Family Halimococcidae
Colobopyga BréthesNOMENCLATURE:
Colobopyga Bréthes, 1912: 279. Type species: Colobopyga magnani Bréthes, by monotypy.
Palmaricoccus Stickney, 1934: 49. Type species: Palmaricoccus attaleae Stickney, by original designation. Synonymy by Ferris, 1952: 3.
Halimococcoides Lindinger, 1943b: 221. Type species: Fiorinia kewensis Newstead, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Ferris, 1952: 3. Notes: Ferris (1952) assigned kewensis to Colobopyga Bréthes (1912), with Halimococcus nesiotes Laing a junior synonym. There is no evidence that Ferris was familiar with Lindinger's genus Halimococcoides, but his treatment of its type species, kewensis as a species of Colobopyga resulted in its placement as a junior synonym of Colobopyga.
KEYS: Zimmerman 1948: 429 (female) [as Palmaricoccus; Genera of Phoenicococcini in Hawaii]; Stickney 1934: 31 (egg) [as Palmaricoccus; Keys to genera of Phoenicococcini]; Stickney 1934: 32 (first instar) [as Palmaricoccus; key to genera of Phoenicococcini]; Stickney 1934: 32, 33 (female) [as Palmaricoccus; key to genera of Phoenicococcini]; Stickney 1934: 34 (male) [as Palmaricoccus; key to genera of Phoenicococcini].
CITATIONS: AhmadGh1972 [distribution, host: 87]; Beards1963 [taxonomy: 59]; Beards1997a [taxonomy: 378]; Borchs1966 [distribution, taxonomy: 26]; Brethe1912 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 279]; Brown1965 [physiology, taxonomy: 196]; Deitz1979 [distribution, taxonomy: 453]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 7]; Ferris1942 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 66]; Ferris1952 [distribution, taxonomy: 3]; Howell1979 [taxonomy: 556]; Kohler1987 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 113, 114, 124]; Koteja1974b [distribution, taxonomy: 84]; KozarDr1998g [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 403]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 81]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 182, 192]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 221]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 43]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy: 30]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 31, 32, 33, 34, 49]; WilliaWa1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 209-210]; Zimmer1948 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 429, 430].
Colobopyga attaleae (Stickney)NOMENCLATURE:
Palmaricoccus attaleae Stickney, 1934: 53. Type data: MEXICO: Colima, Manzanillo, on Attalea cohune, 1925, by G.F. Ferris. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust. Notes: Although the USNM has one slide labeled "holotype" and two slides marked "paratype" these must be considered syntypes since Stickney made no mention of a holotype in his original publication.
Colobopyga attaleae; Ferris, 1952: 3. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae: Attalea cohune [Stickn1934].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Colima [Stickn1934]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descriptions and illustrations of first instar, both sexes of second instar, third-instar female, fourth-instar male and both adults of both sexes by Stickney (1934).
STRUCTURE: Adult female moderately elliptical to pyriform; segmentation obscure except on both surfaces of the 5 posterior segments; membranous throughout, including anal segment. Typical specimen 1.07 mm long and 0.82 mm wide (Stickney, 1934).
KEYS: Deitz 1979: 453 (female) [Key to Colobopyga species]; Ferris 1952: 3 (first instar) [New World species of Colobopyga]; Ferris 1952: 3 (adult) [New World species of Colobopyga]; Stickney 1934: 51, 52, 53 [as Palmaricoccus attaleae; Key to species of Palmaricoccus].
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 26]; Deitz1979 [taxonomy: 453]; Ferris1942 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 66, 67-68]; Ferris1952 [taxonomy: 3]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy: 285]; Howell1979 [taxonomy: 557]; Kohler1987 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 113, 123, 124]; Koteja1974b [distribution, structure: 84, 115]; Koteja1976 [structure: 280]; KotejaLi1976 [structure: 677]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 192]; Lobdel1937 [structure: 80]; Miller1996 [distribution: 79]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 51, 52, 53-66]; Zimmer1948 [distribution, taxonomy: 430].
Colobopyga australiensis DeitzNOMENCLATURE:
Colobopyga australiensis Deitz, 1979: 454-457. Type data: AUSTRALIA: taken in quarantine at San Francisco, California, United States, 02/06/1932, on "Kentia palm" seed. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes also in USNM and NZAC.
HOST: Arecaceae: Gronophyllum sp. [Deitz1979]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Deitz1979].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of second instar and adult female by Deitz (1979).
STRUCTURE: Slide-mounted adult female 1.37-1.67 mm long, turbinate. Pygidium tapering posteriorly, apex rounded (Deitz, 1979).
