonym of O. cristicola (Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985).
KEYS: Baer & Kosztarab 1985: 142 (female) [Second instar females of Nearctic Kermesidae].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 224-227]; BullinKo1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 117-118]; Ferris1955b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 23, 27]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 175]; Miller1996 [distribution: 79]; Sternl1974 [taxonomy: 197].
Physeriococcus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Physeriococcus Borchsenius, 1959: 164. Type species: Physeriococcus cellulosus Borchsenius, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Generic characters described by Borchsenius (1959).
SYSTEMATICS: This genus was described in the Eriococcidae near Nidularia and wae treated as such by Hoy (1963) and others. Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) and Baer & Kosztarab (1985) moved the genus into the Kermesidae. Characters that associate the genus with this family include the presence of only two pairs of longitudinal lines of setae and simple pores on the first instar as well as the similarity of the adult female multilocular pores.
KEYS: Kosztarab & Bullington 1986: 25 (female) [Key to world genera of Kermesidae].
CITATIONS: Borchs1959 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 164]; Hoy1962 [taxonomy: 14, 201, 202]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 186]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 394]; KosztaBu1987 [taxonomy : 25]; Koteja1980b [taxonomy: 592]; Koteja1988d [taxonomy: 121, 201]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 478]; Wang1982ZQ [taxonomy: 22, 105]; Wang2001 [distribution, taxonomy: 233-234]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 107].
Physeriococcus cellulosus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Physeriococcus cellulosus Borchsenius, 1959: 165. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, 40 km south of Szemao, on Quercus sp., 27/03/1958. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Physeriococcus celluiosus; Shi & Liu, 1991: 162. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus sp. [Wang2001], Quercus sp. [Borchs1959]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Hua2000], Yunnan [Borchs1959]).
BIOLOGY: Flight of males completed by May, the females had not yet started to lay eggs (Borchsenius, 1959).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1959).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body globular, beige in color, often with darker transverse bands of light-brown. Cocoon of male nymph white, smooth and flat. Insects found on slender twigs and rarely on branches with bark of any great thickness (Yang, 1982).
SYSTEMATICS: This species was originally described in the family Eriococcidae, but was transferred to the Kermesidae by Baer & Kosztarab (1985).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host: 80]; BaerKo1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 139, 230-233]; Borchs1959 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 165]; BullinKo1985 [taxonomy]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 186]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 394]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 478]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 155]; ShiLi1991 [host: 162]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 34]; Wang1982c [distribution, host: 201, 202]; Wang1982ZQ [distribution, host: 105]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 234-235]; Yang1982 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 107, 109].
Reynvaania ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Reynvaania Reyne, 1954b: 234-235. Type species: Reynvaania gallicola Reyne, by monotypy and original designation.
SYSTEMATICS: This genus was described in Eriococcidae near Fulbrightia Ferris and this placement was accepted by Hoy (1963), but Beardsley (1984) transferred this genus, to the Kermesidae.
KEYS: Kosztarab & Bullington 1986: 26 (female) [Key to world genera of Kermesidae].
CITATIONS: BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 125, 139]; Beards1984 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 86]; BullinKo1985 [taxonomy: 10, 13]; GullanMiCo2005 [ecology, host: 168]; Hoy1962 [taxonomy: 14, 191, 201]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 191]; HuLi1993a [distribution, taxonomy: 110]; HuLi1994 [taxonomy: 39, 40]; KosztaBu1987 [taxonomy: 25, 26]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 479]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 173]; Reyne1954b [description, distribution, taxonomy: 234-235].
Reynvaania gallicola ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Reynvaania gallicola Reyne, 1954b: 235-239. Type data: INDONESIA: Java and Sumatra, on Quercus lineata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus lineata [Reyne1954b].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Reyne1954b], Sumatra [Reyne1954b]).
BIOLOGY: Reyne (1954b) states that this species is ovoviviparous and that the body of mature females is filled with a large number of full-grown embryos. Specimens were collected at altitudes from 1000-1600 m.
GENERAL REMARKS: Reyne (1954b) describes and illustrates first stage larva and adult female.
STRUCTURE: First stage larva has eyes. Adult female is white and irregularly shaped, more or less angular. Lives in galls which have the appearance of a plushy globule due to an abundance of long brown hairs (Reyne, 1954b).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 78]; BaerKo1985 [taxonomy: 129]; Beards1984 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 96]; BullinKo1985 [taxonomy: 11]; GullanMiCo2005 [ecology, host: 168]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 191]; HuLi1993a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 110, 113]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 479]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 173]; Reyne1954b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 235-239]; Reyne1961 [taxonomy: 131].
Reynvaania spinatus Hu & LiNOMENCLATURE:
Reynvaania spinatus Hu & Li, 1993a: 111-114. Type data: CHINA: Jiangxi Province, Wugongshan, on Cyclobalanopsis myrsinsefolia, 01/06/1990, by Hu & Xiao. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Cyclobalanopsis myrsinsefolia [HuLi1993a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) [HuLi1993a]).
BIOLOGY: This species lives on an evergreen oak inside galls found at the top of young twigs or at the base of buds. Eggs are deposited inside galls during early June and hatch in mid-June (Hu & Li, 1993a).
