Family Conchaspididae
Asceloconchaspis WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Asceloconchaspis Williams, 1992: 1326. Type species: Asceloconchaspis milleri Williams.
STRUCTURE: The adult female, as well as the nymphs of both sexes, of the species in this genus are covered by a scale formed by secretion of the underlying insect. In the general appearance the scale resembles that of species in the armoured scales family, Diaspididae. However, no exuviae are incorporated in a Conchaspididae scale, thus clearly distinguishing it from the Diaspididae.
KEYS: Williams 1992: 1326 (female) [Key to genera of the world].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 184]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy: 29]; Takagi2003 [structure, taxonomy: 106]; Willia1992 [taxonomy: 1326].
Asceloconchaspis milleri WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Asceloconchaspis milleri Williams, 1992: 1327. Type data: USA: Florida, Dade County, Miami, Simpson Park, on unidentified plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Polygonaceae: Coccoloba diversifolia [Willia1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Willia1992] (Florida, Dade Country, Miami, Simpson Park; 5km NE Key Largo.)).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1992). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Williams (1992). Good description and illustration of the second-instar nymph given by Williams (1992).
STRUCTURE: Scale of adult female oval, slightly convex, not pointed at top, shiny white, of the consistency of the waxy scales of the genus Chionaspis Signoret, family Diaspididae; with thinner, white wax posteriorly; The insects sometimes showing through the covering (Williams, 1992).
SYSTEMATICS: Paratype collected from Coccoloba diversifolia.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 184]; Willia1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1327-1331].
Conchaspis CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudinglisia Newstead, 1893b: 153. Type species: Pseudinglisia rodrigueziae Newstead (= Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell), by original designation. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1895a: 101.
Conchaspis Cockerell, 1893d: 9. Type species: Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell, by monotypy.
Conchasuis; Bruner, Scaramuzza & Otero, 1945: 225. Misspelling of genus name.
Chinchaspis; Tao, 1999: 67. Misspelling of genus name.
Chonchaspis; Tao, 1999: 67. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Mamet (1954b), Ferris (1955a), Ben-Dov (1981d) and by Williams (1992)
STRUCTURE: The adult female, as well as the nymphs of both sexes, of the species in this genus are covered by a scale formed by secretion of the underlying insect. In the general appearance the scale resembles that of species in the armoured scales family, Diaspididae. However, no exuviae are incorporated in a Conchaspididae scale, thus clearly distinguishing it from the Diaspididae.
KEYS: Williams 1992: 1326 (female) [In key to genera of the world]; Ben-Dov 1974a: 369-372 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238-239 (female) [World]; MacGillivray 1921: 215-216 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Afifi1969 [taxonomy, male: 27]; Ali1970 [catalogue: 61]; Balach1942 [taxonomy: 45]; Balach1948b [taxonomy: 257]; BenDov1974a [records, hosts: 363-373]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 143-150]; BenDov1985 [taxonomy: 174]; BenDov2006b [pp. 184-185]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy: 25]; Bodenh1944 [taxonomy: 4]; BoratyDa1971 [taxonomy: 60]; Brain1918 [taxonomy: 113]; BruesMe1932 [taxonomy: 131]; BruesMeCa1954 [taxonomy]; Cocker1895a [taxonomy: 101]; Cocker1896b [catalogue: 323]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 395]; DAscolKo1969 [taxonomy: 39]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 38]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Ferris1938 [nomenclature: 46]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, description: 66]; Gowdey1926 [catalogue: 43]; Green1896e [taxonomy: 17,19-20]; Green1900a [taxonomy: 66]; Hempel1904 [taxonomy: 312]; Hempel1912 [catalogue]; KozarDr1998d [catalogue: 165]; Laing1925a [taxonomy: 62]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 375]; Lindin1937 [catalogue: 182]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 212-215]; Mamet1953 [distribution: 251]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy: 189-239]; MorrisMo1966 [catalogue: 44-45]; Newste1893b [taxonomy: 153]; Newste1903 [taxonomy]; Obenbe1957 [taxonomy]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 859]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy: 29-30]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 67]; Vernal1953a [catalogue: 150]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 323]; Willia1992 [taxonomy, key: 1325-1331].
Conchaspis acaciae HodgsonNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis acaciae Hodgson, 1967b: 3. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=Rhodesia]: Gwelo, on Acacia karroo. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c], Acacia giraffae [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c], Acacia karroo [BenDov1974a, Hodgso1967b, BenDov1981c].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Namibia (=South West Africa) [BenDov1981c, BenDov1974a]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967b, BenDov1974a, BenDov1981d].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1967b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of adult female quite large, 2.5 - 4 mm in diameter, subcircular. Pale gray in colour but quite dark due to the particles attached to it. Slightly convex, and often aggregated together into compact clusters that also include the scales of the male. Scale of the male elongate, 3 mm long, but otherwise similar to the female (Hodgson, 1967b).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [host, distribution, taxonomy: 365, 370]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 145]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 185]; Hodgso1967b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1-3]; Signor1869 [catalogue: 847]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 4].
Conchaspis angraeci CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudinglisia rodrigueziae Newstead, 1893b: 153. Type data: ENGLAND: Eaton Hall, nr. Chester, on Rodriguezia secunda. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 207. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1895a: 101.
Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell, 1893d: 9. Type data: JAMAICA: Hope Gardens, on Angraecum eburneum var. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Conchaspis angraeci hibisci Cockerell, 1896h: 19. Type data: MEXICO: Tamaulipas, on Hibiscus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Mamet, 1954b: 213.
