present designation. Type depositories: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia, London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and BPBM, NMVA; type no. V-152. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes: 15 adult females, same data as holotype, 12 slides in ANIC, 3 slides in BPBM
HOST: Pittosporaceae: Bursaria spinosa [HardyGu2007].
BIOLOGY: Found feeding on Bursaria where all other Phacelococcus are found feeding under eucalyptus bark. Beardsley recorded in his field notebook that on 9/11/1971 adult females were forming ovisacs and ovipositing (Hardy & Gullan, 2007)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hardy & Gullan (2007)
STRUCTURE: Adult female body outline oval. Eyes on margin. Antennae 6-7 segmented. Dorsum smaller than venter, delineated by enlarged setae. Derm membranous. Ventral setae in a transverse row across each abdominal segment and scattered around margin. ((Hardy & Gullan, 2007)
SYSTEMATICS: Phacelococcus bursaria differs from other Phacelococcus in that it has enlarged dorsal setae and lacks ventral clusters of quinquelocular pores around the spiracles. The pores are restricted to the margin of each body segment. Macrotubular ducts are only on ventral surface of abdominal segments. There is only a single pair of setae on the basal segment of the labium where other species have two pair. (Hardy & Gullan, 2007)
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2007: 87 (adult, female) [Key to adult females of Phacelococcus species].
CITATIONS: HardyGu2007 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 85-91]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 105].
Phacelococcus cookae Gullan & StrongNOMENCLATURE:
Phacelococcus cookae Gullan & Strong, 1997: 231-235. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Tathra, 36 degrees 44'S and 149 degrees 59'E, on Eucalyptus sideroxylon tricarpa, 19/06/1994, by L.G. Cook. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: first instar. Illust.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus melliodora [GullanSt1997], Eucalyptus microcarpa [GullanSt1997], Eucalyptus sideroxylon tricarpa [GullanSt1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [GullanSt1997], Victoria [GullanSt1997]).
BIOLOGY: Four of the adult females from E. sideroxylon tricarpa were collected together in a cavity within swollen stem tissue and were covered in a resinous or waxy substance. The fifth specimen was taken from the arm of a gall of Apiomorpha munita tereticornuta. The specimens collected by Beardsley were in amorphous white tests, which he described as waxy on one label, and were either on bark (some adult females) or in crevices in twig bark (both adult and second-instar females)(Gullan & Strong, 1997).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Gullan & Strong (1997).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; hair-like setae scattered over dorsal surface; dorsal multilocular pores present marginally; ventral multilocular pores in clusters on abdomen and near spiracles only; cruciform pores present on dorsum only; antennae 7-segmented; macrotubular ducts present; microtubular ducts medium in length, with 1 sclerotized area (Gullan & Strong, 1997).
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2007: 87 (adult, female) [Key to adult females of Phacelococcus species]; Gullan & Strong 1997: 231 [Adult females of Phacelococcus].
CITATIONS: GullanSt1997 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 231-235]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 105]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 438].
Phacelococcus frenchi Gullan & StrongNOMENCLATURE:
Warburtonia frenchi Green, 1918: 231. Nomen nudum; discovered by Gullan & Strong, 1997: 235.
Phacelococcus frenchi Gullan & Strong, 1997: 235-236. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Australian Capital Territory, Blundell's Flat, Brindabella Range, 35 degrees 21'S and 148 degrees 50'E, on Eucalyptus fastigata, 02/08/1983, by S.M. Davey. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus fastigata [GullanSt1997], Eucalyptus regnans [GullanSt1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [GullanSt1997], Tasmania [HardyGu2007], Victoria [GullanSt1997]).
BIOLOGY: Gullan & Strong (1997) suppose that this species is fed upon by the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis Shaw). They also state that the dry bark from which these specimens were extracted contains the remnants of a cream to pale brown waxy secretion forming individual cells where females were positioned, as well as some white powdery wax.
GENERAL REMARKS: Gullan & Strong (1997) describe and illustrate the adult female of this species.
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; hair-like setae scattered over dorsal surface; dorsal multilocular pores absent; cruciform pores absent; antennae 6-segmented; macrotubular ducts present; microtubular ducts medium in length, with 1 or 2 sclerotized areas (Gullan & Strong, 1997). Gullan & Strong (1997) state that "the paratypes from Victoria with the designation #596 are listed in W.W. Froggatt's accession notebook with the following data: 'Warburtonia frenchi on Eucalyptus regnans, C. French 8/16/15 from Warburton, Vic.'" Green (1918) and Lindinger (1937) also gave this species the name Warburtonia frenchi but never formally described it; therefore, it is a nomen nudum.
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2007: 87 (adult, female) [Key to adult females of Phacelococcus species].
CITATIONS: Green1918 [host: 231]; GullanSt1997 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 235-236]; HardyGu2007 [distribution, host: 90]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 105]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 198]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 438-439].
Phacelococcus subcorticalis Gullan & StrongNOMENCLATURE:
Phacelococcus subcorticalis Gullan & Strong, 1997: 236. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Australian Capital Territory, Brindabella Range, New Chums Road, 35 degrees 24'S, 148 degrees 50'E, on Eucalyptus fastigata, 19/10/1991, by P.J. Gullan. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The type locality was devastated by January 2003 brushfires. The mature host trees of E. fastigata were severely burned and it is not known whether any P. subcorticalis survived in the area. (Hardy & Gullan, 2007)
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus fastigata [GullanSt1997], Eucalyptus regnans [GullanSt1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [GullanSt1997], New South Wales [GullanSt1997], Victoria [GullanSt1997]).
BIOLOGY: Gullan & Strong (1997) report that this species produces a large amount of honeydew in the lab and it is presumed that it is part of the diet of the Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri McCoy) and also the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis Shaw). They also state that the specimens collected in the Brindabella Range, were in longitudinal crevices in the fibrous bark on the trunk of Eucalyptus fastigata, whereas in Victoria they were found under sheets of bark of E. regnans.
GENERAL REMARKS: Gullan & Strong (1997) provide detailed description and illustration.
STRUCTURE: "In life, the adult females are orange-pink to yellow with an almost indiscernible waxy coating that is apparent as a white powdery deposit on the bark around the insects (Gullan & Strong, 1997)."
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; hair-like setae scattered over dorsal surface; dorsal multilocular pores present, abundant over both surfaces; cruciform pores absent; antennae 6-segmented; macrotubular ducts absent; microtubular ducts medium in length, with 2 sclerotized areas (Gullan & Strong, 1997).
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2007: 87 (adult, female) [Key to adult females of Phacelococcus species]; Gullan & Strong 1997: 230 [Adult females of Phacelococcus].
CITATIONS: Cook2000 [distribution, physiology: 259]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; GullanSt1997 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 236]; GwiazdVaDe2006 [phylogenetics: 16]; HardyGu2007 [distribution, host: 90]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 105]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 439-440]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 173].
Phloeococcus HoyNOMENCLATURE:
Phloeococcus Hoy, 1962: 167. Type species: Phloeococcus loriceus Hoy, by original designation.
STRUCTURE: Females in this genus do not have sacs and are accompanied by some powdery white wax (1962).
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: dorsal derm rugose; dorsomedial plate large and heavily sclerotized; medial margins of anal lobes with large teeth; anal lobes each with more than 10 enlarged setae; macrotubular ducts absent; sessile pores with more than 5 loculi, sometimes present on dorsum (Hoy, 1962).
KEYS: Henderson 2007a: 3-4 (female, adult) [Key to genera of Eriococcidae in New Zealand (adult females) Modified from Henderson (2006)]; Hoy 1962: 167 (adult female) [Phloeococcus species of New Zealand].
CITATIONS: Hoy1962 [description, taxonomy: 17, 18, 21, 167, 201, 206]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 185]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 113]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 440]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 154]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 99].
Phloeococcus cordylinidis HoyNOMENCLATURE:
Phloeococcus cordylinidis Hoy, 1962: 168-169. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Nelson, on Cordyline australis, 29/05/1935, by G. Brittin. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Agavaceae: Cordyline australis [Hoy1962].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Hoy1962], South Island [Hoy1962]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Hoy (1962).
STRUCTURE: Adult body is elongate, pyriform, with conspicuous segmentation and does not form a sac (Hoy, 1962).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae elongate, cylindrical, sides concave basally, apices slightly rounded, all approximately same size, abundant over dorsum; anal lobes nodulose, heavily sclerotized, series of teeth on ridge across venter of lobe, numerous enlarged setae on dorsal surface; nodulose plate anterior of anal lobes; dorsum of posterior abdominal segments sclerotized; multilocular pores predominantly with more than 5 loculi; macrotubular ducts absent; microtubular ducts elongate, without sclerotized area (Hoy, 1962).
KEYS: Hoy 1962: 167 (adult female) [New Zealand species of Phloeococcus].
CITATIONS: Hoy1962 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 167, 168-169]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 185]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 105]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 440]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 99].
Phloeococcus loriceus HoyNOMENCLATURE:
Phloeococcus loriceus Hoy, 1962: 170. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Palmerston North, on Beilschmiedia tawa, 04/12/1959, by J.M. Hoy. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Atherospermataceae: Laurelia novae-zealandiae [Hoy1962]. Lauraceae: Beilschmiedia tawa [Hoy1962]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [Hoy1962]. Rutaceae: Melicope simplex [Hoy1962].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Hoy1962], South Island [Hoy1962]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Hoy (1962).
STRUCTURE: Female not forming sac, accompanied by some white powdery wax. Body shape elongate (Hoy, 1962).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices slightly rounded, increasing in size from median to margin of body, abundant over dorsum; anal lobes nodulose, heavily sclerotized, series of teeth on medial margin, numerous enlarged setae on dorsal surface; nodulose plate anterior of lobes; dorsum of posterior abdominal segments sclerotized; multilocular pores predominantly with more than 5 loculi; macrotubular ducts absent; microtubular ducts elongate, without sclerotized area (Hoy, 1962).
CITATIONS: Brown1967 [distribution, host: 132]; Hoy1962 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 167, 170]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 186]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 248]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 76]; Koteja1976 [illustration: 272]; KotejaLi1976 [structure: 666]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 105]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 441]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 154]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 99].
Poliloculus GonzálezNOMENCLATURE:
Poliloculus González, 2008: 11-15. Type species: Poliloculus stipae.
GENERAL REMARKS: Illustration and generic diagnosis in Hodgson & Miller, 2010
SYSTEMATICS: According to Gonzalez, 2008, this genus is similar to Spiroporococcus Miller because other genera have a concentration of loculate pores near the opening of the spiracles and both occur on grasses. Spiroporococcus differs in having 3 pairs of poorly developed anal ring setae (5 pairs of conspicuous setae on Poliloculus), loculate pores with primarily 5 loculi (5-9 on Poliloculus), and 7 segmented antennae (6 in Poliloculus). Other important characters of Poliloculus are 1) dorsal setae very sparse; 2) anal lobes small; 3) median plate present; and 4) macrotubular and microtubular ducts present on both surfaces.
KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2011: 54-55 (female) [Key to the Eriococcidae of the Neotropical Region based on the morphology of adult females]; Hodgson & Miller 2010: 90-92 (female) [Key to the Genera of the Eriococcidae of South America]; González 2008: 12 (female) [Key to genera of the family Eriococcidae in Argentina].
CITATIONS: Gonzal2008 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 11-15]; HodgsoMaMi2011 [taxonomy: 54]; HodgsoMi2010 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 69-71].
Poliloculus stipae GonzálezNOMENCLATURE:
Poliloculus stipae González, 2008. Type data: ARGEMTINA: Patagonia, Santa Cruz, Rio Gallegos, on stips sp., 11/13/2002, by Delfino. Holotype female (examined), by monotypy. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Gramineae: Stipa sp. [Gonzal2008]
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Santa Cruz [Gonzal2008] (Patagonian steppe)).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration in González, 2008.
STRUCTURE: Adult females: Rounded. Dorsal surface with few setae espiniformes, macroconductos symmetrical and microconductos of two types, preanal plate wider than high and anal ring with 10 setae. Margin with setae distinct, larger than the ridges. Ventral surface with flagellate setae, seta suranal whipped, macrotubules and microtubules present multilocular pores (from 7 to 9 locules) in number, surrounding the two pairs of spiracles in abdominal segments, quinquelocular pores rare, cruciform pores present. Legs developed metacoxas with few pores, claws without denticles. Antennae with six segments. Frontal lobes absent. Labium trisegmented, Vulva between abdominal segments VI and VII. (González, 2008)
SYSTEMATICS: P. stipae is unlike any other genus of the family Eriococcidae, since the anal ring has 10 setae and abundant multolocular pores around both pairs of spiracles. However, it resembles the Nearctic genus Spiroporococcus Miller. (González, 2008
CITATIONS: Gonzal2008 [description, host, illustration, taxonomy: 12-15]; HodgsoMi2010 [host, taxonomy].
Proteriococcus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Proteriococcus Borchsenius, 1960e: 916. Type species: Proteriococcus acutispinatus Borchsenius, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description in Erkiliç, et al., 2011.
STRUCTURE: Antennae 6-7 segmented. Legs long with tibia longer than tarsus. Anal lobes well developed, conical with sclerotised teeth. Anal ring sclerotixed, well developed, with anal ring pores in one row and with 6-8 setae, all longer than diameter of ring. (Erkiliç, et al., 2011)
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: the possession of 8-shaped pores on the dorsum and macrotubular ducts with a sclerotized ring surrounding dermal opening (Borchsenius, 1960e). It is very similar to Eriococcus. In Kozár, et al., 2013 Proteriococcus was placed in the family Acanthococcidae Signoret, 1875, but is here kept in Eriococcidae because placement of species.outside of the palaearctic are unclear.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 62-63 (female) [Key to genera of Acanthococcidae]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2008a: 256-257 (female) [Key to Genera of Eriococcidae in Western Palaearctic Region]; Tang & Hao 1995: 643-644 (female) [Key to genera of Eriococcina].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960e [description, distribution, taxonomy: 916]; ErkiliKaKo2011 [description, taxonomy: 17]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 186]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 394]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 383-385]; KozarKo2008a [taxonomy: 256]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 441]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 162]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 644]; Wang1982c [taxonomy: 118, 202]; Wang1982ZQ [taxonomy: 19, 106]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 235]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 100].
Proteriococcus acutispinatus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Proteriococcus acutispinatus Borchsenius, 1960e: 916, 920. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, 57 km south of Mindu, in a forest, 19/04/1957, by N. Borchsenius. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Proteriococcus acutispinus; Yang, 1982: 101. Described: female. Illust. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus sp. [Tao1999], Pasania sp. [Borchs1960e], Quercus sp. [Hua2000]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Borchs1960e]).
BIOLOGY: Females collected in April had not yet started to lay eggs (Borchsenius, 1960e).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1960e).
STRUCTURE: Body of adult female oval, closed in felted, brown-grey coloured sac. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides slightly concave, apices acute, setae of 3 or 4 sizes, abundant over surface; macrotubular ducts with heavy rim at dermal orifice; dorsal 8-shaped pores over surface; spinules abundant on dorsum; anal lobes heavily sclerotized, covered with spinules (Borchsenius, 1960e).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host: 80, 81]; Borchs1960e [distribution, taxonomy: 916, 920]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 186]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 105]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 384-385]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 442]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 162]; ShiLi1991 [host: 161]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 516, 597]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 34]; Wang1982c [distribution, host: 160, 202]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 235-236]; Yang1982 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 101].
Pseudoacanthococcus Kaydan & Kozár in Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudoacanthococcus Kaydan & Kozár in Kozár et al., 2013: 386-389.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Antennae 7 segmented; frontal lobe present. Multilocular pores on venter only, each with 5 loculi. Macrotubular ducts of one sizes with heavy rim at dermal orifice, scattered on venter especially on margin, ducts present in high number all over the dorsum. Legs normal, tibia shorter than tarsus. Claw with a denticle. Tarsal and claw digitules slightly capitated. All coxae with spinulae; posterior coxae also with small pores. Hind tibia with 4 setae. Cruciform pores few on thorax of venter. Ventral setae in small number, short, hair-like. Enlarged setae present on dorsum in four longiditual rows, setae with (0-4) microtubular duct at base. Marginal row of spines enlarged slightly blunted. Anal lobes well developed; dorsal surface of each lobe with three enlarged setae, microtrichia present on anal lobe, on cauda and on derm, ventral surface of each lobe with a long apical seta and shorter subapical seta. Anal ring sclerotized, well developed with one row of anal ring pores and with 6 long setae. Cauda present. Microtubular ducts narrow, long spread all over dorsum among spines. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: The genus Pseudoacanthococcus is distinct from all known acanthococcid genera known in Palaearctic Region, except Orontesicoccus, by the presence of spines with 1 or 2 microtubular ducts associated with their bases. However, Orontesicoccus differs from Pseudoacanthococcus by having spinose dorsal setae on margin and dorsum. (Kozár, et al., 2013) In Kozár, et al., 2013, Pseudoacanthococcus was placed in the family, Acanthococcidae Signoret, 1875, but is here kept in Eriococcidae because placement of species.outside of the palaearctic are unclear.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 62-63 (female) [Key to genera of Acanthococcidae].
CITATIONS: KozarKaKo2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 386-387].
Pseudoacanthococcus osbeckiae (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus osbeckiae Green, 1922: 353. Type data: SRI LANKA: Badulla, Nanunakuli, on Osbeckia sp., ?/02/1910. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: There are ten adult female syntypes on two slides in the BMNH (Williams, personal communication, May 15, 1996).
Nidularia osbeckiae; Lindinger, 1933a: 116. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus osbeckiae; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination.
Pseudoacanthococcus osbeckiae; Kozár et al., 2013: 387-389. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia sp. [Wang2001]. Melastomataceae: Osbeckia sp. [Green1922]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922]. Palaearctic: China [Kohler1998].
BIOLOGY: Species was collected at an elevation of over 6,000 feet (Green, 1922).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Green (1922).
STRUCTURE: Ovisac of female is creamy white, oblong oval. Male sac is much smaller (Green, 1922).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices slightly rounded, setae all approximately same size, forming 3 longitudinal lines on each side of abdomen, except in medial area of posterior abdominal segments where conspicuous dorsal setae are absent, 2 lateral setae on margin of each abdominal segment (Green, 1922).
KEYS: Wang 2001: 207 (female) [Key to species of Eriococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 448, 645 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Wang 1982c: 143 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Wang 1982ZQ: 41 (adult female) [Eriococcus species from China].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host: 77]; Green1922 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 353]; Green1937 [distribution, host: 296]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 105]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 381-382]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 387-389]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 116]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 289-290]; Ramakr1926 [distribution, host: 452]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 448, 485, 645]; Wang1982c [taxonomy: 143]; Wang1982ZQ [distribution, host, taxonomy: 41, 42]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 207, 209].
Pseudoacanthococcus rhodomyrti (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus rhodomyrti Green, 1922: 352. Type data: SRI LANKA: Badulla, on Rhodomyrtus roseus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: There are seven adult female syntypes on 2 slides in the BMNH (Williams, personal communication, May 15, 1996).
Nidularia rhodomyrti; Lindinger, 1933a: 116. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus rhodomyrti; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 603. Change of combination.
Pseudoacanthococcus rhodomyrti; Kozár et al., 2013: 387. Change of combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Adelencyrtus solidus [DeSilv1961], Encyrtus solidus [Morley1910b], Microterys chalcostomus [KosztaKo1988F], Trichomasthus niveicrus [KosztaKo1988F], Zaomma eriococcia [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Combretaceae: Anogeissus latifolia [Green1922]. Myrtaceae: Rhodomyrtus roseus [Green1922].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Maharashtra [Green1922]); Sri Lanka [Green1922].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Green (1922).
STRUCTURE: Female ovisac is white, sometimes slightly ochreous. Male sac is similar, but smaller. First instar is pale yellow with black eyes (Green, 1922).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae cylindrical, sides straight, apices rounded or truncate, 2 sizes of setae, larger setae forming 3 longitudinal lines on each side of abdomen except in medial area of posterior abdominal segments where medial line is replaced by small setae, other setae scattered over surface of dorsum (Green, 1922).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 448, 645 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Green 1922: 347 (adult female) [Coccidae of Ceylon].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host: 77]; Brown1967 [distribution, host: 131]; DeSilv1961 [biological control, taxonomy: 119]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 32]; Green1922 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 347, 352]; Green1937 [distribution, host: 296]; HowardAs1895 [biological control, distribution: 638]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 112]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 101]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 116]; Mani1938 [biological control, distribution: 94]; Mani1976 [biological control, distribution: 64]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 603]; MillerGi2000 [biological control, catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 315]; Morley1910b [biological control: 95]; PruthiMa1940 [biological control, distribution: 17]; Ramakr1925a [biological control, distribution: 246]; Ramakr1926 [distribution, host: 452]; RaoKu1952 [distribution, host: 2]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy: 10]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 448, 487, 645]; Wang1982ZQ [taxonomy: 42]; Wang2001 [taxonomy: 209].
Pseudocapulinia HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudocapulinia Hempel, 1932: 319. Type species: Pseudocapulinia lanosa Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.
Pseudocarpulinia; Tang & Hao, 1995: 433. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration in Hodgson & Miller, 2010
STRUCTURE: Adult female covered in soft white wax. Body approximately egg shaped, widest across thorax, more pointed posteriorly. (Hodgson & Miller, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: enlarged setae absent; legs absent; antennae 6-segmented; protruding anal lobes absent; anal ring without pores; microtubular ducts apparently absent (Miller, 1999, personal observation).
KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2011: 54-55 (female) [Key to the Eriococcidae of the Neotropical Region based on the morphology of adult females]; Hodgson & Miller 2010: 90-92 (female, first instar) [Key to the Genera of the Eriococcidae of South America]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2008: 140-142 (female, adult) [Modified key to genera of the Eriococcidae of Neotropical Region]; Hodgson et al. 2004: 52 (female) [Key to the genera of Eriococcidae].
CITATIONS: Hempel1932 [description, taxonomy: 319]; HodgsoGoMi2004 [taxonomy: 52]; HodgsoMaMi2011 [taxonomy: 54]; HodgsoMi2010 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 71-73]; Hoy1963 [taxonomy: 186]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 111]; KozarKo2008 [taxonomy: 140]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 194]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 442]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 164]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 433].
Pseudocapulinia lanosa HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudocapulinia lanosa Hempel, 1932: 319-320. Type data: BRAZIL: Estado de Sao Paulo, undetermined host, 20/08/1928. Syntypes, female, type designation unknown. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.
HOST: Undetermined [Hempel1932].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1932]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Hempel (1932).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval, male has a felted sac. First instars are elliptical (Hempel, 1932). Body of adult female covered in soft white wax which indicates position of insects in crevices in bark of trunk of host. (Hodgson & Miller, 2010) First instar nymph mounted body oval. Typical eriococcid crawlers, having 1)6 segmented antennae; 2) anal lobes unsclerotised and not differentiated; 3) dorsal setae of 1 type only, broadly spinose; 4) microtubular ducts present on both dorsum and venter; 5) cruciform pores absent; and 6) loculate pores more or less restricted to cavity laterad to each spiracle.
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; legs absent; antennae 6-segmented; multilocular pores confined to areas around spiracles; protruding anal lobes absent; anal ring without pores; small macrotubular ducts present; microtubular ducts apparently absent (Miller, 1999, personal observation). First instar nymphs differ from other species in having the following combination of characters: 1) antennae 6 segmented; 2) loculate pores absent from dorsum; 3) spinose setae not supolate; 4) submedial row of loculate pores absent; 5) hind tibia with 3 or 4 setae; 6) dorsal spinose setae shorter than segmental width; and 7) discoidal pores absent from dorsum.
CITATIONS: Hempel1932 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 319-320]; HodgsoMi2010 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 72-76,101]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 187]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 105]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 378]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 194]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 442-443]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 164].
Pseudomontanococcus KKozar & Hodgson in Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudomontanococcus KKozar & Hodgson in Kozár et al., 2008: 47-62. Type species: Pseutomontanococcus martini Kozár & Hodgson.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kozár et al., 2008.
STRUCTURE: Adult Female: antennae 6 setmented. Frontal lobe or tubercle absent. eye present on margin. Venter: Labium 3 segmented, although divisions of segments unclear (more so on immature stages), basal segment with 1 pair of spinose setae; other labial setae also spinose. Stylet loop reaching metacoxae. Lets long and well-developed; tarsal and claw digitules slightly knobbed. All coxae with spinulae on anterior surface; metacoxae with translucent pores on posterior surface. Trochanter with two pores on each side. Claws without a denticle. Legs each with a few spinose setae, and with one sensory pore on each tarsus. Spiracles with a large group of seven-locular pores in atrium. Multilocular pores each with 5-9 loculi, scattered throughout venter but abundant in a wide longitudinal submediun band. Abdomen with a few flagellate setae, plus svral small spinos sta. Cruciform pors absnt. Microtubular and macrotubular ducts present thoughout. A weak area of sclerotisation present submedially on segment VIi. Dermal spinules present througout. Anal lobes eazch with a strong spinose suranal seta, 1 shortspine-like seta, plus a long flagellate seta in submarginal position. Dorsum: Dorsal setae strong, conical and spine-like; of two sizes: larger along margin, and in a longitudinal median band; short spinose setae sparse on all segments. Macrotubular ducts numerous; microtubular ducts scattered among dorsal setae and often with 1-3 present at base of larger spines. Dermal spinules present on both dorsum and venter. Anal ring with a sparse row of pores along outer margin, and with eight long setae. Anal lobes strong and sclerotized, each lobe longer than wide, with a spine-like seta on both inner and outer margins, plus an apical seta; entire dorsal surface of anal lobes covered with sclerotised protuberances. Cauda present, about twice as long as wide. An area of sclerotisation present submedially on segment VII on both dorsum and venter. (Kozár et al., 2008)
SYSTEMATICS: Pseudomontanococcus may be close to Montanococcus Henderson from New Zealand. the adult females share the ventral longitudinal band of multilocular pores. They differ in having (sharacter-states on Montanococcus in brackets): anal lobe setae large and spinose (anal lobe setae relatively small); basal segment of labium well developed (basal segment apparently absent); large conical spinose setae present in a median longitudinal band on dorsum (conical setae very short, in transverse rows); a dorsal sclerotized plate on penultimate abdominal segment (absent); 1-3 microtubular ducts associated with base of all or most large spinose setae (less clearly associated with setal bases); a well-developed, sclerotised cauda or dorsal median plate present (absent); anal lobes rather large but of normal tapering shape (anal lobes massive, with additional lobules); anal ring setae long and hair-like (anal ring setae sword-shaped on two species but flagellate on 3rd); and anal ring with only a few large pores, each variable in shape (anal ring with many pores of rather uniform shape and size). (Kozár, et al., 2008)
CITATIONS: Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 112,114,115]; KozarKoHo2008 [description, illustration: 48-50].
Pseudomontanococcus baloghi Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudomontanococcus baloghi Kozár et al., 2008. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Mt. Wilhelm, near to Brass Tarn, grom moss and litter among Vaccinium and Coprosma 08/05/1969, by J. Balogh. Holotype female and first instar. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. NG-Mt-B. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [KozarKoHo2008] (Collected from Berlese funnel under Vaccinium and Comprosma plants.).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kozár et al., 2008.
STRUCTURE: Adult female: body elongate oval, 1.373 mm long, 0.855 wide. Antenna 7 segmented, each antennal segment with few setae; segment II with a sensory pore; segments V & Vi both with a falcate sensory seta; apical segment with 3 sensory falcate setae. Frontal tubercle or lobe absent. Eye visible on margin. Venter: Labium with a total of 6 pairs of setae, all spinose; basal segment weakly developed with 1 pair of setae. Legs long and well-developed.All coxae with spinulae on anterior surface, metacoxae with many small, translucent pores on posterior surface. Trochanter each with two pores on each side and with two long flagellate setae. Other leg segments with prinose and flagellate setae; tarsi each with a sensory pore. Claws without a denticle. Anterior and posterior spiracles each with a large group of five-locular pores in atrium. Multilocular pores with 5-9 loculi (usually 5), scattered medially on posterior abdominal segments and head, and also in a wide submedian band on all segments. Abdomen with a few flagellate setae medially, pluc a marginal band of large spines and several spinose setae in a submarginal band. Cruciform pores absent. microtubular ducts few, in a fairly narrow submarginal band. Macrotubular ducts few, present in a submarginal band and medially on thorax and head; each duct with inner ductule shorter than outer ductule; inner ductule with a flower-like terminal gland. spinulae present only on abdomen. Vulva unclear. Each anal lobe with a large spinose suranal seta, a short spinose seta near each lateral margin, and a long flagellate submarginal seta. Segment VII with weak submedian scleritization. Dorsum: dorsal setae conical and spinose, of two sizes: largest setae along margin, robust with 2 on each abdominal segment, intermixed with smaller setae, also with long and short setae in a longitudinal median band, with 4 to about 14 setae on each segment, some small spinose setae also present submedially on head and thorax. Shorter, less strongly spinose setae sparse on most segments. Macrotubular ducts abundant throughout. Microtubular ducts with a bilocular inner end, scattered among dorsal setae, and sometimes with 1 or 2 present at base of a few large spinose setae. Anal ring unclear, with a sparse row of pores along outer margin, with 8 flagellate setae. Anal lobes with dorsal surface covered with sclerotized protuberances, each protuberance with a microtubular duct; inner margin of lobes with sclerotized teeth. Spinulae present only on last abdominal tergites. Cauda present medially at base of anal lobes, about twice as long as wide. With two areas of dense sclerotisation submedially on segment VII, each with strong protuberances and an associated microduct. Second-instar female: Body elongate oval. Antenna 6 segmented, each segment with few setae; segment II with a sonsory pore; segments IV and V each probably with a falcate sensory seta. Falcate seta on segment V. Apical segment with three sendory falcate setae. Frontal tubercle or lobe absent. Eye visible on margin. (Kozár et al., 2008)
SYSTEMATICS: P. baloghi differs from P. martini in having (character traits on latter species in brackets): two large spines on margin of each abdominal segment (one), trochanter with two flagellate seta (one flagellate seta and one spinose seta), and most dorsal spinose setae having 1 or no associated microtubular ducts (2 to 3 on P. martini). The 2nd-instar female nymphe of P. baloghi differ from those of P. martini in having (character staes on P. martini in brackets: both setae on trochanter flagellate (one spinose and one flagellate); metacoxae without translucent pores (present); and protuberances on dorsal surface of anal lobe and VIIth abdominal segment with associated microtubular ducts (absent). (Kozár et al., 2008)
CITATIONS: Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 105]; KozarKoHo2008 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 57-61].
Pseudomontanococcus martini Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudomontanococcus martini Kozár et al., 2008: 49-57. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUNIEA: Mt. Wilhelm (ca 4270 m)from moss and litter under Astelia papuana (Liliaceae), 09/13/1968, by J. Balogh. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. NG-M-B. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: Collected by Berlese funnel
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [KozarKoHo2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of adult female, adult male, second instar female and second instar male in Kozár et al., 2008.
STRUCTURE: Adult female: body elongate oval, 1.347 (1.295-1.502) mm long, 0.673 (0.673-0.906) mm wide. Antennae 6 segmented with few setae; segment II with a sensory pore; segment III not tapered, partially divided due to pseudosegmentation in middle; two preapical segments with a falcate sensory seta; apical segment with apical seta plus 3 sensory falcate setae. Frontal tubercle or lobe absent. Eye present on margin. Venter: Labium with a total of 6 pairs of setae, all spinose; basal segment weakly developed with 1 pair of setae. Legs long and well-developed; posterior legs, tarsal digitules knobbed, claw digitules slightly knobbed. all coxae with spinulae on anterior surface; posterior coxae with numerous small, translucent pores along outer margin on posterior surface. Claws without a dentible. Legs each with a few spinose setae, and with a sensory pore on each tarsus. spiracles each with a large group of pores in atrium. Multilocular pores with 5-9 loculi, mostly 7, forming a wide submedian band on all segments and extending onto anal lobes. Abdomen with a few large lanceolate setae, plus several small spinose setae. Cruciform pores absent. Microtubular ducts present, sparse in a submarginal band. Macrotubular ducts present on all segments, each duct with inner ductule shorter than half-total length; inner ductule with a flower-like terminal gland. Vulva unclear. Each anal lobe with a large spinose suranal seta, a short spinose ventral seta, plus a long flagellate seta in submarginal position. An area of weak sclerotisation present submedially on segment VII. Dorsum: Dorsal setae conical and spinose; of two sizes: largest setae on margin, with 1 on each side of each abdominal segment, plus 4-12 spines medially on each segment forming a longitudinal median band. shorter setae present in a sparse row on all segments. Macrotubular ducts numerous. Microtubular ducts with a bilocular inner end, scattered among dorsal setae, and with 1-3 present at base of all large spines. Anal ring unclear, but with a sparse row of pores along outer margin, with 6 long setae. Anal lobes sclerotised with a spinose seta on both inner and outer margins plus an apical seta; entire dorsal surface of each anal lobe covered with sclerotised protuberances, each with an associated microtubular duct; inner margin of each lobe with sclerotised teeth. Cauda present. An area of dense sclerotisation present submedially on segment VII. Adult male: apterous; quite small, antennae short, each about 1/3rd total-body length; body setae, with a mixture of fleshy setae (fs) and hair-like setae (hs), these often difficult to separate (fs tending to be curved rather parallel-sided, and not broadening at base; in addition, socket tending to be wider; hs tending to be sharply bent or almost straight, narrowing to a fine point (often flagellate) and broadening at base; their basal socket also tending to be narrower and more obvious); hs very variable in size, fs and hs also present on antennae and legs; with only 1 pair of loculate pores, each with several loculi, present dorsally on head anterior to each dorsal simple eye; no other pores present. constriction between head and thorax distinct, but some present between thorax and abdomen. Thorax and abdomen membranous apart from penial sheath, glandular pouches and glandular pouch setae absent but with some large hs present on margin of segment VIII. Legs well developed and hirsute. Penial sheath with a distinct constriction about half-way along length. Second instars: the second-instar female differs from the second-instar male in the absence of macrotubular ducts, the presence of translucent pores on the posterior coxae, and the shorter sensory setae on the apical segment of the antennae. (Kozár et al., 2008)
SYSTEMATICS: P. martini differs from P. bologhi in having (character traits on latter species in brackets): only one large spine on margin of each abdominal segment (two), trochanter with one flagellate seta and one spinose seta (both flagellate), and most dorsal spinose setae having 2 or 3 associated microtubular ducts (occasionally 1 on P. baloghi). (Kozár et al., 2008)
CITATIONS: Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 105]; KozarKoHo2008 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 49-57].
Pseudotectococcus HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudotectococcus Hempel, 1934: 139. Type species: Pseudotectococcus anonae Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Generic diagnosis and illustration in Hodgson & Miller, 2010.
STRUCTURE: Galls of both sexes on upper leaf surfact, those of females slightly rounder and blunter than those of males; gall openings all ventral.
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: enlarged setae present; anal lobes heavily sclerotized, each with total of 3 setae on both surfaces, not enlarged; antennae 3- segmented (Miller, 1999, personal observation). Hempel (1934) placed this genus in the Eriococcinae close to Tectococcus.
KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2011: 54-55 (female) [Key to the Eriococcidae of the Neotropical Region based on the morphology of adult females]; Hodgson et al. 2011: 71 (female, male) [Key to the Genera of the Eriococcidae of the Neotropical Region based the morphology of the adult males]; Hodgson & Miller 2010: 90-92 (female, male, first insta) [Key to the Genera of the Eriococcidae of South America]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2008: 140-142 (female, adult) [Modified key to genera of the Eriococcidae of Neotropical Region]; Hodgson et al. 2004: 52 (female) [Key to the genera of Eriococcidae].
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [taxonomy: 86]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy: 44]; Ferris1957c [taxonomy: 88]; GullanMiCo2005 [host, ecology: 167]; Hempel1934 [description, taxonomy: 139]; Hempel1935 [description, taxonomy: 56]; HodgsoGoMi2004 [taxonomy: 52]; HodgsoMaMi2011 [taxonomy: 54]; HodgsoMi2010 [description, host, taxonomy: 76]; Hoy1962 [taxonomy: 13, 201]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 191]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 111]; KozarKo2008 [taxonomy: 141]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 194]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 447]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 168].
Pseudotectococcus anonae HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudotectococcus anonae Hempel, 1934: 139-140. Type data: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Vicosa, on Annona sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Notes: Hempel (1934) spelled the host genus "Anona" and therefore named the species "anonae". The correct spelling of the host is Annona; but since Hempel consistently misspelled it, the correct spelling of the species epithet is anonae.
HOST: Annonaceae: Annona sp. [Hempel1934]
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais [Hempel1934]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description by Hempel (1934 and 1935). Illustration of adult female, adult male and first-instar nymph in Hodgson & Miller, 2010.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is fusiform and this species forms galls (Hempel, 1934). Unmounted first instar nymph is elongate oval. They are quickly separated from other known eriococcid first-instar nymphs in having 3-segmented antennae, sclerotised anal lobes and cruciform pores. Other characters are: 1) microtubular ducts present only on dorsum; 2) loculate pores present singly just laterad to each spiracl.le; and 3) claw digitales dissimilar, 1 broader than the other. The most distinct characters of the adult male are: 1) rather thick fleshy setae on antennae, body and legs, very obviously idfferent from hair-like setae; 2) rather long penial sheath, more than 2x the basal width and with the anterior half only slightly shorter than the posterior half; and 3) 8 segmented antennae. (Hodgson & Miller, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices rounded, all approximately same size, scattered over medial and mediolateral areas of dorsum, absent marginally; anal lobes heavily sclerotized, each with total of 3 setae on both surfaces, not enlarged; antennae 3- segmented; legs well developed; multilocular pores ventral only; macrotubular ducts present; microtubular ducts elongate, with 2 sclerotized areas (Miller, 1999, personal observation).
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 86, 95]; CostaL1936 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 181]; Ferris1957c [host, taxonomy: 88]; Gaedik1971 [host: 335]; GullanMiCo2005 [host, ecology: 167]; Hempel1934 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 139-140]; Hempel1935 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 56-57]; HodgsoGoMi2004 [taxonomy, description: 55]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; HodgsoMi2010 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 76-80,101]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 191]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 105]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 388]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 194]; MillerGi2000 [biological control, catalogue, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 447-448]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 168]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 199].
Pseudotectococcus rolliniae Hodgson & Goncalves in Hodgson et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudotectococcus rolliniae Hodgson & Goncalves in Hodgson et al., 2004: 58. Type data: BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Zoo. Holotype female, male and first instar, by original designation. Type depositories: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and BMNH, NHMW. Described: female, male and first instar.
HOST: Annonaceae: Rollinia laurifolia [HodgsoGoMi2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais [HodgsoGoMi2004]).
BIOLOGY: This species of Eriococcidae in Brazil was found diapausing through the dry season in stem galls. (Gonçalves et al., 2009)
CITATIONS: HodgsoGoMi2004 [description: 58]; HodgsoIsOl2013 [ecology, host: 329]; HodgsoMi2010 [host, taxonomy: 101]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 105].
Rhizococcus SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizococcus Signoret, 1875b: 16,36. Type species: Rhizococcus gnidii Signoret.
Eriococcus; Ferris, 1955a. Incorrect synonymy.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Ovisac elongate-oval, encloses female completely, white to yellowish. Adult female elongate-oval, tapering posteriorly. Antennae 7 (rarely 6). (Kozár, et al., 2013) segmented; eyes usually on ventral margin, close to bases of antennae
SYSTEMATICS: This genus was synonymyzed with Nidularia by Lindinger, 1933a; and with Eriococcus by Ferris, 1955, Some have treated it as valid (Borchsenius, 1948; Danzig, 1962a; Kozár, 2008a) while others have treated it as a junior synonym (Hoy, 1963; Miller & Gimpel, 2000). In Kozár, et al., 2013, Rhizococcus was placed in the family, Acanthococcidae Signoret, 1875, but is here kept in Eriococcidae because placement of species outside of the palaearctic are unclear.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 62-63 (female) [Key to genera of Acanthococcidae]; Pellizzari & Kozár 2011: 58 (female) [Key to the genera of Eriococcidae in Europe]; Kaydan & Kozár 2008: 6 (female) [Eriococcidae genera of the western Paleartic Region]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2008: 140-142 (female) [Key to Genera of Eriococcidae in Western Palaearctic Region]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2008a: 256-257 (female) [Key to Genera of Eriococcidae in Western Palaearctic Region]; Tang & Hao 1995: 643-644 (female) [Key to genera of Eriococcina]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 275 (female) [Key to genera of Eriococcidae]; Danzig 1971d: 820 (female) [Key to genera of Eriococidae]; Dziedzicka & Koteja 1971: 560 (female) [Rhizococcus species of Poland]; Danzig 1962a: 840-841, 859 (female) [Rhizococcus species of the USSR]; Borchsenius 1949: 321-322 (female) [Key to Eriococcinae genera of the USSR].
