Family Coccidae

Acantholecanium Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Acantholecanium Borchsenius, 1949b: 339. Type species: Ctenochiton haloxyloni Hall, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition of the genus has been given by Borchsenius (1949b, 1950b, 1957), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Saissetiini.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 203, 285, 291 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 4]; Borchs1949b [taxonomy, description: 339-340]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 153]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 308]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 374]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 93-96]; LeeWuSu2012 [description, distribution: 157]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 1]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 147-148].

Acantholecanium haloxyloni (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton haloxyloni Hall, 1926a: 17. Type data: EGYPT: Suez Road (between 5th and 6th Towers), on Haloxylon schweinfurthii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Ctenochiton halyxyloni; Archangelskaya, 1930: 81. Misspelling of species name.

Ctenochiton haloxyli Lindinger, 1932f: 197. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 4.

Acantholecanium haloxyloni; Borchsenius, 1949b: 340. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Haloxylon articulatum [Bodenh1935], Haloxylon schweinfurthii [Hall1926a, Hall1927b, EzzatHu1969, Hodgso1994a], Hammada salicornia [BenDov1971], Noaea mucronata [Moghad2013a], Salsola richteri [Archan1930, Borchs1957, Potaev1993], Suaeda vermiculata [Balach1930a, Borchs1957].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1926a, Hall1927b, Balach1930c, EzzatHu1969, Hodgso1994a]; Iran [Moghad2009, Moghad2013a]; Israel [Bodenh1935]; Jordan; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan); Turkmenistan (Ashkahabad Oblast [Archan1930, Potaev1993]).

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plants.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: General appearance. "Adult female broadly ovate to circular in outline, highly convex almost hemispherical. Ventral surface flat. Margin with a series of stout rays some of which are often broken off in old adults. Dorsum rugose with a submarginal suture that runs posteriorly into the anal plates. Dorsum with waxy plates each plate being mound shaped and surmounted by a little irregularly shaped glassy mass suggesting granulated sugar. The plates themselves appear to have some sort of arrangement but this is obscure. The granular masses surmounting the plates give a characteristic appearance. Anal plates dark brown. General colouration of dorsum grey with a tinge of yellow green, in some specimens pink. Old adult females turn darker in colour." (Hall, 1926a).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 372 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: Archan1930 [host, distribution: 81]; Balach1930c [host, distribution: 120]; BenDov1971 [host, distribution: 24]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 4]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 24,42]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 250]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Borchs1949b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 308-310]; Borchs1950b [host, distribution: 153]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 308-310]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-376]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-18]; Hall1927b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 137-138]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-96]; Hosny1939 [host, distribution: 12-13]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 197]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 3]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 7]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [illustration, taxonomy: 146, 152]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 35, 37]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148].



Acanthopulvinaria Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Acanthopulvinaria Borchsenius, 1952: 301. Type species: Pulvinaria orientalis Nasonov, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1952a; 1957), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Hadzibejli (1983), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 4]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description: 301-302]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 285]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 212]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 376]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 122-123]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 96-99]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 2]; Tang1991 [taxonomy: 271]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 51].

Acanthopulvinaria orientalis (Nasonov)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria orientalis Nasonov, 1908: 493. Type data: USSR: Syr-Darjensi Province, on Haloxylon ammodendri. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female and first instar.

Pulvinaria discoidalis Hall, 1923: 16. Type data: EGYPT: Suez Road, at the 7th Tower, on an undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2007b: 863.

Acanthopulvinaria discoidalis; Borchsenius, 1952: 301. Change of combination.

Acanthopulvinaria orientalis; Borchsenius, 1952: 301. Change of combination.

Rhizopulvinaria iljiniae Danzig, 1972b: 341. Type data: MONGOLIA: Bayan-Khongorsk Aymak, Yekhin-Gol Oasis, on Iljinia regelii. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1974: 70.



HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Halocnemum strobilaceum [Moghad2013a]. Asteraceae: Achillea sp. [Moghad2013a], Artemisia [Archan1930, Borchs1957]. Chenopodiaceae: Anabasis aphilla [Borchs1957, Mateso1968], Anabasis articulata [Hall1927b], Haloxylon [Bodenh1929, Danzig1974], Haloxylon articulatum [Hall1927b, Bodenh1935], Haloxylon schweinfurthii [Hall1926a, Hall1927b], Iljinia regelii [Danzig1972a], Kochia [Hadzib1977], Noaea mucronata [Potaev1993, MoghadTa2010, KaydanKo2010], Salsola [Hodgso1994a], Salsola ericoides [Hadzib1977], Salsola glauca [Archan1930, Borchs1957], Salsola oppositifolia [Moghad2013a], Salsola richteri [Borchs1957, Potaev1993]. Euphorbiaceae: Orbicularia [Hodgso1994a]. Rosaceae: Prunus lycioides [Moghad2013a]. Tamaricaceae: Reaumuria [Hadzib1977], Tamarix sp. [Moghad2013a]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; China; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Egypt [Hall1923, Hall1926a, Hall1927b, EzzatHu1969]; Georgia; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009, MoghadTa2010]; Israel [Bodenh1935]; Kazakhstan [Hodgso1994a]; Mongolia; Russia (Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan); Turkey [KaydanUlTo2002, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007, KaydanKo2010]; Turkmenistan [Bustsh1960, Hodgso1994a] (Ashkahabad Oblast [Archan1930] (Kopet-Dag.)); Uzbekistan.

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Hadzibejli (1983), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Gavrilov (2007b). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: "Dried specimens of the adult female approximately circular, discoid with a distinct raised elongate oval area with a flattened surface situated longitudinally. Colour dark brown, dorsum obscurely spotted with a very little white secretionary matter giving a somewhat regular mottled appearance. Ovisac large, approximately circular with matted surface." (Hall, 1923).

SYSTEMATICS: Gavrilov (2011a) suspects that Acanthopulvinaria orientalis may contain 2 different cryptic species, one in Russia and the other in Turkey.

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 373 (female) [Egypt]; Borchsenius 1957: 285 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1930 [host, distribution: 80-81]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 4-5]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 24, 43]; Bodenh1929 [host, distribution: 110-111]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 218]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-79]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy: 152]; Borchs1952 [taxonomy: 301]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 285-287]; Bustsh1960 [host, distribution: 170]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 213]; Danzig1972b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 340-341, 343]; Danzig1974 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 70]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376-378]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 527]; Gavril2007b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, cytogenetics: 863-868]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 385]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; Hadzib1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 550]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-125]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16]; Hall1926a [host, distribution: 31]; Hall1927b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140-141]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-99]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 196]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; Kiritc1935 [host, distribution: 3]; Kiritc1936 [distribution: 70]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 122]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 4]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 7]; MoghadTa2010 [host, distribution: 31]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 147, 155]; Nasono1909 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 493]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 34, 37]; RzaevaYa1985 [biological control: 55-58]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 271-273]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178, 191].



Akermes Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Akermes Cockerell, 1902i: 89. Type species: Akermes bruneri Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by De Lotto (1965a), Hodgson (1994a), Granara de Willink (1999), Kondo & Williams (2005a) and by Kondo & Williams (2005b).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini.

KEYS: Kondo 2013: 40-41 (female) [Key to genera of the Toumeyella-group based on adult females]; Kondo 2011: 3-4 (female) [Key to genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on adult females]; Kondo & Williams 2009: 13-14 (female) [Genera of New World Myzolecaniinae]; Granara de Willink 1999: 24 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 19]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 5]; Cocker1902i [catalogue: 89-90]; Cocker1902p [catalogue: 254]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 178]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 178]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 27-28]; GullanSt1996 [taxonomy: 310]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 99-102]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; Kondo2013 [taxonomy: 41]; KondoWi2005a [taxonomy, description: 71-77]; KondoWi2005b [taxonomy: 78]; KondoWi2009 [taxonomy: 13-14]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 21]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 69]; Morris1922 [taxonomy: 143]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 5].

Akermes bruneri Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Akermes bruneri Cockerell, 1902i: 89. Type data: PARAGUAY: San Bernardino, on a spiny plant, probably leguminous. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.



HOSTS: Ulmaceae: Celtis [Hodgso1994a], Celtis tala [Lizery1939, Hodgso1994a, Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Hodgso1994a, Granar1999], Misiones [KondoWi2005a], San Luis [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]); Paraguay [Fernal1903b, Lizery1939, KondoWi2005a]; Uruguay [DeLott1968a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1968a), Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999). Description and illustration of first instar nymph by Kondo & Williams (2005a).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 28 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 5]; Cocker1902i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 89-90]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; DeLott1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-84]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 178]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-30]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-102]; KondoWi2005a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-77]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 186]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 223].

Akermes colombiensis Kondo & Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Akermes colombiensis Kondo & Williams, 2004: 138. Type data: COLOMBIA: Valie, El Topacio, on plant of Melastomataceae, inside ant cartons of Myrmelachista sp.; collected T. Kondo, 13.xii.1999. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 0932000. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOSTS: Lauraceae: Ocotea [KondoWi2004], Persea [KondoWi2004]. Melastomataceae [KondoWi2004]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [KondoWi2004].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [KondoWi2004].

BIOLOGY: This species was found in Colombia in ant cartons of ants belonging to the genera Myrmelachista, Azteca and Crematogaster (Kondo & Williams, 2004).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar by Kondo & Williams (2004).

CITATIONS: KondoWi2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-141]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112].

Akermes cordiae Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Akermes cordiae Morrison, 1929: 45. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, Ancon; collected on Cordia alliodora. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.



HOST: Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [Morris1929].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama.

BIOLOGY: Develops in hollow swellings of the host and attended by the ant Cryptocerus sp. (Morrison, 1929).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1929).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 6]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-48]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].

Akermes levis (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium scrobiculatum leve Maskell, 1896b: 392. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, on Acacia longifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Akermes levis; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination and rank.

Lecanium levis; Froggatt, 1915: 608. Change of combination.

Akermes levis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 6. Revived combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia longifolia [Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1915]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Froggatt (1915).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 6]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 29]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 178]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 608]; Maskel1896b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 391-392].

Akermes monilis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium monile Cockerell, 1895s: 203. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Akermes monilis; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Cocker1895s, Iherin1897, Fernal1903b]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hempel (1900a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 6]; Cocker1895s [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 203]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 178]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 446]; Iherin1897 [distribution: 406].

Akermes montanus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium montanum Green, 1908a: 30. Type data: INDIA: Janusai, Himalayas, on an undetermined shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Akermes montanus; Sanders, 1909b: 46. Change of combination.

Coccus montanus; Lindinger, 1910: 130. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Green1908a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 19]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 6]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-31]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Sander1909a [host, distribution: 46]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 47]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 151]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 32].

Akermes punctatus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium punctatum Cockerell, 1895m: 194. Type data: GRENADA: Botanic Gardens, on Citrus medica var. acida. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Akermes punctatus; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.



HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus medica acida [Cocker1895s].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Grenada.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 6]; Cocker1895m [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 194-195]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 178].

Akermes riograndensis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Akermes riograndensis Hempel, 1932: 331. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Lavras, on Schinus dependens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IBSP.

Mesolecanium riograndense; Lindinger, 1957: 544. Change of combination.

Akermes riograndensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 6. Revived combination.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Schinus dependens [Hempel1932, SilvadGoGa1968, CorseuBa1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [SilvadGoGa1968] (Rio Grande do Sul [Hempel1932]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 6-7]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 237]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 331-332]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 544]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 135]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 121-122].

Akermes scrobiculatus (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium scrobiculatum Maskell, 1893b: 221. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Whitton, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: both sexes.

Lecanium pingue Maskell, 1895b: 58. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Bankstown near Sydney; on Dillwynia juniperina. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by Froggatt, 1915: 612.

Lecanium scrobiculatum pingue; Maskell, 1896b: 392. Change of status.

Akermes pinguis; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination and rank.

Akermes scrobiculatus; Fernald, 1903b: 178. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia decurrens [Frogga1915], Dillwynia juniperina [Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Cocker1896b] (New South Wales [Frogga1915]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Froggatt (1915).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 7]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 31]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 178]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 612]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 221]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 58-59].

Akermes townsendi (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium townsendi Cockerell, 1898j: 433. Type data: MEXICO: Frontera, Tabasco, on orange tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Akermes townsendi; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Rutaceae: Citrus [Cocker1898j, Cocker1898u], Citrus sinensis [Cocker1898j].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n]. Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco [Cocker1898j]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 7]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 433]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 12]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 178]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69].

Akermes verrucosus (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium verrucosum Signoret, 1873a: 442. Type data: URUGUAY: Montevideo, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Saissetia (Megasaissetia) verrucosa; Cockerell, 1901e: 33. Change of combination.

Akermes verrucosus; Cockerell, 1902i: 90. Change of combination.

Mesolecanium verrucosum; Lindinger, 1957: 544. Change of combination.

Akermes verrucosus; Ben-Dov, 1993: 7. Revived combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Uruguay.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 7]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy: 33]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 179]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 544]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 442-443].

Akermes xylosma Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Akermes xylosma Granara de Willink, 1999: 30. Type data: ARGENTINA: Chaco, Resistencia, on undetermined host. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Buenos Aires: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Division Entomologia, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Flacourtiaceae: Xylosma [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Chaco [Granar1999], Corrientes [Granar1999], La Rioja [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 28 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-32].



Alecanium Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Alecanium Morrison, 1921: 648. Type species: Alecanium hirsutum Morrison, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Morrison (1921), Hodgson (1990; 1994a) and by Tang (1991).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini. Hodgson (2008) indicated morphological characters that distinguish this genus from Sterculicoccus Hodgson.

KEYS: Hodgson 2008: 59 (female) [Key to related genera,].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 20]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 7-8]; Hodgso1990 [taxonomy: 219-220]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 102-105]; Hodgso2008 [taxonomy, description: 58-59]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; Morris1921 [taxonomy: 648]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 5]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 149].

Alecanium hirsutum Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Alecanium hirsutum Morrison, 1921: 648. Type data: SINGAPORE: Botanic Gardens, on Alsodeia echinocarpa. Holotype female, male and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Takaha1952, Ali1971]. Clusiaceae: Mesua [Takaha1952, Ali1971]. Fabaceae: Dialium laurinum [Takaha1952, Ali1971]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia aquea [Takaha1952, Ali1971]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [YunusHo1980]. Violaceae: Alsodeia echinocarpa [Morris1921, Takaha1952, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takaha1952, Ali1971, YunusHo1980]; Singapore [Takaha1952, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Botanic Gardens.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 7-8]; Hodgso1990 [taxonomy: 219]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-105]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 648-653]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 17]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-150]; YunusHo1980 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control].



Alecanochiton Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Alecanochiton Hempel, 1921: 144. Type species: Alecanochiton marquesi Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.

Alecaniochiton Lindinger, 1937: 178. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 5.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hempel (1921) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 8]; Hempel1921 [taxonomy, description: 144]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 105-108]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 178]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 5-6].

Alecanochiton marquesi Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Alecanochiton marquesi Hempel, 1921: 144. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Angatuba, on Coffea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.



HOSTS: Bombacaceae: Melaleuca [SilvadGoGa1968]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [SilvadGoGa1968]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [SilvadGoGa1968]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Hempel1921, SilvadGoGa1968]. Unknown: Lacuma caimito [Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [SilvadGoGa1968, Hodgso1994a] (Rio de Janeiro; St. Antonio de Tauo.) (Sao Paulo); French Guiana [Hodgso1994a] (Lavaud; Kozon.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 8]; Hempel1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-108]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 44]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 136]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 122].



Alecanopsis Cockerell in Cockerell & Parrott

NOMENCLATURE:

Alecanopsis Cockerell in Cockerell & Parrott, 1901: 58. Type species: Lecanopsis filicum Maskell, by monotypy and original designation.

Alecaniopsis Lindinger, 1932f: 178. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 5.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Morrison & Morrison (1922), Green (1924b) and by Hodgson (1994a). Morrison & Morrison (1922), Green (1924b)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini.

KEYS: Green 1924b: 41 (female).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 8]; CockerPa1901 [taxonomy, description: 58]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 211]; Green1924b [taxonomy: 41]; GullanSt1996 [taxonomy: 310]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 108-111]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 196]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 83-85]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 5-6].

Alecanopsis callitris (Froggatt)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium callitris Froggatt, 1925: 379. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Forbes, on Callitris calcarata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female.

Alecanopsis callitris; Froggatt, 1933: 365. Change of combination.



HOST: Cupressaceae: Callitris calcarata [Frogga1925].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Fernal1903b, Frogga1925]).

BIOLOGY: Occurs in cavities under the bark, in nests of the ant Podomyrma bimaculata (Froggatt, 1925).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Froggatt (1925).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 8]; Frogga1925 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 379-380]; Frogga1933 [taxonomy: 365].

Alecanopsis casuarinae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium casuarinae Maskell, 1898: 240. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Myrniong, on Casuarina sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Alecanopsis (Lecanopsis) casuarinae; Froggatt, 1933: 364. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asclepiadaceae: Woodia aspera [Frogga1933]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Maskel1898, Frogga1933]. Cupressaceae: Frenela robusta [Frogga1915]. Proteaceae: Banksia integrifolia [Frogga1933], Grevillea robusta [Frogga1933].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Frogga1915, Frogga1933]).

BIOLOGY: Found in deserted burrow of a wood moth in the centre of a stem of Casuarina (Maskell, 1898).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Froggatt (1915).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 8-9]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 27]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 605]; Frogga1933 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 364-365]; Maskel1898 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240-242].

Alecanopsis dixoni (Froggatt)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium dixoni Froggatt, 1925: 379. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Eltham, in stem of Loranthus sp. parasitic on Eucalyptus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female.

Alecanopsis dixoni; Froggatt, 1933: 365. Change of combination.



HOST: Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Frogga1925].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Frogga1925]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 9]; Frogga1925 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 379]; Frogga1933 [taxonomy: 365].

Alecanopsis eucalypti (Froggatt)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium eucalypti Froggatt, 1925: 378. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Dorrigo, Brooklana, on stem of Eucalyptus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female.

Alecanopsis eucalypti; Froggatt, 1933: 365. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Frogga1925].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1925]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 9]; Frogga1925 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 378-379]; Frogga1933 [taxonomy: 365].

Alecanopsis filicum (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis filicum Maskell, 1894b: 225. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Kurrajong Heights, near Richmond, on Doodia aspera. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 111. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Alecanopsis filicum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1901: 58. Change of combination.



HOST: Blechnaceae: Doodia aspera [Maskel1894b, Fernal1903b, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Hodgso1994a] (New South Wales [Fernal1903b, Frogga1915]).

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant (Maskell, 1894a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison & Morrison (1922) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 9]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 333]; CockerPa1901 [taxonomy: 58]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 211]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 755]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-111]; LinGuCo2010 [host plants: 90-98]; Maskel1894a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 225-226]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 17]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 83-85].

Alecanopsis grandis Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Alecanopsis grandis Green, 1924b: 44. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Bundarra, on a fern rhizome. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.



HOST: Pterodiphyta [Green1924b].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales).

BIOLOGY: Found in a burrow in the rhizome made by the ant Camponotus intrepidus (Green, 1924b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1924b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 9]; Green1924b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-45].

Alecanopsis mirus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Alecanopsis mirus Green, 1924b: 42. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Townsville, from nests of Crematogaster australis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland).

BIOLOGY: Collected from nests of the ant Crematogaster australis (Green, 1924b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1924b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 9]; Green1924b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-44].

Alecanopsis tenuis Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Alecanopsis tenuis Green, 1924b: 41. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Beaumaris, on Banksia integrifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.



HOST: Proteaceae: Banksia integrifolia [Green1924b].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria).

BIOLOGY: Found in hollows in the stem of the host plant (Green, 1924b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1924b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 9-10]; Green1924b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-42].



Alichtensia Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Alichtensia Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Type species: Lichtensia attenuata Hempel, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 24 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 10]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy, description: 451]; Cocker1902p [catalogue: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 163]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 32-33]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 111-114]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 6].

Alichtensia argentina (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria argentina Leonardi, 1911: 260. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, Cacheuta, on Lycium chilense; collected by Lahille. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 38. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroplastodes misiones Morrison, 1919: 81. Type data: ARGENTINA: Bomplana, Misiones, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Granara de Willink, 1999: 34.

Alichtensia misiones; Lizer y Trelles, 1942: 71. Change of combination.

Alichtensia argentina; Granara de Willink, 1999: 34. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [Lizery1939], Baccharis dracunculifolia [Lizery1942], Baccharis oxyodonta [Lizery1939]. Solanaceae: Cestrum parqui [Lizery1939], Fabiana denudata [Sassce1912, Lizery1939], Lycium chilense [Leonar1911, Sassce1912], Nicotiana cavanillesii [Lizery1939]. Vitaceae: Parthenocissus [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Sassce1912] (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Cordoba [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999], Mendoza [Granar1999], Misiones [Granar1999], Santiago del Estero [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 33 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 62, 250-251]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-38]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 260-262]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 187, 198]; Lizery1942 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 71-72]; Morris1919 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-82]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 87].

Alichtensia attenuata (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia attenuata Hempel, 1900a: 494. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Baccharis genistelloides var. trimera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Alichtensia attenuata; Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Change of combination.

Alichtensia attenuata; Hempel, 1912: 35. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [SilvadGoGa1968], Baccharis genistelloides trime [Hempel1900a, Hodgso1994a], Baccharis genistelloides [SilvadGoGa1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [SilvadGoGa1968, Hodgso1994a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero 2002: 112 (female) [South America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 10]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 451]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 163]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 494-495]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105-106]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-114]; HodgsoMa2002 [taxonomy: 112]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 136]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 122-123].

Alichtensia couturieri Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Alichtensia couturieri Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero, 2002: 109. Type data: PERU: Iquitos, Quistococha, on Psidium guajava; collected G. Couturier, 20.3.1992. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 12156-1. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [HodgsoMa2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [HodgsoMa2002].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero (2002).

KEYS: Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero 2002: 112 (female) [South America].

CITATIONS: HodgsoMa2002 [host, distribution, taxonomy, description, illustration: 109-112].

Alichtensia orientalis Lahille

NOMENCLATURE:

Alichtensia orientalis Lahille, 1924: 105. Type data: URUGUAY: Colonia, on Baccharis refracta. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: Montevideo: Defensa Agricola, Uruguay.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco [Granar1999]. Asteraceae: Baccharis [Granar1999], Baccharis refracta [Lahill1924], Senecio [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Catamarca [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999], Jujuy [Granar1999], Santiago del Estero [Granar1999]); Uruguay.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 34 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 10]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-40]; Lahill1924 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105-108].

Alichtensia simillima (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia simillima Cockerell, 1902i: 90. Type data: ARGENTINA: General Acha, on a shrubby plant. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Alichtensia simillima; Granara de Willink, 1999: 40. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Granar1999] (La Pampa [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 33 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 163]; Cocker1902i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 145]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-42]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 187]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229].

Alichtensia spinulosa (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis spinulosa Leonardi, 1911: 262. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Atriplex lampa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 44. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female.

Alichtensia spinulosa; Granara de Willink, 1999: 42. Change of combination.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex lampa [Leonar1911, Sassce1912, Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Mendoza [Sassce1912, Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 34 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 169]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-44]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 325]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 262-264]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 187]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 87].

Alichtensia ultima Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Alichtensia ultima Granara de Willink, 1999: 45. Type data: ARGENTINA: Santiago del Estero, Río Hondo, on Baccharis. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Baccharis [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Santiago del Estero [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 34 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-46].



Allopulvinaria Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Allopulvinaria Brain, 1920a: 16. Type species: Allopulvinaria subterranea Brain, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eulecaniinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 10]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 16]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy: 115-118]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 7].

Allopulvinaria subterranea Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Allopulvinaria subterranea Brain, 1920a: 16. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Stellenbosch, Jonkershoek, on stems of 'quick' grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa.



HOST: Poaceae [Brain1920a, BenDov1993, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, Hodgso1994a] (Stellenbosch, Jonkershoek.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 10]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-118].



Anapulvinaria Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Anapulvinaria Borchsenius, 1952a: 300. Type species: Pulvinaria pistaciae Bodenheimer, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1952a; 1957), Hadzibejli (1983), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini. Ben-Dov (1993) regarded this genus as a subjective synonym of Pulvinaria.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 203 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 10]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description: 300]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 282-283]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 120]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy: 118-121]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 9]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 273]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy: 130].

Anapulvinaria pistaciae (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria pistaciae Bodenheimer, 1926a: 189. Type data: ISRAEL: Mount Kana'an, Safad, on Pistacia palestina. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Harpaz, 1985: 26. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Anapulvinaria pistaciae; Borchsenius, 1952: 301. Change of combination.

Anapulvinaria pistaceae; Hadzibejli, 1977: 550. Misspelling of species name.

Anapulvinaria pistacia; Hadzibejli, 1983: 120. Misspelling of species name.

Pulvinaria pistaciae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 276. Revived combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Pistacia [Bodenh1943, TerGri1956, TerGri1962, AbuYam1970, Aziz1977], Pistacia khinjuk [Bodenh1944b], Pistacia mutica [Kiritc1931], Pistacia palestina [Bodenh1926a, AbuYam1970, Hodgso1994a], Pistacia terebinthus [BenDov2012], Pistacia vera [Bodenh1943, AbuYam1970, Argyri1983, Potaev1993], Rhus coriaria [Danzig1972b]. Juglandaceae: Juglansss regia [Moghad2013a]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix sp. [Moghad2013a]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Siddiq1966, KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia [TerGri1956, TerGri1962]; Azerbaijan [BenDov1993]; Cyprus [BenDov1993]; Georgia; Greece [Argyri1983]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, AbuYam1970, Aziz1977]; Israel [Bodenh1926a, Bodenh1935, BenDov1993, Hodgso1994a]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia); Syria; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan); Turkey [CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007, KaydanKo2010]; Turkmenistan [Potaev1993]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast); Uzbekistan.

BIOLOGY: In Israel it develops on Pistacia palestina one annual generation. Nymphs develop on the twigs during summer and winter (June until April). In April-May the young females migrate to the new flush of leaves on which they reproduce (Ben-Dov, 1993). One annual generation was observed on Pistacia vera in Iraq (Abu-Yaman, 1970).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Davatchi (1958), Hadzibejli (1983), Tereznikova (1983), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Abu-Yaman (1970) reported this species a pest of pistachio, Pistacia vera in Iraq, and studied its chemical control.

CITATIONS: AbuYam1970 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 242-247]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; Aziz1977 [host, distribution: 46]; BenDov1971 [host, distribution: 29-30]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 276]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 24,42]; Bodenh1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 218]; Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 13]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 89]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 106-107]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 109]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy: 301]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 283-285]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 213]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 198-199]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 581-582]; Davatc1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-48]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 386]; Georgh1977 [host, distribution: 148]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 120-122]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-121]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 197]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; Kiritc1931 [host, distribution: 316]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 265]; Kiritc1936 [distribution: 70]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 4]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 7]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 61]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 34, 37]; Siddiq1966 [economic importance, host, distribution: 4-5]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274-275]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 130-132]; TerGri1956 [host, distribution: 44]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 135]; Ulgent2003 [structure: 393-398]; YanikYuAk2001 [host, distribution: 301-309].



Anopulvinaria Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Anopulvinaria Fonseca, 1972a: 195. Type species: Anopulvinaria cephalocarinata Fonseca, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Fonseca (1972a) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filipiinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 10]; Fonsec1972a [taxonomy, description: 195-196]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 121-124].

Anopulvinaria cephalocarinata Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Anopulvinaria cephalocarinata Fonseca, 1972a: 195. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Caxias do Sul., on Annona sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Anapulvinaria cephalocarinata; Foldi, 1991: 174. Misspelling of genus name.



HOST: Annonaceae: Annona [Fonsec1972a, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Fonsec1972a, Hodgso1994a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Fonseca (1972a) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: Foldi (1991) gave a SEM micrograph of the tubular duct.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 11]; Foldi1991 [structure: 174]; Fonsec1972a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-198]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121-124].



Antandroya Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Antandroya Mamet, 1959a: 410. Type species: Antandroya euphorbiae Mamet, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Mamet (1959a) and by Hodgson (1994a). Relationship to other families in the Cardiococcinae in Vea (2011).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

KEYS: Hodgson 1994a: 74 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 11]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 124-127]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description: 410-412]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 11]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13-14].

Antandroya euphorbiae Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Antandroya euphorbiae Mamet, 1959a: 412. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Faux Cap, on Euphorbia stenoclada. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Mamet1957, Mamet1959a, Hodgso1994a], Euphorbia oncoclada [Mamet1959a, Hodgso1994a], Euphorbia stenoclada [Mamet1959a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a, Hodgso1994a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1959a) and by Hodgson (1994a). Description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Mamet (1959a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 11]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124-127]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375,412-416]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7].

Antandroya tulearensis Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Antandroya tulearensis Mamet, 1959a: 416. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tulear, on Euphorbia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Mamet1959a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1959a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 11]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375,416-417].



Anthococcus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Anthococcus Williams & Watson, 1990: 61. Type species: Anthococcus keravatae Williams & Watson, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 11]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 127-130]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-63].

Anthococcus keravatae Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Anthococcus keravatae Williams & Watson, 1990: 63. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Keravat, on Eugenia malaccensis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaWa1990]. Fabaceae: Gliricidia [WilliaWa1990]. Moraceae: Artocarpus integrifolia [WilliaWa1990]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia malaccensis [WilliaWa1990, Hodgso1994a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaWa1990]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Hodgso1994a] (Keravat.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 11]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-130]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-64,132-134].



Aphenochiton Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Aphenochiton Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 57. Type species: Inglisia inconspicua Maskell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 22-23 (female) [Genera of New zealand]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 58 (female) [Species of New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 57-58].

Aphenochiton chionochloae Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Aphenochiton chionochloae Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 68. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, North Canterbury, Mt Oxford (1060 meters), on Chionochloa flavescens, 8 Feb. 1955, coll. W.R. Boyce. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 90-214d. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Chionochloa flavescens [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 58 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59,68-69].

Aphenochiton dierama Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Aphenochiton dierama Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 69. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, North Canterbury, Arthur's Pass, under bark of Dracophyllum sp., 23 Jan 1983, coll. J.M. Cox. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 161. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Epacridaceae: Dracophyllum [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

BIOLOGY: Likely to have only one generation a year (Hodgson & Henderson, 2000).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 58 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60,69-70].

Aphenochiton grammicus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Aphenochiton grammicus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 70. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Taupo, Pureora Forest Lodge, on Dracophyllum subulatum, 10 Jan 1995, coll. R.C. Henderson. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 95-012. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Epacridaceae: Dracophyllum subulatum [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 59 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61,70-71].

Aphenochiton inconspicuus (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia inconspicua Maskell, 1892: 19. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Reefton, on Corokia cotoneaster. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 72. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 95-018c. Described: female.

Aphenochiton inconspicuus; Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 71. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Olearia nummularifolia [HodgsoHe2000]. Elaeocarpaceae: Aristotelia fruticosa [HodgsoHe2000]. Escalloniaceae: Corokia [HodgsoHe2000], Corokia cotoneaster [Maskel1892a]. Malvaceae: Plagianthus divaricatus [HodgsoHe2000]. Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia australia [HodgsoHe2000]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma [HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma propinqua [HodgsoHe2000]. Winteraceae: Pseudowintera colorata [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [Cocker1896b, HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 58 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 148]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 29]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 162]; HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62,71-72]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-20]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 14]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Wise1977 [taxonomy, distribution: 105].

Aphenochiton kamahi Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Aphenochiton kamahi Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 72. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Gisborne, Kakanui, 300 meters, on Weinmannia racemosa, 30 April 1993, coll. R.C. Henderson. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 93-284a. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cunoniaceae: Weinmannia racemosa [HodgsoHe2000], Weinmannia silvicola [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

BIOLOGY: Probably develops one annual generation; overwintering as adult female; apparently restricted to Weinmannia spp. (Hodgson & Henderson, 2000).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 58 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63,72-74].

Aphenochiton matai Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Aphenochiton matai Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 74. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Waikat, SF 97, Waimiha, (Te Kuiti), on Podocarpus spicatus, 1 October 1957, coll. R.C. Howie. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus spicatus [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 58 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58,74-75].

Aphenochiton pronus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Aphenochiton pronus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 75. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Coromandel, Rock and Pillar Range, Summit Stonehenge, on leaves of Hebe pauciramosa, 2 December 1993, coll. B.H. Patrick. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 93-375h. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Scrophulariaceae: Hebe pauciramosa [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 58 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65, 75-76].

Aphenochiton pubens Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Aphenochiton pubens Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 76. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Auckland, Waitakere Range, Sharp Bush, on Mida salicifolia, 22 March 1998, coll. R.C. Henderson. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 98-043d. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Griseliniaceae: Griselinia lucida [HodgsoHe2000]. Lauraceae: Beilshchmiedia tawa [HodgsoHe2000], Litsea calicaris [HodgsoHe2000]. Liliaceae: Cordyline banksii [HodgsoHe2000]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [HodgsoHe2000]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tenuifolium [HodgsoHe2000]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus totara [HodgsoHe2000]. Santalaceae: Mida salicifolia [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 58 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66,76-78].

Aphenochiton subtilis Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Aphenochiton subtilis Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 78. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Auckland, Waitakere Range, Sharp Bush, on Mida salicifolia, 22 March 1998, coll. R.C. Henderson. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 98-044a. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Meryta sinclairii [HodgsoHe2000], Raukaua [HodgsoHe2000]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrsinaceae: Elingamita [HodgsoHe2000]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [HodgsoHe2000]. Santalaceae: Mida salicifolia [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000], Three Kings Islands [Willia2013]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 58 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58,78-79]; Willia2013 [distribution, host: 190].



Austrolecanium Gullan & Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Austrolecanium Gullan & Hodgson, 1998: 199. Type species: Austrolecanium sassafras Gullan & Hodgson, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Gullan & Hodgson (1998).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Paralecaniini.

CITATIONS: GullanHo1998 [taxonomy, description: 197-217].

Austrolecanium cappari (Froggatt)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium cappari Froggatt, 1915: 604. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Gunnedah, on Capparis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gullan & Hodgson, 1998: 210. Type depository: Orange: Agricultural Scientific Collections Trust, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia. Described: female.

Platylecanium cappari; Ben-Dov, 1993: 237. Change of combination.

Austrolecanium cappari; Gullan & Hodgson, 1998: 210. Described: female and first instar. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Capparidaceae: Capparis [GullanHo1998], Capparis mitchelli [Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1915, GullanHo1998]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Gullan & Hodgson (1998). Description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Gullan & Hodgson (1998).

STRUCTURE: Live female dark chocolate brown with lighter-coloured edges to body when mature, of lighter coloration with yellow body margin when immature (Froggatt, 1915).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 237]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 604-605]; GullanHo1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-217].

Austrolecanium sassafras Gullan & Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Austrolecanium sassafras Gullan & Hodgson, 1998: 202. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Yadboro State Forest, off Western Distributor Rd., on Carters Creek, on leaf of Doryphora sassafras. Holotype female and first instar. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female and first instar.



HOST: Monimiaceae: Doryphora sassafras [GullanHo1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [GullanHo1998]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Gullan & Hodgson (1998). Description and illustration of the third-instar female nymph, second-instar female nymph, second-instar male nymph and first-instar nymph given by Gullan & Hodgson (1998).

STRUCTURE: Live female bright green with shiny dorsum, especially in mature female; young female partially transparent (Gullan & Hodgson, 1998).

CITATIONS: GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; GullanHo1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-217].



Austrolichtensia Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Austrolichtensia Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Type species: Lecanodiaspis hakearum Fuller, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filipiinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 11]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy, description: 451]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 142]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 130-132]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 20].

Austrolichtensia hakearum (Fuller)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanodiaspis hakearum Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Pinjarrah, on Hakea media. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; Penny Gullan, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Lichtensia hakearum Fuller, 1899: 457. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Pinjarrah, on Hakea media. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fuller, 1899: 458. Notes: Type material probably lost; P. Gullan, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Austrolichtensia hakearum; Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Hodgso1994a]. Proteaceae: Hakea media [Fuller1899, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Frogga1915, Hodgso1994a] (Pinjarrah; Guildford.)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Fuller (1899) described the junior synonym, Lichtensia hakearum as a distinct species, however the type-data of the former were clearly identical with those of the senior synonym Lecanodiaspis hakearum Fuller, 1897.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 12]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 395]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 451]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 142]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 420,754]; Fuller1897b [host, distribution: 1345]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 457-458]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-132].



Avricus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Avricus De Lotto, 1975: 61. Type species: Ceroplastodes psychotriae De Lotto, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by De Lotto (1975) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: De Lotto 1975: 62 (female) [Afrotropical].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 12]; DeLott1975 [taxonomy, description: 61-62]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 132-136].

Avricus adspersus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton adspersus De Lotto, 1958b: 165. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Nelspruit, on Trichilia roka. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Avricus adspersus; De Lotto, 1975: 62. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Antidesma venosum [Hodgso1969a]. Meliaceae: Melia [Hodgso1969a], Trichilia roka [DeLott1958b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1958b, Hodgso1969a]; Zimbabwe.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 12]; DeLott1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167]; DeLott1975 [taxonomy, description: 62]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 10-11].

Avricus amoenus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton amoenus De Lotto, 1958b: 168. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Melsetter, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Avricus amoenus; De Lotto, 1975: 62. Change of combination.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1958b, Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [DeLott1958b, Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958b).

CITATIONS: DeLott1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-169]; DeLott1975 [taxonomy, description: 62]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 11]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 44].

Avricus arborescens (Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton arborescens Laing, 1928: 215. Nomen nudum.

Ctenochiton arborescens Laing, 1929a: 478. Type data: GHANA: Aburi, on Stenophylla coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Avricus arborescens; De Lotto, 1975: 62. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Tabernaemontana [Laing1929a, DeLott1958b]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos angolensis [Hodgso1969a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Laing1929a, DeLott1958b], Coffea arabica [Laing1929a, DeLott1958b], Coffea canephora [DeLott1968a, Almeid1973b], Coffea robusta [Laing1929a, DeLott1958b], Coffea stenophylla [Laing1929a, DeLott1958b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1968a, Almeid1973b]; Ethiopia; Ghana; Kenya [Laing1929a, DeLott1958b]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Laing1929a, DeLott1958b]); Sudan [Laing1929a, DeLott1958b]; Tanzania [Laing1929a, DeLott1958b]; Uganda [Laing1929a, DeLott1958b]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958b).

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 4]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 12-13]; DeLott1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-171]; DeLott1968a [host, distribution: 83]; DeLott1975 [taxonomy, description: 62]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 11]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 44]; Laing1928 [taxonomy: 215]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 478-479].

Avricus castaneus (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton castaneus De Lotto, 1958b: 171. Type data: KENYA: Thika, on Pistacia aethiopica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Avricus castaneus; De Lotto, 1975: 62. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Pistacia aethiopica [DeLott1958b]. Apocynaceae: Acokanthera schimperi [DeLott1958b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1958b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 13]; DeLott1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-172]; DeLott1975 [taxonomy, description: 62].

Avricus pluvialis (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton pluvialis Hodgson, 1969a: 11. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Victoria Falls, on Ficus capensis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Avricus pluvialis; De Lotto, 1975: 62. Change of combination.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus capensis [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 13]; DeLott1975 [taxonomy, description: 62]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-13].

Avricus psychotriae (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes psychotriae De Lotto, 1956b: 310. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Psychotria nairobensis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Avricus psychotriae; De Lotto, 1975: 61. Change of combination.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Psychotria nairobensis [DeLott1956b, Hodgso1971, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1956b, Hodgso1971, Hodgso1994a] (Nairobi.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1956b) and by Hodgson (1971; 1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 13]; DeLott1956b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 310-312]; DeLott1975 [taxonomy, description: 62]; Hodgso1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-57]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-136].



Aztecalecanium Kondo & Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Aztecalecanium Kondo & Williams, 2004: 5. Type species: Akermes colimae Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Kondo & Williams (2004).

KEYS: Kondo 2011: 3 (female) [Key to genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on adult females]; Kondo & Williams 2009: 13-14 (female) [Genera of New World Myzolecaniinae].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; KondoWi2004 [taxonomy, description: 5-9]; KondoWi2009 [taxonomy: 13-14].

Aztecalecanium colimae (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Akermes colimae Cockerell, 1903b: 47. Type data: MEXICO: Cualatan, Colima, on an undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

Aztecalecanium colimae; Kondo & Williams, 2004: 5. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Colima [Cocker1903b, KondoWi2004]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by the ant, Azteca longiceps (Cockerell) - Dolichoderinae (Cockerell, 1903g; Kondo & Williams (2004).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Kondo & Williams (2004). Description of adult female by Cockerell (1903g).

STRUCTURE: General appearance. "Female scale about 5 mm. long, ferruginous or coffee-colour, with a partial covering of a sort of snuff-coloured tomentum, which also covers the inside of the gall. They are shrunken, but appear to have been nearly globular. Anal plates small and corrugated, surrounded by a dark thickened area. The surface of the scale when seen with a lens appear dullish ferruginous, minutely marbled and spotted with black. No sign of any waxy or glassy secretion." (Cockerell, 1903b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 5-6]; Cocker1903b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 47]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 178]; KondoWi2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-9]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224].



Bodenheimera Bodenheimer

NOMENCLATURE:

Bodenheimera Bodenheimer, 1935: 251. Type species: Lecanium (Eulecanium) racheli Bodenheimer, by monotypy.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1969 [taxonomy, description: 83-92]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 14]; Bodenh1935 [taxonomy: 251]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 218]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 143-151]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 24]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 150-151].

Bodenheimera rachelae (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Eulecanium) racheli Bodenheimer, 1924: 68. Type data: ISRAEL: Wadi Auje near Jericho, on Vitex agnus-castus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1980: 262. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.

Bodenheimera racheli; Bodenheimer, 1935: 251. Change of combination.

Bodenheimera rachelis Bodenheimer, 1943: 13. Unjustified emendation.

Bodenheimera rachelae; Ben-Dov, 1969: 70. Justified emendation.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis guttulata [Rivnay1945], Hyperaspis reppensis (Hbst.) [KfirRo1980a].

HOSTS: Verbenaceae: Vitex [Aziz1977, Hodgso1994a], Vitex agnus-castus [Bodenh1924, BenDov1969, KfirRo1980, Hodgso1994a, UygunSeEr1998], Vitex negundo [Bodenh1943, BenDov1969], Vitex pseudonegundo [Bodenh1944b, BenDov1969, MoghadTa2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Cyprus [BenDov1969]; Iran [BenDov1969, Bodenh1944b, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009, MoghadTa2010]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1969, Aziz1977]; Israel [Bodenh1924, BenDov1969, BenDov1971, KfirRo1980, Hodgso1994a]; Turkey [BenDov1969, UygunSeEr1998, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: A biparental species, which develops in Israel two annual generations. Reproducing females appear in May-June and in September-October.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1969) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: Aziz1977 [host, distribution: 46]; BenDov1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-74]; BenDov1971 [host, distribution: 24-25]; BenDov1980 [taxonomy: 262]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 14]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 24, 42]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-69]; Bodenh1935 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 251]; Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 13]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 90]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy: 285]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 218]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-151]; Hodgso1995a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 57-65]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; KfirRo1980a [biological control, host, distribution: 114]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 547]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 5]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 7]; MoghadTa2010 [host, distribution: 31]; Rivnay1945 [biological control, host, distribution: 117]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-152]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191].



Bombacoccus Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Bombacoccus Kondo, 2010a: 40. Type species: Bombacoccus aguacatae Kondo, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Kondo (2010a).

SYSTEMATICS: (Bombacoccus is closest to Akermes Cockerell but the two genera can be separated by the following combination of features (morphological features of Akermes in parentheses): (i) dorsum with a dense pattern of microducts (dorsum without a dense pattern of rnicroducts), (ii) young insects in life covered by a white cottony or powdery wax (young insects in life not covered by a white cottony or powdery wax); and (iii) perivulvar pores mostly quinquelocular, with one central loculus (perivulvar pores variable, with 7 or 8 loculi, with 2 or 3 central loculi). Character states of Akermes taken from Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Kondo 2013: 40-41 (female) [Key to genera of the Toumeyella-group based on adult females]; Kondo 2011: 3-4 (female) [Key to genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on adult females]; Kondo 2010a: 39-40 (female) [Genera of New World Myzolecaniinae].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010a [taxonomy, description: 37-45]; Kondo2013 [taxonomy: 41].

Bombacoccus aguacatae Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Bombacoccus aguacatae Kondo, 2010a: 41. Type data: COLOMBIA: Caldas, Anserma, vereda Palo Blanco, Finca Yarumalito, 05 14' 36.5"N, 75 45' 46.2"W, on Persea americana, 1910 meters asl, collected T. Kondo, 2.iv.2009. Holotype female. Type depository: UNCB. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: Cottony avocado scale [Kondo2010a]; Escama blanda algodonosa del aguacatae [Kondo2010a].



HOST: Lauraceae: Persea americana [Kondo2010a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2010a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo (2010a).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Kondo (2010a) noted that this soft scale was collected on the varieties Booth 8 and Hass of avocado.

CITATIONS: Kondo2010a [taxonomy, description, illustration host, distribution: 37-45]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112].



Cajalecanium Gómez-Menor Ortega

NOMENCLATURE:

Cajalecanium Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1965: 108. Type species: Cajalecanium salicorniae Gomez-Menor Ortega, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Gómez-Menor Ortega (1965) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Saissetiini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 14]; GomezM1965 [taxonomy, description: 108]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 152-154].

Cajalecanium salicorniae Gómez-Menor Ortega

NOMENCLATURE:

Cajalecanium salicorniae Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1965: 108. Type data: SPAIN: Cabo Huerta de Alicante, on Salicornia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spain. Described: female.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Salicornia [GomezM1965, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Spain [GomezM1965, Hodgso1994a] (Cabo Huerta de Alicante.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 14]; GomezM1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-111]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 67].



Cardiococcus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Cardiococcus Cockerell, 1903a: 155. Type species: Cardiococcus umbonatus Cockerell, by original designation.

Cardioooococcus; Tao, 1999: 51. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson (1994a). Relationship to other families in the Cardiococcinae in Vea (2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 53]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 15]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description: 155]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 161]; Green1922a [taxonomy: 1034]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 154-156]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 69]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 29]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 230-231]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 314-315]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13].

Cardiococcus bivalvatus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia bivalvata Green, 1903a: 95. Type data: INDIA: South India, Rameswaram Island, on Thespesia populnea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Cardiococcus bivalvata; Green, 1922b: 1034. Change of combination.

Cardiococcus bivalvatus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 407. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Camponotus compressus Fabr. [SharmaSu2011], Crematogaster sp. [SharmaSu2011], Meranoplus sp. [SharmaSu2011], Myrmicaria brunnea Saunders [SharmaSu2011].

FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anicetus inglisiae Hayat [HayatNaRe2003], Microterys agaeus Hayat [HayatNaRe2003], Philosindia inglisiae hayat [HayatNaRe2003].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Pongamia [Ramakr1930], Pongamia glabra [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Malvaceae: Thespesia populnea [Green1903a, Ramakr1919a, Green1922a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Santalaceae: Santalum album [HayatNaRe2003].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Green1903a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Karnataka [HayatNaRe2003], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971]).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 52]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 15]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 162]; Green1903a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-96]; Green1922a [catalogue: 1034]; HayatNaRe2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 309-334]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 406-407]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 31]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Ramakr1930 [description, illustration, host, distribution: 41]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 47]; SharmaSu2011 [distribution, ecology: 62-64].

Cardiococcus foraminifer foraminifer (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia foraminifer Maskell, 1893b: 213. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Semaphore near Adelaide, on Santalum acuminatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Cardiococcus foraminifer; Cockerell, 1903a: 156. Change of combination.



HOST: Santalaceae: Santalum acuminatum [Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Cocker1896b, Frogga1915] (New South Wales [Frogga1915], South Australia [Frogga1915], Western Australia [Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 15]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy: 156]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 161]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 514]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 213-214]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 14].

Cardiococcus foraminifer loranthi (Fuller)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia foraminifer loranthi Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Geraldton, on Loranthus sp. growing on 'Quandong'. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (P. Gullan, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov)

Cardiococcus foraminifer loranthi; Fernald, 1903b: 161. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Fuller1897b], Loranthus quandang [Fuller1899]. Santalaceae: Santalum [Fuller1899], Santalum acuminatum [Fuller1899].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1899]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 15]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 161]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 514]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 460].

Cardiococcus formosanus (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia formosana Takahashi, 1930: 34. Type data: TAIWAN: Shirin, on Pyrus serotina. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Cardiococcus formosanus; Tang, 1991: 315. Change of combination.



HOST: Rosaceae: Pyrus serotina [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tao et al. (1983) and by Tang (1991).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 55]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 15]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-36]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 315-316]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 82]; Tao1989 [catalogue: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-93]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 188].

Cardiococcus fossilis (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia fossilis Maskell, 1897: 308. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Darling Range, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Cardiococcus fossilis; Cockerell, 1903a: 156. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Maskel1897, Frogga1915], Templetonia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899]. Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia adpressa [Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1915], Victoria [Frogga1915], Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 16]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy: 156]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 29]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 162]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 515]; Fuller1897b [host, distribution: 1345]; Fuller1899 [host, distribution: 460]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 308-309].

Cardiococcus major (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia foraminifer major Maskell, 1897: 309. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Murray River, Swan Hill, on Muehlenbeckia adpressa. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Cardiococcus major; Ben-Dov, Hodgson & Miller, 1997: 199. Described: nymphal stages. Change of combination and rank.



HOST: Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia adpressa [Maskel1897].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 148]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 199-200]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 29]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 309].

Cardiococcus umbonatus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Cardiococcus umbonatus Cockerell, 1903a: 155. Type data: MEXICO: Zapotlan, Jalisco, on wild guava. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

Cardioooococcus umbonatus; Tao, 1999: 51. Misspelling of genus name.



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Calophyllum antillanum [Hodgso1994a], Mammea americana [MatileEt2006]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Cocker1903a, MatileEt2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco, Jalisco [Cocker1903a, Hodgso1994a]). Neotropical: Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Rio Piedras).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 16]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155-156]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 162]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-157]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 51]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 230].



Ceronema Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceronema Maskell, 1895b: 55. Type species: Ceronema banksiae Maskell, by monotypy.

Ceronesera; Watt & Mann, 1903: 310. Misspelling of genus name.

Ceronina; Kuwana, 1917b: 172. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Ezzat & Hussein (1969), De Lotto (1978) and by Hodgson (1967c; 1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

KEYS: Hodgson 1969a: 4 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Hodgson 1967c: 1 (female) [Ethiopian Region].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 20]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 16]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 22]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy: 178]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 378]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 127]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description: 412]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description: 255]; Hodgso1967c [taxonomy, description: 1-2]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 2, 4]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 156-160]; Kuwana1917a [taxonomy: 8]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 55-56]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 60-63]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 31]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 231]; WattMa1903 [taxonomy: 310].

Ceronema africanum Macfie

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceronema africana Macfie, 1913: 31. Type data: NIGERIA: Northern Nigeria, Shonga, on Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Ceronema acaciae Hall, 1923: 13. Type data: EGYPT: Luxor, on Acacia arabica nilotica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hall, 1932: 185.

Ceronema africanum; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 407. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Hall1932, EzzatHu1969], Acacia nilotica [Hall1923, Hall1927d, Hall1932, EzzatHu1969], Caesalpinia pulcherrima [Macfie1913, Sassce1915, Hall1932, Hodgso1967c], Cajanus cajan [EtiennMa1993], Desmanthus virgatus [EtiennMa1993], Desmodium scorpiurus [EtiennMa1993], Vigna [EtiennMa1993], Vigna unguiculata [EtiennMa1993]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [Hall1932]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [BalachMa1970].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mali [EtiennMa1993]; Mauritania [BalachMa1970]; Nigeria [Newste1914, Sassce1915, Hodgso1967c]; Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Zanzibar [Green1916a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1932, Hodgso1967c]. Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1923, Hall1925, Hall1927d, EzzatHu1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & Hussein (1969) and by Hodgson (1967c).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Hodgson 1969a: 4 (female) [Zimbabwe].

CITATIONS: BalachMa1970 [host, distribution: 1085]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 16]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 254]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 379-381]; EzzatNa1987 [host, distribution: 86]; Green1916a [description, host, distribution: 376]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-14]; Hall1925 [taxonomy, distribution: 21]; Hall1927d [host, distribution: 277]; Hall1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-186]; Hodgso1967c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-3]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 4]; Macfie1913 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-34]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 44]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [illustration, taxonomy: 147, 153]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 305]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 407]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 31].

Ceronema asparagi (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia asparagi Brain, 1920a: 23. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape Province, on Asparagus capensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Filippia asparagi; Lindinger, 1928: 107. Change of combination. Homonym of Filippia asparagi Giard.

Filippia braini Lindinger, 1928: 107. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 17.

Ceronema asparagi; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 44. Change of combination.



HOST: Liliaceae: Asparagus capensis [Brain1920a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 17]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 23]; Lindin1928 [taxonomy: 107]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 44].

Ceronema banksiae Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceronema banksiae Maskell, 1895b: 56. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, near Sydney, on Banksia serrata. Lectotype female and first instar, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 160. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand.



HOSTS: Proteaceae: Banksia attenuata [Fuller1897b], Banksia ilicifolia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899], Banksia marginata [Hodgso1994a], Banksia menziesii [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899], Banksia serrata [Frogga1915, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Hodgso1994a] (South Australia [Hodgso1994a] (Manly, near Sydney; Aldinga Beach.), Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Frogga1915]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 17]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 27]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 127]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 412]; Fuller1897b [host, distribution: 1345]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 460]; Hodgso1967c [taxonomy: 1]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-160]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 14]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 56-57]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 44]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 60-63].

Ceronema brachystegiae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceronema brachystegiae Hall, 1941: 232. Type data: ZIMBABWE[=RHODESIA]: Inyanga, on Brachystegia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Brachystegia [Hall1941, Hodgso1967c], Cassia florida [Hall1941, Hodgso1967c]. Moraceae: Ficus [Sassce1912].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Sassce1912]; Zambia [Hodgso1967c]; Zimbabwe [Hall1941, Hodgso1967c].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1967c).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 17]; Hall1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-235]; Hodgso1967c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-5]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 4]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 44]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceronema caudatum Froggatt

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceronema caudata Froggatt, 1915: 412. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Thirroul and Lake Toronto near Ne, on Eucalyptus robusta. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: NSWA.

Ceronema caudatum; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 407. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus robusta [Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 17]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 412-413]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 407].

Ceronema dryandrae Fuller

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceronema dryandrae Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, on Dryandra floribunda and D. nivea. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material Probably lost (P. Gullan, 1990, personal communication).



HOSTS: Proteaceae: Dryandra floribunda [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899], Dryandra nivea [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 17]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 127]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 413]; Fuller1897b [host, distribution: 1345]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 460-461].

Ceronema fryeri Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceronema fryeri Green, 1922a: 1028. Type data: SRI LANKA: Maha Illuppalama, on undetermined shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 20]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 18]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1028-1029]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 309-310].

Ceronema gowdeyi (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes gowdeyi Newstead, 1911: 98. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on Ficus sycomorus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Ceroplastes gowdeyi; Sasscer, 1912: 88. Misspelling of genus name.

Ceronema gowdeyi; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 45. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1911], Ficus sycomorus [Newste1911a, Hodgso1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Newste1911, Hodgso1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1971).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 18]; Hodgso1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-55]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 45]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-100]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 88].

Ceronema koebeli Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceronema koebeli Green, 1909a: 256. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kandy, on Sapium sebiferum. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Mametia koebeli; Tang, 1991: 62. Change of combination.

Ceronema koebeli; Ben-Dov, 1993: 18. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Sapium sebiferum [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Green1937, Ali1971]. Fabaceae: Caesalpinia coriaria [Green1937, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Pithecellobium saman [Ruther1914, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]; Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Ruther1914, Green1937, Ali1971].

BIOLOGY: Rutherford (1914) presented observations on copulatory behaviour of the male.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1909a).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 20]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 18]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 200]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 256-257]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 309]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345]; Ruther1914 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267]; Sassce1911 [host, distribution: 66]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 47]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 62-63]; Venkat1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 848-849].

Ceronema mobile Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceronema mobilis Brain, 1920a: 22. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Illovo River, on Celastrus cordata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Ceronema mobile; De Lotto, 1978: 135. Justified emendation.



HOST: Celastraceae: Celastrus cordata [Brain1920a, DeLott1978].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1978].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 18]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 22]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-137]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 45].



Ceroplastes Gray

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus (Ceroplastes) Gray, 1828: 7. Type species: Coccus (Ceroplastes) janeirensis Gray. Subsequently designated by Fernald, 1903: 147.

Ceroplastus; Westwood, 1840: 449. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Change of rank introduced as a mis-spelling

Coccopsidia Amyot, 1848: 496. Unavailable name.

Columnea Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 142. Type species: Coccus caricae Fabricius (= Ceroplastes rusci (L.)). Subsequently designated by Targioni Tozzetti, 1867. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1993: 94.

Lacca Signoret, 1869: 848. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiii.

Vinsonia Signoret, 1872a: 33. Type species: Vinsonia pulchella Signoret, by monotypy. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 27.

Ceroplastes; Signoret, 1872b: 35.

Columna; Signoret, 1877: 658. Misspelling of genus name.

Visonia; Ashmead, 1891: 99. Misspelling of genus name.

Gascardia Targioni Tozzetti in Gascard, 1893: 88. Type species: Gascardia madagascariensis Targioni Tozzetti, by monotypy. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 27.

Ceroplastes (Ceroplastidia) Cockerell, 1910a: 76. Type species: Ceroplastes bruneri Cockerell & Cockerell, by original designation. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 17.

Ceroplastes (Ceroplastina) Cockerell, 1910a: 76. Type species: Ceroplastes lahillei Cockerell, by original designation. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1993: 60.

Baccacoccus Brain, 1920a: 127. Type species: Baccacoccus elytropappi Brain, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1971: 133.

Seroplastes; Seabra, 1925: 32. Misspelling of genus name.

Columella; Šulc, 1936: 65. Misspelling of genus name.

Bacococcus Lindinger, 1937: 180. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 21.

Ceroplasses; Sankaran, 1954: 100. Misspelling of genus name.

Ceroplastidia; Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 32. Change of status.

Ceroplastina; Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 32. Change of status.

Cerostegia De Lotto, 1969b: 211. Type species: Ceroplastes rufus De Lotto, by original designation. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1993: 3.

Ceroplastidia De Lotto, 1971: 145. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1971: 145.

Vinzonia; Danzig & Konstantinova, 1990: 45. Misspelling of genus name.

Paracerostegia Tang, 1991: 303. Type species: Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, by original designation. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1993: 199.

Winsonia; Fernandes, 1993: 111. Misspelling of genus name.

Baecoccus; Tao, 1999: 51. Misspelling of genus name.

Paracerostegla; Tao, 1999: 61. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Mis-spelling of Paracerostegia.

BIOLOGY: Detailed description of the life history in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Zimmerman (1948), Borchsenius (1957), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gimpel et al. (1974), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1996), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Peronti et al. (2008). Relationship to other families of Coccidae in Vea (2011)

STRUCTURE: Members of this subfamily can be recognised by the thick waxy test that covers the whole of the dorsum. The consistency of the wax varies between species depending on the amount of water,The test also varies in thickness between species (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Ceroplastinae. Tribe: Ceroplastini. Ceroplastes is a very large genus from which several genera have been splitted, namely Baccacoccus, Gascardia, Ceroplastidia, Ceroplastina, Cerostegia, Columnea, Paracerostegia and Waxiella. The separation between these genera is controversial. Morrison (1919) noted the similarity of Ceroplastidia to Gascardia and its doubtful distinction from Ceroplastes. Gimpel et al. (1974) regarded all the above as synonyms of Ceroplastes. Ben-Dov (1993) recognized only Ceroplastes and Waxiella while Hodgson (1994a) accepted Ceroplastes, Gascardia and Waxiella as good genera. Following a cladistic analysis, Qin & Gullan (1995 concluded that all these genera should be classified into the senior synonym Ceroplastes. Granara de Willink (1999) suggested that Ceroplastidia was different from Ceroplastes and assigned to the former 7 species from Argentina. The generic name Lacca Nomen Nudum was first published by Signoret (1869) in the binomen Lacca alba Nomen Nudum, which he credited to Pearson (1794). However, such a name was not found in Pearson's paper (1794), who was only interested in the chemical properties of a wax, named by him 'white wax', produced by scale insects in India. Ben-Dov (1993) concluded that Lacca alba was a Latin form, introduced by Signoret (1869) and erroneously attributed to Pearson, of the term 'white wax'. Both the generic and specific names are Nomina Nuda. Nevertheless, there was good evidence to consider Lacca as a 'synonym' of Ceroplastes, as indicated by Morrison & Morrison (1966), De Lotto (1971) and by Ben-Dov (1993). The type species of Columnea Targioni Tozzetti, 1866 was designated by subsequent restriction to Coccus caricae Fabricius, by Targioni Tozzetti (1967). Columnea is here regarded as a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes. If Ceroplastes should be split into smaller generic units, Columnea might be an available name. Baccacoccus Brain is a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes (see De Lotto, 1971; Ben-Dov, 1993; Hodgson, 1994a. Cerostegia De Lotto is regarded here as a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes. Paracerostegia Tang, 1991, is her regarded a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes. Ceroplastina Cockerell, 1910a was ragarded by Ben-Dov (1993) as a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes. Hodgson (1994a: 167) traeted Ceroplastina"...probably... a subjective synonym of Gascardia.

KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [31 Ceroplastes species of Sao Paulo, Brazil]; Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Vinsonia and Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 185 (female) [New Zealand]; Granara de Willink 1999: 24 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Pellizzari & Camporese 1994: 177 (female) [Mediterranean Region]; Qin & Gullan 1994 (female) [Australia]; Tang 1991: 297-298, 304 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 17 (female) [USA, California]; Avasthi & Shafee 1986: 328, 334 (female) [India]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Mosquera 1984: 125-126 (female) [Colombia]; Tao et al. 1983: 61 (female) [Taiwan]; Tao et al. 1983: 61 (female) [as Vinsonia; Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 166 (female) [Japan]; Wang 1980: 19-20 (female) [China]; Avasthi & Shafee 1979: 36-37 (female) [India]; Mosquera 1979: 625-526 (female) [Colombia]; De Lotto 1978: 138, 142 (female) [South Africa]; Paik 1978 (female) [Korea]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 18-20 (female) [U.S.A]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 36 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Hodgson 1969a: 4-5 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Hodgson 1969: 3, 19-20 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Hodgson 1969a: 14-15 (female) [as Gascardia; Zimbabwe]; Beardsley 1966 (female) [Micronesia]; Beardsley 1966: 479 (female) [as Vinsonia; Micronesia]; De Lotto 1965a: 183 (female) [Afrotropical Region]; De Lotto 1965a: 195 (female) [as Gascardia; Africa]; Gomez-Menor Ortega 1958b: 122 (female) [Spain]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Vilar 1951: 133-136 (female) [Palearctic Region]; Borchsenius 1950b: 154-155 (female) [USSR]; Gomez-Menor Ortega 1937: 307 (female) [Spain]; Green 1931: 290-291 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Hall 1931: 290-291 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Brain 1920a: 2 (female) [South Africa]; Green 1909a: 269 (female) [Sri Lanka]; Cockerell 1905b: 198 (female) [USA, Colorado]; Cockerell 1897r: 70 (female) [Brazil]; Cockerell 1895: 7-8 (female) [West Indies].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 18-19]; Almeid1969 [taxonomy: 10]; Almeid1973b [taxonomy: 5]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 99]; AvasthSh1979 [taxonomy: 36]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy: 328,334-335]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, description: 479-480,496]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 13,19,60,94,143,153]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 338]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy: 296]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 93]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 140,154-155]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 449-451]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 268]; Brimbl1956a [taxonomy: 159]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 208]; Cocker1894v [taxonomy: 1050]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy: 5, 7-8]; Cocker1897r [taxonomy: 70]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 16,17]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 253]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 198]; Cocker1910a [taxonomy: 74-76]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description: 330]; DanzigKo1990 [taxonomy: 45]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description: 179-183,195,232]; DeLott1969b [taxonomy: 211]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 133,145,147]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy: 137-138,142]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 381]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 126,147,158]; Fernan1993 [taxonomy: 111]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description: 74-75]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description: 421]; GaimarTa2001 [taxonomy: 311-328]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, biological control: 17]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description : 1-20]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 306-307]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description: 49,122-123]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 47-48,57-58,78]; Gray1828 [taxonomy, description: 7]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description: 268-269]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description: 279]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 152]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description: 289-291]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 16,18]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 16, 128]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 205,208]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description: 1-3,19-20]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description: 2,4-5,14,15]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 137-139,161-163]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 167,170-173,185-186]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 268-271]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 591-593]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 185]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 1-265]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 95-105]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy: 166]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 323,325]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja2001 [taxonomy: 45-46]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy: 355-356]; LinKoGu2013 [molecular data, phylogeny: 257]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 122]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 22]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 31]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy: 12]; Mamet1957 [taxonomy: 374]; MatileNo1984 [taxonomy: 62]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 69]; MorrisMo1966 [catalogue, taxonomy: 21,32,43,44]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 83]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 203]; Mosque1979 [taxonomy, description: 595-598,625-626]; Mosque1984 [taxonomy: 125-126]; Newste1903 [taxonomy]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description]; Newste1908 [taxonomy: 1-4]; Newste1909 [taxonomy: 350-352]; Newste1910a [taxonomy, descriprion: 67]; Newste1910c [taxonomy, description: 192-193]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, description: 97-98]; Paik1978 [taxonomy]; PellizCa1994 [taxonomy, description: 175-192]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, revision: 139-191]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy: 923]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy: 954]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy, description: 289-308]; Seabra1925 [taxonomy: 32]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 848]; Signor1872a [taxonomy: 35]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, description: 33-34]; Signor1877 [taxonomy: 658]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 231-232]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 241]; Sulc1936 [taxonomy: 65]; Tang1991 [taxonomy: 296-297,303-304]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 311]; Tao1978 [taxonomy, description: 79]; Tao1978 [taxonomy, description: 84]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 51,61]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 67]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 93]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 96,98]; Targio1866 [taxonomy, description: 131,138,142]; Targio1867 [taxonomy: 11]; Targio1884 [taxonomy: 400]; Targio1893a [taxonomy, description: 88-91]; Townse1892a [taxonomy: 255-257]; Tranfa1981 [taxonomy, description: 22]; VanHarCoWi1990 [taxonomy, description: 133-134]; VarshnMo1987 [taxonomy, description: 171]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13]; Vilar1951 [taxonomy: 111]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description: 19-20]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 16]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description: 35-36]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy: 60-61,64-65]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,173]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description: 22]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 185]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 183]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 343].

Ceroplastes actiniformis Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes actiniformis Green, 1896: 8. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya and Kandy, on coconut palm. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Ceroplastes actiniformes; Moharana, 1990: 48. Misspelling of species name.



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Componotus parius Emery [SharmaSu2011], Crematogaster sp. [SharmaSu2011].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, Ali1973, ShahJhPa1986, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Annonaceae: Annona montana [Green1930c, Ali1971]. Apocynaceae: Alstonia scholaris [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [ShafeeYoKh1989, Ali1971], Cocos nucifera [Green1896, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, Ali1973], Phoenix canariensis [Bodenh1927a], Phoenix dactylifera [Hall1922], Pritchardia filifera [Bodenh1927a]. Cannaceae: Canna [Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930], Calophyllum inophyllum [VarshnMo1987]. Euphorbiaceae: Sapium [Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, SilvadGoGa1968], Sapium sebiferum [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, Ali1973, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Moraceae: Ficus [Ramakr1919a, Ali1971, Ali1973, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus carica [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Ali1971, Ali1973, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Poaceae: Saccharum officinalis [AgarwaSi1964, Ali1971, Ali1973, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Santalaceae: Santalum album [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [ShafeeYoKh1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Green1930c, Ali1971]). Neotropical: Brazil [SilvadGoGa1968]. Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1930c, Ali1971, AvasthSh1986] [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Bihar [Ali1971], Goa [Ali1973], Tamil Nadu [SharmaSu2011], West Bengal [Ali1971]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Ali1971]); Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1930c, Green1937, Ali1971]. Palaearctic: Canary Islands [Green1930c]; China [DengYuZh2012]; Egypt [Hall1922, EzzatNa1987]; Israel [Bodenh1927a] (Bodenheimer (1927) found this wax scale on introduced Phoenix canariensis, Yucca whippleri and Pritchardia flifera at the acclimatization garden in Tel Aviv. Ben Dov (2012) has not collected it until the present, and assumes that it has not been established in Israel.).

GENERAL REMARKS: The various specimens in the BMNH from Africa labelled C. actiniformis are all misidentifications of other species in the C. rusci-group and it is considered that all published records from the Afrotropical Region are probably also misidentifications. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Bodenheimer (1927) found this wax scale on introduced Phoenix canariensis, Yucca whippleri and Pritchardia flifera at the acclimatization garden in Tel Aviv. Ben Dov (2012) has not collected it until the present, and assumes that it has not been established in Israel.

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 371 (female) [Egypt]; Green 1909a: 275 (female) [Ceylon].

CITATIONS: AgarwaSi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 149]; Ali1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; Ali1973 [host, distribution: 671]; AvasthSh1986 [host, distribution: 330]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 19]; Bodenh1927a [host, distribution: 177]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 331]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution: 791]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 147]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1909a [host, distribution: 275]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 281]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 311]; Hall1922 [host, distribution: 15]; HodgsoPe2012 [taxonomy: 99,101,115,116,118]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [host, structure: 146, 152]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; Nair1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy: 19]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 624-625]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 29-30]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 39]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 47]; ShahJhPa1986 [host, distribution: 67]; SharmaSu2011 [distribution, ecology: 62-64]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 137]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 340]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 172]; Wester1918 [host, distribution, economic importance: 5-57].

Ceroplastes acutus Peronti {in}: Peronti et al.

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes acutus Peronti {in}: Peronti et al., 2008: 144. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Guarujá, Praia de Iporanga, host plant not identified; collected 22.iii.2002, A.L.B.G. Peronti. Holotype female. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-146].

Ceroplastes agrestis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes agrestis Hempel, 1932: 322. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Pirapitinguy, on undetermined tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti et al., 2008: 145. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1932, PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 20]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 322-323]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-146]; Vernal1953 [taxonomy: 123].

Ceroplastes ajmerensis (Avasthi & Shafee)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cerostegia ajmerensis Avasthi & Shafee, 1979: 36. Type data: INDIA: Rajasthan, Ajmer, Hathi Bhata, on Cassia fistula. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female.

Ceroplastes neoceriferus Yousuf & Shafee, 1988: 61. Type data: INDIA: Himachal Pradesh, Solan, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Synonymy by Avasthi & Shafee, 1991b: 22.

Paracerostegia ajmerensis; Tang, 1991: 304. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes ajmerensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 20. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Cassia fistulata [AvasthSh1979, AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [YousufSh1988, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Rutaceae: Citrus [AvasthSh1991b].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Himachal Pradesh [AvasthSh1991b], Rajasthan [AvasthSh1979, AvasthSh1986]).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 304 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37]; AvasthSh1986 [host, distribution: 334]; AvasthSh1991b [host, distribution: 22-23]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 20]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48-49]; Tang1991 [host, distribution: 304-305]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 155]; YousufSh1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63].

Ceroplastes alami Avasthi & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes alami Avasthi & Shafee, 1986: 328. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, Mettupalaiyam, on undetermined wild plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female.

Ceroplastes alamensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 20, 504. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Fabaceae: Dalbergia sissoo [AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Tamil Nadu [AvasthSh1986], Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1986]).

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, record: 328-330]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 20, 504]; Koteja2001 [taxonomy: 46]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 47].

Ceroplastes albolineatus albolineatus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes albolineatus Cockerell, 1894h: 157. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on ornamental shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

COMMON NAME: thick wax scale [Cocker1895].



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus [Cocker1895a, Iherin1897, Hempel1912, SilvadGoGa1968]. Asteraceae: Baccharis [Cocker1895a, Iherin1897, Hempel1912, SilvadGoGa1968]. Celastraceae: Maytenus [Hempel1900a, Hempel1912, SilvadGoGa1968]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [Cocker1899n, Hempel1912, SilvadGoGa1968]. Platanaceae: Platanus [SilvadGoGa1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n]. Neotropical: Brazil [SilvadGoGa1968] (Sao Paulo [Cocker1895a, Iherin1897, Cocker1897r]); Jamaica [Cocker1895a].

KEYS: Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [Jamaica].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 20]; Brown1975 [chemistry: 275]; Cocker1894h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7-8]; Cocker1895a [host, distribution: 100]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1897r [description, distribution: 70]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 19]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 474-475]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; Iherin1897 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 409]; LoaizaCaBe2007 [chemistry, host, distribution: 109-115]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Rios1966 [chemistry: 1507-1512]; RiosCo1965 [chemistry: 1184-1185]; RiosGo1969 [chemistry: 2929-2930]; RiosPe1969 [chemistry: 214-215]; RiosQu1969 [chemistry: 1317-1318]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 137]; Thomso1971 [chemistry: 1-5]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 123]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518].

Ceroplastes albolineatus vulcanicus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes albolineatus vulcanicus Cockerell, 1903a: 160. Type data: MEXICO: Volcan de Colima, on low bush below pines. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Colima [Cocker1903a], Jalisco).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 20]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160-161]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; Willia1985a [distribution: 223].

Ceroplastes amazonicus Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes amazonicus Hempel, 1900a: 454. Type data: BRAZIL: Amazonas, Manaos, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148,154]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 454-455]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 556-557].

Ceroplastes angolensis Compere nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes angolensis Compere, 1939d: 26. Nomen nudum; discovered by ScaleNet, 2004.

Ceroplastes angulatus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes angulatus Cockerell, 1898j: 434. Type data: MEXICO: Frontera, on twig of native tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1898j, Cocker1899n]. Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 434-435]; Cocker1899a [host, distribution: 394]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 18]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69].

Ceroplastes argentinus Brethes

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes argentinus Brethes, 1921: 79. Type data: ARGENTINA: Entre Rios, near Parana, on undetermined plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 61. Type depository: Castelar: Departamento de Patologia Vegetal, INTA, C.C. no. 25, Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Described: female.

Ceroplastidia argentina; Granara de Willink, 1999: 59. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Eupatorium [Granar1999]. Myrtaceae: Myrciantes pungens [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Entre Rios [Granar1999], Neuquen [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Brethe1921 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79-80]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 192].

Ceroplastes avicenniae Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes avicenniae Newstead, 1917a: 24. Type data: GUYANA: Mahaica Creek, on Avicennia nitida. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Avicennia nitida [Newste1917a, Newste1917b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1917a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25].

Ceroplastes balachowskyi Hodgson & Peronti

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes balachowskyi Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 101-103. Type data: GABON: Makokou, Ivindo, on unknown host, 7/19/1976 by A.S. Balachowsky. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 5875. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Gabon [HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Body rather roundly oval and probably fairly convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts; lateral tubercles indistinct or absent. Caudal process short and stout, probably directed rather upwards. Length of specimens 1.5-3.0 mm, width about 1.0-2.0 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: In lacking tubular ducts in the cephalic region and in having abundant stigmatic setae around the margins, C. balachowskyi is superficially very similar to C. ghesquierei. It is easily separable due to the following combination of characters (those for C. ghesquierei in brackets): (i) dorsal setae on each anal plate in a different arrangement, with 2 large dorsal setae near inner margin (all large dorsal setae near posterior margin); (ii) dorsal clear area exceptionally large, extending laterally to dorsad to legs (much smaller), with many dorsal setae; (iii) stigmatic setae in each cleft rather variable in size, each group with 3–5 larger setae (only dorsal-most seta enlarged), and (iv) with many (8-18) marginal stigmatic setae along anterior margin between eyespots (0-2). It is also somewhat similar to C. singularis in having abundant stigmatic setae along the margins but these are also present along the posterior abdominal margins on C. singularis. C. balachowskyi is also very similar to C. galeatus, but the latter species lacks the large dorsal clear area, has only 0-2 stigmatic setae on anterior margin of head, and all stigmatic setae are similar apart from the 1 enlarged seta near apex of each group. Most Ceroplastes species with loculate microducts of the rusci-type also have wax-plate lines. These could not be detected on C. balachowskyi, probably because these lines are typically made up of loculate microducts with 2 or more satellite loculi, which are rare or perhaps sometimes absent on C. balachowskyi. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (adult, female) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].

CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 99,101-103,124,242].

Ceroplastes bergi Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes bergi Cockerell, 1901a: 288. Type data: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, on Schinus molle, Ligustrum japonicum and Citrus aurantium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes:



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle [Cocker1901a]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum japonicum [Cocker1901a]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [Cocker1901a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Cocker1901a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Cocker1901a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 288-289]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148].

Ceroplastes bernardensis Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes bernardensis Cockerell, 1902i: 93. Type data: PARAGUAY: San Bernardino, on twigs of an undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Paraguay.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Cocker1902i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 93]; Cocker1902p [catalogue: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148].

Ceroplastes bicolor Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes bicolor Hempel, 1901b: 390. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Campinas, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Cocker1902p [catalogue: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148]; Hempel1901b [host, distribution: 390-391]; Vernal1953 [taxonomy: 123-124].