Conchaspis baiensis Lepage, 1939: 314. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on Encyclia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Mamet, 1954b: 213.
Conchasuis angraeci; Bruner, Scaramuzza & Otero, 1945: 225. Misspelling of genus name.
COMMON NAMES: Angraecum scale [Hamon1979].
FOES: ACARI Bdellidae: Bdella distincta Baker & Balock [RicharRiRy2003], Spinibdella depressa Ewing [RicharRiRy2003]. Cheyletidae: Cheyletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago) [GoffCo1985], Hemicheyletia wellsi (Baker) [RicharRiRy2003]. Eupalopselidae: Saniosulus nudus Summers [RicharRiRy2003]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aphytis africanus Quednau [RicharRiRy2003], Marietta pulchella (Howard) [BeardsTs1990]. Pteromalidae: Cephaleata [RicharRiRy2003]. THYSANOPTERA Phlaeothripidae: Alerodothrips fasciapennis (Franklin) [RicharRiRy2003], Karnyothrips flavipes (Jones) [RicharRiRy2003], Karnyothrips melaleucus (Bagnall) [RicharRiRy2003].
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Yucca aloifolia [BenDov1981c], Yucca gloriosa [Houser1918]. Apocynaceae: Allemanda hendersonii [Ballou1926], Plumeria [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, WilliaWa1990], Tabernaemontana [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Hamon1979, Riddic1955]. Araliaceae: Brassaia [Hamon1979, BenDov1981c], Brassaia actinophylla [Hamon1979, BenDov1981c], Nothopanax [BeardsTs1990], Schefflera arboricola [MartinLa2011]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya carnosa [Hamon1979], Huernia aspera [LincanHoCa2010], Stephanotis [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Mamet1954b]. Begoniaceae: Begonia sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Bignoniaceae: Kigelia pinnata [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Cactaceae: Cactus sp. [LincanHoCa2010], Epiphyllum oxypetalum [LincanHoCa2010]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, WilliaWa1990]. Chrysobalanaceae: Chrysobalanus icaco [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [MerrilCh1923, Mamet1954b, Riddic1955, BenDov1974a, Hamon1979, BenDov1981c], Acalypha [MerrilCh1923], Acalypha godseffiana [BenDov1974a], Acalypha wilkesiana [Ballou1926, Hamon1979, BenDov1981c], Codiaeum [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Riddic1955], Codiaeum variegatum [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Croton [BenDov1981c], Croton scouleri [LincanHoCa2010], Euphorbia lactea [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Pedilanthus tithymaloides [Ballou1926], Trigonostemon malaccanus [Takagi1992]. Fabaceae: Wistaria [Riddic1955]. Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtia [Riddic1955], Flacourtia indica [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Homalim longifolium [Takagi1997]. Lauraceae: Nectandra coriacea [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Ocotea catesbyana [Riddic1955], Persea [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [MerrilCh1923, BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Mamet1954b, Riddic1955], Hibiscus mutabilis [BenDov1981c, Simmon1957], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Malvaviscus [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Moraceae: Ficus sagitata [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Myricaceae: Myrica cerifera [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Riddic1955]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Hamon1979, BenDov1981c]. Orchidaceae [Lepage1938, SilvadGoGa1968], Angraecum [Gowdey1926, MerrilCh1923, MartorMe1974, BenDov1981c], Angraecum eburneum virens [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Willia1985a], Angraecum sesquipedula [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Angraecum superbum virens [Hamon1979, BenDov1981c], Cattleya [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Mamet1954b], Encyclia [Lepage1939, Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, Vernal1953a, Lepage1939], Epidendrum elongatum [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Epidendrum secundum [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Gongora maculata [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Gongora quinquenervis [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Macroplectrum sesquipedale [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Oncidium [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Oncidium ampliatum [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Mamet1954b], Oncidium stipitatum [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Mamet1954b], Rodriguezia secunda [Newste1893b, MerrilCh1923, Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, WilliaWa1990], Rodriguezia secunda [BenDov1981c], Spathoglottis pacifica [WilliaWa1990], Vanda [WilliaWa1990], Vanilla fragrans [Martor1976, RicharRiRy2003], Vanilla planifolia [WilliaWa1990, LeRouxRiRi2005]. Piperaceae: Piper angustifolium [Ballou1926, BenDov1981c]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955, Hamon1979, BenDov1981c], Pittosporum tobira [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, BeardsTs1990], Pittosporum tobira variegatum [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba diversifolia [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979], Coccoloba laurifolia [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Coccoloba uvifera [BenDov1981c, Hamon1979, Riddic1955]. Proteaceae: Cardwellia sublimis [Riddic1955]. Rubiaceae: Ixora [Hamon1979, Riddic1955], Ixora javanica [BenDov1981c]. Rutaceae: Boronia heterophylla [BenDov1981c, BenDovShMi1985]. Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon [Riddic1955].