SYSTEMATICS: Colopyga australiensis is very close to C. hedyscepes. Adult females of C. australiensis are larger and have a more elongate pygidium; 2nd instar females of the two species also differ in shape (Deitz, 1979).
KEYS: Deitz 1979: 454 (female) [Species of Colobopyga].
CITATIONS: Deitz1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 454, 456]; Kohler1987 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 118, 123].
Colobopyga browni BeardsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Colobopyga browni Beardsley, 1963: 60. Type data: UNITED STATES: Hawaii, Oahu, Koolau Mountains, Poamoho Trail summit, on Pritchardia rockiana Beccari, 16/04/1960, by S.W. Brown & J. W. Beardsley. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: 2 paratypes also in USNM.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Pritchardia kahana [Beards1963], Pritchardia martiodes [Nakaha1981a], Pritchardia rockiana [Beards1963], Pritchardia sp. [Beards1963]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu [Beards1963]).
BIOLOGY: This species was collected at an altitude of 660m. It was found on the lower surface of the leaf blade and was clothed in a thick wooly tomentum which partially or completely hid the scales (Beardsley, 1963). Also, "there appears to be a habitat separation between this species and the related C. pritchardiae. C. browni was found only on the leaves, whereas C. pritchardiae was confined to the fruiting branches, the fruit and associated bracts"(Beardsley, 1963).
STRUCTURE: Beardsley (1963) states that the scales are reddish to yellowish brown in color and have a small deposit of whitish wax along the lateral margins.
SYSTEMATICS: This species is closely allied to C. pritchardiae (Stickney), but it is smaller, the second stage female has fewer tubular ducts and the portion of the derm clothed with small conical projections is less extensive. In C. pritchardiae these conical projections are present completely across the dorsum of the prepygidial abdominal segments, whereas in C. browni the middle part of the dorsum of these segments is free of projections. The operculum of P. pritchardiae does not possess the well defined weakly sclerotized unreticulate area along the anterior margin which is found in C. browni(Beardsley, 1963).
KEYS: Deitz 1979: 454 (female) [Key to Colobopyga species]; Beardsley 1963: 60 (female) [key to known Hawaiian species of Colobopyga].
CITATIONS: Beards1963 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 60-62]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 26]; Brown1965 [physiology, taxonomy: 196, 197]; Deitz1979 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 454]; Kohler1987 [distribution, host: 123]; Nakaha1981a [distribution, host: 405]; NeumanHoFo2007 [distribution, host: 39]; Nishid2002 [catalogue: 143]; Nur1982 [physiology: 520, 528].
Colobopyga coperniciae FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Colobopyga coperniciae Ferris, 1952: 3. Type data: CUBA: Province Las Villas, Santa Clara, on Copernicia hospita, summer 1951, by B.E. Dahlgren. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Ferris states that the types of all species were deposited in the Stanford collection. This has since been incorporated into the collection at UCDC.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Colpothrinax wrightii [Kohler1987], Copernicia hospita [Ferris1952].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Ferris1952].
BIOLOGY: Insects occur in the folds of the leaf (Ferris, 1952).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Ferris (1952). Detailed illustrations and descriptions of life cycle by Köhler (1987).
STRUCTURE: Ferris (1952) states that this species looks like a small brown seed-like body and is devoid of any wax covering.
KEYS: Deitz 1979: 453 (female) [Key to Colobopyga species]; Ferris 1952: 3 (adult) [New World species of Colobopyga].
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 26]; Deitz1979 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 453]; Ferris1952 [taxonomy: 3]; Kohler1987 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 113-125]; WoodwaEvEa1970 [illustration, structure: 428].
Colobopyga hedyscepes DeitzNOMENCLATURE:
Colobopyga hedyscepes Deitz, 1979: 454. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Auckland, Mt. Albert, on Hedyscepe canterburyana, 01/02/1978, by L.L. Deitz. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 78-38a. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes also in USNM, BMNH and ANIC.
HOST: Arecaceae: Hedyscepe canterburyana [Deitz1979].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Deitz1979]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of adult and second-instar female by Deitz (1979).
STRUCTURE: Slide-mounted adult female 0.65-0.73 mm long, pyriform. Derm membranous, but pygidium weakly sclerotized; venter of thorax and 1st abdominal segment with minute spicules in a broad band medially; each spiracle nearly surrounded by concentric rows of minute conical points. Pygidium semicircular in outline (Deitz, 1979).
SYSTEMATICS: Colobopyga hedyscepes closely resembles C. australiensis, but is shorter has a less elongate pygidium (Deitz, 1979).
KEYS: Deitz 1979: 454 (female) [Species of Colobopyga].
CITATIONS: Deitz1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 453-457]; Kohler1987 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 118, 123].