Ceroplastes bipartitus Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes bipartitus Newstead, 1917a: 25. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Locality and host plant of type material not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Notes: Lectotype (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): South Africa, left label: Dept. Agric. Mauritius; right label: Ceroplastes / bipartitus / Newstead / Cotype female With regard to the label “Department of Agriculture, Mauritius” on the lectotype specimens, it is believed (D.J. Williams, pers. comm.) that d'Emmerez de Charmoy either worked or collected in South Africa before becoming Director of the Department of Agriculture in Mauritius and that he took these specimens (and others) to Mauritius with him and then sent them to Newstead from there. Williams considers that Newstead would have written Mauritius on his slides (as he often did), referring to the sender rather than the original collecting site.

Gascardia bipartita; De Lotto, 1965a: 195. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Barleria [Hodgso1969]. Bignoniaceae: Markhamia acuminata [Hodgso1969]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton sylvaticus [DeLott1965a]. Loganiaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Rubiaceae: Hymenodictyon floribunda [Hodgso1969]. Verbenaceae [HodgsoPe2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Newste1917a, Brain1920a, DeLott1965a]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

STRUCTURE: "Female test. Colour, in dried specimens, very like pale dirty beeswax. In the young adults the test is broadly oval, somewhat hemispherical and divided into nine plates: 3 bilateral, 1 cephalic, 1 anal and 1 dorsal, the last named with a conspicuous dark brown or blackish, oval spot, with a central elongated patch of pure white wax; the nuclear spots to the lateral plates are smaller and generally much less conspicuous than the dorsal one. Margin over the stigmatic areas with a pair of laterally compressed and somewhat disc-shaped extensions, each extension carrying on its edge a narrow strip of opaque white wax, the tip of which sometimes reaches the dark nuclear spot of the lateral thoracic plate. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Ceroplastes bipartitus is very similar to C. jos, but differs (characterstates of C. jos in brackets): (i) ventral tubular ducts very sparse, possibly even absent on some specimens and not present medially on abdomen (tubular ducts frequent and present medially on abdomen); (ii) loculate microducts mainly with 2 satellite loculi, those with 4 satellite loculi rare or absent (mainly 3 satellite loculi, pores with 4 satellite loculi present but scarce, those with 2 satellite loculi infrequent); (iii) with generally more than 30 stigmatic setae in each cleft, and each group about as wide as long (about 25 or fewer stigmatic setae in a group and each group much wider than long); (iv) dorsal setae about 2x longer than width of basal socket and sharply pointed (subequal to or only slightly longer than width of basal socket, and bluntly pointed), and (v) claw denticle obscure at most (present). C. bipartitus is also close to C. longicauda, differing mainly in having a much shorter caudal process. Qin and Gullan (1995), in their morphological cladistic analysis of the wax scale insects, found only 1 difference in the character-states they scored for C. bipartitus and C. longicauda, and it is possible that C. longicauda is a synonym of C. bipartitus, with C. longicauda representing a more mature adult female where the sclerotisation of the caudal process has expanded more than on C. bipartitus, or that host plant or environmentaleffects have modified the degree of extension of the caudal process. Too little material is available to determine whether this is likely. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 64-65 (female) [Key to adult females in the C. longicauda-group.]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21-22]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-27]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-197]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 293]; Hodgso1969 [host, distribution: 22-23]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 64,65-68,70,73,241]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 25-26]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes boyacensis Mosquera

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes boyacensis Mosquera, 1979: 599. Type data: COLOMBIA: Umbita (Boyaca), on Baccharis tricuneata. Holotype female. Type depository: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia. Described: female.



HOST: Asteraceae: Baccharis tricuneata [Mosque1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 22]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Mosque1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 599-604]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112].

Ceroplastes brachystegiae Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes brachystegiae Hodgson, 1969: 3. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Umtali, on Brachystegia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Brachystegia [Hodgso1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969).

STRUCTURE: Test of the adult female white, with brown to reddish brown radiating areas; more or less oval in shape, but with the posterior end rather flattened. Dorsally, there is a small central dome with a ring of brown stain, in the centre of which is a longitudinal indentation carrying the dorsal boss; surrounding this area is a further area with brown radiations, which are more obvious towards the posterior end. Laterally there are faint indications of plates. The stigmatic bands are very clear white, and there are also whiter areas at the anterior end and 2 more directed posteriorly at the sides of the posterior end. Length 5 mm, height 3.5 mm and breadth 4 mm." "With waxy test removed, the adult female is elliptical, and produced dorsally into a blunt apical process; the cephalic and lateral processes are barely indicated by knobules; the caudal process is heavily sclerotised and is directed posteriorly, but is fairly short." (Hodgson, 1969a).

SYSTEMATICS: In having a line of spinose setae along the ventral margin of each stigmatic cleft, C. brachystegiae appears to show some affinity with Waxiella but here the spinose setae extend around the entire margin in a single line. Other interesting features of this species are: (i) the absence of tubular ducts associated with the anogenital folds, and (ii) the small size of both the dorsal and ventral microducts. C. neobrachystegiae is closely related. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 22]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-4]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 27-32,241,257]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301].

Ceroplastes brachyurus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes brachyurus Cockerell, 1903b: 157. Type data: MEXICO: Zapotlan, Jalisco, on Rhus-like shrub. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel et al., 1974: 20. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: brachyuran wax scale [HamonWi1984].



HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rubiaceae: Bouvardia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Chen1974, GimpelMiDa1974].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco, Jalisco [Cocker1903a]); United States of America (Alabama, Arizona).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel et al. (1974) and by Hamon & Williams (1984).

KEYS: Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 22]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157-158]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-23]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-20]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy: 271]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 223].

Ceroplastes bragai Peronti {in}: Peronti et al.

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes bragai Peronti {in}: Peronti et al., 2008: 146. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Campos do Jordão, on undtermined plant; collected S.M.P. Braga, 24.xi.2001. Holotype female. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil; type no. 327. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-148].

Ceroplastes brevicauda Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes destructor brevicauda Hall, 1931: 293. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, Sinoia and Umtali, on Citrus aurantium, Toddalia asiatica, and on Cedrela toona. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype female. designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: Zimbabwe [Southern Rhodesia]: upper label, scratched onto glass: Ceroplastes / destructor var. / brevicauda Hall / Citrus / aurantium / (Lu Rha / branches) / Mazoe / WJH 1/9/27; and lower stuck-on label: TYPE / 14.iii.30 / WJH (BMNH): 1/2ad..

Ceroplastes brevicauda; De Lotto, 1955: 267. Change of status.

Ceroplastes luteolus; De Lotto, 1965a: 196. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 50.

Gascardia brevicauda; De Lotto, 1965a: 196. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus anchietae [Hodgso1969], Rhus dentata [Hodgso1969], Schinus molle [DeLott1965a, Hodgso1969], Sclerocarya caffra [Hodgso1969]. Apocynaceae: Acokanthera longiflora [DeLott1965a], Allamanda [Hodgso1969], Nerium oleander [DeLott1965a], Rauvolfia caffra [Hodgso1969]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Hodgso1969]. Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [HodgsoPe2012]. Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [DeLott1965a], Chrysanthemum ?fentescens [HodgsoPe2012]. Bignoniaceae: Markhamia platycalyx [DeLott1955]. Burseraceae: Dacryodes edulis [HodgsoPe2012]. Euphorbiaceae: Uapaca kirkiana [Hodgso1969]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Cillie1967], Cajanus indicus [Cillie1967]. Loranthaceae [EtiennMa1993]. Meliaceae: Cedrela sp. [HodgsoPe2012], Cedrela toona [Hall1931], Khaya nyasica [Hodgso1969], Melia azedarach [Hodgso1969]. Moraceae: Ficus lutea [CouturMaRi1985]. Myricaceae: Myrica serrata [Hodgso1969]. Myrtaceae: Syzygium cordatum [Hodgso1969]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum viridiflorum [Hodgso1969]. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago [Hodgso1969]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Almeid1973b], Coffea arabica [DeLott1955, DeLott1965a, DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b], Coffea canephora [DeLott1967a], Coffea robusta [DeLott1965a], Coffea stenophylla [DeLott1965a, Almeid1973b], Gardenia [Hodgso1969], Pentas schimperana [Hodgso1969]. Rutaceae: Citrus [DeLott1965a], Citrus aurantium [DeLott1965a, Hall1931], Citrus maxima [DeLott1955], Citrus sinensis [Hodgso1969], Toddalia asiatica [Hall1931].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1965a, DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]; Benin [HodgsoPe2012]; Cameroon [HodgsoPe2012]; Central African Republic [HodgsoPe2012]; Comoros [HodgsoPe2012]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Eritrea [DeLott1965a]; Gabon [HodgsoPe2012]; Guinea [HodgsoPe2012]; Kenya [HodgsoPe2012]; Malawi [Hodgso1969]; Nigeria [HodgsoPe2012]; Rwanda [HodgsoPe2012]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [HodgsoPe2012]); Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Sierra Leone [HodgsoPe2012]; South Africa [DeLott1965a, Cillie1967]; Sudan [HodgsoPe2012]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Uganda [DeLott1965a]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, DeLott1965a, Hodgso1969].

BIOLOGY: Cilliers (1967) studied the biology and natural enemies in South Africa. Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE:

SYSTEMATICS: Ceroplastes brevicauda differs from C. destructor in the following points: 1. Denuded of wax the adult female, instead of being more or less pyriform in outline, is very nearly circular. It is very highly convex andvuniformly rounded - only very slightly longer than broad. Lateral tubercles entirely absent. 2. The caudal process is rudimentary, being represented by a very small triangular projection. In C. destructor, the caudal process is half as long as the body and stout. 3. In old females, the deris is uniformly chitinised except for a small area round the base of the caudal process. This small hyaline area is characteristic and distinguishes it at once from C. destructor and other Ceroplastes species, with the exception of C. helichrysi. (Hall, 1931) De Lotto (1965) synonymised C. luteolus with C. brevicauda. It is clear that these 2 species are very similar but Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, determined that they should be considered distinct. In particular, the caudal process on C. brevicauda is never more than rather weakly sclerotised whereas on C. luteolus it is strongly sclerotised, even on young specimens (e.g., holotype).

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 49 [Key to adult females of C. destructor-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 4]; Bedfor1973 [biological control: 4-11]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 22-23]; Cillie1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 1-59]; Cillie2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 162-164]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-199]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 111]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 255]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 293-294]; HallFo1933 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-55]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23-24]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 50-53,241]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 44]; LePell1968 [host, distribution]; Matile1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 175-176]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19].

Ceroplastes bruneri Cockerell & Cockerell in Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes bruneri Cockerell & Cockerell in Cockerell, 1902i: 91. Type data: PARAGUAY: San Bernardino, on unspecified host plant. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroplastes bruneri; Fernald, 1903: 149. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Ceroplastes (Ceroplastidia) bruneri; Cockerell, 1910a: 76.

Ceroplastes (Ceroplastidia) bruneri; Lizer y Trelles, 1939: 195. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Cockerell" as author.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Hodgso1994a, Granar1999], Acacia bonariensis [Lizery1939], Acacia furcatispina [Granar1999], Acacia retinodes [Lizery1939], Acacia riparia [Lizery1939], Ceratonia siliqua [Lizery1939], Manganaroa furcata [Lizery1939], Manganaroa platensis [Lizery1939], Parkinsonia aculeata [Lizery1939]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia edulis [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Hodgso1994a] (Entre Rios [Granar1999], Misiones [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999]); Bolivia; Colombia [Hodgso1994a, Kondo2001] (Doujaca, Magd.); Paraguay [Hodgso1994a] (San Bernardino); Uruguay [Granar1999].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 23]; Cocker1902i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 91]; Cocker1902p [catalogue: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 149]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-64]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-166]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 195]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 7]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 223].

Ceroplastes bussei Newstead nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes bussei Newstead, 1906a: 74. Nomen nudum; discovered by De Lotto, 1965a: 181.

Ceroplastes bussei Newstead, 1906a: 74. Nomen nudum; discovered by De Lotto, 1965a: 181.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: xxiii]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 181]; Newste1906a [taxonomy: 74]; Strick1947a [taxonomy: 498-499].

Ceroplastes caesalpiniae Reyne

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes caesalpiniae Reyne, 1964: 114. Type data: CURACAO: Noordkant, on Caesalpinia coriaria. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands.



HOST: Fabaceae: Caesalpinia coriaria [Reyne1964].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Netherlands Antilles (Curacao).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 23]; Reyne1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-122].

Ceroplastes campinensis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes campinensis Hempel, 1901b: 389. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Botucatu and Campinas, on Myrtaceae and Psidium guajava. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Hempel1901b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 23-24]; Cocker1902p [catalogue: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 149]; Hempel1901b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-390]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19-20]; Vernal1953 [taxonomy: 124].

Ceroplastes cassiae (Chavannes)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus cassiae Chavannes, 1848: 141. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Gália, Estacao Ecologica de Caetetus, on Machaerium acutifolium; collected A.L.B.G. Pernti, 1.v.1003. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti et al., 2008: 148. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil; type no. 387. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The syntypes of Chavannes were collected in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Bosafogo Bay, on Cassia sp. Depository of Chavannes' type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Columnea gray Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by.

Ceroplastes gray; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 728. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes cassiae; Signoret, 1869: 848. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Croton piptocalyx [PerontSoGr2008]. Fabaceae: Cassia [Chavan1848], Machearium acutifolium [PerontSoGr2008]. Moraceae: Ficus citrifolia [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Chavan1848, Cocker1897r], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (008).

KEYS: Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 24]; Chavan1848 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141-144]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 311]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 330]; Cocker1897r [taxonomy: 70]; Cocker1902p [catalogue: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 149]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 452]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-149]; Signor1869 [host, distribution: 848, 855]; Signor1872a [catalogue: 43-44]; Targio1866 [catalogue: 145]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1082]; Westwo1853b [taxonomy: 484]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 14].

Ceroplastes castelbrancoi Almeida

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes aff. longicauda; Almeida, 1969: 17. Misidentification.

Ceroplastes castelbrancoi Almeida, 1973b: 2. Type data: ANGOLA: Sa da Bandeira, on twigs of quince [=Cydonia oblonga]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal; type no. 4450. Described: female.



HOST: Rosaceae: Cydonia oblonga [Almeid1969, Almeid1973b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1969, Almeid1973b, MendesFe1989, HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Almeida (1969).

STRUCTURE: Body oval, probably rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum probably with distinct tubercles. Caudal process (present on only 1 specimen) appearing to be about 1/3rd body length. Length of the body approximately 2.5-6.25 mm long and 0.65- 4.5 mm wide. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: The description and illustration of Ceroplastes aff. longicauda Brain, by Almeida (1969: 143) was a misidentification of Ceroplastes castelbrancoi Almeida, 1973b. Although adult female C. castelbrancoi appear to be very similar to C. eucleae and C. eugeniae, Almeida (1969) states (and illustrates) that mature C. castelbrancoi have a more elongate caudal process, which extends some distance posteriorly (rather less than one third of total body length) whereas on the other 2 species it is shorter, conical and extends dorso-posteriorly. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].

CITATIONS: Almeid1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 143-146]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution : 2]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 24]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy: 99,100,103-104,242]; MendesFe1989 [host, distribution: 56].

Ceroplastes centroroseus Chen

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes centroroseus Chen, 1974: 325. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan Province, on Citrus sp. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material lost (F.T. Tang, 1989, personal communication).

Paracerostegia centroroseus; Tang, 1991: 305. Change of combination.

Paracerostegla centroroceus; Tao, 1999: 61. Misspelling of genus and species names.



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Yucca filamentosa [Tang1991]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Chen1974]. Theaceae: Thea sinensis [Tang1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Tang 1991: 304 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 24]; Chen1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 325-327]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution: 791]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 305-306]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 61]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187].

Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus ceriferus Fabricius, 1798: 546. Type data: INDIA: Coromandel Coast, probably collected on Maytenus emarginatus. Syntypes, female. Notes: For details on the type material see De Lotto, 1971.

Coccus (Ceroplastes) chilensis Gray, 1828: 7. Type data: CHILE: on branches and peduncles of unidentified tree. Syntypes, preadult female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Green, 1899: 191.

Ceroplastes australiae Walker, 1852: 1087. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Sydney. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Green, 1899: 191.

Ceroplastes ceriferus; Walker, 1852: 1087. Change of combination.

Columnea cerifera; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 144. Change of combination.

Columnea chilensis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes ceriferus; Signoret, 1869: 848. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Anderson.

Lacca alba Signoret, 1869: 848. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiii.

Ceroplastes ceriferus; Signoret, 1872a: 40. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Anderson.

Ceroplastes australae; Green, 1904b: 375. Misidentification.

Seroplastes ceriferus; Seabra, 1925: 32. Misspelling of genus name.

Ceroplastes ceriferus; Kiritchenko, 1932a: 248. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Anderson.

Ceroplastes vayssierei Mahdihassan, 1933: 561. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by.

Gascardia cerifera; De Lotto, 1965a: 198. Change of combination. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus; Paik, 1978. Misidentification.

Ceroplastes ceriferens; Tao, 1978: 79. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Ceroplastes ceriferens; Su, 1982: 61. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Ceroplastes cerifera Gill, 1988: 18. Unjustified emendation.

COMMON NAMES: Indian wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, Koszta1996]; indian wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, Koszta1996].



FOES: DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Pectinodiplosis erratica (Felt) [GagneEt2009]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anicetus rarisetus Xu & He [XuHe1997], Anicetus zhejiangensis Xu & Li [XuLi1991].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer japonicus [Green1921a]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Anacardiaceae: Buchanania [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Mangifera indica [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, KinjoNaHi1996], Rhus succedanea [Kuwana1907, Kuwana1923c], Schinus molle [QinGu1994], Spondias purpurea [MatileEt2006]. Apocynaceae: Carissa spinarium [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Thevetia peruviana [GimpelMiDa1974]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex cornuta [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex crenata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex japonicus [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex latifolia [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex opaca [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex serrata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex vomitoria [GimpelMiDa1974]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Lindin1911a], Fatsia japonica [GimpelMiDa1974]. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepiadron [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Asteraceae: Artemisia abrotanum [WilliaKo1972], Artemisia capillaris [Ali1971]. Berberidaceae: Berberis julianae [WilliaKo1972], Berberis tricanthophora [WilliaKo1972], Mahonia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Betulaceae: Betula pendula [WilliaKo1972]. Bignoniaceae: Pandora pandorana [DeLott1971]. Burseraceae: Boswellia [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Bursera simaruba [NakahaMi1981]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [GimpelMiDa1974]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum [HamonWi1984]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Celastraceae: Celastrus ceriferus [Fabric1798, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Celastrus ceriferus [Westwo1853b, Targio1866], Euonymus europaeus [GimpelMiDa1974], Euonymus japonicus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Combretaceae: Terminalia [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [GimpelMiDa1974]. Dennstaedtiaceae: Pteridium esculentum [DeLott1971, QinGu1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Kuwana1923c, DanzigKo1990]. Epacridaceae: Monotoca elliptica [DeLott1971]. Ericaceae: Azalea [GimpelMiDa1974], Vaccinium arboreum [GimpelMiDa1974]. Fabaceae: Cassia [Iherin1897]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [MatileEt2006]. Icacinaceae: Phytocrene [Morris1920, Ali1971]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [QinGu1994], Persea gratissima [DeLott1971, Ali1971]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [GimpelMiDa1974], Lawsonia alba [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [WilliaKo1972], Magnolia virginiana [HamonWi1984]. Malvaceae: Abutilon indicum [AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Melastomataceae: Melastoma candidum [Ali1971]. Moraceae: Ficus [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971, Beards1986], Ficus hauili [Morris1920, Ali1971], Ficus hispida [WilliaMi2010], Ficus montana [WilliaMi2010], Ficus religiosa [ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus retusa [Ali1971], Morus alba [Kuwana1923c, Ali1971], Morus indica [Green1937, Ali1971]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus deglupta [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia malaccensis [WilliaWa1990], Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [Ali1971]. Ochnaceae: Sauvagesia erecta [NakahaMi1981]. Philadelphaceae: Deutzia [WilliaKo1972]. Pinaceae: Keteleeria [Ali1971], Tsuga canadensis [GimpelMiDa1974]. Piperaceae: Piper [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [GimpelMiDa1974]. Platanaceae: Platanus [HamonWi1984]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus macrophyllus [GimpelMiDa1974], Podocarpus nagi [GimpelMiDa1974]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon [Green1896, Green1909a, Ali1971], Polygonum [Ali1971]. Polypodiaceae: Pteris aquilina [DeLott1971], Pyrrosia lanceolata [WilliaWa1990]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Rosaceae: Armeniaca vulgaris [Kuwana1923c], Chaenomeles japonica [WilliaKo1972], Cormus tschonoskii [Kuwana1923c], Crataegus [GimpelMiDa1974], Malus sylvestris [Kuwana1923c], Persica vulgaris [Kuwana1923c], Prunus domestica [Kuwana1923c], Prunus yedoensis [Kuwana1923c], Pygeum preslii [Ali1971], Pyracantha coccinea [GimpelMiDa1974], Spiraea [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Newste1911a], Gardenia florida [Kuwana1923c], Ixora triflora [WilliaWa1990], Neonauclea calycina [WilliaMi2010]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Ali1971, GimpelMiDa1974, KomuraMiMi1982, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Salicaceae: Salix [HamonWi1984]. Sapindaceae: Euphoria longana [Ali1971, Takaha1942a], Nephelium lappaceum [GimpelMiDa1974]. Sapotaceae: Pometia pinnata [Ali1971]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [DeLott1971], Tamarix aphylla [QinGu1994], Tamarix gallica [GimpelMiDa1974]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [GimpelMiDa1974], Camellia sasanqua [HamonWi1984], Camellia sinensis [Green1900c, Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971, GimpelMiDa1974, ShafeeYoKh1989], Camellia sinensis [Tamaki1964, Tamaki1966, DanzigKo1990], Taonabo japonica [Kuwana1907]. Ulmaceae: Celtis occidentalis [WilliaKo1972], Ulmus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Urticaceae: Pouzolzia [Green1896, Ali1971], Pouzolzia walkeriana [Green1909a]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa [GimpelMiDa1974], Duranta [QinGu1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Newste1911a] (The records from Tanzania and Uganda by Newstead (1910a, 1910b, 1911b) and those of Lindinger (1907, 1913) were based on "specimens of Gascardia destructor" (now Ceroplastes destructor), a species that was described only later by Newstead (1917). It is considered doubtful whether this species has been recorded from the Afrotropical Region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)); Uganda [Newste1910a, Newste1910c] (The records from Tanzania and Uganda by Newstead (1910a, 1910b, 1911b) and those of Lindinger (1907, 1913) were based on "specimens of Gascardia destructor" (now Ceroplastes destructor), a species that was described only later by Newstead (1917). It is considered doubtful whether this species has been recorded from the Afrotropical Region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)). Australasian: Australia [Green1899b, Kirkal1902, Frogga1915, Beards1986, DanzigKo1990, QinGu1994] (New South Wales [DeLott1971, QinGu1994], Queensland [Brimbl1956a, DeLott1971, QinGu1994], Western Australia [QinGu1994]); Christmas Island [AbbottGr2007]; Cook Islands; Fiji [Beards1986]; Guam [Beards1986]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, DanzigKo1990]); New Caledonia; New Zealand [HodgsoHe2000]; Palau [Beards1986]; Papua New Guinea; Tonga; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]. Nearctic: Mexico [Kirkal1902, KomuraMiMi1982, DanzigKo1990]; United States of America (Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York, North Carolina, Ohio [Koszta1996], Oklahoma, Pennsylvania [Koszta1996, Stimme1998], South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia). Neotropical: Brazil [Iherin1897]; Chile [Gray1828, DanzigKo1990, KondoGu2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Jamaica [Kirkal1902]; Panama [Beards1986]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Fabric1798, Targio1866, Kirkal1902, ShafeeYoKh1989, DanzigKo1990] [Green1899b, Frogga1915, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971] (Assam [Green1900c, Ali1971], Bihar [Ali1971], Madhya Pradesh [Ali1971], Tamil Nadu [Newste1894c, AvasthSh1986], West Bengal); Indonesia [Beards1986] [WilliaMi2010]; Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [MuniapShWa2011]; Malaysia; Philippines [Ali1971]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1899b, Green1900c, Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971, DanzigKo1990]; Taiwan [Ali1971]; Thailand; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Canary Islands [Lindin1911a]; China [Westwo1853b, Ali1971, DanzigKo1990] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Italy [MoriPeTo2001]; Japan [Kuwana1917, Tamaki1964, Tamaki1966, Beards1986, KomuraMiMi1982, PawlakTeIw1983, DanzigKo1990]; Netherlands [FetykoKo2012]; United Kingdom (England [Green1921a]).

BIOLOGY: Ohgushi & Nishino (1975) studied the life tables in Japan. A parthenogenetic species in USA, Virginia; develops one annual generation in USA, Maryland and Virginia; overwinters as an adult female (Kosztarab, 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1971), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gimpel et al. (1974), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Kosztarab (1996), Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Description and illustration of adult male by Gimpel et al. (1974).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.58, a,b), Hamon & Williams (1984) and in Mori et al. (2001, 2001a). Body covered by thick white (young female) to pinkish white (old female) wet wax, convex, circular or irregular in outline, with an anteriorly projecting horn visible only on older females, without nuclei. Wax bands near both spiracles, anterior bands directed dorsally. Dry wax with filaments as follows: cephalic filament trifurcate; anterolateral and mediolateral simple; posterolateral bifurcate; caudal simple.(Lee, et al., 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: The authorship of this species was erroneously credited to Anderson (1790) for almost 200 years. However, the correct name is Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798). For a detailed discussion on this topic see De Lotto (1971), Williams (2002) and Hodgson & Peronti, 2012. Lee, et al, 2012 examined 143 specimens labeled as C. pseudoceriferus, deposited at the National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea and determined that they were actually C. ceriferus. According to Gimpel et al. (1974), C. ceriferus is close to C. pseudoceriferus Green and C. albolineatus Cockerell. C. ceriferus differs from C. pseudoceriferus in having significantly smaller legs and ntennae,few or no multilocular disc-pores near the procoxae and many fewer stigmatic setae in each cleft. C. pseudoceriferus also has 40 marginal setae between the anterior stigmatic furrows (less than 15 in C. ceriferus). C. albolineatus differs from C. ceriferus in having 7-segmented antennae and a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis. Neither C. pseudoceriferus nor C. albolineatus has been recorded from Africa. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes ceriferus generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of economic importance to many ornamentals in U.S.A. (Gimpel et al., 1974; Kosztarab, 1996). C. ceriferus is a highly polyphagous pest, and many of its host plants are citivated in Europe for fruit production or ornamental purposes. Its recent introduction into Italy showed that the pest is able to survive in parts of Europe. Although more data is needed on the impact of this scale on fruit crops, it seems that it is more a threat for ornamental crops. Control of scales is usually difficult in practice, although biological control agents exist in other parts of the world, it is not known whether they could reduce populations sufficiently under European conditions.

KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Lee et al. 2012: 159-160 (female) [Key to the wax tests of adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Lee et al. 2012: 160 (female) [Key to slide mounted adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Mori, Pellizzari & Tosi 2001: 42 (female) [Italy]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 185 (female) [New Zealand]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Tang 1991: 297 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Kawai 1980: 166 (female) [Japan]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 71 (male) [USA]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 36 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Green 1909a: 270-271 (female) [Ceylon]; Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 1238-1246]; Ali1971 [catalogue: 16]; Antonu2003 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 330-332]; Beards1986 [host, distribution: 9]; Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: xxiii, 24-26]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 238-239]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 457-459]; Brimbl1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution : 159-161]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 224-225]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7-8]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331,333]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 43]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DeBach1958a [biological control: 759-768]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 198]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 133-140,142-143]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; Fabric1798 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 546]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148-150]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 75]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 291-295]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 421-422]; GagneEt2009 [host, distribution, biological control: 348-349]; Gill1988 [distribution: 18]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-29,71-73]; Gowdey1921 [host, distribution]; Gray1828 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 7]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1899b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 190-192]; Green1900c [host, distribution: 8]; Green1904b [taxonomy, description, distribution: 375]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 270-271]; Green1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution : 259]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 310]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-22]; Hodges2001 [host, distribution, life history: 1-122]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 208]; HodgesBr2004 [host, life history, ecology: 611-622]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-186,191]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 19]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 33-37,50,53,54,234]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 408-409]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 167-169]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 248]; Kirkal1902 [taxonomy, distribution: 105]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, distribution: 228]; KomuraMiMi1982 [structure, taxonomy, host, distribution : 3053-3054]; KondoGu2010 [host, distribution: 13]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance : 326-327]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 81]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution : 190]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 71-72]; Kuwana1923b [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 43-50]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; LeeWuSu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, molecular data: 157-162]; Lindin1911a [host, distribution: 33]; MaChZh1995 [host, distribution: 117-119]; Mahdih1933 [taxonomy: 561]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 32,233]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 216-217]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 12]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; MillerRuPa2014 [catalogue: 65]; MoriPeTo2001 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41-43]; MoriPeTo2002 [host, distribution: 331-336]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 188]; MuniapShWa2011 [distribution, economic importance, host: 168,169]; NakahaMi1981 [distribution: 29]; Newste1894c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 21-23]; Newste1910a [host, distribution: 66]; Newste1910c [host, distribution: 195]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 167]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; Ohgush1986a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 59-62]; Ohgush1986b [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 147-149]; Ohgush1987a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 82-85]; Ohgush1988 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 75-77]; OhgushNi1975 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-21]; PawlakTeIw1983 [structure, distribution: 1069-1072]; Pearso1794 [chemistry, life history,: 383]; PellizAnGa2005 [life history, distribution: 350]; PellizGaMo2004 [host, distribution, life history, chemical control, biological control: 39-46]; Pezzi2002 [host, distribution: 31-33]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 928-930]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 29]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 39]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 97-98]; Seabra1925 [taxonomy: 32]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 47-48]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 844,848,849]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40, 44-45]; SmithOtMc1971 [host, distribution, control, economic importance: 889-893]; Stimme1998 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, control: 17-19]; Su1982 [taxonomy, distribution: 61]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 345]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 104]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 30]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 17]; Tamaki1964 [chemical control, host, distribution: 159-164]; Tamaki1966 [host, distribution: 297-300]; Tanaka1953 [illustration, host, distribution: 57,58]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-93]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 128]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 298-299]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 79]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51-52]; Targio1866 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 144-145]; Trembl1988b [host, distribution: 116]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 340-341]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 155-158]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1079, 1086, 1087]; Westwo1853b [host, distribution: 484]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2002 [taxonomy: 239]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 15]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36-43]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 45]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-69]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 38-40]; XieXu2005 [taxonomy, structure: 837-848]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2005a [taxonomy, wax, infra-red: 133-143]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-202]; XuHe1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 91-94]; XuLi1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 219-221]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 187].

Ceroplastes circumdatus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes circumdatus Green, 1923b: 95. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, on Triphasia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Rutaceae: Triphasia [Green1923b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Green1923b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 26]; Green1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95].

Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock, 1881a: 333. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Sanford, on Eupatorium sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel et al., 1974: 29. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Ceroplastes plumbaginis Cockerell, 1893f: 82. Type data: ANTIGUA: on Plumbago capensis. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 29.

Ceroplastes euphorbiae Cockerell, 1896e: 17. Type data: JAMAICA: Red Hill District, on Euphorbia hypericifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 29.

Ceroplastes mexicanus Cockerell, 1896f: 20. Type data: MEXICO: San Luis Potosi and Guyamas, on Catalpa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 29. Notes: Also described as n. sp. in Cockerell, 1896h, p. 20.

Ceroplastes rarus Hempel, 1900a: 469. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on twigs of an indigenous tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Synonymy by Peronti et al., 2008: 150.

Ceroplastes cultus Hempel, 1900a: 470. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on twigs of Erigeron canadensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Synonymy by Peronti et al., 2008: 150.

Ceroplastes cuneatus Hempel, 1900a: 471. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on twigs of Erigeron canadensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Synonymy by Peronti et al., 2008: 150.

Ceroplastes rotundus Hempel, 1900a: 473. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on twigs of Maytenus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Synonymy by Peronti et al., 2008: 150.

Ceroplastes breviseta Leonardi, 1911: 264. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, Cacheuta, on Atriplex lampa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 51. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Synonymy by Granara de Willink, 1999: 49.

Ceroplastes cerripidiformis; Houser, 1918: 159. Misspelling of species name.

Ceroplastes cirrepediformis; Hodges, 2002b: 205. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: barnacle scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988]; barnacle wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, BenDov1993]; Conchuela cerosa [RipaRo2008a].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Azya luteipis [Bartle1978], Orcus chalybeus [Bartle1978]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus caridei Brethes [MarinLCi1996], Coccophagus rusti Compere [MarinLCi1996]. Encyrtidae: Anicetus quintanai De Santis [MarinLCi1996], Gahaniella saissetiae Timberlake [MarinLCi1996]. Eulophidae: Pachyneuron [MarinLCi1996], Tetrastichus [MarinLCi1996]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista cyanea Motschulsky [MarinLCi1996].

HOSTS: Starchitaphtera [PerontSoGr2008]. Acanthaceae: Asystasia gangetica [Nakaha1981a], Graptophyllum pictum [Nakaha1981a], Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum [Nakaha1981a], Strobilanthes anisophyllus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Agavaceae: Agave americana [HamonWi1984]. Amaranthaceae: Alternathera amoena [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Amaranthus [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [HodgsoHi1990], Mangifera indica [Nakaha1983, KondoKa1995], Schinus [HodgsoHi1990], Schinus terebinthifolia [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Toxicodendron [HodgsoHi1990]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Kondo2008a]. Apocynaceae: Carissa carandas [HamonWi1984], Nerium [HodgsoHi1990], Plumeria [Nakaha1981a]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [GimpelMiDa1974]. Araceae: Philodendron [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a]. Aspidiaceae: Didymochlaena [HodgsoHi1990]. Asteraceae: Ageratum conyzoides [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Artemisia [GimpelMiDa1974], Baccharis halimifolia [GimpelMiDa1974], Borrichia frutescens [GimpelMiDa1974], Chrysanthemum [GimpelMiDa1974, HodgsoHi1990], Chrysanthemum indicum [Ballou1926], Erigeron canadensis [Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008], Eupatorium capillifolium [HamonWi1984], Helianthus [HodgsoHi1990], Iva frutescens [GimpelMiDa1974], Palafoxia feayi [GimpelMiDa1974], Pluchea indica [Nakaha1981a], Pluchea odorata [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Wedelia trilobata [Nakaha1981a]. Balanitaceae: Balanites [GimpelMiDa1974]. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens [HodgsoHi1990]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa [Cocker1893m, Cocker1896f, Cocker1896h], Dorantha [HodgsoHi1990], Jacaranda cuspidifolia [PerontSoGr2008], Podranea [HodgsoHi1990], Tabebuia [PerontSoGr2008], Tabebuia donell-smithi [Nakaha1981a], Tecomaria [HodgsoHi1990]. Boraginaceae: Tiquilia darwinii [LincanHoCa2010], Tournefortia sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum suspensum [HamonWi1984]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [GimpelMiDa1974, HodgsoHi1990], Maytenus [Hempel1900a, GimpelMiDa1974], Maytenus octogona [LincanHoCa2010]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [Granar1999], Atriplex lampa [Leonar1911, Sassce1912], Suaeda [Granar1999]. Clusiaceae: Mammea [GimpelMiDa1974]. Combretaceae: Conocarpus [HodgsoHi1990], Laguncularia racemosa [LincanHoCa2010]. Convolvulaceae: Argyreia nervosa [Nakaha1981a], Ipomoea [Newste1917b], Ipomoea batatas [GimpelMiDa1974], Rivea speciosa [Ballou1926]. Cycadaceae: Cycas [HodgsoHi1990]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [GimpelMiDa1974]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia anacua [GimpelMiDa1974]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [GimpelMiDa1974, HodgsoHi1990], Euphorbia hypericifolia [Cocker1896o], Euphorbia pulcherrima [GimpelMiDa1974], Hura crepitans [Newste1917b]. Fabaceae: Cassia corymbosa [GimpelMiDa1974], Parkinsonia aculeata [HamonWi1984]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [Ballou1926]. Lamiaceae: Rosmarinus [GimpelMiDa1974, HodgsoHi1990], Salvia [HodgsoHi1990]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [Ballou1926], Ocotea pulchella [PerontSoGr2008]. Malpighiaceae: Byrsonima intermedia [PerontSoGr2008], Malpighia [Nakaha1983], Malpighia coccigera [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Malpighia emarginata [MatileEt2006], Malpighia ilicifolia [PerontSoGr2008]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [HodgsoHi1990]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [GimpelMiDa1974]. Moraceae: Ficus [HodgsoHi1990]. Musaceae: Musa paradisiaca [Nakaha1983]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum [Argyri1983]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia pyramidalis [GimpelMiDa1974]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Nakaha1981a], Eugenia aquea [Green1904a], Feijoa sellowiana [GimpelMiDa1974], Myrtus [GimpelMiDa1974], Pimenta officinalis [Nakaha1981a], Psidium guajava [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983]. Nyctaginaceae: Cryptocarpus pyriformis [LincanHoCa2010], Pisonia [GimpelMiDa1974], Pisonia aculeata [Ballou1926]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [Granar1999], Gaura [GimpelMiDa1974]. Orchidaceae: Vanda aurora [GimpelMiDa1974]. Osmundaceae: Osmunda [HodgsoHi1990]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990, MarinLCi1996a, PerontSoGr2008], Passiflora edulis [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a, GalloVaBo1994], Passiflora ligularis [GimpelMiDa1974], Passiflora quadrangularis [GimpelMiDa1974]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [HodgsoHi1990]. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago capensis [Cocker1893m]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba unifera [Nakaha1983]. Punicaceae: Punica [HodgsoHi1990], Punica granatum [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis hilarii [Granar1999]. Rhamnaceae: Karwinskia humboltiana [Bibby1931]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mangle [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rosaceae: Cotoneaster [GimpelMiDa1974], Eriobotrya [HodgsoHi1990], Pyracantha [HodgsoHi1990]. Rubiaceae: Chiococca [HodgsoHi1990], Gardenia jasminoides [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a, Granar1999], Gardenia taitensis [Nakaha1981a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [HodgsoHi1990], Citrus limon [GimpelMiDa1974], Citrus sinensis [Ballou1926, GimpelMiDa1974], Fortunella [HodgsoHi1990]. Salicaceae: Salix [GimpelMiDa1974]. Sapindaceae: Cardiospermum [HodgsoHi1990], Dodonaea [HodgsoHi1990], Dodonaea viscosa [GimpelMiDa1974], Melicoccus bejuga [Ballou1926]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Ballou1926], Chrysophyllum cainito [GimpelMiDa1974]. Scrophulariaceae: Russelia [HodgsoHi1990]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia nitida [Ballou1926], Physalis [HodgsoHi1990], Solanum [HodgsoHi1990, PerontSoGr2008], Solanum melongena [MatileEt2006], Solanum muricatum [GalloVaBo1994], Solanum paniculatum [PerontSoGr2008], Solanum seaforthianum [Ballou1926]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [GimpelMiDa1974, HodgsoHi1990], Tamarix gallica [Ballou1926]. Theaceae: Cleyera japonica [GimpelMiDa1974], Thea. Turneraceae: Turnera subulata [MatileEt2006]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [HodgsoHi1990], Celtis laevigata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ulmus parvifolia [HamonWi1984], Ulmus pumila [GimpelMiDa1974]. Urticaceae: Urtica [HodgsoHi1990]. Verbenaceae [PerontSoGr2008], Citharexylum [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Citharexylum spinosum [Nakaha1981a], Clerodendrum fragrans [Ballou1926, GimpelMiDa1974, Marott1987], Duranta [HodgsoHi1990], Duranta plumieri [Cocker1899n], Duranta repens [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a, PerontSoGr2008], Petrea volubilis [Ballou1926]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Granar1999]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [BenDov1993]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Green1904a]). Australasian: Marshall Islands [BenDov1993]; Wake Island [BenDov1993]. Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1896f, Cocker1899n, Ferris1921] (Baja California Sur [Ferris1921], Coahuila [BenDov1993], Guanajuato [BenDov1993], Jalisco [Cocker1903a], San Luis Potosi [Cocker1896f, Cocker1896h], Veracruz [Cocker1899n]); United States of America (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, District of Columbia, Florida [Comsto1881a], Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas [Bibby1931]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Cocker1893gg]); Argentina [Sassce1912] (Entre Rios [Granar1999, GranarCl2003], Mendoza [Granar1999, GranarCl2003], Tucuman [Granar1999, GranarCl2003]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990]; Brazil (Alagoas [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]); Chile [GalloVaBo1994, RipaRo2008a, KondoGu2010]; Colombia [KondoKa1995, Kondo2001]; Cuba [Houser1918, Ballou1926]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Guyana [Newste1917b]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Granar1999]; Martinique [Granar1999]; Peru [MarinLCi1996a]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Philippines. Palaearctic: Greece [Argyri1983]; Italy [Marott1987, LongoMaPe1995].

BIOLOGY: Gill (1988) reported that, apparently, it develops one annual generation in USA, California.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustrations of the adult female by Gimpel et al. (1974), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Kosztarab (1996), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Peronti et al. (2008). Description and illustration of the adult male given by Gimpel et al. (1974).

STRUCTURE: Adult female convex, hemispherical; 2-5 mm long. Body of the female reddish-brown to brown. Wax cover thick, grey in colour. Colour photograph of adult female by Gill (1988) and by Peronti et al. (2008). Wet wax rectangular to oval in dorsal view, hemispherical laterally, without horn, dirty to grayish white, with marginal flange small or absent and not hiding lateral filaments, divided into 1 dorsal and 6 lateral plates, with nuclei. Dry wax filaments as follows: cephalic filament appearing trifurcate, with acute apices; anterolateral and posterolateral filaments simple; posterolateral filaments bifurcate; caudal filaments with weakly divided, bifurcate apices; dorsal dry wax of first and second instars forming small central cap, surrounded by large dorsomedial nucleus; dorsal dry wax not tilted. Stigmatic wax bands present near both pairs of spiracles, anterior bands directed dorsally, filamentous wax confined to stigmatic areas. Length 3.8 (range 1.0-7.1) mm, width 2.4 (range 0.8-5.2) mm, height 2.0 (range 0.7-4.2) mm. (Gimpel et al., 1974

SYSTEMATICS: C. cirripediformis is close to C. sinensis. According to Gimpel et al. (1974), C. cirripediformis differs from C. sinensis as follows (data for C. sinensis in brackets): (i) dorsal setae mainly capitate (rarelycapitate); (ii) each anal plate with 1 ventral seta (with 2 ventral setae); (iii) stigmatic setae predominantly isosceleswith pointed apices, apical third never bent (predominantly hemispherical, bullet-shaped with rounded apices or lanceolate with apical third bent); (iv) ventral submarginal band of filamentous ducts absent (present), and (v) multilocular disc-pores present on all abdominal and generally on all thoracic segments (multilocular disc-pores absent from abdominal segments II and III and thorax).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This soft scale is a pest of Citrus and many ornamentals (Gimpel et al., 1974; Kosztarab, 1996). In California it has not been recorded as a serious pest of commercial crops, but occasionally a pest of dooryard Gardenia plants (Gill, 1988). Occasionally a serious pest in Mexico, the West Indies and other areas of the Caribbean Sea (Bartlett, 1978).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil]; Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Granara de Willink 1999: 49 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Gill 1988: 17 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 36 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Beardsley 1966: 480 (female) [Micronesia]; Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [Florida].

CITATIONS: Argyri1983 [taxonomy: 364]; Ballou1926 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 59]; Beards1966 [host, distribution: 480]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 23,27-30,48-49]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; Bibby1931 [host, distribution: 588]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; Cocker1893gg [taxonomy, host, distribution: 373]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 5-6, 8]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 331,332]; Cocker1896f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 20]; Cocker1899n [distribution, host: 17]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253-254]; Cocker1903a [host, distribution: 156]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333-334]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 150-156]; Ferris1921 [host, distribution: 89]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; GalloVaBo1994 [host, distribution: 69-71]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 18-19,22]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-35,71,73-79]; Gonzal1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 81]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 627]; Green1904a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 207]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 22-25]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-472,473-474]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65-68]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 205,208]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 5-12,14-21]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 37-39,241]; Houser1918 [host, distribution: 159]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 248]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kondo2008a [host: 28]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; KondoGu2010 [distribution: 13]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; KondoLoQu2010 [biological control: 7-13]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 328-329]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 264-266]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 195]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 122]; MarinLCi1996a [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 91-96]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 98]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 51,58,128,177,193]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; MillerRuPa2014 [catalogue: 65]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [illustration, structure: 146, 151]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 389]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 3]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 29]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-152]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301,302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; RipaRo2008a [description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 149-150]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 9]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 88]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 137]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 7]; SimmonBe1976 [biological control: 460]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 125,130]; VitoriZaMa2013 [description, distribution, host: 176-179]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 228]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 145]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 34].

Ceroplastes cistudiformis Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes psidii cistudiformis Cockerell, 1893i: 104. Type data: MEXICO: Guanajuato, on Bignonia sp. and Chrysanthemum sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel et al., 1974: 35. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

Ceroplastes cistudiformis; Cockerell, 1896b: 331. Change of status. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Ceroplastes cistudiformis; Cockerell, 1898n: 141.

Ceroplastes cistudiformis; Fernald, 1903b: 150. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

COMMON NAME: tortoise wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, Gill1988].



HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Beloperone gutata [Gill1988]. Anacardiaceae: Schinus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Gill1988]. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum [GimpelMiDa1974], Parthenium [GimpelMiDa1974]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Boraginaceae: Cordia boissieri [GimpelMiDa1974]. Convolvulaceae: Porana paniculata [Ballou1926, GimpelMiDa1974]. Orchidaceae: Chysis aurea [GimpelMiDa1974]. Pandanaceae: Panda [GimpelMiDa1974]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [GimpelMiDa1974]. Piperaceae: Piper [Cocker1899n]. Rubiaceae: Bouvardia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rutaceae [Gill1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n] (Distrito Federal, Guanajuato [Cocker1899n], Jalisco, Veracruz); United States of America (California [Cocker1899n]). Neotropical: Cuba [Ballou1926]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]). Palaearctic: United Kingdom [FetykoKo2012].

BIOLOGY: Gill (1988) reported that this species, apparently, develops one annual generation in USA, California.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel et al. (1974) and by Gill (1988).

STRUCTURE: Adult female hemispherical, 2-5 mm long. The wax cover resembles that of Ceroplastes cirripediformis but darker; see colour photograph in Gill (1988).

KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Gill 1988: 17 (female) [USA, California]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA].

CITATIONS: Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 13]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 28]; Cocker1893i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 104-105]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1898y [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 17]; Cocker1903a [distribution: 157]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 150]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 19, 23]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 35-39]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 116,148]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 29]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 145]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 34].

Ceroplastes coloratus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes coloratus Cockerell, 1898j: 435. Type data: MEXICO: Las Minas, Tabasco, on 'crucetilla'. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico. Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco [Cocker1898j, Cocker1899n]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 28]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 435]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 18]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 150]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224].

Ceroplastes confluens Cockerell & Tinsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes confluens Cockerell & Tinsley, 1898: 468. Type data: JAMAICA: on unknown host plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Vernonia polyanthes [SilvadGoGa1968]. Fabaceae: Acacia bonariensis [CorseuBa1971], Acacia dealbata [CorseuBa1971], Acacia decurrens mollis [CorseuBa1971], Acacia melanoxylon [SilvadGoGa1968], Calliandra tweediei [CorseuBa1971], Inga [SilvadGoGa1968], Mimosa [Hempel1900a], Mimosa saepiaria [CorseuBa1971], Mimosa serrana [CorseuBa1971]. Myrsinaceae: Myrsine umbellata [CorseuBa1971]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [SilvadGoGa1968]. Ulmaceae: Celtis tala [CorseuBa1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina; Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo); Jamaica; Uruguay.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 29]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; Cocker1899a [host, distribution: 394]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 253]; CockerTi1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 468]; CorseuBa1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 237]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 150]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 461-462]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 196]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 137]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 124-125].

Ceroplastes coronatus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes coronatus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 152. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, São Paulo, Iparanga, on Platanus sp.; collected A. Hempel, ix.1909. Holotype female. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil; type no. 97a. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Platanaceae: Platanus [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Decsription and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152].

Ceroplastes cundinamarcensis Mosquera

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes cundinamarcensis Mosquera, 1979: 605. Type data: COLOMBIA: Bogota (Cundinamarca), on Schinus molle. Holotype female. Type depository: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia. Described: female.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle [Mosque1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 29-30]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Mosque1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 605-611]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112].

Ceroplastes danieleae Hodgson & Peronti

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes danieleae Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 104-107. Type data: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Lubumbashi (Elizabethville), on mulberry (Morus nigra) by Ringoot. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroplastes danielae; Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 241. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Moraceae: Morus nigra [HodgsoPe2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Body roundly oval and probably convex, with distinct, moderately deep, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct tubercles. Caudal process broad and stout. Length 1.3–3.7 mm; width 1.5–3.0 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Holotype on glass slide with data scratched on the slide by Hall; with manuscript name C. solidus, probably given by Green. Paratype also labelled C. solidus, a manuscript name. Ceroplastes danieleae is very similar to C. mori, and, was initially identified as such. However, importantly, it has a large group of tubular ducts in the cephalic region, absent on C. mori. Green clearly recognised this as different when he gave this material the manuscript name C. solidus but unfortunately he left no notes as to what this species looked like in life. On the other hand, his suggested specific name can surely only refer to the wax which is therefore likely to be firm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].

CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 99,100,104-106,242].

Ceroplastes deceptrix (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Gascardia deceptrix De Lotto, 1965a: 200. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Clanwilliam District, on Rhus undulata. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Ceroplastes deceptrix; Ben-Dov, 1993: 30. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus undulata [DeLott1965a]. Ericaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Fabaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Rubiaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Santalaceae [HodgsoPe2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1965a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Young adult females moderately convex, elliptical, about 3 mm long; wax test thin, fairly hard and brittle, not divided into plates; dorsum with a small depression at the centre of which is a minute elongate opaque white boss; colour semitransparent white; lateral margin with 2 narrow bands of snow-white wax arising from the stigmatic clefts. Wax of older examples white, amorphous, quite hard but watery when squashed, very thick (up to about 5 mm thick); stigmatic wax lines narrow, in deepish indentations, very white and linear; anal opening in a deep pit. Dorsal area with a small glassy boss. Largest adults 12 mm long and about 18 mm wide. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: In having ventral tubular ducts submarginally in the thorax and/or abdomen, and short blunt dorsal setae, C. deceptrix resembles C. rusticus (De Lotto). It differs in having (character-states of C. rusticus in brackets) (i) white wax (pale yellow); (ii) ventral tubular ducts not present medially on thorax (present); (iii) tubular ducts very sparse submarginally on thorax and absent submarginally on abdomen (fairly evenly distributed along entire submargin of body), and (iv) claw digitules of only slightly different sizes (very different). In having submarginal tubular ducts, C. deceptrix and C. rusticus are also somewhat similar to young C. madagascariensis but the latter has much longer, rather capitate dorsal setae, many more stigmatic setae and multilocular disc-pores which extend onto the thorax. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 40 [Key to adult females of C. deceptrix-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 30]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-201]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 39,40-44,241,98,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Koteja2001 [taxonomy: 46]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes deciduosus Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes deciduosus Morrison, 1919: 79. Type data: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, on Sapium biglandulosum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 66. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Ceroplastidia deciduosa; Granara de Willink, 1999: 64. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Sapium [Granar1999], Sapium aucuparium [CorseuBa1971], Sapium aucuparium lanceolata [CorseuBa1971], Sapium aucuparium calicifolia [CorseuBa1971], Sapium biglandulosum [Morris1919, Granar1999], Sapium haematospermum [Lizery1939]. Fabaceae: Geoffroea decorticans [Granar1999], Sebastiana brasiliensis [Granar1999]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Lizery1939, Granar1999]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999], San Juan [Granar1999], San Luis [Granar1999], Santa Fe [Granar1999]); Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 30]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 237]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-66]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 196]; Morris1919 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79].

Ceroplastes delottoi Hodgson & Peronti

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes delottoi Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 162-164. Type data: ANGOLA:Nova Lisboa, on Persea sp., 8/11/1965, by H. Cardosa. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lauraceae: Persea sp. [HodgsoPe2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Body roundly oval and probably convex, with distinct but shallow stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct tubercles. Caudal process broad and stout. Length 2.25 mm; width of venter 1.5 mm, total width 1.8 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: The main diagnostic characters of this species are: (i) the presence of multilocular disc-pores between the meso- and metacoxae, (ii) the wide gap between each stigmatic cleft without stigmatic setae, and (iii) loculate microducts of the intermediate type. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 161 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes tachardiaformis-group].

CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 162-164,166,168,242].

Ceroplastes deodorensis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes deodorensis Hempel, 1937: 9. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro State, Deodoro, on a plant of the Annonaceae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 152. Type depository: IBSP; type no. 360. Described: female. Notes: The lectotype was selected from dry material (tube no. 360, without data label) deposited in IBSP.



HOSTS: Annonaceae [Hempel1937], Annona muricata [PerontSoGr2008], Annona reticulata [PerontSoGr2008], Annona squamosa [PerontSoGr2008]. Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Alagoas [PerontSoGr2008], Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 30]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9-10]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154].

Ceroplastes depressus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes depressus Cockerell, 1893f: 81. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: Type material collected under bark of a lignum-vitae tree.

COMMON NAME: broad wax scale [Cocker1895].



HOST: Burseraceae: Bursera gummifera [Ballou1926].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Ballou1926]; Jamaica.

KEYS: Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [Jamaica].

CITATIONS: Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 14]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 30]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6, 8]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 151].

Ceroplastes destructor Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes ceriferus; Newstead, 1910a: 66. Misidentification.

Ceroplastes ceriferus; Newstead, 1910c: 195. Misidentification.

Ceroplastes ceriferus; Newstead, 1911a: 167. Misidentification.

Ceroplastes ceriferus; Lindinger, 1913a: 80. Misidentification.

Ceroplastes destructor Newstead, 1917a: 26. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, Botanical Gardens, on Antigonon sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 69. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Gascardia destructor; De Lotto, 1965a: 200. Change of combination.

Gascardia postperlucidus Qin et al., 1994: 546. Nomen nudum; discovered by Qin & Gullan, 1999: 305.

Gascardia postperlucidus Qin & Gullan, 1995: 302. Nomen nudum; discovered by Qin & Gullan, 1999: 305.

Ceroplastes postperlucidus Qin & Gullan, 1999: 305. Type data: CONGO: Elizabethville [=Lubumbashi], on Schinus molle. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1999: 305.

COMMON NAME: soft wax scale [HodgsoHe2000].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Halmus chalybeus [LoCh2001]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Euxanthellus adustus Annecke & Prinsloo [AnneckPr1976]. Encyrtidae: Microterys umbrinus Compere [Comper1939d].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Dicliptera [Hodgso1969]. Actinidiaceae: Actinidia deliciosa [HodgsoHe2000]. Anacardiaceae: Rhus [QinGu1994], Rhus simarubaefolia [WilliaWa1990], Schinus molle [Cillie1967, QinGu1999]. Apocynaceae: Alyxia ruscifolia [QinGu1994], Plumeria [WilliaWa1990]. Araliaceae: Cussonia spicata [Hodgso1969], Schefflera [WilliaWa1990]. Asteraceae: Cassinia quinquefaria [QinGu1994], Conyza [Hodgso1969]. Celastraceae: Elaeodendron capense [Hodgso1969], Gymnosporia [Hall1931, DeLott1965a, Almeid1969], Gymnosporia buxifolia [Hall1931, Almeid1969], Maytenus [Hodgso1969], Maytenus senegalensis [Hodgso1969]. Celestraceae: Maytenus cymosus [Cillie1967]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [QinGu1994], Euclea crispa [Hodgso1969]. Ericaceae: Philippia [Hodgso1969], Philippia lecana [Hodgso1969]. Euphorbiaceae: Uapaca [Hodgso1969]. Hippocrateaceae: Hippocratea parvifolia [Almeid1973b]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [WilliaWa1990]. Loganiaceae: Nuxia oppositifolia [Hodgso1969], Nuxia viscosa [Hodgso1969]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus bidwilli [QinGu1994]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [WilliaWa1990]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Almeid1969]. Meliaceae: Dysoxylum patersoni [WilliaWa1990], Ekebergia meyeri [Cillie1967], Melia azedarach [Brain1920a, Almeid1969], Synoum glandulosum [QinGu1994], Trichilia emetica [Cillie1967]. Myrsinaceae: Maesa [Hodgso1969]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia malaccensis [Hall1931, Almeid1969], Psidium guajava [DeLott1965a, Hodgso1969], Syzygium [Hodgso1969], Syzygium cordatum [Hodgso1969]. Pittosporaceae: Bursaria spinosa [QinGu1994], Pittosporum crassifolium [WilliaWa1990]. Rosaceae: Prunus armeniaca [QinGu1994]. Rubiaceae: Aida micrantha [Hodgso1969], Coffea [Almeid1973b], Coffea arabica [DeLott1965a, DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1990], Coffea robusta [DeLott1965a], Gardenia [Hodgso1969], Otiophora inyangana parrifolia [Hodgso1969], Pavetta revoluta [QinGu1994], Platanocephalus morindaefolius [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Mamet1959a, DeLott1965a, Cillie1967, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus aurantium [Hall1931, Almeid1969], Citrus maxima [DeLott1965a], Citrus reticulata [QinGu1994], Citrus sinensis [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b, QinGu1994], Eremocitrus glauca [QinGu1994], Poncirus trifoliata [DeLott1965a], Zieria smithii [QinGu1994]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea [QinGu1994], Dodonaea viscosa [WilliaWa1990]. Solanaceae: Solanum [QinGu1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Strick1947a]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1969, Almeid1973b]; Cameroon [Kondo2013]; Congo [DeLott1965a, QinGu1999]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Kenya [DeLott1965a]; Madagascar [Mamet1959a]; Mozambique [DeLott1965a, Hodgso1969]; South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1965a, Cillie1967, DeLott1971]; Uganda [Newste1917a, DeLott1965a]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1994], New South Wales [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997], Queensland [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997]); Christmas Island [AbbottGr2007]; New Zealand [HodgsoHe2000]; Norfolk Island; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands. Oriental: India [AvasthSh1986].

BIOLOGY: Smith et al. (1997) reported two annual generations in Queensland, Australia. Cilliers (1967) studied the biology and natural enemies in South Africa. Two generations were found to occur annually on citrus in Queensland, Australia (Smith, 1970; Smith & Ironside, 1974). De Lotto (1971c) noted that the development of the caudal process is gradual and the organ attains its full size some time after the last moult has taken place. Beattie et al. (1990) studied the effect of nutrients in citrus (New South Wales, Australia) Milne (1993) studied in Australia, and concluded that watering regime did not significantly affect the survival of immature stages, but it did affect rate of development. Rate of development was also influenced by host plant species. Prolonged exposure to temperatures above 35°C apparently caused high mortality of immature stages, on leaves, regardless of water regime. A major citrus pest in Queensland, Australia (Sabine, 1969; Smith & Ironside, 1974). Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968). Snowball (1969) surveyed the natural enemies in South Africa.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1965a), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 49 [Key to adult females of C. destructor-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 185 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 1238-1246]; Almeid1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-139]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 4]; AnneckIn1970 [biological control: 227-237]; AnneckPr1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-7]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy, distribution: 335]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 59]; Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; BeattiWeCl1990 [taxonomy, chemical control, life history, distribution: 199-203]; Bedfor1973 [biological control: 4-11]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 30-31]; BlankOlGi1997 [host, distribution, life history, chemical control: 1997]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control ]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 28]; Brimbl1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 161-163]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 225]; CABI2000a [host, distribution: 1-3]; Cillie1967 [life history, taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-59]; Cillie2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 162-164]; Comper1937 [biological control: 43-51]; Comper1939d [host, distribution, biological control: 16-17]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; ComperAn1961 [host, distribution, biological control: 17]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-202]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 111]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 147]; Fernan1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 131-133]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution: 292]; Fletch1951 [economic importance, host, distribution: 1-24]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Greig1944 [taxonomy, economic importance]; Hackma1951 [chemistry: 150-154]; HackmaTr1952 [chemistry: 653-656]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 293]; Hely1960 [life history, ecology, distribution: 355-356]; HelyLe1950 [host, distribution, economic importance: 307-310]; Hodgso1969 [host, distribution: 24]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185,187,191-192]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 49,50,53-58,234,241]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 44]; LePell1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance]; LoBl1992 [host, distribution, chemical control: 14-15]; LoBl1992a [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 99-102]; LoBlPe1996 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 315-321]; LoCh2001 [biological control, host, distribution: 57-66]; MalipaDuSm2000 [biological control: 74,75]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 375]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 62]; Milne1993 [life history, physiology: 229-232]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-28]; OliveiNaSi2001 [economic importance]; OlsonBlLo1993 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 25-29]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy: 930-934]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGu1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, description: 305-306]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 546]; Reiche1981 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 403-417]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Sabine1969 [chemical control: 83-88]; Samway1981a [biological control, host, distribution: 1]; SandsVa2003 [biological control, host: 41-53]; Smith1970 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 704-708]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 57-59]; SmithIr1974 [life history: 195-199]; Snowba1969 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 23-33]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 498]; Wakgar2001 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 339-352]; WakgarGi1998 [economic importance]; WakgarGi1998a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 303-316]; WakgarGi2000 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 233-242]; WakgarGi2001 [economic importance, chemical control: 179-184]; WakgarGi2001a [economic importance, host, distribution, life history, ecology : 307-315]; WakgarGi2001b [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 365-375]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-71]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 105]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518].

Ceroplastes diospyros Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes diospyros Hempel, 1928: 236. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Itupararanga, near Sorocaba, on Diospyros kaki; collected A. Hempel, 21.vi.1926. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti et al., 2008: 154. Type depository: IBSP. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anadardiaceae: Schinus molle [PerontSoGr2008]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Hempel1928, PerontSoGr2008]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 32]; Hempel1928 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 236]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-156]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 125-126].

Ceroplastes dugesii Lichtenstein

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes dugesii Lichtenstein, 1885: cxli. Type data: MEXICO: Guanajuato, Hybiscus [sic], Ficus sphaerocarpa, laurie and rose. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material probably lost.

Ceroplastes ceriferus; Cockerell, 1893gg: 373. Misidentification.

Ceroplastes dugesii; Cockerell, 1893t: 100. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Ceroplastes roseatus Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 176. Type data: MEXICO: El Cuyu del Chicosapote, near Frontera, Tabasco, on branches of wild fruit tree 'cojon de venado'. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 39.

Ceroplastes townsendi Cockerell, 1899n: 18. Type data: MEXICO: Arroyo San Isidro, near Frontesa, Tabasco, on bark of a small shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 39.

Ceroplastes roseatus var. B Cockerell, 1903a: 157. Type data: MEXICO: Base of Volcan de Colima, on stem of tall herbaceous Compositae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 39.

Ceroplastes townsendi percrassus Cockerell, 1903a: 159. Type data: MEXICO: Jalisco, Zapotlan, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 39.

Ceroplastes dugesii; De Lotto, 1971c: 140. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

COMMON NAMES: Duges wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984]; duges wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aloencyrtus elisavetae Trjapitzin & Ruiz-Cancino [TrjapiRu2000].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle [GimpelMiDa1974]. Annonaceae: Annona [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1983]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [GimpelMiDa1974]. Asteraceae [Cocker1903a]. Burseraceae: Bursera gummifera [GimpelMiDa1974], Bursera simaruba [GimpelMiDa1974]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros silvestris [GimpelMiDa1974]. Malvaceae: Malva [GimpelMiDa1974], Malvaviscus acerifolius [Townse1892a], Malvaviscus arboreus [Townse1892a]. Moraceae: Ficus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Nyctaginaceae: Torrubia bracei [HamonWi1984]. Piperaceae: Piper medium [GimpelMiDa1974, NakahaMi1981]. Ulmaceae: Trema mollis [GimpelMiDa1974]. Verbenaceae: Citharexylum spinosum [MatileEt2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Colima [Cocker1899n, Cocker1903a], Distrito Federal, Guanajuato [Cocker1893gg, Cocker1899n], Jalisco [Cocker1903a], Morelos [TrjapiRu2000]); United States of America (Florida). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda); Cuba; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guyana; Mexico (Tabasco (The type material of Ceroplastes townsendi.)); Panama; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [NakahaMi1981]); U.S. Virgin Islands.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel et al. (1974), Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984).

KEYS: Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 32]; Cocker1893cc [taxonomy: 102]; Cocker1893gg [taxonomy, distribution: 373]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17-18]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157,159-160]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description: 140-141]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 151,155,156,158]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-44]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-27]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 208]; Lichte1885 [taxonomy, host, distribution: CXLI]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 3]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 29]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Townse1892a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 255]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 176-177]; TrjapiRu2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 35-42]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].

Ceroplastes elaeis Hodgson & Peronti

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes elaeis Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 172. Type data: ANGOLA:Salazar, on Elaeis guineensis, 8/16/1968, by P. de Carvalho. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. 3677. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [HodgsoPe2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [HodgsoPe2012]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Gabon [HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Body oval, probably rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with small distinct tubercles. Caudal process short and stout, probably pointing dorso-posteriorly. Length 3.43 [1.5-3.5] mm, total width of mounted specimen 3.08 [1.5-3.0] mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: C. elaeis is here considered to belong to the C. theobromae-group because, although each group of stigmatic setae is clearly broader than deep, no setae extend out of the cleft along the margin. As in other members of the C. theobromae group, it also lacks ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region. It is close to C. quadrilineatus and C. mori but can be best separated using the characters in the key above. It is also somewhat similar to C. danieleae but C. danieleae has a large group of ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].

CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 171,172-174,183,243].

Ceroplastes elytropappi (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Baccacoccus elytropappi Brain, 1920: 127. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, French Hoek, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype female (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): South Africa: top label: Baccacoccus / elytropappi Brain / on Elytropappus / rhinocerotis / French Hock, CPL, 1904 / Paratype (SANC 297): 1/1 (poor).

Ceroplastes adustus De Lotto, 1967b: 781. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Ceres, on Passerina sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1971: 141.

Ceroplastes elytropappi; De Lotto, 1971: 141. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Brain1920]. Thymelaeaceae: Passerina [DeLott1967b, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, DeLott1967b, Hodgso1994a] (Cape Province, Ceres.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1967b) (as Ceroplastes adustus) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Test of the immature adult females small, about 3 mm long, 2 mm wide; fairly highly convex, with a well-marked lateral depression; centre of the dome with a rather large whitish boss; wax soft, not divided into plates; colour light brown. Length [presumably of unmounted specimens] 1.1 mm, width 0.8 mm." (De Lotto (1967b) of C. adustus). Mounted material. Body broadly elliptical to roundly circular; lateral processes well developed. Length: 0.85-2.5, width: 0.6-1.5. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Brain (1920a) originally placed this species in a new genus Baccacoccus because his specimens lacked a wax test. However, as De Lotto (1971) pointed out when synonymising Baccacoccus with Ceroplastes, very old wax scale insects frequently lose their wax. Within this species group, C. elytropappi differs from C. delottoi in having fewer than 20 stigmatic setae in each cleft, and from the other 2 species in lacking ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 161 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes tachardiaformis-group]; Hodgson et al. 1009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: AnneckIn1970 [biological control: 227-237]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 32-33]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 241-242]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 781-782,797]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description: 141]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-139]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 164-166,243]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes eucleae Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes eucleae Brain, 1920a: 30. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Euclea sp., Ochna sp. and Pavetta sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Ceroplastes toddaliae spicatus Hall, 1937: 122. Type data: ZIMBABWE[=RHODESIA]: South Marendellas, on Uapaca kirkiana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Ceroplastes spicatus; Mamet, 1954: 12. Change of status.



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Harungana madagascariensis [Mamet1954]. Ebenaceae: Euclea [Brain1920a]. Euphorbiaceae: Uapaca kirkiana [Hall1937, Hodgso1969]. Ochnaceae: Ochna [Brain1920a]. Rubiaceae: Pavetta [Brain1920a]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus parifolia [Hodgso1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1951, Mamet1954]; South Africa [Brain1920a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, Hodgso1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969). Detailed description and illustrations in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

STRUCTURE: "Adult female tests sometimes single on stem, often aggregated in dense masses. Test of adult female about 6 mm long, 5 mm wide, 5.5 mm high, without plaques but with the lower portion forming a wrinkled fold at the base of a highly conical dome. The colour is a delicate green, when alive, with the stigmatic bands conspicuous; when dry, it is semi-transparent, greenish yellow, with two white thin streaks on each side just above the stigmatic clefts. The central dome is pointed, without any central pit or depression, and is distinctly separated from the lower portion of the test by a groove. There is no indication of a caudal prominence on the test." "Female denuded of wax, smooth, regularly domed, without caudal prominence. Caudal prominence rudimentary". (Brain, 1920a). Body oval, probably rather convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts; dorsum probably with distinct tubercles. Caudal process short and stout. Length of body 1.2-4.5 (3.5-4.0) mm, total width of mounted specimens 1.2-4.0 (2.75) mm; width of venter 1.2-2.25 (2.5) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: C. eucleae, which lacks distinct claw denticles, is very close to C. rusci, sharing with it generally fewer than 35 stigmatic setae in each cleft, but differs in having: (i) the stigmatic setae in each cleft almost invariably 3 deep (2 deep in most C. rusci) and (ii) more marginal setae anteriorly between the eyespots (generally more than 14 rather than less than 14 as on C. rusci).C. eucleae is also very close to C. eugeniae. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) After a study of the type series of C. spicatus by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, no constant differences could be found between it and C. eucleae. The limb measurements of C. spicatus were larger but they considered this to be an environmental effect and synonymised C. spicatus with C. eucleae.

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: AnneckIn1970 [biological control: 227-237]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 33,57]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 30]; Hall1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-11]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, physiology, structure, taxonomy: 107-112,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 224]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 12]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301,302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes eugeniae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes rusci eugeniae Hall, 1931: 298. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe and Banket, on Eugenia owariensis and Diplorhynchus mosambicensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: Zimbabwe [Southern Rhodesia]: scratched onto glass slide: top label: Ceroplastes / rusci var. / eugeniae Hall / Eugenia / owariensis / Mazoe / WJH 3/11/27. Bottom label: Type / 21.iii.30 / W.J. Hall. (BMNH): 1/4 (good, lectotype arrowed in top right-hand corner (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

Ceroplastes eugeniae; Hodgson, 1969: 4. Change of status.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [KondoHo2013], Cananga odorata [Matile1978]. Apocynaceae: Diplorhynchus mosambicensis [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia huillensis [Hodgso1969]. Loranthaceae: Desrousseauxia [Matile1978], Loranthus quequensis [Hodgso1969]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia owariensis [Hall1931, Hodgso1969], Psidium guajava [Hodgso1969], Syzygium [Hodgso1969], Syzygium guiniense [Hodgso1969]. Rosaceae: Cliffortia nitidula [Hodgso1969], Cydonia oblonga [Hodgso1969], Malus sylvestris [Hodgso1969]. Thymelaeaceae: Synaptolepis alternifolia [Hodgso1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros; Mozambique [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Palaearctic: Algeria [FetykoKo2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969).

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Test of the adult female highly convex; the dome with a shallow median depression with a very small elongate boss, longitudinally orientated, pushed anteriorly by the cone of wax behind it. Plates only obscurely marked on the adult but more clearly on the young specimens. Diameter of the wax of the adult female up to 8 mm. With the wax removed, the adult female is highly convex, with 3 very small lateral processes, plus 1 cephalic and another dorsal; the caudal process is small and directed upwards at an angle of about forty-five degrees." (Hodgson, 1969). Mounted material. Body probably rather roundly oval and convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct lateral tubercles. Caudal process short. Body length 2.5-3.5 mm, total width 1.5-2.75 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: C. eugeniae is very close to C. rusci and C. eucleae but the latter 2 species differ from C. eugeniae in having generally fewer stigmatic setae in each cleft, particularly nonmarginal stigmatic setae. In addition, the specimens of C. rusci from north Africa and the Mediterranean have a distinct denticle on each claw, absent on most material from further south. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogur: 33]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 298-299]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-6]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 112-117,242]; KondoHo2013 [host: 519]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 42]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes excaecariae Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes excaecariae Hempel, 1912: 66. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Excaecaria biglandulosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Excaecaria biglandulosa [Hempel1912, Sassce1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Sassce1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 33]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33]; Sassce1915 [host, distribution: 31]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 126].

Ceroplastes fairmairii Signoret

NOMENCLATURE:

Columnea fairmairei Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 146. Nomen nudum.

Ceroplastes fairmairei Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 728. Nomen nudum.

Ceroplastes fairmairii Signoret, 1872a: 43. Type data: URUGUAY: Montevideo, on Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria.

Ceroplastes fairmairii; Fernald, 1903b: 152. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.



HOST: Myrtaceae [Signor1872a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil; Uruguay.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 33]; Cocker1894d [distribution: 311]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 141]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 152]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-217]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 852]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 138]; Targio1866 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 146]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 728]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 126].

Ceroplastes feltyi Hodges

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes feltyi Hodges, 2002b: 205. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Manatee County, Palmetto, on Psychotria nervosa; collected jack Felty, 3 December, 1982. Holotype female. Type depository: Gainesville: American Entomological Institute, Florida, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Oleaceae: Ligustrum lucidum [Hodges2002b]. Rubiaceae: Psychotria nervosa [Hodges2002b].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Hodges2002b]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodges (2002b).

KEYS: Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida].

CITATIONS: Hodges2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-208].

Ceroplastes ficus Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes ficus Newstead, 1910c: 190. Type data: TANZANIA: Bukoba, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Ceroplastes pallidus Brain, 1920a: 33. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on fig. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by Hall, 1931: 294.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona [Newste1917b], Artobotrys brachypetalus [Hodgso1969]. Celastraceae: Maytenus senegalensis [Hodgso1969]. Chrysobalanaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia pulcherrima [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]. Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1910c, Brain1920a, DeLott1965a]. Ochnaceae: Ochna [Hall1931], Ochna pulchella [Newste1917b, Hall1931]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Hall1931]. Rosaceae: Parinari curatellifolia [Hodgso1969]. Umbelliferae [HodgsoPe2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]; Eritrea [HodgsoPe2012]; Ghana [Newste1917b]; Malawi [Hodgso1969]; South Africa [Newste1917b, Brain1920a]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Uganda [Newste1910c, DeLott1965a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Test of the adult female more or less hemispherical, thin, semitransparent, hard and brittle, shaded with horn coloured greys and browns; the large dorsal area comparatively smooth, with distinct lines radiating from the central nucleus, the larger ones being widely separated and equidistant. Besides these there are also some faint concentric ones visible in some of the examples. Lateral plates narrowly rectangular, length much greater than width, outer angles produced and darker than the rest; caudal process triangular, with the angle rounded; anal valves nude, minute, and only visible under a rather strong magnification. Length 6-6.5 mm; width 5-5.25 mm." (Newstead, 1910c). Mounted material. Body oval, probably rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum of mature adults with very pronounced, hemispherical lateral tubercles, with deep indentations between tubercles but much less pronounced on immature adults. Caudal process rather similar to a lateral lobe, with only apex sclerotised, at least on younger specimens. Limbs relatively short. Length 2.5-6.0 mm, total width of mounted specimen 2.0-5.0 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (adult, female) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 2]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 34]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 33]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-185]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 111]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 294-295]; Hodgso1969 [host, distribution: 6-7]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 118-121,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Newste1910c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-192]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65].

Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret, 1872a: 38. Type data: MAURITIUS: on Eriobotrya japonica. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, Matile-Ferrero & Gafny, 2000: 424. Notes: Type material probably lost. No type material was found in MNHW, by Yair Ben-Dov and Daniele Matile-Ferrero, during a visit (December 1994) at the Vienna Museum of Natural History.

Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, 1881a: 331. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Jacksonville, on Tangerine orange. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel et al., 1974: 44. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

Ceroplastes floridensis; Bodenheimer, 1953a: 112. Notes: Erroneous citation of Maskell as author.

Cerostegia floridensis; De Lotto, 1969b: 211. Change of combination.