CITATIONS: AlimdzBr1956 [distribution, host: 149]; Ashmea1900 [biological control: 411]; Betrem1937 [distribution, taxonomy: 24, 99]; Borchs1948 [taxonomy: 501]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 321, 351-365]; Cocker1894v [distribution: 1052]; Cocker1896b [distribution, taxonomy: 324]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 276-277]; Comsto1881a [description, taxonomy: 339]; Danzig1962a [description, taxonomy: 839]; Danzig1964 [distribution, taxonomy: 632]; Danzig1971d [distribution, taxonomy: 821-823]; Danzig1975a [taxonomy: 42]; Danzig1980b [description, taxonomy: 205]; DziedzKo1971 [description, taxonomy: 557-580]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 66]; Frogga1915 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 1058]; Frogga1921a [distribution, taxonomy: 63]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 72]; Giraul1913 [biological control, taxonomy: 196, 208]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy: 97]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 345]; Howard1899 [biological control, distribution, host: 235]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host,taxonomy: 132]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 396-402]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, taxonomy: 274,275,277,286,287,298]; Koteja1964 [taxonomy: 177-184]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 296-297]; Koteja1986c [taxonomy: 28]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 665]; KotejaZa1983 [distribution, taxonomy: 477]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 390-578]; KozarKo2008 [taxonomy: 142]; KozarKo2008a [taxonomy: 257]; KozarWa1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 75]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 130]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy: 193]; Maskel1884 [taxonomy: 135]; Maskel1887a [description, taxonomy: 96-98]; Maskel1890 [description, taxonomy: 142-145]; Maskel1893b [description, taxonomy: 230-231]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 20]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy: 316]; Morley1910c [biological control: 112]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 174]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 120]; NikolsYa1966 [biological control: 166,226]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 644]; Tillya1926 [distribution, host: 174]; TranfaPeMa1985 [taxonomy: 123]; Wang1974 [taxonomy: 329]; WoodwaEvEa1970 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 430].
Rhizococcus acutus (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus acutus Goux, 1938d: 327-337. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, on Piptatherum multiflorum and Dactylis hispanica, 1933, by L. Goux. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 666/a. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: Paratypes are also deposited in MNHN.
Acanthococcus acutus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus acutus; Kozár et al., 2013: 397-399. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Brachypodium pinnatum [Goux1938d], Dactylis glomerata hispanica [Foldi2002], Dactylis hispanica [Goux1938d], Piptatherum multiflorum [Goux1938d].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1938d, Foldi2001, Foldi2002]; Sardinia [PellizFo1996].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Goux (1938d). Tedescription in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is yellowish white and oval (Goux, 1938d).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: conical enlarged setae abundant over abdomen; 5 setae on hind tibia; 3 enlarged setae on each anal lobe (Goux, 1938d).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Foldi2002 [distribution: 245]; Goux1938d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 328-337]; Goux1948a [taxonomy: 67, 69]; Goux1989a [structure: 21]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 68]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 372]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 91]; KozarKaKo2013 [phylogeny, description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 32,35, 397-399]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 73]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 147]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 117]; OuvrarKo2009 [structure: 130]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 312]; PellizFo1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 119, 120, 127-130].
Rhizococcus ammophilus (Balachowsky)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus ammophilus Balachowsky, 1933a: 46-47. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Ile Rousse, on Ammophila arenaria var. arundinacea, by A. Balachowsky. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 4930. Described: female. Notes: There are 14 syntype slides containing approximately 22 specimens (personal communication, Matile-Ferrero, November 20, 1996).
Nidularia ammophilus; Lindinger, 1936: 156. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus ammophilus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 73. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus ammophilus; Kozár et al., 2013: 400-402. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Ammophila arenaria arundinacea [Balach1933a, KozarKaKo2013].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Balach1933a]; France [Foldi2001].
BIOLOGY: From Ammophila arenaria at the beach (Balachowsky, 1933a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Brief description by Balachowsky (1933a). Redescription and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Ovisac 3.0 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Balach1933a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 46-47]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Foldi2003 [distribution: 149]; Goux1938d [taxonomy: 333]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 69]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 373]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 400-402]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 73]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 156]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 123-124]; OuvrarKo2009 [behaviour, structure, taxonomy: 101-118]; Willia1969 [taxonomy: 91].
Rhizococcus artemisiarum (Matesova)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus artemisiarum Matesova, 1976: 22. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Karaganda Oblast, Balchash, on Artemisia terrae-albae, 28/05/1956. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Holotype should be in ZMAS, but Danzig was unable to locate it. There are approximately 26 paratypes on 18 slides in ZMAS and several additional slides in AAKA (Danzig, personal communication, 1996).
Eriococcus artemisiarum; Tang & Hao, 1995: 457. Described: female. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus artemisiarum; Kozár et al., 2013: 403-405. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia gurganica [TangHa1995], Artemisia terrae-albae [TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan (Karaganda Oblast [Mateso1976]).
BIOLOGY: On the roots and subterranean part of the stem. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Matesova (1976). Detailed redescription in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Females greenish-brown. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae broad, truncate or rounded apex; present over dorsum, with bare space between lateral setae and setae on rest of dorsum; microtubular ducts with 2 sclerotized areas (Matesova, 1976).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 452, 649 (adult female) [as Eriococcus artemisiarum; Eriococcus species].
CITATIONS: Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 373]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 403-405]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 73]; Mateso1976 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 22]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 135]; TangHa1995 [distribution, taxonomy: 452, 457, 649].
Rhizococcus arthrophyti (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus arthrophyti Borchsenius, 1949: 341-342. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Repetek, on Haloxylon aphyllum, 23/07/1944, by N. Borchsenius. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1996b: 521. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 23-46. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The type series includes 2 adult females on same slide as lectotype and 2 adult females on a second slide.
Nidularia arthrophyti; Lindinger, 1957: 543. Change of combination.
Eriococcus arthrophyti; Hoy, 1963: 72. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus arthroophyti; Kozár et al., 2013: 406-408. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Haloxylon aphyllum [Danzig1966], Haloxylon sp. [Hoy1963]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1982a]; Turkmenistan [Lashin1956].
BIOLOGY: Lives on root crown and tall roots of black and white saxaul. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Most comprehensive description and illustration by Borchsenius (1949). Detailed description and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Female oval, dark olive coloured, 3.5 mm long, 2.2 mm wide. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1996: 521. The type series includes 2 adult females on same slide as lectotype and 2 adult females. (Kozár, et al., 2013) on a second slide.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 449, 646 (adult female) [as Eriococcus arthrophyti; Eriococcus species]; Borchsenius 1949: 333 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus arthrophyti; Acanthococcus species of USSR].
CITATIONS: Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 15, 18, 53, 56, 333,]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 120]; Borchs1963a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 23, 217]; Borchs1973 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 217]; Danzig1982a [distribution: 147]; Danzig1996a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 574]; Danzig1996b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 521]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 72]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 373]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 91]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 406-408]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 73]; Lashin1956 [distribution, host: 114]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 543]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 135-136]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 449, 457-458, 646].
Rhizococcus artiguesi (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus artiguesi Goux, 1991: 48-49. Type data: FRANCE: Hautes-Pyrénées, Artigues, on unidentified Gramineae, 12/08/1953, by L. Goux. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus artiguesi; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 598. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus artiguesi; Kozár et al., 2013: 408-410. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae [Goux1991], Thymus glabrescens [KozarKaKo2013].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1991]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Goux (1991).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, with acute apices, scattered over dorsum, marginal longitudinal line longer than mediolateral and medial lines; microtubular ducts short, with 2 sclerotized areas (Goux, 1991).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Goux1991 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 48-49]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 91]; KozarKaKo2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 408-410]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 598]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 136]; OuvrarKo2009 [behaviour, structure, taxonomy: 101-118].
Rhizococcus astragali Kaydan in Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizococcus astragali Kaydan in Kozár et al., 2013: 411-413. Type data: TURKEY: Van-Özalp-Dönerdere, (N: 38°41414, E: 044°07910), on Astragalus sp., 6/5/2005, by M.B. Kaydan. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Turkey: Kaydan's Personal Collection. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 2091 m altitude. Paratypes: 5 adult females, same data as holotype in same slide
HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Silene sp. [KozarKaKo2013]. Fabaceae: Astragalus sp. [KozarKaKo2013]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [KozarKaKo2013].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: KozarKaKo2013 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, structure: 411-413].
Rhizococcus baldonensis (Rasina)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus baldonensis Rasina, 1966: 18-20, 28. Type data: LATVIA: Baldone, on Vaccinium vitis-idaea, 03/08/1948, by A. Rasina. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Riga: Museum of the Plant Protection Institute, Latvia. Described: female. Illust.
Eriococcus baldonensis; Tang & Hao, 1995: 459. Described: female. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus baldonensis; Kozár et al., 2013: 414-416. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Empetraceae: Empetrum nigrum [Danzig1975a]. Ericaceae: Calluna vulgaris [Vikber1991], Ledum palustre [Danzig1975a], Rhododendron tomentosum [KozarKaKo2013], Vaccinium uliginosum [Danzig1975a], Vaccinium vitis-idaea [Rasina1966].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Finland [Vikber1991, Gertss2001]; Greece [KozarKaKo2013]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013]; Latvia [Rasina1966]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2010] (Alytus county - Ausrinč, Tetervine swamp, one female in dense ovisac with eggs on Vaccinium oxycoccux 8/24/2009); Russia (Karelia AR [Danzig1975a], Kuril Islands [Danzig1975a], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1975a]); Ukraine [Danzig1986a].
BIOLOGY: On the branches. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Illustration and description in Russian and German by Rasina (1966).
STRUCTURE: Adult female oval and brown. Ovisac dirty white, smooth. Eggs pink (Danzig, 1975a). Antennae 7 segmented. Frontal lobe present. Apical labial segment with 6 pairs of long setae. Anal lobes not sclerotized, dorsally with 3 enlarged setae, ventrally with 2 slender hair-like setae and with suranal setae. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae relatively short, apices rounded, marginal setae larger than those on remainder of dorsum (Rasina, 1966).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Tang & Hao 1995: 452, 650 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Danzig 1988: 709 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus baldonensis; Acanthococcus species of the far eastern USSR]; Danzig 1986a: 240 (adult female) [Acanthococcus species of the far eastern USSR].
CITATIONS: Danzig1975a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 43, 50]; Danzig1977b [taxonomy: 39, 57]; Danzig1978 [host, taxonomy: 12]; Danzig1980b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 206, 218]; Danzig1986a [taxonomy: 240, 253-256]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 709]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 125, 128]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 373-374]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 91]; KozarKaKo2013 [distribution, description, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 414-416]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarKoSa2002 [catalogue, distribution: 38]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; MalumpOsPy2010 [description, distribution: 258]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 141-142]; Rasina1955 [taxonomy: 69]; Rasina1966 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 18-20, 28]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 452, 459, 650]; Terezn1981 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 21, 22]; Vikber1991 [distribution, host: 4].
Rhizococcus borchsenii (Danzig)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus borchsenii Danzig, 1975a: 45. Type data: RUSSIA: Southern Primor'ye, Khasanskiy district, on Artemisia sp., 30/07/1949, by N. Borchsenius. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Eriococcus borchsenii; Tang & Hao, 1995: 461. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus borchsenii; Kozár et al., 2013: 416-418. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia sp. [Danzig1975a]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangHa1995]); Mongolia [KwonHa2003a]; North Korea [Danzig1986a]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1975a]).
BIOLOGY: On the roots, or root crown. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Danzig (1975a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval (Danzig, 1975a).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical with truncate or rounded apices covering entire dorsum; anal lobes without enlarged setae; microtubular ducts short with 2 sclerotized areas (Danzig, 1975a).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]; Kwon & Han 2003a: 156-157 (female) [Key to the Species of Eriococcus in Korea]; Wang 2001: 208 [Key to Eriococcus of China]; Tang & Hao 1995: 451, 648 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Danzig 1988: 708 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus borchsenii; Acanthococcus species of the far eastern USSR]; Danzig 1986a: 240 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus borchsenii; Acanthococcus species of the far eastern USSR]; Danzig 1975a: 43 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus borchsenii; Acanthococcus species of the far eastern USSR].
CITATIONS: Danzig1975a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 43, 45, 47]; Danzig1977b [taxonomy: 57]; Danzig1980b [description, distribution, taxonomy: 206, 212]; Danzig1986a [description, distribution, illustration: 240, 247]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 708]; FangWuXu2001 [taxonomy: 108]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 374]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 91]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 416-418]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; KwonHa2003a [taxonomy, distribution, host: 151,152]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 146-147]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 451, 461,490,648,716]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy: 72]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 31-32]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 208, 222-223].
Rhizococcus brevenniae (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus brevenniae Goux, 1993: 66-67. Type data: FRANCE: Rhône, Courzieu, on Calluna vulgaris, 07/10/1928, by L. Goux. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus brevenniae; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 599. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus brevenniae; Kozár et al., 2013: 420-422. Change of combination.
HOST: Ericaceae: Calluna vulgaris [Goux1993].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1993].
BIOLOGY: Acanthococcus ericae was abundant on the host from which specimens of A. brevenniae were collected (Goux, 1993). On the roots of plants. Live together with R. ericae. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Brief description and illustration by Goux (1993). Redescription and ilustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 1.32 mm long, 0.76 mm wide. Antennae 7 segmented, each segment covered with a few, strong hair-like setae (except third segment). Frontal lobes present. Eye visible, situated on venter. Anal lobes slightly sclerotized each with two enlarged spinosa setae along inner margin, and one enlarged spinose seta on outer margin, similar in size to those on margin of dorsum, without setae). (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical with rounded apices present over entire dorsal surface (Goux, 1993).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Goux1993 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 66-67]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 91]; KozarKaKo2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 420-422]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 599]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 149]; OuvrarKo2009 [behaviour, structure, taxonomy: 101-118].
Rhizococcus cactearum (Leonardi)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus cactearum Leonardi, 1918: 206-208, 215. Type data: ITALY: Bordighera (Liguria), on Cactaceae, ex vetrino 99 della Collez. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Tranfaglia & Esposito, 1985: 125. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizococcus cactearum; Borchsenius, 1949: 352, 355-356. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus cactearum; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 599. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus cactearum; Kozár et al., 2013: 421-423. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Cactaceae: Ariocarpus trigoni [Hoy1963], Astrophytum ornatum [Hoy1963], Cereus sp. [Hoy1963], Echinocactus selowia [Hoy1963], Echinopsis sp. [Hoy1963], Mamillaria sp. [Kohler1998]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Hoy1963]; Malta [Hoy1963]; Morocco [Hoy1963]; Russia [Hoy1963]; Sicily [Hoy1963].
GENERAL REMARKS: Leonardi (1918) provides original description in Italian. Detailed description and illustration by Tranfaglia & Esposito (1985).
STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate-oval (Tranfaglia & Esposito, 1985). Antennae 7 segmented, each segment covered with a few, hair-like setae (except third segment without setae). Eyes situated on venter near margin. Anal lobes strongly developed, each with 3 enlarged setae with pointed apex. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae gradually tapered to blunt or rounded apex except anal-lobe enlarged setae have acute apex; marginal enlarged setae conspicuously larger than other enlarged setae with 3 setae on margin of each abdominal segment (Tranfaglia & Esposito, 1985). Eriococcus cactearum has been considered a synonym of Eriococcus coccineus by Lindinger (1931a, 1936). Zimmerman (1948) thought it possibly to be a synonym of E. coccineus as did Ferris (1955a), and Hoy (1962). Tranfaglia & Esposito (1985) consider the species distinct.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Tranfaglia & Esposito 1985: 115 (adult female) [Eriococcus species of Italy]; Danzig 1971d: 821 (female) [as Rhizococcus cactearum; Key to species of family Eriococcidae]; Danzig 1964: 632 (adult female) [as Rhizococcus cactearum; Rhizococcus species of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Archan1937 [taxonomy: 140]; Balach1932e [distribution, host: 238]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 42]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 18, 352, 355-356]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host: 122]; Borchs1963a [distribution, host: 280]; Borchs1973 [distribution, host: 280]; Borg1932 [distribution, host]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy: 632]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 821]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy: 116]; Hoy1962 [taxonomy: 58]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 78]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 397]; KosztaKo1988F [distribution: 292]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, host, structure, taxonomy: 421-423]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; KozlowRu1932 [distribution, host: 68]; Leonar1918 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 206-208, 215]; Leonar1920 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 431-433]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 114]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 156]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 121]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 148]; MarottGa1992 [distribution, taxonomy: 741]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 599]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 152-153]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118]; PellizKo2011 [distribution: 67]; Russo1993 [distribution: 148]; TranfaEs1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 123-125]; Traver1935 [taxonomy, description: 64, 130]; Zimmer1948 [host, taxonomy: 287].
Rhizococcus cantium (Williams)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus cantium Williams, 1985h: 363. Type data: ENGLAND: Kent, Bearsted, on Brachypodium sylvaticum, 30/07/1925, by E.E. Green. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: In addition to the holotype there is one adult female paratype on a slide mounted separately in the BMNH (Williams, personal communication, May 29, 1996).
Anophococcus cantium; Lagowska & Koteja, 1996: 31. Described: other. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus cantium; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 599. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus canthium; Kozár et al., 2009: 436. Misspelling of species name.
Rhizococcus cantium; Kozár et al., 2013: 422. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Kentish felt scale [MalumpBa2012].
HOST: Poaceae: Brachypodium sylvaticum [Willia1985h].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KozarKoFe2013]; Poland [LagowsKo1996]; United Kingdom (England [Willia1985h]).
BIOLOGY: On the leaves of plants. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Williams (1985h).
STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate-oval with almost parallel sides. Antennae 7 segmented, 300 ěm long. Frontal tubercle present, just anterior to basal antennal segment. Eyes situated on venter near margin. Anal lobes about twice as long as wide, moderately sclerotised; each lobe with an apical seta 300 ěm long, dorsally with 1 inner and 3 outer enlarged setae and ventrally with 2 slender setae and slender suranal seta shorter than anal ring setae. (Williams, 1985h).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with enlarged setae conical with acute apices; enlarged setae arranged in 3 longitudinal lines on each side of dorsum; anal lobes each with 4 enlarged setae; microtubular ducts with 2 sclerotized areas (Williams, 1985h). Danzig, 1985 suggested that this species could be present in Russia (Kaliningrad, Siberia, Far East, Sachalin) under the name of R. greeni, because she found spcimens with four spines on anal lobes. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 449, 645 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Williams 1985h: 357 (adult female) [British species of Eriococcus].
CITATIONS: Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 374]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 91]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 422,424-425]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarSaSz2009 [catalogue, distribution: 436]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 243]; LagowsKo1996 [distribution, taxonomy: 31]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 26]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 599]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 154-155]; OuvrarKo2009 [behaviour, structure, taxonomy: 101-118]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 449, 462-463, 645]; Willia1985h [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 363-364].
Rhizococcus caudatus (Tang & Hao)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus caudatus Tang & Hao, 1995: 463-464. Type data: CHINA: Nei Monggol, on Artemisia gmelinii, 30/07/1989. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus caudatus; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 599. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus caudatus; Kozár et al., 2013: 426-428. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia gmelinii [TangHa1995], Artemisia sp. [Tao1999]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Tang & Hao (1995).
STRUCTURE: Adult female oval (Tang & Hao, 1995).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae slender with blunt apices, covering entire dorsal surface all approximately same size; microtubular ducts with 2 sclerotized areas; frontal lobes (Tang & Hao, 1995).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Wang 2001: 208 [Key to Eriococcus of China]; Tang & Hao 1995: 453, 650 (adult female) [Eriococcus species].
CITATIONS: Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 91]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 426-428]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 599]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 157-158]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 453, 463-464, 591-592, 718]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 32]; Wang2001 [distribution, taxonomy: 208].
Rhizococcus cistacearum (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus cistacearum Goux, 1936a: 344-356. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, on Cistus albidus, L. Goux, 1931. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: both sexes. Illust.
Nidularia cistacearum; Lindinger, 1943b: 223. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus cistacearum; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination.
Eriococcus veyrensis Goux, 1991: 47-48. Type data: FRANCE: Bouches-du-Rhône, Marseille, on Helianthemum sp., 25/05/1953, by L. Goux. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kozár et al., 2013: 428.
Acanthococcus veyrensis; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 605. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus cistacearum; Ouvrard & Kozár, 2009: 102-118. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Arthrocnemium macrostachyum [KozarKaKo2013], Salicornia macrostachya [Hoy1963]. Cistaceae: Cistus albidus [Goux1936a], Cistus montpeliensis [Hoy1963], Helianthemum polifolium [Hoy1963], Helianthemum sp. [Goux1991]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Goux1936a, Goux1991, Foldi2001].
BIOLOGY: This species has two generations per year. The eggs of the first generation hatching in May or June and eggs of the second generation appearing at the end of September. Overwinters as eggs (Goux, 1936a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description by Goux (1936a) includes adult male and female as well as immatures. Detailed description and illustration by Goux (1991).
STRUCTURE: Adult female oval and red. Ovisac is ovoid, white at time of secretion, but rapidly turning yellowish cream. Adult male is red.
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae elongate, conical with acute apices; marginal setae noticeably longer than other setae on dorsum, with 1 large lateral seta on margin of each abdominal segment; microtubular ducts with 2 sclerotized areas (Goux, 1936a).Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, larger size with concave sides, smaller size with straight sides, apices rounded, setae of 3 sizes, largest size present along body margin with 1 lateral seta on margin of each abdominal segment, medium size also present along body margin and associated with larger size but with 1 to 3 lateral setae on margin of each abdominal segment, small-sized setae cone shaped, present over remainder of dorsum, setae forming 3 longitudinal lines on each side of abdomen; microtubular ducts short, with 1 sclerotized area (Goux, 1991). Two kinds of females were found, one has large spines on submargin of venter are spinose, while on others they are setose and longer. There are also intermediate forms with these two kinds of spines altogether. All of these variations were found on the same locality and host plants. Further studies should be done to understand if they are separate species, or only different morphological or ecological forms. (Kozár, et al., 2013) The detailed study of the materials of Rhizococcus veyrensis (Goux, 1991) by Kozár et al., 2013 indicates that this species is a junior synomym of R. cistacearum (Goux, 1936) Records form Hungary under name of R. cistacearum belong to a new described species described in Kozár, et al., 2013 as An. pannonicus.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus].
CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Foldi2003 [distribution: 149]; Goux1936a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 344-356]; Goux1938d [taxonomy: 331]; Goux1940 [taxonomy: 64]; Goux1948a [taxonomy: 69]; Goux1989a [structure: 21]; Goux1991 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 47-48]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 79]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 374]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 91, 94]; Kozar2009a [distribution: 583]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 60]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 55]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1943b [host, taxonomy: 223]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 405]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 166, 374-375]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118].
Rhizococcus coccineus (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus coccineus Cockerell, 1894k: 204. Type data: UNITED STATES: Nebraska, Lincoln, on a cactus in a greenhouse, 23/05/1894, by Prof. Bruner. Lectotype female (examined), by subsequent designation Miller & Miller, 1992: 19-22. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Eriococcus var. lutescens Cockerell is only a color form and should not be considered as a subspecific or specific name (Miller & Miller, 1992). Male specimens are held in the CDAE.
Eriococcus coccineus lutescens Cockerell, 1894k: 204. Synonymy by Ferris, 1955a: 116. Notes: Although Cockerell (1894k) considered this to be a color form of Eriococcus coccineus, it has been treated as a subspecies or variety several times (Cockerell 1896b and Ferris 1955a) and based on the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature must be considered a subspecies.
Eriococcus saboteneus Kuwana & Tanaka, 1922: 215-221. Type data: JAPAN. Unknown type status, type designation unknown. Described: both sexes. Illust. Synonymy by Kozár et al., 2013: 432. Notes: Morrison (1952) states that much of Kuwana's material was destroyed in the 1923 earthquake.
Dactylopius mammillariae; Lindinger, 1931a: 114. Incorrect synonymy.
Eriococcus cactearum; Lindinger, 1931a: 114. Incorrect synonymy.
Nidularia coccinea; Lindinger, 1933a: 108. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
Rhizococcus multispinosus; Lindinger, 1933a: 114. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Hoy, 1963: 103.
Acanthococcus coccineus; Miller & Miller, 1992: 19-22. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus saboteneus; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 604. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus coccineus; Kozár, 2009: 106. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus coccineus; Hodgson & Miller, 2010: 99-100. Revived combination.
Rhizococcus coccineus; Kozár et al., 2013: 432. Revived combination.
COMMON NAMES: cactus eriococcin [Gill1993]; cactus mealybug [Gill1993]; cactus spine scale [Gill1993]; spine mealybug [Gill1993]; woolly cactus scale [Steine1987].
HOSTS: Cactaceae [Hoy1963], Astrophytum sp. [Hoy1963], Cereus sp. [MillerMi1992, BenDov2012], Cleistocactus sp. [Hoy1963], Echinocactus sp. [MillerMi1992], Echinocactus texensis [BenDov2012], Echinocereus sp. [MillerMi1992], Echinopsis sp. [MillerMi1992], Hylocereus sp. [MillerMi1992], Mammillaria sp. [MillerMi1992], Neobuxbaumia polilophus [MazzeoSuRu2008], Opuntia ficus barbarica [Foldi2000], Opuntia sp. [MillerMi1992], Pelecyphora sp. [MillerMi1992], Rebutia sp. [MillerMi1992], Rhipsalis sp. [MillerMi1992], Selenicereus sp. [MillerMi1992], Thelocactus bicolor [MarottGa1992], Wilcoxia sp. [MillerMi1992]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [MarottGa1992]. Australasian: Australia [Hoy1963]; Hawaiian Islands [Hoy1963]; New Zealand [Hoy1963]. Nearctic: Mexico (Chihuahua [Miller1996], Coahuila [Miller1996], Queretaro [Miller1996], San Luis Potosi [Miller1996], Tamaulipas [Miller1996], Veracruz [Miller1996], Zacatecas [Miller1996]); United States of America (Arizona [MillerMi1992], California [MillerMi1992], District of Columbia [MillerMi1992], Florida [MillerMi1992], Maryland [MillerMi1992], Minnesota [MillerMi1992], Missouri [MillerMi1992], Nebraska [MillerMi1992], New York [MillerMi1992], Texas [MillerMi1992], Virginia [MillerMi1992], Washington [MillerMi1992], West Virginia [MillerMi1992]). Neotropical: Brazil [Hoy1963]. Palaearctic: Canary Islands [MarottGa1992, MatileOr2001]; Croatia [MastenSi2008]; Czech Republic [Kohler1998]; Egypt [MarottGa1992]; France [Hoy1963, Foldi2001]; Germany [Hoy1963]; Israel [MarottGa1992]; Italy [MarottGa1992, PellizDa1997] (Pellizzari & Danzig (1997) cite this species as invasive from Mexico.); Japan [Hoy1963] [KuwanaTa1922]; United Kingdom (England [Hoy1963, Malump2006] (Found on plants in nurseries in West Sussex and Norfolk in 1999. However, Malumphy, 2006 considers Hoy's record as doubtful and states that all known outbreaks of E. coccineus in the UK have been eradicated.)).
BIOLOGY: This species apparently has continuous overlapping generations (Gill, 1993). "Early instars remain attached to fleshy parts of cactus; adult female often migrates to spines of acactus just before oviposition. Male sacs also normally produced on cactus spines (Miller & Miller, 1992).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration provided by Miller & Miller (1992).Only description and illustration by Kuwana & Tanaka (1922).
STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate, oval, body usually violet purple with central yellow band, but occasionally crimson red or dull yellow. Ovisac loose and white (Miller & Miller, 1992).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae nearly cylindrical with truncate apices; marginal setae noticeably longer than other setae on dorsum, except for a few medial setae on thorax; 3 enlarged setae on lateral margin of each abdominal segment (Miller & Miller, 1992). Lindinger (1931a) incorrectly treated "cactearum, mammillariae and multispinosus" as junior synonyms of Eriococcus coccineus. These species currently are placed in other families or are treated as valid species of Eriococcus.Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices rounded, setae all approximately same size, forming 3 longitudinal lines on each side of body except medial line absent on abdomen, 2 or 3 lateral setae on margin of each abdominal segment (Kuwana & Tanaka, 1922).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species appears to be a native of Mexico and southern parts of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California. Eriococcus coccineus infests cacti whose transportation all over the world has spread the species, which is now cosmopolitan in nurseries and greenhouses worldwide (Miller & Miller, 1992).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 520, 655 (adult female) [as Rhizococcus coccineus; Rhizococcus species]; Gill 1993: 157 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus coccineus; Acanthococcus species of California]; Miller& Miller 1993: 7 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus coccineus; Acanthococcus species in the eastern United States]; Miller & Miller 1992: 5 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus coccineus; Acanthococcus species in the western United States]; Ferris 1955a: 97 (adult female) [as Eriococcus coccineus; North American species of Eriococcus].
CITATIONS: Arnett1985 [distribution, economic importance: 239]; Balach1932e [distribution: 237]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 42]; BenDov1985a [distribution, host: 187]; BenDov1987 [distribution, host: 114]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 33, 43]; BowenBrJo1982 [chemical control, distribution, host: 1]; Brooke1957 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 88]; CarnerPe1986 [distribution, host: 50, 64]; Cocker1894k [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 204]; Cocker1894v [distribution, taxonomy: 1052]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 323]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy: 18]; Cocker1900i [taxonomy: 595]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; Elkan1949 [host, illustration, taxonomy: 5-6, 31]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 274]; FeltMo1928 [distribution, host: 194]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 72]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy: 17]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 97, 116]; Flachs1931 [taxonomy: 75]; Fleury1935 [distribution, host: 520]; Fleury1938 [distribution, host: 19, 74]; Foldi2000 [distribution, host: 81]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; FullawWh1934 [taxonomy: 288]; Germai2008 [distribution: 77-87]; Gill1993 [economic importance, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 157, 162]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy: 95, 97]; GwiazdVaDe2006 [phylogenetics: 16]; HardyGuHe2008 [phylogeny: 369-373]; HodgsoMi2010 [host, taxonomy: 99]; HosnyEz1957 [distribution, host: 331-332]; Hoy1962 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 32, 58]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 80]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 114]; Hunt1939 [taxonomy: 556]; Kawai1980 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 128]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy: 128]; King1901i [distribution, host: 232]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 374]; KosztaKo1988F [distribution: 275]; Koteja1974b [structure: 76]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106,114]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKo2008a [taxonomy: 148]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; KuwanaTa1922 [taxonomy: 215-221]; KuwanaTa1922 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 215-221]; LambdiWa1980 [distribution, host: 79]; LepageGi1944 [taxonomy: 305]; Lindin1931a [distribution, host: 114, 180]; Lindin1932a [taxonomy: 79]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 108]; Lindin1934e [host, taxonomy: 162]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 148]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 156]; Lindin1938 [distribution, taxonomy: 5]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 121]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 148]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 145]; Malump2006 [behaviour, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy: 241-243]; MarottGa1992 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 742, 744]; MastenSi2008 [catalogue, distribution, host: 105-119]; MatileOr2001 [distribution: 190]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [distribution, host: 149-152]; Miller1991a [illustration: 442]; Miller1991b [economic importance: 101]; Miller1996 [distribution, host: 79]; Miller2005 [distribution: 491]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 604]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy: 166-169]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 322-323]; MillerMi1992 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 5, 19-22]; MillerMi1993 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 7, 23]; Nakaha1981a [distribution, host: 405]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 173-174]; Nishid2002 [catalogue: 143]; PellizDa1997 [distribution, host: 175]; PellizGe2010a [distribution, economic importance, host: 478,485,505]; PellizKo2011 [distribution: 67]; Pember1945 [distribution, host: 224, 231-2, 461]; PerezGCa1985 [distribution: 317]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 354]; PrinslMy1981 [biological control: 154]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 159]; Steine1987 [description: 6]; Stimme1987 [distribution, host: 23]; StoetzMi1979 [taxonomy: 10]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 520, 524, 655]; Whitne1933 [distribution, host: 66]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 96]; Zahrad1968 [distribution, host: 11]; Zahrad1977 [distribution: 121]; Zahrad1990c [distribution, host: 16]; Zimmer1948 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 283, 287-90].
Rhizococcus confusus (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus confusus Maskell, 1892: 26. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, Richmond, on Eucalyptus viminalis, by French. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gullan & Vranjic, 1991: 27. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
Eriococcus gregarius Froggatt, 1916: 569. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Glen Innes, Albury, Mittagong, and in localities around Sydney, on Eucalyptus sp., by Froggatt. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gullan & Vranjic, 1991: 27. Type depository: Orange: Agricultural Scientific Collections Trust, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Gullan & Vranjic, 1991: 27.
Nidularia confusus; Lindinger, 1933a: 108. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus confusus; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 599. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus confusus; Kozár, 2009: 106. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus camaldulensis [GullanVr1991], Eucalyptus globulus [GullanVr1991], Eucalyptus mannifera maculosa [GullanVr1991], Eucalyptus nicholii [GullanVr1991], Eucalyptus nitens [GullanVr1991], Eucalyptus sp. [Frogga1921a], Eucalyptus viminalis [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [GullanVr1991], New South Wales [Frogga1921a], South Australia [GullanVr1991], Tasmania [GullanVr1991], Victoria [GullanVr1991]).
BIOLOGY: Individuals densely aggregated with tests often appearing to coalesce. On smaller stems and midribs of leaves of many Eucalyptus species (Gullan & Vranjic, 1991).
GENERAL REMARKS: Most comprehensive description by Gullan & Vranjic (1991). Type information is compiled by Deitz & Tocker (1980). Gullan & Vranjic (1991) provide photos of galls.
STRUCTURE: Sac of female dirty-white or grey with a leathery covering that is yellowish-brown (Froggatt, 1921a). Adult female is dull brownish-yellow to dark red, broadly oval and convex (Maskell, 1892) and densely aggregated (Vranjic, 1990). Crushed body contents are orange-brown. Adults crushed in 10% KOH solution are yellowish-brown at first, then turning greenish brown (Gullan & Vranjic, 1991).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae elongate, apices acute, slightly curved, all about same size; last abdominal segment with cluster of 5 to 16 microtubular ducts on medial area of dorsum, macrotubular ducts absent from posteriomedial area of dorsum (Gullan & Vranjic, 1991). Eriococcus confusus Maskell (1892) is the senior secondary homonym of E. confusus Danzig (1962a). The name E. confusus Danzig has been replaced with E. danzigae.
KEYS: Gullan & Vranjic 1991: 26 (adult female) [Australian Eriococcus species infesting Eucalyptus]; Danzig 1971d: 823 (female) [as Rhizococcus confusus; Key to species of family Eriococcidae].
CITATIONS: Banks1977 [chemistry: 63]; BanksCa1970 [chemistry, taxonomy: 1577]; BanksCaCr1976 [chemistry: 2232]; BanksCaEd1976 [chemistry: 2227]; BanksCaRa1976 [chemistry: 1509]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 323]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 823]; DeitzTo1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 45]; DeLott1974a [taxonomy: 182]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 73]; Frogga1900 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 102]; Frogga1916 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 428, 569]; Frogga1921a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 75, 81]; GilletBa1895 [taxonomy: 125]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy: 96]; GullanVr1991 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 21-40]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 81, 94]; Kaweck1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 29]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 98]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 108]; Maskel1892 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 26]; Maskel1895a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 22]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 599]; MillerGi1999 [taxonomy: 213]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 120]; Pierce1917 [distribution, economic importance, host: 99]; StoetzMi1979 [taxonomy: 11]; Vranji1990 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 83-84].
Rhizococcus coronillae (Tereznikova)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus coronillae Tereznikova, 1977: 573. Type data: UKRAINE: Krasnodar Kray, on Coronilla varia, 05/06/1963, E. Tereznikova. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Kiev: Institute of Zoology, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Ukraine. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 1 paratype in ZMAS (Danzig, personal correspondence, 1996)
Eriococcus coronillae; Tang & Hao, 1995: 465. Described: female. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus coronillae; Kozár et al., 2013: 436-437. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Coronilla varia [Terezn1977].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Krasnodar Kray [Terezn1977]); Ukraine [Terezn1977].
BIOLOGY: On the roots. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description by Tereznikova (1977).
STRUCTURE: Body oval, yellow, or pinkish. Egg sacs white, felted. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae elongate, nearly cylindrical, apices rounded or truncate, medial and mediolateral setae becoming increasingly smaller posteriorly (Tereznikova, 1977).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Tang & Hao 1995: 448, 645 (adult female) [Eriococcus species].
CITATIONS: Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 375]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 436-437]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 176]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 448, 465, 645]; Terezn1977 [description, distribution, host, illlustration, taxonomy: 573]; Terezn1981 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 24, 25]; TerGri1983 [distribution, taxonomy: 879].
Rhizococcus crassispinus (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus crassispinus Borchsenius, 1949: 334-335. Type data: ARMENIA: Megri, on roots of Artemisia sp., 25/05/1947, by N. Borchsenius. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1996b: 521. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 148-48. Described: female. Illust. Notes: There is an additional female on the slide with the lectotype and there are 3 other paralectotypes on 2 slides with same label data as lectotype (Danzig, 1996b).
Nidularia crassispinus; Lindinger, 1957: 543. Change of combination.
Eriococcus crassispinus; Hoy, 1963: 83. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus crassispinus; Kozár et al., 2013: 438-440. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia sp. [Borchs1949], Artemisia sphaerocephala [TangHa1995], Youngia tenuicaulis [Tao1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description by Borchsenius (1949).
STRUCTURE: Adult female oval (Borchsenius, 1949).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, with acute apices (Borchsenius, 1949).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Wang 2001: 209 [Key to Eriococcus of China]; Tang & Hao 1995: 452, 649 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Borchsenius 1949: 332, 334-335 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus crassispinus; Acanthococcus species of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 332, 334-335]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 119]; Danzig1996a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 574]; Danzig1996b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 521]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 83]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 375]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 438-440]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 543]; Mateso1976 [taxonomy: 26]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 178]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 452, 467, 593, 720]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 32]; TerGri1983 [taxonomy: 877]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 209, 220].
Rhizococcus desertus (Matesova)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus desertus Matesova, 1957: 168-169. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Bank of Ili River near Iliysk, on Camphorasma monspeliacum roots, 31/05/1952, G. Matesova. Syntypes, female, by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: Although there is one female on a slide labeled as a holotype, the entire series must be considered as syntypes because there is no mention of the word holotype or type in the original description.
Eriococcus desertus; Hoy, 1963: 84. Described: female. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus dsertns; Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 211. Described: female. Illust. Misspelling of species name.
Acanthococcus dsertus; Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 67. Described: female. Illust. Misspelling of species name.
Rhizococcus desertus; Kozár et al., 2013: 440. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: desert felt scale [KosztaKo1988F].
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Tetramorium semilaevi [KosztaKo1988F].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Discodes ipaikalensis [Myarts1981], Eucoccidophagus semiluniger [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia sphaerocephala [TangLi1988], Youngia tenuicaulis [TangLi1988]. Caryophyllaceae: Minuartia sp. [Kohler1998]. Chenopodiaceae: Camphorosma lissingii [Mateso1968], Camphorosma monspeliacum [Mateso1957], Kochia prostrata [Mateso1968]. Dipsacaceae: Scabiosa [Kohler1998]. Poaceae: Piptatherum miliaceum [PellizPoSe2011]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [TangLi1988].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [KozarKaKo2013]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Hua2000]); Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1957]; Mongolia [TangLi1988]; Turkmenistan [KosztaKo1988F].
BIOLOGY: This is a steppe inhabiting xerophilous species. In Kazakhstan, adults appear in May or June. Egg production (12-86) probably depends on host plant. Young females and molting last-stage nymphs were found at the end of May. It was at this time that the flight of the males began (Matesova, 1957). The ant Tetramorium semilaevi has been associated with this species. This species is found on the bases of leaves and root crowns of its host (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Matesova (1957) and Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).
STRUCTURE: Ovisac smooth, felted, cream colored (Kosztarab & Kozár 1988). Adult female is oval and pale rose in color (Matesova, 1957).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, apices rounded, marginal setae slightly longer than other setae on dorsum (Tang & Li, 1988).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Often a pest in Kazakhstan (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 452, 649 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 277 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus desertus; Acanthococcus species of central Europe].