Colobopyga kewensis (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Fiorinia kewensis Newstead, 1901a: 82-83. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, on Howea Forsteriana, ?/03/1898. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 210. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Adiscofiorinia kewensis; Leonardi, 1906c: 52, 56. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Halimococcus nesiotes Laing, 1925a: 51. Type data: LORD HOWE ISLAND: on a Palmae, by H.W. Simmonds. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 210. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ferris, 1952: 3.
Palmaricoccus nesiotes; Stickney, 1934: 72. Change of combination.
Halimococcus borassi; Lindinger, 1943b: 211. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 89. Notes: Lindinger (1943b) states that Halimococcus borassi is identical to Halimococcus kewensis, but no other agreed. It is here placed in Halimococcus.
Halimococcoides kewensis; Lindinger, 1943b: 220-221. Change of combination.
Colobopyga kewensis; Ferris, 1952: 3. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Arecaceae [Laing1925a], Borassus sp. [Kohler1987], Howea forsteriana [Beards1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [WilliaWa1990] (Williams & Watson (1990) state that this species probably originated in Lord Howe Island.). Australasian: Hawaiian Islands [Stickn1934] (Oahu [Nishid2002]); Lord Howe Island [Laing1925a] (Williams & Watson (1990) state that this species probably originated in Lord Howe Island.). Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [Newste1901a, WilliaWa1990] (Williams & Watson (1990) state that this species probably originated in Lord Howe Island.)).
BIOLOGY: Beardsley (1963) states that this species is probably an accidental introduction into the Hawaiian Islands.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of first instar, second-instar male and female, third and fourth-instar male and both sexes of adults by Stickney (1934).
STRUCTURE: Williams & Watson (1990) state that "this scale is covered in a felted cottony material, extending at anterior end as longer filaments. Second instar lying under covering, heavily sclerotized, pale yellow to dark brown."
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 210 (female) [Key to species of Colobopyga]; Deitz 1979: 453 (female) [Key to Colobopyga species]; Beardsley 1963: 59 (female) [Key to known Hawaiian species of Colobopyga]; Zimmerman 1948: 430 (female) [as Palmaricoccus nesiotes; Palmaricoccus species found in Hawaii]; Stickney 1934: 51, 52, 53 [as Palmaricoccus nesiotes; Key to species of Palmaricoccus].
CITATIONS: Beards1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 59, 62-63]; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 89]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 26]; Deitz1979 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 453]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, description, host: 248]; Ferris1952 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 3]; Hall1946a [distribution, host: 517, 550, 556]; Kohler1987 [distribution, host: 123]; KozarDr1998g [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 403]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 81]; Laing1925a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 51]; Leonar1906c [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 52, 56]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy: 77]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 220, 221]; Lobdel1937 [structure: 80]; MacGil1921 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 379]; Nakaha1981a [distribution, host: 405]; Newste1901a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 82-83]; Newste1901b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 134, 137-139]; Nishid2002 [catalogue: 143]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 51, 52, 53, 72-79]; Swezey1936 [distribution, host: 112]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 210-212]; WoodwaEvEa1970 [distribution: 430]; Zimmer1948 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 430-432].
Colobopyga magnani BréthesNOMENCLATURE:
Colobopyga magnani Bréthes, 1912: 281. Type data: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, on Chamaerops humilis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: La Plata: Museo de la Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Division Entomologia, Argentina. Described: female.
HOST: Arecaceae: Chamaerops humilis [Brethe1912].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Brethe1912]).
KEYS: Deitz 1979: 453 (female) [Key to Colobopyga species]; Ferris 1952: 3 (adult) [New World species of Colobopyga].
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 26]; Brethe1912 [description, distribution, host: 281]; Deitz1979 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 453]; Ferris1952 [distribution, host: 3]; Kohler1987 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 113, 123]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 182]; Lizery1939 [distribution, host: 185]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Sassce1915 [distribution, host: 30]; Varshn1976 [distribution, host: 11].
Colobopyga palmicola Williams & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Colobopyga palmicola Williams & Watson, 1990: 212-214. Type data: NORFOLK ISLAND: 06/02/1980, on Howea forsteriana, by R. Paton. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Paratypes also in BMNH.
HOST: Arecaceae: Howea forsteriana [WilliaWa1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Norfolk Island [WilliaWa1990].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Williams & Watson (1990).