Paracerostegia floridensis; Tang, 1991: 306. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes vinsoni; Ben-Dov, 1993: 59, 60, 535. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: cochonilha-cerosa [CarvalAg1997]; donagit floridit; escama de cera [QuezadCoDi1972]; Florida wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984, BenDov1993, SmithBeBr1997]; qenima floridit; qenimat shaava floridit; The Florida Ceroplastes [Comsto1881a].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus caridei Brethes [MarinLCi1996], Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [SengonUyKa1998], Coccophagus rusti Compere [MarinLCi1996], Coccophagus scutellaris [AbdRab2002b], Encarsia [MarinLCi1996]. Encyrtidae: Anicetus quintanai De Santis [MarinLCi1996], Cheiloneurus gahani Dozier [MarinLCi1996], Microterys nietneri (Motschulsky) [SengonUyKa1998, RugmanFoGu2010, MyartsRu2011, BasheeAsRa2014]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus toddaliae (Risbec) [SengonUyKa1998], Tetrastichus [MarinLCi1996], Tetrastichus ceroplastae (Girault) [Blumbe1997]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea [BadaryAb2011], Scutellista cyanea Motschulsky [Bartle1978, MarinLCi1996].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Sanchezia nobilis [Ballou1926]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Mangifera indica [Cocker1899n, Hall1923, Green1923b, Ballou1926, BenDov1970b, AvasthSh1986, BenDov1993, Hodgso1994a], Mangifera indica [Mamet1943a, KondoKa1995], Pistacia lentiscus [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970], Pistacia palestina [BenDov1970], Schinus [Hall1922, Hall1924a], Schinus molle [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970], Schinus terebinthifolius [Hall1923, BenDov1970]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimolia [BenDov1970], Annona muricata [Nakaha1983], Annona squamosa [Ramakr1930, BenDov1970, Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Uvaria rufa [Ballou1926]. Apocynaceae: Carissa carandas [TaoWoCh1983], Carissa grandiflora [BenDov1970, ArgovPoBa1987], Nerium [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990], Nerium oleander [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970, UygunSeEr1998], Plumeria rubra [Ballou1926, BenDov1970], Thevetia nereifolia [Ballou1926], Thevetia peruviana [BenDov1970b], Trachelospermum jasminoides [KawaiMaUm1971]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex canariensis [VieiraCaPi1983], Ilex cornuta [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex crenata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex perado [VieiraCaPi1983], Ilex vomitoria [GimpelMiDa1974]. Araceae: Philodendraon sp. [BenDov2012], Philodendron [Matile1978]. Araliaceae: Aralia [GimpelMiDa1974], Dizygotheca veitchii [BenDov1970], Hedera [Hempel1900a], Hedera canariensis [VieiraCaPi1983, PerontSoGr2008], Hedera helix [Hall1923, Balach1939, BenDov1970b, ArgovPoBa1987, UygunSeEr1998], Hedera pastuchowii [Moghad2013a], Schefflera [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Schefflera actinophylla [PerontSoGr2008], Schefflera arboricola [PerontSoGr2008], Sciadophyllum [Hall1923], Tupidanthus [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Arecaceae: Washingtonia filifera [BenDov1970]. Asclepiadaceae: Periploca gracea [BenDov1970]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium nidus avis [ArgovPoBa1987]. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum indicum [BenDov1970], Erigeron crispus [BenDov1970], Hieracium [Bodenh1924], Psiadia altissima [Mamet1951]. Bignoniaceae: Kigelia pinnata [BenDov1970], Stenolobium stans [BenDov1970], Tecomaria capensis [BenDov1970]. Boraginaceae: Cordia gerascanthus [Ballou1926], Cordia myxa [BenDov1970]. Burseraceae: Bursera simaruba [HamonWi1984]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [Green1923b]. Cactaceae: Epiphyllum sp. [BenDov2012]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Celastraceae: Elaeodendron [Brimbl1956a, WilliaWi1988], Euonymus japonicus [BenDov1970], Maytenus octogona [LincanHoCa2010]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [TaoWoCh1983]. Combretaceae: Bucida buceras [Nakaha1983], Terminalia arjuna [BenDov1970]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [BenDov1970], Ipomoea tuberosa [Ballou1926]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [ArgovPoBa1987]. Cupressaceae: Metasequoia glyptostroboides [Moghad2013a]. Cycadaceae: Cycas circinalis [Ballou1926], Cycas revoluta [Ballou1926, Mamet1943a, BenDov1970]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros discolor [TaoWoCh1983], Diospyros kaki [Ballou1926, GimpelMiDa1974, DanzigKo1990]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus angustifolia [BenDov1970]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus oboratus [QinGu1994]. Ephedraceae: Ephedra alte [BenDov1970]. Ericaceae: Agauria salicifolia [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Arbutus andrachne [BenDov1970], Arbutus unedo [BenDov1970], Pernettya [GimpelMiDa1974], Vaccinium [Ferris1950a, GimpelMiDa1974]. Euphorbiaceae: Antidesma bunius [BenDov1970], Phyllanthus [Hall1922, Hall1924a]. Fabaceae: Acacia farnesiana [BenDov1970], Ceratonia siliqua [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970], Cyamopsis [Ramakr1930], Cyamopsis psoraboides [ShafeeYoKh1989], Parkinsonia aculeata [Brimbl1956a], Retama roetam [BenDov1970]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [Mosque1984]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum cassia [Ballou1926], Cinnamomum pseudopedunculatum [KawaiMaUm1971], Laurus azorica [VieiraCaPi1983], Laurus nobilis [Bodenh1924, Ballou1926, Balach1933d, Balach1933e, BenDov1970, ArgovPoBa1987, UygunSeEr1998], Lindera benzoin [GimpelMiDa1974], Machilus [TaoWoCh1983], Persea americana [BenDov1970b, Nakaha1983], Persea borbonia [GimpelMiDa1974], Persea gratissima [Ballou1926]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos spinosa [BenDov1970]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [Ballou1926, Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988, PerontSoGr2008]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia [Ramakr1930, ShafeeYoKh1989], Michelia champaca [Matile1978]. Malpighiaceae: Byrsonima [Ballou1926], Hiptage laurifolia [Green1904a], Malpighia glabra [Ballou1926]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus [ShafeeYoKh1989], Hibiscus esculenta [Ramakr1930]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [Schmut1998], Melia azedarach [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970]. Moraceae: Artocarpus incisa [Ballou1926], Artocarpus integrifolia [Beards1966, BenDov1970], Ficus [Hempel1900a, Ramakr1930, Nakaha1983], Ficus benghalensis [Bodenh1926, BenDov1970], Ficus benjamina [Moghad2013a], Ficus carica [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus glomerata [Ramakr1930, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus infectoria [ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus italica [Bodenh1924], Ficus laurifolia [Cocker1899n], Ficus microcarpa [PellizPoSe2011], Ficus nitida [Ballou1926], Ficus obliqua [BenDov1970], Ficus religiosa [Ballou1926], Ficus retusa [BenDov1970b], Ficus rubiginosa [BenDov2012], Ficus sycomorus [BenDov1970], Morus [Hall1922, Hall1924a], Morus alba [Hall1922, BenDov1970], Treculia perrieri [Mamet1951]. Musaceae: Musa [BenDov1970, Nakaha1983], Musa sapientium [Bodenh1924]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum acuminatum [BenDov1970], Myoporum diffusum [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Myoporum lactum [BenDov1970b, ArgovPoBa1987]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia sieboldii [KawaiMaUm1971], Maesa japonica [TaoWoCh1983], Myrsine africana [Ferris1950a, BenDov1970b]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon pheniceus [BenDov1970], Eugenia americana [PerontSoGr2008], Eugenia axillaris [Ballou1926], Eugenia caryophyllus [VidyasKoDe1989], Eugenia compacta [HamonWi1984], Eugenia cyanocarpa [QinGu1994], Eugenia jambolana [BenDov1970, GimpelMiDa1974], Eugenia jambos [Ballou1926], Eugenia malaccensis [Ballou1926], Feijoa sellowiana [BenDov1970], Melaleuca [QinGu1994], Melaleuca armillaris [BenDov1970], Melaleuca leucadendra [Brimbl1956a], Melaleuca quinquenervia [QinGu1994], Melaleuca viridiflora [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Metrosideros boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971], Myricaria [CouturQuGo1997], Myrtus [Bodenh1924], Myrtus communis [BenDov1970, ArgovPoBa1987, SengonUyKa1998, UygunSeEr1998], Psidium cattleyanum [VieiraCaPi1983], Psidium guajava [Cocker1899n, Hall1922, Hall1923, Ballou1926, BenDov1970b, Nakaha1983], Psidium guajava [Green1909a, Hall1924a, Green1937, ShafeeYoKh1989], Psidium guajava [Mamet1943a], Psidium littorale [VieiraCaPi1983], Psidium pomiferum [Mamet1951, GimpelMiDa1974], Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [GimpelMiDa1974]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum micranthum [KawaiMaUm1971]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis cordifolia [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Pinaceae: Cedrus sp. [Moghad2013a], Pinus elliotti [HamonWi1984], Pinus halepensis [BenDov1993], Pinus taeda [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Tsuga canadensis [HamonWi1984]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum chichijimense [KawaiMaUm1971], Pittosporum tobira [Ballou1926], Pittosporum undulatum [BenDov1970]. Platanaceae: Platanus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus [Ballou1926], Coccoloba diversifolia [HamonWi1984], Polygonum baldschuanicum [BenDov1970], Polygonum convolvulus [Ballou1926]. Polypodiaceae: Nephrolepis davallioides [Ballou1926], Nephrolepis exaltata [BenDov1970]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Hall1923, Bodenh1924, Ballou1926, BenDov1970]. Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus alaternus [BenDov1970], Ziziphus jujuba [SunQiLi1989]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis [BenDov1970], Cotoneaster pannosa [BenDov1970], Crataegus azarolus [BenDov1970], Cydonia oblonga [Ballou1926, BenDov1970], Cydonia vulgaris [Bodenh1924], Eriobotrya [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990], Eriobotrya japonica [Hall1922, Bodenh1924, Ballou1926, BenDov1970], Eriobotrya japonica [Signor1872b, Mamet1943a], Malus sylvestris [BenDov1970], Persica vulgaris [BenDov1970], Prunus armeniaca [BenDov1970], Prunus domestica [PerontSoGr2008], Prunus persica [Hall1923, Bodenh1924], Prunus salicina [GimpelMiDa1974], Pyrus communis [Hall1923, BenDov1970], Pyrus cydonia [Hall1923], Pyrus malus [Hall1923, Bodenh1924], Raphiolepis indica [Balach1930], Raphiolepis integerrima [KawaiMaUm1971], Raphiolepis ovata [VieiraCaPi1983], Raphiolepis umbellata [BenDov1970b, ArgovPoBa1987]. Rubiaceae: Casimiroa edulis [BenDov1970], Coffea arabica [BenDov1970], Coffea robusta [Hodgso1994a], Gardenia florida [Ballou1926], Gardenia jasminoides [GimpelMiDa1974], Ixora [Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989, Hodgso1994a], Ixora bandhuca [Ballou1926], Ixora lutea [Ballou1926], Psychotria boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971], Psychotria laurifolia [Ballou1926]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Citropsis schweinfurthii [Ballou1926], Citrus [Hempel1900a, Hall1922, Mamet1951, DeLott1965a, EzzatHu1969, DeLott1969b, Nakaha1983], Citrus [ArgyriKo1980a, PodoleDrRo1981, Argyri1983, HodgsoHi1991, MarinLCi1996, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus [Green1896, Bodenh1924, BenDov1970b, QuezadCoDi1972, Hodgso1994a], Citrus [ShafeeYoKh1989, MarinLCi1996a, CarvalAg1997, UygunSeEr1998, PerontSoGr2008], Citrus aurantifolia [Nakaha1983], Citrus aurantium [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1926, Ballou1926, Bodenh1926, ArgovPoBa1987], Citrus deliciosa unshiu [Ballou1926], Citrus grandis [Ballou1926], Citrus histrix [Ballou1926, Matile1978], Citrus limon [Bodenh1924], Citrus microcarpa [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Citrus mitis [GimpelMiDa1974], Citrus paradisi [BenDov1970b], Citrus reticulata [BenDov2012], Citrus sinensis [Cocker1899n, Hall1924a, Ballou1926, QinGu1994], Fagara fagara [Ballou1926], Hesperethusa crenulata [Ballou1926], Microcitrus australis [Ballou1926], Poncirus trifoliata [Ballou1926, TaoWoCh1983], Zanthoxylum fagara [LincanHoCa2010]. Salicaceae: Populus deltoides [BenDov1970], Salix [Ferris1950a, BenDov1970b]. Santalaceae: Santalum boninense [KawaiMaUm1971]. Sapindaceae: Cupania cubensis [Ballou1926], Dodonaea viscosa [BenDov1970], Filicium [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Melicoccus bijugatus [Nakaha1983], Nephelium lappaceum [BenDov1970]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Ballou1926, BenDov1970], Chrysophyllum cainito [Ballou1926, BenDov1970], Lucuma mammosa [Ballou1926], Lucuma nervosa [Ballou1926], Manilkara zapota [Nakaha1983]. Schizaeaceae: Actinostachys boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971]. Scrophulariaceae: Russelia equisetiformis [BenDov1970]. Serraceniaceae: Serracenia minor [GimpelMiDa1974]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia nitida [Ballou1926], Cestrum diurnum [Ballou1926], Solanum villosum [BenDov1970]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Conway1951]. Strelitziaceae: Ravenala madagascariensis [Ballou1926]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Ramakr1930]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Green1896, Green1900c, Green1909a, Green1937, TaoWoCh1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Schima mertensiana [KawaiMaUm1971], Schima superba [TaoWoCh1983], Ternstroemia japonica [TaoWoCh1983]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971]. Verbenaceae: Aloysia citriodora [Ballou1926], Avicennia [QinGu1994], Duranta repens [BenDov1970]. Zamiaceae: Encephalartos [VieiraCaPi1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros [BenDov1993]; Kenya [Schmut1998]; Madagascar [Mamet1951]; Mauritius [Cocker1894t, Green1907, Green1908a, Mamet1943a]; Reunion [Cocker1894t, Green1907, Green1908a, Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, BenDovMaGa2000,, GermaiMiPa2014]; Seychelles [Green1907, DanzigKo1990]; Sudan [HodgsoPe2012]; Tanzania [Green1916a, Mamet1943a, DeLott1965a]. Australasian: Australia [Frogga1915, Mamet1943a, DanzigKo1990] (New South Wales [QinGu1994], Queensland [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Mamet1943a, Kawai1987]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, Frogga1915, Mamet1943a, DanzigKo1990]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [BenDov1993], Java [Green1904a, Mamet1943a]). Australasian: Palau [Mamet1943a]. Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n, DanzigKo1990]; United States of America (District of Columbia [BenDov1993], Florida [Comsto1881a, DeLott1969b, BenDov1970b], Georgia [BenDov1993], Louisiana [BenDov1993], Maryland [BenDov1993], Mississippi [BenDov1993], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New Mexico [BenDov1993], New York [BenDov1993], North Carolina [BenDov1993], Pennsylvania [Stimme1998], South Carolina [BenDov1993], Tennessee [BenDov1993], Texas [BenDov1993], Virginia [BenDov1993]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Cocker1895u]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990]; Brazil [Mamet1943a, DanzigKo1990] (Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]); Colombia [KondoKa1995, Kondo2001, Kondo2008a]; Cuba [Ballou1926, MestreHaEv2011]; Ecuador; El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [LongoMaPe1995, Willia2010]; Guyana [Newste1914]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [LongoMaPe1995]; Jamaica [Kirkal1902]; Mexico (Yucatan); Montserrat; Netherlands Antilles (Curacao); Nicaragua; Panama; Peru [MarinLCi1996a, CouturQuGo1997]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Hong Kong [Hodgso1994a]; India [Frogga1915, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1994a, Green1900c, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Kerala [VidyasKoDe1989], Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1986], West Bengal); Malaysia (Sabah [Conway1951]); Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1899b, Green1900c, Green1909a, Green1937, Mamet1943a]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, WongChCh1999]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Azores [CarvalFrAg1996]; Canary Islands [HodgsoPe2012]; China [Ferris1950a, BenDov1970b]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, Hall1924a, Mamet1943a, EzzatHu1969, ArgovPoBa1987]; France [Balach1930, Balach1933d, Balach1933e, Balach1939, Mamet1943a]; Greece [ArgyriKo1980a, Argyri1983, ArgovPoBa1987]; Iran [Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Israel [Bodenh1924, BenDov1969, BenDov1970, BenDov1971, PodoleDrRo1981, ArgovPoBa1987]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [Frogga1915, Kuwana1917, Mamet1943a]; Jordan [new]; Lebanon [Bodenh1926, ArgovPoBa1987]; Libya [ArgovPoBa1987]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Malta [FetykoKo2012]; Netherlands; Oman [Hodgso1994a] (Rumais); Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, Hodgso1994a]; Syria [Bodenh1926]; Tunisia [FetykoKo2012]; Turkey [Tuncyu1970a, ArgovPoBa1987, SengonUyKa1998, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Balachowsky (1933d) studied and described the biology in southern France. Bodenheimer (1951b) discussed the biology and economic importance. Develops two annual generations on Citrus, in Israel (Ben-Dov, 1976d; Podoler et al., 1981), and in Greece (Argyriou & Kourmadas, 1980). Two generations per year develop in Queensland, Australia (Smith et al, 1997). Methods for laboratory rearing given by Ben-Dov (1970a). Population dynamics on Citrus in Israel studied by Podoler et al. (1981) and by Schneider et al. (1987a, 1987b). Yardeni (1987) and Yardeni & Rosen (1990) studied the wind dispersal of crawlers.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1969b), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Ben-Dov (1970b), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gimpel et al. (1974), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1996) and by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.57), Hodgson (1994a), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999) and by Peronti et al. (2008).

SYSTEMATICS: Green (1937) suggested that Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret, 1872 was very likely identical with C. floridensis, but since no type material was available, he could not verify the synonymy. Ben-Dov (1993) concluded that for the sake of stability, it was advisable to retain C. vinsonii, which antedated C. floridensis, as a valid, but unrecognizable species. Ben-Dov et al. (2000) concluded that C. vinsonii should be regarded a Nomen Oblitum and synonymized it with (C. floridensis. C. floridensis is unique in having the ventral tubular ducts in a very distinct, rather narrow, submarginal band extending from near each antenna to near each anal lobe, each duct with a short, very swollen inner ductule. There was some variation in the material studied and some specimens had: (i) more than 2 pairs of interantennal setae; (ii) a reticulate pattern on the sclerotized area of the anal plate, and (iii) loculate microducts densest in a submarginal band. C. floridensis is quite close to C. japonicus Green which also has a submarginal band of similar tubular ducts extending part way around the submargin, bullet-shaped stigmatic setae, many marginal setae, and multilocular disc-pores associated with each coxa, but the latter differs in having the stigmatic setae continuous between the clefts on each side, not separated by a length of margin with just marginal setae. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes floridensis generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A major citrus pest in Israel (Bodenheimer, 1951b; Ben-Dov, 1976d). A pest of many ornamentals in U.S.A. (Gimpel et al., 1974). Peleg & Gothilf (1981) and Eisa et al. (1990) studied the adverse effects of several IGR's on this pest. Peleg (1987) reported on resistance to commercial formulation of carabaryl in Israel. Yardeni and Shapira (1995) proposed and applied a control method of the scale by thinning its population using a nutritional spray of 4% potassium nitrate with 2% spray oil.

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil]; Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Mori, Pellizzari & Tosi 2001: 42 (female) [Italy]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Tang 1991: 304 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 93 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 166 (female) [Japan]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 36 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 371 (female) [Egypt]; Beardsley 1966: 480 (female) [Beardsley]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Green 1909a: 277 (female) [Ceylon]; Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [West Indies].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2002b [host, distribution, biological control: 39-44]; AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; Ali1971 [host, distribution: 16-17]; Amitai1969 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 89-95]; ArgovPoBa1987 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 277-285]; ArgovRo1988 [biological control: 303-314]; ArgovScRo1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 21-31]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; ArgyriKo1980a [host, distribution, economic importance: 705-707]; AvasthSh1986 [host, distribution: 334]; AvidovRoGe1963 [biological control, chemical control, host, distribution, economic importance: 205-212]; BadaryAb2011 [biological control, distribution, host: 50-51]; Balach1926 [taxonomy, economic importance: 4]; Balach1930 [host, distribution: 180]; Balach1932d [taxonomy: 100,104,116,117]; Balach1933d [taxonomy, life history, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-84]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 258]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 14-15]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 59-60]; BasheeJa1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 261-266]; BasuNaCh1969 [economic importance, host, distribution: 169-178]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 480-481]; Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 194]; BenDov1970 [biological control, host, distribution: 84-87]; BenDov1970b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273-277]; BenDov1970c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 1-86]; BenDov1971 [host, distribution: 25-26]; BenDov1972a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 17-34]; BenDov1976d [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 3-7]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 34-36,59-60]; BenDov2006a [host, distribution: 206]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 24, 44]; BenDovMaGa2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 423-424]; Berger1932 [host, distribution, biological control: 131-136]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64-65]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 44]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [life history, biological control: 219]; Bodenh1951a [life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control, taxonomy, host, distribution: 364-381]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 112]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 109]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 155]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 459-461]; Bordag1914 [host, distribution]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Brimbl1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 163-164]; CamporPe1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 182-185]; CarvalAg1997 [life history, economic importance, description, host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; Castel1951a [biological control: 95-98]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 208]; Charmo1898a [host, distribution: 66]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1894t [distribution: 178]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 5,8]; Cocker1895u [host, distribution: 727]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 17]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Cohen1969 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 769-772]; Cohen1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 38-41]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 331-332]; Conway1951 [host, distribution, economic importance]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 237]; CouturQuGo1997 [economic importancem, host, distribution: 126]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 199]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 43]; DavoodTaRa2004a [biological control: 887-899]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 185]; DeLott1969b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-213]; Delucc1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; EisaElEl1990 [chemical control, life history: 49-55]; ElekciSe2007 [host, distribution, biological control: 29-34]; ElliotOhWy1998 [host, distribution, economic importance]; EzzatFa1980 [taxonomy, description: 25]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 381-383]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 152,158]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75,91]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292-295]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 81]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 4,22]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 422]; Georgh1977 [host, distribution: 148]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-49]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Gothil1962 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-14]; GothilBe1970 [life history, host, distribution: 93-99]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1899b [taxonomy, description: 191]; Green1900c [host, distribution: 8]; Green1904a [host, distribution: 207]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 200]; Green1908a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 277]; Green1916a [host, distribution: 375]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 311]; HabibSaAm1971 [host, distribution, life history: 318-330]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 38]; Hall1924a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6-7]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-28]; HarpazRo1971 [biological control, economic importance: 458-468]; Helmy1992 [host, distribution, chemical control: 809-816]; HelmyGiAb1984 [chemical control: 1125-1132]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 462]; HernanNiMa2011 [host: 379-380]; Hodges2001 [host, distribution, life history: 1-122]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy, distribution: 208]; HodgesRuBr2000 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 23-31]; HodgesRuBr2003 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, economic importance: 3-12]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 419-422]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 6,9,15]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 61-64,241]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183]; IsmailElSo2004 [chemical control: 175-179]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 133, 141]; JohnsoLy1988 [economic importance, host, distribution]; KansuUy1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 565-567]; KaracaErYa2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 372-377]; Katsoy1996 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 15,19-21,81-83]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 167]; Kawai1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1932a [host, distribution: 248]; Kirkal1902 [taxonomy, distribution: 105]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, distribution: 228]; KonarSa2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 65-68]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 44]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 330-331]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 81]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-69]; Kuwana1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 34-43]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 133,141]; MaChZh1995 [host, distribution: 117-119]; MalipaDuSm2000 [biological control: 96]; Malump2012b [distribution, host: 210,212]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 150-151]; Mamet1949 [distribution: 22]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 223]; Mamet1957 [taxonomy: 368]; MarinLCi1996a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 91-96]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 14-224]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 42]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; MendelPoRo1984b [life history, ecology: 30-33]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 5]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; MillerRuPa2014 [catalogue: 65]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 5]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 8]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [illustration, taxonomy: 146, 152]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; MoriPeTo2001 [taxonomy: 42]; Mosque1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133-139]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-39]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 3]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 29]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 306]; Panis1982 [distribution, biological control: 12-22]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy: 19]; Peleg1987 [chemical control: 601-603]; Peleg1988 [chemical control: 88-92]; PelegBa1995 [chemical control, biological control, economic importance: 262-263]; PelegGo1981 [chemical control: 124-126]; PellizCa1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 182-185]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294,296]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-158]; Petch1921 [biological control: 18-40]; PodoleDrRo1981 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 81-90]; Pratt1958 [taxonomy]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 934-935]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution: 23-24]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 30]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 40]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Rosen1966 [biological control, host, distribution: 46-48]; Rosen1969 [biological control: 45-53]; Rosen1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 289-292]; Schmut1990 [economic importance, host, distribution: 193]; Schmut1998 [host, distribution: 36]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; SchneiPoRo1983 [host, distribution, life history: 117-141]; SchneiPoRo1987 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 217-228]; SchneiPoRo1987a [economic importance, life history, host, distribution: 67-78]; SchneiPoRo1987b [economic importance, life history, host, distribution: 95-103]; SchneiPoRo1988 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 75-83]; SengonUyKa1998 [host, distribution, biological control: 128-131]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 49]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38-39]; Simant1962a [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 105-112]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 7]; SinhaDi1984 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 11-12]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 56-57]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution: 9]; Stimme1998 [life history, biological control, host, distribution, economic importance: 17-19]; Su1982 [distribution: 61]; SunQiLi1989 [biological control, economic importance: 1-4]; SwinglWe1896 [host, distribution: 1-6]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 86-88]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 345]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 67-68]; Takaha1932a [distribution, host: 103]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 117]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 263]; Takaha1940a [host, distribution: 331]; Tang1991 [taxonomy: 306-308]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 79]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-94,95]; TrabouBe1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-13]; Tuncyu1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 67-80]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 49]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 341]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 172]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 127]; VidyasKoDe1989 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 359-360]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 93]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; Webber1897 [chemical control: 53-58]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 145]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43-48]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-73]; WilliaWi1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 55-56]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15,54]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion: 21-112]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168,187]; Yarden1977 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-20]; Yarden1987 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 25-31]; YardenRo1990 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 125-128]; YardenRo1992 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 622-629]; YardenRo1995 [life history, ecology: 307-313]; YardenSh1995 [life history, chemical control, host, distribution: 271-276]; YunusHo1980 [host, distribution]; ZchoriBePo2005 [endosymbionts, Cardinium: 211-221].

Ceroplastes flosculoides Matile-Ferrero in Matile-Ferrero & Couturier

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes flosculoides Matile-Ferrero in Matile-Ferrero & Couturier, 1993: 441. Type data: PERU: Loreto, Jenaro Herrera, Plantation HAP, on Myricaria dubia . Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [PerontSoGr2008]. Tamaricaceae: Myricaria dubia [MatileCo1993].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]); Peru [MatileCo1993].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1993) and by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1993) and by Peronti et al. (2008).

SYSTEMATICS: This species was also reported as Ceroplastes sp. by Couturier et al. (1994).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Reported (Matile-Ferrero & Couturier, 1993) to damage cultivated plantation of Myricaria dubia (common name 'camu camu'), a valuable export crop in Peru.

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: MatileCo1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 441-445]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158].

Ceroplastes formicarius Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes communis Hempel, 1900a: 459. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Maytenus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, and UCEC. Described: female. Synonymy by Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 158.

Ceroplastes formicarius Hempel, 1900a: 472. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Maytenus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 54. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 95-147. Described: female.

Ceroplastes scutigera Cockerell, 1902i: 92. Type data: ARGENTINA: Ceres, on a shrub with small, entire oval-laneolate leaves. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Granara de Willink, 1999: 51.



HOSTS: Achatocarpaceae: Achatocarpus praecox [Granar1999]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [SilvadGoGa1968]. Celastraceae: Maytenus [Hempel1900a, SilvadGoGa1968]. Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [PerontSoGr2008]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Granar1999]. Malpighiaceae: Banisteriopsis oxyclada [PerontSoGr2008], Byrsonima [PerontSoGr2008]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia edulis [Granar1999]. Opiliaceae: Agonandra exelsa [Granar1999]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Catamarca [Granar1999], Chaco [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999], San Luis [Granar1999], Santa Fe [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]); Brazil (Amazonas [PerontSoGr2008], Pernambuco [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by a species of Camponotus (Hempel, 1900b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Granara de Willink (1999) anf by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil]; Granara de Willink 1999: 48 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 29,36,54]; Cocker1902i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 92]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253,254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 150,152,157]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-54]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 627]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 459-460,472-473]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 560]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 67-68]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 197]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-160]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 137]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 124,127].

Ceroplastes formosus Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes formosus Hempel, 1900a: 468. Type data: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Pocos de Caldas, on Eugenia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 160. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil; type no. 37. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Hempel1900a], Eugenia sprengelli [PerontSoGr2008], Myrciaria cauliflora [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 36]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 152]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 468]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-161]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 127].

Ceroplastes galeatus Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes galeatus Newstead, 1911: 95. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype female designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: Uganda: right label: Colonial Office / Ent. Res. Comm. (T.A.) / 1804 / Entebbe / 10/VIII/10 / BM 1945, 121; left label: Ceroplastes / galeatus / Newstead / Cotype females (BMNH): 1/1 (fair-poor, dorsum and venter separated).



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea sp. [Kondo2013]

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Newste1911, Sassce1912].

BIOLOGY: Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1911).

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Test of adult female - wax hard; creamy white or dusky yellowish white; roughly hemispherical; divided into distinct plates; dorsum with a central dark nuclear spot situated in a deep depression, the latter extending as a narrow groove as far as the region of the anal lobes; lateral plates separated by dark depression lines; lateral margins over the stigmatic clefts projecting considerably beyond the hemispherical portion, in the form of 2 peak-like extensions, on both surfaces of which are the opaque white stigmatic bands; area surrounding the anal orifice almost denuded, so that the colour of the insect is visible. Width 4.5-5.0 mm, length 4.0-4.5 mm." (Newstead, 1911). Mounted material. Body elongate oval, probably rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; distinctness of dorsal tubercles uncertain. Caudal process short and stout, pointing more or less vertically. Length 2.7-3.5 mm, total width of mounted specimen 1.75–2.5 mm; width of venter 1.5-1.65 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. galeatus initially appears similar to several other species in the C. rusci-group but differs in: (i) having no ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region; (ii) almost no tibio-tarsal articulatory scleroses; (iii) the distribution of the stigmatic setae, with the largest lying within the group (i.e., not the most dorsal seta); (iv) in the shortness of antennal segment III, and (v) stigmatic setae not meeting between clefts. Other species in the C. rusci-group that lack tubular ducts in the cephalic region are C. singularis, C. balachowskyi and C. ghesquierei. C. singularis differs in having stigmatic setae along entire margin, C. balachowskyi differs in having a very large mid-dorsal clear area and C. ghesquierei is very similar but has many more stigmatic setae which almost meet between the clefts. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 37]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 121-123,242]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 44]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-96]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 88].

Ceroplastes ghesquierei Hodgson & Peronti

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes ghesquierei Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 124-126. Type data: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Kisangani (=Stanleyville), on Loranthus sp., 7/14/1936, by J. Ghesdqiére. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Tervuren: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Section d'Entomologie, Belgium; type no. 4097. Described: female. Illust. Notes:



HOSTS: Loranthaceae: Loranthus sp. [HodgsoPe2012]. Moraceae: Ficus sp. [HodgsoPe2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. The waxy test of 80 year-old dried specimens rather clear yellow but some clearly showing a basic structure similar to that of C. rusci, with a series of marginal plates, anterior 2 lateral pairs each with white stigmatic lines, plus a larger dorsal plate with a central dark nucleus. With wax removed, younger specimens with a central dorsal dome and a short caudal process. Mounted material. Body rather roundly oval and probably fairly convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts; lateral tubercles distinct although small. Caudal process short and stout, probably directed rather upwards. Length of young specimens 1.6-2.5 mm, width about 1.0-1.5 mm.

SYSTEMATICS: C. ghesquierei is clearly a member of the C. rusci-group but differs from the other members of this group in having the following combination of characters: (i) absence of ventral tubular ducts in cephalic region and often on abdomen; (ii) stigmatic setae on each side meeting between clefts and extending from near each eyespot a long way past each posterior cleft; also often with a few present between eyespots anteriorly; (iii) each stigmatic setal group broadening to 4 setae deep in each cleft, and with non-marginal stigmatic setae extending a long way along margin laterally; (iv) stigmatic setae sharply cone-shaped, (v) presence of only 1-5 marginal setae on each side laterally between clefts and (vi) large dorsal setae on each anal plate all located near posterior margin. In almost entirely lacking ventral tubular ducts, C. ghesquierei is similar to C. balachowskyi, C. singularis and C. galeatus. C. singularis differs from the other 3 species in having a band of stigmatic setae around the entire margin (absent from some parts of the margin on other 3 species). It also resembles C. galeatus, particularly in having the large dorsal setae on the anal plate restricted to near the outer margins of each plate but, based on the available material, differs from C. galeatus in having many more stigmatic setae on each side, meeting laterally between the clefts. It is possible that C. ghesquierei is a synonym of C. galeatus but, based on the available specimens, they are easily separable.

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (adult, female) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].

CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 124-126,242].

Ceroplastes giganteus Dozier

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes giganteus Dozier, 1931: 2. Type data: HAITI: Source Cazeau, on Ficus rubricosta. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Bombacaceae: Neobuchia paulinae [Dozier1931]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia pulcherrima [Willia2010], Jatropha curcas [Willia2010]. Moraceae: Ficus rubricosta [Dozier1931]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Willia2010]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [Willia2010]; Haiti [PerezG2008].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 37]; Dozier1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-2]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 44]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 145].

Ceroplastes gigas Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes gigas Cockerell, 1914b: 331. Type data: PHILIPPINES: near Los Banos. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: Host plant of type material not recorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Sassce1915, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 17]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 37]; Cocker1914b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 331]; Sassce1915 [host, distribution: 31]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 225].

Ceroplastes glomeratus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes glomeratus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 162. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria, on Vernonia brevifolia; collected D. Link, 22.x.2002. Holotype female. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil; type no. 251. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus therebibthifolius [PerontSoGr2008]. Asteraceae: Vernonia brevifolia [PerontSoGr2008]. Fabaceae: Acacia plumosa [PerontSoGr2008], Anadenanthera [PerontSoGr2008], Anadenanthera pavonina [PerontSoGr2008], Caesalpinia peltophoroides [PerontSoGr2008], Calliandra tweedii [PerontSoGr2008], Dalbergia frutescens [PerontSoGr2008], Inga [PerontSoGr2008], Piptadenia colubrina [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Mato Grosso [PerontSoGr2008], Parana [PerontSoGr2008], Rio Grande do Sul [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour Photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-163].

Ceroplastes grandis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes grandis Hempel, 1900a: 455. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Ypiranga, on Zanthoxylum sp., Ilex sp., Psidium sp., Mechilia flava, Baccharis sp. and various Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroplastes rhizophorae Hempel, 1918: 201. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Santos, on Rhizophora mangle. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 164.

Ceroplastidia grandis; Granara de Willink, 1999: 66. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus [PerontSoGr2008], Schinus molle [Granar1999, PerontSoGr2008]. Apocynaceae: Aspidosperma quebracho blanco [Granar1999], Nerium oleander [CorseuBa1971]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolia [Granar1999], Ilex paraguariensis [Lizery1916d, CorseuBa1971]. Asteraceae: Baccharis [Hempel1900a]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda [CorseuBa1971, Granar1999], Tabebuia [Granar1999], Tabebuia avellanedae [PerontSoGr2008]. Combretaceae: Laguncularia recemosa [SilvadGoGa1968]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [CorseuBa1971]. Fabaceae: Acacia decurrens mollis [CorseuBa1971], Delonix regia [PerontSoGr2008], Prosopis chilensis [Granar1999]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [CorseuBa1971]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [SilvadGoGa1968], Eugenia guabiju [CorseuBa1971], Psidium guajava [CorseuBa1971]. Platanaceae: Platanus [PerontSoGr2008], Platanus orientalis [CorseuBa1971]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [CorseuBa1971]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora [SilvadGoGa1968], Rhizophora mangle [Hempel1918, PerontSoGr2008]. Rosaceae: Cydonia vulgaris [CorseuBa1971], Mespilus germanica [CorseuBa1971], Pyrus communis [CorseuBa1971], Pyrus germanica [CorseuBa1971]. Rubiaceae: Stenocalyx pitanga [PerontSoGr2008]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Granar1999], Citrus deliciosa [CorseuBa1971], Citrus nobilis [CorseuBa1971], Citrus reticulata [Granar1999], Zanthoxylum [Hempel1900a]. Tiliaceae: Luehea divaricata [CorseuBa1971]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia tomentosa [PerontSoGr2008], Duranta repens aurea [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Chaco [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999], La Rioja [Granar1999], Misiones [Lizery1916d, Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999, GranarCl2003]); Brazil (Parana [BorgesLaLa2003, PerontSoGr2008], Rio Grande do Sul [PerontSoGr2008], Rio de Janeiro [PerontSoGr2008], Santa Catarina [HickelDu1995], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999) and by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Photo colour of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil]; Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 37-38, 49]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; BorgesLaLa2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 563-568]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 237]; EmbrapCeNa2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-24]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 133, 153]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-69]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 627]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 455-457]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 557-558]; Hempel1918 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 201]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-23]; HickelDu1995 [host, distribution, life history: 665-668]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Lepage1941a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, chemical control, economic importance: 343-346]; Lizery1916d [host, distribution: 433]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 192-194]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; SaezMaHo2001 [host, distribution: 21-24]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 139]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 128]; Vernal1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 26-28]; VernalGaDa1974 [taxonomy, description: 129].

Ceroplastes gregarius Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes gregarius Hempel, 1932: 323. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Ipiranga, on Gomphrena nagansellarti. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IBSP; type no. 537. Described: female.



HOST: Amaranthaceae: Gomphrena nagansellarti [Hempel1932, PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1932, PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 38]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323-324]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165].

Ceroplastes hawanus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes hawanus Williams & Watson, 1990: 73. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: San Cristobal, Hawa, on Barringtonia asiatica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia asiatica [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 38]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 45]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73].

Ceroplastes helichrysi Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes helichrysi Hall, 1931: 295. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Bromley, on Helichrysum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype: (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): ZIMBABWE [Southern Rhodesia]: top label: Ceroplastes / helichrysi / Hall / Helychrysum / sp. / Bromley. Bottom label: WJHall 9/3/28 / TYPE / 14.iii.30 WJHall (lectotype top specimen of two).

Gascardia helichrysi; De Lotto, 1965: 181. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Helichrysum [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Rosaceae: Cliffortia sp. [HodgsoPe2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [HodgsoPe2012]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969).

STRUCTURE: Test of the adult female convex and pure white. There is a deep submarginal depression giving the marginal area the appearance of being rounded and thickened. The outlines of the plates are indicated by shallow depressions, and each plate carries a rather obscure median circular depression. Centre of the dome with a small elongate raised white boss. There are faint indications of radiating lines and concentric rings on the dome, and a few specimens exhibit a well-marked concentric depression midway between the central boss and the submarginal groove. The wax is firm but not hard. Denuded of its wax, the adult female is highly convex and uniformly rounded, with a faint submarginal depression that is frequently missing in older examples. Cephalic lobes [tubercles] represented, but not at all conspicuous except in the young individuals. Dorsal processes [tubercles] wanting but traces of lateral processes found on a few examples. Caudal process small, triangular, with the apex directed upwards at an angle of 45°. Stigmatic clefts shallow but well marked. Older examples uniformly sclerotised; the dermis is thin and brittle. Length of the test of adult female 5 mm; breadth 3.5 mm. (Hall, 1931)

SYSTEMATICS: The main characteristics of this species are: (i) the more or less unsclerotised anal process; (ii) presence of several larger spinose setae in each stigmatic group; (iii) rather wide primary loculus in each loculate microduct; (iv) dissimilar claw digitules; (v) small denticle on each claw; (vi) large number of tubular ducts in cephalic region, (vii) absence of tubular ducts laterally on thorax, and (viii) presence of ventral tubular ducts laterally on abdomen. In having a relatively unsclerotised caudal process, C. helichrysi resembles C. brevicauda, but the latter differs in having: (i) reduced antennae and legs; (ii) no ventral tubular ducts anteriorly in the cephalic region, and (iii) loculate microducts of the complex type. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 40 [Key to adult females of C. deceptrix-group].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 38]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 181]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 295-296]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-31]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 44-46,241]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes hempeli Lizer y Trelles

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes grandis hempeli Lizer y Trelles, 1919a: 381. Type data: ARGENTINA: Misiones, on Ilex paraguariensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Castelar: Departamento de Patologia Vegetal, INTA, C.C. no. 25, Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Ceroplastes hempeli; Vernalha et al., 1974: 127. Change of status.



HOST: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex paraguariensis [Lizery1919, Lizery1939].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 38]; Lizery1919 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 381-382]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 194]; VernalGaDa1974 [taxonomy, description: 130].

Ceroplastes hodgsoni (Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Gascardia hodgsoni Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 262. Type data: IVORY COAST: Tai, on Cleistanthus polystachyus. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Ceroplastes hodgsoni; Ben-Dov, 1993: 38. Change of combination.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Cleistanthus polystachyus [MatileLe1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast). Palaearctic: Hungary [FetykoKo2012] (In greenhouse on Ficus benjamina.).

BIOLOGY: Protected under soil shelter constructed by ants, Crematogaster sp. (Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet (1985). Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Body probably rather roundly oval and convex, with distinct, quite deep, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with small lateral tubercles. Caudal process short, placed posteriorly on dorsum. Length about 1.3-1.8 mm, width 1.25-1.38 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: The adult females of C. hodgsoni differ from all others in this species-group in the very small size of the dorsal setae, which are present in all the dorsal clear areas, in having all loculate microducts of the ruscitype, none apparently with 2 or more satellite loculi, and in having few spiracular disc pores. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 38]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 277]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 174-176,243]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262-263].

Ceroplastes iheringi Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes iheringi Cockerell, 1895f: 100. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, on Baccharis platensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [Cocker1895f, Cocker1897r], Baccharis dracunculifolia [CorseuBa1971, Hempel1900a], Baccharis genisteloides [CorseuBa1971], Baccharis platensis [Cocker1895f, Iherin1897, Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008], Hetherothalamus brunioides [CorseuBa1971], Vernonia polyanthes [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais [PerontSoGr2008], Rio Grande do Sul [Cocker1895f, Iherin1897, Cocker1897r], Sao Paulo [Iherin1897]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 39]; Cocker1895f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 100]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1897r [description, host, distribution: 70]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 153]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 452-454]; Hempel1904 [host, distribution: 315]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 32]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 409-410]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-166]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 128].

Ceroplastes immanis Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes immanis Green, 1935a: 274. Type data: BRAZIL: Goyaz, on branches of undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Green1935a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 39]; Green1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274-275].

Ceroplastes insulanus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes insulanus De Lotto, 1971: 141. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Lord Howe Island, on areal roots of an unidentified plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea cairica [QinGu1994]. Myrsinaceae: Rapanea [DeLott1971, QinGu1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Lord Howe Island [DeLott1971, QinGu1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1971).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; BenDov1993 [distribution: 39]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-142]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 935-937]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 73-75].

Ceroplastes irregularis Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes artemisiarum Cockerell, 1893t: 160. Nomen nudum.

Ceroplastes irregularis Cockerell, 1893z: 351. Type data: MEXICO: State of Chihuahua, 6 miles north of Montezuma Railroad, on Artemisia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel et al., 1974: 49. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Ceroplastes irregularis rubidus Cockerell, 1896o: 203. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Whitewater, on Atriplex canescens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 49.

Ceroplastes irrigularis; Qin & Gullan, 1995: 301. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: irregular wax scale [Gill1988].



HOSTS: Asclepiadaceae: Sarcobatus [Cocker1893z]. Asteraceae: Artemisia [Cocker1893z, GimpelMiDa1974], Chrysothamnus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [Cocker1912, Ferris1919a, Ferris1921], Atriplex canescens [Cocker1896o, Bibby1931, GimpelMiDa1974], Atriplex confertifolia [King1903b, Ferris1919a], Atriplex polycarpa [King1903b], Eurotia lanata [Ferris1919a, GimpelMiDa1974], Suaeda [Gill1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n] (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921]). Nearctic: Mexico (Chihuahua [Cocker1893z], Chihuahua [Ferris1919a]). Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1912], California [King1903b, Ferris1919a], Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico [Cocker1896o, Ferris1919a], Texas [Cocker1903a, Bibby1931]).

BIOLOGY: Apparently, it develops one annual generation in USA, California (Gill, 1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel et al. (1974) and by Gill (1988).

STRUCTURE: Adult female 5-8 mm long. Dorsal wax cover varies in colour, creamy white, pink or red-brown; see colour photograph in Gill (1988).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: According to Essig (1931) the wax produced by the females of this species was used by the California Indians for mending pottery, waterproofing baskets and other purposes.

KEYS: Gill 1988: 17 (female) [USA, California]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 39-40]; Bibby1931 [host, distribution: 588]; Cocker1893cc [distribution: 99]; Cocker1893z [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 351]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; Cocker1896o [taxonomy, host, distribution: 203]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 17]; Cocker1903a [host, distribution: 157]; Cocker1912 [host, distribution: 301]; Cocker1914b [host, distribution: 331]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 153]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-42]; Ferris1921 [host, distribution: 89]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 20, 24]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-52]; King1903b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 194]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy: 343-344]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes itatiayensis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes itatiayensis Hempel, 1938: 263. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro State, Itatiaya, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 40]; Hempel1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 263-264].

Ceroplastes jamaicensis White

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes jamaicensis White, 1846: 333. Type data: JAMAICA: on trunk of Lance-wood tree [=Calophyllum sp.]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

Columnea iamaicensis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Misspelling of species name.

Columnea jamaicensis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: lance-wood wax scale [Cocker1895].



HOST: Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [White1846].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Jamaica.

KEYS: Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [Jamaica].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 40]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, distribution: 6,8]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 153]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Signor1869 [catalogue: 858]; Signor1872a [taxonomy: 45]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 145]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, distribution: 1087]; Westwo1853b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 484]; White1846 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27].

Ceroplastes janeirensis (Gray)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus (Ceroplastes) janeirensis Gray, 1828: 7. Type data: BRAZIL: on Solanum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Coccus psidii Chavannes, 1848: 139. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Bosafogo Bay, on Psidium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 167.

Columnea chavannesii Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 47.

Columnea ianeirensis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Misspelling of species name.

Ceroplastes chavannesii; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 35. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes janeirensis; Signoret, 1869: 858. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes psidii; Signoret, 1869a: 867. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes simplex Hempel, 1900a: 475. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on twigs of plant of Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Synonymy by Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 167.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Apidae: Plebeia droryana Friese [PerontFeFe2013].

HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Aspidosperma pirifolium [PerontSoGr2008], Aspidosperma quebracho blanco [Granar1999]. Asteraceae: Vernonia [PerontSoGr2008]. Bignoniaceae [PerontSoGr2008], Tabebuia [Granar1999]. Clusiaceae [PerontSoGr2008]. Fabaceae: Acacia bonariensis [CorseuBa1971], Machaerium acutifolium [PerontSoGr2008]. Moraceae: Ficus [Granar1999], Ficus citrifolia [PerontSoGr2008], Ficus retusa [SilvadGoGa1968]. Myrtaceae [Hempel1900a, Granar1999, PerontSoGr2008], Campomanesia pubescens [PerontSoGr2008], Campomanesia xanthocarpa [PerontSoGr2008], Eugenia uniflora [SilvadGoGa1968], Eugenia uvalha [PerontSoGr2008], Phyllocalyx laevigatus [CorseuBa1971], Psidium [Chavan1848, Targio1866, Hempel1900a], Psidium guajava [Iherin1897, Hempel1920a, CorseuBa1971, Granar1999, PerontSoGr2008], Stenocalyx pitanga [CorseuBa1971, PerontSoGr2008]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [PerontSoGr2008]. Solanaceae: Solanum [Gray1828].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Chaco [Granar1999], Corrientes [Granar1999], Misiones [Granar1999]); Brazil (Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro [Chavan1848, Targio1866], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]); Colombia [Kondo2001].

BIOLOGY: The females are neotenic, becoming adult after three moults. The first-instar nymphs are active and move in search of a suitable settling place on the host plant. They settle mainly along the veins on the ventral side of the leaves, remaining there until the end of second instar, although a few can also be found on the upper side of the leaves. The migration from the leaves to the younger branches occurs mainly after the moult to the third instar. (Rosa, et al., 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by De Lotto (1965a), Hodgson (1994a), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Peronti et al. (2008). Description of adult female by Chavannes (1848) and by Hempel (1920a). Detailed description and illustrations of female nymphs in Rosa, et al., 2011)

STRUCTURE: the adults have a thick wax test covering the whole dorsal area. The first and second-instar female nymphs secrete a dorsal cap of dry wax which covers most of the dorsum, plus a submarginal series of about 15 filaments of dry wax. These dry wax filaments are retained in the third instar, but, the third instar also secretes a large volume of wet wax which covers the remainder of the dorsum. (Gimpel, et al., 1974) Colour photograph of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Hempel (1920a) reported this wax scale as a serious pest of guavas in Northern Brazil (Paraiba and Pernambuco).

KEYS: Rosa et al. 2011: 29 (first instar, second inst) [Key to female stages of C. janeirensis ]; Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil]; Granara de Willink 1999: 55 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; AbouElAbEl1997 [life history, host, distribution: 205]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 40,47-48,54]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; ChackoKrAn1978 [biological control: 14-19]; Chavan1848 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 139-141]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1897r [taxonomy, distribution: 70]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy, distribution: 253-254]; CorseuBa1971 [distribution, host: 238]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-187]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 153,155,157]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-56]; Gray1828 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 451-452,475-476]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-69]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-24]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 346, 369-370]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163]; Iherin1897 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 408]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; LimaOmMe2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 277]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 22]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; MohyudMa1993 [host, distribution, biological control: 467-483]; PerontFeFe2013 [ecology: 453-454]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-169]; PerontSoTa2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 251]; PuttarCh1953a [biological control: 97-95]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; RosaPeSo2011 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 18-30]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 858,867]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40-43]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 145]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 728]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 128-130]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1082,1087]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; Westwo1853b [taxonomy, description: 484]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27,39]; Wolcot1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 511-513].

Ceroplastes japonicus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes floridensis japonicus Green, 1921a: 258. Type data: ENGLAND: Herts, St. Albans, on smaller branches of Japanese Maple (imported from Japan). Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Ceroplastes japonicus; Borchsenius, 1949c: 181. Change of status.

Cerostegia japonica; De Lotto, 1969b: 213. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes rusci; Pellizzari Scaltriti & Antonucci, 1982: 47. Misidentification.

Paracerostegia japonica; Tang, 1991: 308. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes japonicus; Ben-Dov, 1993: 40. Change of combination.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus L. [Kobakh1965], Chilocorus renipustulatus Scriba [Kobakh1965]. FUNGI : Fusarium [ZengWaCh1990], Lecanicillium lecanii [LiuXiXu2009]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anicetus beneficus Ishii & Yasumatsu [Tachik1958], Anicetus ceroplastis Ishii [Tachik1958], Anicetus ohgushii Tachikawa [Tachik1958, LiuLiXu1983], Anicetus rarisetus Xu & He [XuHe1997], Anicetus zhejiangensis Xu & Li [XuLi1991], Microterys anyangensis Xu & Chen [XuCh2000], Microterys clauseni Compere [Yasnos1995, JaposhYaRz2005]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus murakami Sugonyaev [Sugony1983a]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) [Basova1983, JaposhYaRz2005]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Mallada boninensis (Okamoto) [MiyanoKa1992].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer japonicus [Green1921a, DeLott1969b], Acer pseudoplatanus [KozarTrPe1984]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Borchs1957], Trachelospermum asiaticum [TakahaTa1956]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [JancarSeZe1999], Ilex integra [TakahaTa1956]. Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Longo1985]. Berberidaceae: Berberis [Borchs1957], Epimedium colchicum [Borchs1957], Mahonia aquifolium [JancarSeZe1999]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999]. Celastraceae: Euonymus japonicus [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999]. Cornaceae: Cornus mas [Borchs1957], Svida [Borchs1957]. Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta [TakahaTa1956]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia acuminata [TakahaTa1956]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus pungens [TakahaTa1956]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus decipiens [TakahaTa1956]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea hortensia [JancarSeZe1999]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999], Machilus thunbergii [TakahaTa1956]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [Borchs1957]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [JancarSeZe1999], Morus [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999], Myrtus communis [Borchs1957]. Myrtaceae: Feijoa sellowiana [Borchs1957]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira [Borchs1957]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus nagi [TakahaTa1956]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [JancarSeZe1999]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Borchs1960b]. Rosaceae: Cerasus avium [Borchs1957], Cerasus vulgaris [Borchs1957], Chaenomeles japonica [JancarSeZe1999], Crataegus [Borchs1957], Cydonia vulgaris [Borchs1957], Eriobotrya japonica [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999], Malus domestica [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999], Persica vulgaris [Borchs1957], Prunus armeniaca [JancarSeZe1999], Prunus avium [JancarSeZe1999], Prunus laurocerasus [Borchs1957], Prunus mume [Borchs1960b], Prunus persica [JancarSeZe1999], Prunus yedoensis [TakahaTa1956], Pyrus communis [JancarSeZe1999], Pyrus sinensis [Borchs1957]. Rutaceae: Aegle sepiaria [KozarTrPe1984], Citrus [Borchs1957], Citrus limon [JancarSeZe1999], Citrus reticulata [JancarSeZe1999], Poncirus trifoliata [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999]. Salicaceae: Salix glandulosa [TakahaTa1956], Salix saidaeana [TakahaTa1956]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [Borchs1957], Eurya japonica [Borchs1957], Thea sinensis [Borchs1957].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]). Palaearctic: Armenia [Beglar2003]; Bulgaria [TrenchTrTo2010]; China (Henan (=Honan) [ZhouShYa2003], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Croatia [MastenSeSi2007, Masten&2008a]; France [Foldi2000]; Georgia [KozarYaKo1982, Yasnos1995, YasnosTaCh2005]; Hungary [FetykoKo2012]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984]; Japan [DeLott1969b]; Netherlands [FetykoKo2012]; Russia (Caucasus [KozarTrPe1984]); Slovenia [JancarSeZe1999, Seljak2008, Seljak2010]; South Korea [KwonHa2003]; Turkey [FetykoKo2012]; United Kingdom (England [DeLott1969b, Green1921a]).

BIOLOGY: Ohgushi & Nishino (1975) studied the life tables in Japan. This species develops one annual generation in Northern Italy; overwintering as adult female (Longo, 1985).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1969b), Tang (1991) and by Pellizzari & Camporose (1994). Description and illustration of adult female and nymphal instars by Camporose & Pellizzari (1994). Description of adult female, adult male and first-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1957). Description and illustration of adult male, 2nd-instar male, male test, prepupa and pupa by Rainato & Pellizzari (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.56, a,b,c), Tranfaglia & Viggiani (1988) and by Camporose & Pellizzari (1998). Detailed discussion and SEM photos of the alimentary canal in Xie, et al., 2011.

SYSTEMATICS: Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes japonicus generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of Actinidia chinensis in Italy (Pellizzari & Antonucci, 1982), of ornamentals (laurel, ivy, holly) and of persimon in Italy (Pellizzari & Camporose, 1994; Camporose & Pellizzari, 1998).

KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Lee et al. 2012: 159-160 (female) [Key to the wax tests of adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Lee et al. 2012: 160 (female) [Key to slide mounted adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Mori, Pellizzari & Tosi 2001: 42 (female) [Italy]; Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Tang 1991: 304 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 166 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Basova1983 [host, distribution, biological control: 30-31]; Beglar2003 [host, distribution: 1-30]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 40-41]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 155]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 461-468]; Borchs1960b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 214-218]; CABI2003a [host, distribution: 1-2]; CamporPe1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-58]; CamporPe1998 [life history, host, distribution, life history, biological control,: 42-50]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 199]; DeLott1969b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-215]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 291-295]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 81]; Green1921a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 258-259]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 154-156]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183-184]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; JancarSeZe1999 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 443-449]; JancarSeZe1999 [host, distribution: 443-449]; JaposhYaRz2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 271-277]; Katsoy1996 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 15,20-21,81-83]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 11]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 166-167]; Kozar1987 [distribution: 100]; Kozar1989 [economic importance, host, distribution: 176-177]; Kozar1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 317]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 6]; KozarWa1985 [host, distribution: 76]; KozarYaKo1982 [host, distribution, biological control: 333-338]; KwonHa2003 [host, distribution: 279-288]; LeeWuSu2012 [distribution, host: 158]; Leonid2005 [host, distribution: 500-551]; LiangGaZh2006 [host, distribution, ecology: 472-476]; LiuLiXu1983 [biological control: 135-136]; LiuXiXu2009 [life history, anatomy, biological control: 96-105]; Longo1985 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 185-132]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 122]; MaChZh1995 [host, distribution: 117-119]; Masten&2008a [host, distribution: 11-15]; MastenSeSi2007 [host, distribution, economic importance: 330-334]; MillerRuPa2014 [catalogue: 65]; MiyanoKa1992 [life history, biological control: 196-199]; MoriPeTo2001 [taxonomy: 42]; Ohgush1986a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 59-62]; Ohgush1986b [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 147-149]; Ohgush1987a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 82-85]; Ohgush1988 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 75-77]; OhgushNi1975 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-21]; OhgushNi1975 [life history]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Pelliz1987 [host, distribution: 120-121]; PellizAn1982 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 47-48]; PellizCa1994 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 185-188]; ProkopMo1981 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 43]; RainatPe2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-38]; SeinisDeMe1989 [chemical control, distribution: 115-118]; Seljak2008 [host, distribution: 121-127]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 104]; ShiXiXu2005 [chemistry, molecular data: 207-211]; Sugony1983a [host, distribution, biological control: 1907-1909]; Tachik1958 [host, distribution, biological control: 77-82]; TakahaTa1956 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7-8]; TamakiKa1967 [chemistry, structure: 63-69]; Tanaka1966 [biological control: 1-42]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-95]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 128]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 308-310]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61]; TranfaVi1988 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-30]; TrenchTrTo2010 [host, distribution: 114-123]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-26]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 22-38]; XieLiXu2010 [biological control, anatomy: 66-75]; XieLiZh2011 [structure: 898-904]; XieXu2005 [taxonomy, structure: 837-848]; XieXuYa2008 [host, distribution, biological control, chemistry, physiology, life history: 185-194]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2005a [taxonomy, wax, infra-red: 133-143]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-202]; XuCh2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 97-106]; XuHe1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 91-94]; XuLi1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 219-221]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187]; YangDuLi1996 [life history]; YangXiXu2006 [biological control, chemical ecology, life history: 215-219]; Yasnos1987 [economic importance: 229-234]; Yasnos1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 247-251]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 295-302]; Yasuma1969 [biological control: 773-780]; ZengWaCh1990 [taxonomy: 93]; ZhouShYa2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 42-43,50].

Ceroplastes jordanensis Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes jordanensis Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 169. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Campos do Jordão, on plant of Myrtaceae; collected A.L.B.G. Peronti, 24.xi.2001. Holotype female. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil; type no. 357. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Sãp Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-170].

Ceroplastes jos Hodgson & Peronti

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes jos Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 68-70. Type data: NIGERIA: on "a large tree", 1/29/1962, by W.J. Hall. Holotype female (examined), by present designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: holotype specimen nearest species name label; misidentified as C. bipartitus

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

SYSTEMATICS: Ceroplastes jos is very similar to C. bipartitus but differs (characterstates of C. jos in brackets): (i) ventral tubular ducts very sparse, possibly even absent on some specimens and not present medially on abdomen (tubular ducts frequent and present medially on abdomen); (ii) loculate microducts mainly with 2 satellite loculi, those with 4 satellite loculi rare or absent (mainly 3 satellite loculi, pores with 4 satellite loculi present but scarce, those with 2 satellite loculi infrequent); (iii) with generally more than 30 stigmatic setae in each cleft, and each group about as wide as long (about 25 or fewer stigmatic setae in a group and each group much wider than long); (iv) dorsal setae about 2x longer than width of basal socket and sharply pointed (subequal to or only slightly longer than width of basal socket, and bluntly pointed), and (v) claw denticle obscure at most (present). C. jos is also very similar to C. sinoiae Hall but C. sinoiae is currently only known from southern Africa whereas C. jos is only known from Nigeria. C. jos differs from C. sinoiae in having (character-states of C. sinoiae in brackets): (i) a much narrower caudal process, more or less parallel-sided (more or less triangular and about as broad basally as long); (ii) seven clear areas, the medio-dorsal area obscure or absent (dorsal area present); (iii) each group of stigmatic setae about twice as wide as long (about as wide as long); (iv) ventral tubular ducts present medially on posterior abdominal segments (believed to be absent), (v) loculate microducts with 3 satellite loculi most abundant and pores with 4 satellite loculi present (pores with 2 satellite loculi most abundant, those with 4 loculi absent), and (vi) dorsal setae quite sharply pointed (blunter). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 64 (female) [Key to adult females in the C. longicauda-group.].

CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 68-70,241].

Ceroplastes kunmingensis (Tang & Xie in Tang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracerostegia kunmingensis Tang & Xie in Tang, 1991: 310. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kunming City, on Pittosporum glabratum. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female.

Ceroplastes kunmingensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 41. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes kumingensis; Tao, 1999: 52. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum glabratum [Tang1991], Pittosporum tobira [Tang1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

SYSTEMATICS: Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes kunmingensis generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.

KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 41]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 310-311]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52].

Ceroplastes lahillei Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes lahillei Cockerell, 1910a: 74. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, Santa Ana, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

Ceroplastes (Ceroplastina) lahillei; Cockerell, 1910a: 76.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [Cocker1910a]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 41]; Cocker1910a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-76]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy: 167]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 194]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 65]; Teran1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-196].

Ceroplastes lamborni Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes lamborni Newstead, 1917a: 29. Type data: NIGERIA: Ibadan, on cacao and on climber on bush tree. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Gascardia constricta De Lotto, 1969a: 417. Type data: ANGOLA: Novo Redondo, on Elaeis guineensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Ceroplastes constricta; Ben-Dov, 1993: 29. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [KondoHo2013]. Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [DeLott1969a, Almeid1973b]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Newste1917a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1969a, Almeid1973b]; Cameroon [HodgsoPe2012]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [HodgsoPe2012]; Ghana [HodgsoPe2012]; Nigeria [HodgsoPe2012]. Afrotropical: Nigeria [Newste1917a]. Afrotropical: Sierra Leone [HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. C. lamborni. "Test of old adult female. Conical, more or less vertical in front and sloping upwards and forwards from the caudal process; sides with faint traces of three stigmatic plates. The four white stigmatic processes extending beyond the margin. Colour, in old dried examples, dusky red-brown and somewhat oily in appearance. Texture hard and almost as brittle as resin. Length 3.5 mm; height 3.5 mm" (Newstead, 1917a). Unmounted material. C. constricta. "The covering waxy test of all specimens examined was badly damaged in transit; in texture the wax was brittle and pure white in colour" (De Lotto, 1969a). Mounted material. Body probably rather roundly oval and convex, with distinct, quite deep, stigmatic clefts; presence of lateral tubercles unclear. Caudal process short and stout, probably directed rather upwards. Length about 2 to perhaps 3.5 (1.25-2.0) mm, width across venter about 1.25-2.25 (0.9-1.4) mm. Data in (..) refer to young C. constricta. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Two major characters defining this species are the presence of 5 or more dorsal setae on each anal plate and claw denticles of distinctly different sizes. C. lamborni is rather similar to C. theobromae but has about half as many stigmatic setae and the latter species only has 3 or 4 dorsal setae on each anal plate. However, Hodgson & Peronti determined that it is just possible that these 2 species are synonyms.

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 4]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 29, 41]; DeLott1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 417-419]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 176-180,243]; KondoHo2013 [host: 519]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 29-30]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 499].

Ceroplastes leonardianus Lizer y Trelles

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes irregularis Leonardi, 1911: 271. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, Cacheuta, on Larrea cuneata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 71. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Ceroplastes irregularis Cockerell, 1893.. Notes:

Ceroplastes leonardianus Lizer y Trelles, 1939: 194. Replacement name for Ceroplastes irregularis Leonardi, 1911.

Ceroplastes leonardianus; Teran, 1973: 190. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Ceroplastidia leonardiana; Granara de Willink, 1999: 69. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Eupatorium buniifolium [Lizery1939], Tessaria absinthioides [Lizery1939]. Tiliaceae: Heliocarpus [Lizery1939]. Zygophyllaceae: Larrea [Granar1999], Larrea cuneata [Leonar1911, Sassce1912], Larrea divaricata [Teran1973, Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Sassce1912] (Mendoza [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 41-42]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-71]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 271-273]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 194-195]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 289-308]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 88]; Teran1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-192].

Ceroplastes lepagei Costa Lima

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes lepagei Costa Lima, 1940: 9. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Manguinhos, on Moquilea tomentosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Rio de Janeiro: Fundacao Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Chrysobalanaceae: Moquilea tomentosa [CostaL1940].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 42]; CostaL1940 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9-12].

Ceroplastes longicauda longicauda Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes longicauda Brain, 1920a: 31. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal Coast, on stems of native shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Notes: Lectotype (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): South Africa, Left label: Natal Coast / July 1915 / C. Fuller / on stems of / native shrub / CKB 334 (SANC)

Ceroplastes longicauda sapii Hall, 1931: 296. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Embeza, on Sapium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 70-73.

Gascardia longicauda; De Lotto, 1965a: 202. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda mimosaefolia [DeLott1965a], Jacaranda ovalifolia [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia pulcherrima [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b], Sapium [Hall1931]. Meliaceae: Melia [Hodgso1969]. Tiliaceae: Grewia flavescens [Hodgso1969], Grewia monticola [Hodgso1969]. Verbenaceae: Vitex petersiana [Hodgso1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]; Kenya [DeLott1965a]; South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1965a]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: "Adult female covered with a very thick layer of soft, white wax forming a test like a larger C. ceriferus specimen, i.e., a little more elongated than egbarum. Largest specimen seen measures 18 mm long, 11 mm wide and 12 mm high; marginal area prominent, forming a wide fold at the base of the central dome. The waxy appendages from the stigmatic clefts only project slightly from the main mass of the fold." "Adult female denuded of wax bright brown in colour, about 5 mm long without caudal process, which alone measures 3.5 mm. The body is ± star-shaped with 3 short lateral pointed spurs [tubercles] and 1 anterior. These are sharper and more prominent than on ceriferus. The dorsum is very convex, rising with straight sides to an acute point. The caudal process is exceedingly long, two thirds the length of the body, piceous, slightly tapering and extends in an horizontal direction." (Brain, 1920a). Mounted adult female rather roundly oval and convex; with distinct, quite deep, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct lateral tubercles on younger specimens. Caudal process exceptionally long, pointing posteriorly and narrowing slightly towards apex. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: C. longicauda is very similar to C. bipartita, differing mainly in having a much longer caudal process. Nonetheless, it is speculated that these 2 species might prove to be synyonyms. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 64 (female) [Key to adult females in the C. longicauda-group.]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 2, 4-5]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 42]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 31]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182,202-205]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 111]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 296-297]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 32]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 70-73,241]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104].

Ceroplastes longiseta Leonardi

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes longiseta Leonardi, 1911: 268. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Fabiana denudata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 71. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroplastidia longiseta; Granara de Willink, 1999: 71. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis dracunculifolia [Hempel1900a]. Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia [SilvadGoGa1968]. Solanaceae: Fabiana denudata [Leonar1911, Sassce1912, Granar1999]. Verbenaceae: Lippia lycoides [Lizery1939].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Sassce1912] (Mendoza [Granar1999]); Brazil (Sao Paulo).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 42]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 71]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 268-270]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 196]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 88].

Ceroplastes lucidus Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes novaesi Hempel, 1900a: 457. Type data: BRAZIL: Capoeira Grande, Campinas, Sao Paulo and Cachoeira, on Abutilon sp., Baccharis dracunculifloiae and Vernonia riedelii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 170.

Ceroplastes lucidus Hempel, 1900a: 465. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Baccharis dracunculifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Ceroplastes novaesi mendozae Cockerell, 1902i: 92. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, on pithy stems of an herbaceous plant. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Granara de Willink, 1999: 75.

Ceroplastidia lucida; Granara de Willink, 1999: 71. Change of combination.

Ceroplastidia novaesi; Granara de Willink, 1999: 75. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [Granar1999], Baccharis dracunculifolia [Hempel1900a, Granar1999, PerontSoGr2008], Baccharis lanceolata [Granar1999], Baccharis punctulata [Granar1999], Baccharis ulcina [Granar1999], Cyclolepis genistoides [Granar1999], Eupatorium [Granar1999, PerontSoGr2008], Flourensia campestris [Granar1999], Grindelia chiloensis [Granar1999], Gutierrezia solbrigii [Granar1999], Hyalis argentea [Granar1999], Pluchea sagitalis [Granar1999], Senecio [Granar1999], Solidago microglobosa [Granar1999], Tessaria absinthioides [CorseuBa1971], Vernonia [PerontSoGr2008], Vernonia riedelii [Hempel1900a]. Fabaceae: Mimosa [PerontSoGr2008]. Loranthaceae: Moquiniella polymorpha [SilvadGoGa1968], Phrygilanthus cuneifolius [Granar1999]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [Hempel1900a]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Granar1999]. Solanaceae: Solanum davatum [Granar1999]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [SilvadGoGa1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Catamarca [Granar1999], Chubut [Granar1999], Corrientes [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999], Formosa [Granar1999], Jujuy [Granar1999], La Rioja [Granar1999], Mendoza [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]); Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]); Uruguay [Granar1999].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hempel (1900a), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil]; Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 42-43, 45]; Cocker1902i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 92-93]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 154-155]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-75]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 457-459,465-466]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 559]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 62-63]; Hempel1904 [host, distribution: 315]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 196]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 197]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-171]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 140]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 129]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 227].

Ceroplastes luteolus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes luteolus De Lotto, 1955: 268. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Coffea arabica, 5/24/1953, by G. DeLotto. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Paratype females: Kenya, Nairobi, on Markhamia platycalyx, 7/17/1953, G. De Lotto (BMNH): 1/1 (good). Also a single paratype specimen with same data as holotype present in USNM.

Ceroplastes brevicauda; De Lotto, 1965a: 196. Incorrect synonymy.

Ceroplastes luteolus; Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 50. Revived rank.



HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Markhamia platycalyx [DeLott1955]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1955, DeLott1965a, DeLott1967a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1955, DeLott1965a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Test of the adult female more or less hemispherical with a deep depression along the lateral margin, not divided into plates; center of the dome with a small elongate pad. Colour evenly light yellow with four bands of opaque white wax arising from the stigmatic clefts; wax rather thick and extremely soft. Length 4 to 6 mm; breadth 5 to 7 mm. Denuded of wax, the body of the female is hemispherical, devoid of lateral or cephalic tubercles; caudal process very short, conical and strongly chitinised; dermis at full maturity only moderately chitinised. (De Lotto, 1955)

SYSTEMATICS: De Lotto (1965) synonymised C. luteolus with C. brevicauda Hall. These 2 species are very similar but Hodgson and Peronti, 2012, suggest that they are distinct. The specimens of C. luteolus studied were young adults. The caudal process of young adult C. brevicauda is never more than weakly sclerotised. Even on the oldest adult females, the caudal process is never more heavily sclerotised than the rest of the dorsum. The caudal processes of young C. luteolus, on the other hand, are heavily sclerotised, although still rather uniform in structure. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 49 (female) [Key to adult females of C. destructor-group of Ceroplastes in the Afrotropical Region].

CITATIONS: DeLott1955 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 268-269]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 196]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 58-60,241]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45].

Ceroplastes macgregori Sampedro & Butze

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes macgregori Sampedro & Butze, 1984: 143. Type data: MEXICO: Tepetlixpita, Morelos, on Spondias mombin. Holotype female. Type depository: Mexico: Coleccion Entomologica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Spondias mombin [SampedBu1984]. Rutaceae: Citrus limon [SampedBu1984].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Morelos).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 43]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; SampedBu1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-150].

Ceroplastes madagascariensis (Targioni Tozzetti)

NOMENCLATURE:

Gascardia madagascariensis Targioni Tozzetti, 1893: 88. Type data: MADAGASCAR: on an undetermined tree of the Lauraceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov. Lectotype (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): South Africa: Left label: Coll. No. / Natal. (S. Africa) / Richmond / ex.: / Coll. Mr. Fuller; right label states: Lectotype (USDA):

Ceroplastes candela Cockerell & King in Cockerell, 1902g: 113. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Richmond. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 76. Notes: Host plant of type material not given.

Ceroplastes combreti Brain, 1920a: 27. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: De Wildt, Pretoria District, on Combretum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 76.

Ceroplastes madagascariensis; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination.

Gascardia combreti; De Lotto, 1970b: 145. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes candella; Ben-Dov, 1993: 24. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: Lokombitsika [Paulia1955].



FOES: DIPTERA Chloropidae: Siphonella pauliani Seguy [Paulia1955]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Eucomys tananarivensis Risbec [Paulia1955], Lombitsikala coccidivora Risbec [Paulia1955], Metaphycus praevidens Silvestri [Paulia1955]. LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Autoba costimacula Saalm [Paulia1955]. Oecophoridae: Stathmopoda clarkei Viette [Paulia1955].

HOSTS: Asteraceae: Combretum [Brain1920a]. Lauraceae [Targio1895, Newste1909]. Sterculiaceae: Dombeya rotundifolia [DeLott1970b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Newste1909, Mamet1943a, Mamet1950, Paulia1955, Mamet1959a, Hodgso1994a]; South Africa [Cocker1902g, Brain1920a, DeLott1970b, BenDov1993]. Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Hodgson (1994a).Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1970b).

STRUCTURE: "Young adult female: white, stained rust-brown in the region of the single mediodorsal and seven submarginal nuclei; hemispherical with a mammiform swelling immediately below the two bilateral nuclei; tip of caudal process uncovered." (Newstead, 1908). Old adults: "Adult females exceedingly densely aggregated on twig, so that their bases touched all the way round twig and with their longitudinal axis along length of twig. Covered by a layer of yellowish wax to about same depth as height of insect, so that external appearance of twig was as a rod of wax." (Hodgson, 1994a). With wax removed, young adult female "dorsum with seven large spine-like tubercles and a mediodorsal tubercle; of these the median, anterior and two posterior ones are the shortest; anterior margin clypeate; caudal process shorter but stouter than the tubercle immediately surrounding it." (Newstead, 1908). "Old dried specimens dark brown, very long, with white wax streaks running up the stigmatic grooves...and probably right through the wax to the surface. Caudal process set high on posterior margin of dorsum. Posterior lobes [anal lobes] on either side of anal cleft rather swollen when viewed from side." (Hodgson, 1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: As far as could be seen by Hodgson & Peronti (2012) on the present specimens of C. candela, the morphology described by Cockerell & King (1902) is also that used to define G. madagascariensis as redescribed by Hodgson (1994a): (i) the exceedingly elongate group of stigmatic setae in each cleft; (ii) the shape of the dorsal setae, which were rather large, club-shaped to parallel-sided and narrower at the base than near their middle; (iii) the spiracular disc-pores with 10 loculi, and (iv) anal plates with 7 or 8 long setae. The dorsal pores are also similar in structure in these 2 species as is the distribution of the ventral tubular ducts. Although the specimens studied here were in poor condition, Hodgson & Peronti (2012) considered that C. candela should be considered a synonym of Ceroplastes (Gascardia) madagascariensis C. combreti was also determined to be extremely similar to C. madagascariensis, differing in only a few small particulars, the most important of which was that the former had fewer stigmatic setae and they did not extend a long way onto the dorsum. On seeing the young specimens of C. madagascariensis from Tulea, Madagascar, where each stigmatic cleft had many fewer stigmatic setae in a group about as long as wide, C. combreti was determined to represent the young adult stage of C. madagascariensis before the massive dorsal extension of the dorsum. Thus, C. combreti also was synonymised with Ceroplastes (Gascardia) madagascariensis.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Paulian (1955) reported about export (in economic importance) from Madagascar of the wax produced by this wax scale.

KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [as Ceroplastes combreti; Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 24,28,43]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy: 296]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-28]; Cocker1902g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 113]; DeLott1970b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-146]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 127, 149]; Foldi1997 [structure: 206-207]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-271]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 76-81,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Koteja2001 [taxonomy: 46]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 202]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 151]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 17,20]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 224]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 376]; Newste1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-6]; Newste1909 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351-352]; Paulia1955 [host, distribution, biological control, natural enemies: 59-61]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy, distribution: 541-549]; Targio1893a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88]; Targio1895 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 425-439].

Ceroplastes magnicauda Reyne

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes magnicauda Reyne, 1964: 126. Type data: CURACAO: St. Christoffe, on Croton flavens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Croton flavens [Reyne1964].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Netherlands Antilles (Curacao).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 43]; Reyne1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-127].

Ceroplastes magnificus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Vinsonia magnifica Green, 1930c: 290. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock, on Mangifera odorata and Eugenia malaccensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Vinsonia mangifica; Ali, 1971: 19. Misspelling of species name.

Ceroplastes magnifica; Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 155. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes magnificus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 407. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera odorata [Green1930c, Ali1971]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia malaccensis [Green1930c, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c, Ali1971]).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 19]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 338]; Green1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 281,290-292]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 407].

Ceroplastes marmoreus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes marmoreus Cockerell, 1903a: 158. Type data: MEXICO: Zapotlan, on sage, Catalpa and Compositae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.



HOSTS: Asteraceae [Cocker1903a]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa [Cocker1903a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [Cocker1903a]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 43]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158-159]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 154]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 227].

Ceroplastes martinae Mosquera

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes martinae Mosquera, 1979: 612. Type data: COLOMBIA: Esmeralda (Caqueta), on Mangifera indica. Holotype female. Type depository: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Mosque1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 43]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Mosque1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 612-617]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112].

Ceroplastes mierii (Targioni Tozzetti)

NOMENCLATURE:

Columnea mierii Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Type data: BRAZIL: on unspecified shrub. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost.

Ceroplastes mierii; Ben-Dov, 1993: 44. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 44]; Targio1866 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 145-146]; Westwo1853b [taxonomy: 484].

Ceroplastes milleri Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes milleri Takahashi, 1939f: 323. Type data: SARAWAK (BORNEO): Mt Matang, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Ali1971]).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17-18]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 44]; Takaha1939f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 323-324].