CITATIONS: Danzig1977a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 200]; Danzig1982a [distribution: 147]; Danzig1984a [taxonomy: 34]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 84]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 137]; JaposhCe2010 [distribution: 133]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 375]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 71, 75, 76]; KosztaKo1988F [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 279]; Kozar1980 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 67]; Kozar1991 [taxonomy: 81]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; Kozar2009a [distribution: 583]; KozarDa1976 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 67]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 440-443]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarKoSc1999 [distribution: 112]; KozarSaSz2009 [catalogue, distribution: 436]; KozarSu1979 [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 234]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Mateso1955 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 202]; Mateso1957 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 168-169]; Mateso1968 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 113]; Mateso1971 [taxonomy: 26]; MillerGi2000 [biological control, catalogue, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 188-190]; Myarts1980 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 64]; Myarts1981 [biological control, distribution: 96]; Myarts1982 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 39]; OuvrarKo2009 [behaviour, structure, taxonomy: 101-118]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294,296]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 452,467,649]; TangLi1988 [distribution, illustration: 67, 69].
Rhizococcus devoniensis GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizococcus devoniensis Green, 1896d: 260-261. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, Budleigh-Salterton, on Erica cinerea, ?/08/1896, by S. Devon. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985h: 365. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: In addition to the lectotype there are two adult female paralectotypes on the same slide in the BMNH (Williams, 1985h).
Eriococcus devoniensis; Cockerell, 1897p: 588-5889. Change of combination.
Eriococcus ericae; Lindinger, 1911: 357. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Hoy, 1963: 87.
Acanthococcus devoniensis; Borchsenius, 1949: 333, 337-338. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus devoniensis; Kozár et al., 2013: 443-445. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: heather scale [Kohler1998].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Cheiloneurus paralia [JaposhCe2010], Microterys aeneiventris [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Asteraceae: Acroptilon repens [KaydanUlEr2007], Artemisia sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Santolina sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Chenopodiaceae: Salicornia fruticosa [Foldi2002], Salicornia sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Compositeae: Achillea sp. [KaydanUlEr2007], Cichorium intybus [KaydanUlEr2007], Taraxacum sp. [KaydanUlEr2007]. Ericaceae: Calluna vulgaris [Green1896d], Erica arborea [Foldi2000], Erica cinerea [Green1896d], Erica multiflora [Russo1995], Erica sp. [Green1896d], Erica tetralix [Green1896d], Vaccinium sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Fabaceae: Ulex europaeus [Green1896d]. Labiatae: Lavandula sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Salvia sp. [KaydanUlEr2007], Thymus sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Poaceae: Agropyron repens [KaydanKiKo2005a], Erodium sp. [KaydanUlEr2007]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica multifida [KaydanUlEr2007]. Thymelaeaceae: Thymelaea sp. [KosztaKo1988F]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Kohler1998]; Austria [Willia1985h]; Corsica [Hoy1963]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975, Gertss2001]; France [Hoy1963, Foldi2001, Foldi2002]; Germany [Hoy1963]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F]; Ireland [Hoy1963]; Israel [Kohler1998]; Italy [Russo1995] (Actually from Pantelleria in Canale di Sicilia); Malta [Kohler1998]; Netherlands [Hoy1963, Jansen2001]; Poland [KosztaKo1988F]; Sardinia [Hoy1963, Pelliz2011] (Pellizzari considers this record doubtful. Some specimens collected recently in Sardinia by Pellizzari and Fontana and identified as A. devoniensis (Pellizzari & Fontana, 1996) have proved to be a misidentification of A. ericae (F. Kozár, personal communication, 2011).); Spain [Kohler1998]; Sweden [KozarzRe1975, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KosztaKo1988F]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007]; United Kingdom (England [Hoy1963], Scotland [Harris1948, Hoy1963], Wales [Hoy1963]).
BIOLOGY: This species overwinters as eggs and hatches during the first third of May with adults appearing by the end of June or the beginning of July. Females lay 28-82 eggs in late July. Infested shoots of Erica are often distorted (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
GENERAL REMARKS: A detailed description is presented by Williams (1985h). Köhler (1998) listed this species as distributed in Israel. Ben Dov (2012) considers record this record as doubtful because no material or publication source is available.
STRUCTURE: Ovisac is strongly convex and creamy-white. Adult female is oval and purple. Adult male described by Jancke (1955). Eggs are oval, pink or pinkish yellow and dusted with white wax powder (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, with truncate apices, abundant over dorsum of 2 or 3 sizes; microtubular ducts short, with 2 sclerotized areas; frontal lobes large and conspicuous (Williams, 1985h). Lindinger (1911) incorrectly considered Acanthococcus devoniensis as a synonym of Acanthococcus thymi and of A. ericae. All 3 are distinct and currently accepted species (Hoy, 1963 and Kozár & Walter, 1985).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 277 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus devoniensis; Acanthococcus species of central Europe]; Williams 1985h: 357 (adult female) [British species of Eriococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1931a [distribution, host: 96, 101]; Balach1934c [distribution, host: 131]; Balach1937c [distribution, host, life history: 5]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 43]; BenDov2012 [distribution: 41]; Bodenh1935 [distribution, host: 260]; Boraty1962 [taxonomy: 59]; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 91]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 333, 337-338]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 119]; Buhr1964 [host: 465]; Cocker1897p [taxonomy: 588-589]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Elliot1933 [distribution: 142]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 74]; Foldi2000 [distribution, host: 81]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Foldi2002 [distribution: 245]; Foldi2003 [distribution: 149]; Gertss1997 [distribution, host, illustration: 115]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 125]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy: 348]; Goux1931 [distribution, host: 331]; Goux1931a [distribution, host, illustration: 72-73]; Goux1934a [distribution, host: 31]; Goux1948a [taxonomy: 69]; Goux1989a [structure: 21]; Green1896d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 260-261]; Green1915a [description, distribution, host, life history: 175]; Green1917a [distribution, host: 261-262]; Green1920 [distribution, taxonomy: 118]; Green1922b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 20]; Green1923d [distribution, host: 211]; Green1927a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 28]; Green1928 [description, host: 8]; Green1930 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 11-12]; Green1931a [distribution, host: 104]; Harris1916 [distribution, host: 173]; Harris1916a [distribution, host: 93]; Harris1918 [distribution: 17]; Harris1948 [distribution, host: 115]; Harris1950 [distribution, host: 70]; HertinSi1972 [biological control, distribution, host: 131]; Heslop1961 [distribution: 176]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 85]; Hulden1985 [distribution, host: 59, 61]; Jancke1955 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 285]; Jansen2001 [distribution: 200]; JaposhCe2010 [distribution: 133]; Kaweck1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 28-29]; KaydanKiKo2005a [distribution, host: 399]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Killin1936 [distribution, host: 119]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 375-376]; KosztaKo1988F [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 277, 280-281]; Koteja1974b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 76]; Koteja1980 [illustration: 83]; Koteja1985b [host, taxonomy: 490]; Koteja1996a [illustration: 70]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution, host: 674]; KotejaZa1981 [illustration: 514]; KotejaZa1983 [taxonomy: 468]; Kozar1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 172]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 443-445]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarKoSa2002 [catalogue, distribution: 38]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Kozarz1986 [distribution, taxonomy: 307]; KozarzRe1975 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 7, 16]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 243]; Leonar1908a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 159]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy: 434]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 142]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 548]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 368]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 121]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 144]; MillerGi2000 [biological control, catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 190-192]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 24, 25]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 120]; Newste1903 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 201-203]; Ossian1959 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 195]; OuvrarKo2009 [behaviour, structure, taxonomy: 101-118]; Paoli1915 [distribution, host: 239-240]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 312]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PellizKo2011 [distribution: 66]; Reyne1951 [taxonomy: xli]; Reyne1954b [taxonomy: 235]; Reyne1961 [taxonomy: 130]; Reyne1964 [taxonomy: 103, 105]; Russo1995 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 343, 346]; Schmut1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 68, 80, 378, 413]; Schmut1955 [host, taxonomy: 160]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 50]; StoetzMi1979 [taxonomy: 13]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 469-470]; Willia1973 [host, taxonomy: 83]; Willia1985h [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 365]; ZahradRo1995 [distribution: 205].
Rhizococcus echinatus (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus acutus echinatus Goux, 1938d: 337. Type data: FRANCE: Tamaris, on Brachypodium pinnatum, ?/07/1934, by L. Goux. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus echinatus; Ouvrard & Kozár, 2009: 103. Change of status.
Acanthococcus acutus echinatus; Kozár, 2009: 92. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus echinatus; Kozár et al., 2013: 446-448. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Brachypodium pinnatum [Goux1938d].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1938d]; Hungary [KozarKaKo2013].
BIOLOGY: One generation in a year, ovisac appears in June. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Goux (1938d). Redescription in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval and quite large (Goux, 1938d).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Goux1938d [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 337]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 68]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 446-448]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 117]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118].
Rhizococcus erinaceus (Kiritchenko)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus erinaceus Kiritchenko, 1940: 128-131. Type data: UKRAINE: Kherson District, Kopani, near the Dniepr river, on Achillea milldfolia. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1996b: 521. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: There also is 1 paralectotype female in ZMAS.
Acanthococcus erinaceus; Borchsenius, 1949: 51, 332, 335-336. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Nidularia erinaceus; Lindinger, 1957: 543. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus erinaceus; Kozár et al., 2013: 448-450. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: woolly felt scale [KosztaKo1988F].
HOST: Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium [Kiritc1940].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Ukraine [Kiritc1940].
BIOLOGY: Occurs on the leaves of host. Apparently a rare steppe species. Males unknown (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988). Illustration given by Kiritshenko (1940).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is egg shaped, body is red or rusty red. Sac is pyriform, compact, convex, creamy and very small (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). This species can be difficult to find because its ovisacs are so small and it resembles folded margins of dry leaves (Kiritchenko, 1940).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, with broad bases, slightly rounded apices, marginal setae slightly larger than other dorsal setae, without bare areas on dorsum, 2 or 3 large-sized setae on lateral margin of each abdominal segment (Kiritshenko, 1940).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Tang & Hao 1995: 448, 644 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 277 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus erinaceus; Acanthococcus species of central Europe].
CITATIONS: Babaev1980 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 57]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 51, 332, 335-336]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 119]; Borchs1950c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 368]; Danzig1996a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 574]; Danzig1996b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 521]; FetykoKoDa2010 [distribution: 295]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 88]; Kiritc1940 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 128-131]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 376]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy: 70]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 277, 281]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 448-451]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 543]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 200-201]; TangHa1995 [description, host, taxonomy: 448, 468, 644]; Terezn1975 [distribution, taxonomy: 29]; Terezn1981 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 27].
Rhizococcus evinae Kaydan in Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizococcus evinae Kaydan in Kozár et al., 2013: 451-453. Type data: TURKEY: Van- Hakkari Road, (N: 38°22248, E: 043° 35176), on Euphorbia sp., 6/6/2009, by M.B. Kaydan. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Turkey: Kaydan's Personal Collection. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 1859 m altitude
COMMON NAME: Euphorbia felt scale. [KozarKaKo2013].
HOST: Euphobiaceae: Euphorbia sp. [KozarKaKo2013]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [KozarKaKo2013].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Adult females redish; found at rootcrown host plant, felt-like test white. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Body elongate oval. Antennae 6 segmented, each segment covered with a few, strong hair-like setae. Eyes situated on venter near margin. Anal lobes strongly developed, each with 3 enlarged setae. Legs well developed. Anal ring strongly sclerotized, with 21-28 pores on each inner side. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, illustration, host, structure, taxonomy: 451-453].
Rhizococcus festucae (Lindinger)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus festucae Kuwana & Fukaya, 1914: 2-3. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Nishigahara, Tokyo, on Festuca parvigluma, ?/06/1910, by F. Fukaya. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Eriococcus festucae Targioni Tozzetti (1869); discovered by Lindinger, 1932f: 201. Notes: Eriococcus festucae Kuwana (1914) is a junior primary homonym of Eriococcus festucae Targioni Tozzetti (1869). The latter species is now considered to be a member of the genus Eriopeltis in the family Coccidae (Lindinger, 1935).
Eriococcus festucarum Lindinger, 1932f: 201. Replacement name for Eriococcus festucae Kuwana & Fukaya 1914.
Nidularia festucarum; Lindinger, 1933a: 108. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus festucarum; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination. Notes: Miller & Gimpel (1996) incorrectly considered Acanthococcus festucarum to be a new combination.
Rhizococcus festucae; Kozár et al., 2013: 454. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Festuca parvigluma [Kuwana1914].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan (Honshu [Kuwana1914]).
BIOLOGY: Eggs are yellow in color. Female collected in June. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustrations by Kuwana (1914).
STRUCTURE: Female sac is closely felted and tough, pale tan or white in color. Adult female is elongate, pale yellow and turns pink when treated with KOH (Kuwana, 1914).
SYSTEMATICS: Body elongate oval, 2.0 mm long, 1.1 mm wide. Antennae 6, or seven segmented, with long hair-like setae. Anal lobes normal, with one long enlarged setae and two short. (Kozár, et al., 2013) According to Kuwana & Fukaya, 1914, this species is similar to R. greeni and An. insignis, but differs by the arrangement of spines on the abdominal segments. Kozár, et al., 2013 determined that according to the presence of enlarged setae on the dorsal segments, shown by Kawai (1980) the similarity with An. insignis can be excluded.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 451, 647 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Takahashi 1957: 7 (adult female) [Some Eriococcus species of Japan].
CITATIONS: Heslop1952 [distribution, host: 176]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 89]; Kawai1980 [distribution, host: 131]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 376]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 454-455]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Kuwana1914 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 2-3]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy: 138]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 167]; Kuwana1917b [distribution, taxonomy: 138]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 201]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 108]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 600]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 207-208]; Signor1869 [catalog: 853]; Takaha1957 [taxonomy: 7]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 451, 470, 647]; Terezn1959a [taxonomy: 179].
Rhizococcus gassinus (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus gassinus Goux, 1992: 41-46. Type data: FRANCE: Gassin, on Lotus allioni, 06/06/1933, by L. Goux. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus gassinus; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 601. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus gassinus; Kozár et al., 2013: 456-458. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Lotus allioni [Goux1992], Lotus cystisoides [KozarKaKo2013].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Goux (1992).
STRUCTURE: Body oval, 2.3 mm long, 1.4 mm wide. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, apices acute or slightly rounded, of 2 sizes, large size in lateral and mediolateral areas of thorax, setae abundant over surface; anal lobes apparently without enlarged setae; microtubular ducts short, apparently with 2 sclerotized areas (Goux, 1992).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Goux1992 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 44-45]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 456-458]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 601]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 212]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118].
Rhizococcus gavrilovi Kozár & Kaydan in Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizococcus gavrilovi Kozár & Kaydan in Kozár et al., 2013: 458-460. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: on Artemisia sp., 10/?/1988, by G. Harchenko. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: with one paratype on the same slide (45=69). Paratypes: 3 females on two slides, Turkmenistan, Artemisia sp. Kara Kala ush., Shovlan Baba 23. IX. 1976, C. Myartzeva 2-79.
HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia sp. [KozarKaKo2013]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkmenistan [KozarKaKo2013].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 2.8-3.2 mm long, 1.8-2.2 mm wide. Antennae 7 segmented. Anal lobes well developed, sclerotized, with 4 blunt, conical enlarged setae, ventrally each with two flagellate setae; anal lobe with 204-216 ľm long apical seta. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: The species differs from other members of the genus by four spines on the anal lobes and spinelike claw digitules shorter then claw. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus].
CITATIONS: KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 458-460].
Rhizococcus greeni (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus greeni Newstead, 1898: 96. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, Devon, Budleigh Salterton, 20/09/1896, by E.Green. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985h: 367-370. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Eriococcus variabilis; Goux, 1948a: 69. Incorrect synonymy. Notes: Goux (1948a) considered E. variabilis to be a junior synonym of E. greeni. However, in his 1989a paper, Goux treats E. variabilis as a separate and distinct species.
Acanthococcus greeni; Borchsenius, 1949: 47-8,50-1,333,340. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Eriococcus brecius; Goux, 1995: 49. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Goux (1995) misspelled this species epithet in the figure legend.
Eriococcus brucius Goux, 1995: 49-50. Type data: FRANCE: La Bridoire (Savoie), 10/09/1932, unidentified Gramineae, by L. Goux. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kozár et al., 2013: 464.
Anophococcus greeni; Lagowska & Koteja, 1996: 31. Described: first instar. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus brucius; Kozár, 2009: 91. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus greeni; Kozár et al., 2013: 464-468. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Newstead's felt scale [KosztaKo1988F].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aphycus nitens [Ruhl1913]. Encyrtidae: Eucoccidophagus breviventris [KosztaKo1988F], Metaphyus alami [KosztaKo1988F], Metaphyus nitens [KosztaKo1988F]. Pteromalidae: Euonotus acutus [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Poaceae [Goux1995], Aegilops geniculata [KozarKaKo2013], Aegilops ovata [SismanUl2010], Agropyron intermedium [KozarHuFo1989], Agropyron repens [Hoy1963], Ammophila arenaria [Marott1993], Brachypodium sp. [Newste1898], Calamagrostis brachytricha [Danzig1986a], Calamagrostis epigeios [Newste1898], Calamagrostis langsdoffii [Danzig1986a], Chrysopogon gryllus [KozarPaPa1991], Corynephorus canescens [Newste1898], Dactylis sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Deschampsia sp. [Kohler1998], Festuca ovina [KozarHuFo1989], Festuca pratensis [PodsiaKo1976], Festuca sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Koeleria gracilis [Marott1993], Koeleria macrantha [KozarKaKo2013], Lolium perenne [PodsiaKo1976], Lolium sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Melica sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Melica turcomanica [Danzig1986a], Melica turczaninowiana [KozarKaKo2013], Nardus stricta [Terezn1966], Phleum sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Poa sp. [KaydanUlEr2007], Stipa pennata [KozarGuBa1994]. Rosaceae: Potentilla sp. [Kohler1998]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989]). Palaearctic: Armenia [Hoy1963]; France [Hoy1963, Goux1995, Foldi2001]; Greece [MilonaKoKo2008a]; Hungary [Hoy1963, KozarKoFe2013]; Italy [Marott1993]; Kazakhstan [Marott1993]; Moldova [KozarKaKo2013]; Netherlands [Hoy1963, Jansen2001]; Poland [KosztaKo1988F, SimonKa2011]; Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia [Marott1993] (Karelia AR [Danzig1968], Kuril Islands [Danzig1986a], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1986a], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1986a], Stavrapol Oblast [Danzig1985]); Spain [Hoy1963]; Sweden [Hoy1963, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007] (Also in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus); Ukraine [Hoy1963]; United Kingdom (England [Hoy1963, MalumpBa2012], Scotland [Willia1985h]).
BIOLOGY: Eggs of this species are laid in July and August (Kosztarab & Kozár).
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Williams (1985h). Additional description by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).Description and illustration by Goux (1995).
STRUCTURE: Ovisac is elongate-oval, tough, coarse, felted wax and creamy white. Adult female is elongate, white or yellowish in color (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). Derm is thickly set with large sharp spines (Newstead, 1898).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, apices acute, of 2 sizes, large size forming 3 longitudinal lines on each side of body, small size scattered over surface, 2 or 3 large-sized setae in medial area of segment 7; macrotubular ducts with rim around orifice; microtubular ducts short, with 2 sclerotized areas (Williams, 1985h). Lindinger (1912b) incorrectly considered Eriococcus greeni to be a junior synonym of E. insignis (Williams, 1985h). Danzig (1986a) states that E. sachalinensis is probably a synonym of E. greeni.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Tang & Hao 1995: 449, 645 (adult female) [as Eriococcus greeni; Eriococcus species]; Danzig 1988: 708 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus greeni; Acanthococcus species of the far eastern USSR]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 277 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus greeni; Acanthococcus species of central Europe]; Danzig 1986a: 240 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus greeni; Acanthococcus species of the far eastern USSR]; Williams 1985h: 357 (adult female) [as Eriococcus greeni; British species of Eriococcus]; Danzig 1962a: 43 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus greeni; Far eastern Soviet Acanthococcus species].
CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 43]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy: 23]; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 91]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 47-8, 50-1, 340-1]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 120]; CebeciKu2005 [distribution, host: 97-102]; ChackoSi1980 [biological control, distribution: 63]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Comper1936 [distribution, biological control: 309-310]; Danzig1968 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 305]; Danzig1975a [description, host, illustration, taxonomy: 42, 43, 46, 49, 52]; Danzig1977b [taxonomy: 57]; Danzig1978 [host, taxonomy: 12]; Danzig1980b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 212]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy: 111, 121]; Danzig1986a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 240, 247]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 708]; DanzigKo1974 [taxonomy: 10]; Dziedz1977 [taxonomy: 5]; Elliot1933 [distribution: 142]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 75]; FetykoKoDa2010 [distribution: 295]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Fulmek1943 [taxonomy: 32]; FusuPo2003 [host: 87]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 125]; Goux1933a [distribution, host: 236]; Goux1934a [distribution, host: 31]; Goux1938d [taxonomy: 328]; Goux1948a [taxonomy: 69]; Goux1989a [structure: 21]; Goux1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 49-50]; Green1915a [description, distribution, host: 176]; Green1920 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 116-117]; Green1922b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 20]; Green1923d [distribution: 211]; Green1926a [distribution, host: 183]; Green1927a [distribution: 28]; Green1928 [description, taxonomy: 8]; Green1928a [distribution, host: 30]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 131]; Hoy1963 [catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy: 93-94]; Jansen2001 [distribution: 200]; Kaweck1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 29-30]; KaydanKiKo2005a [distribution, host: 399]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 377]; Koszta1956a [distribution, host: 395]; KosztaKo1978 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 72]; KosztaKo1988F [biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 281]; Koteja1971a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 322]; Koteja1974b [structure, taxonomy: 76, 152]; Koteja1976 [structure, taxonomy: 271]; Koteja1983 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 59-62]; Koteja1983a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 675]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; Koteja2000d [distribution: 242]; KotejaLi1976 [structure, taxonomy: 666]; KotejaZa1969 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 362]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 764]; KotejaZa1981 [illustration: 514]; KotejaZa1983 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 476]; Kozar1980 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 67]; Kozar1991 [taxonomy: 81]; Kozar1999a [distribution, host: 139]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 91. 92]; Kozar2009a [distribution: 583]; KozarGuBa1994 [distribution, host: 153]; KozarHuFo1989 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 70, 73]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, phylogeny: 32,35, 464-469]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarKoSc1999 [distribution: 112]; KozarOrKo1977 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 71]; KozarOs1987 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 92]; KozarSaSz2009 [catalogue, distribution: 436]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Kozarz1986 [distribution, taxonomy: 307]; KozarzRe1975 [distribution: 7]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 243]; LagowsKo1996 [distribution: 31]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 224]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 121]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 144]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 26]; Mani1976 [biological control, distribution: 64]; Marott1993 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 156-158]; Masi1931 [biological control: 431]; MawFoHa2000 [distribution: 45]; MillerGi2000 [biological control, catalogue, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 149-150. 222-224]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 120]; Newste1898 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 96]; Newste1903 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200-201]; NikolsYa1966 [biological control: 165]; Ossian1959 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 195]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118]; Pelliz1991 [distribution, host: 765]; PellizKo2011 [distribution: 66]; PodsiaKo1976 [distribution, host: 88]; Rasina1966 [taxonomy: 20]; Reyne1951 [description, distribution, taxonomy: xl]; Ruhl1913c [biological control: 106]; Schmut1955 [host, taxonomy: 160]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 237]; SismanUl2010 [distribution, host: 223]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 449, 472, 645]; Terezn1966 [distribution, host, illustration: 25]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy: 23, 76]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy: 27]; TerGri1983 [taxonomy: 877]; Timber1916 [biological control, distribution: 632]; Trjapi1964 [distribution, host: 1455]; UlgentKaTo2003 [distribution: 442-445]; Willia1985h [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 367-370]; ZakOgaKo1964 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 420, 425, 435].
Rhizococcus guesinus (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus guesinus Goux, 1992: 41-46. Type data: FRANCE: Hautes-Pyrénées, Artigues, on undetermined Gramineae, 12/08/1953, by L. Goux. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus guesinus; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 601. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus guesinus; Kozár et al., 2013: 469-470. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae [Goux1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Goux (1992).
STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval, 3.0 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, apices rounded, marginal setae slightly larger than other dorsal setae with bare areas in mediolateral areas of posterior abdominal segments; anal lobes apparently with 4 enlarged setae (Goux, 1992). According to hand written remark of Goux, he was unable to find the holotype. According to the description and drawing, this species is considered as unrecognisable at this time. There is a typographical error in original publication. The legend of the Planche I belongs to A. puymorensis and the drawings of A. puymorensis and A. guesinus were replaced. According to original description and drawing this species is similar to A. greeni. (Kozár,, et al., 2013)
CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Goux1992 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 43-44]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, structure, taxonomy, host: 469-470]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 601]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 224-225].
Rhizococcus hassanicus (Danzig)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus hassanicus Danzig, 1975a: 50. Type data: RUSSIA: Southern Primor'ye, Khasanskiy district, Kedrovaya pad, on undetermined Gramineae, 31/07/1961, by E. Danzig. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Eriococcus hassanicus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 472-473. Described: female. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus hassanicus; Kozár et al., 2013: 470-472. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae [Danzig1975a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1975a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Danzig (1975a).
STRUCTURE: Ovisac is cream colored, smooth. Adult female is oval (Danzig, 1975a).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, apices slightly rounded on posterior abdominal segments, acute on head and thorax, marginal setae slightly longer than other dorsal setae on abdomen and posterior thorax, all approximately same size on thorax and head; anal lobes apparently with 4 enlarged setae; microtubular ducts short, with 2 sclerotized areas (Danzig, 1986a).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: kozark (adult, female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 450, 647 (adult female) [as Eriococcus hassanicus; Eriococcus species]; Danzig 1988: 709 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus hassanicus; Acanthococcus species of the USSR]; Danzig 1986a: 240 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus hassanicus; Acanthococcus species of the far eastern USSR]; Danzig 1975a: 43 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus hassanicus; Acanthococcus species of the far eastern USSR].
CITATIONS: Danzig1975a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 43, 50-52]; Danzig1977b [taxonomy: 57]; Danzig1980b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 206, 215]; Danzig1986a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 240, 251-253]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 709]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 377]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 471-470]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 226]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 450, 472-473, 647].
Rhizococcus helichrysi (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus helichrysi Goux, 1936b: 294-9. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, on Helichrysum stoechas, by L. Goux. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Nidularia helichrysi; Lindinger, 1943b: 223. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus helichrysi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus helichrysi; Kozár et al., 2013: 473-475. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Helichrysum stoechas [Goux1936b, Foldi2002].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1936b, Foldi2001, Foldi2002].
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Goux (1936b). Redescription and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Sac is irregular in form, white. Adult female is large and olive colored (Goux, 1936b).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, apices slightly rounded, of 2 sizes, scattered of surface over dorsum; microtubular ducts small, 2 sclerotized areas (Goux, 1936b).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Foldi2002 [distribution: 245]; Foldi2003 [distribution: 149]; Goux1936a [taxonomy: 353]; Goux1936b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 294-299]; Goux1938d [taxonomy: 328]; Goux1940 [taxonomy: 64]; Goux1944 [host: 137]; Goux1946a [taxonomy: 90]; Goux1948a [taxonomy: 67, 69]; Goux1989a [structure: 21]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 94]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 377-378]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, illustration, host, structure, taxonomy: 473-475]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1943b [host, taxonomy: 223]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 227]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118].
Rhizococcus henmii (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus henmii Kuwana, 1931b: 168-169. Type data: JAPAN: Ryukyu Islands, Amami-oshima, on Chrysanthumum sp., 06/11/1930, by Mr. Yoshitada Maki. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Illust.
Eriococcus hemii; Hoy, 1963: 94. Misspelling of species name.
Acanthococcus henmii; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus henmii; Kozár et al., 2013: 476-477. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum sp. [Kuwana1931b]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [Kuwana1931b].
BIOLOGY: On the leaves and stem of the host plant. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Kuwana (1931b).
STRUCTURE: Sac of female is grayish white in color, closely felted and ovate. Sac of male is similar. Adult female is dark brown with antenna and legs pale yellow (Kuwana, 1931b).
SYSTEMATICS: Kawai (1980) shows an illustration of the dorsal enlarged setae as very short cones, whereas the illustration of Kuwana (1931b) shows them as narrow and elongate. We suspect that the treatment of Kawai is a misidentification. Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae elongate, conical, apices acute, of 2 or 3 sizes, scattered over surface of dorsum (Kuwana, 1931b).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 452, 650 (adult female) [as Eriococcus henmii; Eriococcus species].
CITATIONS: Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 94]; Kawai1980 [description, distribution, illustration: 130]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 378]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 476-477]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Kuwana1931b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 168-169]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 228]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 452, 473, 650].
Rhizococcus henryi (Balachowsky)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus Henryi Balachowsky, 1930: 314-316. Type data: FRANCE: Port-Cros, Antibes and Levant, on Euphorbia pithyusa and E. spinosa 09/09/1929, 11/09/1929 and 20/08/1929. Syntypes. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 4957. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Matile-Ferrero plans to designate a lectotype. A second MNHN number is 4961. Through the courtesy of Daničle Matile-Ferrero (November 20, 1996) we have seen a xerox of the slide labels of the syntype series including nine slides with approximately thirteen specimens. These slides do not all precisely coincide with the specimen label data published by Balachowsky (1930) differing slightly in the date information.
Eriococcus polyphagus Goux, 1931a: 68-72. Type data: FRANCE: Courzieu, Rhône, on Scabiosa columbaria, 1930, 1929, 1928, by L. Goux. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 4960. Described: both sexes. Illust. Synonymy by Balachowsky, 1933a: 47. Notes: Through the courtesy of Daničle Matile-Ferrero (November 20, 1996) we have seen a xerox of the slide labels of two syntype slides containing two specimens that have a collection date of August 28, 1928. Goux (1931a) also records specimens from Lyon (1927).
Nidularia henryi; Lindinger, 1933a: 116. Change of combination.
Nidularia polyphagus; Lindinger, 1933a: 116. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus henryi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus henryi; Kozár et al., 2013: 478-480. Change of combination.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Coccophagus insidiator [Fulmek1943].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Hieracium sp. [Goux1931a]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus carthusianorum [Goux1931a]. Crassulaceae: Sedum sp. [Goux1931a]. Dipsacaceae: Scabiosa columbaria [Goux1931a]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia characias [Hoy1963], Euphorbia pithyusa [Balach1930], Euphorbia spinosa [Balach1930]. Fabaceae: Genista sagittalis [Goux1931a]. Labiatae: Teucrium scorodonia [Goux1931a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Hoy1963]; France [Balach1930, Foldi2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Goux (1931a).
STRUCTURE: Sac is oval, white when new, turning cream colored with age. Eggs of insects living on Euphorbia spinosa were red (Balachowsky, 1930).
SYSTEMATICS: Boratynski (1962) states that the comparison of the types of Eriococcus henryi and E. tucurincae shows that the 2 species are quite distinct, differing in many characters including the size of the body, size, shape and distribution of the dorsal spines, size and shape of anal lobes, relative and absolute sizes of the legs and their component joints etc.
CITATIONS: Balach1930 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 314-316]; Balach1930a [distribution, host: 184]; Balach1932e [taxonomy: 233]; Balach1933a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 47]; Balach1933e [distribution, host: 6]; Boraty1962 [description, taxonomy: 59]; Foldi2000 [distribution, host: 81]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Foldi2003 [distribution: 149]; Fulmek1943 [biological control: 32]; Garcia1931 [biological control: 404]; Goux1989 [taxonomy: 21]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy: 127]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 378]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 478-480]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 117]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 156]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 223]; MillerGi2000 [biological control, catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 228-229]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118]; Reyne1964 [distribution, taxonomy: 103].
Rhizococcus heteroacanthos (Balachowsky)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus heteroacanthos Balachowsky, 1927: 204-207. Type data: ALGERIA: El Guerrah (Constantine), on Fumana glutinosa, 15/11/1926. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Alger: Insectarium Jardin d'Essai, Algeria. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Balachowsky (1927) mentions a type in his original description and suggests that it is labeled as such and is deposited in Algeria. A second slide is in MNHN (coll. number 4943) which contains two specimens and has similar label data except that it was collected October 26, 1926.
Nidularia heteroacanthos; Lindinger, 1933a: 116. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus heteroacanthos; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus heteroacanthos; Kozár et al., 2013: 480-483. Change of combination.
HOST: Cistaceae: Fumana glutinosa [Balach1927].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1927]; Italy [PellizKo2011].
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Balachowsky (1927) including sub-adults.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval and green (Balachowsky, 1927).
SYSTEMATICS: Body elongate oval. Antennae 6 segmented (sometimes with unclear segmentation), each segment covered with a few, hair-like setae, Frontal tubercle present. Eyes situated on venter near margin. Anal lobes slightly sclerotized, with two enlarged setae along inner margin, and one enlarged seta on outer margin. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Balach1927 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 204-207]; Bodenh1935 [ecology: 271]; Goux1936b [taxonomy: 299]; Goux1938d [taxonomy: 328]; Goux1948a [taxonomy: 67]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 95]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 378]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 481-483]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 116]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 156]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 231]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118]; PellizKo2011 [distribution: 66].
Rhizococcus istresianus (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus istresianus Goux, 1989a: 19-23. Type data: FRANCE: Notre-Dame, Esterel, 1985, on Cistus salviifolius. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Eriococcus arboisi Goux, 1991: 46-47. Type data: FRANCE: Bouches-du-Rhône, Aix-en-Provence, on "Petit Arbois", on 25/05/1953, by L. Goux. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kozár et al., 2013: 484.
Acanthococcus arboisi; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 598. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus istresianus; Kozár, 2009: 92. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus istresianus; Kozár et al., 2013: 484-488. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Helichrysum sp. [KozarKaKo2013]. Cistaceae: Cistus salviifolius [Goux1989a]. Unidentified [Goux1991].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1989a, Goux1991]; Greece [KozarKaKo2013]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013]; Turkey [KozarKaKo2013].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustrations by Goux (1989a) and (1991). Redescription in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Ovisac pyriform, strongly convex, cream-colored, up to 2 mm long, 1 mm wide. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, apices rounded, all of approximately same size, abundant over dorsal surface; microtubular ducts short, with 2 sclerotized areas (Goux, 1989a).Slide-mounted adult female with: dorsal enlarged setae approximately same size, conical in shape, acute apices; small bare area between marginal enlarged setae and other setae on dorsum; microtubular ducts with 2 sclerotized bars (Goux, 1991). R. istresianus are similar to R. munroi, but differs from this species by having smaller number of spines on the margin and longer dorsal spines on posterior abdominal segments. R. istresianus is also similar to R. desertus, but differs from this species by having blunted spines, a smaller number of spines on margin and smaller size of the dorsal spines. It is also similar to R. reynei, which has smaller spines on dorsum and quinquelocular pores on mid-thorax absent.(Kozár, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Goux1989a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 21-22]; Goux1991 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 46-47]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 91, 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 484-488]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 598]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 131, 242].
Rhizococcus kurdicus (Bodenheimer)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus aceris kurdica Bodenheimer, 1943: 21-22. Type data: IRAQ: Ruwanduz Gorge, on Platanus orientalis, 11/10/1942, by F.S. Bodenheimer. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus aceris kurdicus; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 598. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
Rhizococcus kurdicus; Kozár et al., 2013: 488. Change of combination and rank.
HOST: Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Bodenh1943].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943].
GENERAL REMARKS: Most comprehensive description and illustration by Bodenheimer (1943). Redescription in Kozár, et al., 2013
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval and green, 1.7 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. The white cocoons were fairly common on the leaves and tender twigs of Acer sp. Mature mobil females were collected from leaves of Platanus sp. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female differs from Acanthococcus aceris by having the third antennal segment longer that the fourth segment (Bodenheimer, 1943). Several detailes (like very short anal ring setae, and anal lobe setae, short antennae and legs, five setae on tibia, and the presence of females on the leaves of host plants may indicate that this species is not related to the A. aceris species and Kozár, et al., 2013 transferred it to the Rhizococcusgenus. But they felt that this species needed further studies.
CITATIONS: Bodenh1943 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 21-22]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 67]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 91]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy: 488-489]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 598]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 116]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 173-174]; StoetzMi1979 [taxonomy: 4]; Tudor1982 [biological control, host: 89].
Rhizococcus lactucae (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus lactucae Borchsenius, 1949: 339. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Melnikovo (near Kanibadan), near railway station, on Lactuca sp. leaves, 15/09/1944, by N. Borchsenius. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1996b: 521. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 3-44. Described: female. Illust. Notes: One paralectotype on same slide as lectotype.
Nidularia lactucae; Lindinger, 1957: 543. Change of combination.
Eriococcus lactucae; Hoy, 1963: 98. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus lactucae; Kozár et al., 20134: 90-492. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Lactuca sp. [Borchs1949]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949].
BIOLOGY: On the lower surface of leaves and shoots. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1949). Detailed redescription in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is egg-shaped and olive in color (Borchsenius, 1949). Ovisac pyriform, strongly convex, cream-colored, up to 4.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide (Kozár,, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, apices slightly rounded, setae of 2 sizes scattered over dorsal surface (Borchsenius, 1949).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Tang & Hao 1995: 452, 650 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Borchsenius 1949: 333 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus lactucae; Acanthococcus species of USSR].
CITATIONS: Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 38, 54, 56, 333, 339]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 119]; Danzig1975a [taxonomy: 45]; Danzig1996a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 575]; Danzig1996b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 521]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 384]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 98]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 379]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, phylogeny: 32,35, 490-492]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 543]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 249]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 452, 475, 650].
Rhizococcus marginalis (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus marginalis Borchsenius, 1949: 336-337. Type data: ARMENIA: Megri, on Kochia prostrata leaves (xerophilous Chenopodiaceae), 26/05/1947, by N. Borchsenius. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1996b: 521. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 80-48. Described: female. Illust.
Nidularia marginalis; Lindinger, 1957: 543. Change of combination.
Eriococcus marginalis; Hoy, 1963: 101. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus marginalis; Kozár et al., 2013: 493-495. Change of combination.
HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Kochia prostrata [Borchs1949].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949]; China (Ningxia (=Ningsia) [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1949). Detailed redescription and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013,
STRUCTURE: Adult female is broadly oval (Borchsenius, 1949).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae cylindrical, sides convex, apices rounded (Brochsenius, 1949).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Wang 2001: 209 [Key to Eriococcus of China]; Tang & Hao 1995: 452, 649 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Borchsenius 1949: 333 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus marginalis; Acanthococcus species of USSR].
CITATIONS: Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 52, 333, 336-7]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 119]; Danzig1996a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 575]; Danzig1996b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 521]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 101]; Hulden1985 [description: 59]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 380]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 493-495]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 543]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 262]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 452, 477, 593, 649]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 32]; TerGri1983 [taxonomy: 877]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 209, 223].
Rhizococcus matesovae (Miller & Gimpel)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus multispinosus Matesova, 1976: 24-26. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: West Kazakhstan, near Zhetybay, 5 km. S. Aral-Sor Lake, 25/06/1971, by G.Matesova. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 3402. Described: female. Illust. Notes: There is also 1 female paratype in ZMAS with the type data: West Kazakhstan, near Karaulakeldy, 02/07/1969, Matesova. There are other paratypes in AAKA (Danzig, personal communication, 1996).
Acanthococcus matesovae Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 602. Replacement name for A. multispinosus Matesova is preocc. by A. multispinosus(Kuhlgatz).
Eriococcus matesovae; Miller & Gimpel, 1999: 214. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus multispinosus; Kozár, 2009: 93. Revived combination.
Rhizococcus matesovae; Kozár et al., 2013: 496-498. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia frigida [Mateso1976], Artemisia pauciflora [Mateso1976], Artemisia terrae-albae [Mateso1976]. Caryophyllaceae: Silene brahuica [Mateso1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1976].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Matesova (1976). Redescription and illustration based on type material in Kozár, et al., 2013.
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight or slightly concave, apices rounded, setae of 2 or 3 sizes, abundant over surface (Matesova, 1976). Acanthococcus matesovae Miller & Gimpel (1996) is a replacement name for A. multispinosus Matesova (1976) which was a junior secondary homonym of A. multispinosus Kuhlgatz (1898). Since the publication of Miller & Gimpel (1996) A. matesovae and A. multispinosus (Kuhlgatz) have been transferred to Eriococcus and the name matesovae is still justified. Kozár, 2009 revived the combination Acanthococcus multispinosus, because of the transfer of A. multispinus(Kuhlgatz) to the Rhizococcus genus. However, after the transfer of A. multispinosus Matesova to the genus Rhizococcus by Kozár,et al., 2013, the name R. matesovae is valid.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Danzig2006b [taxonomy: 203]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, ecology, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 496-498]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Mateso1976 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 24-26]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 602, 605]; MillerGi1999 [taxonomy: 214]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 263-264]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 479].