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [BenDov1981c, BenDov1974a] (Luanda); Cameroon [BenDov1981c, BenDov1974a]; Comoros [RicharRiRy2003]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [BenDov1981c] (Adiopodoume); Madagascar [RicharRiRy2003]; Niger [BenDov1981c]; Nigeria [BenDovShMi1985]; Reunion [RicharRiRy2003, GermaiMiPa2014]; Seychelles [GermaiAtBa2008]; Zaire [BenDov1981c]. Australasian: Admiralty Islands [GoffCo1985, BeardsTs1990]; Australia [BenDovShMi1985] (Western Australia [BenDov1981c] (Wanneroo)); Fiji [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoLa2011] (Levuka; Viti Levu); French Polynesia [RicharRiRy2003]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1990] (Funafuti). Nearctic: Mexico [MerrilCh1923, Mamet1954b, MartorMe1974, BenDov1981c] (Distrito Federal [Miller1996], Jalisco [Miller1996], San Luis Potosi [Miller1996], Tamaulipas [Miller1996], Veracruz [Miller1996]); United States of America (California [BenDov1981c], District of Columbia [Mamet1954b], Florida [MerrilCh1923, Riddic1955, Hamon1979, BenDov1981c, BeardsTs1990], Ohio [Houser1918]). Neotropical: Barbados [MerrilCh1923]; Brazil [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c] (Bahia [Lepage1939, Vernal1953a, Mamet1954b], Rio de Janeiro [Lepage1938]); Colombia [BenDov1981c]; Cuba [BenDov1981c, Ballou1926]; Ecuador [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Jamaica [MerrilCh1923, Mamet1954b, MartorMe1974, BenDov1981c, Willia1985a]; Nicaragua [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]; Panama [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]; Peru [BenDov1981c]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island [MerrilCh1923, Ali1970, MartorMe1974, BenDov1981c]; Suriname [Newste1914, Mamet1954b]; Trinidad and Tobago [Newste1893b, Mamet1954b, MartorMe1974, BenDov1981c] (Trinidad [MerrilCh1923]); Venezuela [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]. Oriental: India [SureshKa2008]; Malaysia [Takagi1992, Takagi1997]. Palaearctic: Georgia (Abkhaz ASSR [BenDov1981c], Abkhaz ASSR [Simmon1957, BenDov1981c]); United Kingdom (England [MerrilCh1923, Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, WilliaWa1990]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Lepage (1939) (as C. angraeci and as C. baiensis), Mamet (1954b), Ferris (1955a) and by Williams & Watson (1990). Takagi (1992; 1997) presented SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female. Takagi (1997) evaluated the intraspecific variation in some taxonomic characters of the adult female and nymphs.
STRUCTURE: Scale of female subcircular, slightly conical; apex bluntly pointed; six to eight ridges or carinae are radiating from the apex, not all of them reaching the margin; colour white, sub-opaque, while the areas between the ridges are darker.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Recorded as a pest of vanilla, Vanilla fragrans in Reunion (Richard et al., 2003; LeRoux et al., 2005).
KEYS: Takagi 1997: 42 (female) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (second-instar nymph) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (first-instar nymph) [World]; Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Ali1970 [catalogue: 61]; Arnett1985 [taxonomy: 302]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution, catalogue: 22]; BeardsDaHo1976 [taxonomy: 15-16]; BeardsTs1990 [Host, distribution, Biological control: 151-153]; BenDov1974a [host, distribution, key: 365]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 145-147]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 185-188]; BenDovShMi1985 [host, distribution: 2121]; BrunerScOt1945 [catalogue: 7, 140, 187]; BrunerScOt1975 [catalogue: 8]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; Cocker1893cc [taxonomy, host, distribution: 101]; Cocker1893d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; Cocker1895a [taxonomy: 101]; Cocker1896b [catalogue: 323]; Cocker1896f [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy: 19]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 20]; Cocker1903a [host, distribution: 165]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 38-39]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-68]; FoldiCa1985 [structure, wax glands: 35, 44]; GermaiAtBa2008 [host, distribution: 129-135]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; GillFr1979 [catalogue: 21]; GoffCo1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 4]; Gowdey1926 [catalogue: 43]; Green1896e [taxonomy: 19]; Hamon1979 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1-2]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 22]; Houser1918 [host, distribution, key: 159]; HowellWi1976 [taxonomy: 188]; King1901i [host, distribution: 232]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 78]; Koteja1976 [taxonomy: 274]; Koteja1980 [taxonomy: 78]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 669]; KozarDr1998d [catalogue: 165-166]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 81]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 375]; Lepage1939 [taxonomy: 317]; Lepage1939 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 314-318]; LeRouxRiRi2005 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 400]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 5]; Lindin1909c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 450]; Lindin1937 [catalogue: 182]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 216]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-213]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 37]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 13,265]; MartorMe1974 [host, economic importance: 110]; Maxwel1902 [host, distribution: 297,301]; MerrilCh1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 278]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 2]; MorrisMo1966 [catalogue: 44]; Newell1921 [host, distribution: 50]; Newste1893b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 153]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 307]; PanisMa1976 [host, distribution: 8]; Reh1904b [host, distribution: 177]; RicharRiRy2003 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 36-38]; Riddic1955 [host: 2]; SilvadGoGa1968 [catalogue: 157]; Simmon1957 [catalogue: 11]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 6]; SureshKa2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 155]; Takagi1992 [host, distribution, structure, SEM: 4, 34, 41-44, 52-55]; Takagi1997 [host, distribution, illustration: 29-71]; Townse1896 [host, distribution: 12]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 150]; Willia1985a [catalogue, host, distribution: 231]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 231]; WilliaMaRa2007 [distribution: 73-76]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-207]; Wilson1917 [host, distribution: 16]; Wolcot1936 [catalogue: 121]; Wolcot1948 [catalogue: 160].
Conchaspis buchananiae TakagiNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis buchananiae Takagi, 1992: 4. Type data: MALAYSIA: Bukit Bauk, Daerah Dungun, Terengganu, on Buchanania arborescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Buchanania arborescens [Takagi1992]. Orchidaceae: Bulbophyllum [Takagi1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takagi1992, Takagi1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takagi (1992). Takagi (1992; 1997) presented SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female. Takagi (1997) evaluated the intraspecific variation in some taxonomic characters of the adult female and nymphs.