Ceroplastes minimus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes minimus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 171. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Campos do Jordão, on undetermined plant; collected A.L.B.G. Peronti, 24.xi.2001. Holotype female. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil; type no. 340. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Melastomataceae: Miconia minutiflora [PerontSoGr2008]. Myrtaceae [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-173].

Ceroplastes minutus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes minutus Cockerell, 1898j: 434. Type data: MEXICO: Tabasco, Las Minas, on 'escobillo'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico. Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco [Cocker1898j, Cocker1899n]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 44]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 434]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 18]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 154]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70].

Ceroplastes mori Hodgson & Peronti

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes quadrilineatus; Hodgson, 1969: 32. Misidentification.

Ceroplastes mori Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 180-183. Type data: ZIMBABWE:Harare (=Salisbury), Greendale, on mulberry (Morus nigra), 3/8/1967 by C.J. Hodgson. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Cordia holstii [HodgsoPe2012]. Lamiaceae: Salvia confertiflora [HodgsoPe2012]. Moraceae: Morus nigra [HodgsoPe2012]. Phyllanthaceae: Bridelia macrantha [HodgsoPe2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [HodgsoPe2012]; Kenya [HodgsoPe2012]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Zimbabwe [HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. Wax test not recorded (believed to be white) but with wax removed, medio-dorsal, cephalic and lateral tubercles relatively small but distinct, smoothly rounded, with small tubercles. Caudal process directed upwards at a sharp angle. Stigmatic clefts not deeply indented. Mounted material. Body roundly oval and convex, with distinct, shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct tubercles. Caudal process broad and stout. Length 1.5-4.0 mm; width of young adults 1.5-3 mm; old adults: venter 2.7-2.9 mm, total width 5-6 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: C. mori differs from C. quadrilineatus in the following particulars (data for C. quadrilineatus in brackets): (i) loculate microducts with 3 or 4 satellite loculi absent (both present, those with 3 quite common); (ii) pregenital disc-pores only present on abdominal segments V, VI and VII (present on all abdominal segments); (iii) each stigmatic cleft with usually less than 27 stigmatic setae (over 40); (iv) each stigmatic spine rather pointed (with a rounded apex); and (v) dorsal clear area obvious (possibly absent). C. mori is also similar to C. elaeis, but differs in having: (i) only about half as many stigmatic setae, and (ii) short dorsal setae, each only about as long as the width of the basal socket (clearly longer). C. danieleae is also superficially very similar but has a large group of ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].

CITATIONS: Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 180-183,243].

Ceroplastes mosquerai Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes bicolor Mosquera, 1984: 126. Type data: COLOMBIA: Suba, on Schinus molle. Holotype female. Type depository: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia. Described: female. Homonym of Ceroplastes bicolor Hempel, 1901. Notes:

Ceroplastes mosquerai Ben-Dov, 1993: 44. Replacement name for Ceroplastes bicolor Mosquera, 1984.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle [Mosque1984].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy, catalogue: 44]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Mosque1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-133]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112].

Ceroplastes murrayi Froggatt

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes murrayi Froggatt, 1919: 439. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Kikori River, Delta Division, on Mangifera sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 75. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Frogga1919]. Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]. Palaearctic: China [DengYuZh2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 44]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution: 791]; Frogga1919 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 439-441]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-75].

Ceroplastes myricae (Linnaeus)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus myricae Linnaeus, 1767: 741. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, on Myrica quercifolia. Data of Neotype: South Africa, Cape Province, Betty’s Bay, on Morella quercifolia, 28.vii.2008, collected J.H. Giliomee. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson {et al.}, 2009: 100. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Notes: Linnaeus' Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Columnea myricae; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 143. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes myricae; Signoret, 1872a: 39. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Cocker1893gg]. Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta [Green1900c]. Myricaceae: Morella quercifolia [Linnae1767, Brain1920a, HodgsoWiGi2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Cocker1893gg, Cocker1894t, Brain1920a, HodgsoWiGi2009]. Neotropical: Jamaica [Cocker1893gg].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson et al. (2009). C. myricae is currently only known from South Africa on Morella sp. (Rubiaceae) and Euclea sp. (Ebenaceae). Hodgson et al. (2009) mention Green’s (1900) record of C. myricae from Upper Assam and North Lakhimpur, India. The figures in Green (1900) clearly show that this refers to C. rubens Maskell and Green later corrected the record (Green, 1909). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Hodgson et al. (2009) and by Giliomee (2009). Unmounted material. Waxy test composed mainly of peachy to whitish wet wax. In young adult females, basic shape approximately broadly cone-like, with a horizontal groove about half-way up, dividing test into a single dome-like top part and a broad bottom half. Center of dome-like top slightly indented with a central nucleus. Broad basal part divided vertically by eight grooves, thus producing eight approximately quadrate wax plates laterally, each with a central indentation with some dry wax filaments. Posterior-most quadrate area with anal plates showing centrally, appearing as a dark spot, flanked by a pair of dry wax filaments. Stigmatic wax bands appearing white, although not very obvious. Waxy test of old adult female larger, without grooves, with a rather smoothly-rounded outline. Test of old females about 7 mm long and 5 mm wide. With wax removed, lateral and cephalic processes present but small. Mounted material. Body elongate oval, rather convex; 3.0–4.5 mm long, 1.6–2.1 mm wide; stigmatic clefts shallow and distinct; dorsum with small lateral and cephalic processes. Caudal process short and stout, length 0.8-1.1 mm, width 0.7-1.0 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: The characters that appear to distinguish this species from C. rusci are: (i) the larger number of tubular ducts in the cephalic region, and (ii) the presence of multilocular disc-pores generally at least on segment III and sometimes on posterior thoracic segments, and (iii) the lack of a claw denticle. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group]; Hodgson {et al.} 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 44]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 32-33]; Cocker1893gg [host, distribution: 373]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1894t [distribution: 178]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 154]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 55-58]; Giliom2009 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 36-37]; Goeze1778 [taxonomy: 337]; Green1900c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-9]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 126-130,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-105]; Linnae1767 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 861]; Signor1872a [taxonomy: 39]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 143]; Willia2007b [taxonomy: 448, 427-490]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 33].

Ceroplastes nakaharai Gimpel in Gimpel, Miller & Davidson

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes nakaharai Gimpel in Gimpel, Miller & Davidson, 1974: 52. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Dade County, on Coccolobis diversifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAMES: Nakahara wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984]; nakahara wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984].



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eugenia myrtoides [HamonWi1984]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba diversifolia [GimpelMiDa1974], Coccoloba floridana [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rubiaceae: Ixora acuminata [GimpelMiDa1974]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [GimpelMiDa1974]. Viscaceae: Phoradendron flavescens [GimpelMiDa1974].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [HamonWi1984]). Neotropical: Cuba.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration given by Gimpel et al. (1974) and by Hamon & Williams (1984).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984).

KEYS: Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 45]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-57]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-30]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 208]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy: 344]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes neobrachystegiae Hodgson & Peronti

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes neobrachystegiae Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 27,32-33. Type data: KENYA: 20 km SW of Malindi Is., on Cynometra webberi, 5/19/1988, by J.H. Martin. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Cynometra webberi [HodgsoPe2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Body rather elongate, oval and probably convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct lateral processes. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Ceroplastes neobrachystegiae is closely related to C. brachystegiae but differs in having: (i) rather capitate dorsal setae; (ii) many fewer marginal and stigmatic setae; (iii) perhaps fewer antennal segments; (iv) loculate microducts with mainly 1 satellite loculus, and (v) smaller legs. Like C. brachystegiae, it appears to lack tubular ducts associated with the anogenital folds, and has unusually small dorsal and ventral microducts. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 27,32-33,241].

Ceroplastes newsteadi Hodgson & Peronti

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes newsteadi Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 130-135. Type data: CAMEROON:Bibundi, on Cacao, 02/??/1905, by Busse. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mango [HodgsoPe2012]. Apocynaceae: Carissa edulis [HodgsoPe2012]. Arecaceae: Phoenix canariensis [HodgsoPe2012]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [HodgsoPe2012]. Rubiaceae: Craterispermum caudatum [HodgsoPe2012]. Rutaceae: Citrus sp. [HodgsoPe2012]. Salicaceae: Salix subserrata [HodgsoPe2012]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [HodgsoPe2012]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [HodgsoPe2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [HodgsoPe2012]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [HodgsoPe2012]; Eritrea [HodgsoPe2012]; Ethiopia [HodgsoPe2012]; Kenya [HodgsoPe2012]; Nigeria [HodgsoPe2012]; Senegal [HodgsoPe2012]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Uganda [HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Mounted material. Body elongate oval and probably fairly convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts with abundant marginal setae; lateral tubercles distinct although perhaps small. Caudal process short and stout, probably directed rather upwards. Length about 3 (1.0-3.0) mm, width about 2 (0.75-2.2) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: C. newsteadi is a member of the C. rusci-group but differs from the other members of this group in having the following combination of characters: (i) tubular ducts present in cephalic region; (ii) more than 100 stigmatic setae on each side, generally meeting between clefts; (iii) each group of stigmatic setae broadening to 4 or 6 setae deep in each cleft, and non-marginal setae extending a long way along margin laterally; (iv) nearly as many non-marginal as marginal stigmatic setae in each cleft; (v) stigmatic setae often present anterior to eyespots, and (vi) stigmatic setae sharply cone-shaped. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].

CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, host, structure, taxonomy: 130-135,242].

Ceroplastes nr. ceriferus Mestre Novoa et al.

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes nr. ceriferus Mestre Novoa et al., 2011: 6. Notes: Identified by H. Morrison as C. ceriferus. Found in Cuba, Taco Taco, Sierra Rangel, 4/1/1922 and preserved in glass jars in CZAC.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [MestreHaEv2011].

CITATIONS: MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution: 6].

Ceroplastes ocreus Mosquera

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes ocreus Mosquera, 1984: 139. Type data: COLOMBIA: Tocaima, on Achatocarpus aff. nigricans. Holotype female. Type depository: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia. Described: female.



HOST: Achatocarpaceae: Achatocarpus nigricans [Mosque1984].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 45]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Mosque1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-145]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112].

Ceroplastes parkinsonia Sugonyaev nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes parkinsonia Sugonyaev, 1989c: 95. Nomen nudum.

Ceroplastes parvus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes parvus Green, 1935a: 272. Type data: URUGUAY: Canelones Atlantida, on Baccharis articulata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Asteraceae: Baccharis articulata [Green1935a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Uruguay [Green1935a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 45]; Green1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 272-274].

Ceroplastes paucispinus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes paucispinus De Lotto, 1970b: 143. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Nossob Camp, on Acacia giraffae. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia giraffae [DeLott1970b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1970b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Living young adult females slightly to fairly strongly convex; wax test obscurely divided into plates, 3 bilateral, 1 cephalic and 1 dorsal, at the centre of each of which there is a small opaque white boss; dorsal submarginal depression shallow; wax rather soft in texture; general colouration dark brown." (De Lotto, 1970b). Mounted material. Body oval; lateral processes poorly developed; caudal process short and conical, heavily sclerotised. Body length 2.38 mm, width on slide 1.5 mm; width of venter 1.38 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Within this species-group, C. paucispinus differs from C. delottoi in having fewer than 20 stigmatic setae in each cleft, and from the other 2 species as follows (character states for C. elytropappi and C. tachardiaformis in brackets): (i) presence of a well-developed tibio-tarsal articulation (absent), (ii) presence of tubular ducts in the cephalic region (absent in C. elytropappi), and (iii) absence of tubular ducts in abdomen (present). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 161 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes tachardiaformis-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 46]; DeLott1970b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-145]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 166-168,243]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes personatus Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes personatus Newstead, 1898: 94. Type data: NIGERIA: Lagos, on unspecified host plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype(designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): Nigeria: Ceroplastes / personatus n. sp. / Newstead / on Coffee, Lagos / W.C. Africa, Cyril / Punch coll. Aug. 1897. / BM 1945, 121 (BMNH): 1/1 (fair).

Ceroplastes uapacae Hall, 1931: 300. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, Umtali and Salisbury, on Uapaca kirkiana, and at Umtali on Eugenia malaccensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 81-87.

Ceroplastes uapacae chrysophylli Hall, 1931: 302. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=RHODESIA]: Mtoroshanga Pass, Umvukwes, on Chrysophyllum argyrophyllum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1969: 14.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [BenDovCa2006, GermaiVaMa2010]. Apocynaceae [EtiennMa1993]. Euphorbiaceae: Uapaca [Hodgso1969], Uapaca kirkiana [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Meliaceae: Khaya [Hodgso1969]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Hodgso1969], Eugenia malaccensis [Hall1931], Syzygium [Hodgso1969], Syzygium cordatum [Hodgso1969], Syzygium gerrardii [Hodgso1969], Syzygium guiniense [Hodgso1969]. Rubiaceae: Aida micrantha [Hodgso1969], Coffea canephora [HodgsoPe2012], Coffea liberica [Newste1917b], Coffea robusta [HodgsoPe2012]. Rutaceae: Citrus [EtiennMa1993], Citrus paradisi [HodgsoPe2012]. Sapotaceae: Bequaertiodendron [DeLott1967b], Chrysophyllum argyrophyllum [Hall1931, Hodgso1969], Englerophytum sp. [HodgsoPe2012], Sapota (Manilkara) sp. [HodgsoPe2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [GermaiVaMa2010]; Cameroon [HodgsoPe2012]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [HodgsoPe2012]; Gabon [HodgsoPe2012]; Ghana [Newste1917b]; Guinea-Bissau [BenDovCa2006]; Kenya [HodgsoPe2012]; Liberia [HodgsoPe2012]; Malawi [Hodgso1969]; Mozambique [Hodgso1969]; Nigeria [Vayssi1913]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [EtiennMa1993]); Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Sierra Leone [HodgsoPe2012]; South Africa [DeLott1967b]; Sudan [HodgsoPe2012]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Uganda [HodgsoPe2012]; Zaire [EtiennMa1993]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1967b) and by Hodgson (1969).

SYSTEMATICS: Hodgson & Peronei (2012) determined that the 3 species, Ceroplastes personatus, C. uapacae and C. vinsonioides represent a single rather variable species. The only possibly significant differences appear to be the number of preopercular pores. However, they are of the opinion that this variation could be explained by differences in the age of the adults, with (for instance) the extension of the caudal process with age changing the shape of the test.

KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 46,58-59]; BenDovCa2006 [host, distribution: 326]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 782-783,798]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 255]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 155]; GermaiVaMa2010 [host, distribution: 125]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 300-302]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-17]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 81-89,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; Newste1898 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-95]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301-302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Vayssi1913 [distribution: 430].

Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes ceriferus; Green, 1921b: 259. Misidentification.

Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green, 1935: 180. Type data: SRI LANKA: on undetermined plant, and INDIA: on Azidarachta indica and Diospyros montana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus hawaiiensis Timberlake [WenLe1986].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Green1935], Acer buergerianum [Kajita1964], Acer palmatum [Kajita1964]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Ali1971, AvasthSh1986, WenLe1986, ShafeeYoKh1989], Rhus succedanea [Kajita1964], Rhus verniciflua [Kajita1964]. Apocynaceae: Carissa caranda [DeLott1971], Nerium oleander [Kajita1964]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex crenata [Kajita1964], Ilex integra [TakahaTa1956], Ilex mutchagara [Kajita1964], Ilex oldhami [Kajita1964], Ilex rotunda [TakahaTa1956]. Araceae: Amorphophalus konjac [Kajita1964]. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [Kajita1964], Gilibertia trifida [TakahaTa1956]. Asteraceae: Artemisia capillaris [TaoWoCh1983], Artemisia japonica [Kajita1964], Blumea lacera [AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989], Chrysanthemum indicum [Kajita1964], Erigeron annuus [Kajita1964], Erigeron canadensis [Kajita1964], Erigeron linifolius [Kajita1964], Solidago vigra-aurea [Kajita1964]. Berberidaceae: Berberis thunbergii [Kajita1964], Mahonia fortunei [Kajita1964], Nandina domestica [Kajita1964]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum awabuki [Kajita1964], Viburnum japonicum [Kajita1964]. Celastraceae: Euonymus alata [Kajita1964], Euonymus japonicus [Kajita1964], Euonymus sieboldiana [Kajita1964]. Combretaceae: Terminalia chebula [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Commelinaceae: Commelina communis [Kajita1964]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [Kajita1964]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [Kajita1964]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Green1937], Diospyros kaki [Green1937], Diospyros montana [Green1921a, Green1935, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus multiflora [Kajita1964], Elaeagnus pungens [TakahaTa1956]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton [VarshnMo1987], Mallotus japonicus [Kajita1964]. Fabaceae: Glycine max [Kajita1964], Lespedeza bicolor [Kajita1964]. Fagaceae: Castanopsis acuta [Kajita1964], Shiia cuspidata [Kajita1964]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus turbinata [Kajita1964]. Lauraceae: Actinodaphne lancifolia [Kajita1964], Benzoin strychnifolium [Kajita1964], Cinnamomum sericeum [Kajita1964], Laurus nobilis [Kajita1964], Machilus thunbergii [Kajita1964], Persea americana [TaoWoCh1983]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia compressa [Kajita1964], Magnolia obovata [Kajita1964], Michelia compressa [Kajita1964]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Kajita1964]. Melastomataceae: Melastoma candidum [TaoWoCh1983]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [Green1935, Green1937, DeLott1971, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Melia indica [Green1937, DeLott1971], Toona sinensis [Kajita1964]. Menispermaceae: Sinomenium diversifolium [Kajita1964]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus [Ali1971, VarshnMo1987, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus benghalensis [Ali1971, VarshnMo1987, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus glomerata [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus religiosa [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus vasculosa [TaoWoCh1983], Humulus lupulus [Kajita1964], Morus alba [TaoWoCh1983], Morus bombycis [Kajita1964]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [VarshnMo1987], Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [TaoWoCh1983]. Oleaceae: Osmanthus ilicifolius [Kajita1964]. Oxalidaceae: Oxalis corniculata [Kajita1964]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira [Kajita1964]. Platanaceae: Platanus occidentalis [Kajita1964], Platanus orientalis [Kajita1964]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum chinensis [TaoWoCh1983], Polygonum conspicuum [Kajita1964], Polygonum cuspidatum [Kajita1964]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Kajita1964]. Rosaceae: Agrimonia eupatoria [Kajita1964], Armeniaca vulgaris [Kajita1964], Chaenomeles lagenaria [Kajita1964], Crataegus cuneata [Kajita1964], Cydonia oblonga [Kajita1964], Eriobotrya japonica [Kajita1964], Malus pumila [Kajita1964], Malus sieboldii [Kajita1964], Mespilus germanica [Kajita1964], Persica vulgaris [Kajita1964], Photinia glabra [Kajita1964], Photinia serrulata [Kajita1964], Pourthiaea villosa [Kajita1964], Prunus mume [Kajita1964], Prunus preslii [TaoWoCh1983], Prunus salicina [Kajita1964], Prunus yedoensis [Kajita1964], Prunus zippeliana [Kajita1964], Pyracantha angustifolia [Kajita1964], Pyrus serotina [Kajita1964], Spiraea cantoniensis [Kajita1964], Spiraea thunbergii [Kajita1964]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [TakahaTa1956], Ixora chinensis [TaoWoCh1983]. Rutaceae: Citrus natsudaidai [Kajita1964], Citrus unshiu [TakahaTa1956], Fortunella japonica [Kajita1964], Poncirus trifoliata [Kajita1964]. Sapindaceae: Pometia pinnata [TaoWoCh1983], Sapindus mukurossi [Kajita1964]. Sapotaceae: Madhuca indica [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Madhuca longifolia [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Mimusops hexandra [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Solanaceae: Solanum melongena [Kajita1964], Solanum tuberosum [Kajita1964]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix chinensis [TakahaTa1956]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [Kajita1964], Camellia sasanqua [Kajita1964], Camellia sinensis [TaoWoCh1983], Cleyera ochnacea [Kajita1964], Eurya emarginata [Kajita1964], Eurya japonica [TakahaTa1956], Gordonia axillaris [TaoWoCh1983], Stewartia pseudo-camellia [Kajita1964], Ternstroemia japonica [Kajita1964], Thea sinensis [TakahaTa1956]. Ulmaceae: Celtis sinensis [TakahaTa1956], Holoptelea integrifolia [Ali1971]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria nivea [TakahaTa1956], Villebrunea frutescens [Kajita1964].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Palau. Oriental: Bangladesh [Ali1978]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India [Green1935, DeLott1971, AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1986]); Sri Lanka [Green1935, Green1937, DeLott1971, Ali1971]; Taiwan [WenLe1986, WongChCh1999]. Palaearctic: China (Xizang (=Tibet)); Japan [Green1935, DeLott1971]; South Korea [KwonHa2003] (C. ceriferus was misidentified as C. pseudoceriferus by Kwon and Han (2003) and Kwon et al. (2005), and the mention of C. pseudoceriferus in the Checklist of Korean insects (Lee, 2010), probably represents a misidentification of C. ceriferus.Lee, et al., 2012 They examined 143 specimens labeled as C. pseudoceriferus, deposited at the National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea and determined that they were actually C. ceriferus.).

BIOLOGY: Sankaran (1959) reported this species as univoltine in India (Banaras) and described its life history. Develops one annual generation in Kunming, China (Wang et al. 2006).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tao et al. (1983) and by Tang (1991).

STRUCTURE: Toki et al. (1999) isolated a new sesterpene from the wax test. See colour photograph in Wong et al. 91999).

SYSTEMATICS: C. pseudoceriferus most nearly resembles C. ceriferus, but can be distinguished from the latter species by following characters: C. pseudoceriferus has about 40 marginal bristle-shaped setae between the anterior stigmatic furrows; about 10 such setae between each anterior and posterior stigmatic furrow; and about 130 stigmatic setae laterad of each stigmatic furrow. Whereas, C. ceriferus possesses about 10 marginal bristle-shaped setae between the anterior stigmatic furrows; about 3 such setae between each anterior and posterior stigmatic furrow; and about 54 stigmatic setae laterad of each stigmatic furrow. In addition, Lee, et al. used the 543 base pair DNA barcode region of the COI for the discrimination of allied species, C. ceriferus and C. pseudoceriferus. The alignment of their sequences showed 25 base-pair mismatch positions and the COI divergence was 4.6%. Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.

KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Tang 1991: 297 (female) [China]; Tao et al. 1983: 93 (female) [Taiwan]; Beardsley 1966: 480 (female) [Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 18]; Ali1978 [host, distribution, biological control: 69-70]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 332-334]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 480-482]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 46-47]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-143]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Green1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 310]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 184]; Kajita1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 1-6]; Kajita1965 [life history, biological control, distribution: 29-34]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11]; KawaiTa1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, structure: 133-146]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; KwonHa2003 [host, distribution: 279-288]; Leefma1929 [distribution, host: 157-158]; LeeWuSu2012 [distribution, host, molecular data, taxonomy: 157-162]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy: 19]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Sankar1955 [biological control: 100-119]; Sankar1959 [taxonomy, life history: 39-59]; Sankar1962 [taxonomy: 1-18]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 48]; SinhaDi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, life history: 10-11]; TakahaTa1956 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7]; Tamaki1964 [chemistry: 159-164]; Tamaki1964a [chemistry: 227-234]; Tamaki1966 [chemistry: 297-300]; TamakiKa1966 [chemistry: 297-300]; TamakiKa1967 [chemistry: 63-659]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 299-300]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, life history: 94,95]; TokiOoKu1999 [chemistry: 1504-1509]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 172]; Wang1980 [host, distribution: 22-23]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 288]; WangChTa2006 [host, distribution, biological control: 311-314]; WangTaCh2006 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 239-242]; WenLe1986 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 216-221]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 9-10,47]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; Yasuma1969 [biological control: 773-780].

Ceroplastes purpurellus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes purpurellus Cockerell, 1903a: 159. Type data: MEXICO: Tonila, Jalisco, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [Cocker1903a]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 48]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 155]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 228].

Ceroplastes purpureus Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes purpureus Hempel, 1900a: 466. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Miconia sp. and other trees. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.



HOSTS: Melastomataceae: Miconia [Hempel1900a]. Myrtaceae [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 48]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 155]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 466-467]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 63-64]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 129-130].

Ceroplastes quadratus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes quadratus Green, 1935a: 274. Type data: BRAZIL: Goiás, on undetermined plant; collected R. Spitz, 24.xi.1933. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.



HOSTS: Melastomataceae: Miconia [PerontSoGr2008], Miconia albicans [PerontSoGr2008], Miconia minutiflora [PerontSoGr2008]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Goias [Green1935a, PerontSoGr2008], Minas Gerais [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti (et al.) (2008).

STRUCTURE: colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 48]; Green1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-175]; Takaha1955f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 239-240]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-103].

Ceroplastes quadrilineatus Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes quadrilineatus Newstead, 1910c: 193. Type data: UGANDA: Kyetume near Kampala, on Annona muricata, and at Ndege, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Gascardia quadrilineata; De Lotto, 1965: 182. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Newste1910c, Newste1911]. Ixonanthaceae: Ochtocosmus mirabilis [CouturMaRi1985]. Lamiaceae: Salvia confertiflora [Hodgso1969]. Meliaceae: Melia [Hodgso1969]. Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1910c, Hodgso1969], Morus [Hodgso1969]. Rosaceae: Persica vulgaris [Hodgso1969], Prunus persicae [Hodgso1969]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [CouturMaRi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Uganda [Newste1910c, Newste1911, Newste1917b, Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969] (It is likely that the records from Zimbabwe refer to C. mori. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012. Because C. mori was misidentified as C. quadrilineatus in Hodgson, 1969, it is possible that the records from Zimbabwe refer to C. mori instead of C. quadrilineatus.

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Test of adult female - Dorsum with a pair of large divergent pyriform bodies, the narrowed portions of which meet together immediately over the anal orifice; these very prominent swellings are a dull crimson colour with distinct and well-defined narrow transverse blackish bands; under a low magnification the banding has the appearance of striae, so that these very prominent portions of the test bear a striking resemblance to a pair of miniature shells of the genus Gryphaea; sides bulging and somewhat irregular in outline, colour sootycrimson; stigmatic bands pure white, narrow, extending right across the bulging portion of the test, forming 4 conspicuous white lines (2 on each side) against the darker portion of the wax. The wax immediately beneath the surface is white with a pinkish tinge; it contains a large percentage of water, and is soft and readily injured by pressure. Length, 6 mm, width 6 mm, depth 5-7 mm." (Newstead, 1910c). Mounted material. Body probably rather roundly oval and convex, with distinct, shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum possibly with small tubercles. Caudal process broad and stout. Body length about 6 (2.5-5.0) mm, width about 4 (1.5-3.5) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: C. quadrilineatus is very similar to C. elaeis and C. mori, but differs from C. elaeis in having loculate microducts with 3 satellite loculi frequent in wax-plate lines (absent) and it differs from C. mori in having about twice as many stigmatic setae in each cleft. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 48]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 277]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 182]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 183-186,243]; Newste1910c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-195]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 97]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 129]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 65].

Ceroplastes reunionensis Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero in: Ben-Dov et al.

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes reunionensis Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero in: Ben-Dov et al., 2000: 425. Type data: REUNION: Ravine des Cabris, on Platycerium bifurcatum; 28.vi.1998, coll. S. Quilici. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 13805-1. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [BenDovMaGa2000]. Apocynaceae: Carissa macrocarpa [BenDovMaGa2000]. Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta [BenDovMaGa2000]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [BenDovMaGa2000]. Lythraceae: Lawsonia alba [BenDovMaGa2000]. Myrtaceae: Syzygium malaccense [BenDovMaGa2000]. Polypodiaceae: Platycerium bifurcatum [BenDovMaGa2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [BenDovMaGa2000, GermaiMiPa2014].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov et al. (2000).

STRUCTURE: "Wax of young and fully-grown female pure white; wax test observed on 8 host plants in Réunion, being always white; no discernible division into plates. Wax test of young female 2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 1 mm high. Wax test of fully-grown female up to 5 mm long, 4 mm wide, 3 mm high. Middle of test with an oval white wax secretion of first instar; submarginal elevation poorly developed. A dry filamentous wax, very conspicuous on background of test, extends from each mesothoracic and metathoracic spiracle to submargin of test. Anal plates exposed. Body of alcohol preserved specimens light yellow brown." (Ben-Dov, et al., 2000)

SYSTEMATICS: The adult females of C. reunionensis are extremely similar to those of C. rubens. Ben-Dov et al. (2000) did a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to compare these 2 species and concluded that they were different genetically but almost indistinguishable morphologically.

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 90 [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes rubens-group].

CITATIONS: BenDovMaGa2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 423-433]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 90-93,242].

Ceroplastes royenae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes quadrilineatus royenae Hall, 1931: 297. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Macheke, on Royena pallens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Gascardia quadrilineata royenae; De Lotto, 1965: 182. Change of combination.

Gascardia royenae; Hodgson, 1969: 34. Change of status.

Ceroplastes royenae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 49. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Ebenaceae: Diospyros lycioides sericea [Hall1931, Hodgso1969], Royena pallens [Hall1931]. Euphorbiaceae: Pseudolachnostylus maprounifolia [Hodgso1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [HodgsoPe2012]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969).

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "In general appearance, the tests of the adult female are identical with those of [C.] quadrilineatus as shown in the photograph accompanying Newstead's original description. Closer examination of Rhodesian material, however, shows that the large pyriform bodies described by Newstead are wanting." (Hall, 1931). The test also differs in that "the colour is very dark grey to dull black relieved only by the conspicuous white stigmatic bands; the wax beneath the surface is very little paler but more transparent -- certainly not white; the test is extremely hard, and the adult female as seen from the ventral aspect is brick red." (Hall, 1931). Mounted material. Body probably rather roundly oval and convex, with distinct, quite deep, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct but fairly small, lateral tubercles. Caudal process shallowly conical, set on posterior end of dorsum. Length 2-4 (3.3-4.0) mm, total width 1.7-3.0 (2.5-4.0) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: C. royenae shows some similarity to C. uvariae in having each group of stigmatic setae narrower along the margin than the length of each group but differs in having: (i) only 3 large dorsal setae on each anal plate (thought to be 4 or 5 on C. uvariae); (ii) dorsal setae clearly longer than the width of the basal socket and quite sharply pointed (shorter and blunter on C. uvariae), and (iii) many fewer stigmatic setae in each group (less than 75 rather than well over 100). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 49]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 182]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 297-298]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-37]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 186-189,243]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, 1893b: 214. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Brisbane, on Mangifera indica and Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand.

Ceroplastes rubens minor Maskell, 1897: 309. Type data: HONG KONG: on Pinus sinensis and P. thunbergii. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 57.

Ceroplastes myricae; Green, 1900c: 8. Misidentification.

COMMON NAMES: pink wax scale [SmithBeBr1997]; red wax scale [HamonWi1984, BenDov1993].



FOES: FUNGI : Fusarium [ZengWaCh1990]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard) [MalipaDuSm2000], Coccophagus japonicus Compere [Gahan1926]. Encyrtidae: Aneristus ceroplastae Howard [Yasuma1953, Bartle1978], Anicetus annulatus Timberlake [Bartle1978], Anicetus beneficus Ishii & Yasumatsu [Bartle1978], Anicetus rarisetus Xu & he [XuHe1997], Anicetus rubensi Xu & He [XuHe1997], Microterys kotinskyi (Fullaway) [Bartle1978], Moranila californica (Howard) [Bartle1978]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus ceroplastae [TaoChYa2003]. Pteromalidae: Anysis saissetiae [TaoChYa2003], Moranila ceroplastis (Perk.) [Bartle1978], Scutellista cyanea Motschulsky [Bartle1978].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Strobilanthes japonicus [Kuwana1923c]. Aceraceae: Acer ginnala [Kuwana1923c], Acer palmatum [TakahaTa1956], Acer trifidum [Kuwana1923c]. Amaranthaceae: Celosia cristata [Kuwana1923c]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990], Mangifera [Kirkal1902, BenDovMaGa2000], Mangifera indica [Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, DeLott1965a, Ali1971, NakahaMi1981, Nakaha1981a, QinGu1994], Mangifera indica [Green1909a, Green1937, Brimbl1956a, ShafeeYoKh1989, KinjoNaHi1996], Rhus succedanea [Kuwana1923c], Schinus [Nakaha1981a], Schinus terebinthifolius [Brimbl1956a, WilliaWa1990]. Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Brimbl1956a]. Apocynaceae: Allamanda cathartica [Nakaha1981a], Alyxia elliptica [WilliaWa1990], Alyxia gynopogon [WilliaWa1990], Alyxia olivaeformis [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Melodinus baueri [WilliaWa1990], Nerium oleander [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria [Nakaha1981a], Plumeria rubra [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Thevetia peruviana [QinGu1994]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [Nakaha1981a], Ilex cornuta [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Ilex latifolia [TakahaTa1956], Ilex oldhami [TakahaTa1956], Ilex othera [Kuwana1923c], Ilex pedunculosa [Kuwana1923c], Ilex rotunda [Kuwana1923c], Ilex serrata [TakahaTa1956]. Araceae: Aglaonema [Jansen1995, NakahaMi1981, Kondo2008], Aglaonema commutatum pseudobracteatum [NakahaMi1981], Aglaonema costatum [MatileEt2006], Aglaonema modestum [Nakaha1981a], Aglaonema pictum [GimpelMiDa1974], Aglaonema tricolor [HamonWi1984], Anthurium [Nakaha1981a], Anthurium andraeanum [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Dieffenbachia [Nakaha1981a], Epipremnum pinnatum [WilliaWa1990], Rhaphidophora [HodgsoLa2011], Syngonium [Nakaha1981a], Zantedeschia [Nakaha1981a]. Araliaceae: Aralia [QinGu1994], Aralia elegantissima [HamonWi1984], Brassaia actinophylla [Brimbl1956a, Nakaha1981a], Dizygotheca elegantissima [GimpelMiDa1974], Fatsia japonica [Kuwana1923c], Hedera helix [Brimbl1956a, GimpelMiDa1974], Meryta angustifolia [WilliaWa1990], Philodendron [Kondo2008], Polyscias guilfoylei [WilliaWa1990], Schefflera [WilliaWa1990], Schefflera actinophylla [BenDovMaGa2000]. Araliceae: Philodendron gigantium [GimpelMiDa1974]. Arecaceae [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930], Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1990], Monstera deliciosa [WilliaWa1990]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [Kirkal1902, Nakaha1981a], Asplenium australasicum [QinGu1994], Asplenium nidum [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a]. Asteraceae: Artemisia vulgaris [Kuwana1923c], Chrysanthemum sinense [Kuwana1923c], Fitchia [WilliaWa1990], Gerbera [WilliaWa1990], Gerbera jamesonii [Brimbl1956a], Helianthus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Berberidaceae: Nandina domestica [Kuwana1923c]. Bischofiaceae: Bischofia javanica [TaoWoCh1983]. Bixaceae: Bixa orellana [Nakaha1981a]. Blechnaceae: Blechnum orientalis [WilliaWa1990]. Buxaceae: Buxus microphylla [GimpelMiDa1974]. Campanulaceae: Siphonodon pendulus [QinGu1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum [GimpelMiDa1974]. Celastraceae: Celastrus cunninghamii [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Elaeodendron [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Euonymus alata [Kuwana1923c], Euonymus europaeus [Kuwana1923c], Euonymus japonicus [Kuwana1923c]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Calophyllum inophyllum [Ali1971, GimpelMiDa1974, WilliaWa1990], Calophyllum tomentosum [Green1909a, Ali1971], Garcinia myrtifolia [HodgsoLa2011], Garcinia spicata [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971], Garcinia subelliptica [TaoWoCh1983], Montrouziera [WilliaWa1990]. Cucurbitaceae [WilliaWa1990]. Cunoniaceae: Weinmannia rarotongensis [WilliaWa1990]. Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta [Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Cycas sp. [GimpelMiDa1974, GermaiMiPa2014]. Davalliaceae: Arthropteris palisotii [WilliaWa1990], Davallia [WilliaWa1990]. Dicksoniaceae: Cibotium [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros digyna [QinGu1994], Diospyros kaki [GimpelMiDa1974]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus bifidus [Nakaha1981a]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron indicum [Kuwana1923c]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [QinGu1994], Euphorbia heterophylla [Brimbl1956a], Euphorbia pulcherrima [WilliaWa1990]. Fabaceae: Acacia [GimpelMiDa1974, QinGu1994], Cytisus scoparius [Kuwana1923c], Dioclea violacea [Nakaha1981a], Inocarpus fagifer [WilliaWa1990], Palaquium formosanum [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Spartium junceum [Kuwana1923c]. Gleicheniaceae: Dicranopteris flexuosa [NakahaMi1981], Gleichenia [WilliaWa1990]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [WilliaWa1990]. Hernandiaceae: Hernandia peltata [WilliaWa1990]. Hypoxidaceae: Curculigo capitulata [MatileEt2006], Molineria recurvata [Nakaha1981a]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, DeLott1965a, Ali1971], Cinnamomum ceylonicum [Ali1971], Cinnamomum pedunculatum [Kuwana1923c], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [DeLott1965a], Cryptocarya triplinervis [QinGu1994], Laurus nobilis [TakahaTa1956], Lindera citriodora [Kuwana1923c], Machilus thunbergii [TakahaTa1956], Persea americana [Brimbl1956a, Nakaha1981a, WilliaBu1987], Persea gratissima [Ali1971]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia butonica [WilliaWa1990], Barringtonia racemosa [DeLott1965a, GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a]. Lomariopsidaceae: Elaphoglossum reticulatum [Zimmer1948, Nakaha1981a]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Magnoliaceae: Illicium anisatum [Kuwana1923c], Magnolia salicifolia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaWa1990]. Melastomataceae: Astronidium robustum [WilliaWa1990]. Monimiaceae: Wilkiea macrophylla [Brimbl1956a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Artocarpus altilis [Nakaha1981a], Artocarpus integra [WilliaWa1990], Cudrania javanesis [GimpelMiDa1974], Ficus [Kirkal1902, Green1937, Nakaha1981a], Ficus benjamina [Brimbl1956a], Ficus carica [Brimbl1956a], Ficus foveolata [Kuwana1923c], Ficus hillii [Brimbl1956a], Ficus indica [Brimbl1956a], Ficus montana [WilliaMi2010], Ficus prolixa [WilliaWa1990], Morus alba [Kuwana1923c, Brimbl1956a]. Musaceae: Musa nana [Brimbl1956a], Musa paradisiaca [WilliaWa1990, QinGu1994]. Myristicaceae: Myristica cagayanensis [TaoWoCh1983], Myristica fragrans [WilliaWa1990], Myristica heterophylla [Ali1971]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia humilis [WilliaWa1990], Ardisia japonica [Kuwana1923c], Myrsine [Nakaha1981a], Rapanea crassifolia [WilliaWa1990]. Myrtaceae: Agonis flexuosa [Brimbl1956a], Callistemon [QinGu1994], Callistemon viminalis [QinGu1994], Eucalyptus [Brimbl1956a, Nakaha1981a], Eucalyptus globulus [Kuwana1923c], Eugenia [Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, QinGu1994], Eugenia australis [QinGu1994], Eugenia coolminiana [Brimbl1956a], Eugenia cumini [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia jambolana [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia jambos [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, QinGu1994], Eugenia javanica [TaoWoCh1983], Eugenia malaccensis [Nakaha1981a], Eugenia smithii [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Eugenia uniflora [Brimbl1956a], Eugenia ventenatii [Brimbl1956a], Feijoa sellowiana [WilliaWa1990], Melaleuca [Laing1933, WilliaWa1990, QinGu1994], Melaleuca bracteata [QinGu1994], Melaleuca leucadendra [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Melaleuca nodosa [Brimbl1956a], Melaleuca quinquenervia [QinGu1994], Melaleuca viridflora [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Metrosideros [Nakaha1981a], Metrosideros collina [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Pimenta officinalis [WilliaWa1990], Psidium guajava [Brimbl1956a, Ali1971, GimpelMiDa1974, ShafeeYoKh1989, QinGu1994], Psidium guineense [QinGu1994], Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [GimpelMiDa1974, QinGu1994], Syzygium [BenDovMaGa2000], Syzygium cumins [QinGu1994], Syzygium moorei [QinGu1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Nakaha1981a]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum japonicum [Kuwana1923c], Olea verrucosa [WilliaWa1990]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis exaltata [QinGu1994]. Orchidaceae: Grammatophyllum [GimpelMiDa1974], Stanhopea [Nakaha1981a]. Peperomiaceae: Peperomia [Nakaha1981a]. Phyllanthaceae: Antidesma [Nakaha1981a]. Pinaceae: Pinus [Nakaha1981a], Pinus caribaea [WilliaWa1990], Pinus densiflora [Kuwana1923c], Pinus elliotti [Brimbl1956a], Pinus montezumae [Brimbl1956a], Pinus parviflora [GimpelMiDa1974], Pinus radiata [Brimbl1956a], Pinus sinensis [Maskel1897a], Pinus taeda [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Pinus thunbergii [Maskel1897a]. Piperaceae: Macropiper excelsum [WilliaWa1990], Piper [WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [QinGu1994, Nakaha1981a], Pittosporum bracteolatum [WilliaWa1990], Pittosporum tobira [Kuwana1923c], Pittosporum undulatum [Brimbl1956a]. Poaceae: Tristania conferta [QinGu1994]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [WilliaWa1990]. Polypodiaceae: Belvisia [WilliaWa1990], Phymatodes scolopendria [DeLott1965a], Platycerium bifurcatum [Brimbl1956a], Polypodium [GimpelMiDa1974]. Pteridaceae: Acrostichum [Mamet1943a], Acrostichum aureum [WilliaWa1990]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Brimbl1956a]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rosaceae: Chaenomeles [GimpelMiDa1974], Eriobotrya japonica [Kuwana1923c], Malus [GimpelMiDa1974], Malus sylvestris [Brimbl1956a], Photinia glabra [Kuwana1923c], Prunus domestica [Kuwana1923b], Prunus mume [Kuwana1923c], Pyrus communis [Ali1971], Pyrus serotina [Kuwana1923c], Spiraea thunbergii [TakahaTa1956]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [DanzigKo1990], Coffea arabica [Brimbl1956a], Gardenia [Brimbl1956a, Nakaha1981a], Gardenia jasminoides [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Gardenia taitensis [Nakaha1981a], Gouldia [Nakaha1981a], Ixora [Brimbl1956a, NakahaMi1981], Ixora coccinea [NakahaMi1981], Paederia tomentosa [Kuwana1923c], Psychotria [Green1909a, Ali1971], Randia fitzalanii [Brimbl1956a], Randia tahitensis [WilliaWa1990], Straussia [Nakaha1981a]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Citrus [Ferris1921a, Ferris1950a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus [Hall1924a, KomuraMiMi1982, ShafeeYoKh1989], Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990], Citrus deliciosa [GimpelMiDa1974], Citrus limon [Brimbl1956a, WilliaWa1990, QinGu1994], Citrus paradisi [Brimbl1956a, DanzigKo1990, WilliaWa1990], Citrus reticulata [Brimbl1956a, GimpelMiDa1974, QinGu1994, Nakaha1981a], Citrus sinensis [Brimbl1956a, Newste1917b, WilliaWa1990], Citrus unshiu [TakahaTa1956], Eremocitrus glauca [Brimbl1956a], Evodia littoralis [WilliaWa1990], Flindersia australis [Brimbl1956a], Flindersia bennettiana [Brimbl1956a], Flindersia bourjotiana [Brimbl1956a], Flindersia brayleyana [Brimbl1956a], Flindersia schottiana [Brimbl1956a], Pelea [Nakaha1981a], Poncirus trifoliata [Kuwana1923c]. Santalaceae: Exocarpos phyllanthoides [WilliaWa1990]. Sapindaceae: Cupaniopsis serrata [Brimbl1956a], Dimocarpus longa [QinGu1994], Euphoria longana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Litchi [GimpelMiDa1974, DanzigKo1990], Litchi chinensis [QinGu1994], Nephelium lappaceum [WilliaWa1990]. Sapotaceae: Calocarpum [GimpelMiDa1974], Pouteria caimito [QinGu1994], Pouteria sericea [QinGu1994]. Schisandraceae: Kadsura japonica [GimpelMiDa1974]. Sinopteridaceae: Aspidotis ficus [QinGu1994], Pellaea [GimpelMiDa1974]. Symplocaceae: Symplocos japonica [Kuwana1923c]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix chinensis [Kuwana1923c]. Taxaceae: Cephalotaxus [GimpelMiDa1974], Podacarpus [Jansen1995], Podocarpus nageia [Kuwana1923c]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [GimpelMiDa1974], Camellia rusticans [GimpelMiDa1974], Camellia sasanqua [GimpelMiDa1974], Camellia sinensis [Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, WilliaWa1990, QinGu1994], Camellia sinensis [Green1937, ShafeeYoKh1989], Cleyera ochnacea [TakahaTa1956], Eurya emarginata [Kuwana1923c], Eurya japonica [TakahaTa1956], Eurya ochnacea [Kuwana1923c], Ternstroemia japonica [Kuwana1923c]. Thymelaeaceae: Daphne odora [Kuwana1923c]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [GimpelMiDa1974]. Verbenaceae: Premna [WilliaWa1990]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Zingiber officinale [Nakaha1981a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1965a]; Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014]; Seychelles; South Africa [DeLott1965a, DaneelMeJa1994]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Zanzibar [Newste1917b, Mamet1943a, DeLott1965a]. Australasian: Australia [Cocker1896b, Frogga1915, Mamet1943a, DanzigKo1990, QinGu1994] (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1994], New South Wales [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997], Northern Territory [QinGu1994], Queensland [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997, BenDovMaGa2000], Victoria [QinGu1994], Western Australia [QinGu1994]); Cook Islands; Fiji [HodgsoPe2012]; French Polynesia (Tahiti); Guam; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, Frogga1915, Mamet1943a]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java). Australasian: Kiribati; New Caledonia [Laing1929]; Norfolk Island [QinGu1994]; Northern Mariana Islands [Mamet1943a] (Rota Island, Saipan Island); Palau; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Western Samoa [Kondo2013]. Nearctic: United States of America (Florida). Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2008]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [NakahaMi1981]). Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992], Yunnan [Ferris1950a, Ali1971]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Green1908a, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989] [ShafeeYoKh1989, Kalsho1981] (West Bengal); Malaysia [Ali1971]; Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]; Philippines [Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Frogga1915, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Ferris1921a, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: China [Mamet1943a] (Henan (=Honan) [HuHeWa1992], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998], Xizang (=Tibet)); Egypt [Hall1924a]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013]; Japan [Frogga1915, Kuwana1917, Mamet1943a, KomuraMiMi1982]; South Korea.

BIOLOGY: Life history in Japan studied by Kuwana (1923a, 1923c). Smith et al. (1997) reported 2 generations per year in Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia. Tanaka (1953) evaluated the suitability of 15 cultivars of potatoes for laboratory rearing of this wax scale. Ohgushi & Nishino (1975) studied the life tables in Japan. Mitsuhashi et al. (1956) described several methods for distinguishing between dead and live scale after treatment with hydrogen cyanide. Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968). Loch & Zalucki (1996; 1997; 1998) studied various aspects of the outbreaks on umbrella trees, Schefflera actinophylla in south-eastern Queensland, Australia.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948), Gimpel et al. (1974), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991) and by Ben-Dov et al. (2001).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of external appearance of live, adult female by Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.59), Hamon & Williams (1984), Wong et al. (1988) and by Kondo (2008).

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439530 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009). Ben-Dov et al. (2001) revised and evaluated earlier taxonomic descriptions of the adult female and provided an updated taxonomic description. Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes rubens generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A major pest of citrus in Australia (Sabine, 1969), Hawaii and Japan (Ebeling, 1959). Gimpel et al. (1974). Loch & Zalucki (1996; 1997; 1998) studied various aspects of the outbreaks on umbrella trees, Schefflera actinophylla in south-eastern Queensland, Australia.

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 90. Notes: Key to adult females of Ceroplastes rubens-group; Lee et al. 2012: 159-160 (female) [Key to the wax tests of adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Lee et al. 2012: 160 (female) [Key to slide mounted adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Hodson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Tang 1991: 297 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 93 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 166 (female) [Japan]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Beardsley 1966: 480 (female) [Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Green 1909a: 273-274 (female) [Ceylon].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 18]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy: 334]; BalciuBuPu1995 [biological control: 247-267]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 58-59]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 480,482]; Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 49-51]; BenDovMaGa2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 423-433]; BennetRoCo1976 [economic importance, biological control: 359-395]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 468-471]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Brimbl1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 164-166]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 225]; Brown1975 [taxonomy: 275]; Butani1979 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36-40]; CABI1960b [distribution: 1-2]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 37]; Clause1958 [biological control: 291-310]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1898r [distribution: 240]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Daneel2001a [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 214-216]; DaneelMeJa1994 [host, distribution: 72]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 43]; DeBach1958a [biological control: 759-768]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 30-31]; Dekle2001 [host, distribution, taxonomy, life history, economic importance: 237]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 187]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; DoaneFe1916 [host, distribution: 399]; Ebelin1959 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance]; ElliotOhWy1998 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 156]; Ferris1921a [host, distribution: 212]; Ferris1950a [host, distribution: 75]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 291-295]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 422-423]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Gahan1926 [host, distribution, biological control: 24]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution, host: 22]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-62]; Green1900c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8-9]; Green1908a [distribution: 32]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273-274]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 310]; GroveDeDa2013 [distribution, host: 378]; Hall1924a [host, distribution: 26]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 30-32]; Hawkin1994 [biological control: 3]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 208]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy: 192]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 19]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 93-96,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 184]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; Ishii1923 [host, distribution, biological control: 69-114]; Jansen1995 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133]; JiangGu1983 [host, distribution, biological control: 249-250]; Kalsho1981 [description, distribution, host: 164]; Kato1964 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 61-64]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 169]; KimMoPa1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 107-110]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 248-]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 104]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, distribution: 228]; KomuraMiMi1982 [taxonomy, host, distribution, structure: 3053-3054]; Kondo2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 66-68]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; Kono1932 [chemistry, structure, distribution, economic importance: 1150-1160]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Krull2004 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-211]; KrullBa2005 [biological control: 323-329]; Kuwana1909 [host, distribution: 153]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65-67]; Kuwana1923 [life history, host, distribution]; Kuwana1923b [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 18-34]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 37]; Laing1933 [host, distribution: 676]; LeeWuSu2012 [distribution, host: 158]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; LinGuCo2010 [host plant, species richness: 90-98]; Loch1997 [biological control, host, distribution: 303-306]; LochZa1996 [life history, ecology, economic importance, host, distribution: 599-609]; LochZa1997 [life history, ecology, economic importance, host, distribution: 399-407]; LochZa1998 [life history, ecology, economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 328-334]; MalipaDuSm2000 [biological control: 60,67]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 151]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 214-215]; Maskel1895a [host, distribution: 12]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 309]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; MillerRuPa2014 [catalogue: 65]; MitsuhYaNa1956 [chemistry, economic importance: 162-170]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [illustration, taxonomy: 146, 151]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 188]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 389]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 29-30]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 129]; Ohgush1956 [biological control: 183-186]; Ohgush1986a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 59-62]; Ohgush1986b [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 147-149]; Ohgush1987a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 82-85]; Ohgush1988 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 75-77]; OhgushNi1975 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-21]; Paik1978 [host, distribution, economic importance]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy: 19]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy: 937-941]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Ramakr1930 [illustration, host, distribution: 40]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Roush1981 [biological control: 97-105]; Sabine1969 [chemical control: 83-88]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 48]; SinhaDi1984 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 11]; Smith1974 [host, distribution, chemical control: 225-226]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 53-55]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution: 9-10]; Su1982 [distribution: 61]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takagi2003b [host, distribution, biological control: 351-355]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 345]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 67]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 104]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 117]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 264]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 30]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 17]; TamakiKa1967 [chemistry, structure: 63-69]; Tanaka1953 [illustration, host, distribution: 55,58]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-97]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 128]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 300-301]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 79]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; TaoChYa2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 38-41]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-97]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 341]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 172]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-22]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 288]; Watana1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 515-517]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 57]; WenLuHa2002 [host, distribution: 56-64]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaMi2010 [host, fistribution: 45]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-78]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 10,47]; XiaZhSu2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 439-442]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-42]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2005a [taxonomy, wax, infra-red: 133-143]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-153]; XuHe1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 91-94]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187]; Yasuma1953 [life history, biological control, distribution: 17-26]; Yasuma1953a [biological control, host, distribution, life history: 7-15]; Yasuma1969 [biological control: 773-780]; YasumaNa1957 [life history, ecology: 203-219]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66]; ZchoriBePo2005 [endosymbionts, Cardinium: 211-221]; ZengWaCh1990 [biological control: 93]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-347].

Ceroplastes rufus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes rufus De Lotto, 1966b: 143. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Bitterfontein, on Ruschia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Cerostegia rufa; De Lotto, 1969b: 215. Change of combination.



HOST: Aizoaceae: Ruschia [DeLott1966b, DeLott1969b, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1966b, DeLott1969b, Hodgso1994a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1966b; 1969b) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: "Test of young adult female rounded, low convex, with dorsal and lateral plates poorly marked; colour reddish brown with a large elongate opaque white boss on the centre of the dorsum; wax very soft." (De Lotto, 1966b).

SYSTEMATICS: De Lotto (1966b) suggested that this species is close to C. rubens (Maskell) but it is not clear why he thought this. They are unique in having the following combination of characters: (i) roundly convex stigmatic setae extending around most of the margin, mainly in a double band, the more dorsal setae largest (C. singularis Newstead also has stigmatic setae all around margin but they are more sharply pointed and not in this arrangement); (ii) ventral tubular ducts in a sparse submarginal band (De Lotto (1966b) stated that their frequency varied greatly between specimens); submarginal bands of tubular ducts are also found in C. deceptrix, C. madagascariensis, and C. rusticus; (iii) the shape and structure of the anal process - with a small area of sclerotisation (but which might be much larger in older specimens), and with the body margin extending to the apex of the anal process; (iv) only 6 dorsal clear areas; (v) very reduced legs (also known in C. brevicauda, C. destructor, C. luteolus, C. reunionensis and C. rubens), (vi) rather pointed dorsal setae, and (vii) 7- or 8-segmented antennae (although some other specimens might not have complete pseudoarticulations and thus appear 6 segmented). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 51]; DeLott1966b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-144]; DeLott1969b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-216]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 96-98,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus rusci Linnaeus, 1758: 456. Type data: ITALY: Apulia, on Myrtus and Ruscus. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; D.J. Williams, 1990, Personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov. Neotype designated by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: labelled Ceroplastes rusci (L.), Italy, Legnaro, on Ficus carica, 6/29/2007, G. Pellizzari (BMNH): 1/4 (good; neotype specimen labelled and arrowed,left-hand specimen closest to collection-data label (left); remaining specimens good).

Coccus caricae Fabricius, 1794: 225. Type data: GALLIA [=FRANCE]: on Ficus carica. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Fonscolombe, 1834: 205. Notes: Type material lost (Zimsen, 1964).

Coccus artemisiae Rossi, 1794: 56. Type data: ITALY: on twigs of Artemisia sp. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1872a: 37. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Calypticus radiatus Costa, 1829: 12. Type data: ITALY: Livedia, near Capo di Bova, on oleander. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869: 871. Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication).

Calypticus testudineus Costa, 1829: 12. Type data: ITALY: on seven host plants, including myrtle, oleander and fig. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869a: 870. Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication).

Coccus hydatis Costa, 1829: 14. Type data: ITALY: on oleander. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869: 871. Notes: Type material probably lost: G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Coccus mirti Costa, O.G., 1829: 7. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 32.

Lecanium rusci; Walker, 1852: 1072. Change of combination.

Lecanium radiatum; Walker, 1852: 1078. Change of combination.

Lecanium testudineum; Walker, 1852: 1078. Change of combination.

Columnea testudiniformis Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 142. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 52.

Columnea caricae; Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 12. Change of combination.

Chermes caricae; Boisduval, 1867: 320. Change of combination. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Columnea testudinata Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 35. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 52.

Calypticus hydatis; Signoret, 1869: 871. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes rusci; Signoret, 1872a: 35. Change of combination.

Lecanium artemisiae; Signoret, 1872a: 37. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes denudatus Cockerell, 1893f: 82. Type data: ANTIGUA: on Annona muricata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Nakahara, 1978: 657.

Ceroplastes nerii Newstead, 1897: 101. Type data: ALGERIA: Constantine, on Nerium oleander. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1957: 455.

Coccus caricae; Fernald, 1903b: 156. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Ceroplastes rusci Borg, 1919: 37. Unjustified emendation. Notes: As Lecanium oleae Bernard.

Ceroplastes cirripediformis; Borg, 1919: 40. Misidentification.

Ceroplastes quadrilineatus simplex Brain, 1920a: 33. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Victoria West, on Rhus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Ceroplastes simplex De Lotto, 1965a: 187. Homonym of Ceroplastes simplex Hempel, 1900.

Ceroplastes fumidus De Lotto, 1978: 138. Replacement name for Ceroplastes simplex De Lotto, 1965a; synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 135-142.

Ceroplastes reusci; Bahder et al., 2013: 1293. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: donagit hateena; fig wax scale [BenDov1993]; kermes du figuier [BenDov1993]; qenimat shaava shel hateena.



ASSOCIATE: VIRUS Closteroviridae: Ampelovirus GLRaV-3 [BahderPoAl2013].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Nitidulidae: Cybocephalus assiduous Kirejtshuk & Fallahzadeh [KirejtFa2008]. FUNGI : Oospora saccardiana Berlese [Berles1905]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [SengonUyKa1998]. Encyrtidae: Anicetus sp. Howard [BasheeAsRa2014], Metaphycus sp. [BasheeAsRa2014], Paraceraptrocerus italicus Masi [ArgyriStMo1976]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus toddaliae (Risbec) [FallahNaSh2006]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulae [BadaryAb2011], Scutellista cyaneae Motschulski [ArgyriStMo1976].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [CarnerPe1986], Pistacia lentiscus [Bodenh1928, GomezM1954, GomezM1958b, BenDov1970], Pistacia palestina [BenDov2012], Pistacia terebinthus [GomezM1954, GomezM1958b, Marott1987], Rhus [Brain1920a], Rhus coriaria [Marott1987], Rhus viminalis [Brain1920a], Schinus [Hall1922, EzzatHu1969], Schinus molle [Bodenh1928, GomezM1958b, CarnerPe1986], Schinus terebinthifolius [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970], Spondias purpurea [LincanHoCa2010]. Annonaceae: Annona [Nakaha1983], Annona cherimolia [Borg1932, GomezM1948, GomezM1958b, CarnerPe1986], Annona muricata [Nakaha1983], Annona squamosa [Nakaha1983]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Bodenh1924, Balach1927, Melis1930, Aziz1977, Marott1987, KozarPaPa1991, UygunSeEr1998], Thevetia peruviana [BenDov1970]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [Marott1987]. Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970, UygunSeEr1998]. Arecaceae: Chamaerops humilis [Marott1987], Cocos [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Phoenix [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Asteraceae: Argyranthemum frutescens [Lindin1911a, CarnerPe1986], Artemisia [CarnerPe1986], Artemisia monosperma [BenDov2012]. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens sultani [CarnerPe1986]. Boraginaceae: Cordia lutea [LincanHoCa2010], Cordia myxa [BenDov1970]. Buxaceae: Buxus balearica [Balach1939]. Cannaceae: Canna sp. [BenDov2012]. Clusiaceae: Psorospermum [Hodgso1994a], Psorospermum febrifugum [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Combretaceae: Laguncularia racenosa [LincanHoCa2010]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [Marott1987], Ipomoea [Borg1932], Ipomoea batatas [Nakaha1983]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Hall1922], Cyperus communis [CarnerPe1986], Cyperus flabelliformis [BenDov1970]. Ebenaceae: Euclea [DeLott1978], Euclea schimperi [Hodgso1969]. Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo [Balach1931a]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum variagatum [Hodgso1994a], Euphorbia longan [CarnerPe1986]. Fabaceae: Albizia [KozarPaPa1991], Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. [Kumar2013], Phaseolus caracalla [Borg1932], Tamarindus [GomezM1958b]. Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtia ramontchii [WilliaMa2009b]. Juncaceae: Juncus acutus [CarnerPe1986]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [UygunSeEr1998], Persea americana [BenDov1970]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus acaciae [BenDov2012]. Lythraceae: Lawsonia inermis [Hall1923]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [CarnerPe1986], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [LincanHoCa2010]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hall1931, Danzig1972b, Aziz1977, Nakaha1983, Matile1988, KozarPaPa1991, Hodgso1994a], Ficus [Green1917a, Hall1924a, Hodgso1994a, Granar1999], Ficus avi avi [WilliaMa2009b], Ficus benghalensis [Hall1922, BenDov1970], Ficus benjamina [Marott1987, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ficus carica [Hall1922, Green1923b, Bodenh1926, Balach1927, Balach1939, GomezM1958b, Hodgso1969, BenDov1970], Ficus carica [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1926, Bodenh1935, Bodenh1944a, KhasawTa1964, KfirRo1980, Argyri1983, BenDov1993], Ficus carica [Lindin1911a, Borg1932, Inserr1971, Granar1999], Ficus dekdekena [Hodgso1994a], Ficus elastica [Marott1987], Ficus indica [Marott1987], Ficus infectoria [Hall1922, Bodenh1924], Ficus macrophylla [Balach1927], Ficus nitida [Balach1927, GomezM1958b, EzzatHu1969], Ficus obliqua [BenDov1970], Ficus pseudosycomorus [Hall1922], Ficus religiosa [Kumar2013], Ficus retusa [BenDov1970], Ficus rubiginosa [BenDov1970], Ficus sycomorus [Hall1923, Bodenh1924, Hall1927b, BenDov1970], Morus alba [BenDov1970], Morus nigra [Marott1987]. Musaceae: Musa [Hall1924a], Musa cavendishi [Marott1987], Musa sapientum [Hall1922]. Myrtaceae: Myrtus [Bodenh1928], Myrtus communis [Balach1930, Balach1931a, Balach1933e, BenDov1970, Aziz1977, Marott1987, UygunSeEr1998], Psidium guajava [Hall1922, Hall1924a, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1970], Psydium sp. [Kumar2013], Syzygium sp. [Kumar2013]. Ochnaceae: Ochna ciliata [WilliaMa2009b]. Pinaceae: Cedrus deodora [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Piperaceae: Piper [Hall1924a], Piper nigrum [GomezM1958b]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Balach1927, KozarPaPa1991], Pittosporum tobira [Marott1987]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [GomezM1946, GomezM1948, GomezM1958b, BenDov1970]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [BenDov1970]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Bodenh1926]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis cirrhosa [BenDov2012]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus mauritiana [Kumara2003]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis [PerezGCa1987], Crataegus [Newste1911, Hall1922], Crataegus azarolus [BenDov1970], Cydonia [DeLott1978], Cydonia oblonga [Brain1920a, BenDov1970], Cydonia vulgaris [CarnerPe1986], Mespilus germanica [Marott1987], Prunus dulcis [CarnerPe1986], Pyrus communis [Borg1932, BenDov1970]. Rubiaceae: Pavetta [DeLott1978]. Ruscaceae: Ruscus aculeatus [Marott1987]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Hall1922, Hall1924a, Melis1930, Borg1932, Inserr1971], Citrus aurantium [Bodenh1926, BenDov1970], Citrus grandis [BenDov2012], Citrus limon [Nakaha1983], Citrus paradisi [BenDov1970], Citrus reticulata [BenDov2012]. Salicaceae: Populus alba [Marott1987], Populus deltoides [BenDov1970], Salix [BenDov2012], Salix babylonica [Hall1923]. Santalaceae: Osyris alba [KozarPaPa1991]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Hodgso1994a], Litchi chinensis [CarnerPe1986], Nephelium lappaceum [BenDov1970], Sapindus saponaria [Marott1987]. Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon oxyacantha [Hodgso1994a]. Smilacaceae: Smilax aspera [KozarFr1995]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Strelitzia reginae [CarnerPe1986]. Umbelliferae: Bupleurum subfructicosum [GomezM1946, GomezM1958b]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Hall1923, Balach1927, Borg1932, GomezM1958b, BenDov1970].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Fernan1989]; Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990, Hodgso1994a]; Eritrea [Hodgso1994a]; Mali [MuniapWaVa2012]; Sao Tome and Principe [Fernan1993]; South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1978]; Tanzania [Newste1911a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969, Hodgso1994a]. Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya). Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Hodges2002b]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Cocker1893gg, Mamet1943a, Granar1999]); Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999]); Brazil; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guyana [Newste1917b, Mamet1943a]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: India [Kumar2013]; Vietnam [VuEaNg2006]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Albania [FetykoKo2012]; Algeria [Balach1927, FetykoKo2012]; Azores [Fernan1981, FrancoRuMa2011]; Canary Islands [Lindin1911a, GomezM1967O, LongoMaPe1995, Jansen1995, BenDov2013]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [Ayouta1940, PellizPoSe2011]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Egypt [Newste1911, Hall1922, Hall1923, Hall1924a, Hall1927b, EzzatHu1969]; France [Balach1930, Balach1931a, Balach1933e, Balach1939, Hodgso1994a]; Greece [Bodenh1928, ArgyriSa1980, Argyri1983, Kozar1985, KozarPaPa1991]; Hungary [FetykoKo2012] (According to Kosztarab (1955) the latest record of this species in Hungary was published in 1883.); Iran [Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009, MoghadTa2010]; Iraq [Bodenh1944a, Aziz1977, KirejtFa2008]; Israel [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1935, Rosen1967, BenDov1970, KfirRo1980, Hodgso1994a]; Italy [Hodgso1969, Hodgso1994a, LongoMaPe1995, Granar1999]; Jordan [new]; Lebanon [Bodenh1926]; Libya [FetykoKo2012]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, FrancoRuMa2011]; Malta [Borg1932]; Morocco [Vayssi1920, Balach1927, Rungs1970]; Netherlands; Portugal [Seabra1930, Fernan1992, KozarFr1995, CarvalFrAg1996, FrancoRuMa2011]; Sardinia [Melis1930, Pelliz2011]; Saudi Arabia; Sicily [Liotta1970, Inserr1971]; Spain [Balach1935b, GomezM1946, GomezM1948, LongoMaPe1995]; Syria [Bodenh1926]; Tunisia [FetykoKo2012]; Turkey [Tuncyu1970a, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanUlEr2007]; United Kingdom (England [Green1917a]).

BIOLOGY: Khasawinah & Talhouk (1964) studied the biology and phenology in Lebanon. Life history and economic importance in Israel studied by Bodkin (1927). Inserra (1970) studied the phenology and natural enemies on citrus in Sicily, Italy. Develops two generations a year in Greece (Argyriou & Santorini, 1980). Benassy & Franco (1974) observed one annual generation on fig trees in Southern France. A minor pest of citrus in Israel, but occasionally a serious pest (Ben-Dov, 1988). A pest of fig in the Mediterranean region (Bodkin, 1927; Bodenheimer, 1951b; Talhouk, 1959).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969, 1994a) and by Hodgson & Peronti (2012). Description and illustration of the adult male and male nymphal instars (based on material which originated from Kalamata, Greece) by Rainato & Pellizzari (2010). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

STRUCTURE: Adult female with a thick, broadly oval, hemispherical test of quite hard wax; dorsal plate domed, apex with a small depressed oval dark nuclear spot with an elongate pad of white dry wax; marginal area thickened into a series of eight quadrate plates, each with a depressed centre and separated by marginal indentations. Colour generally pale pink, deepening to red at the junction of the marginal area but often almost pure white; usually with numerous fine radiating pinkish lines but these often absent; each marginal nucleus with 1 or more small dry-wax points, plus a line of very white stigmatic wax from each stigmatic area. With wax removed, mature female smoothly globular, margin slightly recurved, particularly anteriorly; venter reddish brown, stigmatic clefts shallow but distinct; caudal process short and stout, extending dorso-posteriorly. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Mounted material. Body oval, rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with small indistinct tubercles. Caudal process short and stout. Length 1.3-3.25 (1.9-3.0) mm, total width of mounted specimen 0.9-2.2 (1.0-2.0) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The record of Ceroplastes rusci in Granara de Willink (1999: 57) as occurring in USA, is incorrect. Dug Miller of USNM (personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov, 4.2.2002) have looked at the slide, upon which Granara de Willink based the record, and found that it was a quarantine lot that was intercepted in Houston, Texas, from Jordan.

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [as C. fumidus; Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Mori, Pellizzari & Tosi 2001: 42 (female) [Italy]; Granarara de Willink 1999: 49 (female) [Argentina]; Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 371 (female) [Egypt]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [Antigua].

CITATIONS: AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; AksitOzCa2003 [host, distribution: 181-189]; AlAwam2009 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, chemical control: 1-147]; AllahHaHe2000 [chemistry: 103-111]; Argyri1970 [host, distribution, biological control: 57-65]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; ArgyriSa1980 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 593-600]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 23]; Ayouta1940 [host, distribution: 2-4]; Aziz1977 [host, distribution: 46]; BadaryAb2011 [biological control, distribution, host: 51-52]; BahderPoAl2013 [economic importance: 1293]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 186]; Balach1927a [host, distribution: 72]; Balach1930 [host, distribution: 313]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 100]; Balach1932d [host, distribution: xxiii]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 264]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 258]; BasheeAsRa2014 [biological control, distribution, host: 48, 50]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Benass1969 [ecology, distribution: 793-799]; BenassBi1963 [life history, ecology, biological control, host, distribution: 213-217]; BenassFr1974 [ecology, host, distribution: 11-39]; BenDov1970 [host, distribution: 87-89, 92]; BenDov1988a [economic importance, host, distribution: 1076]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 36-37,51-54]; BenDov2006a [host, distribution: 206]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 25, 44]; BenDov2013 [distribution, host: 71]; Berles1905 [host, distribution, biological control: 8-14]; Blanch1883 [chemistry, economic importance: 235-238]; Bodenh1924 [host, distribution: 65-66]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 44]; Bodenh1928 [host, distribution: 192]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [distribution: 219]; Bodenh1944a [host, distribution: 84]; Bodenh1951a [host, distribution, economic importance: 388-389]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution, economic importance: 112-113]; Bodkin1927 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 259-261]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 109]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154-155]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 455-457]; Borg1919 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 37-39]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 16]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 33-35]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 235]; CABI1977 [distribution: 1-2]; CamporPe1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 177-180]; Carles1985a [economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control: 56-58]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution, biological control: 11-12]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution: 614]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 208]; Cocker1893gg [distribution: 373]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6,8]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330-331]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 199]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 582]; DelGue1906 [host, distribution: 257-263]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 187]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 138-139]; Delucc1975 [host, distribution, economic importance]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 386-388]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fabric1794 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 225]; FallahNaSh2006 [host, distribution, biological control: 44]; FaurotMi1965 [chemistry: 93-97]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 129,151,154-157]; Fernan1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 262-265]; Fernan1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Fernan1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 129-131]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 59]; Fernan1993 [host, distribution: 111]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 81]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; FoldiCa1985 [structure: 33-50]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,4,22]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; GantneJaGo2004 [host, distribution: 181-189]; Georgh1977 [host, distribution: 148]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 55-58]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Goeze1778 [taxonomy: 337]; GomezC1950 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-18]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 307-313]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 91]; GomezM1948 [host, distribution: 88]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 122-128]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 200]; GomezM1967O [host, distribution: 134]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 57]; Green1917a [host, distribution: 210]; Green1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88,94-95]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17-18]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38-39]; Hall1924a [host, distribution: 10]; Hall1927b [host, distribution: 163-165]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 298]; HamonMa2001 [host, distribution, taxonomy, life history, economic importance: 187]; HernanNiMa2011 [host: 379-380]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy, distribution: 208]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-9]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-188]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy: 192]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 135-142,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Inserr1971 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 77-97]; IsmailAb2001 [host, distribution, chemical control: 355-364]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134,141]; KaracaErYa2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 372-377]; Katsoy1996 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 15,19-21,81-83]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; KfirRo1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 114]; KhasawTa1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 113-131]; KirejtFa2008 [host, distribution, biological control: 83-86]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 248]; Koteja1974b [structure: 81]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 202]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarFr1995 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Kumar2013 [biological control, economic importance, host]; LattinOm1983 [distribution, economic importance: 93]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356-361]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lindin1911a [host, distribution: 33]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 68,77,102,154,21]; Linnae1758 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 456]; Linnae1767 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 741]; Liotta1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 33]; LiottaMiRa1977 [host, economic importance: 29-67]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 134,141]; LongoRu1986 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 150]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 67-68]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 8,75,118,125,128]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Matile1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 205]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14-15]; MillerRuPa2014 [catalogue: 65]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 6]; Moghad2013a [distribution, life history: 8]; MoghadTa2010 [host, distribution: 31]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [illustration, taxonomy: 146, 152]; Monast1962 [biological control, economic importance, description, host, distribution: 129-147]; MoriPeTo2001 [taxonomy: 42]; MorsiMo2004 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 59-64]; MuniapWaVa2012 [distribution, host: 3-6]; Nakaha1978 [taxonomy: 657-658]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 3]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 206-207]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 97]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 167]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; OnderTu1984 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 200-212]; Paoli1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 244-248]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 60]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizCa1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 177-180]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294,296]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 127]; Picard1919 [host: 3]; PietriBiCo1969 [chemical control: 909-915]; Podsia1983a [host, distribution: 273]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; RainatPe2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-62]; Rosen1966 [biological control, host, distribution: 46-48]; Rosen1969 [biological control: 45-53]; Rosen1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 289-292]; Rossi1794 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 56]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-94]; Scorti1987 [host, distribution: 35-40]; Seabra1930 [host, distribution, economic importance: 129-130]; Seabra1941 [distribution: 7]; SengonUyKa1998 [host, distribution, biological control: 128-131]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 843,847,869,870-872]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35-38]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 88]; Talhou1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-106]; Talhou2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 88-90]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 142-143]; Targio1867MH [chemistry: 246-247]; Targio1884 [host, distribution: 400-401]; Tranfa1981 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 22-23]; TranfaVi1987a [economic importance: 215-221]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 254]; Tuncyu1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 67-80]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 133]; Vayssi1920 [host, distribution: 258]; Vicido2007 [host, distribution: 1-7]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 94-95]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 47-55]; Vilar1951 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 177-181]; Vilar1952 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 7]; VuEaNg2006 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 196-201]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, distribution: 1072,1078]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; Willia2007b [taxonomy: 454, 427-490]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 9,14,22,26,32,42]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 118]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 80]; Wood1962 [biological control, distribution: 8-11]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 33].

Ceroplastes rusticus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes rusticus De Lotto, 1961b: 318. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Hartman's Kloof, on Selago glutinosa. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Gascardia rustica; De Lotto, 1965a: 204. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Scrophulariaceae: Selago corymbosa [DeLott1965a], Selago glutinosa [DeLott1961b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1961b, DeLott1965a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961b).

STRUCTURE: Test of fully mature adult female dried in situ, highly convex, with a shallow mediodorsal depression carrying a minute elongate white boss; colour evenly pale yellow; wax fairly soft. Dimensions: up to 8 mm long; 7 mm wide and 5 mm high. (De Lotto, 1961).

SYSTEMATICS: C. rusticus De Lotto is most similar C. deceptrix but differs in having many more ventral tubular ducts submarginally plus some ducts medially on both the abdomen and posteriorly on the thorax. In addition, on C. rusticus, the clear areas dorsad to the stigmatic clefts appear to have coalesced into one large clear area on each side and there appears to be no clear areas latero-posteriorly on the abdomen, so that there are perhaps only 4 clear areas in all; C deceptrix has the normal 8 clear areas. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 40 [Key to adult females of C. deceptrix-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 54]; DeLott1961b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 318-319]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 204]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 47-49,241]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes sanguineus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes sanguineus Cockerell, 1905d: 162. Type data: PARAGUAY: Villa Encarnacion, on Maytenus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Celastraceae: Maytenus [Cocker1905d, Cocker1905g].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Paraguay.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 54]; Cocker1905d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 162]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 9]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 7]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229].

Ceroplastes schrottkyi Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes schrottkyi Cockerell, 1905d: 162. Type data: PARAGUAY: Villa Encarnacion, on Salix chilensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Salicaceae: Salix chilensis [Cocker1905d, Cocker1905g].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Paraguay.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 54]; Cocker1905d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 161-162]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 7]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229].

Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio, 1900: 3. Type data: ITALY: Liguria, on Citrus sinensis. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication).

COMMON NAMES: Caparreta blanca [Lloren1990]; carrapeta-branca [CarvalAg1997]; Chinese wax scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, SmithBeBr1997]; chinese wax scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, SmithBeBr1997]; craca [CarvalAg1997]; hard wax scale [SmithBeBr1997]; hard wax scale [HodgsoHe2000].