Rhizococcus micracanthus (Danzig)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus micracanthus Danzig, 1975a: 52. Type data: RUSSIA: Southern Primor'ye, Lazovskiy Reserve, Glazkovka, on unidentified host, 03/08/1969, by E. Danzig. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus microcanthus; Ter-Grigorian, 1983: 878. Misspelling of species name.
Eriococcus micracanthus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 477-478. Described: female. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus micracanthus; Kozár et al., 2013: 499-501. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Carophyllaceae: Dianthus sp. [Pelliz1993]. Dipsacaceae: Scabiosa fischeri [Danzig1975a], Scabiosa lachnophylla [Danzig1986a]. Labiatae: Salvia sp. [KaydanUlEr2007]. Rosaceae: Potentilla chinensis [Danzig1975a]. Rubiaceae: Gallium sp. [KaydanKiKo2005a]. Umbelliferae: Foeniculum vulgare [Marott1993].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [Kohler1998, KozarKoFe2013]; Italy [Marott1993]; North Korea [Danzig1986a]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1975a]); Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Marott1993].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Danzig (1975a).
STRUCTURE: Female is oval, dark red or violet, ovisac dirthy-white, eggs pink (Danzig, 1975a).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae on abdomen cylindrical with sides slightly concave and apices slightly rounded, enlarged setae on thorax and head conical with sides straight and apices acute, slightly larger along body margin, anterior abdomen, thorax and head with small setae in medial and mediolateral areas, without conspicuous enlarged setae in medial and mediolateral areas of abdomen, 2 or 3 lateral setae near margin of each abdominal segment; medial lobes with 3 enlarged setae noticeably smaller than other marginal setae; microtubular ducts short, with 2 sclerotized areas (Danzig, 1975a).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Kwon & Han 2003a: 156-157 (female) [Key to the Species of Eriococcus in Korea]; Tang & Hao 1995: 452, 650 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Danzig 1988: 708 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus micracanthus; Acanthococcus species of the far eastern USSR]; Danzig 1986a: 240, 258 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus micracanthus; Acanthococcus species of the far eastern USSR]; Danzig 1975a: 43 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus micracanthus; Acanthococcus species of the far eastern USSR].
CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 43]; CebeciKu2005 [distribution, host: 97-102]; Danzig1975a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 43, 52-54]; Danzig1977b [taxonomy: 57]; Danzig1980b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 206]; Danzig1986a [taxonomy: 240, 258]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 708]; KaydanKiKo2005a [distribution, host: 399]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 380]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, phylogeny: 32,35, 499-501]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarSaSz2009 [catalogue, distribution: 436]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; KwonHa2003a [taxonomy, distribution, host: 151]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 115]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 144]; Marott1993 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 157, 159]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 266-267]; Pelliz1993 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 51]; PellizKo2011 [distribution: 66]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 452,477-478,650]; Terezn1981 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 32, 33]; TerGri1983 [taxonomy: 877]; UlgentKaTo2003 [distribution: 442].
Rhizococcus minimus (Tang in Tang & Li)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus minimus Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 71-73. Type data: CHINA: Nei Monggol, Ningcheheng County, on Artemisia argyi. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.
Rhizococcus minimus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 352. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Eriococcus minimus; Miller & Gimpel, 1999: 214. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus mininus; Wang, 2001: 225. Misspelling of species name.
Rhizococcus minimus; Kozár et al., 2013: 503-504. Revived combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia argyi [TangLi1988].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [TangLi1988] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988], Ningxia (=Ningsia) [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Tang & Li(1988).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, elongate, sides slightly concave, apices slightly rounded, marginal setae conspicuously larger than other dorsal setae, 2 or 3 lateral setae on margin of each abdominal segment; microtubular ducts short, with 2 sclerotized areas (Tang & Hao, 1995).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]; Wang 2001: 225 (female) [as Rhizococcus mininus; Key to Chinese species of Rhizococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 519, 653 (adult female) [as Rhizococcus minimus; Rhizococcus species].
CITATIONS: Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 502-504]; MillerGi1999 [taxonomy: 214]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 268-269]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 519,532,598,653,734]; TangLi1988 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 71-73]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 35]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 225, 229].
Rhizococcus miscanthi (Takahashi)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus miscanthi Takahashi, 1957: 6-7. Type data: JAPAN: Kyushu, Tsukumi, on Miscanthus sp., 02/09/1955, by T. Tachikawa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus miscanthi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus miscanthi; Kozár et al., 2013: 504-506. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Miscanthus sp. [Takaha1957]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan (Kyushu [Takaha1957]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Takahashi (1957).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is yellow, somewhat brownish at mid-dorsal line, slightly covered with wax (Takahashi, 1957).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae along margin elongate, conical, sides slightly concave, apices acute, enlarged setae on rest of dorsum conspicuously smaller, conical, sides straight, apices slightly rounded, setae abundant over dorsal surface; anal lobes each with 4 setae, without teeth; microtubular ducts with bifurcate orifice (Takahashi, 1957).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 451, 647 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Takahashi 1957: 7 (adult female) [Some species of Eriococcus in Japan].
CITATIONS: Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 102]; Kawai1980 [description: 130]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 380]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 504-506]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 269]; Takaha1957 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 6-7]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 451, 478, 647].
Rhizococcus multispinatus Tang & HaoNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizococcus multispinatus Tang & Hao, 1995: 598-599. Type data: CHINA: Ningxia, on Artemisia sp., ?/05/1991. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus multispinatus; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 602. Change of combination.
Eriococcus multispinatus; Miller & Gimpel, 1999: 214. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus multispiatus; Wang, 2001: 225. Misspelling of species name.
Rhizococcus multispinatus; Kozár et al., 2013: 506-508. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia ordosica [TangHa1995], Artemisia sp. [TangHa1995], Taraxacum mongolicum [TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tao1999], Ningxia (=Ningsia) [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Tang & Hao (1995).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval (Tang & Hao, 1995).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides concave, apices rounded, marginal setae noticeably larger than other dorsal setae, 3-5 lateral setae on margin of each abdominal segment; microtubular ducts short, with 2 sclerotized areas (Tang & Hao, 1995).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Wang 2001: 225 (female) [as Rhizococcus multispiatus; Key to Chinese species of Rhizococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 520, 655 (adult female) [as Rhizococcus multispinatus; Rhizococcus species].
CITATIONS: Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 100]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 506-508]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 602]; MillerGi1999 [taxonomy: 214]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 272-273]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 520, 533,598-599,735]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 35]; Wang2001 [distribution, taxonomy: 225].
Rhizococcus multispinosus KuhlgatzNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizococcus multispinosus Kuhlgatz, 1898: 185-186. Type data: GERMANY: in the Warmhause des Königlichen botanischen Museums zu Berlin, on Opuntia vestita, by Schumann. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Berlin: Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany.
Eriococcus multispinosus; Cockerell, 1900i: 595. Change of combination.
Eriococcus coccineus; Lindinger, 1931. Incorrect synonymy.
Acanthococcus multispinosus; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 602. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus multispinosus; Kozár, 2009: 106. Revived combination.
HOST: Cactaceae: Opuntia vestita [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Germany [Hoy1963] (Specimens were collected in Germany from a South American plant. The species is therefore considered to be South American in origin (Hoy, 1963).).
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Kuhlgatz (1898).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval, 1.752.75 mm long, darkreddish-brown. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices rounded, marginal setae conspicuously larger than others on dorsum, 3 lateral setae on margin of most abdominal segments; 5 setae on hind tibia (Kuhlgatz, 1898). This species was incorrectly treated as a junior synonym of Eriococcus coccineus by Lindinger (1931a) and was considered a possible synonym by Cockerell (1900i) (Hoy, 1963). Eriococcus multispinosus (Kuhlgatz) (1898) is the senior secondary homonym of E. multispinosus Matesova (1976) which is now named E. matesovae.
CITATIONS: Cocker1900i [taxonomy: 595]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 76]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 103]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 380]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 509-510]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Kuhlga1898 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 185-186]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 114]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 145]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 602]; MillerGi1999 [taxonomy: 214]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 273]; Robins1920 [distribution, host: 48].
Rhizococcus mumtazi (Bodenheimer)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus mumtazi Bodenheimer, 1943: 22-23, 29. Type data: IRAQ: Shaklawa and Zakho, on undetermined Gramineae, 08/10-1942 and 11/10/1942. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus mumtazi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus mumtazi; Kozár et al., 2013: 511-513. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae [Bodenh1943].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943].
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Bodenheimer (1943). Detailed redescription and illustrations in Kozár, et al., 2013,
STRUCTURE: Ovisac is white and felty. Adult female is elongate (Bodenheimer, 1943).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices slightly rounded, marginal setae longer than other dorsal setae; hind legs without translucent pores (Bodenheimer, 1943).
CITATIONS: BenDovHa1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 30]; Bodenh1943 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 22-23, 29]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 103]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 381]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 511-512]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 275].
Rhizococcus munroi (Boratynski)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus munroi Boratynski, 1962: 56-60. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, Berkshire, Sunninghill, Silwood Park, Imperial College Field Station, on Achillea millefolium. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 151c. Described: female. Illust.
Eriococcus munroi; Williams, 1985h: 374. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Eriococcus tounetae Goux, 1995: 47-48. Type data: FRANCE: Artigues (Hautes-Pyrénées), 12/07/1953, by L. Goux. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kozár et al., 2013: 513.
Acanthococcus tounetae; Kozár, 2009: 94. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus munroi; Kozár et al., 2013: 513-516. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Munro's felt scale [KosztaKo1988F].
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Mymaridae: Anagyrus orbitalis [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Statica minuta [Foldi2000]. Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium [Boraty1962], Aechillea distans [Kozar1999a], Aechillea millefolium [KozarKaKo2013], Chrysanthemum sp. [Pelliz1989], Conyza canadensis [KozarPaPa1991], Hieracium sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Hypochoeris sp. [KosztaKo1988F, Pelliz1989], Leontodon crispus [Marott1993], Saussurea japonica [Danzig1986a], Saussurea sp. [KosztaKo1988F, Pelliz1989]. Caryophyllaceae: Minuartia anatolica [KaydanUlEr2007], Minuartia sp. [Pelliz1989]. Cistaceae: Helianthemum sp. [Marott1993]. Compositeae: Artemisia sp. [KaydanKiKo2005a], Crepis sp. [KaydanUlEr2007]. Crassulaceae: Sedum sp. [KozarPaPa1991]. Ericaceae: Calluna sp. [Kohler1998]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia sp. [Pelliz1989]. Fabaceae: Tetragonolobus sp. [Pelliz1989], Vicia sp. [KosztaKo1988F, Pelliz1989]. Labiatae: Teucrium sp. [Pelliz1989], Thymus przewalskii [Danzig1986a], Thymus sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Poaceae: Brachypodium pinnatum [Marott1993], Deschampsia sp. [Pelliz1989], Festuca pratensis [PodsiaKo1976], Festuca sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Festuca sulcata [PodsiaKo1976]. Rosaceae: Fragaria sp. [KosztaKo1988F, Pelliz1989], Potentilla megalantha [Danzig1986a], Potentilla sp. [KosztaKo1988F, Pelliz1989], Sarcopoterium spinosa [KozarPaPa1991]. Scrophulariaceae: Euphrasia sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Veronica sp. [KosztaKo1988F, Pelliz1989]. Valerianaceae: Valeriana officinalis [PodsiaKo1976]. Valerinacaceae: Valeriana sp. [KosztaKo1988F, Pelliz1989]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Kohler1998]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; France [Goux1995, Foldi2000]; Germany [KozarKaKo2013] (under the name of R. devoniensis, det. by Schmutterer); Greece [MilonaKoKo2008a]; Hungary [Boraty1962]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, MatilePe2002]; Kazakhstan [Danzig1986a]; Moldova [KozarKaKo2013]; Poland [KosztaKo1988F, SimonKa2011]; Romania [KozarKaKo2013]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1986a], Primor'ye Kray [KosztaKo1988F]); Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Danzig1986a]; United Kingdom (England [Boraty1962], Isle of Man [Boraty1962]).
BIOLOGY: This species has both male and females and has two generations per year. The crawlers of the first generation appear in April and the adults in June. The eggs are deposited by the females at the end of June, hatch in the middle of July, and the adults of the second generation appear in September. The eggs deposited by the females of the second generation in September hibernate in ovisacs and hatch in April of the following year. The active stages feed on leaves and stems. For pupation and oviposition the insects migrate to the lower parts of the host plants and settle on half dry curled up leaves or in axils (Boratynski, 1962).Goux (1995) found this species under a rock and he made no guess as to its actual host.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Boratynski (1962). Subsequent description by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988). Kozár, et al., 2013 determined that the drawings of female, and first-instar nymph shown by Schmutterer, 1952 under the name of R. devoniensis, seem to belong to R. munroi.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is elongate, anterior end broadly rounded, orange, yellow, dorsally convex. Ovisac completely encloses the female and is elongate oval, broadly rounded anteriorly, closely felted with short glassy spine like threads projecting on dorsum and margin. White to cream at first and later a dirty cream color (Boratynski, 1962).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides slightly concave or straight, apices acute or slightly rounded, setae of 2 general sizes, larger size forming 3 longitudinal lines on each side of anterior abdomen, posterior abdominal segments with minute dorsal setae; microtubular ducts short, with 2 sclerotized areas (Boratynski, 1962).This species is very distinct from other members of Eriococcus (Goux, 1995).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Hodgson 2005: 3 (male) [as Eriococcus monroi; Key to adult males from Greenland]; Tang & Hao 1995: 451, 648 (adult female) [as Eriococcus monroi; Eriococcus species]; Danzig 1988: 709 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus munroi; Acanthococcus species of the USSR]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 277 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus munroi; Acanthococcus species of central Europe]; Danzig 1986a: 240 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus munroi; Acanthococcus species of the USSR]; Danzig 1962a: 43 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus munroi; Far eastern Soviet Acanthococcus species].
CITATIONS: BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 43]; Boraty1962 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 56-60]; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 91]; CebeciKu2005 [distribution, host: 97-102]; Danzig1975a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 42, 43, 47, 50]; Danzig1977b [taxonomy: 57]; Danzig1978 [host, taxonomy: 13]; Danzig1980b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 218]; Danzig1986a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 240, 256]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 709]; Foldi2000 [distribution, host: 81]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Foldi2002 [distribution: 245]; Goux1995 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 47-48]; Hodgso2005 [description: 34-38]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; Hulden1985 [taxonomy: 60]; Kaweck1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 30]; KaydanKiKo2005a [distribution, host]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 381]; KomosiPo1967 [distribution, host: 684]; KosztaKo1978 [host, taxonomy: 72]; KosztaKo1988F [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 277, 282-284]; Koteja1971a [taxonomy: 322]; Koteja1983a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 675]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution, taxonomy: 674]; KotejaZa1981 [illustration: 514]; KotejaZa1983 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 476]; Kozar1980 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 67]; Kozar1991 [taxonomy: 81]; Kozar1999a [distribution, host: 139]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93, 94]; Kozar2009a [distribution: 583]; KozarDa1976 [distribution, host: 67]; KozarKaKo2013 [phylogeny, description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 32,33,35, 513-516]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarKoSa2002 [catalogue, distribution: 38]; KozarOrKo1977 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 71]; KozarOs1987 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 92]; KozarSaSz2009 [catalogue, distribution: 436]; KozarSu1979 [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 234]; KozarTrPe1984 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 5]; KozarTzVi1979 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 130]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 243]; LagowsKo1996 [distribution: 31]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 121]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 144]; Marott1993 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 159-161]; MarottTr1990 [distribution, host: 110]; MatilePe2002 [distribution, host: 354]; MeszarAdBa984a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 106]; MillerGi2000 [biological control, catalogue, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 275-277, 365]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 120]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118]; Pelliz1989 [distribution, host: 570, 572, 573]; PellizKo2011 [distribution: 66]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294]; PodsiaKo1976 [distribution, host: 88]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 451, 479-780, 648]; Terezn1981 [description, distribution, illustration: 32]; UlgentKaTo2003 [distribution: 442]; Willia1985h [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 374].
Rhizococcus nedimi Kaydan in Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizococcus nedimi Kaydan in Kozár et al., 2013: 517-519. Type data: TURKEY: Erzincan-Ađýl, (N: 39° 58 342, E: 039° 28 163), 6/7/2010, on Euphorbia sp., by M.B. Kaydan & F. Kozár. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Turkey: Kaydan's Personal Collection; type no. 4744. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 1633 m. in altitude. Paratypes: 3 adult females, same data as holotype, (KPCT: 4744); 2 adult females, Turkey, Erzurum-Pasinler-Baldizi, N: 40°02200, E: 041°32510, 1900 m altitude, on Scabiosa sp., M.B. Kaydan, F. Kozár, 09.vi.2010 (KPCT: 4810). Deposited in Kaydans personal collection, Turkey.
COMMON NAME: Nedims felt scale. [KozarKaKo2013].
HOSTS: Caprifoliaceae: Scabiosa sp. [KozarKaKo2013]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia sp. [KozarKaKo2013]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [KozarKaKo2013].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Adult females redish; found on rootcrown of host plant, felt-like ovisac cream-white. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Body elongate oval, 2.252.48 mm long, 1.421.68 mm wide. Antennae 7 segmented, eyes situated on venter near margin. Anal lobes strongly developed, each with 3 enlarged setae. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 517-519].
Rhizococcus ningxianensis (Tang & Hao)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus ningxianensis Tang & Hao, 1995: 481-482. Type data: CHINA: Ningxia, ?/05/1992. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus ningxianensis; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 602. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus ningxianensis; Kozár et al., 2013: 520-522. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Ningxia (=Ningsia) [TangHa1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Tang & Hao (1995).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae cylindrical, sides sightly concave, apices rounded, 3 sizes of setae, scattered over dorsal surface; hind coxa with translucent pores; microtubular ducts short, with 2 sclerotized areas (Tang & Hao, 1995).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]; Wang 2001: 209 [as Eriococcus ningxiansis; Key to Eriococcus of China]; Tang & Hao 1995: 453, 651 (adult female) [as Eriococcus ningxiansis; Eriococcus species].
CITATIONS: Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 520-522]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 602]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 280]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 453,481-482,594,724]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 32]; Wang2001 [distribution, taxonomy: 209].
Rhizococcus palustris (Dziedzicka & Koteja)NOMENCLATURE:
Rhizococcus palustris Dzeidzicka & Koteja, 1971: 573. Type data: POLAND: Nowy Targ, Piekeilnik, in the Puscizna Wielka peat-bog, on Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex sp., 10 and 28/08/1963, by E. Koteja. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Krakow: Institute of Systematic and Experimental Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in BMNH and ZMAS.
Acanthococcus palustris; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1978: 68. Change of combination.
Eriococcus podhalensis; Dziedzicka & Koteja, 1985: 31. Change of combination and replacement name for Eriococcus palustris Dzeidzicka & Koteja 1971.
Acanthococcus dziedzickae Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 605. Unjustified replacement name for Rhizococcus palustris Dzeidzicka & Koteja 1971. Notes: Miller & Gimpel (1996) proposed the replacement name Acanthococcus dziedzickae for the homonym Acanthococcus palustris not realizing that Dziedzicka & Koteja (1985) had already put forth the replacement name Eriococcus podhalensis.
Rhizococcus palustris; Kozár et al., 2013: 522-525. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Polish felt scale [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Eriophorum vaginatum [KosztaKo1988F]. Juncaceae: Luzula pilosa [KozarGuBa1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Poland [KosztaKo1988F]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994].
BIOLOGY: Females completed egg laying by August (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Dziedzicka & Koteja (1971). Subsequent detailed description by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).
STRUCTURE: Ovisac is white or cream-colored and encloses female completely. Adult female elongate-oval, tapering posteriorly (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, anterior setae with acute apices, posterior setae with truncate apices, marginal setae conspicuously larger than other dorsal setae (Dziedzicka & Koteja (1971). Rhizococcus palustris Dziedzicka & Koteja (1971) became a junior secondary homonym of Eriococcus palustris Dodds (1923) when the former was moved into Eriococcus by Dziedzicka & Koteja (1985). Miller & Gimpel (1996) incorrectly proposed the replacement name of Acanthococcus dzeidzickae. Eriococcus podhalensis is tentatively considered to be the correct name for this taxon. It now is obvious that the genus Eriococcus should be assigned to just a few species and that other generic names should be used for the diverse species once placed in Eriococcus. Unfortunately, insufficient data, particularly molecular data, are available to understand the correct assignment for many of these species so we have continued to use Eriococcus until these data are available. Eriococcus podhalensis was given as a replacement name for E. palustris Dziedzicka & Koteja, 1971 since it was a junior secondary homonym of E. palustris Dodds, 1923. In the case of Eriococcus podhalensis, if the correct generic assignment for palustris Dziedzicka & Koteja is Rhizococcus as suggested by Kozar (2009), and if the correct generic assignment for palustris Dodds is not the same, then the correct species epithet for the species described by Dziedzicka & Koteja will be Rhizococcus palustris. However, if palustris Dziedzicka & Koteja and palustris Dodds are in the same genus the Dziedzicka & Koteja species will be called podhalensis.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Dziedzicka & Koteja 1996: 561 (adult female) [as Rhizococcus palustris; Rhizococcus species of Poland]; Tang & Hao 1995: 520, 654 (adult female) [as Rhizococcus palustris; Rhizococcus species]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 299 (adult female) [as Rhizococcus palustris; Rhizococcus species of central Europe].
CITATIONS: Dziedz1977 [taxonomy: 59, 71]; DziedzKo1971 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 573]; Kaweck1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 31]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 400]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy: 68]; KosztaKo1988F [description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 304]; Koteja1974b [structure, taxonomy: 76, 104]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 76]; KotejaZa1981 [illustration: 514]; Kozar1983a [taxonomy: 146]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106]; KozarGuBa1994 [distribution, host: 154]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 522-525]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 243]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 600, 605]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 303-304]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 250, 536-537, 654]; Willia1985h [taxonomy: 239].
Rhizococcus puymorensis (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus puymorensis Goux, 1992: 42-43. Type data: FRANCE: Aričge, 14/08/1953, by L. Goux. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus puymorensis; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 603. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus puymorensis; Kozár et al., 2013: 525-527. Change of combination.
HOST: Undetermined.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Goux (1992). Redescription and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013. This was based on the holotype slide. The description under the name of A. guesinus (Goux, 1992, Planche II), was determined to belong to R. puymorensis in Kozár, et al., 2013. The female on the slide is similar to A. thymi, but differs in several details, such as longer hair-like setae on abdominal venter, presence of spinulae and absence of pores on posterior coxae, the presence of frontal lobes, and higher number of longer spines on mid dorsum.
STRUCTURE: Adult females redish; found at root crown of host plant, ovisac cream-white. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices acute, 2 sizes of setae, larger size forming 3 indefinite longitudinal lines on each side of abdomen, smaller size scattered over rest of surface (Goux, 1992). Adult female similar to A. thymi (Schrank, 1801), but differs in several details, such as longer hair-like setae on abdominal venter, presence of spinulae and absence of pores on posterior coxae, presence of frontal lobes, and higher number of longer spines on mid dorsum. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Goux1992 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 42-43]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [distribution, description, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 525-527]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 603]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 310]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118].
Rhizococcus reynei (Schmutterer)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus reynei Schmutterer, 1952: 414-417. Type data: GERMANY: Franconia Basin, Bavaria, on Thymus serpullum. Syntypes. Type depository: Wetlenberg: The Schmutterer Collection, Germany. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus reynei; Schmutterer, 1980: 50. Change of combination. Notes: Miller & Gimpel (1996) cited Acanthococcus reynei as a new combination, but this was first put forth by Schmutterer (1980).
Eriococcus tavignani Goux, 1991: 46. Type data: FRANCE: Haute-Corse, Corte, Tavignano, on Euphorbia characias, 23/08/1931, by L. Goux. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kozár et al., 2013: 528.
Acanthococcus tavignani; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 604. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus tavignani; Pellizzari & Kozár, 2011: 66. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus reynei; Kozár et al., 2013: 528-532. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia characias [Goux1991]. Lamiaceae: Thymus serpullum [Schmut1952], Thymus vulgaris [Moghad2013a]. Poaceae [KaydanUlEr2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [KozarKaKo2013]; China [KozarKaKo2013]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Goux1991]; Germany [Schmut1952]; Hungary [Kozar2009a]; Iran [Moghad2013a]; Italy [PellizKo2011]; Moldova [KozarKaKo2013]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Schmutterer (1952).Detailed description and illustration by Goux (1991).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices slightly rounded, marginal setae slightly longer than medial and mediolateral setae on abdomen, setae abundant over dorsal surface (Schmutterer, 1952). Lindinger (1957) incorrectly synonymized E. reynei with E. thymi (Hoy, 1963).Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides concave basally, apices acute, 2 or 3 sizes of setae, larger size tends to be marginal, but a few in medial and mediolateral areas of anterior abdomen and thorax, other setae scattered over rest of dorsum (Goux, 1991). Kozár, et al., 2013 considers R. tavignani as a synonym of R. reynei, as they could not find enough differences to treat them as separate species. However, they stated that the difference in host plants (Euphorbia sp. and Thymus sp.) deserved more attention.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Foldi2003 [distribution: 150]; Goux1991 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 46]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 112]; KaydanKiKo2005a [distribution, host: 400]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Kozar1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 172]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93, 94]; Kozar2009a [distribution: 583]; KozarKaKo2013 [distribution, description, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, phylogeny: 33,35 528-532]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 548]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 603-604]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 314, 353-354]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 57]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118]; PellizKo2011 [distribution, taxonomy: 66]; Schmut1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 378, 413, 414-417]; Schmut1980 [distribution: 50].
Rhizococcus rugosus (Miller & Gimpel)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus rugosus Wang, 1982b: 441-442. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Yuhang Xian, on Phyllostachys pubescens, 28/03/1981, by Xu Tian-shen. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Eriococcus rugosus Froggatt 1933; discovered by Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 605.
Rhizococcus rugosus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 75. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus wangi; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 605. Change of combination and replacement name for Eriococcus rugosus Wang 1982b.
Eriococcus wangi; Miller & Gimpel, 2000: 375. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus rugosus; Kozár et al., 2013: 534-536. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia sp. [KozarKaKo2013]. Poaceae: Phyllostachys pubescens [Wang1982b].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Hua2000], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wang1982b, Wu2001b]). Palaearctic: China [FangWuXu2001] (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Hua2000]); Hungary [KozarKaKo2013].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Wang (1982b).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is broadly oval (Wang, 1982b).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices slightly rounded, marginal setae distinctly longer than other setae on dorsal surface, setae in medial and mediolateral areas short, sometimes cone shaped, scattered over surface, 2 to 4 lateral setae on margin of each abdominal segment; anal lobes heavily sclerotized, tuberculate; segment 8 with sclerotized area on dorsal surface anterior of anal lobes, possibly part of medial plate (Wang, 1982b). This species was originally described as Eriococcus rugosus which is a junior primary homonym of Eriococcus rugosus Froggatt (1933).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]; Wang 2001: 225 (female) [as Rhizococcus rugosus; Key to Chinese species of Rhizococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 520, 654 (adult female) [as Rhizococcus rugosus; Rhizococcus species].
CITATIONS: FangWuXu2001 [distribution, host]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 138]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 401]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 534-536]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 605]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 375-376]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 520, 538-539, 599-600]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 35]; Wang1982b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 441-442]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 225, 229-231]; WangVaXu1998 [distribution, economic importance, host: 81, 186]; Wu2001b [distribution: 256].
Rhizococcus sachalinensis (Siraiwa)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus sachalinensis Siraiwa, 1939: 65-66. Type data: RUSSIA: Saghalien (Sakhalin) Island, Hoye, on undetermined grass, ?/08/1935, by H. Siraiwa. Syntypes, female, type designation unknown. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Siraiwa types are apparently lost (Ben-Dov 1994).
Acanthococcus sachalinensis; Borchsenius, 1949: 351. Change of combination. Notes: Miller & Gimpel (1996) incorrectly considered Acanthococcus sachalinensis to be a new combination.
Rhizococcus sachalinensis; Kozár et al., 2013: 536-537. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae [Siraiw1939].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Sakhalin Oblast [Siraiw1939] (When Siraiwa studied the fauna of Sakhalin (Saghalien) Island, it was partially under the control of Japan. It currently is part of Russia.)).
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Siraiwa (1939). Additional information in Borchsenius (1949).
STRUCTURE: Sac of female is elongate, moderately convex, closely felted, white or greyish, but changing to ochreous or pale straw with age. Adult female pale greenish yellow (Siraiwa, 1939).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices acute, 2 sizes of setae, larger size forming 3 longitudinal lines on abdomen, smaller setae scattered over dorsum (Siraiwa, 1939). Danzig (1986a) states that E. sachalinensis is probably a synonym of E. greeni.
CITATIONS: Borchs1949 [distribution, taxonomy: 59, 332, 351]; Danzig1975a [taxonomy: 46]; Danzig1980b [distribution, taxonomy: 207, 215]; Danzig1986a [taxonomy: 247, 251]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 114]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 382]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 536-537]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 604]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 323]; Siraiw1939 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 65-66].
Rhizococcus saxatilis (Kiritchenko)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus saxatilis Borchsenius, 1937a: 184. Nomen nudum; discovered by Hoy, 1963: 115.
Eriococcus saxatilis Kiritchenko, 1940: 126-128. Type data: UKRAINE: Crimea, Kekeneis (Opolzmevoe), on Teucrium chamaedrys. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1996b: 522. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Three paralectotype females on same slide as lectotype and 10 additional paralectotypes on two slides in ZMAS.
Acanthococcus saxatilis; Borchsenius, 1949: 52, 333, 342-3. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Nidularia saxatilis; Lindinger, 1957: 544. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus saxatilis; Kozár et al., 2013: 538-540. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia frigidae [Mateso1968], Artemisia marschalliana [Mateso1968], Artemisia vulgaris [Mateso1968], Centaurea sibirica [Mateso1968]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus capitatus [Kiritc1940]. Crassulaceae: Hylotelephium telephium [KozarKaKo2013], Sedum purpureum [Mateso1968]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia sp. [Kiritc1940]. Labiatae: Ajuga sp. [Kohler1998], Mentha sp. [Kiritc1940], Teucrium chamaedrys [Kiritc1940], Ziziphora clinopodioides [Mateso1968]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago sp. [Kiritc1940]. Rosaceae: Fragaria sp. [Kohler1998], Potentilla anserina [Mateso1968].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Hoy1963]; Azerbaijan [Hoy1963]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968]; Turkey [KozarKaKo2013]; Ukraine [Hoy1963] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Kiritchenko (1940). Additional information in Borchsenius (1949).
STRUCTURE: Ovisac is very dense, pale ochreous, relatively large. Body greenish grey. Adult female is covered with a fine layer of white mealy secretion (Kiritchenko, 1940).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides concave basally, convex medially, apices rounded, 2 or 3 sizes of enlarged setae, large size present marginally and in medial areas of thorax, setae smallest posteriorly, increasing in size anteriorly (Kiritchenko, 1941).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 452, 650 (adult female) [as Eriococcus saxatilis; Eriococcus species]; Borchsenius 1949: 333 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus saxatilis; Acanthococcus species of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Borchs1937a [distribution, host: 184]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 52, 333, 342-343]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 120]; Danzig1996a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 575]; Danzig1996b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 522]; Hadzib1983 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 269]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 115]; Kiritc1940 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 126-8]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 393]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 538-540]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 544]; Mateso1957 [taxonomy: 169]; Mateso1968 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 113]; Mateso1971 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 28]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 329-330]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 452, 490-491, 650]; Terezn1967a [distribution: 475]; Terezn1968b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 49]; Terezn1968c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 41, 50, 51,]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy: 29]; Terezn1977 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 571]; Terezn1981 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 38-40]; TerGri1983 [taxonomy: 880].
Rhizococcus saxidesertus (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus saxidesertus Borchsenius, 1949: 343. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Gissar Ridge, near Ziddy, on stones, 17/07/1944, by N. Borchsenius. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1996b: 522. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 4-44. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 2 female paralectotypes on 1 slide with same data as lectotype. Original description gives host as Ceterach officinarum.
Nidularia saxidesertus; Lindinger, 1957: 543. Change of combination.
Eriococcus saxidesertus; Hoy, 1963: 115. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus saxidesertus; Kozár et al., 2013: 540-542. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Aspleniaceae: Asplenium ceterach [KozarKaKo2013], Ceterach officinarum [Borchs1949].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [Moghad2013a]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949]; Turkey [KozarKaKo2013].
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1949). This species is treated by Tang & Hao (1995), but since the publication is in Chinese, we are unable to determine if the species actually occurs in China.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is egg-shaped. Ovisac is grayish, compact, entirely enclosing the body (Borchsenius, 1949).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae slender, sides concave basally, apices round, marginal setae slightly longer than other setae on dorsum, other setae scattered over dorsum (Borchsenius, 1949).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 449, 646 (adult female) [as Eriococcus saxidesertus; Eriococcus species]; Borchsenius 1949: 333 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus saxidesertus; Acanthococcus species of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Bazaro1962 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 63]; Bazaro1963 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 67]; Bazaro1968a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 77]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 58, 333, 343]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 120]; Danzig1996a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 575]; Danzig1996b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 522]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 115]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 383]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 540-542]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 543]; Mateso1971 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 26]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 330]; Moghad2013a [distribution: 57]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 449, 491-492, 646].
Rhizococcus siakwanensis (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus siakwanensis Borchsenius, 1960e: 916. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, Siakwan, on unidentified Compositae, 17/04/1957, by N. Borchsenius. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Eriococcus siakwanensis; Hoy, 1963: 115. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus siakwanensis; Kozár et al., 2013: 543-546. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Pistacia weinmannifolia [Hua2000]. Asteraceae: Anaphalis sp. [Wang1982c], Carpesium abrotanoides [Hua2000], Carpesium sp. [Wang1982c], Dendranthema sp. [Hua2000]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Hoy1963]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1960e).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval (Borchsenius, 1960e).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: elongate setae conical, sides straight, apices slightly rounded or acute, setae of 2 sizes, abundant over surface except posterior abdominal segments with 5-7 setae on each side of body; anal lobes each with 4 enlarged setae; microtubular ducts short, with 2 sclerotized areas (Borchsenius, 1960e).
KEYS: Wang 2001: 208 [as Eriococcus siakwanensis; Key to Eriococcus of China]; Tang & Hao 1995: 451, 648 (adult female) [as Eriococcus siakwanensis; Eriococcus species]; Wang 1982c: 143 (adult female) [as Eriococcus siakwanensis; Eriococcus species]; Wang 1982ZQ: 41 (adult female) [as Eriococcus siakwanensis; Eriococcus species of China]; Wang 1980: 115 (adult female) [as Eriococcus siakwanensis; Eriococcus species].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host: 77]; Borchs1960e [distribution, taxonomy: 916]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 115]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 137]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 383]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 543-547]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 332-333]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 451,492-493, 595,648]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 33]; Wang1974 [taxonomy: 329]; Wang1980 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 115, 119-120]; Wang1982c [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 143, 148-149]; Wang1982ZQ [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 41, 46-47]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 208, 214, 215-216]; Yang1982 [distribution, taxonomy: 105].
Rhizococcus sojae (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus sojae Kuwana, 1917b: 136. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Okayama-ken, on Glycine soja, Fall 1915. Syntypes, female, type designation unknown. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Illust.
Eriococcus soyae; Takahashi, 1957: 7. Misspelling of species name.
Acanthococcus sojae; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus sojae; Kozár et al., 2013: 546-548. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Cephalanoplos segetum [TangHa1995]. Convolvulaceae: Calystegia hederaceae [TangHa1995]. Fabaceae: Glycine max [TangHa1995], Glycine soja [Kuwana1917b].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shandong (=Shantung) [TangHa1995]); Japan (Honshu [Kuwana1917b], Kyushu [Kuwana1917b], Shikoku [Kuwana1917b]); South Korea [KwonHa2003a] (Collected on pods, leaves and trunks of soybean in the Southern part of the Korean Peninsula in mid-October.).
BIOLOGY: It is assumed that the species overwinters as an egg which hatches once a year. First instars attack plants in late July, then reach the sac formation stage in the middle of October, laying eggs in the same season (Kuwana, 1917b).
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Kuwana (1917b).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is enclosed in the grayish white, cottony sac. Female body is elliptical, dark purplish red. Eggs are elliptical and flesh colored (Kuwana, 1917b).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae elongate, thin, sides concave, apices acute, setae all approximately same size, abundant over surface; hind coxae with translucent pores (Kuwana, 1917b).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The damage caused by the scale can be heavy, resulting in death (Kuwana, 1917b).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Kwon & Han 2003a: 156-157 (female) [as Eriococcus sojae; Key to the Species of Eriococcus in Korea]; Wang 2001: 209 [as Eriococcus sojae; Key to Eriococcus of China]; Tang & Hao 1995: 452, 650 (adult female) [as Eriococcus sojae; Eriococcus species]; Takahashi 1957: 7 (adult female) [as Eriococcus sojae; Some species of Eriococcus in Japan].
CITATIONS: Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 116]; IshihaUw1950 [taxonomy: 187-82]; Kawai1980 [distribution, host: 130]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 383]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 546-548]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 6, 168]; Kuwana1917b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 136]; KwonHa2003a [taxonomy, distribution, host: 151]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 336-337]; Takaha1957 [taxonomy: 7]; TakahaTa1956 [distribution, host: 2]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 416,452,493,595,727]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 33]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 209, 219].
Rhizococcus spiniferus (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus spiniferus Borchsenius, 1949: 338. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: near Ayvadzh, on grass leaves, by N. Borchsenius. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1996b: 522. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 7-44. Described: female. Illust. Notes: One paralectotype female on separate slide with same data in ZMAS (Danzig, 1996b). According to original description on Aeluropus littoralis.
Eriococcus spiniferus; Hoy, 1963: 117. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus spinifera; Kozár et al., 2013: 392. Misspelling of species name.
Rhizococcus spiniferus; Kozár et al., 2013: 548-550. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Aeluropus littoralis [Borchs1949].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949].
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1949). Redescription and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is elongate. Sac is elongate oval, felted, compact, grayish, entirely covering the body (Borchsenius, 1949).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides slightly concave, apices slightly rounded, 2 sizes of setae, larger size forming 3 longitudinal lines on each side of abdomen, smaller setae scattered over surface (Borchsenius, 1949).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 451, 648 (adult female) [as Eriococcus spiniferus; Eriococcus species]; Borchsenius 1949: 333 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus spiniferus; Acanthococcus species of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Babaev1980 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 57]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 52, 56, 333, 398-399]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 119]; Danzig1996a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 575]; Danzig1996b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 522]; Hoy1963 [catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy: 117]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 384]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 548-550]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 338-339]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 451,493-494,648]; Terezn1977 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 571].
Rhizococcus subterraneus (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus subterraneus Borchsenius, 1949: 349-350. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: near Dzhizak, on Artemisia sp. roots, 21/05/1940, by, N. Borchsenius. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1996b: 522. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 9-44. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Ten paralectotypes on 9 slides from Armenia: Megri, on roots of Artemisia sp., 24-26/05/1947, by N. Borchsenius, numbered 134-48, 187-47, 195-47, 205-47 (Danzig, 1996b).
Nidularia subterraneus; Lindinger, 1957: 543. Change of combination.
Eriococcus subterraneus; Hoy, 1963: 118. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus subterraneus; Kozár et al., 2013: 551-553. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Mugworth felt scale. [KozarKaKo2013].
HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Salicornia sp. [KozarKaKo2013]. Asteraceae: Artemisia sp. [Borchs1949]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Hoy1963]; Spain [KozarKaKo2013]; Uzbekistan [Hoy1963].
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1949). Redescription and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is broad, egg-shaped body, dark olive in color (Borchsenius, 1949).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides concave, apices slightly rounded, 2 or 3 sizes of setae, largest present on body margin, others sparsely scattered over dorsum (Borchsenius, 1949).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Tang & Hao 1995: 452, 649 (adult female) [as Eriococcus subterraneus; Eriococcus species].