KEYS: Takagi 1997: 42 (female) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (second-instar nymph) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 43 (first-instar nymph) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 188]; Takagi1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, structure: 4-5, 31-32]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy, illustration, structure, host, distribution: 29-71].
Conchaspis capensis (Linnaeus)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus capensis Linnaeus, 1763: 17. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, on Gnaphalium muricatum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1981c: 147. Type depository: London: The Linnean Society of London, England. Described: female.
Conchaspis phylicae Mamet, 1954b: 229. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, type-material taken from herbarium material of Phylica capitata, at Stanford University Natural History Museum, California; by G.F. Ferris. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1981c: 147.
Conchaspis capensis; Ben-Dov, 1981d: 147. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Gnaphalium muricatum [BenDov1981c], Metalasia muricata [BenDov1981c]. Rhamnaceae: Phylica [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c, BenDov1985], Phylica axilaris [BenDov1981c], Phylica capitata [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Phylica nervosa [BenDov1981c], Phylica stipularis [BenDov1981c].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Mamet1954b, BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c, BenDovShMi1985, Giliom2009].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b) (as C. phylicae).
SYSTEMATICS: The authentic collection of the species of Coccus described by Linnaeus is deposited with the Linnean Society of London. It includes among the various species, a single lot of scale insects labelled capensis in Linnaeus handwriting. The lectotype was selected from this lot by Douglas J. Williams (see Ben-Dov, 1981d). Paratypes of Conchaspis phylicae Mamet are deposited in MNHN.
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [host, distribution, taxonomy: 368-369,371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 147]; BenDov1985 [distribution: 174]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 188-189]; BenDovShMi1985 [host, distribution: 2121]; DeLott1962 [taxonomy: 265]; Fabric1787 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 325]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 55-58]; Giliom2009 [host, distribution: 36-37]; Jackso1913 [taxonomy: 29]; Linnae1763 [taxonomy: 17]; Linnae1767 [taxonomy: 740]; Linnae1788 [taxonomy: 2215]; Linnae1789 [taxonomy: 401]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-230, 239]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 16]; Olivie1791 [catalogue: 94]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 847]; Signor1877 [catalogue: 611,663]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 11]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1082]; Willia2007b [taxonomy: 442, 427-430]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 13].
Conchaspis cordiae MametNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis cordiae Mamet, 1954b: 213. Type data: WEST INDIES: Shoys, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, on Cordia sp. ("black sage") and on "Mahogany". Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Cordia [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b]. Meliaceae: Swietenia mahogani [BenDov1981c, PanisMa1976]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [BenDov1981c, PanisMa1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [HowardHoGa2006]). Neotropical: British Virgin Islands [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]; Dominican Republic [PanisMa1976, BenDov1981c]; Haiti [PerezG2008].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female almost circular, white, sometimes obscured with greyish-brown extraneous particles; moderately convex; without marked ridges radiating from the scale apex (Mamet, 1954b).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 147-148]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 189]; HowardHoGa2006 [host, distribution, life history: 102-104]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214, 239]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 11]; PanisMa1976 [host, distribution: 8]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 11].
Conchaspis didiereae MametNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis didiereae Mamet, 1956a: 47. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tulear, on Didierea mirabilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Didieraceae: Alluaudia [BenDov1981c, Mamet1959a], Alluaudia dumosa [BenDov1981c, Mamet1959a], Alluaudia procera [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c, Mamet1959a], Didiera mirabilis [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c, Mamet1956a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1956a, Mamet1959a, BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1956a).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female roughly circular, about 3 mm diameter, flat, light cream to light buff in colour; of felted texture; sometimes occurring singly or in masses under the epidermis of the host. Central boss fairly conspicuous, flat. Internally the scale is pure white but not nacreous (Mamet, 1956a).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [host, distribution, taxonomy: 365, 370]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 189]; Mamet1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47-48]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 373]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 13]; WilliaMaRa2007 [taxonomy: 73]; WilliaMaRa2007 [taxonomy: 73-76].
Conchaspis diplothemii Lepage & GiannottiNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis diplothemii Lepage & Giannotti, 1943: 346. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on Diplothemium candescens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Arecaceae: Diplothemium candescens [LepageGi1943, BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Vernal1953a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, LepageGi1943, Vernal1953a] (Bahia).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female almost circular, very slightly convex, of felted texture; colour white. Scale of male elongate, white, felted.
KEYS: Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 190]; LepageGi1943 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 346-348]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-216, 239]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 6]; SilvadGoGa1968 [catalogue: 157]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 13]; Vernal1953a [host, distribution: 150].
Conchaspis ekebergiae MuntingNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis ekebergiae Munting, 1964: 59. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Umkomaas, on Ekebergia meyeri. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Meliaceae: Ekebergia meyeri [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c, Giliom1966, Muntin1964].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Muntin1964, Giliom1966, BenDov1981c, BenDov1974a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Munting (1964).
STRUCTURE: Scale of adult female circular, moderately convex, often strongly distorted due to its position on the host plant; colour reddish-brown to dull dark brown according to age; about 2.4 mm in diameter. Scale of male broadly oval, felty white without striations, about 1.6 mm long (Munting, 1964).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 372 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [host, distribution, key: 366, 369-372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 190]; BenDovGi2014 [catalogue: 230]; Giliom1966 [catalogue: 422]; Muntin1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 14].