SYSTEMATICS: Williams & Watson (1990) state that Colobopyga palmicola is close to C. hedyscepes. "C. hedyscepes lacks the ventral quinquelocular pores on the prepygidial segments that are present in C. palmicola. The adult female of C. palmicola also differs from that of C. hedyscepes in possessing a sclerotized area just anterior to the anus. In the second instar of C. palmicola the pygidial margin posterior to the rim of the operculum is prolonged posteriorly, but the pygidial margin in C. hedyscepes is about the same width around the entire posterior margin of the operculum. Two other species, C. attaleae (Stickney) and C. washingtoniae Ferris, possess disc pores anterior to the pygidium in the adult female. The pores in these two species, however, are present on both the dorsum and the venter, whereas in C. palmicola they occur on the venter only.
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 210 (female) [Key to species of Colobopyga].
CITATIONS: WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 212-214].
Colobopyga pritchardiae (Stickney)NOMENCLATURE:
Palmaricoccus pritchardiae Stickney, 1934: 67. Type data: UNITED STATES: Hawaii, Oahu and Molokai Islands, on Pritchardia hardyi and P. rockiana, by J.F. Rock & O.H. Swezey. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 34-922. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust. Notes: Although the USNM has one slide marked "holotype" and 5 slides marked "paratype," there is no mention of a holotype in Stickney's original description so these specimens must be considered syntypes.
Colobopyga pritchardiae; Beardsley, 1963: 60. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Pritchardia beccariana [NeumanHoFo2007], Pritchardia hardyi [Stickn1934], Pritchardia rockiana [Stickn1934], Pritchardia sp. [Beards1963]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [NeumanHoFo2007], Molokai [Stickn1934], Oahu [Stickn1934]).
BIOLOGY: Beardsley (1963) reports that this species was originally described from two lots, one from Oahu and one from Molokai on Pritchardia hardyi, but P. hardyi was described from Kauai and none of the endemic Hawaiian Pritchardia palms occur on more than one island. This means that either the host plant or the locality of the original description is erroneous. Crawlers move towards areas under the bracts before settling. Adult scales are found a few centimeters distance from the base of bracts where the sheath was less tightly enclosing the stem or even partly opened. The location of adults some distance from the base of the bract is possibly due to the elongation of the stem internodes during the growth of the fruiting structure since scales are sessile after the crawler stage settles. (Neuman, et al., 2007)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descriptions and illustrations of first instar, second and third instar and adult female as well as male second instar by Stickney (1934).
KEYS: Deitz 1979: 453 (female) [Key to Colobopyga species]; Beardsley 1963: 60 (female) [Key to known Hawaiian species of Colobopyga]; Zimmerman 1948: 430 (female) [as Palmaricoccus pritchardiae; Palmaricoccus species found in Hawaii]; Stickney 1934: 51-52 [as Palmaricoccus pritchardiae; Key to species of Palmaricoccus].
CITATIONS: Beards1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 60, 63]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 26]; Brown1965 [physiology, taxonomy: 198]; Deitz1979 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 453]; Kohler1987 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 113]; Nakaha1981a [distribution, host: 405]; NeumanHoFo2007 [distribution, host, illustration: 39-42]; Nishid2002 [catalogue: 143]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 5, 51, 52, 67]; Swezey1936 [distribution, host: 112]; Zimmer1948 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 430, 432-434].
Colobopyga sabalis (Ferris)NOMENCLATURE:
Palmaricoccus sabalis Ferris, 1942: SIV-441. Type data: MEXICO: Oaxaca, Chivela, near Salina Cruz, on Sabal? sp., 1926, by G.F. Ferris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Colobopyga sabalis; Ferris, 1952: 3. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae: Sabal sp.? [Ferris1942]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Oaxaca [Ferris1942]).
BIOLOGY: Ferris (1942) states that adult females were found "buried in the deep, tight folds of the leaves in the region of the hasta" and that they look like minute brown seeds.
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Ferris (1942).
STRUCTURE: Slide-mounted adult female about 1.0 mm long, narrowly turbinate. Derm membranous throughout, the dorsum of the pygidium very weakly sclerotized. Pygidium narrowly rounded apically and terminating in a pair of quite stout, spatulate setae which are set quite close together at the apex. Laterad of these and over the dorsum of the pygidial area are several slender setae. Dorsum of the pygidium slightly rugulose. Second stage becoming very sclerotized at maturity, oval, with posterior third forming a caudal projection. Spiracles are set far posteriorly on the body, each being borne in a conspicuous ear-like protuberance (Ferris, 1942).
SYSTEMATICS: The striking spiracular lobes of the second stage are immediately distinctive of this species. The adult female closely resembles C. washingtoniae, but differs in the absence of multilocular disc pores on the 7th segment and in the presence of the conspicuous spiracular plates (Ferris, 1942).
KEYS: Deitz 1979: 453 (female) [Key to Colobopyga species]; Ferris 1952: 3 (adult) [New World species of Colobopyga].