ASSOCIATE: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) [Pen1960, StathaKaEl2003], Chilocorus renipustulatus Scriba [Pen1960], Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) [StathaKaEl2003], Halmus chalybeus [LoCh2001]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [ArgyriStMo1976]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus ceroplastae Girault [ArgyriStMo1976]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) [MonacoSa1980, StathaKaEl2003]. LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Coccidophaga scitula [MonacoSa1980]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa carnea Stephens [ArgyriStMo1976].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [CarnerPe1986], Rhodosphaera rhodanthema [Snowba1970], Schinus molle [Balach1931a, Borg1932, GimpelMiDa1974], Schinus terebinthifolius [Snowba1970]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimolia [Snowba1970], Annona squamosa [Marott1987]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [GimpelMiDa1974, MonacoSa1980], Ilex crenata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex vomitoria [GimpelMiDa1974]. Araliaceae: Aralia [CarnerPe1986]. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sericofera [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Hoya carnosa [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Asteraceae: Aster formosissima [Marott1987], Baccharis [GimpelMiDa1974], Baccharis halimofolia [DauphiMa2003], Cassinia laevis [QinGu1994], Chrysanthemum frutescens [Marott1987], Chrysanthemum grandiflora [Marott1987], Chrysanthemum indicum [CorseuBa1971], Dahlia variabilis [Marott1987], Felicia angustifolia [Snowba1970], Olearia paniculata [Snowba1970], Osteospermum moniliferum [Marott1987]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [Balach1939, Marott1987], Bignonia unguiscati [VieiraCaPi1983], Jacaranda mimosifolia [QinGu1994]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [VieiraCaPi1983]. Celastraceae: Euonymus europaeus [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Euonymus japonicus [Marott1987]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita pepo [Marott1987]. Dennstaedtiaceae: Pteridium esculentum [HodgsoHe2000]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros fasciculosa [Snowba1970], Diospyros ferrea [Snowba1970], Diospyros kaki [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Erica arborea [GimpelMiDa1974], Vaccinium myrtillus [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Escalloniaceae: Escallonia rubra [GimpelMiDa1974]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton scouleri [LincanHoCa2010], Drypetes australasica [Snowba1970], Euphorbia longan [CarnerPe1986], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Snowba1970], Mercurialis annua [Marott1987]. Fabaceae: Caesalpinia sepiaria [Snowba1970], Cytisus scoparius [Marott1987], Pultenaea villosa [QinGu1994]. Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [CorseuBa1971]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum [Marott1987], Aesculus pavia [Marott1987]. Lamiaceae: Melissa officinalis [CarnerPe1986], Rosmarinus officinalis [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Salvia splendens [Marott1987]. Lauraceae: Apollonias barbujana [Snowba1970], Cinnamomum burmannii [Snowba1970], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [VieiraCaPi1983], Laurus [Marott1987], Persea americana [CarnerPe1986, QinGu1994]. Loranthaceae: Amyema congener [QinGu1994], Loranthus [CorseuBa1971]. Lythraceae: Punica granatum [Moghad2013a]. Malvaceae: Hoheria populnea [HodgsoHe2000], Lagunaria patersonii [VieiraCaPi1983]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [Borg1932, Marott1987], Ficus virens [Snowba1970], Ficus watkinsiana [Snowba1970], Myrtus communis [PellizPoSe2011]. Musaceae: Musa nana [Snowba1970]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum [Argyri1983], Myoporum acuminatum [VieiraCaPi1983]. Myrsinaceae: Aegiceras corniculatum [QinGu1994], Myrsine africana [Marott1987]. Myrtaceae: Acmena [Snowba1970], Baeckea camphorata [QinGu1994], Baeckea virgata [DeLott1971, QinGu1994], Callistemon citrinus [Snowba1970], Callistemon linearis [Snowba1970], Callistemon polandii [QinGu1994], Callistemon viminalis [QinGu1994], Eucalyptus curtisii [QinGu1994], Eugenia [QinGu1994], Eugenia greggii [Snowba1970], Feijoa sellowiana [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Melaleuca armillaris [Snowba1970, QinGu1994], Melaleuca bracteata [QinGu1994], Melaleuca decussata [Snowba1970], Melaleuca diasmifolia [Marott1987], Melaleuca elliptica [QinGu1994], Melaleuca hypericifolia [Snowba1970], Melaleuca linariifolia trichostachya [QinGu1994], Melaleuca pauciflora [Snowba1970], Melaleuca quinquenervia [QinGu1994], Psidium guajava [Marott1987], Rhodomyrtus psidioides [Snowba1970], Syncarpia glomulifera [Snowba1970], Syzygium [QinGu1994], Syzygium floribundum [GimpelMiDa1974], Syzygium francisii [Snowba1970], Syzygium luehmannii [Snowba1970], Syzygium moorei [Snowba1970], Syzygium paniculatum [QinGu1994], Tristania conferta [Snowba1970]. Ochnaceae: Ochna mauritiana [Snowba1970]. Oleaceae: Syringa vulgaris [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Philadelphaceae: Philadelphus coronaria [Marott1987]. Pittosporaceae: Bursaria spinosa [Snowba1970]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Plumbaginaceae: Ceratostigma willmottianum [Snowba1970]. Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia platyclada [Marott1987]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca oleracea [Marott1987]. Proteaceae: Banksia ericifolia [QinGu1994], Grevillea [QinGu1994], Grevillea banksii [QinGu1994], Grevillea pteridifolia [QinGu1994], Hakea salicifolia [QinGu1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Snowba1970, MonacoSa1980, QinGu1994]. Rhamnaceae: Frangula alnus [Marott1987]. Rosaceae: Chaenomeles lagenaria [Snowba1970], Cotoneaster dammeri [GimpelMiDa1974], Crataegus [MonacoSa1980], Osteomeles schwerinae [Snowba1970], Prunus persica [MonacoSa1980], Pyrus communis [GimpelMiDa1974, MonacoSa1980], Rosa [MonacoSa1980]. Rubiaceae: Burchellia bubalina [Snowba1970], Canthium ventosum [Snowba1970], Coprosma [HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma rhamboides [HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma robusta [HodgsoHe2000], Gardenia florida [CorseuBa1971], Gardenia thunbergia [Snowba1970], Rondeletia amoena [Snowba1970]. Rutaceae: Calodendron capense [QinGu1994], Citrus [Balach1931a, Balach1939, Argyri1983, FrancoPa1991, Jansen1995, CarvalAg1997, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus aurantium [GomezM1958b], Citrus limon [DeLott1971, QinGu1994], Citrus nobilis [Balach1927], Citrus paradisi [QinGu1994], Citrus reticulata [Snowba1970, QinGu1994], Citrus sinensis [DelGue1900, QinGu1994], Coleonema pulchrum [Snowba1970], Medicosma cunninghamii [Snowba1970], Melicope simplex [HodgsoHe2000]. Sapindaceae: Arytera divaricata [Snowba1970], Dodonaea tenuifolia [QinGu1994], Dodonaea triquerta [Snowba1970], Dodonaea viscosa [Snowba1970], Harpullia pendula [Snowba1970], Litchi chinensis [QinGu1994], Sapindus saponaria [Marott1987], Sarcopteryx stipitata [Snowba1970]. Sapotaceae: Achras [Snowba1970], Martiusella imperialis [Snowba1970], Planchonella australis [Snowba1970], Planchonella myrsinoides [Snowba1970], Pouteria wakere [Snowba1970]. Scrophulariaceae: Galvezia leucantha [LincanHoCa2010], Halleria lucida [Marott1987], Hebe stricta [HodgsoHe2000], Veronica salicifolia [Marott1987]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [Marott1987], Cyphomandra betacea [Marott1987], Lycium minimum [LincanHoCa2010], Lycopersicon esculentum [Marott1987], Solanum [Balach1933e], Solanum aviculare [HodgsoHe2000], Solanum nigrum [Marott1987], Solanum paniculatum [CorseuBa1971], Streptosolen [Green1923b], Streptosolen jamesonii [GimpelMiDa1974, QinGu1994]. Styracaceae: Styrax officinalis [Marott1987]. Theaceae: Thea [Pen1960]. Tiliaceae: Grewia flava [Marott1987], Grewia opositifolia [Marott1987]. Ulmaceae: Trema micrantha [Marott1987]. Urticaceae: Urtica dioica [Marott1987]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia marina [QinGu1994, HodgsoHe2000], Avicennia officinalis [DeLott1971], Duranta plumieri [Green1923b, Marott1987], Vitex lucens [HodgsoHe2000]. Viscaceae: Korthalsella salicornioides [HenderSuRo2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [DeLott1971] (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1994], New South Wales [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997], Queensland [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [QinGu1994], Western Australia [QinGu1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Gavril2013]). Australasian: New Zealand [DeLott1971, HodgsoHe2000, LoCh2001, HenderSuRo2010] (Three Kings Islands); Norfolk Island; Solomon Islands [DeLott1971]. Nearctic: Mexico (Veracruz); United States of America (California, North Carolina, Pennsylvania [Stimme1998], Virginia). Neotropical: Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991]; Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina [HickelDu1995]); Chile [KondoGu2010]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]. Oriental: Philippines [Baltaz1962]. Palaearctic: Algeria [HodgsoPe2012]; Azores [CarvalFrAg1996, LopesFiMa2008, FrancoRuMa2011]; Canary Islands [PerezGCa1987]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Egypt [Hall1924a]; France [Balach1931a, Balach1933d, Balach1939, Foldi2000, DauphiMa2003]; Georgia [YasnosTaCh2005]; Greece [ArgyriStMo1976, Argyri1983, StathaKaEl2003]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Italy [DeLott1971, Marott1987, LongoMaPe1995]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, DeLott1971, CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Malta [Borg1932]; Morocco [Rungs1970]; Netherlands [FetykoKo2012]; Portugal [Seabra1942, Fernan1992, CarvalFrAg1996]; Russia (Caucasus); Sardinia [Marott1987, Pelliz2011]; Sicily [Liotta1970, Marott1987]; Spain [Balach1935b, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]; Tunisia [HodgsoPe2012]; Turkey [Tuncyu1970a, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: One annual generation was reported in Italy on citrus (Monastero & Zaami, 1959; Frediani, 1967); in USA, Virginia (Kosztarab, 1996); on pears in Italy (Frediani, 1960). Snowball (1970) outlined the life history in New South Wales. Life history in Spain described by Llorens Climent (1984). Beattie et al. (1990) studied the effect of nutrients in citrus (New South Wales, Australia) on the growth, size and phenology.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1971), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gimpel et al. (1974), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Kosztarab (1996) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: Adult female 3-7 mm long; convex. Dorsal wax cover formed of plates not very distinctly divided; anterior portion of the cover slightly lower than posterior; anterior portion white while the posterior is light brown or pink. Colour photograph by Gill (1988), Katsoyannos (1996), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and by Germain et al., (2003).

SYSTEMATICS: Based on their cladistic analysis of wax scale insects, Qin et al. (1994) predicted that the native range of C. sinensis was within Central or South America. This supposition was supported later by the discovery of heavily parasitized individuals of C. sinensis in Argentina. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957). A sporadic pest of citrus in Italy and Spain. A serious pest of citrus in Australia (Snowball, 1970; Qin & Gullan, 1994).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Mori, Pellizzari & Tosi 2001: 42 (female) [Italy]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 185 (female) [New Zealand]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 17 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 36 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Kosztarab 1966: 325 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Argyri1970 [host, distribution, biological control: 57-65]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 23]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 186]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 100]; Balach1932d [taxonomy, host, distribution: xxxiv]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 264]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 258]; BalciuBuPu1995 [viological control: 247-267]; Baltaz1962 [host, distribution: 6,12]; Beatti1979 [host, distribution, chemical control: 35]; Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; Benass1969 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 793-799]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 54-56]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 90]; Bodenh1951a [host, distribution: 387]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 113-114]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 109]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79-80]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 154]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 451-454]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 16]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; CABI1980 [distribution: 1-2]; CamporPe1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 180-182]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 12-13]; Carrer1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 625-631]; CarvalAg1997 [life history, economic importance, description, host, distribution: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; Castel1951a [biological control: 95-98]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 208]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 37]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; Costan1948 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 85-88]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 199]; DauphiMa2003 [host, distribution: 161-263]; DelGue1900 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 3-26]; DelGue1906 [host, distribution: 257-263]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-145]; Delucc1975 [host, distribution]; Dzhash1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 182]; Evlakh1941 [host, distribution, biological control: 64-65]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 157]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 59]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Fletch1951 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-24]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 5,22]; Fredia1960 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 89-95]; FriedBaGe2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 285-289]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 78]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 255]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 23]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21,25]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-67]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 313-316]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 128-134]; GradyRe1940 [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 1-32]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; Greig1944 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 153-154]; Hall1924a [host, distribution: 23]; HamonWi1984 [life history, economic importance, taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34]; HenderSuRo2010 [host, distribution: 2]; HickelDu1995 [host, distribution: 665-668]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190,193-194]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 152-154, 243]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution]; Katsoy1996 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 15,81-83]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 248]; Kiritc1935 [host, distribution: 3]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 71]; KondoGu2010 [host, distribution: 12]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 332-333]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 81]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; KreiteAuGe2006 [distribution, economic importance, host: 143]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 364-366]; LimonMeBl1976a [host, distribution, biological control: 263-276]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 115,219,307]; Liotta1970 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 33]; LiottaMiRa1977 [host, economic importance: 29-67]; Lloren1984 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; LoBlPe1996 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 315-321]; LoCh2001 [biological control, life history, host, distribution: 57-66]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 134]; LongoRu1986 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41]; LopesFiMa2008 [host, distribution: 153-154]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 99-100]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 68]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; MillerRuPa2014 [catalogue: 65]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 6]; Moghad2013a [distribution, illustration: 8]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [illustration, taxonomy: 146,151]; MonacoSa1980 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, host, distribution: 3-6]; Monast1958 [economic importance, control: 131-165]; MonastZa1959 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 4-26]; MoriPeTo2001 [taxonomy: 42]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 207-208]; Panis1982 [distribution, biological control: 12-22]; Paoli1927a [host, distribution: 382-387]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizCa1994 [life history, taxonomy, host, distribution: 180-182]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 274,297]; Pen1960 [biological control: 104-112]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 127]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; PietriBiCo1969 [chemical control: 909-915]; Priore1967 [life history, ecology: 46-46]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 941-953]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 541-549]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-94]; SandsVa2003 [host, biological control: 41-53]; Scorti1987 [host, distribution: 35-40]; Seabra1942 [distribution: 2]; Silves1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3-17]; Silves1921 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-11]; Silves1926a [control, host, distribution: 97-101]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 59-61]; Snowba1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 57-66]; StathaKaEl2003 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 271-275]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution: 10]; Stimme1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 17-19]; TabataLo2002 [chemical control: 30]; Tranfa1980 [host, distribution, taxonomy, description: 701-704]; Tranfa1981 [host, distribution, life history: 23-26]; TranfaVi1987a [economic importance: 215-221]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 251-254]; Tuncyu1970a [life history, exonomic importance, host, distribution: 67-80]; Valent1963 [biological control: 6-13]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 95]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 47-55]; Vilar1951 [taxonomy, illustration: 177-181]; Vilar1952 [taxonomy, illustration: 8]; Willia2013 [distribution: 190]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-54]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-81]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 103]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187]; Yasnos1987 [economic importance: 229-234]; Yasnos1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 247-251]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 295-302].

Ceroplastes singularis Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes singularis Newstead, 1910c: 188. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on Psidium guajava. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Ceroplastes hololeucus De Lotto, 1969a: 413. Type data: ANGOLA: Novo Redondo, on Elaeis guineensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 143-145.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [DeLott1969a, Almeid1973b]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Newste1910c]. Urticaceae: Musanga cecropioides [HodgsoPe2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1969a, Almeid1973b]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Uganda [Newste1910c].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. C. singularis: "Test of adult female hemispherical; thin and very hard; texture fairly smooth; dorsum with a faintly indicated plate, almost circular in outline, with indications also of 3 lateral plates; colour dirty ochreous." (Newstead, 1910). Unmounted material. C. hololeucus: "Immature adult females flattish, disc-like in shape; wax test faintly divided into plates: three bilateral, 1 cephalic and 1 dorsal; at the centre of each of them there is a small and elongate boss; colour in the test in material stored in alcohol evenly white; wax rather brittle in texture" (De Lotto, 1969). Mounted material. Body broadly elliptical to roundly circular, length 1.3-2.4 [about 2] mm, width 0.9-1.75 [?] mm. Dermal processes obscure. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Ceroplastes singularis differs from most other species in the C. rusci-group in having: (i) stigmatic setae around of the entire margin (restricted to near stigmatic clefts on C. rusci and related species, never forming a complete band anteriorly on head); and (ii) ventral tubular ducts absent (otherwise only totally absent on C. balachowskyi, C. galeatus and C. ghesquierei. C. rufus also has stigmatic setae extending around most of the margin but the stigmatic setae are all rather sharply pointed on C. singularis rather than roundly conical, as on C. rufus.

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 2]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 39,56]; DeLott1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 413-415]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 143-145,243]; Newste1910c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-190]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 66].

Ceroplastes sinoiae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes helichrysi sinoiae Hall, 1931: 296. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Sinoia, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Ximbabwe [Southern Rhodesia]: top label: Ceroplastes / helichrysi var. / sinoiae Hall / Ficus sp. / S. Rhodesia.

Gascardia sinoiae; De Lotto, 1965a: 204. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asclepiadaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda mimosaefolia [DeLott1965a]. Clusiaceae: Hypericum revolutum [DeLott1965a]. Euphorbiaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Hodgso1969], Brachystegia spiciformis [Almeid1973b]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [Hodgso1969]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos innocua [HodgsoPe2012]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hall1931], Ficus burkei [DeLott1965a]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia [Hodgso1969]. Verbenaceae [HodgsoPe2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b]; Madagascar [HodgsoPe2012]; South Africa [DeLott1965a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].

BIOLOGY: A uniparental species, which develops one annual generation on Jacaranda in South Africa. Bedford (1968) produced a comprehensive study on various aspects of the biology of this wax scale.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1965a).

STRUCTURE: "Test of full-grown adult female hemispherical, not divided into plates, with a shallow medio-dorsal depression at the centre of which is situated a minute elongate boss; wax evenly white in colour; dimensions 8 mm long; 8 mm wide; 6 mm high." (De Lotto, 1965).

SYSTEMATICS: This species was originally described as a variety of C. helichrysi Hall. As pointed out by De Lotto (1965), C. sinoiae, although bearing a close superficial resemblance to C. helichrysi, is clearly specifically different and, in fact, is rather easily distinguished from the latter species. Some of the main differences between these 2 species are (character-states of C. helichrysi in brackets): (i) caudal process heavily sclerotised (barely sclerotised); (ii) loculate microducts of the complex type (simple type); (iii) tubular ducts on abdominal segments restricted to anogenital fold (also present medially and submarginally); (iv) tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis present (absent), and (v) dorsal setae mainly longer than width of basal sockets (subequal or shorter). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: An urban pest of Jacaranda trees in South Africa (Bedford, 1968).

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 64 (female) [Key to adult females in the C. longicauda-group.]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 5]; Bedfor1968 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control, chemical control, chemistry, structure, ecology: 1-111]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 56-57]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-207]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 296]; Hodgso1969 [host, distribution: 37]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 73-75,241]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19].

Ceroplastes solanaceus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes solanaceus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 175. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Santa Rita do Passa Quatra, Parque Estadual de Vassununga; collected A.L.B.G. Peronti, 24.vii.2002. Holotype female. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil; type no. 405. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Solanaceae: Solanum [PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, iluustration, host, distribution: 175-176].

Ceroplastes speciosus Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes speciosus Hempel, 1900a: 464. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Ypiranga, on various plants of Myrtaceae; . Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 176. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil; type no. 82-a. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae [Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 57]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 158]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 464-465]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-177]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 131].

Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood)

NOMENCLATURE:

Vinsonia pulchella Signoret, 1869: 868. Nomen nudum.

Coccus stellifer Westwood, 1871a: iii. Type data: ENGLAND: Pant y Goitre, Abergavenny, on Cypripedium niveum, imported from the west coast of SIAM [=THAILAND]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Oxford: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, England. Described: female. Notes: Unmounted female syntypes are available at the Natural History Museum, Oxford, UK (Yair Ben-Dov, visit at OXUM, on December 15, 2002).

Coccus stellifer; Westwood, 1871b: 1006.

Vinsonia pulchella Signoret, 1872a: 34. Type data: REUNION ISLAND: on Mangifera indica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1877a: 608.

Vinsonia stellifera; Douglas, 1888b: 152. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes stellifer; Lindinger, 1913: 81. Change of combination.

Vinsonia stelifera; Seabra, 1925: 38. Misspelling of species name.

Vinsonia estellifera; Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1929: 4. Misspelling of species name.

Vinzonia stellifera; Danzig & Konstantinova, 1990: 45. Misspelling of genus name.

Vinsonia pulohella; Tang, 1991: 311. Misspelling of species name.

Vinsonia steliftra; Tang, 1991: 312. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Signoret" as author.

Vinsonia stellftra; Tang, 1991: 312. Misspelling of species name.

Winsonia stellifera; Fernandes, 1993: 111. Misspelling of genus name.

Ceroplastes stellifer; Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 177. Revived combination.

Ceroplastes stellifera Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 154-155. Unjustified emendation.

COMMON NAME: stellate scale [HamonWi1984, BenDov1993].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Eriaphytis chackoi Rao [Rao1980].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [Ramakr1919a, Hodgso1994a], Mangifera indica [Cocker1892a, Cocker1892b, Cocker1893k, Mamet1943a, DeLott1965a, Ali1971], Mangifera indica [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Almeid1973b, Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Mangifera indica [DanzigKo1990, KondoKa1995]. Apocynaceae: Alstonia scholaris [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971], Ervatamia orientalis [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria acutifolia [Mamet1943a]. Araliaceae: Schefflera [QinGu1994], Schefflera arboricola [MatileEt2006, PerontSoGr2008], Schefflera octophylla [DengLiWa2014]. Arecaceae: Cocos [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990], Cocos nucifera [Green1896, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, DeLott1965a, Ali1971, Nakaha1983], Cocos nucifera [Cocker1893k, Green1909a, Green1937, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [Cocker1896k]. Clusiaceae: Clusia [Cocker1896k], Garcinia [Ballou1926, HamonWi1984], Garcinia indica [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Garcinia mangostana [Hempel1904, HamonWi1984], Garcinia spicata [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971, HamonWi1984]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros discolor [TaoWoCh1983]. Euphorbiaceae: Bischofia javanica [WilliaWa1990]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora [Jansen1995], Persea americana [Mamet1943a]. Liliaceae: Asparagus sprengeri [CorseuBa1971]. Moraceae: Artocarpus integra [Beards1966], Ficus antimesma [Green1896], Ficus benghalensis [Mamet1943a]. Musaceae: Musa [Hodgso1994a]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia polycephala [Cocker1893k]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Nakaha1983], Eugenia [Mamet1943a], Eugenia aquea [Mamet1943a], Eugenia jambolana [Newste1914, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Eugenia jambos [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Syzygium cuminii [AvasthSh1986], Syzygium jambos [MestreHaEv2011]. Orchidaceae [HodgsoHi1990], Brassia caudata [MestreHaEv2011], Broughtonia sanguinea [Cocker1895a], Cattleya [Nakaha1983], Cypripedium niveum [Cocker1893k, Ali1971], Epidendrum [Jansen1995], Epidendrum ciliare [Nakaha1983], Maxillaria purpurea [MestreHaEv2011], Stanhopea [Cocker1895u, Willia2010]. Phyllanthaceae: Antidesma bunius [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971]. Poaceae: Oryza sativa [MestreHaEv2011]. Pteridaceae: Adiantum [CorseuBa1971]. Rubiaceae: Coffea sp. [Kondo2013], Ixora coccinea [PerontSoGr2008]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Citrus [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990], Citrus aurantium [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1990], Glycosmis pentaphylla [Green1909a, Ali1971], Jambolana [Cocker1893gg]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [HamonWi1984], Lucuma caimito [Hempel1900a], Manilkara zapota [MestreHaEv2011], Palaquium [Green1907, Mamet1943a]. Strelitziaceae: Ravenala madagascariensis [Nakaha1983]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b]; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Hodgso1994a] (Intercepted in Spain.); Ghana [Kondo2013]; Kenya [DeLott1965a]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Reunion [Cocker1894t, Cocker1895a, Mamet1943a, Mamet1957, GermaiMiPa2014]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Seabra1921, Seabra1925]); Seychelles [Green1907, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1994a]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Zanzibar [DeLott1965a]. Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [QinGu1994]); Federated States of Micronesia (Ponape Island); Fiji [HodgsoLa2011]. Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya). Australasian: Niue; Palau [Mamet1943a]; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Tonga. Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [HamonWi1984] (In Distribution Map XLIII, page 129), Florida [HamonWi1984, Hodges2002b], Georgia [HamonWi1984] (In Distribution map XLIII, page 129.)). Neotropical: Bahamas [BlackwPr2007]; Barbados [Cocker1893k]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHi1991]; Brazil (Para  [PerontSoGr2008], Pernambuco [PerontSoGr2008], Rio Grande do Sul [PerontSoGr2008], Rio de Janeiro [Hempel1904, PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]); Colombia [KondoKa1995, Kondo2001]; Cuba [Ballou1926, MestreHaEv2011]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Grenada [Cocker1896d]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Guyana [Newste1914, Jansen1995]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Cocker1892a, Cocker1892b, Cocker1893k, Cocker1895a, Cocker1893gg]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1895u, Cocker1896k]); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: China (Yunnan [DengLiWa2014]); India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Karnataka [Rao1980], Kerala [AvasthSh1986], West Bengal); Malaysia [Ali1971]; Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]; Pakistan [PerontSoGr2008]; Philippines [Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Cocker1895a, Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Cocker1895a, Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Italy [FetykoKo2012]; Netherlands [Jansen1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1965a), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Peronti et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984), Wong et al. (1999) and Peronti et al. (2008). Unmounted material. "Adult female with a semi-translucent waxy test, the margins of which are flattened and produced into seven rays that give the insect the appearance of a miniature starfish. Median area strongly convex above, the apex with an oblong pad of opaque white wax. Colour of living [mature] examples pink darkening with age to purplish red. In dried examples, this tint fades to reddish brown. Anal opercular dark brown. Margin colourless during life; yellowish in dried examples. Each ray is tipped by a fairly long conical process of opaque white wax. The median anterior ray carries a supplementary white point on each side of terminal process. The following 2 rays on each side have a well-defined median ridge. A pair of small white waxy processes project from the posterior margin immediately behind the anal aperture. Undersurface flat. After oviposition, the median area shrinks and forms a cavity for the reception of the eggs. From below, it can be seen that the median area corresponds with the cephalic lobe. The following 2 rays on each side are associated with the 2 pairs of stigmata, while the 2 remaining rays proceed from the abdominal lobes. At the extremity of each ray, below the base of the terminal process, is a fringe of minute glassy points - the remains of the earliest larval fringe. Diameter across rays: 3.5-4.5 mm." (Green, 1909). Wax almost translucent when young but becoming first pale green and then often reddish when mature; ends of each arm with white dry wax. Rather beautiful. Unmounted, with wax removed. Body round to 6-sided but with a pronounced cephalic lobe. Old individuals with almost entire dorsum sclerotised apart from lateral clear areas (anterior clear area hidden beneath anterior swelling of cephalic lobe on available material); dorsal clear area sclerotised with rest of dorsum. Caudal process about as long as broad, sclerotised. Eyespots dorsal. Ventrally, cephalic lobe on older individuals heavily sclerotised. Stigmatic clefts obscure. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Mounted material. Body oval, but with anterior margin of head forming a pronounced prominence in mature specimens; stigmatic clefts shallow; dorsum without tubercles. Caudal process short and extending dorsoposteriorly. Derm membranous when young but most of dorsum covered in a sclerotised plate-like extension from caudal process in mature specimens. Ventral derm of cephalic prominence heavily sclerotised on old specimens. Length 0.8-2.0 mm, total width of mounted specimens 0.6-1.45 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Ceroplastes stellifer can be recognised by the following combination of characters: (i) more than 5 pairs of inter-antennal setae; (ii) very small loculate microducts, with primary loculus much larger than satellite loculi (when latter present); (iii) tibia and tarsus fused; (iv) pregenital disc-pores very few, even on abdominal segment VII; (v) stigmatic setae few, restricted to stigmatic cleft, with setae on margin small and roundly conical and more dorsal setae larger and sharply spinose; (vi) dorsal setae minute, when present, and (vii) caudal process rather small.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Considered a potential threat threat to crops in Florida, USA (Hamon & Williams, 1984).

KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 19]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 6]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 335-337]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 44]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 497]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 338-339]; BlackwPr2007 [host, distribution: 413-414]; Bordag1914 [host, distribution]; Cocker1892a [host, distribution: 55]; Cocker1892b [host, distribution: 334]; Cocker1893gg [host, distribution: 373]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1893k [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 548]; Cocker1894c [host, distribution: 307]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1894t [host, distribution: 178]; Cocker1895a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 100-101]; Cocker1895u [host, distribution: 727]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy, distribution: 330]; Cocker1896d [host, distribution: 307]; Cocker1896k [host, distribution: iv]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 16]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 253]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 240]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 45]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 234-236]; DengLiWa2014 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 278-282]; Dougla1888c [taxonomy: 152]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 159]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 291-295]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1929 [taxonomy: 4]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 200]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-281]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 311]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 128-130]; Hempel1900a [host, distribution: 477]; Hempel1904 [host, distribution: 315]; Hodges2002a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 208]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 591-593]; HodgsoHi1990 [distribution, host: 6,15]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 137]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 22]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 155-158,243]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134,142]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Lindin1909c [host, distribution: 451]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy: 81]; Malump2012b [distribution: 210]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 155]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 32]; Mamet1957 [host, distribution: 375]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 6-257]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 167]; MestreBaRo2001 [host, distribution: 31-36]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 6]; Morris1920 [host, distribution: 187]; Nair1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 7]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 32]; Nath1972 [host, distribution: 5-6]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 306]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 407]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-178]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy: 954-955]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 541-549]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-31]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40-41]; Rao1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 41-45]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 58]; Schmut1990 [economic importance, host, distribution: 223-226]; Schmut1990a [host, distribution, economic importance]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 329]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 98]; Seabra1925 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 55]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 868]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 608]; SilvaCa1977 [host, distribution: 25-26]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 9]; Su1982 [host, distribution: 61]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 69]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 264]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 31]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 355]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 311-312]; Tao1978 [distribution, host: 84]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-99]; VanHarCoWi1990 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Varshn1985a [host, distribution: 28]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 346-347]; VarshnMo1987 [taxonomy, structure: 175]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 149]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 57]; Westwo1871 [taxonomy: iii]; Westwo1871a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1006]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 150]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 44]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-174]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 60]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17-18,57]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-185].

Ceroplastes stenocephalus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes stenocephalus De Lotto, 1961b: 320. Type data: KENYA: Magadi, on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Gascardia stenocephala; De Lotto, 1965a: 206. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [DeLott1961b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Tests crowded and fused together so as to form an indistinct mass of creamy-yellow wax, suffused with a pinkish tinge; wax rather hard." (De Lotto, 1961b). Mounted material. Body roundly oval and convex, with distinct, quite deep, stigmatic clefts; dorsum without lateral tubercles. Caudal process large but probably not very convex, set almost medially on dorsum. Body length 2.2-2.25 (1.9-2.5) mm, width across abdomen 2.07-2.08 (1.8-2.4) mm; caudal process 0.87-1.0 mm long and 1.17-1.23 mm wide. Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. stenocephalus is very distinctive, with the broad group of densely packed, narrow, sharply-conical setae in each stigmatic cleft. Other diagnostic characters are: (i) the size and position of the caudal process; (ii) the absence of clear areas on the dorsum; (iii) dorsal setae quite large and sharply-spinose; (iv) antennae 7 or 8 segmented; (v) loculate microducts smaller than width of basal socket of dorsal setae, and (v) ventral tubular ducts absent from cephalic region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 57]; DeLott1961b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-321]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 206,209]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 159-161,243]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes stipulaeformis (Haworth)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus stipulaeformis Haworth, 1812: 308. Type data: INDIA: Described from specimens taken off plants in the Herbarium of Sir Joseph Banks. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Williams, 1957).

Ceroplastes stipulaeformis; Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 44. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [DeLott1971].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 90]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 146]; Hawort1812 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 308-309]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 44].

Ceroplastes subrotundus Leonardi

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes subrotundus Leonardi, 1911: 266. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, Cacheuta, on Cercidium andicolum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 76. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Ceroplastidia subrotunda; Granara de Willink, 1999: 76. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Caesalpinia praecox [Granar1999], Cercidium [Granar1999], Cercidium andicolum [Leonar1911, Sassce1912], Cercidium praecox [Lizery1939], Geoffroea decorticans [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Sassce1912] (Entre Rios [GranarCl2003], La Pampa [Granar1999], La Rioja [GranarCl2003], Mendoza [Granar1999, GranarCl2003], Tucuman [GranarCl2003]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 57]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-77]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 627]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 266-268]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 197]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 88].

Ceroplastes sumatrensis Reyne

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes sumatrensis Reyne, 1965b: 155. Type data: SUMATRA: at Buo, on a dicotyledone shrub or tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Ali1971]).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 18]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 57]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-159].

Ceroplastes tachardiaformis Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes tachardiaformis Brain, 1920a: 35. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Aberdeen, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype female (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): South Africa, left label: Messrs Watermeyer Br. / Aberdeen C.P. / November 1915 / on rhenosterbosch / CKB 94; right label: Ceroplastes / tachardiaformis (SANC): 1/1 (poor).

Gascardia tachardiaformis; De Lotto, 1965: 182. Change of combination.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Crematogaster peringueyi [Giliom2014].

HOSTS: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Brain1920a], Metalasia muricata [HodgsoPe2012], Stoebe cinerea [DeLott1978]. Compositae: Chrysanthemoides incana [Giliom2014].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1978].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Adult female tests aggregated in huge masses on stems of the host plant, often completely covering the stems for a distance of several inches. Female test Tachardia-like, globular, slightly flattened above, hard, thin, brittle, almost transparent resinous brown, due to the colour of the insect inside; without protuberances but with a slight apical depression containing the opaque white larval exuvia. Adult female denuded of wax moderately dense, globular, smooth and shiny. Caudal protuberance short, very dense, surrounded by a coarsely perforated plate." (Brain, 1920a). Specimens collected by Gullan had dark purple-red wax with distinct white stigmatic bands, whereas those from Vermont on Metalasia had soft white wax. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Mounted material. Young adults broadly oval, without lateral or dorsal protuberances (cephalic and anterior lateral processes well developed; median and posterior lateral ones fused together, forming a single large, broadly rounded process). Stigmatic clefts quite deep. Caudal process conical, pointing dorso-posteriorly. Length about 0.5.?3.0+ (1.0) mm, width 0.5.?2.5+ (0.8) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Within the C. tachardiaformis-group, C. tachardiaformis differs from C. delottoi in having fewer than 20 stigmatic setae in each cleft, from C. elytropappi in having ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region; and from C. paucispinus in lacking a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis (present and distinct in C. paucispinus), much shorter dorsal setae, and loculate microducts with only 1 or 2 satellite loculi (up to 4 in C. paucispinus). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 161 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes tachardiaformis-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 57-58]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-144]; Giliom2014 [ecology, host, illustration: 34-35]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 168-171,243]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104].

Ceroplastes tenuitectus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes tenuitectus Green, 1907: 204. Type data: ALDABRA ISLAND: on "Bois la fumee".. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Ceroplastes rusci; Green, 1923b: 94. Incorrect synonymy.

Ceroplastes tenuitectus; Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 145-148. Revived status.



HOSTS: Celastraceae: Mystroxylon aethiopicum [HodgsoPe2012]. Ochnaceae: Ochna ciliata [HodgsoPe2012]. Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon inerme [HodgsoPe2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Seychelles (Aldabra Island [Green1907, HodgsoPe2012]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Body rather roundly oval and convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct lateral tubercles. Caudal process short. Body length 1.35–1.6 mm (2.25-4.5), width of venter 0.68-1.05, total width 0.8-1.38 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Adult female C. tenuitectus appear to be similar to those of C. eugeniae Hall. The distribution of the stigmatic setae and the frequency of ventral tubular ducts are similar. However, the data for the material listed above showed very little variance and all differed from those for C. eugeniae in having significantly smaller limbs and anal plates. Although synomomized with C. rusci by Green (1923b), these specimens are also significantly different, particularly in the distribution of the stigmatic setae, with many more non-marginal setae (about 1/3rd of the total per cleft) and with each group at least 3 deep (many fewer and usually only 2 deep on C. rusci). Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, determined that C. tenuitectus was not a synonym of C. rusci and recognised C. tenuitectus Green as a good species. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].

CITATIONS: Green1907 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 204-5]; Green1923b [taxonomy: 94]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, illustration, host, physiology, taxonomy: 145-148,242].

Ceroplastes theobromae Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes theobromae Newstead, 1906a: 74. Nomen nudum.

Ceroplastes theobromae Newstead, 1908b: 38. Type data: CAMEROON: Soppo and Bamba, on cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Ceroplastes coniformis Newstead, 1913: 72. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, Botanic Gardens, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 189-194.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [KondoHo2013]. Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1913, Sassce1915]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Newste1908b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [Newste1908b]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [HodgsoPe2012]; Uganda [Newste1913, Sassce1915].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. C. theobromae. "Test of adult female reddish pink, darker in older examples, nucleated; margin with two large bilateral, stout, white appendages; caudal process uncovered at the tip; posterior extremity with two large mammiform swellings. Length 4-5; width 3.50-4.75 mm." (Newstead, 1908b). Unmounted material. C. coniformis. Female test "thin and distinctly cone-shaped, with the apex bluntly pointed; not divided into plates, but with a more or less distinct, minute, ovate patch of secretion at the apex of the test, and in the more perfect individuals some small white patches of secretion over the stigmatic clefts. Colour translucent yellowish-brown, sometimes with indefinite darker markings due evidently to foreign matter. Height 3.9-4.7 mm; greatest diameter at base 2.8-4 mm." (Newstead, 1913). Mounted material. Body probably quite broad and convex; stigmatic clefts quite deep; lateral tubercles small. Caudal process well developed and dorsal, probably forming a shallow cone. Length perhaps 1.3-4.0 (2.25) [4-5] mm, total width 1.0 (1.3-?) [3.5-4.75] mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) (The data in [..] brackets are those given for C. theobromae by Newstead (1908b))

SYSTEMATICS: A fairly diagnostic combination of C. theobromae include: (i) legs without a tibio-tarsal articulation; (ii) claw digitules clearly different; (iii) distribution of the stigmatic setae in a group extending dorsally away from a rather deep cleft; (iv) each stigmatic spine mainly rounded and almost as wide as long; (v) each group of stigmatic setae with a single slightly larger spine; (vi) anal plates rather rounded; (vii) dorsal loculate microducts of the rusci-type, those with 2 satellite loculi scarce, and (viii) caudal process dorsal and probably not very convex. Hodgson and Peronti, 2012, determined that on the basis of the present knowledge of C. theobromae, C. coniformis appeared to be indistinguishable and was synonymised with C. theobromae Newstead. C. theobromae is very similar to C. lamborni.

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 29, 58]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 181]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 189-194,243]; KondoHo2013 [host: 519]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 62]; Newste1906a [taxonomy: 74]; Newste1908b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38]; Newste1913 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73]; Sassce1915 [host, distribution: 31]; Strick1947a [taxonomy: 499]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 430].

Ceroplastes titschaki Lindinger

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes titschaki Lindinger, 1942: 113. Type data: PERU: South Peru, near Apurimac, on Salix humboldtiana. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material lost (Weidner & Wagner, 1968).



HOST: Salicaceae: Salix humboldtiana [Lindin1942].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 58]; Lindin1942 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 113]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 174].

Ceroplastes toddaliae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes toddaliae Hall, 1931: 299. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Embeza, on Toddalia austriaca, Annona senegalensis, Psorospermum febrifugum and Rhus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus [Hall1931]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimolia [Hodgso1969], Annona senegalensis [Hall1931], Artobotrys brachypetalus [Hodgso1969]. Celastraceae: Cassine aethiopica [Hodgso1969]. Clusiaceae: Psorospermum febrifugum [Hall1931]. Ebenaceae: Euclea [Hodgso1969]. Lauraceae: Persea gratissima [Hodgso1969]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos innocua [Hodgso1969]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hodgso1969], Ficus capensis [Hodgso1969], Ficus natalensis [HodgsoPe2012]. Myricaceae: Myrica pululifera [Hodgso1969]. Ochnaceae: Ochna lanceolata [Hodgso1969]. Olacaceae: Coula edulis [CouturMaRi1985]. Rosaceae: Chaenomeles lagenaria [Hodgso1969], Cliffortia nitidula [Hodgso1969], Cliffortia polygonifolia [HodgsoPe2012]. Rubiaceae: Craterispermum caudatum [CouturMaRi1985]. Rutaceae: Citrus [EtiennMa1993], Toddalia austriaca [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Santalaceae: Osyris lanceolata [Hodgso1969]. Sapotaceae: Bequaertiodendron megalismontanum [Hodgso1969]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [CouturMaRi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Malawi [Hodgso1969]; Mozambique [Hodgso1969]; Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; South Africa [HodgsoPe2012]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969).

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Test of the adult female highly convex; the dome with a shallow median depression carrying a very small elongate boss, longitudinally orientated, rising from its base. Submarginal depression confined to a lateral indentation on either side above the stigmatic areas. The test is waxy white, often somewhat semi-transparent, and is characterised by thin radiating lines of dark colour of indeterminate hue. These lines resemble a shaded pencil effect; they are fine, straight, close together as they leave the boss but gradually diverge and become fainter. Diameter of test of adult female 5-6.5 mm." "Denuded of wax, the female is not very convex, but the central portion of the dermis, or dome, assumes the form of a laterally compressed cone. Sub-marginal area flattened with what appears to be numerous irregularly shaped and distributed depressions of a darker colour. The marginal area is flattened, with 3 rounded bi-lateral tubercles and a cephalic tubercle. These tubercles have a few faint dark marks simulating those of the submarginal region, but less conspicuous. Beneath the extension of the integument carrying the tubercles there is a marked narrow but deep indentation separating it from the true margin which is correspondingly flattened. Caudal process very short, triangular, directed upwards at an angle of 30-45 degrees. The caudal process is dark brown with a clearly defined circular circumscribed chitinous area in the younger examples. Stigmatic clefts shallow but well marked." (Hall, 1931). Mounted material. Body oval, probably rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum probably with distinct tubercles. Caudal process short and stout. Length 1.5-3.0 mm, total width of mounted specimen 1.57-2.2 mm; width of venter 1.8 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: C. toddaliae is close to both C. eucleae and C. eugeniae. The main difference between C. toddaliae and these 2 species is the greater number of marginal stigmatic setae in each cleft, stretching outwards so that they generally clearly meet between clefts. C. toddaliae is similar to C. eucleae in having the stigmatic setae in each cleft 3 deep (usually 4 deep on C. eugeniae), and it resembles C. eugeniae in having more non-marginal stigmatic setae than on C. eucleae (2-13 on C. eucleae, 13-23 on C. eugeniae and 12-21 on C. toddaliae); however, the stigmatic setae never meet between clefts on C. eucleae and, when they do meet on C. eugeniae, they are clearly denser within each cleft than between the clefts (as dense on C. toddaliae). Hodgson & Peronti, 2012

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 58]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 255]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 299-300]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-14]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 148-152,242]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].

Ceroplastes trochezi Mosquera

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes trochezi Mosquera, 1979: 618. Type data: COLOMBIA: Buga, on mango. Holotype female. Type depository: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia. Described: female.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Mosque1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 58]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Mosque1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 618-625]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112].

Ceroplastes utilis Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes utilis Riley & Howard, 1892: 139. Nomen nudum.

Ceroplastes utilis Cockerell, 1893c: 83. Type data: GRAND TURK ISLAND: on undetermined tree or bush. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel et al., 1974: 67. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Ceroplastes dozieri Cockerell & Bueker, 1930: 7. Type data: HAITI: Sources Puantes, on Maytenus buxifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 67.

COMMON NAMES: candle wax scale [HamonWi1984]; Grand Turk wax-scale [Cocker1895].



HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Catalpa longissima [GimpelMiDa1974]. Celastraceae: Maytenus buxifolia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia myrtoides [HamonWi1984]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia marina [GimpelMiDa1974].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida). Neotropical: Haiti [PerezG2008]; Turks and Caicos Islands (Grand Turk Island).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel et al. (1974) and by Hamon & Williams (1984).

KEYS: Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Cockerell 1895: 7 (female) [Grand Turk].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 59]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; CockerBu1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 158]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-70]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-37]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 208]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; RileyHo1892a [taxonomy: 139].

Ceroplastes uvariae Marchal

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes uvariae Marchal, 1909c: 68. Type data: GUINEA: near Labe, on Uvaria. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France.

Gascardia uvariae; De Lotto, 1965: 182. Change of combination.

Waxiella uvariae; Ben-Dov, 1986: 166. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes uvariae; Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 194-196. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Uvaria [Vayssi1913]. Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [Almeid1973b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b]; Guinea [Vayssi1913, HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Average diameter 8 mm. Similar to C. africanus senegalensis in size and appearance but differs from the latter species in having a unique combination of characters. This species tends to form a much larger mass of specimens, fused to form large clumps of wax around the branches so that it is difficult to distinguish individuals. However, some specimens are isolated, and these have an ear-shaped lobe of wax [marginal flange?] on each side, separated from the main wax by a groove, each side with two points of white wax that correspond to stigmas. The dorsal part of the wax test presents a rugged nipple-like central prominence, frequently very well developed and divided in two by a groove." "The insect, devoid of wax, is very similar to C. africanus senegalensis. The posterior horn (caudal process) is large and more prominent than in variety C. africanus senegalensis. The cephalic arch is less prominent, but it differs most in that the stigmatic setae typical of C. africanus senegalensis here resemble small buttons or short blunt cylinders, forming a dense group within each stigmatic furrow. In addition, the sclerotised areas surrounding each group of stigmatic setae typical of C. africanus senegalensis are poorly developed and obscure." (Rather free translation of Marchal, 1909 in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012). Mounted material. Body probably very convex and rather broadly oval, with distinct, quite deep, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with indistinct lateral tubercles. Caudal process short, probably extending semi-vertically. Length about 5 mm, width about 4 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: C. uvariae is distinctive, with the following combination of characters: (i) absence of ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region; (ii) each stigmatic setal group radially rather narrow; (iii) dorsal loculate microducts of the rusci-type; (iv) each tibio-tarsal articulation without a sclerosis; (v) preopercular pores mainly in a single line extending across anterior margin of anal plates and for a short distance down each posterior margin; (vi) anterior margin of anal plates rather rounded; (vii) each anal plate probably with at least 4 large setae on posterior half; (viii) dorsal setae bluntly spinose; (ix) most stigmatic setae roundly conical, and (x) pregenital discpores extending onto thoracic segments. C. uvariae is somewhat similar to C. royenae. Ben-Dov (1986) transferred Ceroplastes (Gascardia) uvariae to Waxiella, presumably based on Marchal’s description, which suggests a close similarity to Ceroplastes (now Waxiella) africana senegalensis. However, the morphology of C. uvariae is very different and so this species is here transferred back to Ceroplastes as Ceroplastes uvariae Marchal. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 5]; BenDov1986 [taxonomy: 344]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 344]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 182]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 194-196,243]; Marcha1909c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-69]; Marcha1909d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170-171]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302].

Ceroplastes variegatus Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes variegatus Hempel, 1900a: 462. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Ypiranga, on Miconia sp. and various Myrtaceae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 178. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Melastomataceae: Miconia [Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008]. Myrtaceae [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 59]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 158]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 462-464]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 560-561]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-179]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 131].

Ceroplastes vinsonioides Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes vinsonioides Newstead, 1911: 96. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, Namukekera, on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.



HOSTS: Loganiaceae: Strychnos [DeLott1965a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Newste1911, Sassce1912, Newste1917b, Almeid1973b], Coffea arabica [DeLott1965a, Hodgso1969], Coffea canephora [DeLott1968a, Boboye1971, Almeid1973b]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Hodgso1969, BenDovCa2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1968a, Almeid1973b]; Cameroon; Ghana [Kondo2013]; Guinea-Bissau [new]; Kenya [DeLott1965a]; Nigeria [Kondo2013]; Tanzania [Kondo2013]; Uganda [Newste1911, Sassce1912, Newste1917b]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1965a).

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 2]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 60]; BenDovCa2006 [host, distribution: 326]; Boboye1971 [host, distribution: 309]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-189]; DeLott1968a [host, distribution: 83]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-19]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 62]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-97]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 129]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 88].

Ceroplastes willinkae Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes willinkae Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 179. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Araçatuba, on undetermined plant; collected A. Hempel, June 1928. Holotype female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 94. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).

KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].

CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-180].

Ceroplastes xishuangensis Tang & Xie in Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes xishuangensis Tang & Xie in Tang, 1991: 301. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Jinghong Town, on Cycas siamensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female.

Ceroplastes xishuangensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 60.

Ceroplastes xishungensis; Tao, 1999: 52. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [Tang1991]. Cycadaceae: Cycas siamensis [Tang1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Tang 1991: 297 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 60]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution: 791]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 301-302]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52].



Ceroplastodes Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanodiopsis; Lichtenstein, 1886: xxxix. Misspelling of genus name.

Ceroplastodes Cockerell, 1893r: 350. Type species: Fairmairia (Ceroplastodes) nivea Cockerell, by original designation.

Ceioplastodes; Cockerell, 1902n: 194. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Morrison (1920), Steinweden (1929), Hodgson (1971, 1994a) and by Tao et al. (1983). described by Green (1909b), Steinweden (1929), and by Tang (1991).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

KEYS: Tang 1991 (female) [Asia]; Tao et al. 1983: 61 (female) [Taiwan]; Hodgson 1971: 49-50 (female) [Afrotropical Region]; Green 1909a: 284 (female) [Sri Lanka].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 52]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 60-61]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 40]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 15]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 199]; Danzig1972c [taxonomy: 582]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 164]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description: 515]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description: 284]; Hodgso1971 [taxonomy: 49-50]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 167-170]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description: 203]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; Morris1920 [taxonomy: 120]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 32]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 232-233]; Tang1991 [taxonomy: 33-34]; Tao1978 [taxonomy, description: 79]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 96]; VarshnMo1987 [taxonomy: 171]; Vea2011 [taxonomy: 1]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 181].

Ceroplastodes acaciae Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes acaciae Cockerell, 1895o: 2. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, near Tucson, on Acacia constricta. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia constricta [Cocker1895l, Cocker1895x, Ferris1919a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1895l, Ferris1919a], New Mexico).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 61]; Cocker1895l [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 56]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 164]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-44]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 344].

Ceroplastodes bahiensis Bondar

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes bahiensis Bondar, 1925: 58. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, Sul, on cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Bondar1925].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 61]; Bondar1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58]; Silva1950 [host, distribution: 119-120].

Ceroplastodes dugesii (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis dugesii Signoret, 1886b: xxxix. Type data: MEXICO: on Mimosa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Inglisia nivea Cockerell, 1893t: 160. Nomen nudum; discovered by Cockerell, 1902n: 194.

Fairmairia (Ceroplastodes) nivea Cockerell, 1893z: 350. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 61.

Ceroplastodes daleae Cockerell, 1894m: 13. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Mesilla Valley, Tortugas Mountain, on Dalea formosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Avasthi & Shafee, 1991a: 1.

Ceroplastodes nivea; Cockerell, 1895c: 209. Change of combination.

Ceroplastodes dugesii; Fernald, 1903b: 164. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Ceroplastodes deani Lawson, 1917: 203. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, Phillips County, near Marvin, on Petalostemon violaceus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Avasthi & Shafee, 1991a: 1.

Ceroplastodes dugesii; Avasthi & Shafee, 1991a: 1. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Cocker1893z, PellizHoRa2008], Dalea [AvasthSh1991a], Dalea formosa [Cocker1894v, AvasthSh1991a], Kuhnistera purpurea [AvasthSh1991a], Mimosa [Signor1886b, Cocker1899n, AvasthSh1991a], Petalostemon violaceus [Lawson1917, AvasthSh1991a], Prosopis pubescens [Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n, AvasthSh1991a] (Aguascalientes [Hodgso1994a], Chihuahua [Cocker1893z, Cocker1899n, AvasthSh1991a, Hodgso1994a]). Nearctic: Mexico (Chihuahua [PellizHoRa2008]). Nearctic: Mexico (Hidalgo [PellizHoRa2008]); United States of America (Kansas [AvasthSh1991a], New Mexico [AvasthSh1991a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Pellizzari et al. (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Pellizzari et al. (2008).

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-3]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 61]; Cocker1893cc [taxonomy: 102]; Cocker1893z [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 350-351]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311-312]; Cocker1894v [taxonomy: 1054]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330, 333]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15]; Cocker1902n [taxonomy, host, distribution: 194]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 164]; Hodgso1971 [taxonomy: 49]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-170]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-205]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; PellizHoRa2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-59]; Signor1886b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: xxxix]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224,227].

Ceroplastodes guilliermondi Mahdihassan nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes guilliermondi Mahdihassan, 1933: 561. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiii.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: xxiii]; Mahdih1933 [taxonomy: 561-562].

Ceroplastodes melaleucae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriochiton melaleucae Green, 1900b: 12. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Myrniong, on Melaleuca nodosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Ceroplastodes melaleucae; Fernald, 1903b: 164. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca nodosa [Green1900b, Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Green1900b, Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 61-62]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 164]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 516]; Green1900b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-13]; Hodgso1994 [taxonomy: 171-172].

Ceroplastodes melzeri Bondar

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes melzeri Bondar, 1925: 56. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Bondar1925, AvasthSh1991a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [AvasthSh1991a]).

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-6]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 62]; Bondar1925 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 56].

Ceroplastodes ritchiei Laing

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes ritchiei Laing, 1925a: 55. Type data: TANZANIA: Morogoro, Government Experimental Farm, on Annona sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona [Laing1925a, Hodgso1971], Annona muricata [Hodgso1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Sierra Leone [Hodgso1971]; Tanzania [Laing1925a, Hodgso1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1971).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 62]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; Hodgso1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-58]; Laing1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-56].

Ceroplastodes theobromae Bondar

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes theobromae Bondar, 1925: 59. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Bondar1925, AvasthSh1991a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [AvasthSh1991a] (Bahia).

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-4]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 62]; Bondar1925 [taxonomy, host, description, distribution: 59]; Silva1950 [host, distribution: 119-120].

Ceroplastodes wandoorensis Yousuf & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes wandoorensis Yousuf & Shafee, 1988: 57. Type data: INDIA: Aldaman Islands, Port Blair, Wandoor, on wild plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Andaman Islands [ShafeeYoKh1989].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 62]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 49]; YousufSh1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-58].

Ceroplastodes zavattarii Bellio

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes zavattarii Bellio, 1939: 232. Type data: ETHIOPIA: Neghelli, on twigs of undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Cajanus cajan [EtiennMa1993]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [Hodgso1971]. Malvaceae: Pavonia hirsuta [Hodgso1971], Urena lobata [EtiennMa1993]. Poaceae: Bambusa [Hodgso1971]. Tiliaceae: Triumfetta [Hodgso1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Eritrea [Hodgso1971]; Ethiopia; Gambia [Hodgso1971]; Guinea [EtiennMa1993]; Guinea-Bissau [Fernan1990]; Nigeria [Hodgso1971]; Senegal [Hodgso1971, EtiennMa1993].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1971) and by Fernandes (1990).

CITATIONS: Bellio1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-236]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 62-63]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 255]; Fernan1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-177]; Hodgso1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60].



Chlamydolecanium Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Chlamydolecanium Goux, 1933: 119. Type species: Chlamydolecanium conchioides Goux, by monotypy and original designation.

Chlamidolecanium; Lindinger, 1935a: 142. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Goux (1933), Borchsenius (1957) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: Generic diagnosis. Adult female Dorsum. Dorsal setae entirely absent. Dorsal tubercles and tubular ducts absent. Preopercular pores present in a single longitudinal line medially, extending from anterior to anal plates to head. Simple pores and dorsal microducts present among preopercular pores and marginally. Anal plates each subtriangular and elongate, bearing strong spinose setae near apex. Margin. Marginal setae spinose and sharply conical. Stigmatic setae not differentiated. Stigmatic clefts absent. Simple pores and minute microducts present among marginal setae. Venter. Antennae short, 8 segmented. Legs well developed, without a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis. Claw with a denticle. Claw digitules slightly knobbed. Stigmatic furrow with 5-loculi spiracular disc-pores. Tubular ducts present in a submarginal band and also medially on head and thorax. Pregenital disc-pores, each with 5-loculi, present on either side of anal cleft, pores with more than 5 loculi absent. Abdominal and inter-antennal setae short. (Vea, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Generic description of family in Vea, 2011.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 90 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 63]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 138-139]; Goux1933 [taxonomy, description: 119]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 173-175]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 142]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 122]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 35]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 2,13].

Chlamydolecanium conchioides Goux

NOMENCLATURE:

Chlamydolecanium conchioides Goux, 1933: 120. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Bastia, on Lavandula stoechas. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Notes: Lectotype: France, Corsica, Bastia, route de Cardo, on Lavandula stoechas L. (Lamiaceae), 8/16/1930, by L. Goux, designated in Vea, 2011.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Lavandula stoechas [Goux1933, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Hodgso1994a, Foldi2003]; Italy [Marott1987].

BIOLOGY: According to Goux (1933), the adult females become mature in August and most of them were sheltering completely developed nymphs, suggesting that they are ovoviviparous. (Vea, 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description of the adult female and first-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1957). Detailed redescription and illustration of adult female, young teneral female, and first-instar mymph in Vea, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Information given by Goux (1933): adult female "covered by a waxy, glassy test, easily removable from the body, and composed of two symmetrical valves, lamellibranch-like with a hooked edge, each of the two hooks being directed backwards. The line joining the valves forms a deep furrow, which becomes narrower next to the hooks, becoming wider anteriorly and particularly posteriorly. Each valve has small ridges radiating from the top. In general, the test just resembles a small lamellibranch shell. When separated from the rest of the body, it is almost transparent; when in place, it is yellowish-grey and slightly iridescent. Length 3.0 mm, width 2.0 mm and height 2.5 mm. The dorsal surface bears two prominences separated by a longitudinal and median groove that corresponds to the valve sutures. The ventral surface is flat and even concave." Slide mounted adult female body broadly oval, pear-shaped with a broader posterior region; anal cleft short with divergent sides, forming an obtuse angle. Dorsum wider than venter. Pregenital disc-pores present, each with five loculi on either side of anal cleft. Absence of dorsal setae.(Vea, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: C. conchioides is the only species known in this genus and can be separated from species in the other genera in the Cardiococcinae by the combination of the following characters: (i) the presence of preopercular pores distributed in a longitudinal median single line anterior to anal plates to the head, (ii) the undifferentiated stigmatic setae and stigmatic spines, and (iii) the presence of a few pregenital 5-loculi disc-pores, restricted to either side of the anal cleft. The first-instar nymphs of C. conchioides are very similar to species in 3 other genera within the Cardiococcinae, namely Ceroplastodes dugesii (Pellizzari et al., 2008), Pseudokermes nitens (Cockerell) and Inglisia patella Maskell (Hodges & Williams, 2003). No dorsal microducts or trilocular pores could be detected on the nymphs of C. conchioides (present on the nymphs C. dugesii) and the protarsal digitules were similar to those on the other legs (currently unknown on other 1st-instar Coccidae nymphs). (Vea, 2011)

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 63]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 139-140]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; Goux1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-123]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 174-175]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy, distribution: 122]; Marott1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 100]; Vea2011 [description, illustration, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 2,5-13].



Cissococcus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Cissococcus Cockerell, 1902a: 23. Type species: Cissococcus fulleri Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

BIOLOGY: Females induce galls on wild vines (Vitaceae) of the genus Rhoicissus, and currently are known only from the southeast to northeast areas of South Africa. Males do not induce galls but are free-living on foliage of host plants. Young galls of females appear as small convexities on stems, each with a large hole or orifice apically. The galls expand with age, becoming 5-8 mm in diameter. Galls are green and fleshy when young but become woody and darkened with age. (Hodgson, et al., 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Ferris (1920a), Steinweden (1929) Hodgson (1994a). Photogaphs in Hodgson, et al., 2011.

STRUCTURE: When removed from gall adult female body salmon to burgundy pink to dark red in colour, depending on age; body globose to slightly flattened, with a distinct upper surface consisting of half of venter plus small true dorsum closest to gall orifice, and a lower surface formed of half of venter closest to attachment of gall to stem; dorsum clearly distinguishable as almost the only dark sclerotised structure (Fig. 1B) but representing only a small portion of the fully-expanded body (i.e., only about 1/40th area of venter of mature female). (Hodgson, et al., 2011) Third-instar female. Basically similar to adult female, but smaller. Dorsum with fewer pores and setae; anal plates with few spinose setae. Margin with fewer spinose setae. Eyespot more or less on margin. Venter with or without loculate pores on lower venter, and ventral setae few. Legs much better developed than on adult female, all segments clearly present, and placed near margins of mounted specimens. Antennae clearly 5 or 6 segmented. Mouthparts located on lower venter. (Hodgson, et al., 2011) Second-instar female. Venter not swollen in youngest individuals but becoming somewhat swollen in more mature specimens. (Hodgson, et al., 2011) First-instar nymph rather flat and orange to rusty-brown in colour, (Hodgson, et al., 2011) Second-instar male. Found on leaves and petioles, becoming covered in a loose mass of white wax. Mounted specimens similar to youngest second-instar females apart from dorsum with 2 submedial groups of tubular ducts on abdominal segment IV and sunken cone-shaped secretory spines (occasionally few or absent on some specimens), and venter with tubular ducts present more or less throughout and antennae 7 segmented. (Hodgson, et al., 2011) Prepupa. Develops beneath loose, white waxy test. Mounted specimens typical of Coccidae; lobes on abdominal segment VII rounded and very short, with a line of fleshy pleural setae; penial sheath large, about as long as basal width; loculate pores only present associated with anterior spiracles. (Hodgson, et al., 2011) Pupa. Structurally similar to prepupa but with much longer antennae, legs and wing-buds. (Hodgson, et al., 2011) Adult male moderately large. Head with dermal reticulations almost throughout; gena without genal setae; with 2 pairs of simple eyes. Antennae slightly longer than half body length. Body rather bald, with few body setae, most hair-like setae rather similar to fleshy setae; appendages, however, hirsute, with numerous fleshy setae easily differentiated from hair-like setae. Wings large, each with an alar seta; hamulohalteres present. Legs each with 1-segmented tarsus; no tarsal campaniform sensillum and only 1 tibial spur. Abdomen with a pair of deep glandular pouches, each with 2 capitate glandular pouch setae; glandular pouches with 2 types of pores. Penial sheath long (about ¼ total body length), narrow and sharply pointed; anus surrounded by sclerotised derm. (Hodgson, et al., 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cissococcinae. Tribe: Cissococcini.

KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2011: 6-7 (female) [Key for the separation of instars of Cissocuccus species].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 63]; Brain1918 [taxonomy, description]; Cocker1902a [taxonomy: 23]; Ferris1920a [taxonomy, description]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 178-182]; HodgsoMiGu2011 [description, distribution, life history, structure, taxonomy: 3-7]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 38]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 233].

Cissococcus braini Hodgson & Millar in Hodgson et al.

NOMENCLATURE:

Cissococcus fulleri; Brain, 1918: 133-134. Misidentification; discovered by Hodgson et al., 2011: 25-26.

Cissococcus braini Hodgson & Millar in Hodgson et al., 2011: 25-30. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape, Boesmansriviermond, 33°40'S 26°39'E, 11/26/2005, in gall of Rhoicissus digitata, by P.J. Gullan. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Vitaceae: Rhoicissus digitata [HodgsoMiGu2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [HodgsoMiGu2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: The adult female of what was thought to be C. fulleri was redescribed by Hodgson (1994) but, with the availability of much new material, it now appears that the species illustrated in detail was a new species, C. braini, Detailed descriptions and illustrations of adult female, third-instar female and first-instar by Hodgson and Millar in Hodgson et al. (2011)

STRUCTURE: The female induces a tilted, conical to ovoid or pear-shaped gall 8-13 mm long, 7-8 mm high and of similar width, with apex truncate; orifice leading to gall chamber minute, circular to elongate, maximum dimension 0.3-0.5 mm, at bottom of a small outer chamber or concavity at apex of gall. Males are not known but presumably are free-living (Hodgson et al. 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Originally it was placed in the Eriococcidae by Cockerell (1902) but later was considered to be a soft scale (Coccidae) and placed in its own subfamily, the Cissococcinae. (Hodgson, et al., 2011) The morphology of the adult females of Cissococcus species is very similar apart from the structure of the dorsum. It appears that the dorsum of the type species, C. fulleri, is almost flat (at least, it comes to lie flat on the slide once mounted) whereas the dorsum of C. braini, is rather larger and perhaps C-shaped, so that, during the mounting process, the dorsum is bent on itself. The consequence of this is that the actual dorsal surface of the anterior end of the dorsum (with the eyespots) faces ventrally and is more or less hidden on C. braini. Other differences between the adult females of the two species are (character states on C. fulleri in parentheses): (i) setae on dorsal surface of anal plates relatively few and not covering more than about half surface (numerous, covering almost entire surface); (ii) spiracles rather larger, smallest about 75 µm wide (smaller, largest 65 µm wide), and (iii) setae on lower venter very long, mostly more than 65 µm long (shorter, mostly 50 µm or less). (Hodgson, et al., 2011) The third-instar female of C. braini differs from that of C. fulleri in having: (i) abundant loculate pores medially on the thorax, (ii) many more marginal setae, and (iii) antennae only 5 segmented rather than 6 segmented. It differs from adult female C. braini (data for adult female in brackets) as follows: (i) dorsum of third instar about half total body length (much less than half total body length); (ii) ventral loculate pores frequent only medially on thoracic segments (abundant throughout most of venter); (iii) setae on lower venter few and fairly short (abundant and long), and (iv) dorsum with 8 or 9 pairs of setae (frequent throughout). (Hodgson, et al., 2011)

KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2011: 7 (female) [Key for the separation of adult females of Cissococcus species and Key for the separation of galls of adult females of Cissococcus].

CITATIONS: Brain1918 [description, distribution, illustration: 133-134]; HodgsoMiGu2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 25-30].

Cissococcus fulleri Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Cissococcus fulleri Cockerell, 1902a: 23. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Umquahumbi Valley, on Cissus cuneifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Cissococus fulleri; Hodgson et al., 2011. Misspelling of genus name.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Crematogaster desperans [HodgsoMiGu2011].

HOST: Vitaceae: Cissus cuniefolia [Cocker1902a, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Hodgso1994a] (Natal.).

BIOLOGY: The insect forms large, globular, pear-shaped or urn-shaped galls on the stems, tendrils and leaf stalks of Cissus cuneifolia (Brain, 1918). This species is oviparous (Hodgson, et al., 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a). The adult female of what was thought to be C. fulleri was redescribed by Hodgson (1994a) but, with the availability of much new material, it now appears that the species illustrated in detail was C. braini Redescription and illustrations of all life stages by Hodgson et al. (2011)

STRUCTURE: The caudal end of the female's body is highly modified to form a sclerotized operculum for the gall aperture (Brain, 1918). Each gall of female develops on stem of host plant. Initially, each gall appears as a small convexity with an apical opening. When fully mature, gall brownish, hairless, globular or cup-shaped, sometimes almost cylindrical, 5-6 mm in diameter, slightly less tall; basal attachment to plant usually broad (at least half diameter of gall); gall surface broken into polygonal, slightly raised brown ‘barky’ areas, each separated by greenish fissures. Top of gall flat and with a small concavity with a small central orifice, about 0.3-0.4 mm in diameter. When cut open, walls thick, fleshy and green. Adult female scale insect lying within a large, approximately round space, with body filling cavity and dorsum placed in gall opening. A short glassy white wax protrusion sometimes present, extending from anal plate area through orifice in gall; the glassy secretion is produced as a filament from each anal-plate seta and each dorsal marginal seta and these filaments combine to form a broad brush-like protrusion. Sometimes 2 or more galls coalesce. (Hodgson, et al., 2011) When removed from gall, body dark burgundy pink. Body slightly dorsoventrally flattened, with a covering of white wax on one, only slightly rounded, surface, which shows strong signs of segmentation and so clearly referable to median areas of venter (i.e. lower venter (see below)). Other, upper surface, more convex, with two converging lines of white wax in shallow grooves extending to small sclerotised dorsum - presumably wax secreted by bands of spiracular disc-pores which extend from spiracles to dorsum. Position of vulva possibly indicated by a small medial indentation on lower venter just anterior to dorsum. (Hodgson, et al., 2011) Third instar nymph gall similar to that of adult female but much smaller. Mature second- and third-instar females are distinctive and can be distinguished from all other immature instars of Cissococcus by their swollen, globular body shape, with a much enlarged venter and antennae on upper venter near dorsum. However, young teneral second-instar females are not swollen and have the venter approximately the same size as the dorsum. These two instars can be separated at all stages by the presence of the enlarged dorsal cone-shaped spines on the second-instar females (also present on second-instar males). Second and third-instar females of C. fulleri can be separated from second-instar males by the absence of dorsal and ventral tubular ducts; and from adult females by the absence of multilocular disc-pores (frequent throughout much of the venter of the adult females) and in having much better developed legs and antennae.(Hodgson, et al., 2011) Second instar females individually enclosed within a woody gall formed on twig; gall small initially but beginning to swell by end of instar. Body becoming rotund/globose when mature, with anterior and lateral parts of venter much larger than dorsum, with result that antennae on upper venter; mouthparts ventral, legs arising ventrally and projecting beyond edges of body. Venter not visible dorsally along posterior margins of body. (Hodgson, et al., 2011) Second instar males tend to settle against midrib on lower surface of young leaves or on petioles, often in groups. Initially mottled reddish-brown marginally, with median to submedian area translucent and marked by pairs of dark red-brown spots arranged segmentally; on mounted specimens, these spots correspond to conical sunken spines. On older individuals, dorsum becomes covered in glassy-wax tubes secreted from each dark spot; these wax tubes often curled and as long as or longer than body length. In addition, margin covered with short, glassy-wax extrusions, probably secreted by the fringe of marginal setae. (Hodgson, et al., 2011) The 1st-instar nymphs of Cissococcus appear to be reasonably typical coccid crawlers. The main unusual characters are: (i) the presence of what appears to be a trilocular pore anteriorly on the venter; and (ii) the presence of a sclerotised bar just anterior to the anal plates, otherwise only known on first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma. First-instar nymphs differ from other instars in having the very long apical anal plate seta; they also differ from second-instar nymphs in lacking the sunken cone-shaped pores. (Hodgson, et al., 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Brain (1919) described and illustrated Cissococus fulleri, his description has now been determined to be a misidentification of Cissococcus braini (Hodgson, et al., 2011)

KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2011: 7 (adult) [Key for the seperation of adult females of Cissococcus species and Key for the seperation of galls of adult females of Cissococcus species].

CITATIONS: Beards1984 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 87,96]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 63-64]; Cocker1902a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-24]; Ferris1919b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-113]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 164,181-182]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-182]; HodgsoMiGu2011 [description, distribution, ecology, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 7-25]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 225].



Coccus Linnaeus

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus Linnaeus, 1758: 455. Type species: Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus.

Calymmata Costa, 1828: 6. Type species: Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus. Notes: Synonymy by community of type species.

Calypticus Costa, 1829: 8. Type species: Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus. Subsequently designated by Costa, 1835. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b. Notes: Type species as a misidentification of Saissetia oleae (Olivier); subsequently also designated by Fernald (1902: 178).

Calymmatus; Costa, 1835: 22. Misspelling of genus name.

Calypticus; Costa, 1835: 1.

Coeus; Lopez y Ramos, 1835: 15. Misspelling of genus name.

Lecanium Burmeister, 1835: 69. Unavailable name; discovered by Opinion 1303, 1985: 139.

Calimmata; Costa, 1835: 2. Misspelling of genus name.

Caliptici; Costa, 1835: 2. Misspelling of genus name.

Calymmatus; Costa, 1840: 50. Misspelling of genus name.

Calypticus; Costa, 1840: 1.

Calymnatus; Signoret, 1868: 511. Misspelling of genus name.

Calymnatus; Signoret, 1869a: 856. Misspelling of genus name.

Cocus; Watt & Mann, 1903: 300. Misspelling of genus name.

Cossus; Rehácek, 1959: 625. Misspelling of genus name.

Taiwansaissetia Tao, Wong & Chang, 1983: 77. Type species: Lecanium formicarii Green, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Lin et al., 2013: 249-264.

Taiwansaissetia; Kosztarab, Ben-Dov & Kosztarab, 1986: 16. Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.

Taiwansaissetia; Hodgson, 1994a: 566. Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Leonardi (1920), Steinweden (1929), Zimmerman (1948), Borchsenius (1957), De Lotto (1959; 1965a), Hodgson (1967; 1994a), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gill et al (1977), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1994), Kosztarab (1996) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body oval, elongate or pyriform; usually flat, moderately convex, or nearly hemispherical. Derm membranous; gradually increasing in thickness during ageing. Dorsal setae setose, spinose, clavate or cylindrical. Dorsal tubular ducts and dorsal submarginal tubercles present or absent. Preopercular pores present or absent, varying in number and shape. Anal plates together quadrate. Anal ring with 6 or 8 setae. Marginal setae simple to branched; stigmatic clefts deep or shallow, each with 2-8 stigmatic spines. Venter. Antennae 2-8 segmented. Legs well developed or reduced; with or without a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis. Spiracular disc-pores with 5 loculi. Pregenital disc-pores mainly with 10 loculi, present around anal opening, or extending anteriorly, even as far as head. Ventral tubular ducts present or absent; when present located medially, or forming a sparse or dense submarginal band. (Wang & Feng, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini. The generic name Lecanium Burmeister, 1835, was one of the most widely used names in the Coccidae, as well as in other families of scale insects, despite its obscure status. The status of this genus has been discussed by various authors, for example Morrison & Morrison (1966). The final rejection of this genus from the Coccoidea has been established by Opinion 1303 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1985), which placed Lecanium on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic names in Zoology. After Fernald (1903b) designated Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus as type species of Calypticus Costa, the latter was generally accepted as an objective synonym of Coccus. However, De Lotto (1970a) showed that the nominal type species of Calypticus was a misidentification by Costa (1829) of Saissetia oleae (Olivier). Saissetia oleae (Olivier) is also the type species of Bernardia Ashmead. Therefore, the case should be referred to ICZN. Calymmatus Costa, 1835, is a mis-spelling of Calypticus (see Morrison & Morrison, 1966). Type species was designated following the application by Danzig and Kerzhner (1981a).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Some Coccus species are pests of horticultural and ornamental plants in China (Wang & Feng, 2012a)

KEYS: Granara de Willink et al. 2010: 397 (female) [Species on Coffea in Brazil]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 195 (female) [New Zealand]; Granara de Willink 1999: 25 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 337 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Kosztarab 1996: 337 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Avasthi & Shafee 1991: 329-330 (female) [India]; Tang 1991: 75-78 (female) [as Taiwansaissetia; China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 82 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 26 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 38 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 63 (female) [as Taiwansaissetia; Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 141-142 (female) [Japan]; Wang 1980: 26-27 (female) [China]; Gill et al. 1977: 10-12 (female) [North America]; Hodgson 1969a: 5 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Hodgson 1967: 2 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Beardsley 1966: 480, 482-483 (female) [Micronesia]; De Lotto 1966: 41-43 (female) [South Africa]; De Lotto 1965a: 190-191 (female) [Afrotropical]; De Lotto 1960: 389 (female) [Afrotropical]; De Lotto 1959: 153-154 (female) [Afrotropical]; Gomez-Menor Ortega 1958b: 63 (female) [Spain]; Borchsenius 1957: 294 (female) [Palaearctic Region]; Borchsenius 1957: 291 (female) [Palaearctic Region]; De Lotto 1957c: 295-296 (female) [Afrotropical]; Borchsenius 1950b: 144-146 (female) [USSR]; Zimmerman 1948: 293-294 (female) [Hawaii]; Morrison 1921 (female) [Singapore]; Cockerell 1905b: 199 (female) [USA, Colorado].

CITATIONS: Almeid1969 [taxonomy: 21]; Almeid1973b [taxonomy: 4]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 97]; Avasth1993 [taxonomy: 73]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, description: 329-330]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 480,482]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 14-15,64]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 94]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 144-146]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 292-294]; Burmei1835 [taxonomy: 61]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 209]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy: 49]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 199]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy, description: 150]; Costa1828a [taxonomy: 1-8]; Costa1828b [taxonomy: 449-454]; Costa1829 [taxonomy: 8]; Costa1835 [taxonomy: 1]; Dalman1826 [taxonomy: 350-374]; DeLott1957c [taxonomy: 295-296]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy: 150-154]; DeLott1960 [taxonomy: 389]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description: 189-191]; DeLott1966 [taxonomy: 41-43]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 145]; DeLott1971d [taxonomy, description: 257-258]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy: 139]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description: 245]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 391]; Fernal1902 [taxonomy: 177-178]; Fernal1902a [taxonomy: 232-233]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 167]; Fernal1906 [taxonomy, description: 125-126]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy: 75]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 26]; GillNaWi1977 [taxonomy, description: 1-44]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 295]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description: 48, 62-63]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 80-81]; GranarPiFe2010 [taxonomy: 391-399]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 126]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 17,36-38]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy, description: 2]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 4-5]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 182-185, 306, 566-56]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy: 195]; ICZN1985 [taxonomy: 139-141]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 141-142]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 324,336-337]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description: 195]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy: 319]; LinKoGu2013 [molecular data, taxonomy: 250]; Linnae1758 [taxonomy, description: 455]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 122]; Lopezy1835 [taxonomy: 15]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 23]; Mamet1950 [taxonomy: 21]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy: 224]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy: 13]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy: 376]; Mamet1978 [taxonomy: 105]; MatileNo1984 [taxonomy: 63]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, description: 653-654]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 27-28,42,47]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description]; Rehace1959 [taxonomy, description: 625]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 44]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description: 274]; Signor1868 [taxonomy, description: 511]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, description: 856]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 222-223]; Sulzer1776 [taxonomy, description: 107-112]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 71-78, 84-85]; Tao1978 [taxonomy, description: 79]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 53]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 62-63, 77-80]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 148]; Tranfa1976 [taxonomy: 128]; UedaQuIt2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, ant association: 2319-2326]; VarshnMo1987 [taxonomy: 173]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1080]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description: 26-27]; WangFe2012a [taxonomy: 60]; Willia2007b [taxonomy: 427-490]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 1-64]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description: 54]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,81-83]; Xie1998 [taxonomy: 65]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 166]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 293-294].