Conchaspis euphorbiae BrainNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis euphorbiae Brain, 1918: 113. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Namaqualand, Concordia, on Euphorbia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [BenDov1974a, Brain1918, BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Giliom1966], Euphorbia decussata [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Namibia (=South West Africa) [Brain1918, Mamet1954b, Giliom1966, BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female scale nearly circular, up to 6.5 mm in diameter; colour white; moderately convex; somewhat flattened on top, where it usually presents an irregular, central yellowish projection surrounded by a concentric ring. Scale of male elongate, white (Brain, 1918).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [host, distribution, key: 366, 369-372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 190]; Brain1918 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 113-114]; Giliom1966 [catalogue: 422]; Hodgso1967b [taxonomy: 3]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-218, 238]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 7]; MunroFo1936 [catalogue: 33]; StoetzMi1979 [catalogue: 14].
Conchaspis fluminensis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis fluminensis Hempel, 1904: 312. Type data: BRAZIL: Itatiaya, Morro dos papagaios, on a sylvan shrub (=planta). Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Described: female.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, Hempel1904] (Rio de Janeiro [Hempel1912, Sander1906, Lepage1938, Vernal1953a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: No type material was available for the revision of Mamet (1954b). The species may be recognized only from the incomplete original description.
STRUCTURE: Scale of female scale more or less circular, white, slightly convex (Hempel, 1904).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 369 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 369]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 191]; Hempel1904 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 312]; Hempel1912 [catalogue: 19]; Houser1918 [key: 171]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 375]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 215-216]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 218-219]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 3]; Vernal1953a [host, distribution: 150].
Conchaspis garciniae TakagiNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis garciniae Takagi, 1992: 5. Type data: MALAYSIA: Hutan Simpan Beserah, Kuantan, Pahang, on Garcinia scortechinii. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Guttiferae: Garcinia nigrolineata [Takagi1992], Garcinia rostrata [Takagi1997], Garcinia scortechinii [Takagi1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takagi1992].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takagi (1992). Takagi (1992; 1997) presented SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female. Takagi (1997) evaluated the intraspecific variation in some taxonomic characters of the adult female and nymphs.
SYSTEMATICS: Paratype collected from Garcinia nigrolineata.
KEYS: Takagi 1997: 42 (female) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (second-instar nymph) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 43 (first-instar nymph) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 191]; Takagi1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-6, 27, 35-41]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy, illustration, structure, host, distribution: 29-79].
Conchaspis hainanensis HuNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis hainanensis Hu, 1986J: 213. Type data: CHINA: Hainan Island, Guangdong, on an unidentified shrub. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanghai: Shanghai Institute of Entomology, China. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hainan [Hu1986J]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hu (1986).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female almost circular, diameter about 2mm, very slightly convex, white (Hu, 1986).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 191]; Hu1986J [taxonomy, host, distribution: 213]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67].
Conchaspis insolita MametNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis insolitus Mamet, 1954b: 219. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, on Euphorbia larro. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Conchaspis insolita; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 409. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae [Mamet1959a], Euphorbia [BenDov1981c, Mamet1959a], Euphorbia larro [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Euphorbia oncoclada [Mamet1959a], Euphorbia stenoclada [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, Mamet1959a, BenDov1981c].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female almost circular, roundly convex, of somewhat hard, felted texture, white, outer surface usually coated with pale yellowish glassy secretions produced by the host. Internally, the scale is pure white and a little shiny (Mamet, 1954b).
SYSTEMATICS: Paratype collected from Euphorbia stenoclada.
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 369 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 369]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 191-192]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 219-220]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 378]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 409].
Conchaspis lata HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis lata Hempel, 1937: 21. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, on unidentified tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Hempel1937, Lepage1938, Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]); Venezuela [BenDov1981c, Afifi1969, DAscolKo1969] (San Diego, Carabobo.).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hempel (1937) and by Mamet (1954b). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Afifi (1969). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by D'Ascoli and Kosztarab (1969). Good description and illustration of the second-instar female nymph given by D'Ascoli and Kosztarab (1969). Good description and illustration of the third-instar female nymph given by D'Ascoli and Kosztarab (1969).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female circular, slightly convex, compact in texture, generally obscured by buff to dark-reddish particles of the host's bark; diameter, about 4 mm. Internally the scale is smooth, white-nacreous, with buff markings due to particles of the host's bark. The scales generally overlap each other and are aggregated into small masses (Mamet, 1954b).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 372 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Afifi1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 27-36]; BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 148]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 192]; BoratyDa1971 [taxonomy: 60]; DAscolKo1969 [taxonomy, nymph: 41-50]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21-23]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 78]; Koteja1976 [taxonomy: 274]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 669]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 375]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 220-222]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 21]; StoetzDa1974a [taxonomy: 478]; StoetzMi1980 [catalogue: 21].
Conchaspis lepagei HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis lepagei Hempel, 1937: 23. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Santos, on Eugenia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Astrocaryum ayri [Hempel1937, Lepage1938, Vernal1953a, Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [BenDov1981c].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1937, Lepage1938, Vernal1953a, Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hempel (1937) and by Mamet (1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female semi-transparent, white, flat, elongate-oval, closely felted in texture, occurring singly or aggregated into small elongated masses in which the scales overlap one another; sometimes depressed along the veins of the leaves of the host with the result that the side adjoining the leaf veins becomes straight. Length, about 5.5 mm (Mamet, 1954b).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Afifi1969 [taxonomy: 35]; BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 192]; Brown1959SW [structure, chromosome: 279]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23-25]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 375]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 252]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 222-223]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 11]; SilvadGoGa1968 [catalogue: 157]; StoetzMi1980 [catalogue: 4]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 151].