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 26-27]; Deitz1979 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 453]; Ferris1942 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: SIV-441]; Ferris1952 [taxonomy: 3]; Kohler1987 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 123, 124]; Miller1996 [distribution: 79].
Colobopyga washingtoniae (Ferris)NOMENCLATURE:
Palmaricoccus washingtoniae Ferris, 1942: SIV-442. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California Norte, Cataviña, on Washingtonia robusta, by I. Wiggins. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Colobopyga washingtoniae; Ferris, 1952: 3. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae: Washingtonia robusta [Ferris1942].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [Ferris1942]).
BIOLOGY: This species is found on the host "buried in the folds of the leaf about the hasta (Ferris, 1942)."
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Ferris (1942).
STRUCTURE: Slide-mounted adult female about 0.75 mm long and oval, pygidial region not sharply demarked from the remainder of the body. Pygidium short and narrowly truncate or slightly rounded apically, bearing a pair of short, stout, slightly spatulate setae close together in the center apically. In addition to these several slender setae are present on the dorsal surface (Ferris, 1942).
SYSTEMATICS: Colobopyga washingtoniae most closely resembles C. sabalis, but the adult female differs in possessing disc pores on the 7th abdominal segment, in the form of the antennae and in lacking the large spiracular plates of the other species. The second stage differs especially in not having the spiracles borne on ear-like processes (Ferris, 1942).
KEYS: Deitz 1979: 453 (female) [Key to Colobopyga species]; Ferris 1952: 3 [New World species of Colobopyga].
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Deitz1979 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 453]; Ferris1942 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: SIV-442]; Ferris1952 [taxonomy: 3]; Kohler1987 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 123, 124]; Miller1996 [distribution: 79].
Halimococcus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Halimococcus Cockerell, 1902: 15. Type species: Halimococcus lampas Cockerell, by monotypy.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of first instar, both sexes of second instar and both sexes of adults by Stickney (1934).
KEYS: Ezzat 1958: 250 (female) [Key to the genera of Phoenicococcinae in Egypt]; Betrem 1937: 20, 96 (female) [Key to the genera of the Dactylopiinae of Southeast Asia]; Stickney 1934: 31 (egg) [Key to genera of Phoenicococcini]; Stickney 1934: 32 (first instar) [Key to genera of Phoenicococcini]; Stickney 1934: 32 (first instar) [Key to genera of Phoenicococcini]; Stickney 1934: 33 (female) [Key to genera of Phoenicococcini]; Stickney 1934: 34 (male) [Key to genera of Phoenicococcini].
CITATIONS: Balach1948b [taxonomy: 257, 260]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy: 21, 96]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Brain1920 [description, taxonomy: 126]; BruesMeCa1954 [taxonomy: 108, 167]; Cocker1902 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 15]; Ehrhor1921 [distribution, host: 463]; Ezzat1958 [distribution, taxonomy: 250]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 89]; Ferris1921b [taxonomy: 91]; Ferris1922b [taxonomy: 247]; Fleury1935a [distribution, host: 61]; Green1922 [description, distribution: 359-360]; KozarDr1998g [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 404]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 81]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 186]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 210, 211]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy: 425]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 89]; Porcel2002 [life history: 191]; Stickn1934 [description, taxonomy: 79-83]; Varshn1995 [distribution: 154]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 326].
Halimococcus borassi GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Halimococcus borassi Green, 1922: 360. Type data: SRI LANKA: Peradeniya, Royal Botanic Gardens, on Borassus flabelliformis. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: There are ten slides in the USNM marked "type material."
HOST: Arecaceae: Borassus flabelliformis [Green1922].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of egg, first instar, both sexes second instar, adult female, male by Stickney (1934).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body elongate elliptical; segmentation distinguished on ventral surface of thorax caudad of rostrum, on abdomen, and on dorsum of the 3 or 4 posterior abdominal segments. Typical specimen is 0.58 mm long and 0.28 mm wide (Stickney, 1934).
KEYS: Stickney 1934: 82 [Key to species of Halimococcus].
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Brown1965 [physiology, taxonomy: 198]; Green1922 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 360-361]; Green1937 [distribution, host: 288]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 221]; Ramakr1926 [distribution, host: 452]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 82, 83, 102-106]; Varshn2002 [distribution, host: 2].
Halimococcus lampas CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Halimococcus lampas Cockerell, 1902: 15. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Kwazulu Natal, on Palmae. Syntypes. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: both sexes. Notes: Hartman (1916) states that there is a "type" in the New York State Museum. There are 5 slides in USNM marked "type."