Coccus acaciae (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium acaciae Newstead, 1917: 355. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Acacia melanoxylon. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1977: 94. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus elongatus; De Lotto, 1957b: 301. Misidentification; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1977: 94.

Coccus acaciae; Ben-Dov, 1977: 94. Revived status.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia melanoxylon [Newste1917], Albizia molucanna [Newste1917].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Newste1917]. Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1899]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1917).

SYSTEMATICS: De Lotto (1957c: 301) erroneously synonymized Lecanium acaciae Newstead, 1917 with Coccus elongatus of Authors [=Coccus longulus]. Ben-Dov (1977:94) resurrected Lecanium acaciae Newstead, 1917, transferred it to Coccus and regarded it a valid species Coccus acaciae(Newstead). Consequently, Coccus acaciae (Newstead, 1917) became a junior secondary homonym of Coccus acaciae Maskell, 1897, which is currently known as Epicoccus acaciae (Maskell, 1897) in the Pseudococcidae. However, according to Article 59 of ICZN (1999), since the above species are now in different genera, there is no need to rename Coccus acaciae (Newstead, 1917).

CITATIONS: BenDov1977 [taxonomy: 94]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 64]; DeLott1957c [taxonomy: 301]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 168]; Fuller1899 [host, distribution: 439]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 355-356]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 6].

Coccus acrossus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus acrossus De Lotto, 1969a: 415. Type data: ANGOLA: Novo Redondo, on Elaeis guineensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Coccus atrichos; Carvalho & Cardoso, 1970: 15. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [DeLott1969a, Almeid1973b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1969a, Almeid1973b].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 2]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 65]; CarvalCa1970 [host, distribution: 15]; DeLott1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 415-417]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 6]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 10].

Coccus aequale (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium aequale Newstead, 1917: 354. Type data: GUYANA: Sea Shore, East Coast, on Avicennia nitida. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus aequale; Ben-Dov, 1993: 65. Change of combination.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Avicennia nitida [Newste1917].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1917].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 65-66]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354-355]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 7].

Coccus africanus (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium viride africanum Newstead, 1898: 95. Type data: NIGERIA: Lagos, on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus viridis africanus; Fernald, 1903b: 174. Change of combination.

Coccus africanus; De Lotto, 1960: 389. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Carissa edulis [DeLott1957c]. Celastraceae: Gymnosporia [DeLott1957c]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia silvatica [DeLott1957c]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [DeLott1957c]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Newste1917, DeLott1957c, DeLott1960], Coffea arabica [DeLott1957c], Coffea robusta [DeLott1957c], Gardenia [DeLott1957c]. Rutaceae: Citrus limon [DeLott1957c]. Theaceae: Thea [LePell1959].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b]; Eritrea [DeLott1957c, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Kenya [DeLott1957c]; Nigeria [Vayssi1913, DeLott1960]; Uganda [Newste1917, DeLott1957c].

BIOLOGY: Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1957c; 1960).

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 2]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 66,68]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; DeLott1957c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 296-298]; DeLott1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-393]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 174]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; LePell1959 [host, distribution, biological control]; Newste1898 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-96]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 357-359]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 430]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 7,47].

Coccus almoraensis Avasthi & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus almoraensis Avasthi & Shafee, 1984: 389. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Almora, on undetermined wild plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [AvasthSh1984, ShafeeYoKh1989, AvasthSh1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Bihar [AvasthSh1984, AvasthSh1991], Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1984, AvasthSh1991]).

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-390]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 331]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 66]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 50]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 8].

Coccus alpinus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium africanum; Newstead, 1917: 357. Misidentification; discovered by De Lotto, 1960: 393.

Coccus africanus; De Lotto, 1957c: 296. Misidentification; discovered by De Lotto, 1960: 393.

Coccus alpinus De Lotto, 1960: 393. Type data: KENYA: Ruiru, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus adustus Weise [LePell1968], Chilocorus angolensis Crotch [Murphy1991]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus argocoxa Annecke & Insley [Murphy1991], Coccophagus nubes Compere [Murphy1991], Coccophagus pulvinariae Compere [Murphy1991], Coccophagus rusti compere [Murphy1991]. Encyrtidae: Aloencyrtus saissetiae (Compere) [Murphy1991], Aloencyrtus ugandensis (Comprere) [Murphy1991], Diversinervus stramineus Compere [Murphy1991], Metaphycus baruensis Noyes [Murphy1991], Metaphycus stanleyi Compere [Murphy1991].

HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Carissa edulis [DeLott1960, DeLott1965a]. Celastraceae: Gymnosporia [DeLott1960]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia silvatica [DeLott1960]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [DeLott1960]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [DeLott1960, DeLott1965a], Coffea arabica [DeLott1960, Hodgso1967], Coffea canephora [DeLott1968a, Almeid1973b], Coffea robusta [DeLott1960], Gardenia [DeLott1960]. Rutaceae: Citrus limon [DeLott1960]. Theaceae: Thea [Benjam1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1968a, Almeid1973b]; Congo [Kondo2013]; Eritrea [DeLott1960]; Ethiopia [DeLott1965a]; Kenya [DeLott1960]; Malawi [HillocPhOv1999]; Tanzania [DeLott1960]; Uganda [DeLott1960]; Zaire [DeLott1960]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967]. Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [GranarPiFe2010], Minas Gerais [GranarPiFe2010]).

BIOLOGY: De Lotto (1960) noted that this species occurs in localities situated at altitudes above 1 - 1.3 km. Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by De Lotto (1960) and by Granara de Willink et al. (2010) (based on specimens from Brazil).

KEYS: Granara de Willink et al. 2010: 397 (female) [Coccus species on coffe in Brazil].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 2-3]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 66]; Benjam1968 [host, distribution: 345-357]; DeLott1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 392-395]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 192]; DeLott1968a [host, distribution: 83]; GranarPiFe2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 392]; HillocPhOv1999 [host, distribution, economic importance: 199-206]; Hodgso1967 [host, distribution: 2]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Murphy1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 519-529]; Schmut1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 104-106]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 8].

Coccus anneckei De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus anneckei De Lotto, 1962: 263. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Middelburg, on Lycium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Solanaceae: Lycium [DeLott1962].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1962].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 67]; DeLott1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-264]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 8].

Coccus antidesmae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium antidesmae Green, 1896: 10. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Antidesma bunius. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus antidesmae; Fernald, 1903b: 168. Change of combination.



HOST: Phyllanthaceae: Antidesma bunius [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 21-22]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 67]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 168]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 10]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 301]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 9].

Coccus aterrimus

Coccus australis (Walker)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium australe Walker, 1852: 1079. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Van Diemen's Land, presented by the Rev. T. Ewing. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus australe; Fernald, 1903b: 328. Change of combination.

Coccus australis; Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 10. Justified emendation.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Walker1852].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Walker (1852) and Signoret (1877.

SYSTEMATICS: This is an available species, which was listed by Fernald (1903b: 328) among the unrecognizable ones.

CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 328]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 844]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 610,661]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 39]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1079]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 10].

Coccus blanchardii Targioni Tozzetti nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus blanchardii Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 725. Nomen nudum. Notes: See discussion in Williams & Ben-Dov (2009).

Coccus brasiliensis Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus brasiliensis Fonseca, 1957: 128. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Botucatu and Sao Paulo, on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea [Fonsec1957].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Fonsec1957, GranarPiFe2010]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Fonseca (1957) and by Granara de Willink et al. (2010).

KEYS: Granara de Willink et al. 2010: 397 (female) [Coccus species on coffe in Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 67]; Fonsec1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-132]; GranarPiFe2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 393-394]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 12].

Coccus bromeliae Bouche

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus bromeliae Bouche, 1833: 49. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on bananas and Hibiscus. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Sachtleben, 1940).

Coccus bromelliae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 68. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Mis-spelled "C. bromelliae" on line 4 of the Remarks paragraph.



HOSTS: Bromeliaceae: Ananas [Bouche1833]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Bouche1833].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Germany.

GENERAL REMARKS: This species is known only from the description by Bouche (1833).

SYSTEMATICS: Both Signoret (1875c: 310) and Fernald (1903b: 98) interpreted this species as a mealybug. Lindinger (1932f, 1934d) have shown that the original description, provided clear indication that it was a soft scale, and suggested that likely it is identical with Saissetia coffeae (Walker). This synonymy may be correct, but if accepted would change the name of a very well known pest species and harm stability. Since no type material of C. bromeliae is available, Ben-Dov (1993) concluded that for the sake of stability, Coccus bromeliae Bouche should be maintained as a valid, unrecognizable species. See discussion in Ben-Dov & Cox (1990). Coccus bromeliae Bouche, 1833: 49, is a junior primary homonym of Coccus bromeliae Kerner, 1778, but is retained for the present under Article 23.9.5 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 68]; BenDovCo1990 [taxonomy: 79-84]; Bouche1833 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 49]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 98]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 182-183]; Lindin1934d [taxonomy: 585-588]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 845]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 12].

Coccus cajani (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium cajani Newstead, 1917: 359. Type data: NIGERIA: Southern Nigeria, on pigeon-pea, Cajanus indicus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus cajani; De Lotto, 1962: 264. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Cajanus indicus [Newste1917, DeLott1962].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Newste1917, DeLott1962].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 68]; DeLott1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 264-265]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 359-360]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 13].

Coccus cambodiensis Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus cambodiensis Takahashi, 1942b: 17. Type data: CAMBODIA: Angkor, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [Takaha1942a, Ali1971], Ficus retusa [Tang1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Wang & Feng 2012a: 61 (adult, female) [Key to adult female Coccus known from China]; Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 22]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 68]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-19]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-80]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53]; WangFe2012a [taxonomy: 61]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 13].

Coccus cameronensis Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus cameronensis Takahashi, 1952: 16. Type data: MALAYSIA: Cameron Highlands, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kuala Lumpur: Selangor Museum, Malaysia. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 22]; BenDov1993 [catalogue]; Takaha1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 80]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 13].

Coccus capparidis (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium capparidis Green, 1904d: 187. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Capparis moonii. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 85. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus capparidis; Sanders, 1906: 8. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Coccus) capparidis; Green, 1937: 299. Change of combination.

Coccus arens Hodgson, 1968a: 114. Type data: EGYPT: Giza, on Panax sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1980: 262.

COMMON NAME: capparis soft scale [GillNaWi1977, HamonWi1984].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus swirskii Annecke & Mynhardt [BlumbeSw1984, Blumbe1997].

HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Alyxia olivaeformis [GillNaWi1977, Nakaha1981a], Nerium oleander [HamonWi1984], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1990]. Araceae: Xanthosoma [WilliaWa1990]. Araliaceae: Aralia balfouriana [HamonWi1984], Meryta macrophylla [WilliaWa1990], Panax [Hodgso1968a, BenDov1980]. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepias curassavica [WilliaWa1990]. Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [WilliaWa1990]. Boraginaceae: Cordia subcordata [WilliaWa1990]. Campanulaceae: Clermontia [Nakaha1981a]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [WilliaWa1990]. Capparidaceae: Capparis moonii [Green1937, Ali1971]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros virginiana [HamonWi1984]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [GillNaWi1977], Croton [GillNaWi1977], Jatropha integerrima [MestreHaEv2011]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus manihot [WilliaWa1990]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1990]. Musaceae: Musa paradisiaca [WilliaWa1990]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum acuminatum [BenDov1980]. Nyctaginaceae: Mirabilis jalapa [WilliaWa1990]. Orchidaceae: Cypripedium villosum [GillNaWi1977], Dendrobium [GillNaWi1977]. Pteridaceae: Acrostichum aureum [GillNaWi1977]. Rubiaceae: Guettarda speciosa [WilliaWa1990], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Nakaha1981a], Citrus aurantium [BenDov1980], Citrus paradisi [BenDov1980], Citrus sinensis [WilliaWa1990], Murraya paniculata [Nakaha1981a]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [WilliaWa1990], Premna [WilliaWa1990], Stachytarpheta [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii); Kiribati; Tonga; Western Samoa. Nearctic: United States of America (Florida). Neotropical: Bahamas; Cuba [MestreHaEv2011]; Honduras. Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [ShafeeYoKh1989] (West Bengal [AvasthSh1991]); Sri Lanka [Green1937, Ali1971]. Palaearctic: Egypt [Hodgso1968a, BenDov1980]; Israel [BenDov1980].

BIOLOGY: In Israel it reproduces parthenogenetically. On citrus the females infest the undersurface of leaves (Ben-Dov, 1980). Blumberg & Swirski (1984) studied the encapsulation response to parasitoids.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1968a) (as C. arens, Gill et al., (1977), Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Williams & Watson (1990).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Wang & Feng 2012a: 61 (adult, female) [Key to adult female Coccus known from China]; Tang 1991: 78 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 82 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 38 (female) [USA, Florida].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [hoat, distribution: 22]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, distribution: 334]; BenDov1980 [host, distribution: 262]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 68-69]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 25, 44]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeSw1984 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 29-35]; GillNaWi1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 16-18]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 299]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-42]; Hodgso1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 6]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 147, 155]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 390]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 349]; Sander1906 [host, distribution: 8]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 50]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 80-81]; WangFe2012a [taxonomy: 61]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 9,14]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-87].

Coccus caudatus Walker

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus caudatus Walker, 1852: 1085. Type data: COLOMBIA: from Dr. Cuming's collection. Syntypes, male, by present designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Walker1852].

GENERAL REMARKS: Originally described from the adult male only (Walker, 1852).

SYSTEMATICS: There is also the species Coccus caudatus (Green, 1896) which is a secondary homonym of Coccus caudatus Walker, 1852, and a junior synonym of Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner). Fernald (1903b: 325) listed this species among the unrecognizable species of Coccus, while suggesting "A Phenacoccus?".

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 67]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 325]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, distribution: 41]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 848]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, description: 612]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1085]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 14].

Coccus caviramicolus Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus caviramicolus Morrison, 1921: 659. Type data: SINGAPORE. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: Type material collected from hollow stems of Macaranga sp.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [Ali1971, HeckroFiGu1998], Macaranga griffithiana [Takaha1950], Macaranga triloba [Morris1921].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia; Malaysia [Ali1971]; Singapore [Ali1971].

BIOLOGY: Occupies the hollow stems of myrmecophytic species of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in association with ants of the genus Crematogaster (Heckroth et al., 1998)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description of adult female by Morrison (1921).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 22-23]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 69]; HeckroFiGu1998 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 427-443]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 659-661]; Takaha1950 [host, distribution: 71]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 14].

Coccus celatus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium viride; Newstead, 1910c: 187. Misidentification.

Coccus celatus De Lotto, 1960: 395. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on Coffea robusta. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus consimilis De Lotto, 1960: 397. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on Coffea robusta. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1982a: 108.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus angolensis Crotch [Murphy1991], Chilocorus nigripes Mader [Murphy1991], Exochomus flavipes Thunberg [Murphy1991], Exochomus ventralis (Gerstaecker) [Murphy1991]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus agrocoxa Annecke & Insley [Murphy1991], Coccophagus nubes Compere [Murphy1991]. Encyrtidae: Diversinervus stramineus Compere [Murphy1991], Metaphycus baruensis Noyes [Murphy1991], Metaphycus stanleyi Compere [Murphy1991].

HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaWa1990]. Apocynaceae: Carissa [MatileNo1984]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [WilliaWa1990]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum soulattrii [Willia1982], Calophyllum spectabile [WilliaWa1990]. Costaceae: Costus [Lit1997b]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga barteri [CouturMaRi1985]. Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [Willia1982]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia javanica [Willia1982], Psidium guajava [Newste1910c, DanzigKo1990], Syzygium [Willia1982]. Rubiaceae: Bertiera racemosa [CouturMaRi1985], Coffea arabica [DeLott1969a, DanzigKo1990], Coffea canephora [Willia1982], Coffea excelsa [Willia1982], Coffea robusta [DeLott1960, BuckleGu1991, Lit1997b], Corynanthe pachyceras [CouturMaRi1985], Gardenia [Hodgso1969a], Ixora coccinea [Willia1982], Psychotria [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Citrus [Willia1982].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Kenya [DeLott1969a]; Somalia; Sudan [Kondo2013]; Tanzania [Kondo2013]; Uganda [Newste1910c, DeLott1960]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a]. Australasian: Christmas Island [new]. Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013], Sulawesi (=Celebes)). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [DanzigKo1990]. Neotropical: Brazil [Kondo2013]. Oriental: Brunei; Malaysia [DanzigKo1990]; Philippines (Mindanao [Lit1997b]); Vietnam [DanzigKo1990].

BIOLOGY: De Lotto (1960) observed the ant Macromischoides aculeatum in Uganda, constructing shelter to protect this soft scale. Buckley and Gullan (1991) showed, in Papua New Guinea, that attendance by the aggressive ant, Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) reduced the rate of parasitization. Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1960), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Granara de Willink et al. (2010).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Regarded a coffee pest in Papua New Guinea (Williams, 1982a).

KEYS: Granara de Willink et al. 2010: 397 (female) [Coccus species on coffe in Brazil]; Williams & Watson 1990: 82 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 1238-1246]; Bannon1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 38]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 69-70]; BuckleGu1991 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 284]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 44]; DeLott1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-397]; DeLott1969a [host, distribution: 417]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 78]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GranarPiFe2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-395]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 6]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance: 284]; Lit1997b [host, distribution: 90-91]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 62]; Murphy1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 519-529]; Murphy1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 367-380]; Newste1910c [host, distribution: 187-188]; ODowdGrLa2003 [host, distribution: 813]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; Willia1982 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 107-109]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 14,17]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89].

Coccus cestricola

Coccus chlaeoon

Coccus chloeon

Coccus chloeoon

Coccus circularis Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus circularis Morrison, 1921: 665. Type data: SINGAPORE. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: Type material collected in hollow stems of Macaranga sp.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [Morris1921, Ali1971], Macaranga triloba [Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 23]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 70]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 665-667]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 16].

Coccus colemani Kannan

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus colemani Kannan, 1918: 135. Type data: INDIA: Mysore. Syntypes, female. Notes: Host plant of type material not indicated, probably on coffee and other host plants (type depository unknown).

Coccus viridis colemani; Usman & Puttarudraiah, 1955: 49. Change of combination and rank.

Coccus colemani; Ben-Dov, 1993: 70. Revived combination.



FOE: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus nigritus (Fabricius) [ColemaKa1918].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [ColemaKa1918]. Apocynaceae: Wrightia tinctoria [ColemaKa1918]. Fabaceae: Albizia [ColemaKa1918]. Moraceae: Artocarpus integrifolia [ColemaKa1918], Ficus [ColemaKa1918]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia jambolana [ColemaKa1918], Psidium guajava [ColemaKa1918]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Coffea arabica [AvasthSh1991]. Rutaceae: Aegle marmelos [Varshn1985a], Citrus [ColemaKa1918].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, AvasthSh1991] (Karnataka [AvasthSh1991]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 23]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 334-336]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 70]; ColemaKa1918 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 13-67]; ColemaKa1918 [taxonomy, description, biological control: 1-67]; Green1918a [taxonomy: 149-154]; Kannan1918 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 130-148]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 38]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 49]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 50]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 49]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 17].

Coccus deformosus (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Eulecanium) deformosum Newstead, 1920: 190. Type data: GUYANA: 'Cattle Trail Survey', on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus deformosum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 70. Change of combination.

Coccus deformosus; Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 19. Justified emendation.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA : Acromyrmex [Newste1920].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1920].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 70]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-191]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 19].

Coccus delottoi Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus delottoi Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 259. Type data: IVORY COAST: Tai, on Diospyros subreana. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: DeLotto iceplant scale [Gill1988].



HOST: Ebenaceae: Diospyros soubreana [MatileLe1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 71]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259-260]; Washbu1984 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-184]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 19].

Coccus diacopeis

No valid record found for this species

Coccus diosma

Coccus discrepans (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium discrepans Green, 1904d: 204. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punadluoya, Yatiyantota and Passara, on tea plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Saissetia discrepans; Sanders, 1906: 9. Change of combination.

Coccus discrepans; Morrison, 1920: 654. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Mangifera odorata [Green1930c, Ali1971]. Arecaceae: Areca oleracea [TaoWoCh1983], Cocos nucifera [Ali1971, Takaha1935]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Euphorbiaceae: Glochidion [Ali1971], Glochidion callicarpa [TaoWoCh1983]. Musaceae: Musa [Ramakr1930, Ali1971], Musa paradisiaca [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Myrsinaceae: Maesa pedicellata [Takaha1935, Ali1971]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Murraya caloxylon [Morris1921, Ali1971]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Green1904d, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971, AvasthSh1991], Camellia sinensis [ShafeeYoKh1989], Thea [Green1904d]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa formosana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1930c, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, AvasthSh1991] (Andhra Pradesh, Assam [Ali1971], Bihar [Ali1971], Kerala); Indonesia (Sumatra [Ali1971]); Pakistan; Singapore [Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971, AvasthSh1991]; Taiwan [Ali1971, WongChCh1999]. Palaearctic: Japan.

BIOLOGY: Attended by and enclosed in nests of Crematogaster dohrni (Green, 1937).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tao et al. (1983) and by Tang (1991).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999).

KEYS: Wang & Feng 2012a: 61 (adult, female) [Key to adult female Coccus known from China]; Tang 1991: 77 (female) [China]; Tao et al. 1983: 63 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 141-142 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 23]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 336-337]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 71]; Das1959 [host, distribution: 437-448]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 300]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 144]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 654-659]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 38]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 349]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 50]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 9]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 50]; Takaha1935 [host, distribution: 6]; Takaha1955f [host, distribution: 239]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-83]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65]; Varshn1985a [host, distribution: 26]; WangFe2012a [taxonomy: 61]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 19]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11,49]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 169, 191].

Coccus draparnaldi

Coccus duartei (Almeida)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium duartei Almeida, 1969: 148. Type data: ANGOLA: Tchivinguiro, on trunk of undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal. Described: female.

Coccus duartei; Almeida, 1973b: 3. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1969, Almeid1973b].

CITATIONS: Almeid1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 3]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 71]; MendesFe1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 57]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 20].

Coccus ehretiae (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium ehretiae Brain, 1920a: 4. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Ehretia hottentotica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Coccus ehretiae; De Lotto, 1957b: 303. Change of combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Euxanthellus adustus Annecke & Prinsloo [AnneckPr1976].

HOST: Ehretiaceae: Ehretia hottentotica [Brain1920a, DeLott1957c].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a]; South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1957c].

CITATIONS: AnneckPr1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-7]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 71]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-5]; DeLott1957c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 303-304]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 376]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 20].

Coccus elatensis Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus elatensis Ben-Dov, 1981b: 649. Type data: ISRAEL: Elot, 5 km north of Elat, on Mangifera indica. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [BenDov1981b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Israel [BenDov1981b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1981b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 78 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1981b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 649-654]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 71-72]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 25, 42]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 80]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 83-84]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 20].

Coccus elioides

Coccus erion

No valid record found for this species

Coccus erythrinae (Ihering)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium erythrinae Ihering, 1897: 407. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, on Erythrina crista galli. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; Oliveira, M.G., 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Coccus erythrinae; Corseuil & Barbosa, 1971: 238. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Erythrina cristagalli [Iherin1897, CorseuBa1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Iherin1897]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 72]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 255]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; Hempel1900a [host, distribution: 438]; Iherin1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 407]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 21].

Coccus fagi

Coccus farinarius

Coccus farinosus

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus farinosus alni Goeze, 1778: 344. Homonym. Notes: See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 22).

Coccus farinosus; Gmelin, 1790: 2220. Notes: See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 21).

Coccus ficus cambii

Coccus formicarii (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium formicarii Green, 1896: 10. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on tea and undetermined shrubs. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium globulosum Maskell, 1897b: 243. Type data: HONG KONG: on Stillingia sebifera. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1936: 14.

Lecanium (Saissetia) formicarii; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 164. Change of combination.

Saissetia formicarii; Cockerell, 1901e: 32. Change of combination.

Saissetia formicarii; Fernald, 1903b: 202. Change of combination.

Coccus formicarii; Mamet, 1954: 13. Change of combination.

Taiwansaissetia formicarii; Tao et al., 1983: 77. Change of combination.

Coccus formicarii; Lin et al., 2013: 250-264. Revived combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus acanthosceles Waterston [Das1959].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983, Hodgso1994a], Rhus succedanea [TaoWoCh1983], Rhus vernicifera [Ali1971]. Araliaceae: Heptapleurum octophyllum [Ali1971]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [TaoWoCh1983], Areca oleracea [Ali1971], Kentia macarthurii [Ali1971], Ptychosperma macarthurii [TaoWoCh1983]. Bischofiaceae: Bischofia javanica [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Bombacaceae: Eriodendron anfractuosum [Ali1971]. Buxaceae: Buxus microphylla [TaoWoCh1983]. Capparidaceae: Crataeva religiosa [TaoWoCh1983]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia spicata [Ali1971], Garcinia subelliptica [TaoWoCh1983]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros discolor [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Diospyros kaki [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus [Green1904d, Green1937]. Ericaceae: Philippia [Mamet1954]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [Green1904d, Ramakr1930, Green1937], Sapium sebiferum [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Stillingia sebifera [Ferris1936]. Fabaceae: Palaquium formosanum [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Fagaceae: Lithocarpus [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Cinnamomum camphora nominale [Ali1971], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Evodia triphylla [Ali1971], Litsea glutinosa [LinKoGu2013], Machilus [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Machilus thunbergii [LinKoGu2013], Persea americana [TaoWoCh1983], Persea gratissima [Ali1971]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia flosreginae [Ali1971], Lagerstroemia speciosa [TaoWoCh1983]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia [Ali1971], Michelia alba [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Meliaceae: Aglaia odorata [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus [TaoWoCh1983], Artocarpus integrifolia [Ali1971], Ficus [Ali1971], Ficus leucantatoma [Ali1971], Ficus microcarpa [LinKoGu2013], Ficus septica [TaoWoCh1983], Ficus vasculosa [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Ficus virgata [LinKoGu2013], Ficus wightiana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Myristicaceae: Myristica cagayanensis [TaoWoCh1983], Myristica heterophylla [Ali1971]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia sieboldii [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Eugenia javanica [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Psidium guajava [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Oleaceae: Olea europaea [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Rosaceae: Prunus [Ali1971, Takagi1975]. Rubiaceae: Cinchona [Green1904d, Ramakr1930, Green1937], Gardenia florida [Ali1971], Gardenia jasminoides [TaoWoCh1983]. Rutaceae: Aegle marmelos [TaoWoCh1983], Aegle sepiaria [Ali1971]. Salicaceae: Salix [Ali1971]. Sapindaceae: Euphoria longana [Takaha1942b]. Theaceae: Camellia chrysanthera [LinKoGu2013], Camellia japonica [TaoWoCh1983], Camellia sinensis [Green1896, Green1904d, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Gordonia axillaris [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Schima noronhae [Ali1971]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa formosana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954]. Oriental: Hong Kong [Ferris1936, Ali1971]; India [Green1908a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971] (Karnataka [Ali1971, AvasthSh1991]); Indonesia; Malaysia [Ali1971]. Oriental: Nepal. Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a]; Taiwan [Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [LinKoGu2013]. Palaearctic: China [LinKoGu2013].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, illustration and photograph in Lin, et al., 2013.

SYSTEMATICS: Adult females of C. hesperidum and T . formicarii share a combination of at least five morphological trait states: the presence of dorsal areolations, preopercular pores, sevensegmented antennae [some of T . formicarii specimens with eight segments], ventral tubular ducts that are restricted to thoracic segments, and multilocular disc pores present around the genital opening plus a few on the preceding one or two abdominal segments. The autapomorphies of T . formicarii, such as the absence of dorsal tubular ducts, submarginal tubercles and tibio-tarsal sclerosis that differentiate it from C. hesperidum, might be due to its habit of living inside ant nests. (Lin, et al., 2013)

KEYS: Wang & Feng 2012a: 61 (adult, female) [as Coccus formicarii; Key to adult female Coccus known from China]; Tang 1991: 77 (female) [China]; Tao et al. 1983: 77 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 44-45]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 336]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 72-73]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 241]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy.: 394]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy: 32]; Das1959 [host, distribution, biological control: 437-448]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy.: 29]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 202]; Ferris1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-15]; Green1896 [description, host, distribution: 10]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 190]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 29]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 300]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 566-568]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 77]; LinKoGu2013 [behaviour, description, distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 250-264]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 13]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 34,118]; Maskel1898 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 348]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 47]; Takagi1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-7]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 343]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 58-59]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 19]; Takaha1950 [host, distribution: 71]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 16]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-85]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 83]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 54]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77,79,80]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 50]; WangFe2012a [taxonomy: 61]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 23]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11, 50]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 174,191].

Coccus fraxini Chavannes nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus fraxini Chavannes, 1848: 143. Nomen nudum; discovered by Signoret, 1869: 854.

Coccus fraxini; Signoret, 1869: 854. Notes: Referred to Coccus fraxini Chavannes, 1848, Nomen Nudum.

Coccus fraxini; Signoret, 1877: 454. Notes: Referred to Coccus fraxini Chavannes, 1848, Nomen Nudum.

Coccus guerinii (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium guerinii Signoret, 1869a: 96. Type data: MAURITIUS: on sugarcane. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost.

Coccus guerinii; Mamet, 1943a: 151. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [Signor1869b, Mamet1943a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Cocker1894t, Green1907, Mamet1943a].

SYSTEMATICS: Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 25) regarded this species as an unrecognizable species.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 73]; Cocker1894t [distribution: 178]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 212]; Green1907 [distribution: 201]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 151]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 24]; Signor1869a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 96]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 25].

Coccus gummilaccae

Coccus gymnospori (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium gymnospori Green, 1908a: 29. Type data: INDIA: Poona, on Gymnosporia montana. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1981b: 651. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus gymnospori; Sanders, 1909b: 45. Change of combination.

Lecanium gymnosporiae Lindinger, 1932f: 197. Unjustified emendation.

Coccus gymnaspori; Tang, 1991: 78. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Celastraceae: Gymnosporia [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930], Gymnosporia montana [Green1908a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, AvasthSh1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Green1908a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Andhra Pradesh [AvasthSh1991], Maharashtra [AvasthSh1991], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971]); Sri Lanka [AvasthSh1991].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 78 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 24]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 338-339]; BenDov1981b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 651-653]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 73]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-30]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 197]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 36]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 349]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 48]; Sander1909b [taxonomy: 45]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 51]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 85-86]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 25].

Coccus hesperidum hesperidum Linnaeus

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758: 455. Type data: EUROPE: collected on Citrus, Laurus and other host plants. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost; D.J. Williams, 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Coccus citri Gmelin, P.F., 1766: 41. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 16.

Calypticus laevis Costa, 1829: 11. Type data: ITALY: on peach. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 169. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Calypticus hesperidum; Costa, 1829: 8. Change of combination.

Lecanium hesperidum; Burmeister, 1835: 69. Change of combination.

Coccus patellaeformis Curtis, 1843a: 517. Type data: ENGLAND: in greenhouse, location and host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 169. Notes: Type material probably lost.

Chermes lauri Boisduval, 1867: 340. Type data: FRANCE: Locality not clearly indicated, on Laurus nobilis. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Maskell, 1893a: 103. Notes: Type material probably lost (D. Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, 1991)

Lecanium angustatus Signoret, 1873a: 398. Type data: FRANCE: in greenhouse on Cyperus rotundus. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 436. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Lecanium lauri; Signoret, 1873a: 400. Change of combination.

Lecanium maculatum Signoret, 1873b: 400. Type data: FRANCE: on Hedera helix. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1976b: 115.

Kermes aurantj Alfonso, 1875: 431. Type data: ITALY: Sicily, locality not given, on orange. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 169. Notes: Type material probably lost.

Lecanium alienum Douglas, 1886b: 77. Type data: ENGLAND: on Asplenium bulbiferum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Leonardi, 1920: 320.

Lecanium depressum simulans Douglas, 1887a: 28. Nomen nudum.

Lecanium minimum Newstead, 1892: 141. Type data: ENGLAND: on Areca sp. and Abutilon sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Boratynski & Williams, 1964: 108.

Lecanium assimile amaryllidis Cockerell, 1893g: 53. Type data: ANTIGUA: on Amaryllis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909: 436.

Lecanium assimile amaryllidis Cockerell, 1893j: 254. Nomen nudum.

Lecanium terminaliae Cockerell, 1893j: 254. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Terminalia catappa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909: 436.

Lecanium ceratoniae Gennadius, 1895: cclxxvii. Type data: CYPRUS: on carob tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1897p: 590. Notes: Daniele Matile-Ferrero (in letter to Yair Ben-Dov, November 28, 2001) confirmed that syntypes are deposited in MNHN.

Lecanium hesperidum lauri; Cockerell, 1896b: 331. Change of status.

Lecanium nanum Cockerell, 1896h: 19. Type data: TRINIDAD: on leaves of 'Balata'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 436. Notes: Also described as n. sp. in Cockerell, 1896k, page iv.

Lecanium minimum pinicola Maskell, 1897: 310. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, on Pinus insignis. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 436.

Lecanium flaveolum Cockerell, 1897d: 52. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Mesilla Park, on Pilea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 436.

Lecanium ventrale Ehrhorn, 1898: 245. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Jose, Japanese Nursery, on tuberous plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 436.

Lecanium hesperidum alienum; Cockerell, 1899a: 393. Change of status.

Lecanium (Calymnatus) hesperidum pacificum Kuwana, 1902a: 30. Type data: ECUADOR: Galapagos Islands, on host plants belonging to 12 different species. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 436.

Coccus angustatus; Fernald, 1903: 168. Change of combination.

Chermes aurantii; Fernald, 1903: 169. Misspelling of genus and species names. Notes: Mis-spelling of Kermes aurantj Alfonso.

Lecanium hesperidum minimum; Newstead, 1903: 85. Change of combination.

Coccus (Lecanium) minimus; Cockerell, 1903a: 162. Change of combination.

Coccus flaveolus; Fernald, 1903b: 168. Change of combination.

Coccus patelliformis; Fernald, 1903b: 169. Misspelling of species name.

Coccus hesperidum alienus; Fernald, 1903b: 171. Change of combination.

Coccus hesperidum lauri; Fernald, 1903b: 171. Change of combination.

Coccus hesperidum pacificus; Fernald, 1903b: 171. Change of combination.

Coccus maculatus; Fernald, 1903b: 172. Change of combination.

Coccus minimus; Fernald, 1903b: 172. Change of combination.

Coccus minimus pinicola; Fernald, 1903b: 172. Change of combination.

Coccus nanus; Fernald, 1903b: 172. Change of combination.

Coccus terminaliae; Fernald, 1903b: 173. Change of combination.

Coccus ventralis; Fernald, 1903b: 174. Change of combination.

Eulecanium assimile amaryllidis; Fernald, 1903b: 181. Change of combination.

Lecanium signiferum Green, 1904d: 197. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Begonia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Boratynski & Williams, 1964: 108.

Lecanium punctuliferum Green, 1904d: 205. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Michelia champaca. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1959: 160.

Saissetia punctulifera; Sanders, 1906: 10. Change of combination.

Coccus signiferus; Sanders, 1906: 8. Change of combination.

Lecanium hesperidum; Borg, 1919: 33. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Coccus) hesperidum; Pettit & McDaniel, 1920: 16. Change of combination.

Coccus (Lecanium) hesperidum; Hall, 1922: 18. Change of combination.

Coccus hemisphaerides Lindinger, 1929: 109-110. Notes: hemisphaerides L., Coccus. Lindinger (1929: 109-110) discussed this name, stating that it was mentioned by Prof Dr. K. Braun-Stade in a note about a scale insect named Coccus hemisphaerides L. [sic] in Geiger, Ph.L. (1840), Pharmazeut. Botanik II p. 1948. The note stated that "the orange tree is affected by a disease of blackening of the leaves, in which occur eggs and excretions of an insect" (= Coccus hemisphaerides L.). Information taken from: Handbuch f?r Fremde in Nizza. Heidelberg, Frankfurt und Leipzig, 1839: 56. Current status: Lindinger suggested that this name might be identical to Lecanium hesperidum (= Coccus hesperidum hesperidum Linnaeus) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 25)..

Lecanium esperidum; Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1929: 4. Misspelling of species name.

Coccus signifier Lindinger, 1932f: 196. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 43.

Coccus jungi Chen, 1936: 218. Type data: CHINA: Huangyan County, Chekiang Province, on Citrus sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Tang, 1991: 75. Notes: Type material probably lost; Tang, F.T., 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Lecanium mauritiense Mamet, 1936: 96. Type data: MAURITIUS: Rose Hill and Ebene, on Furcraea gigantea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1959: 160.

Lecanium (Coccus) hesperidum; Green, 1937: 298. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Coccus) signiferum; Green, 1937: 298. Change of combination.

Coccus hisperidum; Chou, 1947a: 30, 39. Misspelling of species name.

Coccus mauritiensis; Mamet, 1949: 25. Change of combination.

Coccus hesperidium; Lincango et al., 2010: 4. Misspelling of species name.

Coccus hesprridium; Basheer et al., 2014: 52. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: brown soft scale [GillNaWi1977, Gill1988, BenDov1993]; Cochinilla blanda de los agrios [Lloren1990]; conchuela blanda [RipaLaRo2008a]; conchuela blanda cafe [RipaLaRo2008a]; conchuela blanda de los citrus [RipaLaRo2008a]; qenima huma; qenima huma raqa; The Coccus of the greenhouses [Linnae1758].



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) [ZettleZeRi2012], Pseudomyrmex simplex [ZettleZeRi2012], Technomyrmex vitiensis Mann [Malump2011a].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus angolensis Crotch [Bartle1978], Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.), Chilocorus nigritulus (F.) [PonsonCo2007]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus anthracinus Compere [Comper1925], Coccophagus cowperi Girault [Bartle1978], Coccophagus lunulatus Howard [SmailiAbBo2013], Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012, BasheeAsRa2014], Coccophagus matsuyamensis Ishihara [Viggia1980], Coccophagus pulvinariae Compere [MyartsRu2000], Coccophagus quaestor Girault [MyartsRu2011], Coccophagus rusti Compere [MyartsRu2011], Coccophagus scutellaris Dalman [Jarray1975, ArgyriStMo1976, Bartle1978], Coccophagus scutellaris (Dalman) [MyartsRu2011], Coccophagus semicircularis [BernalLuMo1998], Coccophagus sp. [SengonUyKa1998, BasheeAsRa2014], Coccophagus trifasciatus Compere [Comper1925], Eusemion clifornicum Compere [Comper1925], Marietta javensis (Howard) [KfirRo1980], Marietta mexicana (Howard) [MyartsRu2000]. Encyrtidae: Aneristus gondalae Castel-Branco [Castel1951], Anicetus annulatus Timberlake [MyartsRu2011], Diversinervus elegans Silvestri [Rivnay1944], Encyrtus aurantii {Geoffroy} [MyartsRu2011], Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) [BlumbeGo1992, Blumbe1997], Encyrtus lecaniorum (Mayr) [Rivnay1944, ArgyriStMo1976, Bartle1978, BlumbeGo1992], Encyrtus sp. Latreille [BasheeAsRa2014], Encyrtus swederi Dalman [Kobakh1956], Metaphycus angustifrons Compere [Bartle1978], Metaphycus claviger (Timberlake) [DavoodTaRa2004], Metaphycus flavus Howard [ArgyriStMo1976, Blumbe1997, SengonUyKa1998], Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) [BlumbeDe1981, Blumbe1997], Metaphycus luteolus Timberlake [Flande1953a, Blumbe1997], Metaphycus pulvinariae (Howard) [DavoodTaFa2004], Metaphycus stanleyi Compere [Bartle1978, BlumbeDe1981, Blumbe1997, BernalLuMo1998], Metaphycus sterolecanii [BasheeAsRa2014], Metaphycus swirskii Annecke & Mynhardt [Blumbe1997], Microterys flavus Howard [Rivnay1944, Bartle1978, KfirRo1980], Microterys frontatus Mercet [Schmut1955b], Microterys nuticaudatus Xu & Chen [DavoodTaFa2004], Microterys seyon Guerrieri [Guerri1996], Microterys tricoloricornis (De Santis) [Rivnay1944]. Eulophidae: Baryscapus sp. Forster [BasheeAsRa2014], Tetrastichus sp. Haliday [BasheeAsRa2014]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea [BadaryAb2011]. LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Eublema scitula Rbr. [Rivnay1944].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Hemigraphis palmata [Nakaha1983], Pseuderanthemum [WilliaWa1990]. Agavaceae: Agave [Mamet1954, DeLott1965a, Ali1971, HodgsoHi1990], Agave americana [Bodenh1924, BenDov1971], Agave rigida variegata [Nakaha1983], Agave rigida [Ali1971], Agave sisalana [DeLott1959, Willia1987], Dracaena [Nakaha1981a], Furcraea gigantea [Mamet1936, Mamet1943a, DeLott1959], Polianthes tuberosa [Ballou1926], Tuberosa [ShafeeYoKh1989], Yucca [King1903b, NakahaMi1981], Yucca filamentosa [KozarTzVi1979], Yucca gloriosa [GomezM1954]. Amaranthaceae: Aerva lanata [Green1904d], Amaranthus [Green1904d, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971]. Amaryllidaceae: Clivia miniata [TangLi1988], Hippeastrum [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Hippeastrum equestre [TaoWoCh1983]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium [Ali1971], Anacardium occidentale [ShafeeYoKh1989], Mangifera [Green1937, Ali1971], Mangifera indica [Hodgso1967, BenDov1971, Ali1971, Almeid1973b, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Mangifera indica [Hall1935, ShafeeYoKh1989, DanzigKo1990, AvasthSh1991, KinjoNaHi1996], Pistacia palestina [BenDov1971], Rhus succedanea [TaoWoCh1983], Rhus vernicifera [Ali1971], Schinus [Hall1923], Schinus molle [Bodenh1924, BenDov1971]. Annonaceae: Annona [Hall1922], Annona muricata [WilliaWa1990, Kondo2008a], Annona squamosa [Ballou1926]. Apocynaceae: Melodinus baueri [WilliaWa1990], Nerium [TerGri1954, Balach1957c, DeLott1959, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995], Nerium indicum [TangLi1988], Nerium odoratum [Kuwana1902], Nerium oleander [Hempel1900a, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1971, Almeid1973b, KozarzRe1975, Aziz1977, KfirRo1980], Nerium oleander [Lindin1911a, Hall1922, Archan1930], Plumeria [Hall1935, Hodgso1967], Plumeria acuminata [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Plumeria acutifolia [Mamet1943a, DeLott1959], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1990], Thevetia peruviana [BenDov1971], Vinca [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Vinca major [BenDov1971], Vinca minor [Kozar1985]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [LinKoGu2013], Ilex cassine [ZettleZeRi2012]. Araceae: Acorus sp. [BenDov2012], Anthurium [HodgsoHi1990], Anthurium acaule [Nakaha1983, MazzeoLoRu1994], Anthurium andreanum [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Arum italicum [Bodenh1924], Colocasia inodora [KozarzRe1975], Cryptocoryne [WilliaKo1972], Dieffenbachia [HodgsoHi1990], Dieffenbachia picta Schott. [GoszczGo2011], Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) [Malump2011a], Monstera [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Monstera deliciosa [Potaev1993], Philodendron [HodgsoHi1990, Potaev1993], Philodendron pertusum [DeLott1959], Pothos sp. [BenDov2012], Scindapsus aureus [Nakaha1981a], Spathiphyllum sp. [Malump2011a], Syngonium [HodgsoHi1990], Zantedeschia [Nakaha1981a], Zantedeschia aethiopica [Granar1999]. Araliaceae: Aralia [GomezM1957], Aralia sieboldi [GomezM1946], Brassaia [Nakaha1981a], Brassaia actinophylla [GillNaWi1977, NakahaMi1981], Dizigotheca elegantissima [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Fatshedera [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Fatsia [GillNaWi1977, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Hedera [Green1904d, Green1928, Green1937, Ali1971], Hedera canariensis [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Hedera helix [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1944b, Anneck1966, Kozar1980, BenDov1993, KozarPaPa1991], Hedera helix [King1899b, Archan1930, UygunSeEr1998], Hedera hybernica [King1903b], Panax [EzzatHu1969], Pseudopanax crassifolius [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudopanax lessonii [HodgsoHe2000], Schefflera [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Schefflera arboricola [BenDov2012], Sciadophyllum [Hall1922]. Arecaceae [Ali1971], Areca catechu [NairMe1963, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Areca oleracea [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Caryota mitis [KozarzRe1975], Caryota urens [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971], Chamaedorea [GillNaWi1977], Cocos [DeLott1959, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Cocos nucifera [Ramakr1930, DeLott1959, Ali1971, Almeid1973b, ShafeeYoKh1989], Gaussia princips [Ballou1926], Martinezia caryotaefolia [Ballou1926], Phoenix dactylifera [King1899b, Newste1917, CarnerPe1986], Rhapis [Ballou1926], Rhapis [Potaev1993], Roystonea regia [LincanHoCa2010]. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sp. [BenDov2012], Asclepias sp. [BenDov2012], Calotropis procera [Bodenh1924], Hoya carnosa [Malump2011a]. Asparagaceae: Yucca baccata [Moghad2013a]. Aspidiaceae: Cyrtomium falcatum [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium bulbiferum [Dougla1886b], Asplenium nidum [KozarzRe1975, CarnerPe1986], Asplenium viviparum [BenDov2012]. Asteraceae: Aster [HodgsoHi1990], Brachyglottis bellidioides [HodgsoHe2000], Brachyglottis repanda [HodgsoHe2000], Conyza bonariensis [LincanHoCa2010], Dahlia pinnata [Granar1999], Erigeron crispus [BenDov2012], Gerbera sp. [BenDov2012], Olearia nummularifolia [HodgsoHe2000], Pluchea odorata [WilliaWa1990], Senecio [HodgsoHe2000], Solidago [WilliaWa1990], Tridax procumbens [WilliaWa1990], Vernonia [Hodgso1967], Wedelia paludesa [Kuwana1902a]. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens [GillNaWi1977]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [Bodenh1924, GomezM1958b, DeLott1959, Ali1971, Almeid1973b, Nakaha1981a], Begonia [Green1904d, Hall1923, Hall1935, Green1937, HodgsoHi1990], Begonia radicans [WilliaKo1972]. Berberidaceae: Berberis vulgaris [DeLott1959], Mahonia [KozarPaPa1991], Mahonia aquifolium [WilliaKo1972]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930], Bignonia unguiscati [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Campsis [HodgsoHi1990], Catalpa bignoniides [Potaev1993], Jacaranda mimosaefoliae [MazzeoLoRu1994], Kigelia africana (Lam.) [Malump1991, Malump2011a], Tecoma [Hall1935], Tecoma capensis [BenDov2012], Tecoma smithii [Hall1923], Tecoma stans [LinKoGu2013], Tecomanthe speciosa [HodgsoHe2000], Tecomaria [HodgsoHi1990], Tecomaria capensis [Hodgso1969a]. Blechnaceae: Blechnum fraseri [HodgsoHe2000], Woodwardia [HodgsoHi1990]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [DeLott1965a]. Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [WilliaWa1990], Cordia myxa [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Brexiaceae: Brexia spinosa [KozarzRe1975]. Bromeliaceae: Aechmea [Potaev1993], Bilbergia [GillNaWi1977], Fosterelia [HodgsoHi1990], Puya [Potaev1993], Vriesea [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Burseraceae: Canarium indicum [WilliaWa1990]. Cactaceae: Echinocactus [Bodenh1924, MazzeoSuRu2008]. Campanulaceae: Trachelium [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Cannabaceae: Aphananthe aspera [LinKoGu2013], Celtis formosana [LinKoGu2013]. Cannaceae: Canna [Nakaha1981a], Canna gigantea [KozarzRe1975]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera [Bodenh1924, CarnerPe1986], Lonicera japonica [EzzatHu1969], Lonicera macrantha [LinKoGu2013]. Caricaceae: Carica [HodgsoHi1990], Carica papaya [Mamet1943a, DeLott1959, DeLott1965a, Hodgso1967, Almeid1969, Ali1971, Almeid1973b, Nakaha1981a]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Dianthus caryophyllus [Ballou1926, DeLott1959]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Almeid1973b, Nakaha1981a]. Celastraceae: Catha cassioides [KozarzRe1975], Euonymus [HodgsoHi1990], Euonymus japonicus [WilliaKo1972]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983, WilliaWa1990]. Combretaceae: Conocarpus erecta [GillNaWi1977], Lumnitzera coccinea [WilliaWa1990], Terminalia bellerica [DeLott1959], Terminalia brassii [WilliaWa1990], Terminalia calamansanay [WilliaWa1990], Terminalia catappa [Newste1911a, Ali1971, Almeid1973b, TaoWoCh1983], Terminalia chebula [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Commelinaceae: Commelina nudiflora [Ballou1926], Commelina tuberosa [Potaev1993]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea [Nakaha1981a]. Costaceae: Costus speciosus [WilliaWa1990]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita sp. [BenDov2012]. Cyatheaceae: Alsophila armata [Kuwana1902a], Cyathea [HodgsoHe2000]. Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta [Kuwana1902]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Potaev1993]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoHi1990]. Dipterocarpaceae: Anisoptera thrifera [WilliaWa1990]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Ballou1926, GillNaWi1977], Euclea crispa [Hodgso1967]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia [Ali1971], Ehretia petiolaris [DeLott1959], Ehretia silvatica [DeLott1959]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus thunbergii [LinKoGu2013]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus [WilliaWa1990]. Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo [GomezM1958b], Rhododendron [GillNaWi1977]. Escalloniaceae: Corokia [HodgsoHe2000]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Green1920, WilliaWa1990, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Bischofia javanica [WilliaWa1990], Codiaeum [Nakaha1981a], Codiaeum variegatum [KozarzRe1975], Glochidion [Ali1971], Glochidion eryocarpum [Ali1971], Glochidion puberum [TaoWoCh1983], Macaranga tanarius [WilliaWa1990], Mallotus philippinensis [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Phyllanthus [Hall1935, WilliaWa1990], Poinsettia [HodgsoHi1990], Poinsettia pulcherrima [Hodgso1994a], Ricinus [HodgsoHi1990, KozarPaPa1991], Ricinus communis [WilliaWa1990]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Hall1922, Hall1924a, Almeid1973b], Acacia cyclops [CarnerPe1986], Acacia heterophylla [Mamet1957], Albizia [KozarPaPa1991], Alhagi camelorum [Moghad2013a], Bauhinia [Hall1922, Hall1924a, Mamet1943a, Mamet1952, DeLott1959], Bauhinia alba [Ali1971], Bauhinia purpurea [Ballou1926, DeLott1959], Bauhinia variegata [BenDov1971], Butea frondosa [Ali1971], Canavalia macrocarpa [Nakaha1981a], Caragana [KozarPaPa1991], Carmichaelia [HodgsoHe2000], Cassia nodosa [Nakaha1981a], Cassia siamea [Green1907, Mamet1943a], Ceratonia siliqua [BenDov1971], Cercis chinensis [Kuwana1902], Cercis siliquastrum [MazzeoLoRu1994], Chordospartium stevensonii [HodgsoHe2000], Cytisus [KozarPaPa1991], Dalbergia [Green1937, WilliaWa1990], Dalbergia latifolia [Green1908a, Ramakr1930, ShafeeYoKh1989], Erythrina crista-galli [Almeid1973b], Erythrina indica [WilliaWa1990], Erythrina zeyheri [BenDov2012], Gliricidia [BenDov1993], Lespedeza cuneata [WilliaKo1972], Medicago sativa [Granar1999], Milletia nitida [TaoWoCh1983], Piscidia carthagenensis [LincanHoCa2010], Platypodium [Nakaha1981a], Pongamia glabra [ShafeeYoKh1989], Robinia pseudacacia [Bodenh1924, BenDov1971], Sabinia [HodgsoHi1990], Sesbania sesban [Hodgso1969a], Sophora chrysophylla [Nakaha1981a], Sophora microphylla [KozarzRe1975], Spartocytisus filipes [CarnerPe1986], Trifolium repens [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Wisteria [Hodgso1969a]. Fagaceae: Ilex [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Flacourtiaceae: Aberia caffra [DeLott1959], Dovyalis caffra [DeLott1959], Hydnocarpus wightiana [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Frankeniaceae: Frankenia sp. [BenDov2012]. Gentianaceae: Orphium sp. [Malump2011a]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [GillNaWi1977]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola taccada [WilliaWa1990]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia sp. [Malump2011a]. Hippocrateaceae: Salacia [WilliaWa1990]. Hymenophyllaceae: Trichomanes prierii [Kuwana1902a]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus [Nakaha1981a], Iris [DeLott1959], Iris craetensis [KozarPaPa1991], Moraea bicolor [Nakaha1981a], Moraea iridioides [Nakaha1981a]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [Bodenh1924], Coleus blumei [TangLi1988], Micromeria teneriffae [CarnerPe1986], Rosmarinus officinalis [MazzeoLoRu1994], Teucrium [Kozar1983a], Thymus [Marott1987]. Lauraceae: Beilschmiedia tawa [HodgsoHe2000], Cinnamomum camphora [DeLott1959], Laurus [TerGri1954, DeLott1959, KozarzRe1975, Kozar1983a, Jansen1995], Laurus indica [BenDov2012], Laurus nobilis [Bodenh1924, Ballou1926, Green1928a, GomezM1946, BenDov1971, Hodgso1994a, Jansen1995], Laurus nobilis [Green1928, UygunSeEr1998, PellizPoSe2011], Laurus nobilis [LinKoGu2013], Persea [GonzalAt1984, Potaev1993], Persea americana [DeLott1959, BenDov1971, Nakaha1983, GonzalAt1984, MazzeoLoRu1994], Persea borbonia [WilliaKo1972], Persea gratissima [Hall1935]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia asiatica [WilliaWa1990]. Liliaceae: Aloe [DeLott1959, Hodgso1994a], Aloe ciliaris [CarnerPe1986], Aloe distans [Potaev1993], Aloe neglectus [DeLott1959, Nakaha1983], Cordyline terminalis [GillNaWi1977, Nakaha1981a], Haworthia [Potaev1993], Haworthia fasciata [WilliaKo1972], Ophiopogon [HodgsoHi1990], Rhodea japonica [Ali1971], Ruscus aculeatus [BenDov2012]. Lobeliaceae: Pratia physaloides [HodgsoHe2000]. Loranthaceae: Viscum cruciatum [BenDov1971]. Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodium clavatum [Moghad2013a]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [Ballou1926], Lawsonia inermis [BenDov1971], Punica granatum [Moghad2013a]. Magnoliaceae: Elmerrillia papuana [WilliaWa1990], Magnolia grandiflora [TangLi1988], Michelia alba [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Michelia champaca [Green1904d, Green1937, DeLott1959, Ali1971], Michelia longifolia [Ali1971], Michelia nitida [Ali1971]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [Cocker1899n, Kuwana1902], Abutilon grandiflorum [BenDov1971], Althaea rosae [GomezM1958b, BenDov1971], Gossypium [Hall1935, DeLott1959, Granar1999], Gossypium barbadense [Kuwana1902a], Hibiscus [Balach1957c, Hodgso1967, Almeid1973b, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Hibiscus manihot [WilliaWa1990], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [LincanHoCa2010], Hibiscus sarabdiffa [WilliaWa1990, EtiennMa1993, Nakaha1981a], Hibiscus syriacus [Ballou1926], Hibiscus tiliaceus [Kuwana1902a, Nakaha1981a], Malvaviscus arboreus [WilliaWa1990], Matisia cordata [LincanHoCa2010], Sida rhombifolia [WilliaWa1990]. Melastomataceae: Conostegia lasiopeda [Kuwana1902a], Melastoma [GillNaWi1977]. Meliaceae: Amoora [WilliaWa1990], Cedrela toona [Hall1935], Melia azedarach [Hall1935], Toona ciliata [Hodgso1967]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1990], Artocarpus communis [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Artocarpus hetrophyllus [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Artocarpus integra [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Broussonetia papyrifera [Granar1999], Eugenia uniflora [BenDov2012], Ficus [EzzatHu1969, Ali1971, Aziz1977, Nakaha1983, GonzalAt1984, Jansen1995], Ficus [Hall1922, Potaev1993], Ficus benghalensis [Hall1922, BenDov1971], Ficus benjamina [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ficus carica [Bodenh1924, BenDov1971], Ficus diversifolia [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ficus elastica [Ballou1926, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ficus infectoria [AvasthSh1991], Ficus microcarpa [PellizPoSe2011], Ficus nitida [BenDov2012], Ficus obliqua [BenDov1971], Ficus retusa [BenDov1971], Ficus septica [WilliaWa1990], Ficus sycomorus [BenDov1971], Ficus theophrastoides [WilliaWa1990], Ficus verrucocarpa [DeLott1959], Moringa oleifera [WilliaWa1990], Morus alba [BenDov1971], Morus nigra [Granar1999], Morus sp. [LinKoGu2013], Streblus [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Musaceae: Musa [Newste1917b, Hall1922, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995, Granar1999], Musa paradisiaca [Green1937, Ali1964, WilliaWa1990], Musa sapientum [Mamet1943a, GillNaWi1977], Strelitzia reginae [BenDov2012]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum [Green1923b, DeLott1959], Myoporum laetum [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrsinaceae: Cyclamen coum [Moghad2013a], Maesa lanceolata [Hodgso1967], Myrsine africana [Hodgso1967], Wallenia laurifolia [Ballou1926]. Myrtaceae: Decaspermum [WilliaWa1990], Eucalyptus deglupta [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia jambolana [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia paniculata [DeLott1959], Eugenia pendula [DeLott1959], Feijoa sellowiana [BenDov2012], Melaleuca sp. [LinKoGu2013], Metrosideros [Nakaha1981a], Myrtus communis [Green1928, BenDov1971], Pimenta [HodgsoHi1990], Psidium guajava [Hall1923, Ballou1926, Hall1935, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1971, Nakaha1983]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Bodenh1924], Bougainvillea spectabilis [BenDov1971], Mirabilis jalapa [BenDov1971], Pisonia grandis [WilliaWa1990]. Ochnaceae: Schuurmansia henningsii [WilliaWa1990]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus caroliniana [ZettleZeRi2012], Jasminum [Kuwana1902], Ligustrum [Hodgso1967, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Olea [Hall1922, Argyri1967], Olea europaea [BenDov1971]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Nephrolepis acula [Kuwana1902a], Nephrolepis cordifolia [DeLott1959, Granar1999], Nephrolepis exaltata [Mamet1943a, Nakaha1983], Nephrolepis exaltata bostoniensis [Nakaha1983]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [WilliaKo1972], Ludwigia leptocarpa [LincanHoCa2010]. Orchidaceae [Jansen1995], Ansellia [HodgsoHi1990], Encyclia cochleata [ZettleZeRi2012], Encyclia tampensis [ZettleZeRi2012], Epidendrum rigidum [ZettleZeRi2012], Paphiopedilum callosum [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Stanhopea [GillNaWi1977], Vanda [GillNaWi1977]. Peperomiaceae: Peperomia [CarnerPe1986], Peperomia rubella [Potaev1993]. Phytolaccaceae: Phytolacca dioica [CarnerPe1986]. Pinaceae: Abies [GomezM1957], Cedrus [GillNaWi1977], Cedrus deodora [MazzeoLoRu1994], Pinus caribaea [WilliaWa1990], Pinus elliotti [GillNaWi1977], Pinus halepensis [BenDov1993], Pinus nigra [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Pinus pinaster [MazzeoLoRu1994], Pinus radiata [DeLott1959], Pinus sylvestris [Hall1935]. Piperaceae: Piper auritum [Ballou1926], Piper chaba [BenDov2012]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Balach1927, HodgsoHe2000]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [BenDov1971]. Poaceae: Bambusa vulgaris [WilliaWa1990]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus [Ali1971, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Polemoniaceae: Phlox drummondii [Ballou1926]. Polygalaceae: Polygala virgata [Hodgso1967]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus [Ballou1926], Muehlenbeckia [Green1923b], Muehlenbeckia platyclada [DeLott1959]. Polypodiaceae: Platycerium [HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Platycerium alcicorne [BenDov1971], Polypodium aureum [Green1917a], Polypodium phyllitidus [Kuwana1902a]. Pontederiaceae: Eichornia crassipes [Mamet1943a]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca oleracea [Ballou1926]. Primulaceae: Cyclamen [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Cyclamen persicum [TangLi1988]. Proteaceae: Finschia [WilliaWa1990], Grevillea [Hall1935]. Pteridaceae: Acrostichum aureum [WilliaWa1990], Acrostichum caudatum [Kuwana1902a], Adiantum [Hall1935], Adiantum capillus-veneris [BenDov1971], Adiantum intermedum [Kuwana1902a]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Bodenh1926]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis flammula [Balach1932e, Balach1933e]. Rhamnaceae: Sageretia [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera cylindrica [Ali1971]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis [BenDov1971, BenDov2013], Cliffortia nitidula [Hodgso1967], Cotoneaster pannosa [BenDov1971], Crataegus azarolus [BenDov2012], Cydonia oblonga [BenDov1971], Eriobotrya [Green1923b, HodgsoHi1990], Eriobotrya japonica [Kuwana1902, Green1923b, BenDov1971, Ali1971], Laurocerasus [KozarGuBa1994], Malus sylvestris [BenDov1971], Persica vulgaris [BenDov1971], Photinia serrata [Balach1927], Prunus [Hodgso1967], Prunus armeniaca [BenDov1971, Matile1984c], Prunus domestica [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Prunus persica [DeLott1959], Prunus salicina [BenDov1971], Pyracantha [WilliaKo1972, HodgsoHi1990], Pyrus communis [Hall1923], Raphiolepis umbellata [BenDov1971], Rosa [Bodenh1924, Hodgso1969a, ShafeeYoKh1989], Rubus [DeLott1959, Hodgso1967, KozarFr1995]. Rubiaceae: Canthium [WilliaWa1990], Cinchona [Green1930c, Ali1971], Coffea [Almeid1973b, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Coffea arabica [GonzalAt1984], Coffea liberica [Newste1911a], Coprosma [HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma montana [Nakaha1981a], Gardenia [Nakaha1981a], Gardenia florida [Ballou1926, Ali1971], Gardenia jasminoides [GillNaWi1977], Ixora [Nakaha1981a], Ixora bandhuca [Ballou1926], Ixora lutea [Ballou1926], Oxyanthus speciosus [Hodgso1967], Pentas [HodgsoHi1990], Platanocephalus morindaefolius [WilliaWa1990], Psychotria rufipes [Kuwana1902a], Psychotria rufipes [LincanHoCa2010], Timonius [WilliaWa1990]. Ruscaceae: Ruscus hypophyllus [Hall1923]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Chaetospermum glutinosa [Ballou1926], Citrus [Balach1927, Balach1931a, DeLott1959, DeLott1965a, Hodgso1967, Hodgso1969a, Ali1971], Citrus [Aziz1977, KozarOrKo1977, KfirRo1980, Nakaha1981a, Argyri1983, Matile1984c, KozarHuFo1989], Citrus [Balach1939, Balach1957c, FrancoPa1991, HodgsoHi1990, KozarPaPa1991, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus [Ramakr1919a, Brain1920a, Bodenh1924, Ramakr1930, GonzalAt1984, Hodgso1994a], Citrus [Green1904d, Hall1935, Green1937, Almeid1973b, EtiennMa1993, ShafeeYoKh1989], Citrus [Kirkal1904, Borg1932, SengonUyKa1998, UygunSeEr1998, Granar1999], Citrus aurantifolia [Nakaha1983, WilliaBu1987], Citrus aurantium [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1926, Bodenh1928, Bodenh1935, Bodenh1944b, DeLott1959, Hodgso1967, Nakaha1983], Citrus aurantium [Hall1922, GonzalAt1984], Citrus grandis [DeLott1959], Citrus histrix [Ballou1926], Citrus limon [Bodenh1924, Newste1917b, Green1923b, TerGri1954, DeLott1959, EzzatHu1969, Nakaha1983, GonzalAt1984], Citrus limon [Potaev1993, Granar1999], Citrus medica [Hall1922], Citrus nobilis deliciosa [DeLott1959], Citrus paradisi [BenDov1971, GonzalAt1984], Citrus reticulata [TerGri1954, BenDov1971], Citrus sinensis [Newste1910c, Ballou1926, TerGri1954, DeLott1967a, EzzatHu1969, Almeid1973b], Citrus sinensis [Kirkal1902, King1903b, Kirkal1904, Green1917a], Fortunella margarita [TangLi1988], Murraya [HodgsoHi1990], Pelea [Nakaha1981a]. Salicaceae: Populus [Granar1999], Populus alba [BenDov1971], Salix babylonica [Ballou1926]. Santalaceae: Phoradendron californicum [LinKoGu2013], Santalum haleakale [Nakaha1981a]. Sapindaceae: Euphoria longana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Litchi chinensis [Waite1986], Nephelium lappaceum [HernanNiMa2011]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Ballou1926], Calocarpum [GillNaWi1977], Chrysophyllum cainito [Ballou1926], Lucuma mammosa [Ballou1926], Lucuma nervosa [Ballou1926], Pometia pinnata [WilliaWa1990]. Saxifragaceae: Hydrangea integerrima [GillNaWi1977], Saxifraga sarmentosa [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Scrophulariaceae: Myoporum lactum [Willia2013]. Selanginellaceae: Selanginella [Nakaha1981a]. Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus glandulosa [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Solanaceae: Capsicum frutescens [WilliaWa1990], Cestrum parqui [Granar1999], Datura metel [BenDov1993], Lycium [CarnerPe1986], Physalis [HodgsoHi1990], Solanum aviculare [HodgsoHe2000], Solanum jasminoides [DeLott1959], Solanum villosum [BenDov1971]. Sterculiaceae: Dombeya [Hodgso1967], Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1990]. Styracaceae: Styrax officinalis [BenDov1971]. Theaceae: Camellia [DeLott1959, Hodgso1969a, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Camellia japonica [TaoWoCh1983], Camellia sinensis [Green1904d, Green1937, DeLott1959, Hodgso1967, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, Granar1999]. Thymelaeaceae: Pimelea [HodgsoHe2000]. Tiliaceae: Grewia [DeLott1959]. Tropaeolaceae: Tropaeolum majus [Granar1999]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [HodgsoHi1990], Ulmus campestris [Moghad2013a]. Urticaceae: Pellionia [HodgsoHi1990], Pilea [Cocker1897k, Green1923b, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia marina [BenDov2012], Callicarpa formosana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Clerodendrum inerme [WilliaWa1990], Duranta repens [BenDov1971], Premna corymbosa [WilliaWa1990], Raphithamnus spinosus [KozarzRe1975], Vitex agnus-castus [BenDov2012], Vitex lucens [HodgsoHe2000]. Viscaceae: Korthalsella lindsayi [HenderSuRo2010], Viscum sp. [BenDov2012]. Vitaceae: Cissus sicyoides [Ballou1926], Rhoicissus tridentata [Hodgso1967], Vitis vinifera [Hall1923, Hall1935, Mamet1943a, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1971, Granar1999]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia mutica [Nakaha1981a], Alpinia nutans [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971], Alpinia purpurata [WilliaBu1987], Curcuma longa [WilliaWa1990], Hedychium coronarium [Ballou1926, CarnerPe1986], Nicolaia speciosa [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1969, Almeid1973b]; Ascension Island [WilliaMe2007]; Cameroon [Vayssi1913]; Cape Verde [Fernan1975, SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Eritrea [DeLott1959]; Ethiopia [DeLott1965a]; Kenya [Newste1917b, DeLott1959]; Madagascar [Mamet1954]; Malawi [DeLott1959, Hodgso1969a]; Mali [MuniapWaVa2012]; Mauritius [Mamet1936, Mamet1943a, DeLott1959]; Nigeria [DeLott1959]; Reunion [Mamet1952, Mamet1957, GermaiMiPa2014]; Saint Helena; Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Seychelles [Green1914d] (Aldabra Island [Green1907, WilliaMa2009b]); Sierra Leone [DeLott1959]; Somalia [Schmut1964]; South Africa [Cocker1894t, Kirkal1902, Brain1920a, Mamet1943a, DeLott1959, Anneck1966]; Sudan [DeLott1959]; Tanzania [Newste1911a, Green1916a, Mamet1943a, DeLott1959]; Uganda [Newste1910c, DeLott1959]; Zaire; Zambia [Hodgso1969a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935, DeLott1959, DeLott1965a, Hodgso1967, Hodgso1969a]. Australasian: American Samoa; Australia [Kirkal1902, Frogga1915, Mamet1943a, DeLott1959] (Australian Capital Territory [LinKoGu2013], New South Wales [LinKoGu2013], Northern Territory [SmithBeBr1997], Queensland [SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [SmithBeBr1997, RakimoBeWh2013], Victoria [SmithBeBr1997, RakimoBeWh2013], Western Australia [SmithBeBr1997, RakimoBeWh2013]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Mamet1943a]; Christmas Island [AbbottGr2007]; Cook Islands; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands); Fiji; French Polynesia; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, Mamet1943a]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [WatsonMuSh2014]); Kiribati; Marshall Islands; New Caledonia; New Zealand [Cocker1893k, Kirkal1902, Mamet1943a, HenderSuRo2010]; Norfolk Island; Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Western Samoa. Nearctic: Canada [King1901f, Mamet1943a] (Alberta, British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989]); Mexico [Cocker1899n, Mamet1943a, GonzalAt1984, MyartsRu2000] (Colima [Cocker1903a], Veracruz [Cocker1899n]); United States of America (California [Ferris1920b], Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Maine [King1903b], Maryland, Massachusetts [King1899b], Missouri, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Wyoming). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua); Argentina [Mamet1943a] (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Chaco [Granar1999], Corrientes [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999], Jujuy [GranarCl2003], Mendoza [Granar1999], Misiones [Granar1999], Rio Negro [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999], Santa Fe [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990]; Brazil (Espirito Santo [MartinCuWo2004, CulikMaVe2007], Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo); Chile [Kirkal1902, Mamet1943a, RipaLaRo2008a, KondoGu2010]; Colombia [LongoMaPe1995, Kondo2001, Kondo2008a]; Cuba [Ballou1926, MestreHaEv2011]; Ecuador; El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Galapagos Islands [Frogga1915, CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Guyana [Kondo2013]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Cocker1893k, Cocker1899n, Kirkal1902]; Martinique [Balach1957c]; Panama; Peru [Beders1969]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1896h, Cocker1896k]); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Bangladesh; Burma (=Myanmar) [Ali1971]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Green1908a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Andhra Pradesh [AvasthSh1991], Bihar [Ali1971, AvasthSh1991], Goa [Ali1971, Ali1973, AvasthSh1991], Gujarat [AvasthSh1991], Jammu & Kashmir [AvasthSh1991], Karnataka [AvasthSh1991], Kerala [NairMe1963, AvasthSh1991], Tamil Nadu [AvasthSh1991], Tripura [Ali1971, AvasthSh1991], Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1991], West Bengal [Green1908a, AvasthSh1991]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Ali1971]); Malaysia [Ali1971]; Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]; Philippines; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Sri Lanka [Green1904d, Green1937, Mamet1943a, DeLott1959, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1971, LongoMaPe1995]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Siddiq1966, KozarFoZa1996]; Algeria [Kirkal1902, Balach1927, Mamet1943a]; Armenia [TerGri1954, TerGri1966a]; Austria [Malump2011a] (All records are on plants grown indoors.); Azores [LopesFiMa2008]; Belgium [DeLott1959, Hodgso1994a, LongoMaPe1995] (Tabor); Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979, TrenchTrTo2010]; Canary Islands [Lindin1911a, PerezGCa1987, BenDov2013]; China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998], Xizang (=Tibet)); Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Denmark [DeLott1959]; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, Hall1924a, Mamet1943a, EzzatHu1969]; France [Balach1931a, Balach1933e, Balach1939, Hodgso1994a, Foldi2000]; Georgia; Greece [Bodenh1928, Argyri1967, Argyri1983, Kozar1985, KozarPaPa1991]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, Kozar1980, Kozar1991, KozarKoFe2013]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, KozarFoZa1996, TorabiVaHo2010, Moghad2013]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, Aziz1977]; Israel [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1935, Rosen1966, KfirRo1980, BenDov1993]; Italy [Hodgso1994a, LongoMaPe1995] (Isola D'Elba, Capoliveri.); Japan [Kirkal1904, Mamet1943a, DeLott1959]; Jordan [new]; Latvia [Rasina1955]; Lebanon; Libya [Martin1954]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, FrancoRuMa2011]; Malta [Borg1932]; Morocco [Vayssi1920, Mamet1943a, Rungs1970]; Netherlands [Hodgso1994a]; Portugal [Fernan1992, Hodgso1994a, KozarFr1995, CarvalFrAg1996]; Romania [Kozar1985]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast); Sardinia [Melis1930, Pelliz2011]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971]; Sicily [Liotta1970]; Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; South Korea [ChoJeKa2013]; Spain [LinKoGu2013]; Sweden; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Syria [Bodenh1926, BasheeAsRa2014]; Tunisia [Mamet1943a, Jarray1970]; Turkey [Bodenh1953, Tuncyu1970, Hodgso1994a, SengonUyKa1998, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan (Ashkahabad Oblast [Archan1930, Potaev1993]); Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast, Odessa Oblast); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b], England [Green1928a, MalumpBa2012], England [Newste1900a, Newste1917, Green1917a, Green1920, Green1928, DeLott1959]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a].

BIOLOGY: Females were reported to reproduce parthenogenetically in most areas. Males were not observed in California, Israel, South Africa. However, males, reported to belong to this species, were observed in England (Newstead, 1917a) and in greenhouse population in USSR (Saakyan-Baranova, 1964). Develops six annual generations in Israel (Bodenheimer, 1951a; Avidov & Harpaz, 1969); 3-5 generations in USA, southern California (Ebeling, 1959). Life history in Spain described by Llorens Climent (1984). Annecke (1966) reported that the female moults only twice before maturity. However, this might be an erroneous observation, because females in other species of Coccus as well as in most other genera develop through three larval instars. Hart & Ingle (1971) observed increased fecundity after exposure to Methyl Parathion. Encapsulation of parasitoid eggs was studied by Blumberg (1977) and Blumberg & DeBach (1981). The encapsulation of eggs of Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) and of E. lecaniorum (Mayr) was determined by Blumberg & Goldenberg (1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948), De Lotto (1959, 1965), Hodgson (1967, 1994a), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gill et al. (1977), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Kosztarab (1996), Granara de Willink (1999), Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and by Lagowska (2001). Description of adult female and first-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: The adult female is oval, flat or slightly convex. Young adult yellowish-green to yellowish-brown, flecked with brown spots, which occasionally coalesce into mottled areas. The crawlers are produced by the female into a chamber beneath the ventral derm. Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.9, a,b), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Katsoyannos (1996), Wong et al. (1999), Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and by Germain et al., (2003). Intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters in adult female studied by Lagowska (2001).

SYSTEMATICS: The taxonomy of this species has been refined and, more or less, stabilized only since the studies of De Lotto (1959, 1965). Therefore, most earlier descriptions and illustrations are inadequate for a good definition of C. hesperidum. Ben-Dov (1993) erroneously indicated that type material of Coccus patellaeformis Curtis, 1843 was lost. However, Ken Walker (Department of Entomology, Museum of Victoria, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia) in personal communication (May 2002) to Yair Ben-Dov, informed that the types are deposited in the Victoria Museum. Hodgson (1967) and Gill et al. (1977) found considerable morphological variation in some distinctive features, such as the ventral tubular ducts and the dorsal submarginal tubular ducts. Giliomee (1967) described and illustrated the adult male, based on material collected in St. Petersburg [=Leningrad], Russia from Laurus nobilis and from "citrus". The redescription and illustration of the female, named Calymnatus hesperidum by Valemberg (1980), appears to be a misidentification of a Coccus sp., which is different from C. hesperidum. Blair et al. (1964) analyzed the intraspecific variation of 18 characters of the adult female.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The brown soft scale is one of the highly polyphagous and most widely distributed soft scale species. It is regarded a citrus pest in several countries over different regions (Talhouk, 1975; Bartlett, 1978). An important pest of various fruit trees, ornamentals and in green houses (Ebeling, 1959). Lagowska (1995) reviewed the prospects of biological control in greenhouses.