GENERAL REMARKS: This is the second species described in Reynvaania and the first in China (Hu & Li, 1993a).
STRUCTURE: Hu & Li (1993a), state that the "first instar nymphs have dimorphic forms, which are quite dissimilar in color and micromorphology."
CITATIONS: HuLi1993a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 110-114].
Sucinikermes KotejaNOMENCLATURE:
Sucinikermes Koteja, 1988d. Type species: Sucinikermes kulickae Koteja, by monotypy and original designation.
KEYS: Koteja 2000: 182 (female) [Key to genera of fossil eriococcids].
CITATIONS: Koteja1988d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 525-535]; Koteja2000 [taxonomy: 182]; Koteja2000c [taxonomy: 208].
Sucinikermes kulickae KotejaNOMENCLATURE:
Sucinikermes kulickae Koteja, 1988d: 526-533. Type data: POLAND: Gdansk, baltic amber. Holotype larva, by original designation. Type depository: Warsaw: Museum of Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Described: larva. Illust.
HOST: Baltic amber [Koteja1988d].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Poland [Koteja1988d].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of first instar larva by Koteja (1988d).
STRUCTURE: First instar larva elongate oval with posterior extremity tapered. Eyes are well developed, without eye stalk (Koteja, 1988d).
CITATIONS: Koteja1988d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 526-532]; Koteja2000c [distribution, taxonomy: 208].
Incertae Sedis Species
Kermes aterrimus (Costa)NOMENCLATURE:
Calypticus aterrimus Costa, 1829: 11-12. Type data: ITALY: on Quercus ilex. Unknown type status. Incertae sedis by Fernald, 1903b: 324.
Lecanium aterrimum; Walker, 1852: 1078. Change of combination.
Coccus aterrimus; Lindinger, 1954: 618. Change of combination. Notes: Lindinger states that the combination Coccus aterrimus was proposed by Stainton in 1873, but no Stainton publication for that year can be located.
Talla aterrima; Lindinger, 1954: 618. Change of combination.
Kermes aterrimus; Hoy, 1963: 140. Change of combination.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus ilex [Fernal1903b].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Walker1852].
SYSTEMATICS: The history of this name is confusing. Fernald (1903b) lists this species under the heading "species without description or not recognizable." Lindinger (1954) considered Talla aterrima to be the senior synonym of Kermes bacciformis, but gave no evidence in support of this opinion. Hoy (1963) treats Kermes bacciformis Leonardi as the senior name. Since no information is available on the basis of these synonymies, we consider the two distinct.
CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 324]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 140]; Lindin1954 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 618]; Signor1869 [distribution: 844]; Walker1852 [distribution, taxonomy: 1078].
Species Removed from Family
Asterolecanium epidendriNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes epidendri Lindinger, 1935: 147. Notes: It seems that Lindinger (1935) inadvertently created the combination Kermes epidendri. Although he cites the author of this combination as Truffaut 1912, no such publication can be found. Lindinger's (1935) remark was to invalidate the combination of Kermes epidendri and to reiterate the species assignment in Asterolecanium (Asterolecaniidae) where this species is currently placed.
Cryptes baccataNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes acaciae Maskell, 1894b: 83-84. Notes: Deitz & Tocker (1980) cite Kermes acaciae as a junior synonym of Cryptes baccata which is a member of the family Coccidae.
Cryptes baccatusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes maskelli Maskell, 1892: 21. Removed from family by Deitz & Tocker, 1980: 30. Notes: This species is currently placed in the Coccidae.
Cryptococcus fagisugaNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes fagi Lindinger, 1957: 549. Notes: Lindinger (1957) meant to reiterate the placement of fagi in Cryptococcus and he cites Guérin (1818) as the creator of the Kermes fagi combination. The 1818 date is probably wrong, and no Guérin publication mentioning the combination can be found. Therefore, at least for the time being, this combination will be listed as by Lindinger (1957) even though it is not what he intended. Cryptococcus fagisuga is currently placed in the Eriococcidae.
Eulecanium tiliaeNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes emerici Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 733. Notes: This species is currently considered to be a junior synonym of E. tiliae which is placed in the Coccidae.
Kermes fuscus Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 733. Notes: There is a great deal of confusion about the status of this species. It is currently believed to be a junior synonym of Eulecanium tiliae and it is currently placed in the Coccidae. For more information see Ben-Dov (1993).
Margarodes polonicusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes polonicus Gervais & Beneden, 1859: 374. Notes: This species is currently placed in the Margarodidae.
Parlatoria zizyphiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes aurantii Boisduval, 1869: 338. Notes: Kermes aurantii is considered a junior synonym of Parlatoria zizyphi in the Diaspididae.
Physokermes insignicolaNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes insignicola Michelbacher & Borden, 1944: 715. Notes: This species is currently placed in the Coccidae.
Radiococcus kelloggiiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes kelloggii Carnes, 1912: 400. Notes: This species is currently placed in the Pseudococcidae.
Saissetia coffeaeNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes anthurii Boisduval, 1867: 328. Notes: Kermes anthurii and K. filicum are both junior synonyms of Saissetia coffeae which is in the Coccidae.
Kermes filicum Lindinger, 1935: 137.
Saissetia oleaeNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kermes oleae Cockerell, 1899n: 12. Notes: This species is currently placed in the Coccidae.