HOSTS: Arecaceae [Cocker1902], Hyphaene crinita [Brain1920].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Cocker1902] (The locality is referred to as "Natal" in the original publication.); Tanzania [Giliom1966]; Zambia [Giliom1966]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of egg, first instar, both sexes of second instar, third instar female, and both sexes of adults female by Stickney (1934).
STRUCTURE: Female is enclosed in a dark brown horny oval sac. The orifice is closed by a reticulated plate, except basally. The male is small, cylindrical, horny and ferruginous in color. A few white curled waxen threads protrude from beneath the sacs of the females (Cockerell, 1902).
KEYS: Stickney 1934: 82, 83 [Keys to species of Halimococcus].
CITATIONS: BenDov1985 [distribution: 174]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Brain1920 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 127]; Cocker1902 [description, distribution, host: 15]; Cocker1902g [distribution, host: 112]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 89]; Giliom1966 [distribution, host: 428]; Green1922 [distribution, host: 360]; Hall1937 [distribution, host: 125]; Hartma1916 [distribution, host: 95]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 186]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 211]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 8]; MunroFo1936 [distribution, host: 87]; Pierce1917 [economic importance: 162]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 82-91].
Halimococcus thebaicae HallNOMENCLATURE:
Halimococcus thebaicae Hall, 1923: 2-3. Type data: EGYPT: Luxor, Nag' Hamâdi and Motana, on Hyphaene thebaica. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Cairo: Plant Protection Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: There are 14 slides in USNM, 4 marked "type" and 10 marked "paratype."
HOST: Arecaceae: Hyphaene thebaica [Hall1923].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [EzzatAf1966].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descriptions and illustrations of egg, first instar, both sexes of second instar, third-instar female, fourth-instar male and both sexes of adult by Stickney (1943).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is completely enclosed in a reddish brown hard rigid puparium. The sac is broadly oval, strongly convex above and flattened below (Hall, 1923). Female body semi-circular or slightly ovate, about 0.8 mm long and 0.7 mm wide. Body segmentation quite obscure and outer margin smooth. Derm membranous, so thin and delicate that it is extremely difficult to extract without rupturing (Ezzat & Afifi, 1966).
KEYS: Stickney 1934: 82, 83 [Key to species of Halimococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1954e [taxonomy: 13]; Balach1958a [distribution, host: 45, 48]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Ezzat1958 [distribution, taxonomy: 250]; EzzatAf1966 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 406-408]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy: 266, 285]; Green1937 [taxonomy: 288]; Hall1923 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 2-3]; Hall1925 [distribution, host: 19]; Hall1926a [distribution, taxonomy: 35]; Koteja1974b [distribution, structure: 83, 115]; Koteja1976 [structure: 279, 280]; Koteja1980 [illustration, structure: 78, 79]; KotejaLi1976 [structure: 674, 676]; KozarDr1998g [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 404]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 404]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 157]; Lobdel1937 [structure: 80]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 82, 83, 91-101].
Madhalimococcus MametNOMENCLATURE:
Madhalimococcus Mamet, 1959a: 423-425. Type species: Madhalimococcus hyphaeneae Mamet, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Mamet (1959a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female pupillarial. Body subcircular to broadly oval, with posterior end projecting a little. Derm membranous except for the dorsal surface of the pygidium and for the anterior vulvar lips. Pygidium well-developed and not showing any trace of segmentation (Mamet, 1959a).
SYSTEMATICS: Madhalimococcus is distinguishable by the occurrence of 10-12 groups of spines in a mesal position on the derm of the egg, by the 1st stage which is characterized by a marginal row of blunt spines and the occurrence of numerous smaller spines on its dorsal surface. The second stage female is related to Halimococcus by the constitution of the spiracular pore pattern and to Thysanococcus by the occurrence of tubular ducts in a rather regular row in the submarginal area of the venter. In the adult, Madhalimococcus may easily be confused with Halimococcus (Mamet, 1959a).
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Mamet1959a [description, taxonomy: 423-425]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 114].
Madhalimococcus hyphaeneae MametNOMENCLATURE:
Madhalimococcus hyphaeneae Mamet, 1959a: 425-431. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Betioky, on Hyphaene sp., ?/02/1953, by M. Caresche. Syntypes, female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: nymphal stages. Illust.
HOST: Arecaceae: Hyphaene sp. [Mamet1959a]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of egg, first instar, both sexes of second instar and adult female by Mamet (1959a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is fully enclosed in the exuviae of the second stage which has now become convex, very strongly sclerotic, jet black, shiny, brittle, without conspicuous waxy secretions, with posterior extremity depressed dorsally in the region of the anal operculum, with ventral derm flat and somewhat sclerotized. Body subcircular to broadly oval, with posterior end projecting a little. Pygidium well-defined, sclerotized dorsally, without any indication of segmentation both dorsally and ventrally. A pair of prominent dorsal setae on the subapical margin of pygidium (Mamet, 1959a).