Conchaspis madagascariensis MametNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis madagascariensis Mamet, 1954b: 223. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Perinet, on "Amborasha". Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c] (Perinet).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female circular, white, moderately convex, semi-transparent, marginally, ridged; occurring singly. Diameter about 1.5 mm (Mamet, 1954b).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 370]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 193]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 223-225]; MillerMiSc1973 [catalogue: 12]; StoetzMi1980 [catalogue: 4].
Conchaspis mameti Ben-DovNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis mameti Ben-Dov, 1974a: 366. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Betioky, on unidentified tree. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [BenDov1974a, BenDov1981c].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1974a).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy, host, distribution, key: 366-368, 369-372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 193]; StoetzMi1980 [catalogue: 6].
Conchaspis natolahyae Williams & Matile-Ferrero {in}: Williams et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis natolahyae Williams & Matile-Ferrero {in}: Williams et al., 2007: 74. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Mahajanga, on Securinega antsingyensis [=coomon name 'natolahy']; collected C. Razafindrakoto, 11.xi.2005. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 14415-1. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Securinega antsingyensis [WilliaMaRa2007].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [WilliaMaRa2007].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams et al. (2007).
CITATIONS: WilliaMaRa2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-76].
Conchaspis newsteadi CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis newsteadi Cockerell, 1897u: 270. Type data: MEXICO: Vera Cruz, on Plumeria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
HOST: Apocynaceae: Plumeria [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Willia1985a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Admiralty Islands [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]. Nearctic: Mexico (Veracruz [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, Willia1985a, Miller1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female overlapping; subcircular to oval, dirty white, low conical, diameter 2.5 mm. Apex blunted, no radiating ridges. Scale of male similar in texture to that of the female, but small and elongate (Cockerell, 1897u).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [key: 369-372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 193]; Cocker1897u [taxonomy, host, distribution: 270]; Cocker1899a [catalogue: 395]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 20]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 39]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; Houser1918 [host, distribution: 171]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 215]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 225-226]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 8]; Willia1985a [catalogue, host, distribution: 231]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 231].
Conchaspis orchidarum MametNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis orchidarum Mamet, 1954b: 226. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone and COLOMBIA: Carthagena, the specific host plant of the holotype not indicated; type-series taken from orchids, Lockhartia pallida, Epidendrum cilliaris and Oncidium ampliatum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Orchidaceae: Epidendrum ciliare [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Lockhartia pallida [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Oncidium ampliatum [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c]; Panama [Mamet1954b] (Hoboken, Canal Zone); Panama Canal Zone [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female almost circular, white, semi-transparent, conical, with margin flattened, with 6-8 well marked ridges or carinae radiating from the apex to the internal limit of the flattened margin. Diameter, about 2 mm (Mamet, 1954b).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 193-194]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 226-228]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 10].
Conchaspis pauliani MametNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis pauliani Mamet, 1951: 225. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tsaratanana, on Neodypsis? articulatus. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Arecaceae: Neodypsis articulatus [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Mamet1951].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, Mamet1951].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female circular, convex to more or less conical, pure white in colour, sometimes appearing dirty through accumulation of extraneous matter, somewhat shiny, showing circular ridges which give to it a roughened appearance. Central boss small, somewhat denser in texture than the rest of the scale, white, with eight carinae radiating from its centre to margin. Scale of male elongate, case-like, pure white in colour, smaller than that of female (Mamet, 1954b).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [catalogue: 369-372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 194]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 225, 241-243]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 226].
Conchaspis socialis GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis socialis Green, 1896e: 20. Type data: SRI LANKA [=CEYLON]: Tangalla, on unidentified shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Sapotaceae: Madhuca [Takagi1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Admiralty Islands [Takagi1997]. Oriental: Sri Lanka [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, Ali1970, Green1937, Varshn1985a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b). Takagi (1997) presented SEM micrographs of several structures of the adult female.
STRUCTURE: Scale of female comparatively large; circular; rounded to bluntly conical above; firm, opaque and closely felted; outer surface greyish to greyish brown; inner surface white and smooth; diameter of mature scale about 5 mm. Scale of male white, oblong, flattened, closely felted, completely enveloping the pupa (Green, 1896e).
KEYS: Takagi 1997: 42 (female) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (second-instar nymph) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (first-instar nymph) [Asia]; Ben-Dov 1974a: 372 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Ali1970 [catalogue, taxonomy: 61]; BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 372]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 194]; Brain1918 [taxonomy: 114]; Cocker1896b [catalogue: 339]; Cocker1899a [catalogue: 395]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 39]; Green1896e [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20]; Green1937 [catalogue: 313]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy: 23]; Houser1918 [taxonomy: 171]; LepageGi1943 [taxonomy: 348]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 216]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 231-232]; Newste1903 [taxonomy: 2]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 17]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy, structure, host, distribution: 29-79].
Conchaspis tsaratananae MametNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis tsaratananae Mamet, 1951: 225. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Mt. Tsaratanana, on a palm. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Arecaceae [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Mamet1959a, Mamet1951], Neodypsis [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Mamet1954], Neodypsis decaryi [BenDov1981c, Mamet1959a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, Mamet1959a, BenDov1981c, Mamet1951].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1951; 1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female elongate oval, very thin, delicate, more or less transparent, white to dirty-white, flat. Central boss small, somewhat denser in texture than surrounding structures, white with slightly elevated carinae radiating from its centre. Scale of male, opaque, dirty-white, smaller than that of female (Mamet, 1954b).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 149]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 194-195]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 225 ,243-245]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 14]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 232-233]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 378]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 21].