CITATIONS: Babaev1980 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 57]; Bazaro1971c [distribution, host, taxonomy: 90]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 53, 56, 349-350]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 121]; Borchs1963a [distribution, illustration: 42]; Danzig1996a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 575]; Danzig1996b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 522]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 118]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 384]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, host, taxonomy]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 93]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 551-553]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 543]; Mateso1971 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 26]; Mateso1976 [taxonomy: 24]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 351-352]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 452, 495, 649]; TerGri1983 [distribution, taxonomy: 880].
Rhizococcus targassonensis (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus targassonensis Goux, 1993: 67-69. Type data: FRANCE: Tergassone, Pyrénées, on undetermined Compositae, 17/08/1953, by L. Goux. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus targassonensis; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 604. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus targassonensis; Ouvrard & Kozár, 2009: 102-118. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae [Goux1993].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1993]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013].
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Goux (1993). Redescription and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Body oval, 1.8 mm long, and 1 mm wide. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides slightly concave, apices slightly rounded, 2 sizes of setae, marginal setae slightly larger than remainder, setae absent in mediolateral areas of abdomen, sparse on thorax and head (Goux, 1993).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Goux1993 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 67-68]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 94]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 554-556]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 604]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 353]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118].
Rhizococcus teucriicolus (Bodenheimer)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus teucriicolus Bodenheimer, 1943: 24, 29. Type data: IRAQ: Addaye, on Teucrium polium, 10/10/1942. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus teucriicolus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus teucriicolus; Kozár et al., 2013: 556-558. Change of combination.
HOST: Labiatae: Teucrium polium [Bodenh1943].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943].
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Bodenheimer (1943). Redescription and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Sac is ovoid, felted, white in color. Body of adult female is ovoid (Bodenheimer, 1943).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight or slightly convex, 2 sizes of setae, abundant over surface of dorsum (Bodenheimer, 1943).
CITATIONS: BenDovHa1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 30]; Bodenh1943 [distribution, taxonomy: 24, 29]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 118]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 384]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 556-558]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 356].
Rhizococcus thaleri (Szita et al.)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus thaleri Szita et al., 2011: 37-39. Type data: AUSTRIA: Siebenstein (near Molln vill., Kirchdorf an der Krems distr., in ?/?/1934, on Erica carnea, by E.E. Green. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 180. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Holotype collected at 47ş 19' N, 14ş 12' E, ca. 1100 m altitude. Paratypes on a separate slide from Austria, Gloggnitz town on Erica carnea by E.E. Green deposited in the British Museum of Natural History.
Rhizococcus thaleri; Kozár et al., 2013: 559-561. Change of combination.
HOST: Ericaceae: Erica carnea [SzitaKoKo2011].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [SzitaKoKo2011].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Szitz et al., 2011.
STRUCTURE: Female body elongate oval. Labium 3=segmented; basal segment not well developed, but with two setae on each side. Antenna 6 segmented; segment II with 1 sensory pore; all segments with a few hair-like setae. Eyes situation on venter near margin. Legs with a few hair-like setae, and with one sensory pore on tarsus. Multilocular pores distributed in sparse rows on all abdominal and thoracic segments.
SYSTEMATICS: The most conspicuous diagnostic character of the species is the wide truncate conical spines on the dorsum. The closest species is A. devoniensis (Greem, 1896) which lives on several species of Ericaceae. The new species differs from A. devoniensis by having 6-segmented antennae; dorsal truncate setae much shorter, wider; and the number of setae on last abdominal tergit only about half the number on A. devoniensis. In the Nearctic region, three species seem to be similar to the new species: Acanthococcus arenosus (Cockerell, 1897), A. barri (Miller, 1991) and A. mackenziei (Miller & Miller, 1992). A. arenosus differs from A. thaleri in having 7-segmented antennae; truncate dorsal setae of two distinct sizes, all of them three times longer than wide,larger ones slightly curved and more abundant near the margins; and absence of cruciform pores. A. barri differs from the new species by having 7 segmented antennae; much more abundant dorsal setae in three sizes; absence of cruciform pores; and more robust legs. A. mackenziei differs from A. thaleri in having truncate setae two times longer than wide that are much more abundant on dorsum; absence of loculate pores with more than five loculi; tarsi much longer than tibiae.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcus].
CITATIONS: KozarKaKo2013 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 559-561]; SzitaKoKo2011 [distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 37-39].
Rhizococcus thymelaeae (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus thymelaeae Newstead, 1897a: 102-103. Type data: ALGERIA: Constantine, on the slopes of Mansourah, near Depot des fourrages of the Chasseurs d'Afrique, on Thymelaea hirsuta, 28/10/1895, by A.E. Eaton. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Nidularia thyeae; Lindinger, 1933a: 117. Misspelling of species name. Notes: This change was also a change in combination.
Nidularia thymelaeae; Lindinger, 1935: 135. Change of combination.
Eriococcus tucurincae madeirensis Balachowsky, 1939: 267-270. Type data: MADEIRA ISLANDS: Paulo de Serra, on Thymus caespititius, ?/08/1936, by Balachowsky; Désertas Islands, Grande Désertas, on Silene gallica, ?/08/1936, by A. Balachowsky. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 4956. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kozár et al., 2013: 562. Notes: There are three slides with seven syntype specimens from Paulo de Serra and seven slides with twenty-five syntype specimens from Grande Désertas. The slide mounted specimens indicate that the host from Grande Désertas is Silene maritima (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, November 20, 1996). A second MNHN number is 4958.
Nidularia henryi; Lindinger, 1943b: 223. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Hoy, 1963: 101.
Eriococcus madeirensis; Balachowsky, 1946: 215. Change of status.
Acanthococcus madeirensis; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus thymelaeae; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 74. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus thymelaeae; Kozár et al., 2013: 562-565. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Silene gallica [Hoy1963]. Fagaceae: Quercus coccifera [KozarKaKo2013]. Labiatae: Thymus caespititius [Hoy1963]. Rosaceae: Poterium spinosum [KozarKaKo2013]. Rutaceae: Ruta montanus [Hoy1963]. Thymelaeaceae: Thymelaea hirsuta [Newste1897a, BenDov2012], Thymelaea virgata var. broussonettii [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Newste1897a]; Cyprus [HodgsoTr2008]; Egypt [Kohler1998]; Greece [HodgsoTr2008]; Israel [Kohler1998]; Madeira Islands [Hoy1963, FrancoRuMa2011]; Morocco [Rungs1934]; Spain [Balach1935b]; Tunisia [KozarKaKo2013].
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Newstead (1897a).Detailed description and illustration by Balachowsky (1939).
STRUCTURE: Female sac is short, ovate, irregular in form. Adult female is elongate oval (Newstead, 1897a). Adult female is roundly oval, 1.37-2.13 mm long, width 0.83-1.48 mm. Anal lobes sclerotised and well developed; median plate unsclerotised. Dorsum covered in sharply cone-shaped spinose setae; some along margin distinctly larger. Dorsum also with numerous microtubular ducts (of one size) and small microtubular ducts; venter with similar microtubular ducts along margin and 3 sized of macrotubular ducts, largest and median size restricted to near margin, smaller duct medially throughout. Quinquilocular pores abondant on abdomen, less frequent more anteriorly, cruciform pores sparse submarginally on anterior abdominal segments and thorax, but also medially on head. legs relatively well developed; metacoxae and metafemur with minute sclerotised pores. claws with a strong dinticle. antennae 7 segmented; frontal lobes present. (Hodgson & Trencheva, 2008)Sac of female is white (Balachowsky, 1939).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices acute, 2 or 3 sizes of setae, abundant over surface (Newstead, 1897a).Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, apices acute, marginal setae slightly larger than other setae on dorsum (Balachowsky, 1939). Lindinger (1943b) incorrectly considered this species as a synonym of Nidularia henryi (Hoy, 1963).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Hodgson & Trencheva 2008: 36-37 (adult, female) [as Eriococcus thymelaeae; Key for separation of adult female Eriococcida on Qurcus sp. in wstrn Palaearctic].
CITATIONS: Balach1927 [distribution, host: 188-189]; Balach1935b [distribution, host: 265]; Balach1939 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure: 267-270]; Balach1946 [distribution, host: 215]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 33, 43]; Bodenh1935 [taxonomy: 251]; Bodenh1935c [distribution: 1156]; Bodenh1937 [taxonomy, distribution: 7, 26, 220]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Comper1936 [natural enemies, distribution: 309-310]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 79]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,16,25]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy: 345, 432]; GomezM1965 [distribution, host: 113]; HodgsoMi2010 [host, taxonomy: 99-100]; HodgsoTr2008 [description, distribution, illustration: 31-36]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 101, 119]; JourdaRu1934 [biological control: 210]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy: 127]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 380, 384]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 92, 94]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, structure: 562-565]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lindin1912b [distribution, host: 324]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 117]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 135]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 223]; Martin1985 [distribution, host: 93]; Masi1934 [biological control: 101]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 359-361]; Newste1897a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 102-103]; Newste1906 [distribution, host: 71]; Newste1907a [distribution, host: 16]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118]; Rungs1933 [taxonomy: 170]; Rungs1934 [distribution, host: 24]; Trabut1910 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 71]; Trabut1911 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 53]; VieiraCaPi1983 [distribution, host: 136-137].
Rhizococcus timidus (Hulden)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus timidus Hulden, 1985: 59-61. Type data: FINLAND: Kuhmo, Timonniemi, on Erica tetralix, 08/05/1965, by Y. Mäkinen. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Finland. Described: female. Illust.
Acanthococcus timidus; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 604. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus timidus; Kozár et al., 2013: 566-567. Change of combination.
HOST: Ericaceae: Erica tetralix [Hulden1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Finland [Hulden1985].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Hulden (1985).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is brown, cylindrical. Ovisac is white, felt-like, cylindrical in shape (Hulden, 1985).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides concave basally, apices acute or slightly rounded, setae of 1 general size, abundant over dorsum (Hulden, 1985).
CITATIONS: Gertss2001 [distribution: 125, 128]; Hulden1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 59-61]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 385]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 94]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 566-567]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 604]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 362].
Rhizococcus turkmenicus (Archangelskaya)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus turkmenicus Archangelskaya, 1930: 77. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Kushka, on Artemisia sp. branches, ?/06/1927, by M. Umnov. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material lost (Danzig, personal communication, 1996).
Eriococcus turcmenicus; Archangelskaya, 1931: 73. Misspelling of species name. Notes: This spelling was used in the original publication in the figure legend.
Eriococcus turkestanicus; Archangelskaya, 1931: 74. Misspelling of species name.
Acanthococcus turkmenicus; Borchsenius, 1949: 53, 56, 332, 334. Described: female. Change of combination.
Nidularia turkmenicus; Lindinger, 1957: 544. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus turkmenicus; Kozár et al., 2013: 568-570. Change of combination.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Pteromalidae: Discodes kryzhanovskii [Archan1931].
HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia sp. [Hoy1963]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkmenistan [Lashin1956].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Borchsenius (1949).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is egg-shaped (Borchsenius, 1949), light-yellow color, legs and antennae are light-brown, 2.5 mm long, 1.4 mm wide. (Kozár, et al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices acute, abundant over surface; possibly with dorsal multilocular pores dorsally; possibly without dorsal macroducts (Archangelskaya, 1931). There is some contradiction between the description of Archangelskaya (1930) and Borchsenius (1949), concerning the presence of multilocular pores on dorsum. According to Archangelskaya multilocular pores are present (as mentioned in the Russian and English text of the author), Borchsenius (1949) mentioned their presence clearly only on venter, and did not pay attention to this part of the text by Archangelskaya (1930). Macrotubular ducts were also not mentioned by Archangelkaya (1930). (Kozár, et al., 2013)
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 451, 648 (adult female) [Eriococcus species]; Borchsenius 1949: 332 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus turkmenicus; Acanthococcus species of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Archan1930 [description: 77]; Archan1931 [description, host, illustration: 69-72, 73-74]; Archan1937 [taxonomy: 128, 139]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy: 38]; Borchs1937a [distribution, host: 186]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 53, 56, 332, 334]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 118]; Danzig1974 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 70]; Danzig1982a [taxonomy: 147]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 123]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 385-386]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 94]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 568-569]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; Lashin1956 [distribution, host: 114]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 544]; MillerGi2000 [biological control, catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 369-370]; Myarts1981 [biological control, distribution: 99]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 451, 499, 648].
Rhizococcus variabilis (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus variabilis Goux, 1940: 62-65. Type data: FRANCE: Marseilles, on Cynodon dactylon, ?/06/1934, by L. Goux. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 977/b. Described: female. Illust. Notes: It is assumed that there was a holotype in the Goux Collection (now held by the MNHN). An apparent paratype is in MNHN, but it has more detailed locality information from Marseille, St. Tronc (Bouches-du-Rhône)(Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, November 20, 1996).
Acanthococcus variabilis; Danzig & Kozár, 1974: 10. Change of combination. Notes: Miller & Gimpel erroneously cited the name Acanthococcus variabilis as a new combination. This combination was originally put forth by Danzig & Kozár (1974).
Rhizococcus variabilis; Kozár et al., 2013: 570-572. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Goux1940, KaydanUlEr2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1940, Foldi2001]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007].
BIOLOGY: Sac formation has been observed in June and November and thus has two generations a year (Goux, 1940).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Goux (1940). Redescription and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2013.
STRUCTURE: Sac is elongate, closely felted, whitish in color, but rapidly becoming beige and even ochraceous. Adult female is yellowish olive, elongate (Goux, 1940).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides concave, apices acute, 2 or 3 sizes of setae, marginal setae slightly larger than others on dorsum, setae forming 3 longitudinal lines on each side of abdomen; microtubular ducts short, with 2 sclerotized areas (Goux, 1940). Goux (1948a) considered E. variabilis to be a junior synonym of E. greeni. However, in his 1989a paper, he treated E. variabilis as a separate and distinct species.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: DanzigKo1974 [taxonomy: 10]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Goux1940 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 62-5]; Goux1948a [taxonomy: 69]; Goux1989a [structure: 21]; KaydanKiKo2005a [distribution, host: 400]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 94]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, structure: 570-572]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 374]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118].
Rhizococcus zernae (Tereznikova)NOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus zernae Tereznikova, 1977: 571. Type data: UKRAINE: Crimea, Belogorsky District, on Zerna cappadocica, by E. Tereznikova. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Kiev: Institute of Zoology, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Ukraine. Described: female. Illust. Notes: 1 paratype with same data in ZMAS (Danzig, personal communication, 1996).
Eriococcus zernae; Miller & Gimpel, 1999: 215. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus zernae; Kozár et al., 2013: 573-575. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Compositeae: Artemisia vulgaris [KaydanUlEr2007]. Poaceae: Agropyron repens [KaydanUlEr2007], Triticum orientalis [KaydanUlEr2007], Zerna cappadocica [Terezn1977].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KozarKaKo2013]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Terezn1977]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description by Tereznikova (1977).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is egg-shaped. Eggsac with wooly waxy needles. Fist instar nymphs described by Tereznikova (1977). All spines on the dorsum much shorter than marginal ones, antennae 6 segmented, stylet loop reaching posterior coxae, macrotubular ducts absent, microtubular ducts and discoidal pores not shown. Second instar male (?) nymphs described by Tereznikova (1977). All spines on the dorsum are much shorter, than marginal ones, antennae six segmented, macrotubular ducts present in two rows on dorsum, microtubular ducts not shown, some discoidal pores present on venter.(Kozár, et al.,, 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, elongate, sides slightly concave basally, apices rounded, marginal setae conspicuously larger than other setae on dorsum of abdomen, medial and mediolateral setae on head approximately same size as marginal setae, medio and mediolateral setae on thorax and abdomen smaller than marginal setae, often curved (Tereznikova, 1977).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux].
CITATIONS: CebeciKu2005 [distribution, host: 97-102]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 386]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 94]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, phylogeny: 33,35, 573-575]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 56]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 74]; MillerGi1999 [taxonomy: 215]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 377-378]; Terezn1977 [description, distribution, host, illlustration, taxonomy: 571]; Terezn1981 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 43-45]; UlgentKaTo2003 [distribution: 52].
Rhizococcus zygophylli (Archangelskaya)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus zygophylli Archangelskaya, 1931: 72-73. Type data: No locality on slide: on Zygophyllum fabago, ?/06/1928, by A. Archangelskaya. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1996b: 522. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: Three paralectotype females on same slide as lectotype. 1 paralectotype with label Middle Asia, on Zygophyllum sp., ?/06/1928 in ZMAS (Danzig, 1996b).
Rhizococcus zygophylli; Borchsenius, 1949: 53, 56, 353, 362. Described: female. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus zygophylli; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 605. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus zygophylli; Kozár et al., 2013: 576-578. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia sp. [Hoy1963]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia sp. [Hoy1963]. Fabaceae: Alhagi camelorum [Hoy1963], Alhagi pseudalhagi [Wang2001]. Scrophulariaceae: Dodartia orientalis [Hoy1963]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum fabago [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Ningxia (=Ningsia) [Tao1999]); Mongolia [Kohler1998]; Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Turkmenistan [Lashin1956]; Uzbekistan [Hoy1963] (Samarkand Oblast [Hoy1963]).
BIOLOGY: This species, with 2 broods per season, is found in the vicinity of Samarkand and Old Bokhara on roots of Zygophyllum fabago, Artemisia sp., and Dodartia orientalis, in 1927 and 1928 its principal food plant being Z. fabago. Newly hatched first instars, spreading around on the ground, are sometimes found attached to other plants also, but in very small quantities. Many females were observed infested by Hymenoptera (Archangelskya, 1931).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1949).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval and brown. Sac is white (Borchsenius, 1949). According to Archangelskya (1931), "Male second instar before pupation enclosed in elongate white felted sac with an aperture on its hind end. The male sac is comparatively more flattened than that of the female. Male imago bright red, pilose, with short stylus and 2 long white waxy filaments twice as long as the body. Antennae long and hairy, wings colorless."
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides concave basally, apices slightly rounded, marginal setae conspicuously larger than other dorsal setae, 2 lateral setae on margin of each abdominal segment (Danzig, 1962a).
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 392-396 (female) [Key to species of Rhizococcux]; Wang 2001: 225 (female) [as Rhizococcus zygophylli; Key to Chinese species of Rhizococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 519, 653 (adult female) [as Rhizococcus zygophylli; Rhizococcus species]; Danzig 1962a: 841 (adult female) [as Rhizococcus zygophylli; Rhizococcus species of the USSR].
CITATIONS: AlimdzBr1956 [host: 149]; Archan1931 [description, illustration: 72-73]; Archan1937 [taxonomy: 128, 139, 150]; Borchs1937 [distribution, illustration: 60]; Borchs1937a [distribution, host: 186]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 53, 56, 353, 362-3]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host: 123]; Danzig1962a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 841, 852]; Danzig1972b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 341]; Danzig1996a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 575]; Danzig1996b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 522]; FetykoKoDa2010 [distribution: 296]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 124]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 401-402]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, phylogeny: 33,35, 576-578]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; Lashin1956 [distribution, host: 114-115]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 605]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 378-379]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 519,542-543,653,738]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 35]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 225, 231-232].
Rhopalotococcus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Rhopalotococcus Williams, 2007a: 1351, 1356-1364. Type species: Rhopalotococcus dugdalei.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Williams, 2007.
STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate-oval, abdomen gently tapering to narrow posterior segments, anal lobes poorly developed or apex of abdomen rounded, derm membranous but sometimes nodulose or stippled on posterior segments. Apical setae flagellate. Antennae each with six or seven segments, segments narrowing towards apical segment. Legs well developed, without translucent pores. Claw slender, with a minute denticle near tip and with knobbed digitules longer than claw. Anal ring ventral, situated a short distance from apex of abdomen, semi-circular to transversely oval, without cells, with two to four setae. Suranal setae, when present, short and pointed. Frontal lobes absent. Dorsal setae slender, flagellate. Dorsal macroducts absent. Ventral macroducts present on abdomen and in medial area of thorax. Quinquelocular pores present on venter only, either next to spiracles only or also sparse on abdomen. Microducts present or absent. Cruciform pores absent. (Williams, 2007)
SYSTEMATICS: In lacking well-developed anal lobes but possessing legs and antennae either with six or seven segments, with macroducts and an anal ring that is semicircular to transversely oval, this genus could qualify as a member of the ovaticin group as defined by Miller and McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: Williams 2007a: 1351 (female) [Key to genera of New Caledonian Eriococcidae].
CITATIONS: HodgsoMiCa2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 152]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 113]; KozarKo2008a [taxonomy: 148]; Willia2007a [description, illustration: 1356-1357].
Rhopalotococcus dugdalei WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Rhopalotococcus dugdalei Williams, 2007a: 1358-1362. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: Mt. Koghis in galls on leaves of Metrosideros sp. 10/05/1978 by J. S. Dugdale. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtacae: Metrosideros [Willia2007a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [Willia2007a].
BIOLOGY: Inducing leaf galls, dome-shaped on upper surface, elongate-conical and truncate on lower surface. Some galls split on under-surface where crawlers possibly escape. The galls are unlike any of the galls induced by scale insects on Metrosideros discussed and illustrated from New Zealand by Henderson and Martin (2006). They appear to resemble the galls induced by Tectococcus ovatus Hempel, a South American species found on the leaves of Psidium spp., another genus of Myrtaceae. (Williams, 2007)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Williams, 2007.
STRUCTURE: Body of adult female on microscope slide, elongate to broadly oval, 0.86-1.25mm long, 0.35-1.0mm wide, widest at about mesothorax, membranous, abdomen tapering to rounded posterior end. Position of each anal lobe with a stout, flagellate apical seta 65-75 ľm long. Antennae short, 60-110 ľm long, six-segmented, becoming narrower distally, situated close together on anterior margin of head, each segment with only a few short flagellate setae except on terminal segment where longest seta about 35 ľm long; fleshy setae on last two segments about 20 ľm long. Legs well developed, slender, hind coxa 30-50 ľm long, hind trochanter + femur 95-130 ľm long, hind tibia + tarsus 95-125 ľm long. Claw slender, about 20 ľm long, with a minute denticle and a pair of knobbed digitules conspicuously longer than claw. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia + tarsus to hind trochanter + femur 0.95-1.00. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia to tarsus 0.72-1.00. Distal trochanteral seta about 50 ľm long; hind coxa without translucent pores. Labium 45-60 ľm long, shorter than clypeolabral shield. Anal ring ventral, situated well anterior to apex of abdomen, semicircular, sclerotized, joined anteriorly by a very thin rim, ring about 25 ľm wide, 15 ľm long, non-cellular, with two pairs of short setae, each about 5.0 ľm long, and a pair of lateral setae, each about 15.0 ľm long. Eyes 25-30 ľm in diameter. Dorsal surface with short, slender flagellate setae, mostly about 10 ľm long, situated mainly across middle of segments. Extremely slender elongate microducts, each about 7.0 ľm long, scattered on posterior abdominal segments, elsewhere sparse across segments. Ventral surface with similar setae to those on dorsum, not numerous. Macroducts present, each about 12 ľm long, 1.5 ľm wide, sparse, occurring in groups of one to three on submargins of abdominal segments IV-VI, and one or two present medially on each segment of thorax. Microducts, same as on dorsum, a few scattered on anal lobe segment and a few present anteriorly around margins. Quinquelocular pores, each about 5.0 ľm in diameter, present on abdomen in almost single rows medially across abdominal segments V and VI and submedially on abdominal segments II, III, and VII, one or two also present medially on abdominal segment VIII; others present in groups of two to four next to each spiracular opening. Second-instar female Body on microscope slide, elongate oval, membranous, 0.75-0.85mm long, 0.28-0.32mm wide, widest at about mesothorax; abdomen narrowing posteriorly to rounded posterior end. Position of each anal lobe with a flagellate apical seta about 65 ľm long. Antennae situated on anterior head margin, 50-90 ľm long, seven-segmented. Legs well developed, slender, hind coxa 30-45 ľm long, hind trochanter + femur 70-90 ľm long, hind tibia + tarsus 95-100 ľm long. Claw slender, about 15 ľm long, with a minute denticle near apex and a pair of knobbed digitules longer than claw. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia + tarsus to hind trochanter + femur 1.11-1.35. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia to hind tarsus 0.72-1.11. Distal trochanteral seta about 50 ľm long. Labium about 50 ľm long, shorter than clypeolabral shield. Anal ring ventral, situated a short distance from apex of abdomen, semicircular and sclerotized, 25 ľm wide, 15 ľm long, joined at anterior end by an extremely narrow rim; sclerotized area with four minute setae, each about 5.0 ľm long, and two lateral setae each about 15.0 ľm long. Dorsal surface with flagellate setae, mostly 30-35 ľm long, noticeably longer than in adult female, distributed across middle of segments in more or less single rows. Macrotubular ducts present of two sizes. A larger type with shallow cup, about 18.0 ľm long, cup about 3.0 ľm wide, present in rows of four to six across middle of abdominal segments II-VI, usually two present on abdominal segment VII, more numerous in rows on head and thorax. A smaller type of duct with deeper cup, about 10 ľm long, cup about 2.0 ľm wide, interspersed with larger type but less frequent. Microtubular ducts about 7.0 ľm long, same as in adult female, represented by one or two at posterior end of abdomen.Ventral surface with similar flagellate setae to those on dorsum. Macrotubular ducts present of two sizes. A small type, same as small type on dorsum, present in submedial clusters of four to six on abdominal segments V-VII. An intermediate size duct, larger than small ducts but smaller than large dorsal ducts, about 12 ľm long, with orifice surrounded by thick hyaline rim about 3.0 ľm in diameter, occurring singly on submargins of thorax and abdominal segments II-VI, a few also present in medial area of thorax. Microtubular ducts, same as on dorsum, sparsely distributed around margins of most abdominal segments. Quinquelocular pores, minute, about 3.50 ľm in diameter, present next to spiracular openings, usually two or three present next to each mesothoracic spiracle and singly or in pairs next to metathoracic spiracles. (Williams, 2007)
SYSTEMATICS: All legs of the adult female of R. dugdalei are about the same size, whereas in R. metrosideri the hind legs are noticeably longer. (Williams, 2007)
KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2014: 163 (adult, female) [Key to Eriococcidae from New Caledonia (modified after Williams, 2007)]; Williams 2007a: 1358 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Rhopalotococcus].
CITATIONS: HodgsoMiCa2014 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 152, 163]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106]; Willia2007a [description, illustration: 1358- 1362].
Rhopalotococcus metrosideri WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Rhopalotococcus metrosideri Williams, 2007a. Type data: NEW CALEDONIA: Mt.Koghis, inducing galls on leaves of metrosideros sp., 10/05/1978, by J.S. Dugdale. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 13. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtacae: Metrosideros sp. [Willia2007a]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Caledonia [Willia2007a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Williams, 2007.
STRUCTURE: Adult female on microscope slide, membranous, elongate-pyriform, 1.00-1.45mm long, 0.50-0.70mm wide, widest at about mesothorax, abdomen gently tapering to poorly developed anal lobes set close together. Each anal lobe membranous, with a stout flagellate seta 95-100 ľm long. Antennae 180-200 ľm long, seven-segmented, segments becoming narrower towards distal end, each segment with a few setae 25-60 ľm long except on terminal segment where longest seta about 70 ľm long; fleshy setae on segments 6 and 7 about 30 ľm long. Legs well developed, hind legs conspicuously longer than first and second legs; hind coxa 60-70 ľm long, hind trochanter + femur 170-190 ľm long, hind tibia + tarsus, stout, 280-320 ľm long. Claw slender, about 25 ľm long, with a small denticle near apex and with a pair of knobbed digitules noticeably longer than claw. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia + tarsus to hind trochanter + femur 1.68-1.88. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia to tarsus 0.82-1.00. Distal trochanteral seta about 30 mm long. Hind coxa without translucent pores but with diagonal lines on anterior surface. Labium 70-80 ľm long, with three segments, shorter than clypeolabral shield. Eyes about 30 ľm in diameter. Anal ring ventral, situated a short distance from apex of abdomen, transversely oval, 30-35 ľm wide, 15-20 ľm long, heavily sclerotized with a narrow anterior rim, non-cellular, with only a pair of short setae 15-25 ľm long. Dorsal surface with flagellate setae only, 7.5-25.0 ľm long, in more or less single transverse rows mainly across middle of segments; longest setae present on head and thorax. Ventral surface with flagellate setae similar to those on dorsum. Macrotubular ducts about 12.5 ľm long, 2.5 ľm wide, with a hyaline oval rim about 5.0 ľm wide, present usually singly and submedially on abdominal segments VI and VII, a little more numerous across medial areas of anterior abdominal segments and metathorax and in small groups of two to four present medially on prothorax and mesothorax. Quinquelocular pores, each about 5.0 ľm in diameter, present in small groups of four or five closely associated anteriorly to each mesothoracic spiracle and in groups of two to five next to each metathoracic spiracle. (Williams, 2007)
SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of this species is easily distiguishable from that of R. dugdalei in having hind legs conspicuously longer than the first and second pairs of legs. (Williams, 2007)
KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2014: 163 (adult, female) [Key to Eriococcidae from New Caledonia (modified after Williams, 2007)]; Williams 2007a: 1358 (adult, female) [Key to adult females of Rhopalotococcus].
CITATIONS: HodgsoMiCa2014 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 152, 163]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106]; Willia2007a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 1362-1364].
Ripersia SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersia Signoret, 1875: 335. Notes: This genus belongs in the Pseudococcidae but is included here to accommodate Ripersia leptospermi Maskell which is an eriococcid that has not been placed in an eriococcid genus.
Ripersia leptospermi MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Ripersia leptospermi Maskell, 1889: 106-107. Type data: AUSTRALIA:. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Leptospermum laevigatum [Maskel1889].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Williams (1985) states that "Maskell (1889) described Ripersia leptospermi from South Australia as a mealybug on Leptospermum laevigatum, but it is here transferred to the Eriococcidae after examination of authentic material."
CITATIONS: DeitzTo1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 54]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106]; Maskel1889 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 106-107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 449]; Willia1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 40].
Sangicoccus ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Haematococcus Reyne, 1961: 127. Type species: Haematococcus obtusispinus Reyne, by original designation. Homonym of Haematococcus 1820 in the Protozoa; discovered by Reyne, 1965a.
Sangicoccus Reyne, 1965a: 180. Replacement name for Haematococcus Reyne, 1961.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Kozár, et al., 2009.
STRUCTURE: Body of adult female on microscope slide broadly oval, membranous. Venter: Antennae short, 3 segmented, gently tapering. Frontal lobes present, well developed. Labium apparently unsegmented, with minute setae on eip. Loculate disc pores, each with 5-10 loculi, scattered over most of surface, or in marginal groups; absent medially on head, thorax and anterior abdominal segments. Legs not well developed, short; trochanter and femur usually fused; hind coxa and femur with large irregularly shaped translucent pores on posterior surfaces. Macrotubular ducts long and narrow, each with wide sclerotized area surrounding orifice; present sparsely on abdomen, each inner ductule shorter than length of outer ductule, terminating in a circular gland. Instead of cruciform pores, moditied microtubular ducts present in a submedial band. Setae few, short and pointed. Dorsum: Marginal setae spine-like, conical, usually truncate, sometimes bluntly pointed; present in large groups around margin, each on an area of sclerotized derm. Dorsal setae numerous, of 2 types, one type wide spine-like, and other narrow spine-like. Anal lobe segment and anal lobes displaced only dorsum and surrounding anal ring. Anal lobes barely discernible, each with 2 long flagellate setae and 2 spine-like setae. Anal ring sclerotized, with a small number of pores in a single row, plus 6 anal ring setae, each longer than the diameter of the ring. Cauda apparently represented by an undetached lobe anterior to the anal ring. Disc pores each with 5-7 loculi, few and scattered on posterior abdominal segments and forming a sparse marginal submarginal band. Macrotubular ducts absent. Small and short microtubular ducts present scattered. (Kozár, et al. 2009)
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: aggregated in clusters around margin similar to cerarii; enlarged setae; antennae 3-segmented (Reyne, 1961; Williams & Watson, 1990). Pedroniopsis Green, described from Sri Lanka, also possesses 3-segmented antennae and has truncate-conical setae. However, these setae are not in marginal groups as in Sangicoccus. (Kozár, et al., 2009)
CITATIONS: Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 135]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 113]; KozarWiKo2009 [description, taxonomy: 7-8]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 449]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 89]; Reyne1961 [description, taxonomy: 127]; Reyne1965a [taxonomy: 180]; WilliaWa1990 [description, taxonomy: 52].
Sangicoccus morrisoni Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kozár, et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Sangicoccus morrisoni Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kozár, et al., 2009: 8-10. Type data: PHILLIPINES: Sagay, Camiguin Is. Oriental Misamis, on Cocos nucifera (Palmae), 4/23/1937, by F.Q. Otanes. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 4102. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [KozarWiKo2009].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [KozarWiKo2009].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kozár, et al., 2009.
STRUCTURE: Body of slide mounted specimens broadly oval, 1.50 (1.30-1.55) mm long, 1.25 (0.96-1.30) mm wide. Antennae 3 segmented; each segment with only a few short setae; second segment with sensory pore; segment III with apical setae and with 4 clavate sensory setae. Frontal lobes present, large. Eyes present near ventral margin. Venter:
SYSTEMATICS: Sangicoccus morrisoni is similar to S. truncatispinus but differs in possessing a submarginal band of macrotubular ducts on the venter of the abdomen and by the absence of a submarginal band os modified microtubular ducts on the abdomen. (Kozár, et al., 2009)
KEYS: Kozár, F., et al. 2009: 14 (female, adult) [Key to adult female species of Sangicoccus].
CITATIONS: Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106]; KozarWiKo2009 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 8-10].
Sangicoccus obtusispinus (Reyne)NOMENCLATURE:
Haematococcus obtusispinus Reyne, 1961: 129. Type data: INDONESIA: Irian Jaya, Mios Manggadi, on Cocos nucifera, 01/05/1955, by F.W. Rappard; Merauke, Mopa, on Cocos nucifera, 24/07/1956, by E.W. van Heurn. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands. Described: both sexes. Illust.
Sangicoccus obtusispinus; Reyne, 1965a: 180. Change of combination.
HOST: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Reyne1961]).
BIOLOGY: Specimens have been found with sooty mold present and tended by ants (Reyne, 1961).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Reyne (1961) of adult male and females as well as immature insects.
STRUCTURE: Adult female almost circular. Adult male is red (Reyne, 1961).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae of 2 kinds, shorter conical setae with sides concave, apices rounded, aggregated in clusters in marginal areas of posterior abdominal segments, similar to cerarii, margin of thorax and head with fewer of these setae, other kind of seta elongate, cylindrical, apices rounded, of 2 sizes, larger in medial and lateral areas of anterior abdomen, thorax, and head, smaller size scattered over rest of dorsal surface; anal lobes each with 2 enlarged setae; antennae 3-segmented; microtubular ducts without sclerotized areas, orifice bifurcate (Reyne, 1961).
KEYS: Kozár, F., et al. 2009: 14 (female) [Key to adult female species of Sangicoccus].
CITATIONS: Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 135]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 449-450]; Reyne1961 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 129]; Reyne1965a [taxonomy: 180]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 52].
Sangicoccus reynei Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kozár et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Sangicoccus reynei Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Kozár et al., 2009: 10-12. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park, Gumung Muajat, Summit area, on rotan palm (Arecaceae), 5/31/1975 by J.H. Martin. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 4995. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Collected at 1780 m.
HOST: Arecaceae [KozarWiKo2009].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [KozarWiKo2009]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kozár et al., 2009.
STRUCTURE: Adult female body of slide-mounted specimens, broadly oval, 1.76 mm long and 1.50 mm wide. antennae each with 3 segments, segment II with sensory pore; apical segment with several spical setae, plus a few falcate setae. Frontal lobes present. Eyes present near ventral margin. Venter: Labium unsegmented, with minute setae at tip. Legs short and not well developed, trochanter fused with femur without division; tarsal digitules knobbed; claw digitules slightly knobbed. All coxae without spinulae; hindcoxae and femora with several large, irregularly-shaped translucent pores on both sides; each trochanter with 2 sensory pores on each side; claws normal, without stout basal half, with or without dentibles. All legs with a few flagellate setae and with a sensory pore on each tarsus. Spiracles without associated disc pores. Locular disc pores with 5-10 loculi, sparse in segmental bands medially on abdominal segments VI-VIII and in small submarginal groups. Setae short and hair-like. Modified microtubular ducts present submedially. Macrotubular ducts present in a submedial band on some abdominal segments, each duct with a wide sclerotized area surrounding orifice, and with inner ductule shorter than outer ductule, ending in a circular gland. Anal lobes with a short suranal seta. Dorsum: Marginal setae truncate-conical present in 11 large groups, more or less equispaced, each on a sclerotised area of derm. Dorsal setae of two main sizes, larger setae spine-like, robust, tapering and bluntly pointed with a striated surface in 2 longitudinal rows, each with 7 spines on midline; smaller seetae much more slender but stiff, sparse in a band between marginal setae and median area with microducts. Some intermediate-sized setae present on head. Macrotubular ducts absent. Microtubular ducts present in a broad oval area medially associated with largest dorsal spines; and also in rights around bases of all marginal truncate-conical setae. Quinquelocular pores present, scattered submedially and submarginally on all segments. Anal ring with a sparse row of pores plus 6 anal ring setae. Anal lobes forming a narrow band almost encircling anal ring, probable each lobe with 2 truncate setae on inner margin and 2 long flagellate apical setae. Cauda present but very narrow; not clarly separated from anal lobe.
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to S. morrisoni in possessing marginal groups of disc pores ventrally. It differs from S. morrisoni and S. truncatispinus in lacking the larger, thick setae on the dorsum just mesad to the groups of marginal truncate setae except on head, and in possessing a medial band of microtubular ducts around the medial longitudinal rows of large spine-like setae.
KEYS: Kozár, F., et al. 2009: 14 (female, adult) [Key to adult female species of Sangicoccus].
CITATIONS: Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106]; KozarWiKo2009 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 10-12].
Sangicoccus truncatispinus (Reyne)NOMENCLATURE:
Haematococcus truncatispinus Reyne, 1961: 138. Type data: INDONESIA: Sangi, Taroena, on Cocos nucifera, ?/09/1927, by A. Reyne. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Sangicoccus truncatispinus; Reyne, 1965a: 180. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Reyne1961], Nypa sp. [WilliaWa1990]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Reyne1961]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1990]. Oriental: Philippines [WilliaWa1990].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Reyne (1961) and Williams & Watson (1990).
STRUCTURE: Adult female broadly oval (Williams & Watson, 1990), and has white wax on the dorsum, and has thin wax filaments along the margin of the body. Abundant sooty mold accompanied the insect. Adult males are red (Reyne, 1961). Antennae 3 segmented, all segments with a few short setae; segment II with sensory pore; apical segment with several apical setae, plus 4 falcate sensory setae. Frontal lobes present, large. Eyes present near ventral margin. Venter: Labium unsegmented, with minute setae present on tip. Legs short and not well developed. All coxae with spinulae; hindcoxae and femora each with several large, irregularly-shaped translcent pores on both surfaces; each trochante with 2 pores on each side; claws each cuved, with stout basal half, each with denticle. All legs with a few hai-like setae and with 1 sensory pore proximally on each tarsus. Spiracles with a few associated disc pores. Locular disc pores with 5-7 loculi in segmental bands medially across abdominal segments VI-VIII, and scatteed along etire submargin. setae few, short, hair-like. Instead of cruciform pores, modified microtubular ducts present, fairly abundant. Macrotubular ducts present submarginally on some abdominal segments, each with a wide sclerotized rim surrounding orifice and with inner ductule shorter than outer ductule, ending with a circular gland. Anal lobes each apparently without subapical seta, short suranal seta present. Dorsum: Marginal setae truncate-conical present in 11 compact groups, more or less equispaced, each on a sclerotised area of derm. Dorsal setae of two main sizes: larger spine-like setae robust, each bluntly pointed with a striated surface, present in 2 longitudinal rows of about 11-12 spines on midline, and also sparsely in a norrow band of about 16 spines just mesad to marginal groups of truncate setae; smaller setae, each robust but more slender, evenly distributed throughout and faily numerous. Macrotubular ducts absent. Microtubular ducts present among dorsal setae and with several near bases of some truncate-conical seta although not so closely associated as in S. morrisoni or S. reynei. Locular disc pores with 5-7 toculi present on almost all segments of abdomen. Anal ring with a sparse row of pores plus 6 flagellate anal ring setae. Anal lobes forming a naow band, almost encircling anal ring, each with 2 truncate spine-like setae on inner margin and 2 apical setae. Cauda present but not distinct. (Kozár et al., 2009)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae of 2 kinds, shorter cylindical setae with sides slightly concave, apices truncate, aggregated in clusters around margin similiar to cerarii, other kind of seta elongate, cylindrical, apices rounded, of 2 sizes, larger in medial areas of anterior abdomen, thorax, and head, smaller size scattered over rest of abdomen; anal lobes each with 2 to 8 enlarged setae; antennae 3-segmented; frontal lobes present; microtubular ducts without sclerotized areas, orifice of those on venter 8-shaped (Reyne, 1961; Williams & Watson, 1990). There is probably much variation in some characters in this species: the size of the three anterior=most groups of truncate-conical setae, the total number of marginal groups of setae vary from 11 to 13, and the distribution of the translucent pores on the hind legs. The holotype possesses 12 truncate-conical setae on each posteriormost group whereas others may have only six or seven. (Kozár, et al. 2009)
KEYS: Kozár, F., et al. 2009: 14 (adult, female) [Key to adult female species of Sangicoccus].