SYSTEMATICS: Madhalimococcus hyphaeneae can at once be distinguished by the occurrence of 10-12 groups of spines in a mesal position on the derm of the egg, by the first stage which is characterized by a marginal row of blunt spines and the occurrence of numerous smaller spines on its dorsal surface (Mamet, 1959a).
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 28]; Mamet1959a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 379, 425-431]; Mamet1962 [distribution, host: 161].
Platycoccus StickneyNOMENCLATURE:
Platycoccus Stickney, 1934: 107-108. Type species: Platycoccus tylocephalus Stickney, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of first instar, both sexes of second instar and both sexes of adults by Stickney (1934).
SYSTEMATICS: Platycoccus Stickney is the senior homonym of Platycoccus Takahashi (=Kilifia) which is a soft scale.
KEYS: Zimmerman 1948: 429 (female) [Genera of Phoenicococcini in Hawaii]; Stickney 1934: 31 (egg) [Key to genera of Phoenicococcini]; Stickney 1934: 32 (first instar) [Key to genera of Phoenicococcini]; Stickney 1934: 33 (female) [Key to genera of Phoenicococcini]; Stickney 1934: 34 (male) [Key to genera of Phoenicococcini].
CITATIONS: Beards1963 [distribution, taxonomy: 63]; Beards1997a [taxonomy: 378]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 193]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 157]; Stickn1934 [description, taxonomy: 6, 107-108]; Zimmer1948 [distribution, taxonomy: 10, 429, 434].
Platycoccus tylocephalus StickneyNOMENCLATURE:
Platycoccus tylocephalus Stickney, 1934: 108-116. Type data: UNITED STATES: Hawaii, Honolulu, on "palm", 1920, by L.A. Whitney. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 34-925. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: In the USNM is one slide marked "holotype" and two marked "paratype" and eight marked "type." All of these must be considered syntypes since Stickney made no mention of a holotype in his original description.
HOSTS: Arecaceae [Stickn1934], Pritchardia kahanae [Beards1963], Pritchardia martiodes [Beards1963], Pritchardia remota [Beards1963], Pritchardia rockiana [Beards1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Niihau [Nakaha1981a], Oahu [Stickn1934]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of egg, first instar, both sexes second instar, third and fourth instar males and both sexes of adult by Stickney (1943).
STRUCTURE: Adult female with segmentation indicated largely by positions of spiracles and setae. Typical specimen 1.3 mm long and 0.56 mm wide (Stickney, 1943).
CITATIONS: Beards1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 63-64]; Beards1966c [distribution, host: 163]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Brown1965 [physiology, taxonomy: 200-201]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 193]; Lobdel1937 [structure: 80]; Nakaha1981a [description, host: 405-406]; NeumanHoFo2007 [distribution, host: 39]; Nishid2002 [catalogue: 143]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 108]; Swezey1936 [distribution, host: 112]; Zimmer1948 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 434-436].
Thysanococcus StickneyNOMENCLATURE:
Thysanococcus Stickney, 1934: 116. Type species: Thysanococcus chinensis Stickney, by original designation.
KEYS: Stickney 1934: 31 (egg) [Key to genera of Phoenicococcini]; Stickney 1934: 33, 34 (female) [Key to genera of Phoenicococcini]; Stickney 1934: 34 (male) [Key to genera of Phoenicococcini].
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 84]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 197]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy: 425]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 195]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 116-119]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 118].
Thysanococcus calami StickneyNOMENCLATURE:
Thysanococcus calami Stickney, 1934: 139-143. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Bogor, on "Rottang," by A. Zimmermann. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: USNM has one slide marked "holotype", two slides marked "paratypes" and ten slides marked "type." However, since Stickney made no mention of a holotype in his original description, all of this material is considered syntypes.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Stickn1934]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of egg, first instar and second instar and adult female by Stickney (1934).
KEYS: Stickney 1934: 119, 120 [Key to species of Thysanococcus].
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Brown1965 [physiology, taxonomy: 202, 283]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 119, 120, 139-143].
Thysanococcus chinensis StickneyNOMENCLATURE:
Thysanococcus chinensis Stickney, 1934: 120-127. Type data: CHINA: "Yenping", on Calamus sp., 1925, by E.O. Essig. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 34-926. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: USNM has one slide marked "holotype," two marked "paratype" and two marked "type." However, because Stickney made no mention of a holotype in his original description this material is considered to be syntypes.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Calamus sp. [Stickn1934], Calamus tetradactylus [Tao1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Tao1999]). Palaearctic: China [Stickn1934] (The original description gives the type locality as "Yenping.").