Conchaspis tsinjoarivensis MametNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis tsinjoarivensis Mamet, 1954b: 233. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tsinjoarivo, on unidentified shrub. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, Mamet1959a, BenDov1981c].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female circular to oval, moderately convex, of somewhat hard texture, white, somewhat obscured by particles of extraneous matter, without conspicuous ridges; occurring singly or in compact masses; central boss fairly conspicuous, somewhat shiny. Internally, the scale is pure white and nacreous. Diameter, about 4 mm (Mamet, 1954b).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 150]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 195]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 233-235]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 378]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 21].
Conchaspis vaccinii KhooNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis vaccinii Khoo, 1978: 79. Type data: MALAYSIA: Gunung Bungah Buah, Selangor, on Vaccinium malaccense. Holotype female. Type depository: Kuala Lumpur: Selangor Museum, Malaysia. Described: female. Illust.
Conchaspis malesiana Ben-Dov & Williams, 1985: 67. Type data: SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, on Apocynaceae. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Takagi, 1997: 30.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera griffithii [Takagi1997]. Apocynaceae [BenDovWi1985], Willughbeia [Takagi1997]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium malaccense [Khoo1978, Takagi1992]. Euphorbiaceae: Aporusa aurea [Takagi1997], Mallotus [Takagi1997]. Guttiferae: Garcinia andamanica [Takagi1992], Garcinia opaca [Takagi1992]. Rubiaceae: Gaertnera vaginans [Takagi1997], Urophyllum [Takagi1997], Urophyllum glabrum [Takagi1997]. Sapotaceae: Payena [Takagi1997], Payena lucida [Takagi1992, Takagi1997], Planchonella firma [Takagi1997]. Symplocaceae: Symplocos adenophylla [Takagi1997], Symplocos conchinchinensis [Takagi1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Khoo1978, BenDovWi1985, Takagi1992] (Sarawak [Takagi1997]); Singapore [BenDovWi1985, Takagi1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Khoo (1978), Ben-Dov & Williams (1985) (as C. malesiana and by Takagi (1992; 1997). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Khoo (1978). Good description and illustration of the last-instar female nymph given by Khoo (1978). Takagi (1992; 1997) presented SEM micrographs of various structures of the adult female. Takagi (1997) evaluated the intraspecific variation in some taxonomic characters of the adult female and nymphs.
STRUCTURE: Scale of adult female resembling the two valves of a half-opened bivalve clasping on to the leaf stalk. Scale of immature female roughly circular in outline with a conspicuous central boss. Scale white in colour with bits of dark particles incorporated on surface. Internally, scale pure white and smooth (Khoo, 1978).
KEYS: Takagi 1997: 42 (female) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 42 (second-instar nymph) [Asia]; Takagi 1997: 43 (first-instar nymph) [Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1981d [catalogue: 271]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 195-196]; BenDovWi1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-70]; Hu1986J [taxonomy: 215]; Khoo1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-83]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Takagi1992 [taxonomy, structure, host, distribution: 1-71]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy, illustration, structure, host, distribution: 29-79].
Conchaspis vaughani MametNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis vaughani Mamet, 1954b: 235. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Manjakatompo, on unidentified tree. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [BenDov1981c, Mamet1962].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, BenDov1981c, Mamet1962].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female almost circular, moderately convex, of somewhat hard texture, white, usually obscured by extraneous matter, without conspicuous ridges; usually occurring singly on leaves and in small masses on twigs; central boss not conspicuous. Internally the scale is pure white and nacreous; about 4 mm in diameter. Scale of male elongate, white and shiny; occurring in radially disposed elements under female scale, with posterior extremity protruding beyond margin of female scale (Mamet, 1954b).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 371 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 239 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 371]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 150]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 196]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 235-236]; Mamet1962 [host, distribution: 161]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 21]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 21].
Conchaspis vayssierei MametNOMENCLATURE:
Conchaspis vayssierei Mamet, 1954b: 236. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Holotype on Areca sp.; Paratypes collected from an unidentified palm. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Arecaceae [Mamet1954b], Areca [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Cocos nucifera [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b], Oreodoxa regia [BenDov1981c, Mamet1954b, Mamet1959a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954b, Mamet1959a, BenDov1981c].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1954b). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Mamet (1954b). Good description and illustration of the second-instar female nymph given by Mamet (1954b). Good description and illustration of the third-instar female nymph given by Mamet (1954b). Good description and illustration of the adult male, prepupa and pupa given by Mamet (1954b).
STRUCTURE: Scale of female circular, white, somewhat shiny, closely felted in texture; semi-transparent, moderately convex; occurring singly or grouped together; central boss conical, opaque, white, with numerous ridges radiating from the apex to its margin; about 2.5 mm in diameter. Scale of male elongate, white, felted in texture, semi-transparent, somewhat shiny, with boss opaque (Mamet, 1954b).
KEYS: Ben-Dov 1974a: 370 (female) [World]; Mamet 1954b: 238 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Afifi1969 [taxonomy: 35]; BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 370]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 150]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 196]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 198-207, 236-238]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 379]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 21]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 21].
Fagisuga LindingerNOMENCLATURE:
Fagisuga Lindinger, 1909b: 107. Type species: Fagisuga triloba Lindinger, by monotypy.
STRUCTURE: The adult female, as well as the nymphs of both sexes, of the species in this genus are covered by a scale formed by secretion of the underlying insect. In the general appearance the scale resembles that of species in the armoured scales family, Diaspididae. However, no exuviae are incorporated in a Conchaspididae scale, thus clearly distinguishing it from the Diaspididae.
KEYS: Williams 1992: 1326 (female) [Key to genera of the world].