CITATIONS: Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 135]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 106]; KozarWiKo2009 [description: 2,12-13]; Lit1997b [distribution, host: 92]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 450]; Reyne1961 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 138]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy: 180]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 53, 54, 241].
Scutare BrittinNOMENCLATURE:
Scutare Brittin, 1915a: 158. Type species: Scutare fimbriata Brittin, by monotypy and original designation.
Scutarea; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977: 246. Misspelling of genus name.
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: macrotubular ducts divided into 2 parts, dermal opening double; microtubular ducts absent; multilocular pores primarily with 7 loculi. Green (1916d) and Mamet (1954b) considered Scutare to be a junior subjective synonym of Rhizococcus Signoret. Hoy (1962) considered Scutare to be valid within the Eriococcidae.
KEYS: Henderson 2007a: 3-4 (female, adult) [Key to genera of Eriococcidae in New Zealand (adult females) Modified from Henderson (2006)]; Hoy 1962: 173 (adult female) [Scutare species of New Zealand].
CITATIONS: Balach1948b [taxonomy: 259]; Britti1915a [description, taxonomy: 156, 158]; BruesMeCa1954 [taxonomy: 165]; Ferris1921b [distribution, host: 91]; Hoy1962 [description, taxonomy: 6, 15, 18, 173, 201]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 192]; Koteja1980b [taxonomy: 589]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 113]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 192]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 215, 216]; Mamet1954b [description, taxonomy: 193]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 451]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 181]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 860]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 99].
Scutare fimbriata BrittinNOMENCLATURE:
Scutare fimbriata Brittin, 1915a: 158. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Christchurch, Kennedy's Bush, on Pseudopanax sp., 03/10/1914, by G. Brittin. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hoy, 1962: 174. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Although Hoy (1962) refers to examining a holotype, there was no holotype originally designated. Hoy was referring to a slide he had marked as holotype, but correctly should have been designated the lectotype. According to Article 74(a) of the ICZN "any author may designate one of the syntypes as the lectotype, by the use of that term or an equivalent expression..."
Rhizococcus fimbriata; Green, 1916d: 51. Change of combination.
Nidularia fimbriata; Lindinger, 1933a: 108. Change of combination.
HOST: Araliaceae: Pseudopanax crassifolium [Hoy1962].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [Britti1915a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Brittin (1915a) and Hoy (1962).
STRUCTURE: Sac of adult female very thin, semi-opaque, appears to be of a dark red color, but is really white, glassy, ovate and surrounded by a broad white fringe. Sac of male oblong, white, flat, loosely felted and completely enveloping pupa. Adult female dark red and elongate. First instars are short and ovate, light red in color (Brittin, 1915a). There is no sooty mold associated with this insect. Insect is quite conspicuous and adult females sit on a cushion of white powdery wax (Hoy, 1962).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae cylindrical, sides concave basally, straight elsewhere, apices rounded, marginal setae conspicuously longer than all other dorsal setae, 4 or 5 lateral setae on margin of each abdominal segment; multilocular pores primarily with 7 loculi; anal lobes heavily sclerotized, rugose, with apical tooth and 3 enlarged setae; dorsum with platelike sclerotization on posterior abdominal segments; macrotubular ducts unusual in having divided orifice; microtubular ducts absent (Hoy, 1962).
KEYS: Hoy 1962: 173 (adult female) [Scutare species of New Zealand].
CITATIONS: Britti1915a [description, illustration: 158-160]; Green1916d [taxonomy: 51]; Hoy1962 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 6, 173, 174]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 192]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 108]; MacGil1921 [distribution: 216]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy: 193]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 451-452]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 181]; Myers1922 [distribution, taxonomy: 197]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 99].
Scutare lanuginosa HoyNOMENCLATURE:
Scutare lanuginosa Hoy, 1962: 176. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Ohakune, on Neopanax arboreum, 08/02/1960, by J.M. Hoy. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Araliaceae: Neopanax arboreum [Hoy1962], Pseudopanax arboreus [KondoHaCo2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Hoy1962]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Hoy (1962).
STRUCTURE: Female is surrounded by white, fluffy wax, but no definite sac. Adult female body is rotund (Hoy, 1962).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae cylindrical, sides concave basally, straight elsewhere, apices rounded, marginal setae and medial setae on thorax and head conspicuously longer than all other dorsal setae, 6 to 8 lateral setae on margin of each abdominal segment; multilocular pores primarily with 7 loculi; anal lobes heavily sclerotized, rugose, with medial boss and more than 3 enlarged setae; dorsum with platelike sclerotization on posterior abdominal segments; macrotubular ducts unusual in having divided orifice; microtubular ducts absent (Hoy, 1962).
KEYS: Hoy 1962: 173 (adult female) [Scutare species of New Zealand].
CITATIONS: Brown1967 [distribution, host: 132]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; GwiazdVaDe2006 [phylogenetics: 16]; Hoy1962 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 173, 176]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 192]; Kitchi1970 [taxonomy: 187]; Kitchi1975 [taxonomy: 235]; KondoHaCo2006 [host, phylogeny: 23]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 452]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 173-174]; Nur1967a [chemistry: 155]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 99].
Scutare pittospori HoyNOMENCLATURE:
Scutare pittospori Hoy, 1962: 176. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Waituhi Saddle, on Pittosporum colensoi, 08/08/1957, by J.M. Hoy. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum colensoi [Hoy1962].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Hoy1962]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Hoy (1962).
STRUCTURE: Known from a single collection. Insects are accompanied by some loose white wax, no sac was detected. Body elongate oval (Hoy, 1962).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae cylindrical, sides concave basally, straight elsewhere, apices rounded, marginal setae and medial setae on abdomen conspicuously longer than all other dorsal setae, 2 lateral setae on margin of each abdominal segment; anal lobes weakly sclerotized, with 3 enlarged setae; macrotubular ducts unusual in having divided orifice; microtubular ducts absent (Hoy, 1962).
KEYS: Hoy 1962: 173 (adult female) [Scutare species of New Zealand].
CITATIONS: Hoy1962 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 173, 178]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 192]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 452-453]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 99].
Sphaerococcopsis CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcopsis Cockerell, 1899j: 262. Type species: Sphaerococcopsis inflatipes Maskell, by monotypy and original designation.
Sphaerococopsis; Fernald, 1903b: 85. Misspelling of genus name.
Sphaerocopsis; Balachowsky, 1948b: 257. Misspelling of genus name.
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: the possession of enlarged hind legs compared to front pairs; dorsum with shield composed partly or entirely of small sclerotic nodules separated by unsclerotized derm; eyes located on dorsum near edge of shield; labium 1-segmented; anal ring small, usually invaginated; protruding anal lobes absent; with microtubular ducts (Beardsley, 1974a).
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2007: 108 (female, adult) [Key to the adult females of genera of felt scales on Eucalyptus and Corymbia]; Beardsley 1974a: 332 (adult female) [Known species of Sphaerococcopsis].
CITATIONS: Balach1948b [taxonomy: 257]; Beards1974a [description, host, illustration, taxonomy: 329]; Beards1984 [distribution, taxonomy: 86]; Beards1994 [taxonomy: 238]; Beards1995a [taxonomy: 100]; Cocker1899j [description, taxonomy: 262]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 277]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 448]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 85]; Frogga1894c [taxonomy: 113]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy: 4]; Gullan1984b [taxonomy: 381]; GullanMiCo2005 [host, ecology: 168]; HardyBeGu2011 [host: 498]; HardyGu2007 [host, illustration, taxonomy: 106-108]; HardyGu2010 [host: 2]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 193]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 112]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 196]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 210, 211]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 454-455]; MorrisMo1922 [description, taxonomy: 29-32]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 186]; Willia1991DJ [distribution, host, taxonomy: 461]; WoodwaEvEa1970 [distribution, host: 430].
Sphaerococcopsis inflatipes (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus inflatipes Maskell, 1893b: 238. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Myrniong, on Eucalyptus sp., by C. French. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Beardsley, 1974a: 334. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: This species was determined to belong to the Eriococcidae by Miller et al. (1998).
Sphaerococcopsis inflatipes; Cockerell, 1899j: 262. Change of combination.
Sphaerococopsis inflatipes; Fernald, 1903b: 85. Misspelling of genus name.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus botryoides [Hoy1963], Eucalyptus novae angliae [Hoy1963], Eucalyptus sp. [Maskel1893b], Eucalyptus viminalis [Beards1974a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Beards1974a], Victoria [Maskel1893b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Type information in Deitz & Tocker (1980) and Beardsley (1974a). Detailed descriptions and illustrations in Morrison & Morrison (1922) and Beardsley (1974a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is covered by a waxy test which is yellowish or reddish brown. The adult female is reddish-brown, filling the test (Maskell, 1893b).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides convex or straight, apices acute, setae around perimeter of dorsal shield, long and slender posteriorly, increasingly short anteriorly, short setae also present in medial and mediolateral areas of shield on thorax and head; hair-like dorsal setae scattered over dorsum; small lobes between antennae; anal ring with about 6 setae on each side and a few small pores; antennae 5- or 6-segmented; front 2 pairs of legs well developed; macrotubular ducts absent; microtubular ducts medium in length, with 1 sclerotized area, orifice forming sclerotized rim (Beardsley, 1974a).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Infestation of the species caused host bark to have eruptions of pustules on its surface and causes much damage to the host (Maskell, 1893b).
KEYS: Beardsley 1974a: 332 (adult female) [Known species of Sphaerococcopsis].
CITATIONS: Beards1974a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 329, 331, 332, 334]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 262]; DeitzTo1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 20]; Frogga1921b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 4-5]; HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 500-502]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy: 165]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 193]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 196]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 211]; Maskel1893b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 238]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 455-456]; MillerGuWi1998 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 292]; MorrisMo1922 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 30-31]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 186]; StoetzMi1979 [taxonomy: 19].
Sphaerococcopsis platynotum BeardsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcopsis platynotum Beardsley, 1974a: 337. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Lower Plenty, on Eucalyptus melliodora, 14/11/1971, by J.W. Beardsley. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus melliodora [Beards1974a], Eucalyptus sp. [Beards1974a]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Beards1974a], Victoria [Beards1974a]).
BIOLOGY: Causes blister-like galls on the bark of twigs, limbs and trunks of host (Beardsley, 1974a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Beardsley (1974a).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae short, conical, sides straight, apices acute, setae around perimeter of dorsal shield, becoming increasingly smaller anteriorly; hair-like dorsal setae scattered over dorsum, many on dorsal shield with slightly expanded apices; small lobes between antennae; anal ring with 4 setae on each side and a few small pores; front 2 pairs of legs small, but well developed; macrotubular ducts present; microtubular ducts medium in length, with 1 sclerotized area, orifice forming sclerotized rim (Beardsley, 1974a).
KEYS: Beardsley 1974a: 332 (adult female) [Key to known species of Sphaerococcopsis].
CITATIONS: Beards1974a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 337-339]; HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 500-502]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 456].
Sphaerococcopsis simplicior (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus inflatipes simplicior Maskell, 1896b: 403. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Melbourne, on Eucalyptus sp., by C. French. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Beardsley, 1974a: 334. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Notes: Type material also held at the USNM. This species was determined to belong to the Eriococcidae by Miller et al. (1998).
Sphaerococopsis inflatipes simplicior; Fernald, 1903b: 85. Change of combination. Notes: Fernald (1903b) also misspelled the generic epithet.
Sphaerococcopsis simplicior; Beardsley, 1974a: 334. Illust. Change of status.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus camaldulensis [Beards1974a], Eucalyptus sp. [Beards1974a], Eucalyptus viminalis [Beards1974a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Beards1974a], Victoria [Beards1974a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Maskell (1896b) and Beardsley (1974a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female circular (Beardsley, 1974a).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae of 2 kinds, 1 kind bullet shaped, sides convex, apices rounded, setae restricted to posterior end of dorsal shield, second kind small, conical, sides straight, apices acute, present in mediolateal areas of dorsal shield; hair-like dorsal setae scattered over dorsum; without lobes between antennae; anal ring with 3 or 4 setae on each side and without pores; antennae 2- or 3-segmented; front 2 pairs of legs small, abortive; macrotubular ducts absent; microtubular ducts absent (Beardsley, 1974a).
KEYS: Beardsley 1974a: 332 (adult female) [Known species of Sphaerococcopsis].
CITATIONS: Beards1974a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 334-335]; Beards1984 [distribution, host, illustration: 91]; DeitzTo1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 21]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 85]; HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny: 500-502]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy: 165]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 193]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; Maskel1896b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 403]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 456-457]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 293].
Sphaerococcopsis umbilicus BeardsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcopsis umbilicus Beardsley, 1974a: 335. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, west of Horsham, on Eucalyptus gracilis, 24/04/1972, by J.W. Beardsley. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus gracilis [Beards1974a], Eucalyptus microcarpa [Beards1974a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Beards1974a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Beardsley (1974a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female circular (Beardsley, 1974a).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae small, conical, sides straight, apices acute, setae around perimeter of dorsal shield, all approximately same size; hair-like dorsal setae scattered over dorsum, those on shield capitate; lobes between antennae; anal ring with 4 setae on each side and without pores; antennae 5- or 6-segmented; front 2 pairs of legs small, but well developed; macrotubular ducts present; microtubular ducts medium in length, with 1 sclerotized area, orifice forming sclerotized rim (Beardsley, 1974a).
KEYS: Beardsley 1974a: 332 (adult female) [Known species of Sphaerococcopsis].
CITATIONS: Beards1974a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 337]; HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 500-502]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 457].
SphaerococcusNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Spiroporococcus Miller in Miller & McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Spiroporococcus Miller in Miller & McKenzie, 1967: 528-529. Type species: Fonscolombia yuccae Ferris, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: A detailed description of this genus is provided in Miller & McKenzie (1967).
STRUCTURE: Adults of the genus are quite variable in appearance (Miller & McKenzie, 1967).
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: the possession of multilocular pores in the spiracular atrium; no enlarged setae; no protruding anal lobes; anal ring forming complete circle, with few pores and small setae (Miller & McKenzie, 1967).
KEYS: Gill 1993: 155 (female) [Key to Califonria Genera of Eriococcidae]; Miller & McKenzie 1967: 529 (adult female) [North American species].
CITATIONS: Arnett1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 239]; Gill1993 [taxonomy: 155]; KotejaZa1981 [taxonomy: 502]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 111]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 461]; MillerMc1967 [description, taxonomy: 528-529]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 355].
Spiroporococcus braggi (Cockerell & Robinson)NOMENCLATURE:
Fonscolombia braggi Cockerell & Robinson, 1915: 106. Type data: UNITED STATES: Colorado, Boulder Co., Boulder, on Berberis repens, 31/05/1911, by Bragg. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Pseudochermes braggi; Lindinger, 1933: 32. Change of combination.
Ripersia braggi; Lindinger, 1937: 195. Change of combination.
Tychea braggi; Lindinger, 1943a: 151. Change of combination.
Gymnococcus braggi; Ferris, 1955a: 184. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Ovaticoccus braggi; Boratynski, 1958: 174. Change of combination.
Spiroporococcus braggi; Miller & McKenzie, 1967: 529-531. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
HOST: Berberidaceae: Berberis repens [CockerRo1915].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado [CockerRo1915]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of late instar nymph in Miller & McKenzie (1967).
STRUCTURE: Adult unknown. Nymph bright red. Produces a filamentous sac, which does not cover the entire body (Cockerell & Robinson, 1915).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted second-instar female with: enlarged setae absent; hair-like setae scattered over dorsal surface; anal ring with few pores; dorsal multilocular pores absent; ventral multilocular pores predominantly with 5 loculi; cruciform pores present on venter on marginal area of abdomen; antennae 7-segmented; 2 or 3 multilocular pores in atrium of spiracles; microtubular ducts medium in length, with 2 sclerotized areas (Miller & McKenzie, 1967).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1967: 529 (adult female) [North American species of Spiroporococcus]; Ferris 1955a: 179 (female) [as Gymnococcus braggi; North American species of Gymnococcus].
CITATIONS: Boraty1958 [distribution, taxonomy: 174]; CockerRo1915 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 106]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy: 19]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy: 79]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 184]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 183]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; KozarKo2008a [taxonomy: 148]; Lindin1933 [taxonomy: 31-32]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 195]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 151]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 141]; McKenz1964a [taxonomy: 25]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 462]; MillerMc1967 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 529-531]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 355]; Willia1985a [distribution, host: 217].
Spiroporococcus ruber (Parrott & Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Gymnococcus ruber Parrott & Cockerell, 1899: 162-163. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Dońa Ana Co., Mesilla Park, on Bouteloua eriopoda, 17/01/1899, by P.J. Parrott. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Hoy (1963) reversed the authors of the species
Ovaticoccus ruber; Boratynski, 1958: 174. Change of combination.
Spiroporococcus ruber; Miller & McKenzie, 1967: 531-533. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae: Bouteloua eriopoda [CockerPa1899].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [CockerPa1899]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description provided by Miller & McKenzie (1967).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is pyriform, soft, naked, with sparse white secretion on the underside, body is a dull red, one-half to one-third of the body is covered by a loose mass of cottony threads (Cockerell & Parrott, 1899).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; hair-like setae scattered over dorsal surface; anal ring with few pores; dorsal multilocular pores present; ventral multilocular pores predominantly with 5 loculi; cruciform pores present on venter of anterior abdomen, thorax, and head; antennae 7-segmented; several multilocular pores in atrium of spiracles; microtubular ducts medium in length, with 2 sclerotized areas (Miller & McKenzie, 1967).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1967: 529 (adult female) [North American species of Spiroporococcus]; Ferris 1955a: 179 (adult female) [as Gymnococcus ruber; North American species of Gymnococcus].
CITATIONS: Boraty1958 [distribution, taxonomy: 174]; CockerPa1899 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 162-163]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 80]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 179, 189]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 184]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 142]; McKenz1964a [taxonomy: 25]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 462-463]; MillerMc1967 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 531-533]; Parrot1900 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 141-143]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 355]; Willia1985a [distribution, host: 218].
Spiroporococcus yuccae (Ferris)NOMENCLATURE:
Fonscolombia yuccae Ferris, 1919a: 18. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Socorro Co., Blue Canyon, Socorro, on Yucca sp., 01/07/1918, by G.F. Ferris. Lectotype female (examined), by subsequent designation Miller & McKenzie, 1967: 533-535. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Pseudochermes yuccae; Lindinger, 1933: 32. Change of combination.
Gymnococcus yuccae; Ferris, 1955a: 190. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Ovaticoccus yuccae; Boratynski, 1958: 174. Change of combination.
Spiroporococcus yuccae; Miller & McKenzie, 1967: 533-535. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave lophantha var. poselgeri [Ferris1919a], Yucca sp. [Ferris1919a]. Poaceae [Ferris1919a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1919a], New Mexico [Ferris1919a], Texas [Ferris1919a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration given by Miller & McKenzie (1967).
STRUCTURE: Adult female more or less covered with a white, woolly secretion. When denuded of this secretion insect body is bright red (Ferris, 1919a).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; hair-like setae scattered over dorsal surface; anal ring with few pores, heavily sclerotized; dorsal multilocular pores restricted to segment 8; ventral multilocular pores predominantly with 5 loculi; cruciform pores present on venter of anterior abdomen, thorax, and head; antennae 7-segmented; several multilocular pores in atrium of spiracles; microtubular ducts medium in length, with 2 sclerotized areas (Miller & McKenzie, 1967).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1967: 529 (adult female) [North American species of Spiroporococcus]; Ferris 1955a: 179 (adult female) [as Gymnococcus yuccae; North American species of Gymnococcus].
CITATIONS: Boraty1958 [distribution, taxonomy: 174]; Ferris1919a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 18]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy: 79]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 190]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 184-185]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; KozarKo2008a [taxonomy: 148]; Lindin1933 [taxonomy: 32]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 141]; McKenz1964a [taxonomy: 25]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 463-464]; MillerMc1967 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 533-535]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 355].
Stegococcus HoyNOMENCLATURE:
Stegococcus Hoy, 1962: 186. Type species: Stegococcus oleariae Hoy, by monotypy and original designation.
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: the absence of macrotubular ducts on the dorsum; enlarged setae slender; the absence of microtubular ducts (Hoy, 1962). Adult female elongate-oval or oval, membranous, dorsum and venter about same size. Pair of eyespots on ventral margin; antennae 6- to 7-segmented; legs well developed, metathoracic coxa much larger than coxae of other legs, with numerous irregular oval- shaped translucent pores on both surfaces, claw usually with small denticle, digitules of tarsi and claws capitate; anal lobes small to barely produced, membranous to lightly sclerotised, with 4 pairs of flagellate setae and a pair of moderately long apical setae; a pair of straight or flagellate, differentiated marginal setae absent, macrotubular ducts absent; medium sized tubular ducts with shallow cup few, in rows on ventral abdominal segments, 5- to 7-locular pores most numerous on ventral abdomen, scattered on thorax and head, with several near each spiracle. (Henderson, 2006)
KEYS: Henderson 2007a: 3-4 (female, adult) [Key to genera of Eriococcidae in New Zealand (adult females) Modified from Henderson (2006)]; Henderson 2006: 54 (female) [Key to adult females of Stegococcus]; Hoy 1962: 21 (female) [Key to Genera of Eriococcidae present in New Zealand].
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [distribution, taxonomy: 86]; GullanMiCo2005 [host, ecology: 168]; Hender2006 [description, host]; Hoy1962 [description, taxonomy: 21, 186, 201, 203]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 193]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 113]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 464]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 188]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 99].
Stegococcus flagellatus HendersonNOMENCLATURE:
Stegococcus flagellatus Henderson, 2006: 54-56. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Rock & Pillar Range, Brookdale Covenant, on Olearia spp. on ?/3/1999 by J.G.B. Derraik. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: ASTERACEAE Oleaceae: Olearia bullata H.D. Wilson & Garn. Jones [Hender2006], Olearia laxiflora Kirk [Hender2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (Stewart Island [new] (The two known host plants have very small leaves, and would provide less area for the formation of galls.)).
BIOLOGY: Eggs oviposited in gall chamber with some powdery wax.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration in R.C. Henderson, 2006.
STRUCTURE: Adult females without any kind of sac, pink, inhabiting woody, flask-shaped galls on stem internodes, eggs pinkish.
SYSTEMATICS: The small, lightly sclerotised anal lobes, without a bell-shaped tube enclosing the anal ring setae, and the absence of macrotubular ducts clearly place this species in Stegococcus. The most obvious diagnostic character is the particularly long, flagellate body cetae of this species compared to all other know New Zealand Eriococcidae.
KEYS: Henderson 2006: 38, 54 (female) [as Key to adult females of Stegococcus].
CITATIONS: Hender2006 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 54-56]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107].
Stegococcus oleariae HoyNOMENCLATURE:
Stegococcus oleariae Hoy, 1962: 186. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Waipara, on Olearia macrodonta, ?/12/1915, by G. Brittin. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Olearia macrodonta [Hoy1962], Olearia paniculata [Hoy1962].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [Hoy1962]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description by Hoy (1962).
STRUCTURE: Adult females form galls on leaves of host. The galls open on upper leaf surface, but cause a swelling on both sides of the leaf. Body shape elongate oval. Female does not form sac and body is associated with a bit of powdery wax (Hoy, 1962).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; body setae scattered over surface; derm of dorsum nodulose; macrotubular ducts confined to ventral abdominal segments; microtubular ducts absent (Hoy, 1962).
KEYS: Henderson 2006: 54 (female) [as Key to adult females of Stegococcus].
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [distribution, taxonomy: 86, 93]; GullanMiCo2005 [host, ecology: 168]; Hender2006 [description, taxonomy: 54]; Hoy1962 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 186, 204]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 194]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 464-465]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 99].
Stibococcus Miller & GonzálezNOMENCLATURE:
Stibococcus Miller & González, 1975: 154-156. Type species: Stibococcus cerinus Miller & González, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descriptions and illustrations of adult female, adule male and pupa S. cerinus, see Miller & González, 1975.
STRUCTURE: The most distinvtive characters of the adult male are: 1) penial sheath short, only about 1.5x longer than basal width; 2) 10 segmented antennae, with setae slightly longer than width of segment; 3) presence of pores on head; 4) abdominal tergite VIII sclerotised. (Hodgson & Miller, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: the possession of large macrotubular ducts with sclerotized rim; anal lobes small or not protruding (Miller & González, 1975).
KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2011: 54-55 (female) [Key to the Eriococcidae of the Neotropical Region based on the morphology of adult females]; Hodgson et al. 2011: 71 (male) [Key to the Genera of the Eriococcidae of the Neotropical Region based the morphology of the adult males]; Hodgson & Miller 2010: 90-92 (female, male) [Key to the Genera of the Eriococcidae of South America]; González 2008: 12 (female) [Key to genera of the family Eriococcidae in Argentina]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2008: 140-142 (female, adult) [Modified key to genera of the Eriococcidae of Neotropical Region]; Hodgson et al. 2004: 52 (female) [Key to the genera of Eriococcidae]; Hodgson et al. 2004: 52 (female) [Key to the genera of Eriococcidae]; Hodgson & Miller 2002: 193 (female) [Key to adult females of genera and species of Eriococcidae known from Chile]; Miller & González 1975: 132 (female) [Chilean genera of the Eriococcidae].
CITATIONS: Gonzal2008 [taxonomy: 12]; HodgsoGoMi2004 [taxonomy: 52, 71]; HodgsoGoMi2004 [taxonomy: 52]; HodgsoMaMi2011 [taxonomy: 54-55]; HodgsoMi2002 [taxonomy: 193]; HodgsoMi2010 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 80-82]; KondoHaCo2006 [host: 20]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 111]; KozarKo2008 [taxonomy: 141, 142]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 465]; MillerGo1975 [description, taxonomy: 154-156].
Stibococcus cerinus Miller & GonzálezNOMENCLATURE:
Stibococcus cerinus Miller & González, 1975: 156-161. Type data: CHILE: Del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Curicó, Cajón Río Claro, on Myrceugenia bridgesii, 09/10/1966, by R.H. González. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Santiago: Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in the USNM.
COMMON NAME: wax trail eriococcin [MillerGo1975].
HOST: Myrtaceae: Myrceugenia bridgesii [MillerGo1975].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile (O'Higgins [MillerGo1975]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of adult female and male and immature males by Miller & González (1975). Miller & Miller (1993) deal with the phylogeny of this species.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is naked, shiny, and pale green. Eggs are laid in an elongate ovisac which may be as much as 7 or 8 times the length of the adult female body. The ovisac is produced from wax glands on the underside of the female. Immatures feed on the undersides of leaves causing a gall-like distortion which is normally visible from above. Second through fifth instar males occur in sacs until the adult emerges (Miller & González, 1975).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae slightly curved, conical, sides straight, apices rounded, marginal setae slightly larger than other dorsal setae, scattered over surface; anal lobes not protruding or slightly protruding; macrotubular ducts unusually large with conspicuous sclerotized rim; microtubular ducts medium in length, with 1 sclerotized area (Miller & González, 1975).
KEYS: Kondo et al. 2006: 34-35 (female, adult) [Revised key to adult females of the Eriococcidae of Chile]; Hodgson & Miller 2002: 193 (female) [Key to adult females of genera and species of Eriococcidae known from Chile]; Miller & González 1975: 132 (female) [Key to Chilean genera of the Eriococcidae].
CITATIONS: HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; HodgsoMi2010 [host, taxonomy: 101]; KondoHaCo2006 [taxonomy: 34]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 465]; MillerGo1975 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 156-161]; MillerMi1993a [taxonomy: 247, 249]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 173]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 174].
Subcorticoccus GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Subcorticoccus Gullan, 1999: 242. Type species: Subcorticoccus murrindindi Gullan, by original designation.
SYSTEMATICS: Adult females of Subcorticoccus can be distinguished from those of other Australian genera of Eriococcidae by the combination of a tapered abdomen, a mediolongitudinal band of microtrichia on the head and anterior thorax, a pair of oval frontal lobes, very small legs relative to the size of the body, a ventral and noncellular anal ring, all body setae flagellate and mostly less than 15 um long, very slender macrotubular ducts distributed over both dorsum and venter, ventral bands of clustered quinquelocular pores on the posterior abdomen and sometimes scattered quinquelocular pores on the body margin, and the absence of anal lobes and microtubular ducts. First-instar nymphs and a single prepupal male are known only for S. beardsleyi. The male nymph is too poorly preserved to describe adequately (Gullan, 1999).
CITATIONS: Gullan1999 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 242]; HardyBeGu2011 [host: 498]; HardyGu2007 [host, illustration, taxonomy: 106-108]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 112]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 466].
Subcorticoccus beardsleyi GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Subcorticoccus beardsleyi Gullan, 1999: 243-246. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, near Heathcote, 15/03/1972, on Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, under twig bark, by J.W. Beardsley. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in ANIC, BPBM and NMVA.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus macrorhyncha [Gullan1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Gullan1999]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Gullan (1999).
SYSTEMATICS: Adult female can be told from others of this genus by the absence of quinquelocular pores from margins of abdomen but their presence in sparse bands ventrally on last 4 abdominal segments only (Gullan, 1999).
KEYS: Gullan 1999: 243 (female) [Key to adult females of Subcorticoccus].
CITATIONS: Gullan1999 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 242-246]; HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 500-502]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 466].
Subcorticoccus huonamnis GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Subcorticoccus huonamnis Gullan, 1999: 246-247. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Huon River, near Judbury, 24/10/1978, on Eucalyptus regnans, by D.J. Williams. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in ANIC and BMNH.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus regnans [Gullan1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Gullan1999]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Gullan (1999).
SYSTEMATICS: Subcorticoccus huonamnis can be told from other adult females of the genus by the sometimes present quinquelocular pores on margins of body, at least on abdomen, in dense bands ventrally on last 4 abdominal segments, plus a few on segment IV (Gullan, 1999).
KEYS: Gullan 1999: 243 (female) [Key to adult females of Subcorticoccus].
CITATIONS: Gullan1999 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 246-247]; HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 500-502]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 466-467].
Subcorticoccus murrindindi GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Subcorticoccus murrindindi Gullan, 1999: 246. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, 10.5 km NE of Toolangi, near Murrindindi River, off Murrindindi Road, Eucalyptus regnans, 31/10/1978, by P.J. Gullan & A. Smith. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in ANIC, BPBM and BMNH.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus regnans [Gullan1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Gullan1999]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Gullan (1999).
SYSTEMATICS: Subcorticoccus murrindindi can be told from other species of Subcorticoccus by the following features: antennae usually 7 (rarely 6) segmented, legs of typical form but reduced in size, quinquelocular pores densely scattered around margins of entire body (Gullan, 1999).
KEYS: Gullan 1999: 242 (female) [Key to adult females of Subcorticoccus].
CITATIONS: Gullan1999 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 246, 248-249]; HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 500-502]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 467].
Tanyscelis Hardy & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Tanyscelis Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 34-35. Type species: Opisthoscelis pisiformis Froggatt.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of gall and adult female in Hardy & Gullan, 2010. Detailed description of adult male given in Theron (1968) based on specimens of two unidentified species collected from Keith, South Australia.
STRUCTURE: Galls on leaves and stems, each either globular, hemispherical, conical mammiform or thorn-like, never pit-like; with orifice usually slit-like, sometimes circular or oblong; if galls on leaves, orifice on either abaxial or adaxial surface, depending on species. Surface often difficult to determine in mature isobilateral leaves and galls typically opening on same surface on any one leaf. Female attached by moutnparts to internal gall wall opposite to openings, with long hind legs projecting forwards over body or towards gall orifice; body of female fills only part of gall cavity in some species dorsum aften covered with shite powdery wax. Body outline ovate to turbinate; abdomen tapered. Adult male antenna 9-segmented; abdomen tapered, elongate in some species. First-instar nymph anterior margin of head incised at midline. Each spiracle with one trilocular pore next to opening. The known first-instar nymphs of Opisthoscelis share similar traits.
SYSTEMATICS: Adult male antennae are 9-segmented, whereas the antennae of Opisthoscelis have 10 segments, a non-tappered abdomen, and have gland pouches, each with a pari of gland setae.
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: HardyGu2010 [description, taxonomy: 31-32]; MillsMaRi2011 [taxonomy: 55].
Tanyscelis conica (Fuller)NOMENCLATURE:
Opisthoscelis conica Fuller, 1897b: 1346. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Midland Junction, on Eucalyptus sp. Syntypes. Type depository: Adelaide: South Australian Museum, South Australia, Australia. Notes: There are three galls of females, with no insects in them, in the SAMA collection, marked "type" with the date of "28.7.97." Type depository information provided by Gullan (personal communication, June 10, 1996).
Tanyscelis conica; Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 32-36. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Myrtacae: Eucalyptus dumosa [HardyGu2010], Eucalyptus incrassata [HardyGu2010], Eucalyptus wandoo [HardyGu2010]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp. [Fuller1897b]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [HardyGu2010], Victoria [HardyGu2010], Western Australia [Fuller1897b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Fuller's 1897 original description is very brief: "Upon one side of the leaf arises the conical apex, whilst on the other the gall protrudes as a hemisphere." A more detailed description was found in Fuller (1899) and in 2010, Hardy and Gullan provide a detailed description, photograph of galls and illustration.Most detailed description by Fuller (1899).
STRUCTURE: Female gall on leaf; opening slit-like on abaxial or adaxial surface, but all galls opening on same surface on any one leaf. Side of gall with opening conical, other side convex, globose. Adult female body outline turbinate, margin incised at intersegmental boundaries. Abdomen tapered, about as long as head + thorax, extending far beyond the femur. A hemispherical gall is formed on the other side of the leaf from a conical apex (Fuller, 1897b). Adult female is very convex and light brown in color (Fuller, 1899).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of T. conica would be difficult to confuse with the adult female of any other known species of Tanycelis. The fusion of the hind tibia and tarsus into a broad, sword-like appendage is unique. Both the form of the dorsal setae (robust and slightly curved) and their dense distribution separate adult females from those of other species. Slide-mounted adult female with: many fine, long, curved setae which are most abundant on head and posterior end of abdomen; antennae unsegmented; anterior legs absent; posterior legs very long (Fuller, 1899).
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8-10 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 46]; Frogga1921a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 146]; Fuller1897b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 1346]; Fuller1899 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 464]; HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 500-502]; HardyGu2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 32-36]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 176]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 104]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 408-409]; Pierce1917 [distribution, economic importance: 99].
Tanyscelis convexa (Froggatt)NOMENCLATURE:
Opisthoscelis convexa Froggatt, 1929: 376. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Diamond Creek, on Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha, by C. French Jr.; also New South Wales, Gosford, on undetermined host by L. Gallard; also, New South Wales, Macksville, Why Why Forest on Eucalyptus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Orange: Agricultural Scientific Collections Trust, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia. Notes: Syntypic galls of females in ASCT. Type depository information provided by Gullan (personal communication, June 10, 1996).
Opisthoscelis globosa Froggatt, 1929: 376. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, on Eucalyptus sp., by C. French; New South Wales, Hornsby. Unknown type status. Homonym of Opisthoscelis globosa Rübsaamen 1894; discovered by Lindinger, 1943b: 223. Notes: Type material whereabouts unknown (Gullan, personal communication, June 10, 1996).
Opisthoscelis rübsaameni Lindinger, 1943b: 223. Replacement name for Opisthoscelis globosa Froggatt 1929.
Opisthoscelis rubsaamei; Hoy, 1963: 176. Misspelling of species name.
Opisthoscelis ruebsaameni; Miller & Gimpel, 2000. Justified emendation. Notes: Based on the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Article 32 (d)(i)(2), rübsaameni must be emended so that the umlaut is deleted and the letter "e" is inserted after the "u."
Tanyscelis convexa; Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 36-40. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha [Frogga1929], Eucalyptus sp. [Frogga1929, Hoy1963]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [HardyGu2010], New South Wales [Frogga1929], Queensland [Cook2000], Victoria [Frogga1929, Hoy1963]).
BIOLOGY: Male galls scattered over leaf surfaces. Female galls produced on the base of the leaf stalks or along the slender branchlets (Froggatt, 1929).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Froggatt (1929) as Opisthoscelis globosa. Redescription, photograph of galls and illustration in Hardy & Gullan, 2010.
STRUCTURE: Female galls on smaller branches, broadly rounded or oval mass at junction with host. The basal portion of female gall is brown, general form is circular. Adult female is dark reddish-brown, cephalic portion is the darkest. Body is heart shaped (Froggatt, 1929). Female galls also on the base of the petiole. Gall opening slit-like to oblong. Distal area frequently with 1 or 2 concentric circular scars, distal surface above scars smooth and lighter in colour than surrounding stem tissue. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010) Male galls are small and reddish-brown. Male galls on surface of leaves, tubular, apex closed in immature specimens and open in mature insects. (Froggatt, 1929) Male galls on either leaf surface, occasionally on petiole or stems. Gall cylindrical to conical, distal margin dentate, opening slit-like to round, opposite side of leaf swollen.
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae blunt, thorn like, forming transverse bars in medial areas of abdomen from anterior segments to apex, smaller setae cover remainder of dorsum (Froggatt, 1929). Adult females of T. convexa can be recognized by the large dorsal spines found on the dorsomedial areas of the thorax and abdomen and in a ventral submarginal row extending from the anterior margin of the head to the posterior spiracles. It is also the only species of Tanyscelis to have no tubular ducts or multilocular pores on the dorsum. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010) Lindinger (1943b) recognized that Opisthoscelis globosa Froggatt (1929) was a junior primary homonym of Opisthoscelis globosa Rübsaamen (1894) and proposed the replacement name Opisthoscelis rubsaameni Lindinger. Hoy (1963) erroneously attributed O. rubsaameni to Froggatt (1929) and also treated O. rubsaameni as a synonym of O. globosa Rübsaamen. Hardy & Gullan (2010) placed this species in the new genus, Tanyscelis.
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8-10 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: Brown1967 [distribution, host: 132]; Cook2000 [distribution, physiology: 259]; Frogga1929 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 376]; HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 500-502]; HardyGu2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 3,36-40]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 176]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 104]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 223]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 409,414-415].
Tanyscelis grallator Hardy & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Tanyscelis grallator Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 40-43. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, 29 km N of Normanton, on Eucalyptus sp., 10/?/2006,. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia; type no. LGC0666. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtacae: Eucalyptus sp. [HardyGu2010]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [HardyGu2010]).
BIOLOGY: The femal;e is small in relation to the size of the gall cavity and eggs are laid into the cavity which can become filled. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, photograph of galls and illustration in Hardy & Gullan, 2010.
STRUCTURE: Female gall on leaf, thorn-like. Gall opening slit-like on adaxial leaf surface. Base broad and globose with circular scar; apex tapering to blunt point. Live adult females of T. grallator have white powdery wax in a band across dorsum of each body segment, with intersegmental areas bare of wax. Body turbinate, head, thorax and anterior abdominal segments with intersegmental boundaries indistinct along margin, intersegmental boundaries incised along posterior abdominal margin; abdomen tapered, about as long asd head + thorax, not extending beyone outstretched femur. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Adult females of T. grallator are most similar to those of T. mollicornuta. Both species have fleshy protuberances in place of eyes, however, they are much longer on T. mollicornuta, which has additional protuberances along the dorsal midline plus the submargin of the thorax. Each protuberance on the head ot T. grallator yhas the apex much more differentiated than the similar protuberances of T. mallicornuta and it seems possible that this area is light sensitive. Adult females can also be distinguished by having much longer hind legs, each with a cylindrical coxa (more conical in T. mollicornuta).
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8-10 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: HardyGu2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 40-43].