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Wang & Feng 2012a: 61 (adult, female) [Key to adult female Coccus known from China]; Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 195 (female) [New Zealand]; Kosztarab 1996: 337 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1991: 77 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 82 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 26 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 38 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 63 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 141-142 (female) [Japan]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 372 (female) [Egypt]; Beardsley 1966: 483 (female) [Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1957: 294 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 294 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 1238-1246]; AbdRabHaHu2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 179-184]; AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; Alfons1875 [taxonomy: 428]; Ali1971 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 21,24-25]; Ali1973 [host, distribution: 670-671]; Almeid1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 147-148]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 3]; Anneck1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history : 205-227]; Anneck1969 [biological control: 849-854]; AnneckMy1972 [biological control: 227-274]; AnneckMy1979 [biological control: 143-150]; Archan1929 [host, distribution: 194]; Archan1930 [host, distribution: 79]; Argyri1967 [host, distribution: 68]; Argyri1970 [host, distribution, biological control: 57-65]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 23]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 338-341]; Aziz1977 [host, distribution: 46-47]; BadaryAb2011 [biological control, distribution, host: 52-53]; Badr2014 [distribution, host: 51]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 185]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 100]; Balach1932d [taxonomy, host, distribution: xxix]; Balach1932e [host, distribution: 237]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 264]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 257]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 19-20]; Bartle1969 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 875-878]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 60-62]; BartleBa1964 [life history, biological control: 496-503]; BartleBa1966 [life history, physiology, biological control: 42-45]; BasheeAsRa2014 [biological control, distribution, host: 48-52]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 483-485]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 194]; Beders1969 [host, distribution, chemical control: 933-940]; Bedfor1973 [biological control: 4-11]; Beingo1969d [biological control: 827-838]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 73-78]; BenDov2006a [host, distribution: 206]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 25, 44]; BenDov2013 [distribution, illustration: 71]; BenDovCa2006 [host, distribution: 326]; BennetRoCo1976 [economic importance, biological control: 359-395]; BernalLuMo1998 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 510-518]; BernalLuMo1999 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 191-204]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; BlairBlBo1964 [taxonomy: 129-134]; Blumbe1976a [biological control, ecology: 1396-1397]; Blumbe1977 [life history, biological control, ecology: 185-192]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeDe1981 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 73-79]; BlumbeGo1992 [life history, biological control: 57-65]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-68]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 44]; Bodenh1928 [host, distribution: 192]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 12]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 88]; Bodenh1951a [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, biological control: 354-381]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 94]; Bogo2003 [chemistry, physiology: 593-599]; BogoMa2000 [chemistry: 589-595]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 108]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8147]; Borchs1950 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 144-146]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 294-300]; Borg1919 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 33-35]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 15]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; Boulet1986 [biological control, life history, physiology: 169-200]; Brader1979 [biological control, chemical control: 225]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 3-4]; BrainKe1917 [host, distribution: 183]; Brimbl1961 [host, distribution: 1-2]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 226]; Brock1925 [economic importance, host, distribution: 349,366]; BrooksHaSm1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 513]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 210-213]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 232-233]; BuitenMcBo2004 [life history, host, distribution, biological control: 273-285]; CarmanElEw1954 [host, distributuion, chemical control: 1-11]; CarmanEwJe1951 [host, distributuion, chemical control: 1-16]; CarmanEwJe1956 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1957 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1958 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1959 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1960 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1961 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1962 [chemical control]; CarmanEwRi1980 [host, distribution, control: 14-77]; CarvalFrAg1996 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 614]; Castel1951 [biological control: 89-92]; Castel1951a [biological control: 95-98]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 209]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-339]; ChapotDe1964 [economic importance, host, distribution]; CharleCoMu2005 [host, distribution: 1-4]; ChatteGhSe2000 [host, distribution, life history: 229-233]; ChoJeKa2013 [distribution, host: 405]; Chou1947a [chemical control, taxonomy: 38]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 49,53]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 254]; Cocker1893k [taxonomy, host, distribution: 548]; Cocker1893m [taxonomy: 161]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1894i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 18-19]; Cocker1894o [taxonomy: 29-31]; Cocker1894t [distribution: 178]; Cocker1895u [taxonomy, distribution: 728]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19]; Cocker1896k [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: iv]; Cocker1897p [taxonomy, description: 590-591]; Cocker1898r [distribution: 240]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 10]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 255]; Cocker1903a [host, distribution: 162]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Cocker1933 [taxonomy: 35]; Comper1924 [biological control: 13-23]; Comper1925 [biological control: 295-326]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Comper1947a [biological control: 281-283]; Comper1961 [biological control: 177]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; Comper1969 [economic importance, biological control: 755-764]; ComperAn1961 [host, distribution, biological control: 17]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 335]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; Curtis1843a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 517-518]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; DaneelMeJa1994 [host, distribution: 72]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 200]; Danzig1995 [taxonomy: 21]; DanzigKe1981a [taxonomy: 147-152]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 44]; DarvasVi1983 [chemical control: 455-463]; Das1959 [host, distribution: 437-448]; DavidsDiFl1991 [chemical control: 1-47]; DavoodTaFa2004 [distribution, biological control: 51-66]; DavoodTaRa2002a [host, distribution, biological control: 79-80]; DavoodTaRa2004 [distribution, biological control: 129-130]; DavoodTaRa2004a [biological control: 887-899]; DeBach1958 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 187-194]; DeBach1958a [biological control: 759-768]; DeBachDiFl1951 [biological control: 1,14,347-348]; DeBachHuMa1976 [biological control: 255-285]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 31]; deLeonFoHa2006 [molecular biology, molecular data: 109-119]; DelGue1906 [host, distribution: 257-263]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-164]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 192]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 111]; Delucc1975 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 245-246]; Dougla1886b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 77-78]; Dzhash1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 179-180]; Ebelin1959 [economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control, biological control]; EhlerEn1984 [distribution, biological control, chemical control: 1-47]; Ehrhor1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 245]; ElekciSe2007 [host, distribution, biological control: 29-34]; ElmerEwCa1951 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 593-597]; ElzenKi1999 [biological control: 253-270]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 255]; EtzelLe1999 [biological control: 125-197]; Ewart1969 [chemical control: 879-880]; EwartCa1951 [chemical control, host, distribution: 1-10]; EwartCaJe1954 [chemical control: 1-11]; EwartEl1953a [economic importance, host, distribution: 352]; EwartMe1956 [chemistry: 441-447]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 393-395]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 168-170,172-174]; Fernan1972 [host, distribution: 14-15]; Fernan1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 258-261]; Fernan1975 [host, distribution: 43]; Fernan1987a [host, distribution: 34]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 60]; Ferris1920b [host, distribution: 36]; Fiedle2003 [host, distribution, control: 12-13]; Flande1936b [biological control: 251-255]; Flande1937 [biological control: 401-422]; Flande1938 [biological control: 167-180]; Flande1945a [host, distribution, biological control: 711-712]; Flande1949a [biological control: 257-274]; Flande1951b [biological control: 93-98]; Flande1953a [biological control: 266-269]; Flande1959b [biological control: 125-142]; FlandeBa1964 [biological control: 320-322]; Fletch1951 [economic importance, host, distribution: 1-24]; FlintVa1981 [biological control: 1]; Foldi1978 [taxonomy, structure: 155-163]; Foldi1997 [taxonomy, ecology: 205]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; Fonsec1953 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-53,97-114]; FrancoPa1991 [host, distribution: 283]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 5,22]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 608]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; FytizaKa1983 [biological control, life history: 273-279]; GelovaKh1983 [taxonomy]; Georgh1977 [distribution: 148]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 254]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 22]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 55-58]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-96]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, ecology: 26-27,31]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GillNaWi1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8,11,18-24]; Goeze1778 [taxonomy: 332-333]; Golan2008 [life history, physiology, honeudew]; Golan2008a [morphology, life history, physiology, honeydew: 111-121]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; GomezC1950 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-18]; GomezM1929 [taxonomy: 4]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 295-301]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 90]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 136]; GomezM1957 [host, distribution: 62]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-70]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 182]; Gonzal1969 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 839-847]; Gonzal1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 81-86]; GonzalAt1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-216]; GoszczGo2011 [biological control, distribution, host, life history: 114-115]; Gourla1930a [biological control: 339-343]; GradyRe1940 [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 1-32]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-83]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-189,197,205]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 200]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 30]; Green1914d [host, distribution: 47]; Green1916a [host, distribution: 375]; Green1917a [host, distribution: 202-203]; Green1920 [host, distribution: 124-125]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; Green1925b [host, distribution: 518]; Green1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5]; Green1928a [host, distribution: 30]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 281]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 298-300]; GriffiTh1947 [host, distribution, chemical control: 386-388]; GroveDeDa2013 [distribution, host: 378]; GruwelVoPa2005 [taxonomy, endosymbionts: 79-114]; Guerri1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 107-111]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 126-128]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 18-19]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Hall1924a [host, distribution: 9-10]; Hall1935 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 74-75]; HallFo1933 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-55]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 41-44]; HarpazRo1971 [biological control, economic importance: 458-468]; Hart1896 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 156]; HartIn1971 [chemical control, physiology: 204-208]; HartInGa1969 [host, distribution, economic importance: 855-858]; HartMy1968 [life history, ecology, control: 617-624]; Hayat1971 [biological control: 421-432]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 436]; HenderSuRo2010 [2010: 2]; HernanNiMa2011 [host: 379-380]; HickelDu1995 [host, distribution: 665-668]; Hoddle2004 [biological control]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-4]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 6]; Hodgso1969c [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 19-21]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182-185]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-196,198]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-6,8-10,12-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 163]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 20]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 511]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 185]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; Hunter1899a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75]; Iperti1961 [biological control: 14-30]; Ishii1926 [biological control: 31-36]; Jahan1999 [life history, host, distribution: 87-92]; JamesStOM1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 257-259]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 125]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134,141]; Jarray1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 85-89]; Jarray1975 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 415-456]; Jarray1981 [biological control: 51-63]; JaszaiDa1983 [chemical control: 198-202]; KansuUy1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 565-567]; KapranMiLu2004 [life history, biological control, chemistry: 113-117]; KapranWaLu2009 [life history, biological control: 652-662]; Katsoy1996 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 15,20,81-82]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 11]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 143]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; KfirPoRo1975 [life history, biological control: 707-709]; KfirPoRo1976 [biological control, life history: 287-295]; KfirRo1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 223-237]; KfirRo1980a [host, distribution, biological control: 114-115]; KfirRo1981 [biological control: 141-150]; KfirRoPo1983 [life history, biological control: 320-328]; King1899b [host, distribution: 140]; King1901f [taxonomy, host, distribution: 194]; King1903b [host, distribution: 191]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 114]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 252]; Kiritc1935 [host, distribution: 2]; Kiritc1936 [distribution: 73]; Kirkal1902 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 228]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; KondoGu2010 [host, distribution: 13]; KondoLoQu2010 [biological control: 7-13]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 337-338,342]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 82]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 67]; Kozar1983a [distribution: 146]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 201-202]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 81]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarFr1995 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 154]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 73]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 264-266]; KozarzRe1975 [taxonomy, description, economic importance, host, distribution: 23]; KreiteAuGe2006 [distribution, economic importance, host: 143]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 192]; Kuwana1909a [host, distribution: 159]; Kuwana1931b [host, distribution: 165]; Lagows1995 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 5-10]; Lagows1995a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 375-378]; Lagows2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-112]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 38]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-197]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319-323]; LeonEvCa2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 143-146]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lindin1911a [host, distribution: 33]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 71,93,98,160]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 251-252, 258]; Linnae1758 [distribution, description, host, distribution: 455]; Liotta1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 33]; LiottaMiRa1977 [host, economic importance: 29-67]; LiuXiXu2011 [biological control, anatomy, entomopathogenic fungi: 71-79]; Lloren1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; LoBueFoMi2004 [ecology, physiology, chemistry: 151-156]; LoBueFoMi2004a [biological control, life history, chemistry: 127-132]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 134, 141]; LopesFiMa2008 [host, distribution: 153-154]; Lozzia1985 [host, distribution: 122-124]; Mahbub1999 [life history, host, distribution: 87-92]; MalipaDuSm2000 [biological control: 85,86]; Malump2011a [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 50-53]; Malump2012a [economic importance: 245]; Malump2012b [distribution: 210]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance, host: 19-20,38,41]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 50,53]; MalumpRe2011 [distribution, host: 69]; Mamet1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-96]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 152]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 24-25]; Mamet1952 [host, distribution: 171]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 13]; Mamet1957 [host, distribution: 374]; Martin1954 [host, distribution: 113-116]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 68-69]; MartinCuWo2004 [host, distribution: 655-657]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 35]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 6,25,43,134,165,177]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 310-311]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 295]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 220]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 165]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 63]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 354]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 205]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; MessenVa1971 [biological control: 68-92]; MessenWiWh1976 [biological control: 209]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution: 6]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 6-7]; Moghad2013a [distribution, illustration: 8]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [illustration, structure: 147, 153]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; MohyudMa1993 [host, distribution, biological control: 467-483]; Monast1958 [economic importance, control: 131-165]; Monast1962 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 101-108]; Morris1929 [host, distribution: 39]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control: 1-39]; MuniapWaVa2012 [distribution: 4-6]; MyartsRu2000 [distribution, biological control: 7-33]; MyartsRu2011 [biological control: 65-72]; Nair1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72]; NairMe1963 [host, distribution: 139]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 390]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 4]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; NakaoTaTa1977 [biological control, host, distribution: 61-68]; NAS1975 [control]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 205-206]; Newste1892 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141]; Newste1900a [life history, host, distribution: 24]; Newste1910c [host, distribution: 187]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 164]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 360-361]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 130]; Nur1979 [taxonomy, structure: 89-104]; OmerCoJoWh1946 [biological control: 154]; Oncuer1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 18-59]; OrdoghRe1988 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 418-420]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 199]; Panis1974a [biological control: 131-134]; Panis1982 [distribution, biological control: 12-22]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 60]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294,297]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 127]; Petch1921 [biological control: 18-40]; PettitMc1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16-17]; Picard1919 [host: 3]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; PietriBiCo1969 [chemical control: 909-915]; Podsia1983a [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 272]; PonsonCo2007 [biological control, life history: 629-640]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 34, 37]; Powell1986 [biological control, host, distribution: 319-340]; Pratt1958 [host, distribution]; Quayle1911e [host, distribution, biological control: 510-515]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution: 20-22]; RabbStVa1976 [biological control: 233]; RakimoBeWh2013 [distribution, host: 372-375]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 33-35]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 348,350]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 46-47]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 70]; RayMcSt2012 [host: 312]; ReedHaIn1970 [host, distribution, ecology, economic importance: 792-794]; Reh1903 [host, distribution: 459]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 44-45]; Reider1988 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 217-218]; Reinki1964 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 70-71]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 55]; RiehlBrMc1980 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 319]; RipaLaRo2008a [description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 145-147]; Rivnay1944 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 73-81]; Rosen1966 [host, distribution, biological control: 46-48]; Rosen1969 [host, distribution, biological control: 45-53]; Rosen1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 289-292]; RugmanFoGu2010 [biological control: 266]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-94]; RzaevaYa1985 [biological control: 55-58]; Saakya1964 [host, distribution, life history: 268-296]; Saakya1965 [biological control, life history: 112-173]; SalazaSo1990 [host, distribution: 137]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 8,10]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 436-438]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 275-276]; Schimi1944 [host, distribution: 268-269]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution, life history: 552]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 18]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 518]; Schmut1957a [host, distribution: 133-140]; Schmut1964 [host, distribution: 105-106]; Schmut1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 106-108]; Schmut1990 [host, distribution, economic importance: 192]; Schmut1990a [host, distribution, economic importance: 397]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 329]; Seabra1941 [host, distribution: 8]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 104]; SengonUyKa1998 [host, distribution, biological control: 128-131]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 51]; ShutovAnMu1985 [distribution, biological control: 37]; Siddiq1966 [host, distribution, economic importance: 4-5]; Siddiq1981 [economic importance, host, distribution: 172-180]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 856,859,860,863]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 398-401]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution, biological control: 143]; Silves1921 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-11]; Simant1962a [biological control, host, distribution: 105-112]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 8]; Simmon1969a [biological control: 765-767]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; SmailiAbBo2013 [biological control: 157]; Smith1958 [host, distribution, chemical control: 335-338]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 43-45]; SmithFl1950 [biological control: 362,376,378]; Soroki1973 [biological control: 599-609]; Steinw1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 562-563]; SternAdBe1976 [biological control: 593]; Steyn1958 [host, distribution, biological control: 589-594]; Stimme1976a [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, control: 13-14]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution, economic importance: 10-11]; Stinne1977 [biological control : 515]; Su1982 [distribution: 61]; Suomal1962 [life history, physiology: 352]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 78-80]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; TabataLo2002 [chemical control: 30]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 341]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 50-51]; Takaha1929a [host, distribution: 430]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 103]; Takaha1934 [host, distribution: 36]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 16-17]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 353-354]; Takaha1950 [host, distribution: 71]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 14]; Talhou1975a [host, distribution: 409]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 126]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 86-88]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-84,85]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 80-81]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 54]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66]; Targio1884 [host, distribution: 398]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 148-151]; TerGri1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; Thro1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-209,211-212]; TorabiVaHo2010 [host, distribution: 153-162]; TrabouBe1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-13]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 231-232]; TrenchTrTo2010 [host, distribution: 114-123]; Tuncyu1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 67-80]; Tyrell1896 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267]; UedaQuIt2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data, distribution: 2319-2326]; Ulgent2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 369-375]; Ulgent2001a [host, distribution, biological control: 145-149]; Ulgent2003 [structure: 393-398]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentCaKa2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 101-102]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 49]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Valemb1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-8]; Valent1963 [biological control: 6-13]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; vanden2001a [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 165-167]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 134]; Varshn1984a [distribution, host: 140-141]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 343]; VarshnMo1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 174]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 430]; Vayssi1920 [host, distribution: 258]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 131-132]; Vicido2007 [host, distribution: 1-7]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 95-97]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 47-55]; Viggia1980 [biological control: 45-49]; Vinson1977 [life history, biological control, chemistry: 237-279]; WaageGr1986 [biological control: 169-200]; Waite1986 [host, distribution: 42]; WakuFo1984 [taxonomy, structure: 303-322]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-29]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 288]; WangFe2012a [taxonomy: 61]; WatsonMuSh2014 [distribution, host: 1595]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 55]; Webber1897 [chemical control, biological control: 53-58]; WeseloBa1971 [biological control, host, distribution, chemistry: 1259-1264]; Westwo1840 [taxonomy: 444]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 225]; Willia1985c [host, distribution: 136]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2007b [taxonomy: 444, 427-490]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 146]; Willia2013 [distribution, host: 188]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 8,22,26,27,30,31,32]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-62]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: WilliaMa2009b]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distribution: 132]; WilliaPa2012 [taxonomy: 227-229]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-93]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 104]; WoglumBo1921 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-43]; WoglumLaLa1947 [chemical control, biological control, host, distribution: 818-820]; WolfEw1955 [chemistry, honeydew: 365-372]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12,50]; Wood1962 [biological distribution, distribution: 8-11]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-67]; XieLiXu2010 [biological control, anatomy: 66-75]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion: 21-112]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166,168,169,191]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 229-302]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 118]; ZettleZeRi2012 [host: 127-134]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, distribution: 301-306].

Coccus hesperidum javanensis (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium hesperidum javanensis Newstead, 1908b: 38. Type data: JAVA: East Java, Molio-ardjo, on Liberian coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus hesperidum javanensis; Sanders, 1909b: 45. Change of combination.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea liberica [Newste1908b].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Newste1908b]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 78]; Newste1908b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39]; Sander1909a [catalogue: 45].

Coccus hordeolum Dalman

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus hordeolum Dalman, 1826: 365. Type data: SWEDEN: on Salix cinerea. Syntypes, female. Described: female.



HOST: Salicaceae: Salix cinerea [Dalman1826].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sweden [Dalman1826].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Dalman (1826).

SYSTEMATICS: This species was originally described in Coccus Linnaeus. Walker (1852) transferred it to Aspidiotus Bouche, in the Diaspididae. Targioni Tozzetti (1868) and Signoret (1869) assigned it to Lecanium. Fernald (1903b) placed it among the unrecognizable species of Coccus. Lindinger (1912b) suggested that it was a synonym of Chionaspis salicis in the Diaspididae. Borchsenius (1966) interpreted it an armoured scale, Aspidiotus hordeolum while listing it among the species incertae sedis. In ScaleNet we regard Coccus hordeolum Dalman, 1826 as a species in the family Coccidae, for two reasons. 1. The original description (Dalman, 1826) included brief textual description that reads "The female oval or almost elliptical, yellow, smooth, shining, with a little raised back ... looks like a boat upside down", as well five Figures (Figs 1-5, Tab. IV). In Figs. 3&4, Dalman clearly illustrated an anal cleft. 2. J.W. Dalman (1787-1828), who was also a taxonomist of hymenopterous parasites, described in this 1826 paper, Entedon scutellaris and E. insidiator, which he found to parasitize Coccus hordeolum. These parasitoids are currently known as Coccophagus scutellaris and C. insidiator in the Aphelinidae. The recorded host range of both species is almost exclusively species of the Coccidae.

CITATIONS: BenDovGe2003 [taxonomy: 853]; Borchs1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 369]; Dalman1826 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365-366]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, distribution: 326]; Ferris1941e [taxonomy: 44]; Lindin1912 [taxonomy: 364]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 856]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 731]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1068]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 26].

Coccus illuppalamae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium illuppalamae Green, 1922a: 1021. Type data: SRI LANKA: Maha Illuppalama, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus illuppalamae; Ali, 1971: 25. Change of combination.

Coccus illupalamae; Tang, 1991: 77. Misspelling of species name.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 77 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 25]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 78]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1021-1022]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 303]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 88]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27].

Coccus incisus (King in Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Calymnatus incisus King in Cockerell, 1902p: 255. Type data: SOUTH AMERICA (Country not indicated): on nutmeg [=Torreya nucifera]. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Coccus incisus; Sanders, 1906: 8. Change of combination.



HOST: Taxaceae: Torreya nucifera [Cocker1902p].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 79]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 255]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 8]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27].

Coccus inquilinus (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium inquilinum Newstead, 1920: 189. Type data: GUYANA: 'Cattle Trail Survey', host plant of type material not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Myzolecanium inquilinum; Lindinger, 1957: 544. Change of combination.

Coccus inquilinum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 79. Change of combination.

Coccus inquilinus; Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 27. Justified emendation.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA : Acromyrmex [Newste1920].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1920].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 79]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-190]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27].

Coccus insolens (King in Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium insolens King in Cockerell, 1902i: 255. Type data: BRAZIL: Locality not indicated, on Philodendron sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Coccus insolens; Silva et al., 1968: 143. Change of combination.



HOST: Araceae: Philodendron [SilvadGoGa1968, Cocker1902p].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 79]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 255]; Sander1906 [host, distribution: 10]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27].

Coccus inyangombae Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus inyangombae Hodgson, 1967: 5. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Inyangombe Falls, Inyanga, on Strychnos lugens. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Loganiaceae: Strychnos lucens [Hodgso1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 79]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-6]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27].

Coccus jaculator (Green & Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium jaculator Green & Laing, 1924: 418. Type data: GUYANA: East Coast of Demerara, Belfield, on Montrichardia aculeata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus jaculator; Ben-Dov, 1993: 79. Change of combination.



HOST: Araceae: Montrichardia aculeata [GreenLa1924].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [GreenLa1924].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 79]; GreenLa1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 418]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27].

Coccus koleos

No valid record found for this species

Coccus kosztarabi Avasthi & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus kosztarabi Avasthi & Shafee, 1984: 389. Type data: INDIA: Mysore, Tumkur, on Mangifera indica. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [AvasthSh1984, ShafeeYoKh1989, AvasthSh1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Karnataka [AvasthSh1984, AvasthSh1991]).

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-392]; AvasthSh1991 [host, distribution: 341]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 79]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 51]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 28].

Coccus latioperculatum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium latioperculatum Green, 1922a: 1022. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on undetermined shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium latioperculum; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 30. Misspelling of species name.

Coccus latioperculatum; Ali, 1971: 26. Change of combination.

Coccus lateroperculatus; Tang, 1991: 77. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium [ShafeeYoKh1989], Anacardium occidentale [Green1937, Ali1971], Mangifera indica [Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Spondias mangifera [AvasthSh1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Tamil Nadu [Ali1971, AvasthSh1991]); Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971, AvasthSh1991].

BIOLOGY: Attended by the ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) (Green, 1922).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1922a) and by Avasthi & Shafee (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 77 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 26]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 341-343]; BasheeJa1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 261-266]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 79-80]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1022]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 303]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 50]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 51]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 88-89]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control, chemical control, economic importance: 26]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 29].

Coccus leurus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus leurus De Lotto, 1966: 43. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Umkomaas, on Putterlickia verrucosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Carissa bispinosa [DeLott1966]. Celastraceae: Putterlickia verrucosa [DeLott1966].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1966].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 80]; DeLott1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-46]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 29].

Coccus lidgetti (Fernald)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium australis Lidgett, 1901b: 59. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Myrniong, on Acacia implexa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Homonym of Lecanium australe Walker.

Lecanium lidgetti Fernald, 1903b: 212. Replacement name for Lecanium australis Lidgett, 1901.

Coccus lidgetti; Ben-Dov, 1993: 80. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia implexa [Lidget1901].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 80]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 212]; Lidget1901b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 29].

Coccus litzeae Rutherford

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus litzeae Rutherford, 1915: 111. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Litsea longifolia. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium litseae; Green, 1937: 305. Misspelling of species name.

Coccus litseae; Ali, 1971: 26. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Lauraceae: Litsea longifolia [Ruther1915a, Green1922, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 26]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 80]; Green1922 [host, distribution: 465]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 305]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Ruther1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-112]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 30].

Coccus lizeri (Fonseca)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium lizeri Fonseca, 1957: 133. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Campinas, on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Coccus lizeri; Ben-Dov, 1993: 80. Change of combination.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea [Fonsec1957].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Fonsec1957]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Fonseca (1957) and by Granara de Willink et al. (2010).

KEYS: Granara de Willink et al. 2010: 397 (female) [Coccus species on coffe in Brazil].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 80]; Fonsec1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135]; GranarPiFe2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-397]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 30].

Coccus longulus (Douglas)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium angustatum; Douglas, 1887a: 25. Misidentification.

Lecanium longulum Douglas, 1887b: 97. Type data: ENGLAND: Harrow, on Acacia catechu. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1977: 93. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium chirimoliae Maskell, 1890: 137. Type data: FIJI: on Annona tripetala. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1893g: 50. Notes: Type material probably lost (Deitz & Tocker, 1980).

Lecanium ficus Maskell, 1897b: 243. Type data: CHINA: Swatow, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 438.

Coccus longulum; Kirkaldy, 1902: 106. Change of combination.

Coccus ficus; Fernald, 1903b: 168. Change of combination.

Lecanium frontale Green, 1904d: 192. Type data: SRI LANKA [=CEYLON]: Pundaluoya, on Calophyllum sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1977: 93. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 438.

Coccus frontalis; Sanders, 1906: 8. Change of combination.

Coccus elongatus; Sanders, 1909a: 438. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1977: 89.

Lecanium (Coccus) celtium Kuwana, 1909b: 162. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara Islands (=Bonin Islands), on Celtis sinensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1955b: 69.

Coccus celtium; Sasscer, 1911: 66. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Coccus) longulus; Pettit & McDaniel, 1920: 17. Change of combination.

Mesolecanium uvicola Hempel, 1920a: 349. Type data: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Taboas, on grapevine imported from Chile. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Granara de Willink, 2012: 2-3.

Coccus elongatum; Brain, 1920a: 5. Misidentification.

Lecanium wistariae Brain, 1920a: 8. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Uitenhage, on Wistaria [=Wisteria] sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957c: 301.

Coccus (Lecanium) longulus; Hall, 1922: 19. Change of combination and rank.

Leucanium frontal; Seabra, 1925: 37. Misspelling of genus and species names.

Lecanium kraunhianum Lindinger, 1928: 107. Replacement name for Lecanium wistariae Brain; synonymy by De Lotto, 1959: 160.

Lecanium (Coccus) frontale; Green, 1937: 299. Change of combination.

Coccus frontalis; Mamet, 1943a: 151. Change of combination.

Coccus celticum; Takahashi, 1955b: 69. Misspelling of species name.

Parthenolecanium wistaricola Borchsenius, 1957: 349. Replacement name for Lecanium wistariae Brain; synonymy by De Lotto, 1965a: 192.

Coccus longulus; Ben-Dov, 1977: 89. Revived status.

Coccus logulus; Moharana, 1990: 48. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: long brown scale [GillNaWi1977, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993].



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave sisalana [Nakaha1981a], Dracaena [Nakaha1981a]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Nakaha1981a], Rhus [Ali1971]. Annonaceae: Annona [Green1904d, EzzatHu1969, Ali1971, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995], Annona cherimolia [Green1937, Ali1971], Annona glabra [Ali1971], Annona montana [Ali1971], Annona muricata [Green1904d, Ali1971, NakahaMi1981, Nakaha1981a, Kondo2008a], Annona reticulata [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Annona squamosa [Green1907, CockerRo1915a, Mamet1943a, DeLott1957c, Ali1971, BenDov1977], Cananga odorata [WilliaWa1990]. Apocynaceae: Ervatamia orientalis [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria [Nakaha1981a]. Araceae: Anthurium [BenDov1977, Nakaha1981a], Caladium [Nakaha1981a], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaWa1990], Cyrtosperma chamissonis [WilliaWa1990], Dieffenbachia picta [WilliaWa1990], Epipremnum pinnatum [WilliaWa1990], Spathiphyllum [Nakaha1981a], Spathiphyllum lanceifolium [NakahaMi1981], Spathipyllum blandum [Green1904d]. Araliaceae: Schefflera [WilliaWa1990]. Arecaceae: Archontophoenix cunninghami [Nakaha1981a], Areca catechu [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Chamaerops humilis [CarnerPe1986], Cocos nucifera [Nakaha1981a], Ptychosperma sanderianum [Nakaha1981a]. Asteraceae: Cosmos [Nakaha1981a], Senecio [WilliaWa1990], Wedelia biflora [WilliaWa1990]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [GillNaWi1977, Nakaha1981a]. Bignoniaceae: Tabebuia heterophylla [GillNaWi1977], Tecoma smithii [Hall1923, EzzatHu1969]. Boraginaceae: Cordia [WilliaWa1990]. Cannaceae: Canna [Nakaha1981a]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [Kirkal1902, Nakaha1981a]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Green1907, Mamet1943a, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Casuarina equisetifolia [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, WilliaWi1988]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971], Calophyllum inophyllum [Ali1971], Hypericum [HodgsoHe2000]. Cobaeaceae: Cobaea scandens [Nakaha1981a]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [LincanHoCa2010]. Commelinaceae: Zebrina pendula [Nakaha1981a]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita pepo [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Cupressaceae: Thuja compacta [AvasthSh1991]. Erythroxylaceae: Erythroxylum [WilliaWa1990], Erythroxylum coca [KawaiMaUm1971], Erythroxylum coca spruceanum [Ali1971]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Nakaha1981a], Acalypha tricolor [WilliaWa1990], Aleurites fordii [WilliaWa1990], Aleurites moluccana [Nakaha1981a], Aleurites triloba [WilliaWa1990], Codiaeum [Laing1933, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Codiaeum variegatum [Ferris1921a, Ali1971, GillNaWi1977], Croton [Ali1971, GillNaWi1977], Euphorbia [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Dougla1887b, Nakaha1981a], Excoecaria agallocha [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, WilliaWa1990], Jatropha curcas [WilliaWa1990], Jatropha hastata [Nakaha1981a], Pedilanthus [WilliaWa1990]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Hall1922, Ramakr1930, Hall1935, DeLott1957c, KfirRo1980, Nakaha1981a], Acacia angustissima [Willia2010], Acacia arabica [Hall1922, Hall1923], Acacia catechu [Dougla1887b, Green1904d], Acacia confusa [Ferris1921a, Ali1971], Acacia culturiformis [Hodgso1967], Acacia dealba [Green1904d, Ali1971], Acacia decurrens [Hall1935], Acacia farnesiana [Ballou1926], Acacia longifolia [GillNaWi1977], Acacia melanoxylon [Brain1920a, Hall1935, DeLott1957c], Acacia mellifera [WilliaWa1990], Acacia seyal [DeLott1957c], Acacia simplex [WilliaWa1990], Albizia [Green1896, Green1904d, Newste1911, Ramakr1930, Hall1935, Ali1971], Albizia falcata [WilliaWa1990], Albizia lebbek [Hall1923, Mamet1943a, Mamet1951, Mamet1978, Matile1988], Arachis hypogaea [Mamet1954], Bauhinia [Mamet1943a, BenDov1977], Caesalpinia decapetala [DeLott1957c], Caesalpinia pulcherrima [WilliaWa1990], Cajanus cajan [Hall1922, DeLott1957c, NakahaMi1981, Nakaha1983, EtiennMa1993], Cajanus flavus [Nakaha1981a, EtiennMa1993], Cajanus indicus [Hall1922, Hall1935], Calliandra haematocephala [Ali1971], Carmichaelia australis [HodgsoHe2000], Cassia [Almeid1973b], Cassia grandis [Nakaha1981a], Cassia siamea [EtiennMa1993], Ceratonia siliqua [BenDov1977], Chordospartium stevensonii [HodgsoHe2000], Dalbergia assamica [DeLott1957c], Delonix regia [Nakaha1981a], Dentrosema plumieri [MestreHaEv2011], Derris [WilliaWa1990], Derris laxiflora [Ali1971], Desmodium umbellatum [WilliaWa1990], Dichrostachys nutans [Hall1923], Dolichos [DeLott1957c], Gliricidia maculata [WilliaWa1990], Gliricidia sepium [GillNaWi1977], Glycine hispida [WilliaWi1988], Inocarpus fagifer [WilliaWa1990], Leucaena glauca [WilliaWa1990], Leucaena leucocephala [WilliaWa1990], Millettia nitida [Ali1971], Mimosa pudica [WilliaWa1990], Mucuna [Nakaha1981a], Phaseolus limensis [Nakaha1981a], Phaseolus puearia [NakahaMi1981], Pithecellobium dulce [Ali1971, GillNaWi1977], Pithecellobium saman [Ballou1926, WilliaWa1990], Pongamia glabra [ShafeeYoKh1989], Pongamia pinnata [MangalSuNa2012], Prosopis farcta [BenDov2012], Pterocarpus indicus [WilliaWa1990], Pueraria thunbergiana [DeLott1957c], Samanea saman [Ali1971], Tamarindus indica [ShafeeYoKh1989], Tephrosia candida [WilliaWa1990], Vigna unquiculata [WilliaWa1990, EtiennMa1993], Wisteria [Brain1920a]. Felicidae: 'Ferns' [HodgsoHi1990]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [Nakaha1981a]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [Nakaha1981a]. Lauraceae: Laurus [HodgsoHi1990], Laurus mobilis [BenDov2012], Persea americana [WilliaWa1990], Persea borbonia [GillNaWi1977]. Liliaceae: Cordyline terminalis [Nakaha1981a]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Green1904d, Ramakr1930], Loranthus longiflorus [Green1937, Ali1971]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia stellata [HodgsoHe2000]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia glabra [Mamet1943a]. Malvaceae: Gossypium herbaceum [Ferris1921a], Hibiscus [Hodgso1967, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Ferris1921a, Ali1971], Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaWa1990], Malvastrum tricuspidatum [KawaiMaUm1971], Malvaviscus arboreus [WilliaWa1990]. Marantaceae: Maranta sp. [BenDov2012]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus [WilliaWa1990], Artocarpus integra [WilliaWa1990], Ficus [Green1904d, DeLott1957c, EzzatHu1969], Ficus benghalensis [KfirRo1980], Ficus benjamina [WilliaWa1990], Ficus boninsimae [KawaiMaUm1971], Ficus carica [WilliaWa1990], Ficus lyrata [BenDov1977], Ficus megapoda [Mamet1959a], Ficus nitida [Hall1923], Ficus retusa [Green1930c, Ali1971, BenDov1977], Ficus rubiginosa [BenDov1977], Ficus tinctoria [WilliaWa1990], Morus [Ali1971], Morus alba [Ferris1921a, Ali1971, BenDov1977]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaWa1990, Nakaha1981a]. Myricaceae: Myrica fragifera [Green1904d], Myrica rubra [Ferris1921a, Ali1971]. Myrtaceae: Metrosideros [Nakaha1981a], Myrtus communis [Brain1920a], Psidium [Kirkal1902, Green1904d], Psidium guajava [Nakaha1981a], Syzygium [HodgsoHi1990]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Nakaha1981a]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum [Nakaha1981a], Osmanthus fragrans [Ali1971]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [Green1904d, WilliaWa1990]. Pinaceae: Pinus caribaea [WilliaWa1990]. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago capensis [Nakaha1981a]. Poaceae: Bambusa [Kirkal1902, Green1904d, Nakaha1981a], Brachiaria brizantha [Hall1935], Saccharum officinarum [GomezM1957]. Polygonaceae: Hamalocladium platycladum [BenDov2012]. Proteaceae: Finschia [WilliaWa1990], Grevillea [Green1896, Green1904d], Grevillea robusta [Green1937, Ali1971]. Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera sexangula [Nakaha1981a]. Rosaceae: Rosa [Brain1920a, Mamet1943a, GillNaWi1977, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Rubus [Hodgso1967, Nakaha1981a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [WilliaWa1990], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1990], Gardenia [Nakaha1981a], Gardenia florida [Ali1971], Ixora [Nakaha1981a]. Rutaceae: Boninia glabra [KawaiMaUm1971], Citrus [Kirkal1902, Green1904d, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1990], Citrus reticulata [BenDov1977, ShafeeYoKh1989], Citrus sinensis [Ali1971], Melicope ternata [HodgsoHe2000]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Ali1971, GillNaWi1977], Pometia pinnata [Ali1971]. Solanaceae: Cestrum [Nakaha1981a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Strick1947a, WilliaWa1990]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia [Nakaha1981a]. Theaceae: Camellia [Nakaha1981a]. Ulmaceae: Celtis boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971], Celtis sinensis [Kuwana1909a, Sassce1911]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971]. Vitaceae: Ciccus verticillata [MestreHaEv2011], Cissus sicyoides [Ballou1926], Vitis [Hempel1920a, Green1908a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Vitis vinifera [Green1908a, Hall1923, Hall1935, Hodgso1967, EzzatHu1969, Ali1971], Vitis vinifera [ShafeeYoKh1989, HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1978]; Angola [Almeid1973b]; Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990, BenDov1993]; Kenya [DeLott1957c]; Madagascar [Mamet1951, Mamet1954, Mamet1962]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Saint Helena [BenDov1993]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Seabra1925]); Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Seychelles [Green1907, Mamet1943a] (Aldabra Island [WilliaMa2009b]); South Africa [Brain1920a, Mamet1943a, DeLott1957c]; Uganda [Newste1911]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967]. Australasian: American Samoa [DoaneFe1916]; Australia (New South Wales [SmithBeBr1997, RakimoBeWh2013], Northern Territory [Frogga1915], Queensland [SmithBeBr1997], South Australia, Western Australia [RakimoBeWh2013]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]. Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Mamet1943a]. Australasian: Cook Islands; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands); Fiji [Mamet1943a]; French Polynesia (Society Islands [DoaneHa1909]); Guam; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, Mamet1943a]); Kiribati (Gilbert Islands); Marshall Islands; New Caledonia [Laing1933]; New Zealand [Mamet1943a, HodgsoHe2000]; Northern Mariana Islands [Mamet1943a]; Palau [Mamet1943a]; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Tonga; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Western Samoa [BenDov1993]. Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n, Mamet1943a]. Nearctic: Mexico (Chihuahua). Nearctic: Mexico (Distrito Federal [BenDov1993], Guerrero [BenDov1993], Nuevo Leon [BenDov1993], San Luis Potosi [BenDov1993], Veracruz [BenDov1993]); United States of America (Alabama [BenDov1993], California [BenDov1993], Delaware [BenDov1993], Florida [BenDov1993], Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas). Neotropical: Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990]; Brazil (Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Minas Gerais); Colombia [Kondo2008a]; Cuba [Ballou1926, MestreHaEv2011]; Ecuador; Galapagos Islands [LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Honduras; Panama [Cocker1899n]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [NakahaMi1981]); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Green1908a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Andhra Pradesh [AvasthSh1991], Assam [Green1908a, Ali1971, AvasthSh1991], Karnataka [AvasthSh1991], Tamil Nadu [AvasthSh1991]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Ali1971]); Philippines [Cocker1905f, Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Ferris1921a, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1971]. Palaearctic: Canary Islands; China [Mamet1943a]; Cyprus; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, Mamet1943a, EzzatHu1969, EzzatNa1987]; France [Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Germany; Israel [BenDov1977, KfirRo1980, BenDov1993]; Japan [Sassce1911, Kuwana1917, Mamet1943a]; Lebanon; Netherlands [Jansen1995]; Saudi Arabia; United Kingdom (England [Mamet1943a]).

BIOLOGY: El-Minshawy & Moursi (1976) studied the duration of development and fecundity on guava, in Egypt. Buckley & Gullan (1991) showed, in Papua New Guinea, that attendance by the aggressive ant, Iridomyrmex nitidus (Mayr), reduces the rate of parasitization.

GENERAL REMARKS: Most records of Coccus elongatus (Signoret) - of authors - until 1977, were misidentifications of Coccus longulus. Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1977), Gill et al. (1977), Tao et al. (1980), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate oval; up to 7 mm long; dorsum of young female yellow with dark brown mottling, while in fully grown female it is uniformly brown. Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.10), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Wong et al. (1999), Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and by Germain et al., (2003).

SYSTEMATICS: Ben-Dov (1977) showed that the earliest available binomen for this species was Lecanium longulum Douglas and not Lecanium elongatum Signoret. The erroneous synonymy of L. elongatum over L. longulum and the erroneous usage of the former were introduced by Sanders (1909). Lecanium elongatum Signoret is a junior synonym of Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Wang & Feng 2012a: 61 (adult, female) [Key to adult female Coccus known from China]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 195 (female) [New Zealand]; Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 82 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 38 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 63 (female) [Taiwan]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 372 (female) [Egypt]; Beardsley 1966: 483 (female) [Micronesia]; Zimmerman 1948: 293 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; Ali1971 [host, distribution: 23-24]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 3]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 343]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 19]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 483-484]; BenDov1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-95]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 80-83, 183]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26, 44]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-6,8]; BrainKe1917 [host, distribution: 183]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 225-226]; BuckleGu1991 [biological control: 282-286]; CharleCoMu2005 [host, distribution: 1-4]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 50-51]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1894i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 18-19]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1898r [host, distribution: 240]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 11]; Cocker1905f [host, distribution: 130]; CockerRo1915a [host, distribution: 428]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 28]; DeLott1957c [host, distribution: 301-303]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy: 160]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 192]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-247]; DoaneFe1916 [host, distribution: 399]; DoaneHa1909 [host, distribution: 297]; Dougla1887b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-98]; ElMinsMo1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 363-371]; Essig1909 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 31-33]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 255]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 391-393]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 168,171-172]; Ferris1921a [host, distribution: 212]; Flande1932 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1240-1241]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 609]; Georgh1977 [host, distribution: 148]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 255]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 22,23]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 28,32]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GillNaWi1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 24-28]; GomezM1957 [host, distribution: 62]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192,221-222]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 201]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 30]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 299]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 39]; Hall1935 [host, distribution: 148]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-47]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 349-350,372-373]; Hodgso1967 [host, distribution: 2]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195,197-199]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 3,5,7,10,12-13,19-20]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 20]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 141]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 143-144]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 16]; KfirRo1980 [biological control, host, distribution: 115]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 106]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, biological control, host, distribution: 228]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 193]; Kuwana1909a [host, distribution: 159]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16-18]; Laing1933 [host, distribution: 676]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-200]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 251-252, 258]; MalumpTr2012 [distribution: 220]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 151]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 224]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 12]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 376]; Mamet1962 [host, distribution: 160]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 105]; MangalSuNa2012 [description, distribution, host, ecology: 110-116]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 35]; Maskel1890 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 137-138]; Maskel1891 [taxonomy: 16]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 15]; Maskel1898 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 237]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 294-295]; Matile1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 165]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 6]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 147, 154]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 192]; Morris1929 [host, distribution: 39]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control: 1-39]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 390]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 4]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 92]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy: 19]; PettitMc1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17]; RakimoBeWh2013 [distribution, host, molecular data: 372-378]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 34]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 348,349]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 46]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Reh1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 458]; Robins1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; Sander1906 [host, distribution: 8]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 438-439]; Sassce1911 [host, distribution: 66]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution: 18]; Schmut1957a [host, distribution: 136]; Seabra1925 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37-38]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 51]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 8]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 46-47]; Srivas1964 [host, distribution: 83-91]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 499]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 80]; Takaha1955a [host, distribution: 69]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-90]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 54]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-67]; Thro1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 49]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 134]; VarshnMo1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 174]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; WangFe2012a [taxonomy: 61]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 146]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 22,23,30]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 118]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-94]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 56]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 104]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12-13,50]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 169,170,191]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 300-301].

Coccus lumpurensis Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus lumpurensis Takahashi, 1952: 12. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kuala Lumpur, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kuala Lumpur: Selangor Museum, Malaysia. Described: female.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Takaha1952, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 77 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 26]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 83]; Takaha1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-13]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 30].

Coccus macarangae Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus macarangae Morrison, 1921: 663. Type data: SINGAPORE: Selangor Forest, collected in hollow stems of Macaranga sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [Morris1921, Ali1971, HeckroFiGu1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [Ali1971].

BIOLOGY: Occupies the hollow stems of myrmecophytic species of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in association with ants of the genus Crematogaster (Heckroth et al., 1998)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description of the adult female given by Morrison (1921).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 83]; HeckroFiGu1998 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 427-443]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 663-665]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90-91]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 30].

Coccus macarangicolus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus macarangicolus Takahashi, 1952: 14. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kuala Lumpur, on Macaranga triloba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kuala Lumpur: Selangor Museum, Malaysia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [HeckroFiGu1998], Macaranga triloba [Takaha1952, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971].

BIOLOGY: Occupies the hollow stems of myrmecophytic species of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in association with ants of the genus Crematogaster (Takahashi, 1952; Heckroth et al., 1998)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1952).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 26]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 83]; HeckroFiGu1998 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 427-443]; Takaha1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-15]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 91]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 30].

Coccus malloti (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria malloti Takahashi, 1956: 25. Type data: JAPAN: Kyoto, Tokyo and Yokohama, on Euonymus oxyphilla, Aphananthe aspera, Mallotus japonicus, Pittosporum tobira, Illicium religiosum and Cornus controversa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.

Coccus malloti; Kawai, 1980: 144. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Celastraceae: Euonymus oxyphilla [Takaha1956]. Cornaceae: Cornus controversa [Takaha1956]. Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus japonicus [Takaha1956]. Illiciaceae: Illicium religiosum [Takaha1956]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira [Takaha1956]. Ulmaceae: Aphananthe aspera [Takaha1956].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1956).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 11,a,b).

KEYS: Tang 1992: 77 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 141-142 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 83-84]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 16]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 144]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Takaha1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 91-92]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 31].

Coccus melaleucae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium melaleucae Maskell, 1898: 239. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Palmer Island, Clarence River, on Melaleuca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Coccus melaleucae; Fernald, 1903b: 172. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca [Maskel1898].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 84]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 30]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 172]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 609]; King1902b [host, distribution]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Maskel1898 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-240]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 31]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170,191].

Coccus milanjianus Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus milanjianus Hodgson, 1968a: 114. Type data: MALAWI: Mount Mlanje (7000 feet), on Tarenna pavettoides. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Tarenna pavettoides [Hodgso1968a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Malawi [Hodgso1968a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1968a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 84]; Hodgso1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-116]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 32].

Coccus moestus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus moestus De Lotto, 1959: 164. Type data: ZANZIBAR: on clove tree. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: moestus soft scale [GillNaWi1977].



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [DeLott1959], Mangifera indica [DeLott1959]. Aspleniaceae: Neottopteris nidus [KawaiMaUm1971]. Euphorbiaceae: Drypetes integerrima [KawaiMaUm1971]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola [Beards1966]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [WilliaWa1990]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus glabra [KawaiMaUm1971]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [GillNaWi1977]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia aromatica [DeLott1959].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1959]; Tanzania; Zanzibar [DeLott1959]. Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands, Truk Islands); Guam; Palau; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides). Neotropical: Costa Rica; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guyana; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [NakahaMi1981]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad). Palaearctic: China; Japan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1959), Beardsley (1966), Gill et al. (1977), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Wang & Feng 2012a: 61 (adult, female) [Key to adult female Coccus known from China]; Tang 1991: 77 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 83 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Kawai 1980: 141-142 (female) [Japan]; Beardsley 1966: 483 (female) [Micronesia].

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 483,485-487]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 84]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-166]; GillNaWi1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-30]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 142]; Kawai1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 16]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 165]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-93]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 54-55]; WangFe2012a [taxonomy: 61]; WheeleHe2005 [host, distribution, life history: 209-213]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 32]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-96].

Coccus muiri Kotinsky

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus tuberculatus Kotinsky, 1908: 168. Type data: SINGAPORE: on leaves of undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Homonym of Coccus tuberculatus Bouche.

Coccus muiri Kotinsky, 1908a: 37. Replacement name for Coccus tuberculatus Kotinsky, 1908.



HOSTS: Brassicaceae: Brassica actinophylla [Takaha1952, Ali1971]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia [Takaha1952, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971]; Singapore [Sassce1911, Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 77 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 28]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 84-85]; Kotins1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-169]; Kotins1908a [taxonomy: 37]; Sassce1911 [host, distribution: 67]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 11-12]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 93-94]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 32,46].

Coccus multisetus Wang & Feng

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus multisetus Wang & Feng, 2012a: 62-64. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Prov., Natural Reserve of Mengyang, 5/17/2012, on Mangifera indica, by Fang Wang. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Shaanxi: Entomological Museum of the Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Baishui, Shaanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [WangFe2012a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [WangFe2012a]).

BIOLOGY: Found in ant nests.

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Wang & Feng, 2012a.

STRUCTURE: Adult female convex, sometimes nearly hemispherical; dark brown with a pale brown marginal band. Dried materials hard, bearing many ridges from median longitudinal ridge. (Wang & Feng, 2012a)

SYSTEMATICS: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F00857A0-3484-4537-96EC-A D2C10B67F15 Adult females of C. multisetus are superficially similar to those of C. formicarii (Green), which also had been collected in the nests of ants on Mangifera indica. This species and C. formicarii share some distinct characteristics: 1) presence of setose dorsal setae; 2) lack of a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; 3) pregenital disc-pores restricted to around anal opening, and 4) lack of dorsal tubular ducts and submarginal tubercles. These distinct characteristics of the two species differ from those of typical Coccus, and might be due to their myrmecophilous habit and adaptation to living inside ant nests, However, C. multisetus can be distinguished by the possession of the following features (character states of C. formicarii in brackets): 1) 2 pairs of pregenital setae present (3 pairs); 2) 6 or 7 apical or subapical setae on each plate (3 or 4); 3) a submarginal band of ventral tubular ducts (absent); 4) dorsal setae nearly absent on median area (present), and 5) absence of a denticle on the claw (present). (Wang & Feng, 2012a)

KEYS: Wang & Feng 2012a: 61 (adult, female) [Key to adult female Coccus known from China].

CITATIONS: WangFe2012a [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 62-63].

Coccus murex Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus murex Hodgson, 1969a: 6. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Chimanimani Mountains, near Outward Bound School, on Brachystegia tamarinoides. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Brachystegia tamarinoides [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 85]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-8]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 32].

Coccus nyika Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus nyika Hodgson, 1970a: 35. Type data: MALAWI: Chilinda Bridge on the Nyika Plateau, on Myrica salicifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Myricaceae: Myrica salicifolia [Hodgso1970a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Malawi [Hodgso1970a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1970a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 85]; Hodgso1970a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-37]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 34].

Coccus ophiorrhizae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium ophiorrhizae Green, 1896: 10. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Ophiorrhiza pectinata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus ophiorrhizae; Fernald, 1903b: 173. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Ebenaceae: Diospyros chloroxylon [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Rubiaceae: Ophiorrhiza pectinata [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971, AvasthSh1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Andhra Pradesh [AvasthSh1991], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971]); Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971, AvasthSh1991].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 77 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 27]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-345]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 85]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 173]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 10]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-194]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 300]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 38]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 349]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 49]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 51]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94]; Varshn1985a [host, distribution: 26]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 35].

Coccus opimus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium opimum Green, 1913: 313. Type data: JAVA: Samarang, on Cassia fistula. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus opimum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 85. Change of combination.

Coccus opimus; Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 35. Justified emendation.



HOST: Fabaceae: Cassia fistulata [Green1913, Sassce1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Sassce1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 85]; Green1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 313-314]; Sassce1915 [host, distribution: 31]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 35].

Coccus ovatus

Coccus padi

Coccus paradeformosus (Fonseca)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium paradeformosum Fonseca, 1975: 79. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul State, Porto Alegre, on Glycine hispida. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Coccus paradeformosum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 85. Change of combination.

Coccus paradeformosus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 407. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Fabaceae: Glycine hispida [Fonsec1975].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Fonsec1975]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Fonseca (1975).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 85]; Fonsec1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-81]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 407]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 36].

Coccus penangensis Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus penangensis Morrison, 1921: 657. Type data: MALAYSIA: Penang Island, in hollow stems of Macaranga triloba. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [HeckroFiGu1998], Macaranga bancana [LinKoGu2013], Macaranga triloba [Morris1921, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971]; Singapore [LinKoGu2013].

BIOLOGY: Occupies the hollow stems of myrmecophytic species of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in association with ants of the genus Crematogaster (Heckroth et al., 1998)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1921).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 27]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 85-86]; Buckle1987 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 53-85]; HeckroFiGu1998 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 427-443]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 251-252, 258]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 657-659]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 36].

Coccus planchonii (Targioni Tozzetti)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium planchonii Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 732. Type data: FRANCE: on "Chene vert" and "Chene garouille". Syntypes, female. Described: female.

Coccus planchonii; ScaleNet, 2005: xx. Change of combination.



HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [Targio1868].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Targio1868].

GENERAL REMARKS: The oOriginal description reads "Cochenille en forme de Bateau qui vit sur la Chene vert et sur la Chene garouille Planch." (Targioni Tozzetti, 1868).

CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue: 328]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 866]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 732]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 37].

Coccus poterii Walker nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus poterii Walker, 1852: 1082. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiii.

Coccus praenanthes

Coccus pruni Burmeister

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus pruni Burmeister, 1849: 177. Type data: GERMANY: on Prunus domestica. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: both sexes.



HOST: Rosaceae: Prunus domestica [Burmei1849].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description of the adult female given by Burmeister (1849).

SYSTEMATICS: This species was not listed in Fernald (1903b).

CITATIONS: Burmei1849 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 177-178]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 867]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 38].

Coccus pseudelongatus (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium pseudelongatum Brain, 1920a: 6. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Acacia caffra. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Coccus pseudelongatus; De Lotto, 1957c: 305. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia caffra [Brain1920a, DeLott1957c].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1957c].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 86]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6]; DeLott1957c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 305-308]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy: 170]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 39].

Coccus pseudohesperidum (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium pseud-hesperidum Cockerell, 1895h: 381. Type data: CANADA: Ottawa, in greenhouse on Cattleya sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Coccus pseudohesperidum; Fernald, 1903b: 173. Change of combination.

Coccus pseudohesperidum; Fernald, 1903b: 173. Justified emendation.

Coccus pseadohesperidum; Tang, 1991: 95. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: orchid soft scale [GillNaWi1977, HamonWi1984, Gill1988].



HOSTS: Iridaceae: Iris [GillNaWi1977]. Orchidaceae: Cattleya [Cocker1895h, King1901f], Cattleya elegans [Green1921], Cattleya mossiae [GillNaWi1977], Cattleya skinneri [Cocker1895h], Cattleya trianca [HamonWi1984], Cymbidium [GillNaWi1977], Epidendrum [GillNaWi1977], Laelia anceps [Nakaha1981a], Laelia purpurata [GillNaWi1977], Octomeria [GillNaWi1977], Oncidium [GillNaWi1977], Phalaenopsis [GillNaWi1977], Vanda teres [GillNaWi1977], Vanilla [Nakaha1981a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii). Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [Cocker1895h, King1901f]); United States of America (California [LinKoGu2013], District of Columbia, Florida, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania). Neotropical: Brazil; Guatemala [Willia2010]. Palaearctic: Latvia [Rasina1955]; United Kingdom (England [Green1921]).

BIOLOGY: The species appears to feed and develop on various host plants of the Orchidaceae. However, Gill et al. (1977) indicated an exceptional record from German Iris in USA, North Carolina.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Zimmerman (1948), Steinweden (1945), Gill et al. (1977), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988) and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate oval; up to 7 mm long; dorsum of young female yellow with dark brown mottling, while uniformly brown in older females; polygonal, transparent wax plates present on dorsum. See colour photograph in Gill (1988).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 337 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 26 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 38 (female) [USA, Florida]; Borchsenius 1957: 294 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 293 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 86-87]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 304-305]; Cocker1895h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 381]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 331]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 173]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-29,33]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GillNaWi1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 30-33]; Green1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 198]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-49]; King1901f [host, distribution: 195]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; MalumpTr2012 [distribution: 220]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 390]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 70]; Su1982 [distribution: 61]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 38,39]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 310,312-313].

Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus citricola Campbell, 1914: 222. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Claremont, on Citrus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Clausen, 1923: 225.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) pseudomagnoliarum Kuwana, 1914: 7. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo and Shizuoka, on Citrus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Lecanium pseudomagnoliarum; Sasscer, 1915: 32. Change of combination.

Coccus pseudomagnoliarum; Clausen, 1923: 225. Change of combination.

Coccus aegaeus De Lotto, 1973a: 291. Type data: TURKEY: Izmir, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Synonymy by Tranfaglia, 1976: 129.

Coccus psuedomagnoliarum; Bartlet, 1978: 61. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: citricola scale [GillNaWi1977, Gill1988]; grey citrus scale [BenDov1993].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Scymnus subvillosus (Goeze) [UlgentSzUy2013]. HEMIPTERA Anthocoridae: Cardiastethus nazarenus [UlgentSzUy2013]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aneristus ceroplastae Howard [Bartle1978], Coccophagus hawaiiensis Timberlake [Bartle1978], Coccophagus japonicus Compere [Bartle1978], Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [BernalLuMo2001, BasheeAsRa2014], Coccophagus pulvinariae Compere [MyartsRu2011], Coccophagus scutellaris (Dalman) [MyartsRu2011], Coccophagus sp. [BasheeAsRa2014], Coccophagus yoshidai Nakayama [Bartle1978], Encarsia citrinus citrinus (Craw) [BernalLuMo2001], Marietta mexicanum (Howard) [BernalLuMo2001]. Encyrtidae: Anicetus annulatus Timberlake [Bartle1978], Diversinervus elegans Silvestri [MyartsRu2011], Encyrtus aurantii (Geoffroy) [MyartsRu2011], Encyrtus lecaniorum (Mayr) [BernalLuMo2001], Encyrtus sp. [BasheeAsRa2014], Metaphycus flavus (Howard) [SengonUyKa1998], Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) [BernalLuMo2001, BasheeAsRa2014], Metaphycus luteolus (Timberlake) [Blumbe1997, BernalLuMo2001], Metaphycus orientalis Compere [Bartle1978], Metaphycus stanleyi Compere [MyartsRu2011], Metaphycus sterolecanii [BasheeAsRa2014], Microterys nietneri (Motschulsky) [MyartsRu2011, BasheeAsRa2014], Microterys okitsuensis Compere [Bartle1978]. Eulophidae: Baryscapus sp. Forster [BasheeAsRa2014], Tetrastichus sp. [BasheeAsRa2014].

HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [UygunSeEr1998]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [MarottTr1990]. Rutaceae: Citrus [DeLott1973a, Barbag1974, ArgyriIo1975, Argyri1983, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus [Sassce1915, UygunSeEr1998], Citrus aurantium [BenDov1980, Marott1987], Citrus deliciosa [ArgyriIo1975, Marott1987], Citrus limon [ArgyriIo1975, BenDov1980, Marott1987], Citrus paradisi [GillNaWi1977], Citrus sinensis [Barbag1974, ArgyriIo1975, BarbagPa1997], Evodia rutaecarpa [Takaha1955b], Poncirus trifoliata [GillNaWi1977]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [Barbag1974], Celtis australis [Marott1987], Celtis sinensis [Dreist1996], Ulmus [Barbag1974], Zelkova serrata [Takaha1955b].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [SmithBeBr1997]). Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [BenDov1993], California [Sassce1915, Ferris1920b, BenDov1993], Maryland [BenDov1993]). Palaearctic: Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan [BenDov1993]); Croatia [Masten2007]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; France [BenDov1980]; Georgia [BenDov1993]; Greece [DeLott1973a, ArgyriIo1975, Argyri1983, BenDov1993]; Iran [Kaussa1957, BenDov1993, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2013a]; Israel [BenDov1980, BenDov1993]; Italy [Barbag1974, Marott1987]; Japan [Sassce1915, Kuwana1917, BenDov1993]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [BenDov1993]); Sicily [Barbag1974, Patti1976, BarbagPa1997, Marott1987]; Slovenia [Seljak2008, Seljak2010]; South Korea [BenDov1993]; Spain [new]; Syria [BasheeAsRa2014]; Turkey [DeLott1973a, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Bustsh1960, Potaev1993].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in California (Quayle, 1915), Israel (Ben-Dov, 1980), Greece (Argyriou & Ioanides, 1975), Australia (Smith et al., 1997). Females reproduce parthenogenetically.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1973a) (as C. aegaeus), Tranfaglia (1974) (as C. aegaeus), Gill et al. (1977), Gill (1988) and by Kosztarab (1996). Description of the adult female, first-instar nymph and female second-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate oval, slightly convex, up to 7 mm long; dorsum of young female grey with dark brown mottling, while dark grey in older ones. See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.13, a,b,c), Gill (1988), Tranfaglia & Viggiani (1988) Katsoyannos (1996).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957). Has been a serious pest, in the early 1900's, of citrus in USA, Arizona and California (Quayle, 1938; Ebeling, 1959; Kennett, 1988). But became less injurious in the 1940's following the application of DDT and other synthetic insecticides. It economic importance increased during the 1980's - 1990's, because these insecticides lost effectiveness (Trumble et al. 1995). Kennett (1988) reported on exploration for parasitoids in Japan. Dreistadt (1996) studied the scale during 1991-1994 in USA, California and found that its populations increased in comparison to previous years; the citricola scale was 5-25 times more abundant than Parthenolecanium corni, P. pruinosum and P. cerasorum; three control measures of the citricola scale were evaluated. Trumble et al. (1995) has developed in USA, California a binomial (presence-absence) sampling plan, which was validated for infestations of the citricola scale on orange trees. A minor pest of citrus in Israel (Ben-Dov, 1980), Italy (Longo & Russo, 1986) and Australia (Smith et al., 1997). Rugman, et al. (2010) presents a simple, quick and accurate method to identify any life stage of the ten major parasitoids of soft scales in California citrus, based on amplification of ribosomal DNA, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

KEYS: Wang & Feng 2012a: 61 (adult, female) [Key to adult female Coccus known from China]; Kosztarab 1996: 337 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Gill 1988: 26 (female) [USA, California]; Kawai 1980: 141-142 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 294 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; ArgyriIo1975 [taxonomy, life history, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-162]; Barbag1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137]; BarbagPa1997 [chemical control, host, distribution: 57-62]; Bartle1959 [biological control: 1-2]; Bartle1969 [biological control: 875-878]; Bartle1978 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 61-62]; BartleBa1966 [life history, physiology, biological control: 42-45]; BasheeAsRa2014 [biological control, distribution, host: 48-52]; BenDov1980 [host, distribution: 262-263]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 87]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26, 44]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; BernalLuMo1999 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 191-204]; BernalLuMo1999a [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 1099-1107]; BernalLuMo2001 [life history, host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 210-221]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 144-146]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 301-304]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Brann1919 [chemical control, host, distribution: 104-107]; Bustsh1960 [host, distribution: 170]; CarmanElEw1954 [host, distributuion, chemical control: 1-11]; CarmanEw1950 [biological control, host, distribution: 15A-16A]; CarmanEwJe1951 [host, distributuion, chemical control: 1-16]; CarmanEwJe1956 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1957 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1958 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1959 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1960 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1961 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1962 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1976 [host, distribution, control: 14-68]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 209-210]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-339]; ChuecaGrMo2009 [chemical control, host, distribution: 296-303]; Clause1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-226]; Comper1924 [biological control: 13-23]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; ComperAn1961 [host, distribution, biological control: 17]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 200-201]; DeBach1949a [life history, biological control: 7]; DeLott1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 291-293]; Delucc1975 [host, distribution, life history, ecology]; Dreist1996 [host, distribution, chemical control: 481-487]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, description, economic importance, control]; Dzhash1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 180-181]; EhlerEn1984 [distribution, biological control, chemical control: 1-47]; ElmerEwCa1951 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 593-597]; Ewart1969 [chemical control: 879-880]; EwartCa1951 [chemical control, host, distribution: 1-10]; EwartCaJe1952 [host, distributuion, chemical control: 1-6]; EwartCaJe1953 [host, distributuion, chemical control : 1-7]; EwartCaJe1954 [chemical control: 1-11]; EwartEl1953a [economic importance, host, distribution: 352]; EwartElGu1951 [chemical control: 598-603]; EwartMe1956 [chemistry: 441-447]; Ferris1920b [host, distribution: 36]; Flande1951b [biological control: 93-98]; Flande1959b [biological control: 125-142]; FlandeBa1964 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 320-322]; FlandeBa1964a [host, distribution, biological control: 39-42]; FlintVa1981 [biological control: 1]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 29-30,34]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GillNaWi1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-37]; GraftoLeSt2006 [chemical control, biological control: 733-744]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 129-130]; HoffmaRiSh1998 [biological control: 268-293]; Jeppso1969 [economic importance, chemical control, physiology: 917-921]; KansuUy1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 565-567]; Katsoy1996 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 15,20-21,81-83]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 144-145]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; Kennet1988 [host, distribution, biological control: 445-447]; Kiritc1932a [catalogue: 252]; Kobakh1965 [biological control: 323-330]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Kuwana1914 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22-24]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 251-252, 258]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 122]; LongoRu1986 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 101]; MarottTr1990 [host, distribution, economic importance: 110]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; Moghad2013a [ecology, host: 9]; MyartsRu2011 [biological control: 65-72]; NRC1969 [taxonomy, economic importance, ecology, biological control, chemical control]; Oncuer1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 6-18]; OuyangChSc2010 [chemical control, host, distribution: 1400-1404]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Patti1976 [host, distribution: 301-306]; Perkin1982 [economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 5]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 35, 37]; Quayle1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, chemical control: 405-421]; Quayle1917 [taxonomy: 373-376]; RiehlBrMc1980 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 319]; RugmanFoGu2010 [biological control, distribution: 265-275]; RzaevaYa1985 [biological control: 55-58]; Sailer1983 [distribution, economic importance: 15-38]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 31,32]; SchweiLuMo2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 1375-1387]; Scott1933 [biological control, host, distribution: 298-299]; Seljak2008 [host, distribution: 121-127]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 104]; SengonUyKa1998 [host, distribution, biological control: 128-131]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 39-41]; Steinw1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 563-564]; Takaha1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 70]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95-96]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 55]; TenaGa2008 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 341-347]; Tranfa1974a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-144]; Tranfa1976 [host, distribution: 129]; TranfaVi1988 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, control: 18]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 232-233]; TrumblGrBr1995 [chemical control, economic importance, host, distribution: 897-902]; UedaQuIt2008 [taxonomy, molecular data, distribution: 2319-2326]; Ulgent2003 [structure: 393-398]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; WangFe2012a [taxonomy: 61]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 7,16,39]; Woglum1922 [host, distribution, economic importance: 400,417]; Woglum1923 [chemical control, host, distribution: 1-59]; Woglum1925a [chemical control: 2]; Woglum1942a [host, distribution, biological control: 155]; Woglum1946 [chemical control, biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 1-2]; WoglumLaLa1947 [chemical control, biological control, host, distribution: 818-820]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170,191].

Coccus ramakrishnai (Ramakrishna Ayyar)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium ramakrishnae Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1919a: 35. Type data: INDIA: Kothapetta, Godavari District, on Ficus benghalensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus ramakrishnai; Varshney, 1985: 26. Change of combination.

Coccus ramakrishnai; Varshney, 1985: 26. Justified emendation.

Coccus ramakrishnai; Avasthi & Shafee, 1991: 345. Notes: Author erroneously given as "Green".



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, ShafeeYoKh1989, AvasthSh1991].

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, distribution: 345]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 88]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 35]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 348]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 47]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 51]; Varshn1985a [host, distribution: 27]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 152]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 41].

Coccus rhodesiensis (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium rhodesiensis Hall, 1935: 76. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=RHODESIA]: El Dorado and Victoria Falls, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus rhodesiensis; De Lotto, 1959: 170. Change of combination.



HOST: Olacaceae: Ximenia americana [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mozambique [Hodgso1969a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935, DeLott1959, Hodgso1967].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 88]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-172]; Hall1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-77]; Hodgso1967 [host, distribution: 6]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 8]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 41].

Coccus rubellus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium rubellum Cockerell, 1893aa: 378. Type data: JAMAICA: Westmoreland, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Gill et al., 1979).

Lecanium rubellum Cockerell, 1894d: 311. Nomen nudum.

Coccus rubellus; Fernald, 1903b: 173. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Jamaica.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 89]; Cocker1893aa [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1894i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 19]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 331]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 173]; GillNaWi1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 41].

Coccus rufus

Coccus saltuarius Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus saltuarius Hodgson, 1968a: 116. Type data: MALAWI: Mount Mlanje (7000 feet), on Pterocelastrus echinatus. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Celastraceae: Pterocelastrus echinatus [Hodgso1968a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Malawi [Hodgso1968a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1968a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 89]; Hodgso1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-118]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 42].

Coccus schini (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium schini; Cockerell, 1893j: 167.

Lecanium schini Cockerell, 1893mm: 304. Type data: MEXICO: Guanajuato, on Schinus molle. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Coccus schini; Fernald, 1903b: 173. Change of combination.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle [Cocker1893m].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Guanajuato [Cocker1899n]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 89]; Cocker1893mm [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 304]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 10]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 173]; GillNaWi1977 [taxonomy: 9]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 42].

Coccus secretus Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus secretus Morrison, 1921: 662. Type data: MALAYSIA: Penang Island, collected in hollow stem of Macaranga triloba. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [Ali1971, HeckroFiGu1998], Macaranga triloba [Morris1921, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971]; Singapore [Ali1971].

BIOLOGY: Occupies the hollow stems of myrmecophytic species of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in association with ants of the genus Crematogaster (Heckroth et al., 1998)

KEYS: Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 28]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 89]; HeckroFiGu1998 [life history, ecology, distribution, host: 427-443]; Morris1921 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 662-663]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 43].

Coccus sectilis De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus sectilis De Lotto, 1966: 46. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Cape of Good Hope, on Maytenus oleoides. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Encyrtus barbiger Prinsloo [Prinsl1991].

HOST: Celastraceae: Maytenus oleoides [DeLott1966].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1966].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 89]; DeLott1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-46]; Prinsl1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-30]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 43].

Coccus smaragdinus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus smaragdinus De Lotto, 1965a: 193. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Srychnos sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Loganiaceae: Strychnos [DeLott1965a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1965a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 89]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-194]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 44].

Coccus sociabilis Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus sociabilis Hodgson, 1969a: 8. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Juliasdale, Rodel Farm, on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 90]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-10]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 44].

Coccus sordidus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus sordidus De Lotto, 1957c: 308. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Afrormosia angolensis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Afrormosia angolensis [DeLott1957c].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1957c].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 90]; DeLott1957c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 308-309]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 44].

Coccus subacutus (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium subacutum Newstead, 1920: 187. Type data: UGANDA: Lake Victoria, on Coffea robusta at Jana and Sesse Islands, and Bufumira; on undetermined plant at Sesse Islands and Bufumira. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus subacutus; De Lotto, 1957c: 308. Change of combination.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea robusta [Newste1920, DeLott1957c].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Newste1920, DeLott1957c].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 90]; DeLott1957c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 308-310]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187-188]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 44].

Coccus subhemisphaericus (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Saissetia) subhemisphaericum Newstead, 1917: 363. Type data: UGANDA: Naguriga, Chagwe and GHANA: Aburi, on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus subhemisphaericus; De Lotto, 1957c: 310. Change of combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus lepelleyi Compere [Comper1940a].

HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eugenia aromatica [DeLott1957c]. Rubiaceae: Bertiera racemosa [CouturMaRi1985], Coffea [Newste1917], Coffea arabica [DeLott1957c], Coffea canephora [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b], Coffea robusta [CouturMaRi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Ghana [Newste1917]; Kenya [DeLott1957c]; Tanzania [Kondo2013]; Uganda [Newste1917]; Zanzibar [DeLott1957c].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 3]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 90]; Comper1940a [host, distribution, biological control: 7-33]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; DeLott1957c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 310-312]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 111]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 45]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 363]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 44].

Coccus sulawesicus Gavrilov

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus sulawesicus Gavrilov, 2013: 78-80. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi nr. Haluoleo airport, on dicotyledonous shrub, in gallery of ants, 11/10/2011, by I.A. Gavrilov. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. K 924. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Gavril2013]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Gavrilov, 2013.

STRUCTURE: Adult female. Body broadly oval, about 2 -3 mm long. Eyes present. Antennae each 7- or 8-segmented, about 300 µm long. Strong spinose setae scattered on dorsum. Flagellate setae of different sizes scattered on venter. (Gavrilov, 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: These insects are similar to the widely distributed Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758, but differ from it in the total absence of submarginal tubercles and the presence of strong, spinose dorsal setae. (Gavrilov, 2013)

CITATIONS: Gavril2013 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 79-80].

Coccus synapheae (Froggatt)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium synapheae Froggatt, 1915: 613. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Boyanup, on Synaphea petiolaris. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: NSWA. Described: both sexes.

Coccus synapheae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 90. Change of combination.



HOST: Proteaceae: Synaphea petiolaris [Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 90-91]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 613]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 45].

Coccus takanoi Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus takanoi Takahashi, 1932: 45. Type data: TAIWAN: Shinka, on Saccharum officinarum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [Takaha1932a, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Ali1971].

KEYS: Wang & Feng 2012a: 61 (adult, female) [Key to adult female Coccus known from China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 28]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 91]; Takaha1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 45-46]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 105]; WangFe2012a [taxonomy: 61]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 45]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170].

Coccus tangandae Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus tangandae Hodgson, 1967: 6. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Tanganda Halt, on Markhamia acuminata. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Markhamia acuminata [Hodgso1967]. Oleaceae: Schrebera alata [Hodgso1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 91]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-8]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 45].

Coccus tenebricophilus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium tenebricophilum Green, 1904a: 204. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Bogor (Botanic Gardens), on Erythrina lithosperma. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus tenebricophilum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 91. Change of combination.

Coccus tenebricophilus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 407. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Fabaceae: Erythrina lithosperma [Green1904a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Green1904a]).

BIOLOGY: Found within tunnels formed in branches of the tree by some boring insect. The coccids are entirely concealed, attached to the tunnel walls and always attended by ants (Green, 1904a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 91]; Green1904a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-205]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 407]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 11]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 45].

Coccus trichodes

No valid record found for this species

Coccus tumuliferus Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus tumuliferus Morrison, 1921: 655. Type data: SINGAPORE: in hollow stems of Macaranga hypolema. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar.

Coccus tumulifer Lindinger, 1932f: 197. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 46.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [HeckroFiGu1998], Macaranga hypolema [Morris1921, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [Ali1971].

BIOLOGY: Occupies the hollow stems of myrmecophytic species of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in association with ants of the genus Crematogaster (Heckroth et al., 1998)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1921).

SYSTEMATICS: Gullan & Stewart (1996), while comparing several features of this species with Torarchus endocanthium Gullan & Stewart, stated that Coccus tumuliferum did not belong to Coccus (subfamily Coccinae) but was undoubtedly a member of the Myzolecaniinae.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 28]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 91]; GullanSt1996 [taxonomy: 310]; HeckroFiGu1998 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 427-443]; Morris1921 [catalogue: 655-657]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 46].

Coccus viridis (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium viride Green, 1889: 248. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on coffee. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 96. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus viridis; Fernald, 1903b: 174. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Trechocorys) hesperidum africanum Newstead, 1906a: 74. Nomen nudum.

Lecanium (Coccus) viride; Green, 1937: 299. Change of combination.

Coccus viridis bisexualis Köhler, 1978: 564. Nomen nudum.

Coccus viridis viridis Köhler, 1978: 564. Nomen nudum.

COMMON NAMES: escama verde [QuezadCoDi1972]; green coffee scale [BenDov1993]; green scale [GillNaWi1977, HamonWi1984, BenDov1993]; lapa-verde [CarvalAg1997].