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of first, second and third instar as well as adult female by Stickney (1934).
KEYS: Stickney 1934: 119, 120 [Key to species of Thysanococcus].
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 140]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 197]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 116, 120-127]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 3]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 48]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 120].
Thysanococcus madecassus MametNOMENCLATURE:
Thysanococcus madecassus Mamet, 1959a: 431-434. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Morafenobe, on Raphia sp., ?/05/1952, by R. Paulian. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 658. Described: immature. Illust.
HOST: Arecaceae: Raphia sp. [Mamet1959a]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Mamet (1959a) describes and illustrates the adult and second-instar female.
STRUCTURE: The second stage female completely encloses the adult female and is well-sclerotized dorsally, weakly sclerotized ventrally, light brown, fairly convex, widest across the anterior half, tapering towards the posterior extremity, coated with a thin layer of colorless glassy secretion, with short fine and pale-brown thread-like secretions arising from the margin of the body. Adult female oval, pygidium not demarked from the remainder of body. Derm membranous throughout, except for the weakly-sclerotized dorsal surface of pygidium. Slide-mounted specimen about 0.4 mm long. Pygidium longer than broad, rounded apically; dorsal area weakly sclerotized, oval, with anal orifice very small, without setae and situated at about its apical third (Mamet, 1959a).
SYSTEMATICS: Thysanococcus madecassus differs from all known members of the genus by the occurrence of a regular series of 3 different types of quinquelocular pores in the submarginal area of the dorsum of the 2nd stage female (Mamet, 1959a).
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Mamet1959a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 379, 431-434].
Thysanococcus pandani StickneyNOMENCLATURE:
Thysanococcus pandani Stickney, 1934: 127-135. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Bogor, on Pandanus sp., by Marlatt & Zimmermann; also SINGAPORE: on P. utilis and P. penangensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: USNM has one slide marked "holotype" and many slides marked "paratype" or "type." However, since Stickney made no mention of a holotype in the original description this material must be considered syntypes.
HOSTS: Pandanaceae: Pandanus penangensis [Stickn1934], Pandanus sp. [Stickn1934, Heu2002], Pandanus tectorius [Stickn1934], Pandanus utilis [Stickn1934].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Maui [Heu2002] (First observed in 1995 (Heu 2002).)). Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Stickn1934]); Singapore [Stickn1934].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of egg, first instar, both sexes of second instar, both sexes of third instar, fourth-instar male, and both sexes of adult by Stickney (1934).
SYSTEMATICS: Used as an outgroup in a phylogenetic analysis of the Diaspididae, based on molecular markers (Morse & Normark, 2005).
KEYS: Stickney 1934: 119, 120 [Key to species of Thysanococcus].
CITATIONS: AndersWuGr2010 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 996]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Brown1965 [physiology, taxonomy: 202-203]; Heu2002 [distribution, host: 63]; Koteja1974b [distribution, structure: 84, 115]; Koteja1976 [structure: 279, 280]; Koteja1980 [illustration, structure: 79]; KotejaLi1976 [structure: 674, 676]; MorseNo2006 [phylogeny, phylogenetics, taxonomy: 339]; Nishid2002 [catalogue: 143]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 5, 119, 120, 127-135].
Thysanococcus squamulatus StickneyNOMENCLATURE:
Thysanococcus squamulatus Stickney, 1934: 135-139. Type data: CHINA: Guangdong, on Calamus tetradactylus and from Hong Kong on undetermined host, by Compere. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: USNM has one slide marked "holotype," four marked "paratype" and seventeen marked "type." Stickney did not make any mention of a holotype in his original description so all material must be considered syntypes.
HOSTS: Arecaceae [Stickn1934], Calamus tetradactylus [Stickn1934].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Stickn1934]); Hong Kong [Tao1999].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of egg and first and second instar and adult female by Stickney (1934).
KEYS: Stickney 1934: 119, 120 [Key to species of Thysanococcus].
CITATIONS: Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 140]; Stickn1934 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 119, 120, 135-139]; Takagi1981 [taxonomy: 11]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 3]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 48]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 120].
Genera Removed from Family
LimacoccusNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Canceraspis Hempel, 1934: 141. Notes: Canceraspis was synonymized with Limacoccus Bondar by Lepage (1938) and is now in the family Beesoniidae (Foldi, 1995).
Species Removed from Family
Limacoccus brasiliensisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Canceraspis brasiliensis Hempel, 1934: 141. Notes: This species has been transferred into the family Beesoniidae (Foldi, 1995).