Tanyscelis maculata (Froggatt)NOMENCLATURE:
Opisthoscelis maculata Froggatt, 1894b: 345-346. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Bendigo, on Eucalyptus leucoxylon and E. gracilis, ?/08/189?, by W.W. Froggatt. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Orange: Agricultural Scientific Collections Trust, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Syntypic material in ASCT, some of which has been mounted by Gullan (personal communication, June 10, 1996).
Opisthoscelis recurva Froggatt, 1929: 377. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Warrah Station hills, near Willowtree, on Eucalyptus sp., by W.W. Froggatt. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Orange: Agricultural Scientific Collections Trust, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Two syntypic galls are in ASCT. Two additional syntypic galls of females are in BMNH and a single female was mounted by Gullan in 1985. Type depository information provided by Gullan (personal communication, June 10, 1996).
Tanyscelis maculata; Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 43-47. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination. Notes: Lectotype designated by Hardy & Gullan, 2010, from Victoria, Australia with printed labed: "No. 1787 E / GALL MAKING COCCIDS / Opisthoscelis maculata, Frogtt. / Femals galls on Eucalyptus / Bendigo, Victoria".
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus gracilis [Frogga1894b], Eucalyptus leucoxylon [Frogga1894b], Eucalyptus sp. [Frogga1929]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Pierce1917, Frogga1929], Queensland [HardyGu2010], South Australia [HardyGu2010], Victoria [Frogga1894b]).
BIOLOGY: Females on slender twigs and leaf-stalks, sometimes singly and other times close together and in rows. Often growing in such numbers that the leaf is aborted (Froggatt, 1894b).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Froggatt (1894b).and Froggatt (1929). Redescription, photograph of galls and illustration in Hardy & Gullan (2010).
STRUCTURE: Female galls brown, pyriform. Adult female ochreous-yellow, shining and glassy, almost oval. Male gall reddish-brown to black, tapering toward apex (Froggatt, 1894b). Male galls tubular, tips slightly crenulated. Female galls brown, basal portion forms a circular platform upon the twig, divided from the base of the true gall by a contracted reddish scar. Female is chocolate-brown, dorsal surface shining, flattened, broadly oval. Ventral surface convex, fitting closely into the bottom of the gall chamber (Froggatt, 1929).
SYSTEMATICS: Adult females of T. maculata are very similar to those of T. maskelli. The latter can be distinguished by the much smaller eyes, the distinct marginal fringe of setae, and the longer dorsal setae on the abdomen and along the margin.
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8-10 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Cook2000 [distribution, physiology: 259]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 46]; Frogga1894b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 345-346]; Frogga1898a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 497]; Frogga1921a [description, taxonomy: 147-148]; Frogga1929 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 377]; HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 500-502]; HardyGu2010 [description, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy: 43-47]; Houard1923 [host: 622]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 177]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 104]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 411,414]; Pierce1917 [distribution, economic importance, host: 99].
Tanyscelis maskelli (Froggatt)NOMENCLATURE:
Opisthoscelis maskelli Froggatt, 1894b: 340-341. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Flemington, on Eucalyptus siderophloia, by W.W. Froggatt. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Orange: Agricultural Scientific Collections Trust, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: One slide with one adult female labeled "cotype" is deposited in the BMNH; it may not be conspecific with the Flemington specimens. Syntypic material in ASCT with some material mounted on slides by Gullan (personal communication, June 10, 1996).
Tanyscelis maskelli; Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 47-50. Change of combination. Notes: Lectotype designated by Hardy & Gullan, 2010, with printed label "No. 1944 E / GALL MAKING COCCIDS / Ophisthoscelis[sic] maskelli, Frogtt. / Male and female galls on Eucalyptus/ Flemington, N.S.W."
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus melliodora [Frogga1894b], Eucalyptus populifolia [Frogga1894b], Eucalyptus siderophloia [Frogga1894b].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1894b], Queensland [Frogga1894b], Victoria [Frogga1894b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of male and female galls, first-instar nymphs and adults (Froggatt, 1894b). Redescription, photograph of galls and illustration in Hardy & Gullan, 2010.
STRUCTURE: Female gall is dull green to brown, has a pyriform brown cap. Immature galls much more elongate, flask-shaped, variable. First-instar females pale pink to salmon in color, filling up the cavity in mature galls at the apical opening. Eyes black, body elongate-oval. First-stage female yellow, flat on upper side, elongate, rounded at the top. Second-stage female bluish gray, covered with whitish dust on the back. (Froggatt, 1894b) On stem, conical to thorn-like. Gall opening found to oblong. Base of gall broad, surface rugose, distal portion attenuated and annulated. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010) Male galls are reddish-brown, broad at base and tapering towards the tip. Adult male is reddish-pink, dorsal eyes large, black and globular (Froggatt, 1894b). On stem and either leaf surgace. Tubular, narrowing slightly towards apex. Gall opening indistinct to round. Gall thin-walled and cylindrical, distal edge surrounding opening crenlate. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Adult females of T. maculata are very similar to those of T. maskelli. T. maskelli can be distinguished by the much smaller eyes, the distinct marginal fringe of setae, and the longer dorsal setae on the abdomen and along the margin.
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8-10 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [distribution, host, illustration: 91, 92]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 328]; Frogga1894b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 340-341]; Frogga1898a [description, host, taxonomy: 496]; Frogga1921a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 149]; Frogga1929 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 377]; Gullan1978 [taxonomy: 59]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host: 177]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 104]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 412]; Pierce1917 [distribution, economic importance: 99].
Tanyscelis megagibba Hardy & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Tanyscelis megagibba Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 50-52. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Aldinga Beach, on Eucalptus microcarpa, 10/2/1965, by H.M. Brookes. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia; type no. 44/65. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The original labels on the slides from two of the three collections of T. megagibba made by HMB have the host as E. odorata. However, her sebsequent notes specify that this was a misidentification and the collections were made from E. microcarpa.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [HardyGu2010]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, photograph of galls and illustration in Hardy & Gullan, 2010.
STRUCTURE: Female gall on stem, a rounded swelling; gall opeing slit-like; base of gall broad, gall surface striated, distal part a narrow truncate cone bearing oriface. Male gall on stem; similar to gall of female but without apical cone; gall opening irregularly shaped. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Adult females of T. megagibba are most similar to those of T. villasigivva. The dorsal surface of both species is dominated by a series of large humps. These are most spectacular in mature females of T. megagibba, but lack the dense covering of setae, each born on a raised fleshy base, that is characteristic of the adult females of T. villosigibba. Adult females of T. villosigibba are also distinctive in having highly convex eyes, with the base of each eye parallel-sided and perpendicular to the body surface, whereas in T. megagibba the base of the eye is not parallel-sided. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8-10 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: HardyGu2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 50-52].
Tanyscelis mollicarnuta Hardy & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Tanyscelis mollicarnuta Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 52-54. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, 3 km WSWof Millmerran, Turallin Rd., ex gall on Eucalyptus populnea, 5/?/1995,. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtacae: Eucalyptus microcarpa [HardyGu2010].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, photograph of galls and illustration in Hardy & Gullan, 2010.
STRUCTURE: Female gall on leaves; gall a circular raised area; opening slit-like.
SYSTEMATICS: Adult females are most similar to those of T. grallator. Both species have fleshy protuberances in place of eyes, however, they are much longer on T. mollicornuta, which has additional protuberances along the dorsal midline plus the submargin of the thorax. Each protuberance on the head ot T. grallator yhas the apex much more differentiated than the similar protuberances of T. mallicornuta and it seems possible that this area is light sensitive. Adult females can also be distinguished by having much longer hind legs, each with a cylindrical coxa (more conical in T. mollicornuta).
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8-10 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: HardyGu2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 52-54].
Tanyscelis pisiformis (Froggatt)NOMENCLATURE:
Opisthoscelis pisiformis Froggatt, 1894b: 343-344. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Bathurst on Eucalyptus melliodora; Manly on E. robusta; Thornleigh on E. piperita; Sutherland on E. resinifera, by W.W. Froggatt. Syntypes, female, type designation unknown. Type depositories: Orange: Agricultural Scientific Collections Trust, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Syntype gall material in ASCT. Also, galls which may be part of the type series are in BMNH. Gullan mounted three females from the BMNH galls in 1985. Type depository information provided by Gullan (personal communication, June 10, 1996).
Tanyscelis pisiformis; Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 54-59. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus melliodora [Frogga1894b], Eucalyptus piperita [Frogga1894b], Eucalyptus resinifera [Frogga1894b], Eucalyptus robusta [Frogga1894b].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [HardyGu2010], New South Wales [Frogga1894b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration of adults, galls and first-instar nymphs by Froggatt (1894b). Redescription, photograph of galls, and illustration in Hardy & Gullan (2010).
STRUCTURE: Female galls green, tinged with reddish-brown, soft globular excrescences covering the leaves, basal orifice on the underside of the leaf, keyhole in shape. First-stage female pale yellow, almost a regular oval, looking very much like a small seed. Second stage salmon-pink in color, oval. (Froggatt, 1894b). Gall opening an almost closed slit in young galls; in mature galls, slit-like to oblong, on abaxial leaf surface. Gall opening on small raised or low conical protrusion, opposite side of leaf sub-spherical, basal attachment may be constricted. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010) Male galls conical, brown, truncate apex, with an irregular oval aperture. Immature males in these cells pale red, swathed in thick white felty sacs (Froggatt, 1894b). Male galls on stem or leaf, conical, opeing round to oblong. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Adult females of T. pisiformis are very similar to those of T. verrucula. Both species have 4 anal spines and a small but distinct anal ring that often appears horeshoe-shaped and has about 6 setae. Both have marginal abdominal spines that are smaller than the anal spines, and they frequently have paired quinquelocular pores. T. pisiformis can be distinguished from those of T. verrucula by having 1) marginal spines restricted to the posterior abdominal segments vs. marginal spines also occurring along margin on head and thorax, 2) mach smaller eyes, 3) more elongate flagellate setae on dorsal surface of posterior abdominal segments, and 4) no weakly-sclerotixed pads or protuberances near the spiracles. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8-10 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 328]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 47]; Frogga1894b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 343-344]; Frogga1898a [description, taxonomy: 497-498]; Frogga1921a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 149]; HardyGu2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 54-59]; Houard1923 [host: 618]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 177]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 104]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 413-414]; Pierce1917 [distribution, economic importance, host: 99]; Weidne1974 [description, distribution: 461].
Tanyscelis spinosa (Froggatt)NOMENCLATURE:
Opisthoscelis spinosa Froggatt, 1894b: 341-343. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney and Flemington, on Eucalyptus siderophloia, by W.W. Froggatt. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Orange: Agricultural Scientific Collections Trust, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: Syntypic gall material in ASCT. Type depository information provided by Gullan (personal communication, June 10, 1996).
Opisthoscelis fibularis Froggatt, 1894b: 344-345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Bathurst, on Eucalyptus sp., ?/02/189? and Victoria, Bendigo, on Eucalyptus sp., ?/09/189?, by W.W. Froggatt. Syntypes. Type depository: Orange: Agricultural Scientific Collections Trust, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Syntypic galls in ASCT. Type depository information provided by Gullan (personal communication, June 10, 1996).
Tanyscelis spinosa; Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 59-62. Change of combination. Notes: Hardy & Gullan, 2010, type material of both Opisthocelis spinosa and O. fibularis and determined that the adult females are indistinguishable. The name O. spinosa has priority, as it was described on an earlier page than O. fibularis.
HOSTS: Myrtacae: Eucalyptus microcarpa [HardyGu2010], Eucalyptus populifolia [HardyGu2010]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus fasciculosa [HardyGu2010], Eucalyptus siderophloia [Frogga1894b], Eucalyptus sp. [Frogga1894b]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1894b], Queensland [HardyGu2010], South Australia [HardyGu2010], Victoria [Frogga1894b]).
BIOLOGY: Female gall grows on the upper surface of leaves, often in great numbers. Male galls occur with the female galls (Froggatt, 1894b).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Froggatt (1894b).Detailed description and illustration by Froggatt (1894b). Recent description, photograph of galls, and illustration in Hardy & Gullan (2010).
STRUCTURE: Female gall brown, broad and rotund at the base, coming to a sharp thorn-like tip. Chamber walls are thin. First-stage female bright yellow, smooth, shining, elongate. Second stage reddish-yellow, covered on the upper side with curly white hairs. Mature female fixed on the underside to the base of the gall. Female gall brown, pyriform. Female is attached to the floor of the gall, pale yellow. The gall base forms a red wart on the underside of the leaf (Froggatt, 1894b). Gall on leaf thorn-like, usually on adaxial leaf surface. Gall opening slitlike. Base of gall globose and decorticated (i.e., outer tissue cracking and lifting from tissue below), distal area tapered, apex truncate. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010) Male gall is green, rounded excrescences irregularly wrinkled on the summit. Adult male is salmon-pink (Froggatt, 1894b). Male gall on leaf, subconical, apex truncate, opening oblong. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: legs long and slender; abdominal segments covered with many short setae (Froggatt, 1894b). Afult females of T. spinosa are most similar to those of T. mollicornuta and T. grallator. Adult females of T. spinosa and T. grallator also have the dorsum with weakly sclerotic cuticle and conical to papilliform evaginations. Adult females of T. spinosa can be separated from those of T. mollicornuta and T. grallator by having eyes, and lacking the fleshy projections that are in the place of eyes in T. mollicornuta and T. grallator.
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8-10 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [taxonomy: 92]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 328-9]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 46-47]; Frogga1894b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 341-345]; Frogga1898a [taxonomy]; Frogga1907 [taxonomy: 383]; Frogga1921a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 147,150]; Gullan1978 [taxonomy: 59]; HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 500-502]; HardyGu2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 59-62]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 170,178]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 104]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 410,416]; Pierce1917 [distribution, economic importance, host: 99].
Tanyscelis tripocula Hardy & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Tanyscelis tripocula Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 62-65. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Macclesfield, Kirkpatrick's Road, ca 300 m W of Short Road, ex gall on Eucalyptus cephalocarpa, 2/?/2005, by PJ Gullan and NB Hardy. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus cephalocarpa [HardyGu2010].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [HardyGu2010]).
BIOLOGY: Adult males emerged head first from gall openings, which was plugged by the male's first instar exuviae until gall maturity. The males were capable of short jumps of 1-3 cm either forwards or backwards, as well as weak flight. Adult females also may bear their fir-instar exuviae on their dorsum. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hardy & Gullan, 2010.
STRUCTURE: Female gall on leaf, circular, almost level with leaf surface on orifice side, a slightly raised bump on opposite leaf surface; opening round to elongate, surrounded by raised ring of tissue, usually opening on adaxial surface of leaf. Gall tissue green but highly glaucous due to white waxy exudation on Eucalyptus cephalocarpa; gall not glaucous and becoming brown with age on E. aromophloia. Male gall on leaf, usually opening on adaxial surface. Similar to galls of females, gall surface glaucous if on E. cephalocarpa but gall tissue red, appearing purplish due to white wax covering. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Adult females of T. tripocula can be recognised by possessing a dorsal shield composed of sclerotic nodules separated by deep fissures and having a deep invagination at the posteromedial margin of each thoracic segment. Also distinctive are 1) the manner in which the posterior abdominal segments are directed dorsally in mature females; 2) the shape of the anal opening which is an irregular slit in a rugose sclerotic plate; and 3) the complete absence of tubular ducts. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8-10 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 500-502]; HardyGu2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 62-65].
Tanyscelis verrucula (Froggatt)NOMENCLATURE:
Opisthoscelis verrucula Froggatt, 1894b: 338-339. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Bathurst, Napoleon Reef, on Eucalyptus sp., by W.S.C. Ross and W.W. Froggatt. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Orange: Agricultural Scientific Collections Trust, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia. Described: both sexes. Illust. Notes: Syntypic gall material is in ASCT. Type and depository information provided by Gullan, (personal communication, June 10, 1996).
Opisthoscelis mammularis Froggatt, 1894b: 344. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Bendigo, on Eucalyptus sp., by W.W. Froggatt. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Orange: Agricultural Scientific Collections Trust, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Syntypic gall material in ASCT. Type depository information provided by Gullan (personal communication, June 10, 1996).
Tanyscelis verrucula; Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 65-69. Change of combination.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp. [Frogga1894b]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [HardyGu2010], New South Wales [Frogga1894b], Northern Territory [HardyGu2010], South Australia [HardyGu2010], Tasmania [HardyGu2010], Victoria [Frogga1894b]).
BIOLOGY: After oviposition, the body of the females shrink to about one-fifth of their size prior to oviposition. It is estimated that a single female could lay more than 1000 eggs. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of male and female galls, first instars and adults by Froggatt (1894b). Hodgson (2002) used this species in a phylogenetic analysis of non-margarodid Coccoidea. Recent description, photograph of galls and illustration in Hardy & Gullan (2010).
STRUCTURE: Female gall red to reddish-brown, tinged with green, broad at base; rounded pea-shaped excrescences, slightly corrugated on the sides. Upper portion of gall solid, walls thin on the sides, chamber small and irregular, basal orifice on underside of leaf, very irregular, warty pustule. Immature female dull yellow, covered with long curly white hairs. First-stage female flattish, elongate-oval, tapering towards the tip of abdomen, pale salmon pink. Second-stage female brownish-yellow. Adult female bright red, upper side flat, circular, slightly concave covered with white down. Adult female rounded, wrinkled, greyish-brown, tapering towards the anal tip. Hind legs pale yellow. (Froggatt, 1894b). Female gall nipple-like, broadly rugose, shape somewhat irregular with orifice on opposite side of leaf. Gall orifice slit-like to oblong on abaxial surface. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010) Male galls produced upon the leaf in wart-like excrescences, tip is truncate, tinted with pale pink at tips and covered with a whitish bloom. Male galls green, irregular, and form in clusters of 3 to 4 Adult male pale red with white opaline wings, enveloped in sac before emergence (Froggatt, 1894b). Male fall on stem and leaf, cylindrical to conical, surface with shrivelled appearance, opening round to oblong with opposite side of leaf swollen. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Adult females of T. verrucula are very similar to those of T. pisiformis. Both species have 4 anal spines and a small but distinct anal ring that often appears horeshoe-shaped and has about 6 setae. Both have marginal abdominal spines that are smaller than the anal spines, and they frequently have paired quinquelocular pores. T. pisiformis can be distinguished from those of T. verrucula by having 1) marginal spines restricted to the posterior abdominal segments vs. marginal spines also occurring along margin on head and thorax, 2) mach smaller eyes, 3) more elongate flagellate setae on dorsal surface of posterior abdominal segments, and 4) no weakly-sclerotixed pads or protuberances near the spiracles. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8-10 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [taxonomy: 92]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 328-329]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 47-48]; Frogga1894b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 338-339,344]; Frogga1898a [description, distribution, taxonomy: 497]; Frogga1907 [taxonomy: 382]; Frogga1921a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 148,152]; GwiazdVaDe2006 [phylogenetics: 16]; HardyBeGu2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 500-502]; Hodgso2002 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 135]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 177-178]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 104]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 411-412,417]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 173-174]; Pierce1917 [distribution, economic importance, host: 99]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199].
Tanyscelis villosigibba Hardy & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Tanyscelis villosigibba Hardy & Gullan, 2010: 69-71. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, intersectionof Boomerang Road and Beenleigh-Beaudesert Road, ex gall on Eucalyptus sp. sapling, 5/2/1993, by P.J. Gullan. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Myrtacae: Eucalyptus crebra [HardyGu2010], Eucalyptus sp. [HardyGu2010]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [HardyGu2010]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, photograph of galls and illustration in Hardy & Gullan, 2010.
STRUCTURE: Female gall on stem, globose with truncate apex, and rugose surfact. Mature female almost completely fills gall cavity, positioned with three sclerotic dorsal humps positioned just below gall orifice. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Adult females of T. villosigibba are most similar to thos of T. megagibba. The dorsal surface of both species is dominated by a series of large humps. These are most spectacular in mature females of T. megagibba, but lack the dense covering of setae, each born on a raised fleshy base, that is characteristic of the adult females of T. villosigibba. Adult females of T. villosigibba are also distinctive in having highly convex eyes, with the base of each eye parallel-sided and perpendicular to the body surface, whereas in T. megagibba the base of the eye is not parallel-sided. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010) Specimens of T. villosigibba from the type locality, just south of Brisbane, lack macrotubular ducts entirely, whereas specimens from the other two localities, the closest of which is about 200 km to the west in Dunmore State Forest, have 1 or a few macrotubular ducts restricted to the dorsal surface of the abdominal segments III-VI. (Hardy & Gullan, 2010)
KEYS: Hardy & Gullan 2010: 8-10 (female) [Key to adult females of species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis].
CITATIONS: HardyGu2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 69-71].
Tectococcus HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Tectococcus Hempel, 1900a: 379, 406. Type species: Tectococcus ovatus Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustrations of adult female, adult male and first-instar nymph in Hodgson & Miller, 2010.
STRUCTURE: Induces circular galls on both sides of leaf. Adult female ovate, swollen, dusted with white powder; body outline approximately egg-shaped, broadest across thorax, with rounded head and pointed abdomen. (Hodgson & Miller, 2010)
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: the possession of abortive anal ring without pores or setae; no protruding anal lobes; no microtubular ducts; dorsal multilocular pores; slightly enlarged dorsal setae; most dorsal setae hair like (Ferris, 1957c).
KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2011: 54-55 (female) [Key to the Eriococcidae of the Neotropical Region based on the morphology of adult females]; Hodgson et al. 2011: 71 (male) [Key to the Genera of the Eriococcidae of the Neotropical Region based the morphology of the adult males]; Hodgson & Miller 2010: 90-92 (female, male, first insta) [Key to the Genera of the Eriococcidae of South America]; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2008: 140-142 (female, adult) [Modified key to genera of the Eriococcidae of Neotropical Region]; Hodgson et al. 2004: 52 (female) [Key to the genera of Eriococcidae].
CITATIONS: Borchs1949 [taxonomy: 44]; Ferris1957c [description, taxonomy: 88-89]; GullanMiCo2005 [host, ecology: 168]; Hempel1900a [description, taxonomy: 379, 406]; Hempel1901 [description, taxonomy: 118]; Hempel1934 [taxonomy: 139]; HodgsoGoMi2004 [taxonomy: 52]; HodgsoGoMi2004 [taxonomy: 52]; HodgsoMaMi2011 [taxonomy: 54-55]; HodgsoMi2010 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 82-83]; Hoy1962 [taxonomy: 13, 201]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 194]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 111]; KozarKo2008 [taxonomy: 142]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 197]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 131, 145]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 467]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 193]; Willia2007a [structure: 1357].
Tectococcus ovatus HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Tectococcus ovatus Hempel, 1900a: 406-407. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, on unidentified Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depositories: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, Berlin: Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: USNM has four pins of dry material labeled "cotypes."
FOES: Metaphycus flavus Howard, 1881 [VitoriPeSm2000]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis delicata Massuti & Vitorino, 1997. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus flavus Howard, 1881 [VitoriPeSm2000]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus Westwood [VitoriPeSm2000].
HOSTS: Myrtacae: Psidium cattleianum Sabine [VitoriPeSm2000]. Myrtaceae: Psidium variable [Hoy1963]. Thymelaeaceae: Daphnopsis racemosa [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Parana [Vitori1995], Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a]).
BIOLOGY: Nymphs leave the gall to settle on young leaves or buds. They penetrate the plant epidermis with their rostrum and suck the cytoplasm. Subseuently, a gall forms around the nymph. Gall formation always begins with the production of the acuminate side, the convex side forming only when the acuminate side is complete or close to completion. Nymphs also establish galls on floral busy, young branches and even on developing fruit. Reproduction is facultatively parthenogenetic, but there is at least one alternation of generations each year. Males appear in late Spring and sometimes in late Autum. The male is very fragile, with a single set of wings. Oviposition occurs inside the gall between the months of May and June, sometimes in July, and to a lesser degree between January and February. The eggs are elliptical and yellowish. The eggs remain inside the gall until the nymphs hatch between June and July from the Autumn oviposition and February and Marcy from the Spring oviposition. There is considerable variation in the number of eggs present inside each gall which is related to the size of the gall. The lowest number of eggs was 61, the highest 236. The eggs are extruded in a string and are attached to one another. (Vitorino, Pedrosa-Macedo & Smith, 2000)
GENERAL REMARKS: Descriptions and illustrations by Hempel (1900a and 1901).
STRUCTURE: The species forms circular galls which are convex on both sides. The gall is formed on both sides of the leaf and open on the underside. Adult female is ovate, inflated, brown, dusted with a white powder with a soft derm. Eggs are small, elliptical and light yellow in color (Hempel, 1900a). Inside, the galls are flat and its walls covered with a characteristic fine, white powdery layer when the adult female is present. The powder is concentrated close to the exit aperture of the gall, close to the acuminate point. when the adult female is present, the wax stays on the insect body and does not close the exit, but remains covering the internal walls of the gall. A free wax formation exudes from the aperture, like a small cotton ball, when the female is laying eggs and the nymphs are dispersing. (Vitorino, Pedrosa-Macedo & Smith, 2000)
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae slightly expanded, elongate, sides straight, apically acute, restricted to abdomen, forming 3 longitudinal lines on abdomen; hair-like setae scattered over dorsal surface; anal ring without pores, setae not on ring sclerotization; dorsal multilocular pores restricted to abdomen; ventral multilocular pores predominantly with 5 loculi; cruciform pores absent; macrotubular ducts restricted to abdomen on both surfaces; microtubular ducts absent (Ferris, 1957c). The adult female is oval, without wings, very fragile, and unchitinized. the tegument is soft, clear rosy to dark rosy in color, with transverse grooves in the dorsal part, and covered by powdery white wax. the adult has visible legs, but seemingly without function in the adult insect. The eyes are black and visible; the anal apperatus is acuminate and the ring of the anus is hairless. The antennae are small, with six joints, the first of which is longer than the others. The rustrum is small in comparison to the body. (Vitorino, Pedrosa-Madedo & Smith, 2000) The adult male has an elongate abdomen; ane\tennae short less than half total body length; body with very few setae, all hairlike; sleshy setae absont on body; length of fleshy setae on antennae and legs slightly less than width of antennae; glandular pouches and glandular pounch setae absent. (Hodgson & Miller, 2010) The nymphs are a clear yellow color with a pair of obvious, dark eyes. The three pairs of legs are visible and functional when the numphs leave the galls and settle on young leaves or buds. (Vitorino, Pedrosa-Madedo & Smith, 2000)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: In the absence of its natural enemies, Tectococcus ovatus may be very effective as a biological control agent because heavy infestations result in premature leaf drop. However, it is most effective at high elevations of the host plant's range. (Vitorino, Pedrosa-Macedo & Smith, 2000)
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 86, 95]; BiezanFr1939 [distribution, host: 9]; BiezanSe1939 [distribution, host: 6]; BiezanSe1940 [distribution, host: 68]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 252]; CostaL1928 [distribution, host: 106]; CostaL1930a [taxonomy: 86]; CostaL1936 [distribution, taxonomy: 183]; Ferris1957c [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 88, 89]; GonzalCl2013 [structure, taxonomy: 23]; GullanMiCo2005 [host, ecology: 168]; Hempel1900a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 406-407]; Hempel1901 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 119]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; HodgsoMi2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 84-90,101]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 194]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 389]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 197]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 145]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 467-468]; Monte1943 [taxonomy: 140]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 193]; Ronna1933 [host: 275]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 199]; Vitori1995 [biological control, ecology, life history: 1-55]; VitoriPeSm2000 [behaviour, biological control, description, host, life history: 651-657]; Willia2007a [structure: 1357].
Tolypecoccus HoyNOMENCLATURE:
Tolypecoccus Hoy, 1962: 188. Type species: Tolypecoccus latebrosus Hoy, by monotypy and original designation.
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: the possession of membranous anal lobes and numerous multilocular pores on both surfaces (Hoy, 1962).
KEYS: Henderson 2007a: 3-4 (female, adult) [Key to genera of Eriococcidae in New Zealand (adult females) Modified from Henderson (2006)]; Hoy 1962: 21 (female) [Key to genera of Eriococcidae present in New Zealand].
CITATIONS: BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 108]; Hoy1962 [taxonomy: 15, 17, 21, 188, 201]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 194]; KotejaZa1981 [taxonomy: 502]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 113]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 468]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 196]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 99].
Tolypecoccus latebrosus HoyNOMENCLATURE:
Tolypecoccus latebrosus Hoy, 1962: 188-190. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Waihirere, on Hoheria sexstylosa, 30/12/1957, by J.M. Hoy. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Cunoniaceae: Ackama rosaefolia [Hoy1962]. Malvaceae: Hoheria populnea [Hoy1962], Hoheria sexstylosa [Hoy1962], Hoheria sp. [Hoy1962]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Hoy1963], South Island [Hoy1962]).
BIOLOGY: Insect is accompanied by much sooty mold (Hoy, 1962).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Hoy (1962).
STRUCTURE: Adult females enclosed in a loose, soft sac of white waxen threads resembling a ball of wool (Hoy, 1962).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae short, cylindrical, concave basally, straight elsewhere; apices slightly rounded, restricted to marginal areas of posterior abdominal segments and anal lobes; body setae scattered over surface; multilocular pores abundant on dorsum; microtubular ducts elongate, with 2 sclerotized areas, orifice cone-shaped (Hoy, 1962).
CITATIONS: BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 108]; Hoy1962 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 188-190]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 194]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 468-469]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 196]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 99].
Uhleria CookeNOMENCLATURE:
Uhleria Cooke, 1881: 41. Type species: Eriococcus araucariae Maskell, by monotypy. Notes: This name was first used by Cooke (1881) in the combination "Uhleria araucariae, Comstock." This is the first use of the generic name Uhleria and therefore must be attributed to Cooke. Apparently, Cooke was in contact with Comstock, but Comstock changed his mind about the use of Uhleria and treated it as a senior synonym of the armored scale genus Fiorinia. Comstock (1883) presented an invalid nomenclatural scenario making Uhleria a valid armored scale name and included three species currently considered to be in the genus Fiorinia. Thus, Comstock's description of Uhleria is a junior homonymn of Uhleria Cooke. Uhleria Cooke is here considered a junior subjective synonym of Eriococcus. Even though there was no formal description of a generic name, according to Article 12(b)(6) of the ICZN, Uhleria was validly described by Cooke by indication.
Eriococcus Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 200.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Cooke, 1881.
STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate-oval, narrowed posteriorly, with anal lobes conical and normally heavily sclerotized, antennae 7 segmented; frontal lobes present, labium 3 segmented, with well developed segments and a weakly developed basal segment with two pairs of hair-like setae; legs well-developed, midcoxae and hindcoxae often with spinulae on anterior surfaces, translucent sensory pores present, inner side of hind tibia with only four setae, claw usually with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules longer than claw, spiracles often with a few associated disc pores; discoidal pores usually quinquelocular, cruciform pores on prosomal venter in a marginal band; macrotubular ducts of two sizes on venter; larger ones generally situated on the margin of venter, and form longitudinal marginal band or row; or in transverse sparse bands on dorsum, smaller macrotubular ducts situated on the middle of abdominal segments and submargin on venter; microtubular ducts slender with special, bitubular orificies, scattered or form transverse rows or bands on dorsum; marginal enlarged conical, slightly blunted or truncuted, dorsal setae small, generally as one third of the enlarged marginal setae and truncated or blunted, where they form transverse bands or rows; hair-like setae on venter only; anal ring well developed, sclerotized with partly double rows of pores and 8 anal ring setae, latter often as long as apical seta on anal lobes; each anal lobe with a long apical seta and usually with 3 elongate dorsal conical setae, at least with 2 ventral hair-like setae also present; suranal setae hairlike, cauda conspicuous. (Kozár, er al., 2013)
SYSTEMATICS: The structure of the microtubular ducts of the females and the dorsal spines of first instar nymphs are quite different from other genera in the Palaearctic Region as Acanthococcus and Rhizococcus. (Kozár, et al, 2013) In Kozár, et al., 2013, Uhleria was placed in the family, Acanthococcidae Signoret, 1875, but is here kept in Eriococcidae because placement of species.outside of the palaearctic are unclear.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 62-63 (female) [Key to genera of Acanthococcidae]; Pellizzari & Kozár 2011: 58 (female) [Key to the genera of Eriococcidae in Europe].
CITATIONS: Cooke1881 [description, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy: 579-580]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 71]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 132]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host: 113]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 579-586]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 384]; MillerMi1992 [description, taxonomy: 9]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 201].
Uhleria araucariae (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus araucariae Maskell, 1879: 218. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Governor's Bay, near Christchurch, 1879. Syntypes, female (examined), by original designation. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, Christchurch: Canterbury Museum, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Uhleria araucariae; Cooke, 1881: 41. Described: both sexes. Illust. Change of combination.
Rhizococcus araucariae; Comstock, 1881a: 339-340. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Criococcus araucariae; Rutherford, 1915: 110-111. Misspelling of genus name.
Nidularia araucariae; Lindinger, 1933a: 108. Change of combination.
Acanthococcus araucariae; Tereznikova, 1981: 19-20. Change of combination. Notes: Miller & Miller (1992) erroneously placed araucariae Maskell in Acanthococcus as a new combination, not knowing that Tereznikova had already done so.
Eriococcus araucaria; Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2008a: 148. Misspelling of species name.
Acanthococcus araucariae; Hodgson & Miller, 2010: 99. Revived combination.
Uhleria araucariae; Kozár et al., 2013. Revived combination.
COMMON NAMES: araucaria mealybug [WilliaWi1988]; araucaria pest [Newste1907a]; araucaria scale [Westco1973]; felted pine coccid [Kohler1998]; Norfolk Island pine eriococcin [MillerGo1975]; Norfolk Island pine scale [KirkCo1909].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri [Valent1967, Bartle1978], Cryptolaemus sp. [GordonHi1990], Orcus chalybeus [Bartle1978], Rhyzobius ventralis [Bartle1978]. HYMENOPTERA Mymaridae: Alaptus eriococci [Peck1963].
HOSTS: Araucariaceae: Araucaria angustifolia [KozarKaKo2013], Araucaria bidwillii [Hoy1963], Araucaria bidwillii [KozarKaKo2013], Araucaria brasiliensis [Hoy1963], Araucaria braziliana [Hoy1963], Araucaria columnaris [Cohic1956], Araucaria cooki [Hoy1963, WilliaWi1988], Araucaria cunninghamii [Hoy1963, WilliaWi1988], Araucaria excelsa [Hoy1963, Afifi1968], Araucaria heterophylla? [WilliaWa1990], Araucaria hunsteinii [WilliaWa1990], Araucaria imbricata [Hoy1963], Araucaria orientalis? [Hoy1963], Araucaria sp. [MillerMi1992, BenDov2013]. Cupressaceae: Cupressus sp. [SureshMo1996], Juniperus sp. [MillerMi1992]. Myrtaceae: Kunzea capitata [Hoy1963]. Pinaceae: Pinus pinea? [Hoy1963]. Poaceae: Eleusine indica [WilliaWa1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1967a]; Mauritius [WilliaWi1988]; South Africa [Newste1907a, Hoy1963]; Zimbabwe [Hoy1963]. Australasian: Australia [Hoy1963]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1990]; Fiji [Hoy1963, MillerMi1992]; Hawaiian Islands [Hoy1963] (Hawaii [Nishid2002], Kauai [Nishid2002], Maui [Nishid2002], Molokai [Nishid2002], Oahu [Nishid2002]); New Caledonia [Hoy1963]; New Zealand [Newste1907a, Hoy1963]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1990]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaWa1990]. Nearctic: Mexico (Distrito Federal [MillerGo1975, Miller1996]); United States of America (California [Newste1907a, MillerMi1992], Connecticut [MillerMi1992], District of Columbia [MillerMi1992], Florida [MillerMi1992], Massachusetts [MillerMi1992], Missouri [MillerMi1992], New York [MillerMi1992], Pennsylvania [MillerMi1992], Texas [MillerMi1992]). Neotropical: Argentina [Hoy1963]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, MillerGo1975]; Brazil [Hoy1963]; Chile [Hoy1963]; Costa Rica [Hoy1963]; Cuba [Hoy1963]; Guatemala [MillerGo1975]; Nicaragua [MillerGo1975]; Panama [MillerGo1975]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island [MillerGo1975, Miller2005]; Uruguay [MillerGo1975]; Venezuela [Hoy1963]. Oriental: India [Hoy1963] (Tamil Nadu [SureshMo1996]); Malaysia [Hoy1963]; Philippines (Luzon [Lit1997b]); Sri Lanka [Newste1907a, Hoy1963]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Hoy1963]; Azores [Hoy1963, FrancoRuMa2011]; Canary Islands [Hoy1963, MatileOr2001, BenDov2013]; Croatia [MastenSi2008]; Czech Republic [KozarKaKo2013]; Egypt [Newste1907a, Hoy1963, AbouEl2001]; France [Hoy1963, Foldi2001]; Germany [Hoy1963]; Greece [Hoy1963]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996]; Israel [Bodenh1924, Bytins1966, BenDov2012] (Bytinski-Salz (1966) states that this species of Neotropical origin has been present in Israel since 1924.); Italy [Hoy1963, LongoMaPe1995] (Longo et al. (1995) lists this as an introduced and acclimatized species.); Madeira Islands [Hoy1963, FrancoRuMa2011]; Malta [Hoy1963]; Monaco [KozarKaKo2013]; Morocco [Hoy1963]; Netherlands [Hoy1963]; Portugal [Hoy1963, FrancoRuMa2011]; Russia [Hoy1963]; Sardinia [LongoMaPe1995] (Longo et al. (1995) lists this as an introduced and acclimatized species.); Sicily [Hoy1963, LongoMaPe1995] (Longo et al. (1995) lists this as an introduced and acclimatized species.); Spain [Hoy1963]; Turkey [Hoy1963]; United Kingdom [Malump2006] (This species was found in nurseries in 2005. However, Malumphy, states that all known outbreaks of E. araucariae in the UK have been eradicated.).
BIOLOGY: Adult males are active in August. The collection data indicate two generations per year (Gill, 1993). In the United States, it occurs out-of-doors only in the warmer parts of the country (Miller & Miller, 1992). The species has a worldwide distribution wherever Araucaria is grown. The large amounts of honeydew produced by the insect provides a medium for sooty molds which often blacken the host foliage (Williams & Watson, 1990).
GENERAL REMARKS: An early description and illustration are provided by Ferris (1955a) and subsequent detailed description and illustration are provided by Williams & Watson (1990) and by Miller & Miller (1992). Miller & Miller (1993a) also deal with the relationships of this species. Citation list is not complete because this species is cited in hundreds of places.
STRUCTURE: Newly mature adult female brownish-yellow with 1 pair of purple stripes on sublateral area of dorsum; old females purple. Eggs are yellow (Miller & González, 1975). Ovisac felted, oval, white and covering insect (Williams & Watson, 1990).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: marginal enlarged setae noticeably longer than other dorsal setae; enlarged setae with truncate apices; microtubular ducts with bifurcate orifice; hind tibia with 4 setae, front tibia with 5 (Miller & Miller, 1992).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A widespread ornamental pest, E. araucariae has been carried all over the world, but is most likely from Australia (Hoy, 1962).
KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2014: 163 (adult, female) [Key to Eriococcidae from New Caledonia (modified after Williams, 2007)]; Kozár et al. 2013: 580 (female) [Key to species of Uhleria]; Williams 2007a: 1352 (female, adult) [as Eriococcus araucariae; Key to adult female species of Eriococcus from New Caledonia]; Kondo et al. 2006: 34-35 (female, adult) [as Eriococcus araucariae; Revised key to adult females of the Eriococcidae of Chile]; Hodgson & Miller 2002: 193 (female) [as Eriococcus araucariae; Key to adult females of genera and species of Eriococcidae known from Chile]; Kosztarab 1996: 228 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus araucariae; Acanthococcus species of Northeastern North America]; Tang & Hao 1995: 520, 654 (adult female) [as Rhizococcus araucariae; Rhizococcus species]; Gill 1993: 156 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus araucariae; Acanthococcus species of California]; Miller & Miller 1992: 3 (adult female) [as Acanthococcus araucariae; North American species of Acanthococcus]; Miller & González 1975: 138 (adult female) [as Eriococcus araucariae; Eriococcus species of Chile]; Danzig 1971d: 822 (female) [as Rhizococcus araucariae; Key to species of family Eriococcidae]; Afifi 1968: 203 (adult female) [as Eriococcus araucariae]; Danzig 1964: 632 (adult female) [as Rhizococcus araucariae; Rhizococcus species of USSR]; Hoy 1962: 31 (adult female) [as Eriococcus araucariae; New Zealand species of Eriococcidae]; Ferris 1955a: 95-97 (adult female) [as Eriococcus araucariae; North American species of Eriococcus].