CITATIONS: Balach1942 [taxonomy: 45]; Balach1948b [taxonomy: 257]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 150]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 197]; Brain1918 [taxonomy: 113]; BruesMeCa1954 [taxonomy: 654]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy: 66]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 303]; Lindin1909b [taxonomy: 107-108]; Lindin1931a [catalogue: 10]; Lindin1937 [catalogue: 185]; Lizery1939 [catalogue: 198]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 212, 216]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy: 193]; MorrisMo1966 [catalogue: 76]; Sander1909a [catalogue: 35]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 859]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy: 29]; Takagi2003 [structure, taxonomy: 106]; Willia1992 [taxonomy, key: 1326].
Fagisuga triloba LindingerNOMENCLATURE:
Fagisuga triloba Lindinger, 1909b: 107. Type data: CHILE: locality not indicated, on Nothophagus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985e: 255. Type depository: Hamburg: Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat von Hamburg, Germany. Described: female.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw [Fulmek1943, Caltag1957].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Nothofagus [Hoy1962a, BenDov1981c, Silves1939, Lindin1909b, MillerGo1975], Nothofagus [Willia1985e], Nothofagus antarctica [BenDov1981c, Laing1927a, Willia1985e], Nothofagus betuloides [Hoy1962a, Willia1985e], Nothofagus dombeyi [GonzalCh1968, BenDov1981c, Laing1927a, Lindin1909b], Nothofagus dombeyi [WeidneWa1968], Nothofagus dombeyi [Sander1909a, Willia1985e], Nothofagus obliqua [GonzalCh1968, BenDov1981c], Nothofagus procera [GonzalCh1968, BenDov1981c]. Rhamnaceae: Colletia spinosissima [Willia1985e].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Laing1927a, GonzalCh1968, Willia1985e] (Chubut [Willia1985e] (Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi, Ladera Cerro Otlo, San Roman; S. Patagonia, Woodhouse Bay; Chubut Province, Trevelin; San Martin de los Andes, Lago Lolog, Neuguen.), Tierra del Fuego [BenDov1981c, Willia1985e]); Chile [BenDov1981c, Caltag1957, Hoy1962a, GonzalCh1968, WeidneWa1968, MillerGo1975, Charli1972] (Magallanes [Lindin1909b, Laing1927a, Willia1985e] (Territorio Magallanes, Peninsula Antonio Varas, Seno Ultima Esperanza, Wellington Is., Puerto Eden, Navarino Is., Puerto Williams.)).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Laing (1927a) and by Williams (1985e).
STRUCTURE: Scale of adult female about 1 mm in diameter, arched, dirty white-grey on the outside, white on the inside (Lindinger, 1909b).
CITATIONS: Balach1948b [taxonomy: 257]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 150]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 197]; Brain1918 [taxonomy: 113]; Caltag1957 [distribution, natural enemies: 22]; Charli1972 [distribution, host: 215]; Fulmek1943 [catalogue, natural enemies: 34]; GonzalCh1968 [host, distribution: 110]; Hoy1962a [host, distribution: 512]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 78]; Koteja1976 [taxonomy: 274]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 669]; Laing1927a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26]; Lindin1909b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 107-108]; Lindin1914 [taxonomy: 160]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 10]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 185]; Lizery1939 [catalogue: 198]; Lizery1954a [catalogue: 3]; Mamet1954b [taxonomy: 193]; MillerGo1975 [host, distribution: 131]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 21]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 76]; MorseGrCl2005 [taxonomy, phylogeny, DNA: 79-94]; MorseNo2006 [molecular biology, phylogeny: 338-349]; Porter1912 [host, distribution: 23]; Sander1909a [taxonomy: 35]; Silves1939 [taxonomy: 859]; StoetzMi1980 [taxonomy: 20]; Takagi1992 [taxonomy: 3]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy: 176]; Willia1985e [taxonomy, host, distribution: 255-257].
Paraconchaspis MametNOMENCLATURE:
Paraconchaspis Mamet, 1959a: 421. Type species: Paraconchaspis major Mamet, by original designation.
STRUCTURE: The adult female, as well as the nymphs of both sexes, of the species in this genus are covered by a scale formed by secretion of the underlying insect. In the general appearance the scale resembles that of species in the armoured scales family, Diaspididae. However, no exuviae are incorporated in a Conchaspididae scale, thus clearly distinguishing it from the Diaspididae.
KEYS: Williams 1992: 1326 (female) [In key to genera of the world].
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 363]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 150]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 198]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy: 421]; MorrisMo1966 [catalogue: 144]; Takagi1997 [taxonomy: 29]; Willia1992 [key, taxonomy: 1326].
Paraconchaspis major MametNOMENCLATURE:
Paraconchaspis major Mamet, 1959a: 421. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Maroaantsetra, on Faucherea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Sapotaceae: Faucherea [BenDov1981c, Mamet1959a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a, BenDov1981c].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1959a).
CITATIONS: BenDov1974a [taxonomy: 363]; BenDov1981c [catalogue: 151]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 198]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 379]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 144].
Genera Removed from Family
QuadraspidiotusNo valid record found for this genusNOMENCLATURE:
Archaspis Bodenheimer, 1943: 25. Notes: Current status: a subjective synonym of Quadraspidiotus MacGillivray, 1921 in the Diaspididae; see Balachowsky (1948b), Mamet (1954b) and Ben-Dov (1980).
Species Removed from Family
Quadraspidiotus cecconiiNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Archaspis ephedrae Bodenheimer, 1943: 26. Notes: Current status: a junior synonym of Quadraspidiotus cecconii (Leonardi, 1908) in the Diaspididae; see Ben-Dov (1980).