CITATIONS: AbouEl2001 [distribution, host: 187]; Afifi1968 [description, structure, illustration, taxonomy: 8, 26, 167-171]; Ali1970 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 76]; Almeid1974 [distribution, host: 60]; Arnett1985 [distribution, economic importance: 239]; BaetaN1947 [taxonomy: 134]; BaetaN1954 [distribution, host: 192]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 188]; Balach1930a [distribution, host: 184]; Balach1939 [distribution, host: 267]; Balach1946 [distribution: 216]; Ballou1926 [distribution, host: 22]; Ballou1936a [distribution, host: 6]; Ballou1945 [distribution, host: 14, 92]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 42]; Bartle1978b [biological control, distribution, host: 129]; BenDov1985 [taxonomy: 175]; BenDov1985a [distribution, host: 187]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 33, 43]; BenDov2013 [distribution, host: 72]; BhasinRo1954 [distribution, host: 81]; Bianch1940 [biological control: 386]; BiezanFr1939 [distribution, host: 9]; Bodenh1923 [host, distribution: 118-120]; Bodenh1924 [description, distribution, host, life history: 77-78]; Bodenh1927b [distribution, host: 81]; Bodenh1935 [distribution: 251]; Bodenh1953a [description, distribution, host,: 116-117, 159]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 7, 383]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host: 123]; Borchs1963a [host: 280, 281]; Borchs1973 [host: 280]; Borg1919 [distribution, host: 13, 46]; Borg1922 [host: 402]; Borg1932 [distribution, host: 17]; Brain1915 [taxonomy: 149]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 182]; Brick1910 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 506]; Brick1912 [host: 6]; Brooke1957 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 88]; Brown1967 [distribution, host: 130]; BrunerScOt1945 [distribution, host: 16]; Bytins1966 [distribution, host: 31]; CarnerPe1986 [distribution, host: 49, 64]; Carnes1907 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 172]; CebeciKu2005 [distribution, host: 97-102]; Charli1972 [distribution, host: 216]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 31]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 323]; Cocker1899q [distribution: 164]; Cocker1900i [taxonomy: 595]; Cohic1956 [host: 3, 53]; Cohic1958 [distribution, host: 8, 20]; Colema1903 [host, taxonomy: 73, 80]; Colvee1882 [description, host, taxonomy: 7-10]; Comsto1881a [description, distribution, host: 339-340]; Comsto1883 [host, taxonomy: 137]; Cooke1881 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 41]; CostaL1928 [distribution, host: 105]; CostaL1930a [distribution, host: 86]; CostaL1936 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 178]; Costan1950 [distribution, host: 4]; Craw1896 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 40]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy: 632]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 822]; DeitzTo1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 5, 45]; DeLott1967a [distribution, host: 117]; DoAC1923 [distribution, host: 7]; Draper1907 [chemical control, description, distribution, host: 12-13]; Efimof1937 [taxonomy: 10]; EHG1897 [biological control, distribution: 77]; Ehrhor1916 [taxonomy: 235]; Essig1915a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 120]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 274]; Essig1931 [distribution, host: 292,294,305,594]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 71]; Fernan1981 [distribution, host: 48]; Ferris1920b [description, distribution, host, illlustration, taxonomy: 16]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 96, 100]; Foldi2001 [distribution, economic importance: 305, 307]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 15-16,25]; Frogga1900 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 101]; Frogga1916 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 427]; Frogga1921a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 72]; Fullaw1920 [biological control, distribution: 240]; Fullaw1923 [taxonomy: 305]; Fullaw1932 [distribution: 112]; Fuller1901 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 107-108]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 32, 56, 60, 72]; Gill1993 [economic importance, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 156, 159]; GirolaAr1925 [distribution, host: 38]; GomezM1935 [taxonomy: 2153]; GomezM1937 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 346, 350-354, 422]; GomezM1946 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 96]; GomezM1957 [distribution, host: 79]; GomezM1958a [distribution, host: 8]; GomezM1967O [distribution, host: 134]; GomezM1968 [distribution, host: 552]; GonzalCh1968 [distribution: 110]; GordonHi1990 [biological control: 271]; Gourla1930 [biological control, distribution, host: 8]; Goux1936a [taxonomy: 356]; Goux1944 [host, taxonomy: 137]; GranarCl2003 [distribution: 632]; Green1896 [distribution, host: 7]; Green1922 [economic importance, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 347, 348]; Green1923b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 87]; Green1937 [economic importance, distribution, host, taxonomy: 296]; Hall1922 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 6-7]; Hall1923 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 32]; Hall1925 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 18]; Hall1926a [distribution, taxonomy: 36]; Hall1937 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 123]; Hartma1916 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 94]; Haywar1943 [distribution, host: 71-72, 81]; HertinSi1972 [biological control, distribution, host: 131]; HodgsoHa2013 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 797]; HodgsoHi1990 [distribution, host: 3]; HodgsoHi1991 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 142]; HodgsoLa2011 [distribution, host: 27]; HodgsoMi2010 [host, taxonomy: 99]; HodgsoMiCa2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 152, 163]; HosnyEz1957 [distribution, host: 331]; Hoy1962 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 6, 8, 31, 40, 192]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 69-71]; Huber1986 [biological control: 208]; Jancke1955 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 287-288]; JohnsoLy1976 [distribution, host, illustration, life history: 74-75]; JohnsoLy1988 [distribution, host, illustration: 90, 91]; KaydanUlEr2007 [distribution, host: 90-106]; Kirk1908 [biological control, distribution: 118]; Kirkal1902 [distribution: 102]; Kirkal1904 [biological control, distribution, host: 226]; KirkCo1909 [distribution: 276]; KirkCo1909a [distribution, host: 4]; Kohler1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 396-397]; KondoHaCo2006 [distribution, host]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 33, 228-230]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107,113,114]; KozarFoZa1996 [distribution: 64]; KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 580-583]; KozarKo2008a [taxonomy: 148]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 75]; KozarWiKo2009 [taxonomy: 1]; Kuhlga1898 [taxonomy: 187]; Kunkel1967 [distribution, host: 47]; Laing1933 [distribution, host: 676]; Leonar1901a [taxonomy: 411-415]; Leonar1918 [distribution, host: 215]; Leonar1920 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 427]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 379]; LepineMi1931 [distribution, host: 254]; Lindin1911a [host, taxonomy: 7, 20]; Lindin1912b [host, taxonomy: 72]; Lindin1918 [distribution: 52]; Lindin1930 [distribution, host: 102]; Lindin1931 [distribution, host: 121]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 108]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 134]; Lindin1943b [host, taxonomy: 223]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 368]; Lit1997b [distribution, host, illustration: 89, 92-93]; Lizery1938 [distribution: 349]; Lobdel1937 [taxonomy: 75-80]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 121]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 148]; Lounsb1898 [distribution: 35]; Lounsb1914 [taxonomy: 6]; Lounsb1916 [taxonomy: 86]; Lounsb1922 [taxonomy: 206]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 145]; Malump2006 [behaviour, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy: 243-244]; Mamet1943a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 145]; Mamet1948 [distribution, host: 15]; Martin1985 [distribution, host: 91]; Maskel1879 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 218]; Maskel1884 [distribution, taxonomy: 134-135]; Maskel1887a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 93]; Maskel1892b [distribution: 71]; Maskel1895a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 21,64]; MastenSi2008 [catalogue, distribution, host: 105-119]; MatileOr2001 [distribution: 190]; Merril1953 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 119]; Miller1918 [biological control: 15]; Miller1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 35]; Miller1996 [distribution, host: 79]; Miller2005 [distribution: 491]; MillerGi2000 [biological control, catalogue, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy: 125-130]; MillerGo1975 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 138-140]; MillerMi1992 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 3, 9-12]; MillerMi1993 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 9, 11]; MillerMi1993a [taxonomy: 247, 249]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; Misra1924CS [distribution, host: 346]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 55]; MohammMoMo1997 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 192-193, 203-206, 22]; Morris1919 [taxonomy: 68-69]; MunroFo1936 [distribution, host: 86]; Myers1922 [distribution, taxonomy: 198]; Nakaha1981a [distribution, host: 405]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 174]; Neves1936 [distribution, host: 173, 210]; Newell1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 128]; Newste1906 [distribution, host: 69]; Newste1907a [chemical control, description, distribution, host: 12-13]; Nishid2002 [catalogue: 143]; Nur1967a [chemistry, distribution, host: 159]; OuvrarKo2009 [host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 102-118]; Peck1963 [biological control: 934]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 312]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PellizGe2010a [distribution, economic importance, host: 478,488,505]; PellizKo2011 [distribution: 66]; PerezGCa1985 [distribution: 317]; Pierce1917 [distribution, economic importance, host: 25]; PooleGe1997 [taxonomy: 354]; Pope1981 [biological control, distribution, host: 21]; Puttar1954a [biological control: 59]; Quilis1935 [host, taxonomy: 631]; Ramakr1919a [distribution, host: 46]; Ramakr1919b [distribution, host: 92]; Ramakr1930 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 55]; Rasina1955 [distribution: 69]; Reyne1961 [taxonomy: 131]; Reyne1964 [taxonomy: 101]; RidleyBaBu2000 [distribution, host: 35]; Riley1894 [distribution, host, life history: 71]; RossPeSh2010 [physiology: 5]; Russo1993 [distribution: 148]; Ruther1915a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 110-111]; Saakya1954 [taxonomy: 23]; Schmid1939 [taxonomy: 129]; Seabra1942 [distribution: 2]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 159]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 683-684]; Simmon1957 [distribution, host: 11]; Stimme1987 [distribution, host: 23]; StoetzMi1979 [taxonomy: 6]; SureshMo1996 [distribution, host: 258]; Takaha1952 [distribution, host: 10]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 520, 522-523, 654]; Terezn1981 [host, taxonomy: 19, 20]; Thomso1922 [biological control, distribution, host: 337]; Timber1919 [biological control, distribution: 227]; Timber1919a [biological control, distribution: 190]; Timber1920 [host: 227]; Timber1924 [biological control, distribution: 431]; TimberEhSw1921 [taxonomy: 608]; Trabut1910 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 70-71]; Trabut1911 [distribution, host, illustration: 53]; TranfaEs1985 [distribution, host: 113, 115]; TranfaPeMa1985 [distribution, host: 123]; Valent1967 [biological control, distribution: 1104]; VernalRoGa1971 [distribution, host: 37-42]; VieiraCaPi1983 [distribution, host: 136]; Weber1930 [taxonomy: 265-266]; Westco1973 [distribution, host: 387]; Willia2007a [description, distribution, host: 1351-1353]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 50-51, 216]; WilliaWi1988 [distribution, host: 47]; Wise1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 96]; Zimmer1948 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 283-286].
Uhleria araucariae minor (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus araucariae minor Maskell, 1895a: 21. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Manly, on Kunzea capitata. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
Acanthococcus araucariae minor; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 598. Change of combination.
Uhleria araucariae minor; Kozár, 2009: 107. Change of combination.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Kunzea capitata [Hoy1963].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Hoy1963]). Palaearctic: Egypt [EzzatNa1987].
GENERAL REMARKS: Brief description by Maskell (1895a).
CITATIONS: Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 323]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution, taxonomy: 88]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 71]; Frogga1900 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 101]; Frogga1916 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 427]; Frogga1921a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 74]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 71]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; Maskel1895a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 21]; Maskel1895b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 64]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 598]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 130]; PooleGe1997 [taxonomy: 354]; StoetzMi1979 [taxonomy: 6]; TranfaEs1985 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 119]; Willia2007a [distribution, host: 1353].
Uhleria araucariae nudus (Gómez-Menor Ortega)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus araucariae nuda Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1957: 79. Type data: SPAIN: Tolox (Málaga), on Cycas sp. Unknown type status female, type designation unknown. Notes: According to Izquierdo (personal communication, June 21, 1996) there is no type material of this subspecies in the MNCN.
Acanthococcus araucariae nudus; Miller & Gimpel, 1996: 595. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
Uhleria araucariae nudus; Kozár, 2009: 107. Change of combination.
HOST: Cycadaceae: Cycas sp. [GomezM1957]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Spain [GomezM1957].
GENERAL REMARKS: Brief description by Gómez-Menor Ortega(1957).
CITATIONS: GomezM1957 [distribution, host: 79]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 72]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi1996 [taxonomy: 598]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 131]; PooleGe1997 [taxonomy: 354]; Willia2007a [distribution, host: 1353].
Uhleria mariannae (Pellizzari in Pellizzari & Germain)NOMENCLATURE:
Uhleria? nr. araucaria Kozár, 2009. Nomen nudum; discovered by Pellizzari & Kozár, 2011: 67.
Acanthococcus mariannae Pellizzari in Pellizzari & Germain, 2010: 52-62. Type data: ITALY: Genova, on Leptospernum scoparium, 8/14/2004, by unknown. Holotype female and first instar (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Padova: Dipartimento Agronomia Ambientale Produzioni Vegetali - Entomologia, Italy; type no. 1128/1. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Paratypes deposited in Paris France at the Musdum National d'Histoire Naturelle, and at Montferrier-sur-Lez, France at Laboratoire National de la Protection des Végétaux.
Uhleria mariannae; Kozár et al., 2013: 584-586. Change of combination.
HOST: Myrtacae: Leptospermum scoparium [PellizGe2010].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [PellizGe2010]; Italy [PellizGe2010] (It seems almost certain that A. mariannae was accidentally introduced to Europe on Leptospermum sp., and the native land remains unknown.).
BIOLOGY: The young adult remales and the ovipositing females , enclosed in their white felted eggsac, settle on the under surface of leaves, on the axil of leaves and twigs, and along the thin twigs of Leptospermum scoparium. The collection data for A. marianne suggest that this species could develop several overlapping generations. (Pellizzari & Germain, 2010)
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Pellizzari & Germain, 2010.
STRUCTURE: Living adult female elongate, oval, grey-brown; abdomen with distinct segmentation. Females settled on upper surface of leaves or on twigs of host plant. Before egg-laying, the adult females become enclosed in a felted, white, lightly convex eggsac, open only at anal end. Male test oval, white, on under surface of leaves. Adult males winged.
SYSTEMATICS: Mounted adult female: body elongate oval. A. mariannae differs from the other Eriococcus species on Leptospermum by having: 7 segmented antennae; dorsal enlarged setae markedly smaller than marginal setae: large dorsal macrotubular ducts with markedly symmetrical sups; and two sizes of ventral tubular ducts. The large dorsal macrotubular ducts are clearly visible in the living adult female under magnification. (Pellizzari & Germain, 2010) First-instar nymph: the nymphal stage of other species of Eriococcus examined in New Zealand were not found to have trilocular pores as seen in A. mariannae, and are 5 locular on other Palaearctic Eriococcus first instars. Second-instar female nymph: the distribution of ventral 5-locular pores is similar to E. orariensis, but it is clearly different in having enlarged marginal setae along the whole body margin (E. orariensis has marginal setae only on the abdominal segments.) Second-instar male nymph: E. orariensis has a moderate number of dorsal tubular ducts and on the venter, they are almost entirely 5 locular pores. The macrotubular ducts are numberous on the dorsum of A. mariannae and are also present on the ventral margin and submargin of the body, mixed with smaller tubular ducts.
KEYS: Kozár et al. 2013: 580 (female) [Key to species of Uhleria]; Pellizzari & Germain 2010: 52 (female) [Key to the 7 eriococcid species known to occur on Leptospermum spp.].
CITATIONS: KozarKaKo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 584-586]; PellizGe2010 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 52-62]; PellizKo2011 [distribution: 66].
Xerococcus FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Xerococcus Ferris, 1921: 80. Type species: Xerococcus fouquieriae Ferris, by monotypy and original designation.
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from all other eriococcids are: the possession of large, rounded, nodulose anal lobes; no legs; reduced antennae; multilocular pores with 3 loculi; invaginated anal ring; no enlarged setae (Ferris, 1955a).
KEYS: Ferris 1955a: 78 (female) [Key to North American genera of Dactylopiidae].
CITATIONS: Borchs1949 [taxonomy: 43]; Ferris1921 [description, taxonomy: 80]; Ferris1921b [taxonomy: 60]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 5]; Ferris1955a [description, taxonomy: 78, 217]; Ferris1957c [distribution, taxonomy: 89]; Hoy1962 [taxonomy: 12, 13, 201]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, taxonomy: 195]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 302]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 77]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 665]; Kozar2009 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 111]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 198]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 469]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 205]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 433].
Xerococcus fouquieriae FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Xerococcus fouquieriae Ferris, 1921: 66, 80-81. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California Norte, La Paz, on Fouquieria peninsularis, by G.F. Ferris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material also in the USNM collection
HOST: Fouquieriaceae: Fouquieria peninsularis [Ferris1921].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations by Ferris (1921 and 1955a).
STRUCTURE: Insect occurs beneath bark of the host, imbedded in a considerable amount of amorphous secretion. Adult female is bright red in life, elongate-oval (Ferris, 1921).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; body setae scattered over both surfaces; anal ring invaginated, circular, without pores; legs absent, represented by small dermal sclerotizations; multilocular pores restricted to spiracular area, trilocular; antennae 3-segmented; anal lobes large, heavily sclerotized, nodulose (Ferris, 1955a).
CITATIONS: Ferris1921 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 66, 80-81]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 217]; Ferris1957c [distribution, taxonomy: 89]; Hoy1963 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 195]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 77]; Koteja1976 [structure: 272]; Koteja1980 [illustration, taxonomy: 79]; KotejaLi1976 [structure: 666]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 198]; Miller1996 [distribution: 79]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 469-470]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 205].
Described Species in Family Belonging to Undescribed Genera
Sphaerococcus froggatti MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus froggatti Maskell, 1894: 94-95. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Flemington, near Sydney, on Melaleuca linariifolia, by W.W. Froggatt. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material also in the USNM collection
HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca linariifolia [Maskel1894b].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Maskel1894b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Maskell (1894b). This species was moved into the Eriococcidae by Miller et al. (1998).
STRUCTURE: Females form brown or reddish yellow galls, attached at the base to the twigs of host. Galls are cup shaped in form, but covered with curling cylindrical processes, often much longer than the basal gall, so that the whole gall is enveloped in a feathery mass of these filaments. Adult female develops on the gall cavity, is dull red in color and is dusted with white meal giving it a bluish grey tint. Female is subglobular in form (Froggatt, 1921b).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; hair-like body setae scattered over both surfaces; numerous quinquelocular pores on both surfaces; legs absent; antennae 1- or 2-segmented (Miller, 1999 personal observation).
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 88]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; DeitzTo1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 20]; Frogga1907 [taxonomy: 380]; Frogga1921b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 10, 11]; HendriKo1999 [p. 165]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; Maskel1894b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 94-95]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 458]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 291]; StoetzMi1979 [taxonomy: 15].
Sphaerococcus morrisoni elongatus FullerNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus morrisoni elongata Fuller, 1899: 451. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Swan River. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. US. Notes: Types presumed lost.
Sphaerococcus morrisoni elongatus; Miller, Gullan & Williams, 1998: 295. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Fuller1899].
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description by Fuller (1899). This species was considered by Miller et al. (1998) to be an eriococcid, but was not assigned to a new genus.
STRUCTURE: Fuller (1899) differentiates S. morrisoni elongatus from S. morrisoni morrisoni in being slightly smaller, having longer and more slender greyish green galls. He also states that the outer bark of the gall continues to grow for some inches and that fresh twigs form above its apex.
CITATIONS: Fuller1899 [description, taxonomy: 451]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy: 165]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 458]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 295-296].
Sphaerococcus morrisoni morrisoni FullerNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus morrisoni morrisoni Fuller, 1897b: 1346. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Swan River, Pinjarrah, on Melaleuca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material also in the USNM collection
HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca sp. [Fuller1897b]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1897b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: This species was considered by Miller et al. (1998) to be an eriococcid, but was not assigned to a new genus.
STRUCTURE: Gall is red, elongated, apex perforated and resembles that of an Apiomorpha (Fuller, 1897b). The female chamber is divided into 2 parts, the lower division is spherical and small and having a wide circular opening into the upper chamber, which is balloon shaped. The female rests upon the ledge at the bottom of the upper chamber and its abdomen protrudes into the lower chamber, where the larvae are deposited. Adult secrets dorsally a white tuft of cottony matter. Larvae are crimson (Fuller, 1899).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; hair-like body setae scattered over both surfaces; numerous quinquelocular pores on both surfaces; legs absent; antennae 1-segmented; numerous discoidal pores on venter posterior of hind spiracles (Miller, 1999 personal observation).
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 88]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Frogga1921b [description, distribution, host, illustration: 12, 14]; Fuller1897b [description, distribution, host: 1346]; Fuller1899 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 450-451]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 459]; MillerGuWi1998 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 295].
Sphaerococcus socialis MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus socialis Maskell, 1897: 325-326. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Geraldton, on Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material also in the USNM collection
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Calothamnus sp.? [Maskel1897], Melaleuca sp. [Frogga1921b]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Maskel1897]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Maskell (1897). This species was moved to the Eriococcidae by Miller et al. (1998).
STRUCTURE: Galls globular, of a greyish or grey-green color, varying in size. Adult female dark red and globular. Parasitized insects are white. Female of the second stage is elliptical, brownish red. Larvae are reddish brown or yellowish brown, active and elliptical. Male pupa enclosed in a small white cottony cylindrical sac, within the gall. Adult male dark red, wings grey (Maskell, 1897).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; hair-like body setae scattered over both surfaces; numerous dorsal quinquelocular pores on anterior abdominal segments, thorax, and head; legs absent; antennae 2- or 3-segmented; anal ring reduced to simple opening without setae or pores (Miller, 1999 personal observation).
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 88, 100]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Cook2000 [distribution, physiology: 259]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; DeitzTo1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 21]; Frogga1907 [distribution, host: 380]; Frogga1921b [description, distribution, host: 18]; GwiazdVaDe2006 [phylogenetics: 16]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; Maskel1897 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 325-326]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 460]; MillerGuWi1998 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 300-301]; NanDeWu2013 [phylogenetics: 173-174]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199].
Sphaerococcus tepperi FullerNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus tepperi Fuller, 1897b: 1346. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Geraldton, on Melaleuca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material also in the USNM collection
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Kunzea sp.? [Fuller1899], Melaleuca sp.? [Fuller1899]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Frogga1921b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: This species was moved to the Eriococcidae by Miller et al. (1998).
STRUCTURE: Galls formed of aborted leaves and occupied by many coccids. They are spherical, flattened at the base and apex with the points of the aborted leaves protruding. Adult female flat, elongate, pyriform, yellow in color, eyes black (Fuller, 1899).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae conical, sides straight, apices acute, restricted to posterior abdominal segments; multilocular pores absent; tubular ducts absent; hind legs represent by sclerotized swelling, covered with translucent pores; other legs absent; antennae 4- or 5-segmented; anal ring simple opening, without setae or pores (Miller, 1999 personal observation).
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 88]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Frogga1907 [taxonomy: 380]; Frogga1921b [distribution, host: 18]; Fuller1897b [description, distribution, host: 1346]; Fuller1899 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 449]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 460-461]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy: 301].
Sphaerococcus tormentosus FullerNOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus tormentosus Fuller, 1899: 450. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Swan River, on Melaleuca sp. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material also in the USNM collection
Sphaerococcus tomentosus; Girault, 1940: 149. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Leptospermum sp. [AfifiKo1967], Melaleuca sp. [Fuller1899]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [AfifiKo1967], Western Australia [Fuller1899]).
GENERAL REMARKS: This species was placed in the Eriococcidae by Afifi & Kosztarab (1967), but no generic assignment has been made for its inclusion. The most detailed description of the female and first instar is by Fuller (1899); Afifi and Kosztarab (1967) presented a detailed description of the adult male.
STRUCTURE: According to Fuller (1899) the adult females usually congregate together and secrete quantities of white wooly wax. The tests are subglobular with a central, longitudinal series of filaments. The first instar is yellow, elongate with 2 conspicuous anal tubercles. The adult male is brownish yellow and elongate.
CITATIONS: AfifiKo1967 [taxonomy, Description of male, illustration: 29-32, 36-37]; ColesVeBr1988 [taxonomy: 15, 16]; Fuller1899 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 450]; Giraul1940 [biological control: 149]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy: 165]; Koszta1987 [taxonomy: 216, 219]; Koszta1987 [distribution, host: 216, 219]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 107]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 461]; MillerGuWi1998 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 302].
Incertae Sedis Species
Apiomorpha beyeriae (Tepper)NOMENCLATURE:
Brachyscelis beyeriae Tepper, 1893: 271. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Yorke Peninsula, Ardrossan, on Beyeria opaca, by Tepper. Syntypes, other. Type depository: Adelaide: South Australian Museum, South Australia, Australia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material also in the USNM collection
Apiomorpha beyeriae; Cockerell, 1896b: 328. Change of combination.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Beyeria opaca [Tepper1893].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Tepper1893]).
SYSTEMATICS: "The genus Apiomorpha, (formerly Brachyscelis), is known only from Eucalyptus species (family Myrtaceae). The galls of B. beyeriae which Tepper illustrated, do not resemble those of Apiomorpha; they are probably not coccoid galls. This was recognized by Froggatt (1894a), who strongly criticized Tepper's reference to brachyscelid galls on Beyeria opaca" (Gullan, 1984).
CITATIONS: Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 328]; Frogga1894a [taxonomy: 76]; Gullan1984 [host, taxonomy: 126-127]; Houard1922 [host: 464]; Kozar2009 [distribution, taxonomy: 95]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 471]; Tepper1893 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 271, 276].
Genera Removed from Family
CancerococcusNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Cancerococcus Koteja, 1988b: 412. Notes: Koteja (1988b) described this genus in the Eriococcidae, but Miller & Gimpel (1999) moved it to the Margarodidae.
CryptococcusNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Cryptococcus Douglas, 1890a: 155. Notes: Current status: Cryptococcus Douglas in Cryptococcidae.
EriopeltisNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Eriopeltis Signoret, 1872: 429. Notes: Lindinger (1933a) incorrectly synonymized the genus Eriopeltis with Eriococcus. This genus is a member of Coccidae, not Eriococcidae, but is included here to accommodate festucae Fonscolombe and lichtensteini (Signoret) which at one point were considered to be eriococcids.
FonscolombiaNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Fonscolombia Cockerell, 1899m: 278. Notes: There has been considerable confusion about the family assignment for this genus. Cockerell (1988m) and Lindinger (1923, 1937) considered it to be an eriococcid. Hoy (1963) treated "Fonscolombia Cockerell (not of Lichtenstein 1877)" as a junior synonym of Pseudochermes. He also treated Fonscolombia Lichtenstein with type species Coccus radicum-graminis Fonscolombe as a valid genus in the Eriococcidae. Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1989 and 1989a) established that Fonscolombia Lichtenstein with type species Fonscolombia graminis belongs in the Pseudococcidae and Coccus radicumgraminis is placed in the genus Lecanopsis in the Coccidae.
FulbrightiaNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Fulbrightia Ferris, 1950: 7. Notes: This genus was originally described in the Eriococcidae, but was moved to the Kermesidae by Beardsley (1984).
GallacoccusNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Gallacoccus Beardsley, 1971b: 31. Notes: Genus removed from family to Beesoniidae by Takagi, 2007b
Gallococcus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 436. Misspelling of genus name.
CITATIONS: TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 642].
IberococcusNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Iberococcus Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1928: 356. Notes: This genus has been placed in the Coccidae, Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae by various authors. The most recent publication by Matile-Ferrero (1984) makes it clear that this genus belongs in the Pseudococcidae.
NidulariaNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Nidularia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 727. Notes: This genus has been placed in the Eriococcidae (Hoy, 1963) and the Kermesidae (Morrison & Morrison, 1966). We agree with Morrison & Morrison who state: "The author established this genus with a brief descriptive note and three associated species. Signoret, l.c., restricted the genus to pulvinatus, the second of these species, and it stood unquestioned as type-species of Nidularia for nearly 60 years. Lindinger, 1933a: 107-108, asserted that the first species named by Targioni-Tozzetti, the species currently called Gossyparia spuria (Modeer), must be accepted as type-species, and Nidularia must replace both Gossyparia Signoret and Eriococcus Targioni-Tozzetti of current usage. For the complex that had been known in literature as Nidularia, he proposed to substitute the name Querceticoccus. We believe that the Signoret, 1875, restriction of Nidularia constituted an effective type species establishment and that Lindinger's subsequent changes were not legitimate. On the basis of Marchal's redescription of the type-species, 1908: 259, it appears that Nidularia can assign close to Kermes Boitard."
Querceticoccus Lindinger, 1943b: 264. Notes: This combination is an incorrect replacement name.
PhyseriococcusNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Physeriococcus Borchsenius, 1959: 164. Notes: This genus was moved to the Kermesidae by Baer & Kosztarab (1985) and Bullington & Kosztarab (1985).
PseudochermesNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudochermes Nitsche, 1895: 1247-1249. Notes: Current status: Pseudochermes Nitsche in Cryptococcidae.
PseudopulvinariaNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudopulvinaria Atkinson, 1889: 1-4. Notes: Hoy (1963) included this genus in the Eriococcidae, but Hodgson (1995) demonstrates that it really belongs in the Coccidae.
Lefroyia Green, 1908a: 21. Removed from family by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 106. Notes: Morrison & Morrison (1966) state that Lefroyia Green is preoccupied by Lefroyia Jones in Pisces. The type species of Lefroyia Green, L. castaneae, is synonymous with Pseudopulvinaria sikkimensis Atkinson. Thus Lefroyia is a junior subjective synonym of Pseudopulvinaria Atkinson and a junior homonym of Lefroyia Jones.
ReynvaaniaNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Reynvaania Reyne, 1954b: 234. Notes: This genus was described in Eriococcidae near Fulbrightia Ferris and this placement was accepted by Hoy (1963), but Beardsley (1984) transferred this genus, to the Kermesidae.
Species Removed from Family
Amonostherium lichtensioidesNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus artemisiae Kuwana, 1901: 399. Notes: This species is a junior synonom of Amonostherium lichtensioides which is in the Pseudococcidae. Ferris (1918d) discovered the synonomy.
Eriococcus catalinae Ehrhorn, 1906: 332. Notes: This species is a junior synonom of Amonostherium lichtensioides which is in the Pseudococcidae. This status was discovered by Ferris (1950b).
Amonostherium parcispinosumNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus parcispinosus Leonardi, 1911a: 14-15. Removed from family by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Pseudococcidae.
Amonostherium rorismarinisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus rorismarini Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 726. Removed from family by Balachowsky, 1933e: 6. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Pseudococcidae.
Eriococcus rosismarinus Balachowsky, 1927: 189. Notes: This species was transferred to the Pseudococcidae by Balachowsky (1933e). This is a misspelling of "rorismarinis."
Eriococcus rorismarinus Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1946: 101. Notes: This species was transferred to the Pseudococcidae by Balachowsky (1933e). This is a incorrect spelling of "rorismarinis."
Asterolecanium fimbriatumNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus fimbriatus Targioni-Tozzetti, 1868: 726. Removed from family by Signoret, 1870a. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Asterolecaniidae.
Beesonia napiformisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Trichococcus napiformis Kuwana, 1914. Notes: This species was never placed in the Eriococcidae. Trichococcus Kanda is a Beesoniidae senior homonym of Trichococcus Borchsenius (renamed as Neotrichococcus)in the Eriococcidae.
Cancerococcus apterusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Cancerococcus apterus Koteja, 1988b: 142-415. Notes: Miller & Gimpel (1998) transferred this species to the Pityococcini in the Margarodidae.
Cerococcus indicusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus paradoxus indicus Maskell, 1897: 318. Removed from family by Green, 1910. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Cerococcidae.
Cerococcus paradoxus paradoxusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus paradoxus Maskell, 1889: 104-106. Removed from family by Green, 1910. Notes: This species was transferred to the Cerococcidae.
Cerococcus paradoxus simplexNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus paradoxus simplex Maskell, 1898: 244. Described: female. Removed from family by Green, 1910: 5. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Cerococcidae.
Chaetococcus australisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kuwanina hilli Laing, 1925a: 54. Notes: Williams (1985) states "Brimblecombe (1966) synonymised Kuwanina hilli with Antonina australis, but in such a way that he recognised the species as belonging to Kuwanina. This last genus is currently assigned to the family Eriococcidae and the mealybug is certainly not congeneric with type-species K. parvus (Maskell)." Therefore, this species was inadvertently transferred to the Eriococcidae contrary to the general concept of placing the species in the Pseudococcidae where it currently is assigned.
Kuwanina australis Brimblecombe, 1966: 5. Notes: Brimblecombe (1966) assigned hilli as a junior synonym of Antonina australis and incorrectly placed the species in the genus Kuwanina. With this exception and the catalogue of Hoy (1963), this species has always been considered a pseudococcid.
Cryptococcus acerisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Cryptococcus aceris Borchsenius, 1937: 62. Notes: There are 5 female paralectotypes on the same slide as the lectotype. Current status: Cryptococcus aceris Borchsenius in Cryptococcidae.
Cryptococcus integricornisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Cryptococcus integricornis Danzig, 1971a: 1415. Notes: 1 female paratype on same slide as holotype. 2 female paratypes on 1 slide with same data. 2 paratypes on 1 slide RUSSIA: Primorsky Kray, Suputinsky (Ussuriysky) Reserve, on Tilia amurensis, 12/07/1969, E. Danzig; all in ZMAS (Danzig, personal communication, 1996) Current status: Cryptococcus integricornis Danzig in Cryptococcidae.
Cryptococcus nudatusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Cryptococcus nudata Brittin, 1915a: 160. Notes: Current status: Cryptococcus nudatus Brittin in Cryptococcidae.
Cryptococcus williamsiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Cryptococcus williamsi Kosztarab & Hale, 1968: 7. Notes: Type material also at CDAE. Current status: Cryptococcus williamsi Kosztarab & Hale in Cryptococcidae.
Cryptoripersia arizonensisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus salinus Ehrhorn, 1911: 276. Removed from family by Ferris, 1950b. Notes: This species has been transferred to Pseudococcidae.
Dactylopius tomentosusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus tomentosus Cockerell, 1893ii: 366. Notes: With the exception of the footnote in Cockerell (1893ii), this species has never been considered an eriococcid.
Didesmococcus unifasciatusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriochiton amygdalae Rao, 1939: 59-60. Removed from family by Tang, 1991: 102. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Coccidae.
Drepanococcus cajaniNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriochiton cajani Maskell, 1891a: 61. Removed from family by Cockerell, 1900a: 368. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Coccidae.
Eriokermes gilletteiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus gillettei Tinsley, 1899: 46-47. Removed from family by Miller & Miller, 1993a: 239. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Kermesidae.
Eriokermes juniperinusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus juniperinus De Lotto, 1954a: 217, 218. Removed from family by Miller & Miller, 1993a: 239. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Kermesidae.
Eriopeltis coloradensisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus coloradensis Lindinger, 1933a: 78. Notes: The species coloradensis Cockerell is correctly placed in the Coccidae in the genus Eriopeltis (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Eriopeltis festucaeNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus festucae Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 726. Notes: With the exception of Targioni-Tozzetti (1868), this species has always been considered a coccid. Miller & Williams (1976) confirm that festucae (Fonscolombe) should be placed in the Coccidae.
Eriopeltis lichtensteiniNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus lichtensteini Lindinger, 1933a: 78. Notes: The species lichtensteini (Signoret) is correctly placed in the Coccidae in the genus Eriopeltis (Morrison & Morrison, 1922).
Fulbrightia gallicolaNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Fulbrightia gallicola Ferris, 1950: 7-8. Removed from family by Beardsley, 1984. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Kermesidae.
Gallacoccus anthonyaeNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Gallacoccus anthonyae Beardsley, 1971b: 32, 39. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Beesoniidae.
Gallacoccus heckrothiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Gallacoccus heckrothi Takagi, 2001: 64-67. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Beesoniidae.
Gallacoccus secundusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Gallacoccus secundus Beardsley, 1971b: 36-39. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Beesoniidae.
Gallacoccus spinigallaNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Gallacoccus spinigalla Takagi, 2001: 61-64. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Beesoniidae.
Iberococcus andalusicusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Iberococcus andalusicus Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1928: 357-62. Removed from family by Matile-Ferrero, 1984: 291. Notes: This species was transferred to the Pseudococcidae (Matile-Ferrero, 1984).
Maskellia nigraNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Opisthoscelis nigra Froggatt, 1898: 376-378. Illust. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Diaspididae. Five galls, from which one female was mounted by Gullan, are deposited in BMNH. Type depository information provided by Gullan (personal communication, June 10, 1996).
Melanococcus lobulatusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizococcus lobulatus Green, 1915d: 46. Removed from family by Williams, 1985: 215. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Pseudococcidae.
Melanococcus viridisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Rhizococcus viridis Green, 1901: 599. Removed from family by Williams, 1985: 223. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Pseudococcidae.
Mycetococcus ehrhorniNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus ehrhorni Chamberlin, 1931: 29. Notes: Chamberlin mistakenly cited the species ehrhorni as being in the genus Eriococcus.
Nidularia balachowskiiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer, 1941: 78-80. Notes: This species was moved to the Kermesidae by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) and Baer & Kosztarab (1985).
Nidularia pulvinataNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Nidularia pulvinata Targioni Tozzetti, 1869: 727. Notes: This species was moved to the Kermesidae by Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) and Baer & Kosztarab (1985).
Querceticoccus pulvinata Lindinger, 1933a: 107, 117.
Nipaecoccus armatusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus armatus Hempel, 1900a: 383. Removed from family by Cockerell, 1901k: 180. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Pseudococcidae.
Pedronia strobilanthisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus strobilanthis Green, 1922: 364. Notes: Lindinger (1932f) moved Eriococcus strobilanthis Green to Pedronia.
Physeriococcus cellulosusNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Physeriococcus cellulosus Borchsenius, 1959: 165. Removed from family by Baer & Kosztarab, 1985. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Kermesidae.
Pseudochermes betulaNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Kuwanina betula Wu & Liu, 2009: 221-223. Notes: Current status: Pseudochermes betula (Wu & Liu) in Cryptococcidae.
Pseudochermes fraxiniNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Chermes fraxini Kaltenbach, 1860: 259. Notes: Williams (1985h) states that the type material, which was held in Germany, is probably lost. Current status: Pseudochermes fraxini (Kaltenbach) in Cryptococcidae.
Pseudochermes williamsiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudochermes williamsi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2008a: 250-252. Notes: Holotype and 3 paratypes deposited in BMNH and one paratype deposited in HNHM. Current status: Pseudochermes williamsi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in Cryptococcidae.
Pseudopulvinaria sikkimensisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudopulvinaria sikkimensis Atkinson, 1889: 4. Illust. Notes: Hodgson (1991) considers Pseudopulvinaria sikkimensis to be an aberrant member of the Coccidae.
Lefroyia castaneae Green, 1908. Removed from family by Green, 1922. Notes: This species is a junior synonym of Pseudopulvinaria sikkimensis which is a coccid.
Pseudoripersia turgipesNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus turgipes Maskell, 1893: 228-229. Removed from family by Morrison & Morrison, 1922. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Pseudococcidae.
Psylloidea multitudineaNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Ascelis multitudinea Tepper, 1893: 278-279. Notes: This species was thought to be a psyllid by Fernald (1903), but it is not included in Hodkinson's catalog (Hodkinson, I.D. 1983. The psyllids (Homoptera: Psylloidea) of the Austro-Oriental, Pacific and Hawaiian zoogeographical realms: an annotated check list. Journal of Natural History, 17: 341-377). No further information is available.
Reynvaania gallicolaNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Reynvaania gallicola Reyne, 1954b: 235. Notes: Reynvaania gallicola was described in Eriococcidae near Fulbrightia Ferris and this placement was accepted by Hoy (1963), but Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) and Baer & Kosztarab (1985) transferred this genus and species, at least provisionally, to the Kermesidae.
Spinococcus marrubiiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Acanthococcus marrubii Kiritshenko, 1936: 156. Removed from family by Borchsenius, 1949. Notes: With the exception of Kiritshenko (1936), this species has been considered a Pseudococcidae.
Trabutina manniparaNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Gossyparia mannifera Giard, 1892: CCLXXiii. Removed from family by Bodenheimer, 1927a. Notes: This species has been transferred to the Pseudococcidae.
Eriococcus manniparus Green, 1923e: 697-698.
Undet. Auchenorrhyncha sp.No valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus mannifer Lindinger, 1912b: 319. Notes: The identity of this species is unclear. Ben-Dov (1988) made it clear that the binomen Chermes mannifer Hardwick 1822 is not a scale insect even though several workers have recognized it as a species of Trabutina in the Pseudococcidae.