ASSOCIATES: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. FLAVOBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Anoplolepis sp. [Kalsho1981], Crematogaster sp. [Kalsho1981], Myrmicaria brunnea [Kalsho1981], Oecophylla sp. [Kalsho1981], Solenopsis sp. [Kalsho1981], Technomyrmex albipes Smith [MalumpTr2012].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocoris melanophthalmus Muls. [Kalsho1981], Chilocorus nigrita (F.) [ManiGaKr2008], Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) [ManiGaKr2008], Orcus sp. [Kalsho1981]. FUNGI : Entomorphthora sp. [Kalsho1981], Hypocrella javanica [Kalsho1981], Hypocrella reieckiana [Kalsho1981], Lecanocillium [FernanPiSe2008], Verticilium lecanii [Naraya1985]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [MyartsRu2011], Coccophagus pulvinariae Compere [MyartsRu2011], Coccophagus rusti Compere [MyartsRu2011], Coccophagus scutellaris (Dalman) [MyartsRu2000], Marietta mexicana (Howard) [new]. Encyrtidae: Anicetus annulatus Timberlake [Sriniv1987, MyartsRu2011], Anicetus ceylonensis Howard [Sriniv1987], Encyrtus aurantii (Geoffroy) [MyartsRu2011], Metaphycus baruensis Noyes [Noyes1988b], Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) [MyartsRu2011], Metaphycus luteolus (Timberlake) [Blumbe1997], Metaphycus pulvinariae (Howard) [MyartsRu2011], Microterys nietneri (Motschulsky) [MyartsRu2011]. LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Eublemma sp. [Kalsho1981].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Jacobinia mohintli [Ballou1926], Odontonema [WilliaWa1990], Sanchezia nobilis [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a]. Agavaceae: Dracaena [Nakaha1981a]. Amaranthaceae: Gomphrena globata [VanHarCoWi1990], Gomphrena globosa [Nakaha1981a]. Anacardiaceae: Campnosperma brevipetiolata [WilliaWa1990], Mangifera indica [Balach1957c, WilliaWa1990], Schinus [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Schinus molle [VieiraCaPi1983], Schinus terebinthifolius [GillNaWi1977, Nakaha1981a]. Annonaceae: Annona [HodgsoHi1990]. Apocynaceae: Alstonia macrophylla [Nakaha1981a], Alstonia scholaris L. R. Br. [MalumpTr2012], Alyxia olivaeformis [Nakaha1981a], Carissa grandiflora [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a], Nerium [HodgsoHi1990], Nerium oleander [Mamet1943a, WilliaWa1990], Ochrosia nakaiana [KawaiMaUm1971], Plumeria [Green1904d, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990], Plumeria acutifolia [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, DeLott1960, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Plumeria obtusa [Nakaha1981a], Plumeria rubra [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a], Plumeria rubra L. [MalumpTr2012], Plumeria tricolor [VieiraCaPi1983], Rauwolfia vomitoria [DeLott1960], Thevetia nereifolia [Ballou1926]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex chinensis [TaoWoCh1983], Ilex macrothyrsa [WilliaWa1990]. Araceae: Caladium [Nakaha1981a]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Mamet1943a], Aralia guilfoylei [Ballou1926], Meryta macrophylla [WilliaWa1990], Polyscias [Nakaha1981a], Polyscias guilfoylei [Nakaha1981a], Schefflera [HodgsoHi1990]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Nakaha1981a], Cocos [DeLott1960], Cocos nucifera [DeLott1960], Manicaria saccifera Gaerin [MalumpTr2012]. Asclepiadaceae: Cryptostegia grandiflora [Nakaha1981a]. Asparagaceae: Dracaena sp. [MalumpTr2012]. Asteraceae: Arctotis [Nakaha1981a], Fitchia [Nakaha1981a], Gerbera [Nakaha1981a], Gerbera jamesonii [Ballou1926, VieiraCaPi1983], Pluchea indica [Nakaha1981a], Senecio [WilliaWa1990]. Bignoniaceae: Tecomaria capensis [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a]. Boraginaceae: Cordia [VieiraCaPi1983], Cordia alba [Ballou1926], Cordia alliodora [WilliaWa1990], Cordia myxa [Mamet1943a], Cordia nitida [Ballou1926]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [WilliaWa1990]. Celastraceae: Maytenus [VieiraCaPi1983]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana L. [MalumpTr2012], Mammea americana [Nakaha1983]. Combretaceae: Laguncularia racemosa [LincanHoCa2010], Terminalia catappa [Mamet1959a]. Commelinaceae: Commelina [WilliaWa1990]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum [Nakaha1981a], Bryophyllum pinnatum [Nakaha1981a]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita pepo [WilliaWa1990]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [WilliaWa1990]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia tinifolia [Ballou1926]. Euphorbiaceae: Carissa [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Carissa carandas [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Codiaeum [Nakaha1981a], Croton [DeLott1960], Manihot ceara [Green1904d, Ali1971], Manihot para [Green1904d, Ali1971], Manihot utilissima [Green1904d, Ali1971]. Fabaceae: Cassia [GillNaWi1977], Gliricidia [WilliaWa1990], Inocarpus fagifer [WilliaWa1990], Tipuana [Nakaha1981a]. Flacourtiaceae: Dovyalis [HodgsoHi1990]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola taccada [WilliaWa1990]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea [WilliaWa1990]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [WilliaWa1990]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia speciosa [Mamet1959a]. Liliaceae: Cordyline terminalis [Nakaha1981a]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos nuxvomica [Ali1971]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Green1904d, Ali1971]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [Ballou1926]. Malpighiaceae: Hiptage madablota [Green1904d, Ali1971]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Balach1957c], Theobroma cacao L. [MalumpTr2012]. Melastomataceae [WilliaWa1990], Miconia robinsoniana [LincanHoCa2010]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [CorseuBa1971]. Moraceae: Ficus elastica [WilliaWa1990]. Musaceae: Musa sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Myristicaceae: Myristica [WilliaWa1990]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia crispa [Nakaha1981a], Moesa indica [Green1904d, Ali1971]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [GillNaWi1977], Eugenia [Nakaha1981a, CouturQuGo1997], Eugenia caryophyllata [Mamet1943a], Eugenia malaccensis [Ballou1926], Eugenia uniflora [Nakaha1981a], Melaleuca [WilliaWa1990], Myricaria [CouturQuGo1997], Myrtella [WilliaWa1990], Psidium friedrichsthalianum [Ballou1926], Psidium guafava L. [MalumpTr2012], Psidium guajava [Ramakr1919a, Ballou1926, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, DeLott1978, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Psidium guajava [Green1904d, ShafeeYoKh1989], Psidium littorale [Willia1985b], Psidium pyriferum [VieiraCaPi1983]. Nyctaginaceae: Ceodes umbellifera [KawaiMaUm1971]. Oleaceae: Jasminum sp. [MalumpTr2012]. Orchidaceae: Broughtonia [GillNaWi1977], Lissochilus [Mamet1951], Mormolyca polyphylla Garay & Wirth [MalumpTr2012], Prosthechea cochleata [MestreHaEv2011]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [WilliaWa1990]. Phyllanthaceae: Antidesma bunius [Green1904d, Ali1971]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Pittosporum tobira [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus [HodgsoHi1990]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a], Homalocladium [HodgsoHi1990], Muehlenbeckia platyclada [Mamet1943a], Polygonum convolvulus [Ballou1926]. Rubiaceae: Bobea mauaii [Nakaha1981a], Borreria laevis [WilliaWa1990], Canthium odoratum [Nakaha1981a], Chioccoca racemosa [Ballou1926], Cinchona [Green1889, Green1896], Cinchona calisaya [Green1889], Cinchona succirubra [Green1904d, Ali1971], Coffea [Cocker1897s, Mamet1943a, Mamet1954, DeLott1957c, AbrahaMa1958, DeLott1960, Ali1971], Coffea [Iherin1897, Green1916a, DeLott1978, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, AvasthSh1991], Coffea [Green1889, Green1896, Hall1924a, Green1930c, Green1937, ShafeeYoKh1989], Coffea arabica [Ballou1926, Balach1957c, Mamet1959a, DeLott1960, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Coffea arabica [DanzigKo1990], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1990], Coffea liberica [Newste1917b, Ali1971, WilliaWa1990], Coffea robusta [Ballou1926, DeLott1957c, DeLott1960], Faramea odoratissima [Ballou1926], Gardenia [Green1889, Green1904d, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Gardenia augusta [MestreHaEv2011], Gardenia florida [CockerRo1915a, Ballou1926, Ali1971], Gardenia jasminoides [Green1889, Nakaha1981a], Gardenia taitensis [Nakaha1981a], Genipa americana [Ali1971], Ixora [Green1904d, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995], Ixora bandhuca [Ballou1926], Ixora chinensis [Ali1971], Ixora coccinea [Jansen1995], Ixora macrothyrsa [GillNaWi1977, Nakaha1981a], Morinda citrifolia [Mamet1978, Nakaha1981a], Platanocephalus chinensis [WilliaWa1990], Platanocephalus morindaefolius [WilliaWa1990], Psychotria boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971], Psychotria grandis [MestreHaEv2011], Psychotria laurifolia [Ballou1926], Randia nigrescens [Ballou1926], Randia tahitensis [WilliaWa1990], Rothnannia annae (E. Wright) Keay [MalumpTr2012], Timonius [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Aegle [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Aegle chevalieri [Ballou1926], Aegle marmelos [Ballou1926, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Atalantia citrioides [Ballou1926], Balsamocitrus dawei [Ballou1926], Balsamocitrus paniculata [Ballou1926], Boninia grisea [KawaiMaUm1971], Chaetospermum glutinosa [Ballou1926], Citropsis schweinfurthii [Ballou1926], Citrus [Mamet1943a, DeLott1957c, DeLott1960, Ali1971, DeLott1978, Mamet1978, Nakaha1981a], Citrus [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, QuezadCoDi1972, HodgsoHi1990, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus [Green1904d, Hall1924a, ShafeeYoKh1989, CarvalAg1997], Citrus aurantifolia [Mamet1978, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, Malump2012b], Citrus aurantium [CorseuBa1971], Citrus aurantium bigaradia [Mamet1978], Citrus decumanus [CockerRo1915a, Ali1971], Citrus grandis [Ballou1926, WilliaWa1990], Citrus histrix [Matile1978], Citrus limon [Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Citrus nobilis [CockerRo1915a, Ali1971], Citrus paradisi [Nakaha1983], Citrus reticulata [Nakaha1981a], Citrus sinensis [Green1889, Ballou1926, Nakaha1983, WilliaWa1990], Clausena excavata [TaoWoCh1983], Clausena lansium [Ballou1926], Clausena lunulata [Ali1971], Feroniella oblata [Ballou1926], Hesperethusa crenulata [Ballou1926], Lavanga scandens [Ballou1926], Microcitrus australis [Ballou1926], Murraya [HodgsoHi1990], Murraya exotica [Ballou1926], Poncirus trifoliata [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a], Triphasia trifolia [Nakaha1981a]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea [HodgsoHi1990], Dodonaea eriocarpa [Nakaha1981a], Euphoria longana [Ballou1926], Litchi chinensis [Nakaha1981a], Melicoccus bijuga [Ballou1926], Nephelium lappaceum L. [HernanNiMa2011]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Ballou1926, Ali1971, ManiGaKr2008], Chrysophyllum cainito [Ballou1926], Chrysophyllum sp. [MalumpTr2012], Lucuma [Mamet1943a], Lucuma mammosa [Ballou1926], Lucuma nervosa [Ballou1926], Manilkara zapota [Nakaha1983], Mimusops [Mamet1943a], Palaquium formosanum [TaoWoCh1983], Planchonella [WilliaWa1990], Pouteria obovata [KawaiMaUm1971]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia nitida [Ballou1926], Cestrum [WilliaWa1990], Cestrum auriculaturm [LincanHoCa2010]. Sterculiaceae: Heritiera littoralis [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Theobroma cacao [Nakaha1981a]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, WilliaWa1990, DanzigKo1990]. Umbelliferae: Apium graveolans [Nakaha1981a]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa lanata [Green1904d, Ali1971], Clerodendron fallax [Ballou1926], Clerodendrum [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoHi1990], Lantana camara [Almeid1973b], Verbena [HodgsoHi1990]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia [Nakaha1981a], Alpinia purpurata [Nakaha1981a], Zingiber officinale [Nakaha1981a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1978]; Angola [Almeid1973b]; Cameroon [Vayssi1913]; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Comoros; Congo [Kondo2013]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Eritrea; Ethiopia [Kondo2013]; Ghana [DeLott1960]; Guinea [Fernan1987a]; Kenya [DeLott1957c, DeLott1960]; Madagascar [Mamet1951, Mamet1954, Mamet1959a]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Nigeria [DeLott1960]; Reunion [Mamet1957, GermaiMiPa2014]; Sao Tome and Principe (Principe [DeLott1960], Sao Tome [Seabra1925]); Seychelles [Kondo2013]; Sierra Leone [DeLott1960]; South Africa [Newste1917b, Mamet1943a, DeLott1978]; Tanzania [DeLott1957c, DeLott1960]; Uganda [DeLott1960]; Yemen; Zaire; Zambia; Zanzibar [Green1916a, Mamet1943a, DeLott1957c, DeLott1960]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [SmithBeBr1997], Western Australia [new]). Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]. Australasian: Cook Islands; Fiji [Dumble1954]; French Polynesia (Tahiti); Guam; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Mamet1943a]); Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Kondo2013]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Kondo2013]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Ali1971], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Gavril2013]). Australasian: Kiribati; Nauru; New Caledonia [Murphy1997]; Northern Mariana Islands [Mamet1943a]; Palau [Mamet1943a]; Papua New Guinea [Kondo2013]; Solomon Islands; Tonga [Kondo2013]; Tuvalu; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [Kondo2013]; Wallis and Futuna Islands (Futuna Island); Western Samoa [Kondo2013]. Nearctic: Mexico [MyartsRu2000] (Colima); United States of America (Florida). Neotropical: Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990]; Bolivia [Murphy1997]; Brazil [Iherin1897, Bondar1939, Mamet1943a, AbrahaMa1958] (Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo); Colombia [Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [Kondo2013]; Cuba [Ballou1926, MestreHaEv2011]; Dominican Republic [Kondo2013]; Ecuador [Kondo2013]; El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Guyana [Newste1917b, Mamet1943a]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [Kondo2013]; Jamaica; Martinique [Balach1957c]; Mexico (Chiapas); Panama [Kondo2013]; Peru [CouturQuGo1997]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Suriname [Kondo2013]; Trinidad and Tobago; U.S. Virgin Islands; Venezuela [Kondo2013]. Oriental: Burma (=Myanmar) [Murphy1997]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Andhra Pradesh [AvasthSh1991], Assam [Ali1971, AvasthSh1991], Karnataka [Ali1971, AvasthSh1991, ManiGaKr2008], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971]); Indonesia [Kalsho1981] (Sumatra [Ali1971]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Ali1971]; Malaysia [Kondo2013]; Philippines [Mamet1943a, Ali1971] (Luzon [Ali1971]); Sri Lanka [Green1889, Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, AvasthSh1991]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Azores [FrancoRuMa2011]; Egypt [Hall1924a]; Madeira Islands [CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Netherlands [Jansen1995]; United Kingdom [MalumpTr2012] (found breeding in glasshouses.).

BIOLOGY: The female are parthenogenetic and ovoviviparous. Develops multiple generations per year; in Florida females mature in 50-70 days (Fredrick, 1943); in Queensland, Australia it develops 3-4 generations per year (Smith et al., 1997). De Lotto (1960) observed in East Africa that this species occurs in coastal areas and up to an altitude of 1 - 1.3 km. Kohler (1976, 1978) studied the life history in Cuba, observing males at low frequency that was correlated with population density.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948), De Lotto (1960, 1978), Gill et al. (1977), Wang (1980), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Kosztarab (1996) and by Granara de Willink et al. (2010).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.8), Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Wong et al. (1999). Colour photograph of the general appearance of the adult female given by Carvalho & Aguiar (1997).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A serious pest of coffee, citrus and other crops in several regions in the tropics. A major citrus pest in Bolivia, less significant in other South American and South East Asian countries (Talhouk, 1975). Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968). Natural enemies on coffee in Cuba were studied by Kohler (1980). Coccus viridis has proved to be a damaging pest of ornamental plants at The Eden Project i Great Britain and this is undoubtedly linked with the high population levels of the ant T. albipes. (Malumphy & Treseder, 2012)

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Wang & Feng 2012a: 61 (adult, female) [Key to adult female Coccus known from China]; Granara de Willink et al. 2010: 397 (female) [Coccus species on coffe in Brazil]; Kosztarab 1996: 337 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1991: 77 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 83 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 38 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 63 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 141-142 (female) [Japan]; Beardsley 1966: 483, 487 (female) [Micronesia]; Zimmerman 1948: 294 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbrahaMa1958 [host, distribution: 268]; Aitken1985 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 1-5]; Ali1971 [host, distribution: 28-29]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 3]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 345-346]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 206]; Ballou1915 [host, distribution: 121]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 20-22]; Bannon1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 38]; Bartle1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 73-74]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 483,487]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 91-93]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; Blumbe1997 [life history, ecology: 225-236]; Bodkin1922 [host, distribution]; CampWi1932 [chemical control: 483-486]; CarvalAg1997 [life history, economic importance, description, host, distribution: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution: 614]; Castel1963 [host, distribution: 143-144,161]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; Chacko1978 [chemical control, biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 265-268]; ChackoKrAn1978 [biological control: 14-19]; Chiu1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 297-303]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Cocker1897s [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 384]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; CockerRo1915a [host, distribution: 428]; ColemaKa1918 [taxonomy, life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 4-12]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; CouturQuGo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 126]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 44]; DekleFa2001 [host, distribution, taxonomy, life history, economic importance: 253]; DeLott1957c [host, distribution: 313]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy: 172]; DeLott1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 397-399]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-141]; DoaneFe1916 [host, distribution: 399]; Dulong1971 [host, distribution: 791]; Dumble1954 [host, distribution]; EaswarJa1985 [biological control: 136-140]; EaswarJa1985a [biolofogical control: 154-162]; EaswarJa1985b [chemical control, biological control: 189-194]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; Fennah1960 [distribution, life history, ecology: 84-86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 174]; Fernan1987a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34-35]; FernanPiFe2012 [behaviour, description, ecology, host: 333-341]; FernanPiSe2008 [host, distribution, biological control: 11-16]; Flande1951b [biological control: 93-98]; Follet1999 [distribution, economic importance, control: 213-217]; FrancoCaMo2003 [host, distribution, economic importance: 95-105]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 5,22]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 79]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GillNaWi1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 37-41]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Goot1928 [host, distribution: 1]; GranarPiFe2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 397-399]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1889 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-203]; Green1907 [distribution: 201]; Green1916a [host, distribution: 375]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 281]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 299]; Gross1993 [life history, behaviour: 251-273]; Guille1985 [economic importance, host, distribution: 20]; Hall1924a [host, distribution: 26]; Hall1969 [economic importance: 823-826]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 48-51]; HansenHaCh1991 [economic importance, chemical control: 532-536]; HaraYaJa2002 [chemical control, economic importance: 349-358]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 434-435]; HernanNiMa2011 [host: 379-380]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 3,6,9,12-15,17,19,21]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 20]; Hollin2000 [economic importance: 15-17]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 185-186]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 407]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134,141]; Jayara1985 [biological control: 1-5]; JhaVaIv2009 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 183-189]; Kalsho1981 [description, economic importance, host, illustration, life history: 162]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 143]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution, economic importance: 16]; Kohler1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 471-477]; Kohler1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, ecology, physiology: 561-572]; Kohler1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 75-103]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; KumarRe2004 [chemical control: 5-7]; KumarRe2006 [chemical control, host, distribution: 73-75]; KumarRe2007 [chemical control: 131-134]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 38]; Laing1928 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Leefma1929 [host, distribution: 1]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lindin1913 [host, distribution: 83]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 251-252, 258]; Malump2012b [distribution, host: 210,212]; MalumpTr2012 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 217-226]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 152]; Mamet1949 [catalogue: 25]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 21]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 224]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 13]; Mamet1957 [host, distribution: 374]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 376]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 105]; ManiGaKr2008 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 721-725]; ManiKr1998 [host, distribution, biological control: 210-212]; MaricoMuId1974 [chemical control: 6-11]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 35]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 53-241]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 43]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 165]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 63]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 6-7]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 147, 154]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 190, 192]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control: 1-39]; Murphy1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 367-380]; MyartsRu2000 [distribution, biological control: 7-33]; MyartsRu2011 [biological control: 65-72]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 391]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 4]; NakahaMi1981 [distribution: 30]; Naraya1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 90-101]; NeumanFoHo2010 [biological control: 107-113]; Newste1906a [taxonomy: 74]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 130]; Noyes1988b [biological control: 131-134]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; Petch1921 [biological control: 18-40]; Poole2005 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-2]; PuttarCh1953a [biological control: 87-95]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution: 19-20]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 625]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 37]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 349]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 49]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; ReddyKu1998 [economic importance, biological control]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 55-56]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 124]; Robins1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16]; RodrigCa2012 [ecology: 35]; RosadoBaMa2014 [biological control, ecology, economic importance, host, life history: 190-202]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; SamuelVeCh1981 [chemical control: 126-128]; Sankar1988 [biological control: 151-158]; Schmut1990 [economic importance, host, distribution: 147-148,189-192]; Schmut1990 [economic importance, host, distribution: 236-237]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 329]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 97]; Seabra1925 [host, distribution: 36-37]; Sekhar1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72]; SenthiRe2005 [economic importance: 82-87]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 51]; Simant1962a [biological control, host, distribution: 105-112]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 8]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 41-43]; Sriniv1987 [host, distribution, biological control: 122-123]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 341]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 51]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 116]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 262]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 218]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 17]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 353]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-98]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 81]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 55]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68]; ThistlVa1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3-15]; VanderPe2006 [ecology, life history, host, distribution: 1000-1002]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 134]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 174]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 430]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 132]; VeseyF1941 [host, distribution, biological control: 161]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 97-98]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-30]; WangFe2012a [taxonomy: 61]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 55]; Willia1985b [host, distribution: 53]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 11,47,48]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-99]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 56]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13,51]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170,191]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 311,314-315,318].

Coccus viridulus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus viridulus De Lotto, 1960: 399. Type data: KENYA: Nandi Hills (6100 feet), on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1960, DeLott1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1960]; Uganda [DeLott1969a].

BIOLOGY: Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1960).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 93-94]; DeLott1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 399-401]; DeLott1969a [host, distribution: 417]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 48].



Conofilippia Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Conofilippia Brain, 1920a: 25. Type species: Conofilippia subterranea Brain, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Brain (1920a) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 94]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 25]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 189-191]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 45].

Conofilippia subterranea Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Conofilippia subterranea Brain, 1920a: 25. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria District, De Wildt, on roots of a native shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, Hodgso1994a] (Transvaal, Pretoria.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 94]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191].



Couturierina Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet

NOMENCLATURE:

Couturierina Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 260. Type species: Couturierina piptadeniastrae Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet (1985) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Saissetiini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 94]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 191-194]; MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, description: 260-261].

Couturierina piptadeniastrae Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet

NOMENCLATURE:

Couturierina piptadeniastrae Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 261. Type data: IVORY COAST: Tai, on Piptadeniastrum africanum. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Piptadeniastrum africanum [MatileLe1985, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Hodgso1994a] (Tai).

BIOLOGY: Attended by ants (Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet (1985) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 94]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192-194]; MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 261-262].



Cribrolecanium Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Cribrolecanium Green, 1921b: 639. Type species: Cribrolecanium formicarum Green, by original designation.

Cribrolebanium; Tang, 1991: 99. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 98female (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 29]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 94]; Green1921b [taxonomy, description: 639]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description: 3,10]; Hodgso1990 [taxonomy: 220]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 194-197]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 47]; Tang1991 [taxonomy: 98].

Cribrolecanium formicarum Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Cribrolecanium formicarum Green, 1921b: 639. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Stereospermum chelonioides. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 197. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Bignoniaceae: Stereospermum chelonioides [Green1921b, Green1922, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1921b, Green1922, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Paradeniya).

BIOLOGY: Lives in hollow branches of its host plant and attended by Crematogaster sp. (Green, 1921b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 98 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 29]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 95]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; Green1921b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 639-642]; Green1922 [host, distribution: 465]; Hodgso1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 220]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-197]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-99].

Cribrolecanium radicicola Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Cribrolecanium radicicola Green, 1921b: 642. Type data: INDIA: Coimbatore, on Cassia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Cribrolebanium radicicola; Tang, 1991: 99. Misspelling of genus name.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia auriculiformis [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Cassia [Green1921b, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Green1921b, Ramakr1930, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Tamil Nadu [Ali1971]).

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant (Green, 1921b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 98 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 29]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 95]; Green1921b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 642-644]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 32]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 52]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-100].



Cribropulvinaria Hodgon & Martin

NOMENCLATURE:

Cribropulvinaria Hodgon & Martin, 2001: 229. Type species: Cribropulvinaria tailungensis Hodgson & Martin, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson & Martin (2001).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae; Tribe: Pulvinariini.

KEYS: Hodgson & Martin 2001: 229 (female) [world].

CITATIONS: HodgsoMa2001 [taxonomy, description: 229-243].

Cribropulvinaria tailungensis Hodgson & Martin

NOMENCLATURE:

Cribropulvinaria tailungensis Hodgson & Martin, 2001: 229. Type data: HONG KONG: New Territories, Tai Lung Farm, Sheung Shui, on Aporusa dioica; collected 22 November 1999 by J.H. Martin. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 7253. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Aporusa dioica [HodgsoMa2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [HodgsoMa2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, third-instar female, second-instar female, first-instar nymph, second-instar male by Hodgson & Martin (2001).

CITATIONS: HodgsoMa2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-241]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35,118].



Cryptes Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptes Maskell, 1892: 21. Type species: Lecanium baccatum Maskell. Subsequently designated by Cockerell & Parrott, 1899.

Cryptes; Fernald, 1903: 209. Notes: Incorrect citation of author.

Cryptes; Froggatt, 1915: 614. Notes: Incorrect citation of author.

Cryptes; Morrison & Morrison, 1922: 80. Notes: Incorrect citation of author.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Morrison & Morrison (1922), Steinweden (1929) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eulecaniinae. Until 1922 this genus has been credited by several authors to Crawford. Morrison & Morrison (1922) discussed the issue, showed that the genus cannot be referred to Crawford and credited it to Cockerell. Morrison & Morrison (1966), while discussing again the authorship, were less decisive, and proposed several alternatives. It is here concluded that the author is Maskell, because this case is similar to that of Aspidoproctus (ICZN, 1954a) and to several other generic names in the Coccoidea which are credited to the first author who published it.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 95-96]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy: 161]; Farrel1990 [taxonomy, description: 65]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 209]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description: 614]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 197-201]; ICZN1954a [taxonomy: 397]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description: 21]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description: 80-83]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 48-49]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 233].

Cryptes baccatus baccatus (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium baccatum Maskell, 1892: 20. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Melbourne and Adelaide, on Acacia armata, A.calamifolia and A. longifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Kermes maskelli Maskell, 1892a: 21. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Melbourne and Adelaide, on Acacia armata, A. calamifolia and A. longifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1993: 96. Notes: Synonymy by community of type-series.

Kermes acaciae Maskell, 1894c: 81. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1943b: 148.

Cryptes baccatus; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 161. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Fuller1897b, Hodgso1994a], Acacia armata [Frogga1915], Acacia calamifolia [Frogga1915], Acacia decurrens [Frogga1915], Acacia discolor [Hodgso1994a], Acacia linearis [Frogga1915], Acacia linifolia [Hodgso1994a], Acacia longifolia [Frogga1915, Hodgso1994a], Acacia melanoxylon [Frogga1915], Acacia pendula [Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Cocker1896b, Hodgso1994a] (New South Wales [Frogga1915, Hodgso1994a], South Australia [Frogga1915], Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Frogga1915]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 96]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 161-162]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 27,30]; Farrel1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-81]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 209]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 614]; Fuller1897b [host, distribution: 1345]; Fuller1899 [distribution: 458]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-201]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 79]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-22]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 15]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 311-312]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-83].

Cryptes baccatus marmoreus (Fuller)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium baccatum marmoreum Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Geraldton, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material Probably lost; P. Gullan, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Cryptes baccatus marmoreus; Fernald, 1903b: 209. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 96]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 209]; Fuller1897b [host, distribution: 1345]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 458-459].



Cryptinglisia Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptinglisia Cockerell, 1900a: 173. Type species: Cryptinglisia lounsburyi Cockerell, by monotypy.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 3 (female) [Species of Cryptinglisia]; Granara de Willink 1999: 24 (female) [Argentina]; De Lotto 1978: 140 (female) [South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 96]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 38]; Cocker1900e [taxonomy, description: 173-174]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy, description: 140-142]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 165]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 83-84]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 201-204]; KondoGu2010 [taxonomy: 3]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 49].

Cryptinglisia chilensis Kondo & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptinglisia chilensis Kondo & Gullan, 2010: 3-6. Type data: CHILE: Xth region, Volcan Osorno, on twig of Nothofagus dombeyi; collected T. Kondo, 16.ii.2006. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Nothofagaceae: Nothofagus dombeyi [KondoGu2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile (Los Lagos [KondoGu2010]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Gullan (2010).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 3 (female) [Species of Cryptinglisia, and Coccidae species of Chile.].

CITATIONS: KondoGu2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-6].

Cryptinglisia elytropappi (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia elytropappi Brain, 1920a: 36. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province: Groot Drakenstein, Somerset West, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Cryptinglisia elytropappi; De Lotto, 1978: 140. Change of combination.

Inglisia elytropappi; Ben-Dov, 1993: 147. Revived combination.

Cryptinglisia elytropappi; Hodgson, 1994a: 204. Revived combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Brain1920a, DeLott1967b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1967b].

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 3 (female) [Species of Cryptinglisia.].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 147]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 785,802]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy, distribution: 140]; KondoGu2010 [taxonomy: 3].

Cryptinglisia lounsburyi Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptinglisia lounsburyi Cockerell, 1900a: 173. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Constantia, on roots of Vitis vinifera. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Inglisia geranii Brain, 1920a: 37. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, King Williamstown, on Geranium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1978: 142.

Inglisia lounsburyi; Tranfaglia & Marotta, 1982: 55. Change of combination.

Cryptinglisia lonsburyi; Vea, 2011: 2. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [Granar1999]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [Cocker1900e, Brain1920a, Hall1935, DeLott1970b, Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a], Pelargonium [DeLott1970b, Hodgso1967d], Pelargonium peltatum [Marott1987]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Cocker1900e, Brain1920a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1970b, Hodgso1994a] (Pretoria; Cape Colony, Constantia.); Zimbabwe [Hall1935, Hodgso1967a]. Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [Granar1999]). Palaearctic: Italy [Marott1987].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1970b) (as Inglisia geranii), Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 3 (female) [Species of Cryptinglisia.]; Granara de Willink 1999: 84 (female) [Argenitna].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 96-97]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-39]; Cocker1900e [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 173-174]; DeLott1970b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-148]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy, distribution: 142]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 165]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-86]; Hall1935 [host, distribution: 83]; Hodgso1967d [host, distribution: 4-5]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-204]; Hodgso1995 [taxonomy, structure: 52]; KondoGu2010 [taxonomy: 3]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 103]; Tranfa1983 [host, distribution: 454]; TranfaMa1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-57]; Trembl1988b [host, distribution: 116]; Vea2011 [distribution, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 2,5-7,12]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 226].

Cryptinglisia patagonica Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptinglisia patagonica Granara de Willink, 1999: 86. Type data: ARGENTINA: Chubut, north point of the Valdez peninsula, on Chuquiraga sp. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Chuquiraga [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Chubut [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 3 (female) [Species of Cryptinglisia.]; Granara de Willink 1999: 84 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-89]; KondoGu2010 [taxonomy: 3].

Cryptinglisia zizyphi (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia zizyphi Brain, 1920a: 37. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Zizyphus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Cryptinglisia zizyphi; De Lotto, 1978: 140. Change of combination.

Inglisia zizyphy; Ben-Dov, 1993: 150. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Vernonia umbricata [Hodgso1967d]. Ebenaceae: Royena glabra [Hodgso1967d]. Lamiaceae: Rosmarinus [Hodgso1967d]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Brain1920a, Hodgso1967d].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, Hodgso1967d]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967d].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1967d).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 3 (female) [Species of Cryptinglisia.].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 150]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-38]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy: 140]; Hodgso1967d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-11]; KondoGu2010 [taxonomy: 3].



Cryptostigma Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma Ferris, 1922: 160. Type species: Cryptostigma ingae Ferris (= Cryptostigma inquilina (Newstead)), by monotypy and original designation.

BIOLOGY: Most members of the genus Cryptostigma are found internally on their host plants in hollow branches, or trunks in association with ants. (Kondo, 2010b)

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Williams & Watson (1994) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: The genus Cryptostigma is currently included in the subfamily Myzolecaniinae, a group erected by Hodgson (1994a) to include species with the following combination of features: lack of (i) dorsal tubular ducts and (ii) eyespots; and the presence of: (iii) anal plates with numerous setae on dorsal surface, (iv) particularly large spiracles, with broad bands of spiracular disc-pores between margin and spiracles, (v) ventral tubular ducts of only one type, frequently restricted to a group on each side of genital opening, (vi) bands of (often rather spinose) setae replacing the normal pairs of long pregenital setae, (vii) reduced legs with claw digitules, (viii) reduced antennae, and (ix) a short anal tube. (Kondo, 2010b)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini. Gullan et al. (1993) suggested that Cryptostigma could become a junior synonym of the much older name Myzolecanium, but that a systematic revision of the group would be necessary before making such a decision. Hodgson (1994) also considered Cryptostigma to be close to Myzolecanium, based on comparison of the type species of each genus. (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2011: 3 (female) [Key to genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on adult females]; Kondo 2010b: 7 (female, first instar) [Key to separate Cryptostigma Ferris from morphologically similar Houardia Marchal and Myzolecanium Beccari based on adult female and first-instar nymphs]; Kondo 2010b: 7 (other) [Key to separate the male and female instars of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo & Williams 2009: 13-14 (female) [Genera of New World Myzolecaniinae]; Qin & Gullan 1989: 225-226 (female) [world].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 97-99]; Ferris1922 [taxonomy, description: 160]; Hodgso1990 [taxonomy, description: 220]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 204-207]; Kondo2010b [distribution, taxonomy: 4-5]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; KondoWi2009 [taxonomy: 13-14]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 52]; QinGu1989 [taxonomy: 221-232]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 234]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,99-101].

Cryptostigma biorbiculus Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma biorbiculus Morrison, 1929: 48. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, Ancon, on Cordia alliodora. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Dolichoderinae: Axteca sp. [Kondo2010b], Azteca longiceps [Kondo2010b], Azteca nigricans [Kondo2010b]. Pseudomyrmecinae: Pseudomyrmex sericea [Kondo2010b].

HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [Morris1929, QinGu1989], Cordia sp. [Kondo2010b]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton gossypiifolius [Kondo2010b]. Flacourtiaceae: Tetrathylacium macrophyllum [Kondo2010b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [Kondo2010b]; Panama [QinGu1989].

BIOLOGY: Attended by the ants Pseudomyrma sericea and Azteca longiceps (Morrison, 1929).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1929). Detailed illustrations and redescription in Kondo, 2010b.

STRUCTURE: The adult female of C. biorbiculus can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) dorsum with numerous sclerotic pores, (ii) a pair of orbicular pores present in midline, (iii) 3 or more pairs of small groups of cribriform platelets present submedially between anal plates and posterior orbicular pore, (iv) preopercular pores absent, (v) 9–15 setae present on dorsal surface of each anal plate, (vi) ventral tubular ducts absent, and (vii) multilocular disc-pores present near mouthparts. (Kondo, 2010b) The first-instar nymph of C. biorbiculus can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) dorsal setae absent, (ii) each anterior stigmatic cleft with 1 or 2 stigmatic setae; each posterior cleft with 1-3 setae, (iii) 6-8 marginal setae present between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, (iv) antennae 6 segmented, (v) with 3 pairs of ventral submedian setae on abdomen, and (vi) each anterior spiracular furrow with 8-11 pores and each posterior furrow with 11-14 pores. First-instar nymphs from material collected in Colombia on Croton gossypiifolius have many fewer setae on the legs, a greater number of ventral and dorsal microducts and a small apical claw denticle (denticle absent in type material).

SYSTEMATICS: Specimens collected in Cali, Colombia, on Croton gossypiifolius have sclerotic pores with smooth round edges, in contrast to more irregular to quadrate sclerotic pores as seen in the type specimens and species collected elsewhere. (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 97]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 11-15]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-50]; QinGu1989 [host, distribution: 225]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].

Cryptostigma chacoense Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma chacoensis Kondo, 2010b: 15-19. Type data: BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Dharagua, 50 km N.E. La Brecha, on Caesalpinia paraguariensis, 11/?/2002, by D.W. Roubik. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Cryptostigma chacoense; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 407. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



ASSOCIATES: Apidae: Plebeia sp. [Kondo2010b]. HYMENOPTERA Apidae: Plebeia sp. [Kondo2010b], Swarzula timida Camargo & Pedro [Kondo2010b].

HOST: Fabaceae: Caesalpinia paraguariensi [Kondo2010b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Kondo2010b].

BIOLOGY: Cryptostigma chacoensis found inside nests of Plebeia sp. and Schwarzula timida Camargo and Pedro (D.W. Roubik, pers. comm. in Kondo, 2010b).Cryptostigma chacoensis together with C. melissophilum are the only species of Coccidae known to be tended by stingless bees and harboured within their nests. (Kondo, 2010b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kondo, 2010b.

STRUCTURE: Young adult females reddish orange, becoming purplish brown at maturity; anal plates and surrounding area distinctly darker than rest of dorsum. Mounted material: body outline oval to elongate oval, constricted at stigmatic areas. (Kondo, 2010b) Immature insects yellowish. (Kondo, 2010b)

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. chacoensis can be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (i) dorsum with 25-33 complex orbicular pores, (ii) unilocular and bilocular dorsal microducts present, (iii) with about 18 setae on surface of each anal plate, (iv) preopercular pores absent, (v) marginal setae sharply spinose, often with swollen bases, and (vi) presence of ventral tubular ducts. C. chacoensis appears most similar to C. saundersi Laing, but the following features separate the two species (characters on C. saundersi in brackets): (1) only 22-23 complex orbicular pores present (60 or more); (2) multilocular pores absent near antennae (a multilocular pore present next to each antenna); and (3) ventral microducts arranged randomly (arranged in transverse rows). (Kondo, 2010b) The first-instar nymph of C. chacoensis can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) dorsal derm rugose, (ii) dorsal setae present in 2 longitudinal submedian rows of about 11 pairs of setae, (iii) stigmatic setae totalling 1 or 2 per stigmatic cleft, (iv) 8-10 marginal setae present between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, (v) antennae 6 segmented, (vi) with 5 pairs of ventral submedian setae on abdomen, (vii) spiracular disc-pores with 3-8 loculi, and (vii) each anterior and posterior spiracular furrow with 6-9 pores. (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, structure, taxonomy: 15-19]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 407].

Cryptostigma guadua Kondo & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma guadua Kondo & Gullan, 2004: 718. Type data: PERU: Madre de Dios, Estacion Biologica de Cocha Cashu, Parque Nacional Manu, altitude 350 m; collected vi.2003, by D.W. Davidson. Holotype female. Type depository: MHLP. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicinae: Camponotus longipilis [Kondo2010b], Camponotus mirabilis [Kondo2010b], Camponotus sp. [Kondo2010b].

HOST: Poaceae: Guadua sp. [KondoGu2004]

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [KondoGu2004].

BIOLOGY: This soft scale was collected from inside nest of the ant, Camponotus mirabilis (Kondo & Gullan, 2004).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Kondo & Gullan (2004).

STRUCTURE: Color variable, live specimens often reddish with a yellow tinge. Dorsum of specimens preserved in alcohol pale orange to yellowish-brown, ventral surface pinkish. Dorsal surface covered by a thin clear waxy layer, easily detached in alcohol, wax of a flaky texture. Stigmatic cleft and anal cleft very deep; stigmatic sclerotizations and anal plates clearly marked and light brown to dark brown in color. (Kondo, 2010b)

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. guadua can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) dorsum with numerous small sclerotic pores, (ii) presence of a deep, cone-shaped stigmatic sclerotization, (iii) presence of tubercle-like preopercular pores, (iv) with 10-16 setae on dorsal surface of each anal plate, (v) multilocular disc-pores present on all abdominal segments, surrounding the spiracles and including a group which forms a line from each mesothoracic leg to the posterior spiracle, and (vi) absence of ventral tubular ducts. (Kondo, 2010b) The first-instar nymph of C. guadua can be diagnosed by the combination of the following features: (i) dorsal setae arranged in 2 parallel longitudinal lines, (ii) numerous mid-ventral setae present on all abdominal and thoracic segments, (iii) antennae 5 segmented, (iv) 2 types of marginal setae present, those on dorsal surface sharply spinose, those on ventral surface flagellate, and (v) presence of numerous ventral microducts arranged in a transverse row just posterior to the mouthparts and anterior coxae. (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 19-23]; KondoGu2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 717-723].

Cryptostigma gullanae Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma gullanae Kondo, 2010b: 23-25. Type data: ECUADOR: Provincia Napo, Jatun Sacha, 400 m asl, 1°04’S, 37°37’W, on Sapium utile, tended by Pseudomyrmex viduus, 8/3/1991, by P.S. Ward. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Pseudomyrmex viduus [Kondo2010b].

HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Sapium utile [Kondo2010b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Kondo2010b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kondo, 2010b.

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. gullanae can be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (i) dorsal setae absent, (ii) dorsum with 3 orbicular pores, (iii) cribriform platelets present, (iv) apodemes conspicuous on dorsal derm, (v) dorsal surface of anal plates with 10 or 11 setae, (vi) preopercular pores absent, (vii) margin papillate, (viii) with 3 stigmatic setae in each cleft, but often broken off, (ix) multilocular disc-pores present around vulva and medially on last abdominal segments, but becoming progressively fewer on anterior abdominal segments, and sparsely scattered submarginally on abdomen, and (x) anal ring with 6 setae. (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 23-25].

Cryptostigma inquilinum (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudophilippia inquilina Newstead, 1920: 181. Type data: JAMAICA: at banks of Great River, near Montpelier, on undetermined tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1989: 225. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Akermes secretus Morrison, 1922: 145. Type data: PUERTO RICO, on Inga laurina. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1989: 225.

Cryptostigma ingae Ferris, 1922: 160. Type data: PUERTO RICO: on Inga laurina. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1989: 225.

Cryptostigma inquilina; Steinweden, 1929: 234. Change of combination.

Cryptostigma secretus; Morrison, 1929: 53. Change of combination.

Cryptostigma inquilinum; Kondo, 2010b: 25. Justified emendation.



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Dolichoderinae: Azteca longiceps [Kondo2010b]. Formicidae: Myrmelachista ambigua ramularum Wheeler [Kondo2010b]. Myrmicinae: Crematogaster brevispinosa Mayr [Kondo2010b]. Pseudomyrmecinae: Pseudomyrmex sp. [Kondo2010b].

HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [Morris1929]. Fabaceae: "Algarrobo" [Kondo2010b], Haematoxylon campechianum [Kondo2010b], Inga laurina [Morris1922, QinGu1989, Hodgso1994a], Inga sp. [Kondo2010b]. Moraceae: Ficus laevigata [Kondo2010b]. Myrtaceae: Psidium [Hodgso1994a]. Polygonaceae: Triplaris surinamensis [Kondo2010b]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Wolcot1941].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Kondo2010b]. Neotropical: Costa Rica [Kondo2010b]; Cuba [Kondo2010b]; El Salvador [Wolcot1941]; Grenada [Kondo2010b]; Guyana [Kondo2010b]; Jamaica [QinGu1989, Hodgso1994a] (Great River, in ants' nest.); Panama; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981, QinGu1989, Hodgso1994a] (Mayaquez; San Juan.)); Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [Kondo2010b]); U.S. Virgin Islands.

BIOLOGY: Living on bark of the host plant beneath a blackish shelter constructed by the ant Crematogaster brevispinosa Mayr (Newstead, 1920). Attended by the ant Azteca longiceps in Panama (Morrison, 1929). Attended by the ant, Pseudomyrmex viduus (F. Smith), on the internodes of Triplaris weigeltiana branches, and cohabiting with the pseudococcid Farinococcus multispinosus Morrison (Ward, 1999).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a). Redescription and illustration in Kondo, 2010b.

STRUCTURE: "Color in life of different shades of light reddish or yellowish brown, often varying to hint of lavender purple brown; color of alcoholic specimens dorsally pale grayish brown, with somewhat distinct linear transverse mottling of dark brown, tiny blackish flecks along margin, brown area around anal plates, small white spots at stigmatic area, ventrally with marginal band of dull brown, anterior 2 thirds of surface yellow cream, shading off to brown at edges, ventral abdominal segments about same color as dorsum; whole venter variously mottled, flecked with dark color" (Morrison, 1922). Specimens collected in Mexico with a rugose dorsum with clearly visible dorsal segmentation; color ranging from yellow to pink, with anal plates darker, orange brown to red brown, with a conspicuous white wax on each stigmatic area. (Kondo, 2010b) The first-instar nymph of C. inquilinum can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: (i) dorsal setae present in 2 longitudinal rows of about 5 pairs, (ii) anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts each with 1 stigmatic seta, (iii) with 7-9 marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, (iv) antennae 6 segmented, (v) with 1 pair of ventral submedian setae on posterior 3 abdominal segments, (vi) each anterior stigmatic furrow with 7-8 pores, each posterior furrow with 7-9 pores, and (vi) ventral submarginal setae flagellate. (Kondo, 2010b)

SYSTEMATICS: Ben-Dov (1993: 97,98) erroneously regarded Cryptostigma jamaicensis Qin & Gullan, 1989: 225, and Lecanopsis jamaicensis Qin & Gullan, 1989: 225 as nomina nuda that are placed with Cryptostigma inquilinum (Newstead). However, in accordance with Article 12.3 of ICZN (Fourth Edition, 2000), the mention by Qin & Gullan, 1989 of the above-mentioned names, as printed on a label, should not be regarded nomina nuda. The orbicular pores on the adult female C. inquilinum are often overlooked because they are inconspicuous, and the borders of the membranous areas do not show signs of sclerotization as in other species with orbicular pores. Hodgson (1994) and Qin and Gullan (1989) redescribed C. inquilinum, but neither study mentions the presence of orbicular pores in this species. In the study by Qin and Gullan (1989), the species is described as having no orbicular pores (as compound pores). Kondo (2010b) believed that he examined the same material, or material from the same collections as Hodgson (1994) and Qin and Gullan (1989), and that the orbicular pores were overlooked in these studies. The orbicular pores of C. inquilinum were noticed after collecting fresh material in Mexico on Acacia paniculata, and later carefully reexamining the type material listed above. (Kondo, 2010b) The ending of the specific epithet "inquilina" was changed to "inquilinum" in order to match the neuter gender of the generic ending -stigma, in accordance to the ICZN code (article 30.1.2.) in ondo, 2010b.

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 97-98]; Ferris1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225]; Hodgso1990 [taxonomy, distribution: 220]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-207]; Hodgso1995 [taxonomy, structure: 55]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 77,117,141,144]; Morris1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-148]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53-54]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 4]; NakahaMi1981 [distribution: 30]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-182]; QinGu1989 [host, distribution: 225]; Ward1999 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 512]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2011 [taxonomy: 67]; Wolcot1941 [host, distribution].

Cryptostigma jonmartini Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma jonmartini Kondo, 2010b: 30-34. Type data: GUATEMALA: Escuintla, Parque Auto Safari Chapín, (14°06’, 90°38’W), on Enterolobium cyclocarpum, 11/14/2003, by P.S. Ward. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Pseudomyrmecinae: Pseydomyrmex sp. [Kondo2010b].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Enterolobium cyclocarpum [Kondo2010b]. Liliaceae: Astelia pterocarpa [Kondo2010b].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Oaxaca [Kondo2010b]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Kondo2010b].

BIOLOGY: Insects collected inside live hollow branches of host and tended by ants. (Kondo, 2010b) Third-instar nymphs yellow-cream; younger adult females probably of a similar color. Mature adult females sclerotized, ferruginous, with black mottling on dorsum; dorsum covered by a thin layer of wax. Mature adult females collected in Guatemala on Enterolobium cyclocarpum become cylindrical in shape allowing them to fit perfectly into the hollow stems of its host. The third-instar nymphs are flat in shape, and the insects only become cylindrical in the adult stage. (Kondo, 2010b)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Kondo, 2010b.

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. jonmartini can be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (i) body shape elongate oval, (ii) dorsal setae absent, (iii) dorsum with 3 orbicular pores, (iv) cribriform platelets present, (v) dorsal surface of anal plates with 17-21 setae, (vi) with 1 stigmatic seta per cleft but often broken off, (vii) apodemes conspicuous on dorsal derm, (viii) many fleshy setae on antennae branched, and (ix) presence of a marginal band of multilocular disc-pores around abdominal margin. C. jonmartini appears morphologically closest to C. melissophilum. However, they can be separated by their body shape and number of stigmatic setae (C. jonmartini being elongate oval with 1 stigmatic seta per cleft, and C. melissophilum being oval with 3 stigmatic setae per cleft). In addition, C. jonmartini is associated with tending ants whereas C. melissophilum is associated with bees. (Kondo, 2010b) The first-instar nymph of C. jonmartini can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) dorsal setae present in 2 longitudinal rows of about 5 pairs, (ii) with 1 stigmatic seta in each anterior and posterior stigmatic cleft, (iii) with 7 marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, (iv) antennae 6 segmented, (v) with 4 or 5 pairs of ventral submedian setae, including 1 pair present on thorax between meso and metathoracic region, (vi) femur with 2 closely-paired setae, and (vii) spiracular furrows each with 7-8 pores. (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 30-34].

Cryptostigma longinoi Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma longinoi Kondo, 2010b: 34-37. Type data: COSTA RICA: 1 (1), Provincia Puntarenas, Ojo de Agua, 800m asl, 10°16’N, 84°50’W, in nest of Azteca longiceps in Triplaris melaenodendron, 7/5/1991, by J. Longino. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Azteca longiceps [Kondo2010b], Azteca sp. [Kondo2010b], Azteca xanthodhroa [Kondo2010b].

HOSTS: Polygonaceae: Triplaris melaenodundron [Kondo2010b]. Urticaceae: Cecropia insignis [Kondo2010b], Cecropia peltata [Kondo2010b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Kondo2010b]; Suriname [Kondo2010b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Kondo, 2010b.

STRUCTURE: Alcohol-preserved specimens subcircular; young adult female yellow cream, dorsum speckled with tiny dark spots corresponding to sclerotized pores on slide-mounted specimens; anal plates and surrounding area dark; stigmatic clefts also dark, with a white soft wax. Color of matured adult female yellow cream mixed with reddish brown, interrupted by transverse dark rows. Body becoming sclerotized around margins. (Kondo, 2010b)

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. longinoi can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) dorsum with numerous sclerotic pores, (ii) dorsal setae present, knobbed or bluntly spinose, some sharply spinose, (iii) preopercular pores absent, (iv) each anal plate with 3-6 setae on dorsal surface, (v) ventral tubular ducts absent, and (viii) simple pores present on venter. This is the only known species with simple pores on the venter. (Kondo, 2010b) The first-instar nymph of C. longinoi can be diagnosed by the following combination of features (i) dorsal setae present in 2 longitudinal rows, (ii) with 3 stigmatic setae in each stigmatic cleft, (iii) with 8 marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, (iv) antennae 5 segmented, (v) 1 pair of ventral submedian setae on last 3 abdominal segments, (vi) anterior stigmatic furrows each with 6-8 pores, posterior stigmatic furrows each with 9-10 pores, and (vi) femur with 6–8 setae. The preceding description of the first-instar nymph is based on a fully matured first-instar nymph from Costa Rica, close to molting and in poor condition.(Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 34-37].

Cryptostigma melissophilum Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma melissophilum Kondo, 2010b: 37-41. Type data: BRAZIL: Amazonas, Rio Negro, Tapurucuara Mirim, 0º25’17”S, 66º24”22”W, on Campsiandra angustifolia, inside nest of Schwarzula coccidophila, 7/3/1999, by J.M.F. Camargo & S.R.M. Pedro. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Apidae: Schwarzula coccidophila [Kondo2010b].

HOST: Fabaceae: Campsiandra angustifolia [Kondo2010b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas [Kondo2010b]).

BIOLOGY: Cryptostigma melissophilum is closely associated with stingless bees. The stingless bees obtain honeydew for food and also collect wax from the waxy test to build their nest. C. melissophilum has a rather thick waxy layer which is constantly harvested by the stingless bees which rub the wax between their basitarsi to form pellets, which they then transport in their mandibles to their nest where it is stored as wax deposits or used in the construction or repair of their nest. (Kondo, 2010b)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Kondo, 2010b.

STRUCTURE: Young adult female subcircular, flattish, constricted at stigmatic clefts; entire body covered with small grayish white waxy flakes; color of body peach pink after removal of wax, with orbicular pores visible as tiny red-brown spots, and with a somewhat powdery wax present just around each orbicular pore; anal plates and circular area around plates reddish to purplish brown; anal cleft only just visible; area around spiracular peritremes conspicuously marked by white spots made of a wax secreted by spiracular discpores. Mature adult female highly convex, oval to elongate oval, becoming irregular in shape when crowded, dorsum with a somewhat granulose texture, body constricted at the stigmatic clefts; color of insect peach pink; dorsum with 6-7 yellowish-white transverse intersegmental lines separated from each other at regular intervals; transverse lines interrupted by a median longitudinal groove and 1 or 2 additional grooves running from thoracic region near head posteriorly towards area just anterior or laterad to anal plates. Orbicular pores present close to body margin, represented by 3 tiny circular reddish-brown spots: 1 on head region, and 1 between stigmatic areas on each side of body. Area around spiracular peritreme marked by snow-white wax. Different growth stages usually found within each colony, with first- and second-instar nymphs appearing yellowish. (Kondo, 2010b)

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. melissophilum can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) body shape oval, (ii) dorsal setae absent, (iii) dorsum with 3 orbicular pores, (iv) cribriform platelets present, (v) anal plates with about 16 setae on dorsal surface, (vi) stigmatic setae totalling 3 per cleft, but often broken off, (vii) apodemes conspicuous on dorsal derm marginally and submarginally, (viii) some fleshy setae on antennae always branched, and (ix) presence of a marginal band of multilocular disc-pores around body margin on abdomen. C. melissophilum appears most similar in morphology to C. jonmartini. C. melissophilum and C. jonmartini can be separated by the following character states: (i) the thickness of the waxy layer covering the dorsum of live specimens (rather thick, about 1.5 mm or more in C. melissophilum; thin, less than 1 mm in C. jonmartini); and (ii) the width of posterior spiracular peritremes (each 243-297 µm wide in C. melissophilum; 145-200 µm wide in C. jonmartini). In addition, C. jonmartini is associated with tending ants whereas C. melissophilum is associated with bees. (Kondo, 2010b) The first-instar nymph of C. melissophilum can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: (i) dorsal setae present in 2 longitudinal rows of about 5 pairs, (ii) with 1 stigmatic seta in each anterior and posterior stigmatic cleft, (iii) presence of 7 marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, (iv) antennae 6 segmented, (v) ventral submedian setae 4 pairs: 1 pair on last 3 abdominal segments, plus 1 isolated pair between meso- and metathoracic legs (vi) anterior stigmatic furrows each with 8-11 pores, posterior stigmatic furrows each with 9-12 pores, (vii) presence of 3 or 4 microducts between each pair of submarginal setae on abdomen and (viii) femur with 4 setae. (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 37-41].

Cryptostigma mexicanum Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma mexicanum Kondo, 2010b: 41-43. Type data: MEXICO: Intercepted at Dallas, Fort Worth, in wood stick of crate from Mexico, 7/31/1978, by G.M. Stamey. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes: MEXICO: Jalisco, San Antonio, 9/4/1976, ex hollow pit of twig of wood crate, 2 (4: 2 adult females + 1 third-instar female + 1 immature [2nd instar] male), 9/4/1976, by D. Johnston (USNM)



HOST: Caprifoliaceae: Sambucus sp. [Kondo2010b]

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Kondo2010b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kondo, 2010b.

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. mexicanum can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) dorsum without sclerotic pores, (ii) dorsal setae present, slender, scattered throughout dorsum, (iii) dorsum with 10-30 preopercular pores, (iv) multilocular disc-pores present around pro- and mesothoracic legs, (v) leg segments usually characteristically square or rectangular in shape (vi) presence of about 10 setae on surface of each anal plate, and (vii) ventral tubular ducts absent. (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 41-43].

Cryptostigma philwardi Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma philwardi Kondo, 2010b: 43-45. Type data: COLOMBIA: Magdalena, Ciénaga, 11°00’N, 74°15’W, in colony of Pseudomyrmex sp. cf. fortis, on live tree of Avicennia ferminans, 8/15/1985, by P.S. Ward. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Pseudomyrmex sp. cf. fortis [Kondo2010b].

HOST: Verbenaceae: Avicennia germainans [Kondo2010b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2010b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kondo, 2010b.

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. philwardi can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) derm with elevated ridges arranged in a cellular or tessellated pattern, (ii) sclerotic pores absent, (iii) dorsum with numerous clusters of 2-15 small simple pores, (iv) dorsal setae absent, except for a group of 25-40 flagellate setae present next to each stigmatic sclerotization on a thin membranous area, (v) orbicular pores present, with 1 or 3 on head region and 2 or 5 on thoracic region, (vi) preopercular pores absent, (vii) stigmatic sclerotization forming a sclerotized crescent, each with 2 or 3 stigmatic setae, (viii) each anal plate with 12-27 setae on dorsal surface, and (ix) ventral tubular ducts absent. C. philwardi is the only known species in the genus with a cellular or tessellated pattern on the dorsum. (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 43-45]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112].

Cryptostigma reticulolaminae Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma reticulolaminae Morrison, 1929: 51. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, Frijoles, on Cordia alliodora, 3/28/1923, by W.M. Wheeler. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Pseudomyrmex triplaris [Kondo2010b].

HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [Morris1929, QinGu1989]. Polygonaceae: Triplaris americana [Kondo2010b].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Kondo2010b]. Neotropical: Costa Rica [Kondo2010b]; Panama [QinGu1989].

BIOLOGY: Attended by the ant Azteca longiceps in Panama (Morrison, 1929).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1929).

STRUCTURE: "Specimens varying in size and shape, average length 5 mm., width 4.5 mm., height 2.5 mm., deeply invaginated beneath in the abdominal region; color of alcoholic specimens dark reddish brown with blackish infusion along margin and anterior to anal plates; body surface smooth, rather shining, bearing numerous tiny pits corresponding in position to sclerotic plates of derm" (Morrison, 1929). Colour photo of adult female by Gullan & Martin (2009).

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. reticulolaminae can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) presence of numerous subcircular sclerotic pores arranged in a reticulate pattern, (ii) dorsal setae sharply to bluntly spinose, with a swollen or spatulate apex, (iii) dorsal microducts heavily sclerotized, with a deep outer ductule broadened near duct opening, (iv) preopercular pores absent, (v) presence of about 4 setae on surface of each anal plate, (vi) marginal setae not differentiated from dorsal setae, (vii) stigmatic sclerotization each with 3 stigmatic setae, (viii) antennae 1 segmented, reduced to a small round sclerotized plate (ix) ventral microducts with a swollen inner ductule, (x) multilocular disc-pores restricted to a small group on each side of vulva, (xi) legs vestigial, setose, and (xii) ventral tubular ducts absent. (Kondo, 2010b) The first-instar nymph of C. reticulolaminae can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: (i) dorsal setae present in 2 longitudinal rows of 5 pairs, (ii) each anterior stigmatic cleft with 3 stigmatic setae; each posterior cleft with 4 or 5, (iii) with 9 or 10 marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, (iv) antennae 5 segmented, (v) with pairs of submedian abdominal setae on last 3 abdominal segments, (vi) anterior stigmatic furrows each with 4 or 5 pores, posterior furrows each with 5-7 pores, (vii) ventral microducts with a long inner ductule, and (viii) dorsal surface of anal plates of a shingled texture. C. reticulolaminae is the only species in the genus with first-instar nymphs that have ventral microducts with a very long inner ductule. (Kondo, 2010) Despite the resemblances of adult female C. reticulolaminae to those of Myzolecanium, the first-instar nymphs of C. reticulolaminae are typical of Cryptostigma, with 5-segmented antennae (5- or 6-segmented antennae in Cryptostigma, and always 6-segmented antennae in Myzolecanium); absence of setae near each coxa (a seta always present next to each coxa in Myzolecanium); presence of 1 or 2 membranous folds just anterior to anal plates and with folds showing some sign of sclerotization (no membranous folds just anterior to anal plates in Myzolecanium); and with 3 pairs of ventral submedian setae posteriorly on abdomen (usually 3 pairs in Cryptostigma but always 6 pairs in Myzolecanium). (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 98]; GullanMa2009 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 965]; Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 45-48]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-53]; QinGu1989 [host, distribution: 225]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].

Cryptostigma rhizophilum Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma rhizophilum Kondo, 2010b: 49-54. Type data: PANAMA (AS CANAL ZONE): Hawaii, on Persisteria elata, 1/8/1957, by M. Bolosan. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araceae: Anthurium sp. [Kondo2010b]. Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [Kondo2010b], Elaeis oleifera x guineensis [KondoPeTo2013]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas sp. [Kondo2010b]. Musaceae: Musa sapientum [Kondo2010b], Musa textilis [Kondo2010b]. Orchidaceae: Peristeria elata [Kondo2010b]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma sp. [Kondo2010b]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber officinale [Kondo2010b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2010b]; Costa Rica [Kondo2010b]; Ecuador [Kondo2010b]; Panama [Kondo2010b].

BIOLOGY: C. rhizophilum is known from the root system of various hosts. (Kondo, 2013)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Kondo, 2010b. Color photograph in Kondo, et al., 2013.

STRUCTURE: Living adult female is yellow, orange to reddish color turning to maroon when it is older. It has a subcircular, convex body. (Kondo, et al., 2013) The slide mounted adult female of C. rhizophilum can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) sclerotic pores present, (ii) dorsal setae sharply or bluntly spinose, occasionally with a swollen apex, (iii) preopercular pores absent, (iv) each anal plate with about 5 setae on dorsal surface, (v) with about 14-29 marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas, (vi) antennae 1 segmented, reduced to a small round plate bearing numerous setae, (vii) multilocular disc-pores restricted to perivulvar region, (viii) legs greatly reduced, with segments fused and forming a sclerotized disc bearing a claw and numerous setae, and (ix) ventral tubular ducts absent. C. rhizophilum is the only known species in the genus with subcircular clusters of simple pores present laterad to each stigmatic cleft. (Kondo, 2010b) The first-instar nymph of C. rhizophilum can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: (i) dorsal setae present in 2 longitudinal rows of 5 pairs, (ii) each anterior stigmatic cleft with 3 stigmatic setae; posterior stigmatic cleft with 3 or 4 setae, (iii) 8-13 marginal setae present between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, (iv) antennae 5 segmented, (v) with pairs of submedian abdominal setae on last 3 abdominal segments, (vi) each anterior and posterior stigmatic furrow with 5-8 pores, and (vii) 1 microduct present mesad to each inner submarginal setae on abdomen. C. rhizophilum is the only species in the genus with first-instar nymphs that have sharply spinose outer submarginal setae. (Kondo, 2010b)

SYSTEMATICS: C. rhizophilum is unusual among species of Cryptostigma in its preference for the roots of its host. Two other species of Cryptostigma have been recorded from roots: C. urichi, a commonly ant-tended scale insect, normally found inside hollow branches and stems, has been collected on the large roots of Erythrina sp. in Surinam, although these were probably the exposed larger roots of the tree and not the underground roots; and C. silveirai appears to be restricted to the underground roots of grape vines and is known to be an important pest of vines in Brazil.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: C. rhizophilum has the potential to become an agricultural pest since its hosts includes oil palm, banana, Manila hemp, orchids and pineapple.

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 49-54]; Kondo2013 [behaviour, host: 48]; KondoPeTo2013 [description, ecology, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 22-26].

Cryptostigma saundersi Laing

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma saundersi Laing, 1925a: 59. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, on trunk of undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype, designated in Kondo, 2010b. Cryptostigma saundersi Laing, adult female. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, ex trunk of a tree protected by ants, 9.viii.1923, coll. L.G. Saunders (# 4), 1 (1) (BMNH).



ASSOCIATE: Dolichoderinae: Azteca sp. [Kondo2010b]

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Laing1925a, QinGu1989]).

BIOLOGY: According to its collector, L.G. Sanders, the insects were found in the trunk of an undetermined tree, and tended by ants of an undescribed species of the genus Azteca (Laing, 1925a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustrations in Kondo, 2010b.

STRUCTURE: Alcohol preserved specimens with a pale yellowish brown longitudinal stripe and several intertwining stripes on dorsum; also with semicircular stripes on declivity anterior to anal lobes; remainder of dorsum of a darker brown; a small darker brown to almost black area around anal plates. Ventral surface dark brown with a paler marginal area. Length (unmounted) approximately 7 mm, breadth from 5-6 mm (Laing, 1925a from Kondo, 2010b).

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. saundersi can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) sclerotic pores absent, (ii) complex orbicular pores present, totalling 34, (iii) dorsal setae absent, except for those present on orbicular pores, (iv) preopercular pores absent, (v) each anal plate with about 21 setae on dorsal surface, (vi) with about 100 or more marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas, (vii) 1 multilocular disc-pore present near each antenna, (viii) ventral microducts present in transverse linear intersegmental rows and around margin, and (ix) ventral tubular ducts present. C. saundersi appears closest to C. chacoensis, but the following features separate C. saundersi from C. chacoensis (character states on C. chacoensis in brackets): (i) 60 or more complex orbicular pores (22-33); a multilocular disc-pore present next to each antenna (absent); and ventral microducts present in rows (scattered). (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 99]; Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 54-56]; Laing1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60]; QinGu1989 [host, distribution: 225].

Cryptostigma serratum Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma serratum Kondo, 2010b: 56-58. Type data: ECUADOR: Santo Domingo, on cedrus tree, 7/5/1953, by H.R. Yutscolv. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes. COSTA RICA: Puntarenas, Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio (9°23’S, 84°09’W), <40 m. asl, 27 & 28.vii.1985, coll. J. Longino (#627) 2 (2) (USNM); PANAMA: Armuelles Prov., Chiriqui, 1938, collector not given, Ferris No. 196, ex undetermined tree, 1 (1) Paratype (BME).



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Myrmicinae: Crematogaster stolli [Kondo2010b].

HOST: "cedrus tree” [Kondo2010b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Kondo2010b]; Ecuador [Kondo2010b]; Panama [Kondo2010b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kondo, 2010b.

STRUCTURE: The adult female of C. serratum can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) sclerotic pores absent, (ii) dorsal setae sharply or bluntly spinose, (iii) preopercular pores present, tubercle-like, (iv) each anal plate with 4-8 setae on dorsal surface, (v) marginal setae numerous, with 30-60 between each anterior and posterior stigmatic areas, (vi) stigmatic sclerotization with a dentate margin, (vii) legs vestigial but with a well-developed claw, (viii) anal ring with 14 or 20 setae, and (xii) ventral tubular ducts absent. C. serratum is the only known species in the genus with an anal ring with 14 to 20 setae; dentate stigmatic sclerotizations, and it is also the only species with orbicular pores incorporated into the stigmatic sclerotizations. (Kondo, 2010b)

SYSTEMATICS: Adult female Cryptostigma serratum is unique in having an anal ring with 14 to 20 setae.

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 56-58].

Cryptostigma silveirai (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium silveirai Hempel, 1900: 5. Type data: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Sete Lagoas and Diamantina, on roots of grapevine. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Neolecanium silveirai; Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Change of combination.

Cryptostigma silveirai; Kondo, 2010b: 58-62. Change of combination. Notes: Lectotype, designated in Kondo, 2010b. Lecanium silveirai Hempel, adult .. BRAZIL: 359 Type 45, No. 95.069, 1 slide with 1 specimen (original slide with 4 specimens, remounted onto 4 slides with 1 specimen on each, lectotype # 1/4)(MZSP).



HOST: Vitaceae: Vitis [Hempel1900].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo [Kondo2010b]).

BIOLOGY: Cryptostigma silveirai (Hempel) appears to be restricted to the underground roots of grape vines. (Kondo, 2013)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hempel (1900a) and by Lepage & Piza (1941). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Lepage & Piza (1941).

STRUCTURE: Female subcircular or slightly elliptical, light red. Dorsum convex, 5.0-6.0 mm long, 4.0-5.0 mm wide, and 2.5-3.0 mm tall; lustrous, with a hard derm, covered by a thin layer of waxy secretion; with a median, longitudinal sulcus; derm around anal plates sunken. Anal cleft 0.6 mm. in length; anal lobes contiguous. With 2 lines of white powdery secretion on both sides (probably referring to the wax on the spiracular furrows secreted by the spiracular disc-pores). When the insect is removed from its resting site, it leaves a circular stain of white wax (Translated from Lepage & Piza, 1941) (Kondo, 2010b). The first-instar nymph of C. silveirai can be diagnosed by the combination of the following features: (i) dorsal setae present in 2 longitudinal rows of about 13 setae, (ii) each anterior stigmatic cleft with 3 stigmatic setae; each posterior cleft with 4 setae, (iii) with about 10 marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, (iv) antennae 5 segmented, (v) with pairs of submedian abdominal setae on last 3 abdominal segments, (vi) each anterior stigmatic furrow with about 12 pores; each posterior furrow with about 15 pores, (vii) with a group of microducts between pro- and mesothoracic coxae on each side of body, and (viii) legs with many setae. C. silveirai is the only species in the genus with first-instar nymphs that have 2 pairs of ventral submarginal setae on the head region. (Kondo, 2010b) Lepage and Piza (1941) described the male test of C. silveirai (as Neolecanium silveirai) as glazed satin-like, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, 1 mm tall, of elliptical form, divided by clear lines into 3 symmetric areas.Lepage and Piza (1941) described the adult male as typical of males in the genus (Neolecanium Parrott) (Kondo, 2010b).

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. silveirai can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) sclerotic pores present, (ii) dorsal setae sharply or bluntly spinose, each mostly on a sclerotized plate, but a few with normal or well-developed setal sockets, (iii) preopercular pores absent, (iv) each anal plate with about 5 setae on dorsal surface, (v) marginal setae not differentiated from dorsal setae, (vi) antennae 1 segmented, reduced to a small round plate bearing numerous setae, (vii) legs greatly reduced, represented by a small sclerotic plate with several setae, (viii) with a group of spiracular disc-pores extending from each posterior spiracle inwards to near each mesothoracic leg, and (ix) ventral tubular ducts absent. C. silveirai appears closest to C. longinoi and C. rhizohilum, but it can be easily differentiated from the former by the absence of ventral simple pores, and from the latter by the absence of a subcircular group of simple pores next to each stigmatic sclerotization. (Kondo, 2010)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A serious grapevine pest in Sete Lagoas and Diamantina, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil and in Araraquara, in the State of San Paulo, Brazil. Lepage and Piza (1941) conducted chemical trial experiments on the insects, which occur underground in the roots of grape and are found up to a depth of 90 cm, thus making them difficult to control. (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 193]; Cocker1902e [taxonomy: 143]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 451]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; CostaL1924 [host, distribution: 135]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 177]; Hempel1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 5]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 424-425]; Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 58-62]; Kondo2013 [behaviour, host: 48]; LepagePi1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 21-26]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 139-140].

Cryptostigma tuberculosum Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma tuberculosum Kondo, 2010b: 82-66. Type data: VENEZUELA: Petare, Edo. Miranda, on Orange, 8/28/1939, by C.H. Ballou. Holotype (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 2027. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus sp. [Kondo2010b]

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Kondo2010b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Kondo, 2010b.

STRUCTURE: The adult female of C. tuberculosum can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) sclerotic pores present, (ii) dorsal setae sharply or bluntly spinose, (iii) preopercular pores present, tubercle-like, (iv) each anal plate with about 5 setae on dorsal surface, (v) marginal setae sharply spinose, with about 10-15 between each anterior and posterior stigmatic areas, (vi) antennae 1 segmented, reduced to a small round plate bearing numerous setae, and (vii) legs greatly reduced, with segments fused and forming a sclerotic disc bearing a rudimentary claw and few setae. C. tuberculosum is the only known species in the genus with tubercle-like preopercular pores. Preopercular pores are also present in C. serratum and may also be present on C. mexicanum, but they are not tubercle-like in the latter. (Kondo, 2010b) The embryonic nymphs of C. tuberculosum can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: (i) dorsal setae present in 4 longitudinal rows of about 6 pairs, (ii) anterior and posterior stigmatic cleft each with 3 stigmatic setae, (iii) with about 9-11 marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, (iv) antennae 5 segmented, (v) a pair of submedian abdominal setae present on last 3 abdominal segments, and (vi) each anterior stigmatic furrow with 5-7 pores and each posterior furrows with 6-8 pores. The nymphs of C. tuberculosum can be separated from other known first-instar nymphs in the genus by the presence of 4 longitudinal rows of setae on the dorsum. (Konod, 2010b)

SYSTEMATICS: Adult females are somewhat similar to those of C. rhizophilum or C. silveirai with which they share the presence of circular sclerotic pores. However, those of C. tuberculosum can be easily separated from the latter two species by the presence of tubercle-like preopercular pores, an uncommon feature of the genus Cryptostigma and only shared with C. serratum. Cryptostigma tuberculosum can be separated from C. serratum by the presence of circular sclerotic pores which are absent in latter. (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 62-66].

Cryptostigma urichi (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium urichi Cockerell, 1894k: 203. Type data: TRINIDAD: in nest of Crematogaster brevispinosa Mayr. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Neolecanium urichi; Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Change of combination.

Akermes quinquepori Newstead, 1917: 349. Type data: GUYANA: Georgetown, on Microlobium acaciaefolium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Cryptostigma quinquepori; Morrison, 1929: 50. Change of combination.

Cryptostigma bunzlii Green, 1933: 57. Type data: SURINAM: on Erythrina sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1989.

Cryptostigma urichi; Kondo, 2010b: 66-70. Change of combination. Notes: Lectotype, designated in Kondo, 2010b. Lecanium urichi Cockerell, adult .. TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: Trinidad, West Indies, (Type description: 9/1893, coll. Urich, ex in the nest of an ant Crematogaster brevispinosa), slide mounted from USNM



ASSOCIATES: HEMIPTERA Coccinelliade: Farinococcus multispinosus Morrison [NascimPeKo2013]. HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Azteca alfari cecropiae [Kondo2010b], Azteca oeococordia Longino [NascimPeKo2013], Azteca sp. [Morris1922, Kondo2010b]. Formicinae: Camponotus novogrenadensis [Kondo2010b], Hamitermes excellens [Kondo2010b]. Myrmicinae: Crematogaster brevispinosa Mayr [Kondo2010b].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Erythrina [Green1933, QinGu1989], Microlobium acaciaefolium [Newste1917, QinGu1989], Pithecollobium saman [Morris1922]. Moraceae: Ficus [Morris1922]. Polygonaceae: Triplaris surinamensis [Morris1929]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [Cocker1897r], Smilax campestris [Iherin1897, Hempel1900a]. Urticaceae: Cecropia [Morris1929], Cecropia angulata [Morris1922].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Belize [Kondo2010b]; Brazil [Cocker1896d] (Rio Grande do Sul [Iherin1897, Cocker1897r], Sao Paulo); Colombia [Kondo2001]; Grenada [Cocker1896d]; Guyana [Newste1917, Morris1922, Green1933, QinGu1989]; Suriname [Green1933, QinGu1989]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1896d, Iherin1897, Morris1922]).

BIOLOGY: Attended by the ant Crematogaster brevispinosa Mayr (Hempel, 1900a).Attended by the ant Azteca alfari cecropiae, in Surinam (Morrison, 1929).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1933) Morrison (1922).

STRUCTURE: Red-brown, very shiny, nearly circular, moderately convex, segments marked on upper surface by black or blackish transverse lines interrupted at intervals (Cockerell, 1894). Young adult females orangy in life (J.H. Martin notes on slides collected in Belize, 6/20/2002). (Kondo, 2010b) The adult female C. urichi can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) oval body shape, (ii) dorsal setae absent, (iii) dorsum with 5 orbicular pores, (iv) cribriform platelets present, (v) dorsal surface of anal plates with about 10-17 setae, (vi) with 3 stigmatic setae per cleft, although often broken off, (vii) apodemes conspicuous on dorsal derm marginally and submarginally, and (viii) presence of a marginal band of multilocular disc-pores around abdomen. (Kondo, 2010b) The first-instar nymph of C. urichi can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: (i) dorsal setae present in 2 longitudinal rows of 5 pairs, (ii) each anterior and posterior stigmatic cleft with 1 stigmatic seta, (iii) with 6-8 marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, (iv) antennae 6 segmented, (v) with 1 pair of submedian abdominal setae on last 3 abdominal segments, (vi) each anterior stigmatic furrow with 5-9 pores and each posterior furrow with about 8-11 pores, and (vii) with a pair of microducts between each pair of submarginal setae on abdomen. (Kondo, 2010b)

SYSTEMATICS: C. urichi appears morphologically closest to C. cylindrium and C. melissophilum, but can be easily recognized by an extra pair of orbicular pores. The first-instar nymphs of C. urichi appear morphologically similar to those of C. inquilinum, but can be easily separated from the latter by the presence of a claw denticle (absent in C. inquilinum). (Kondo, 2010b) 2 syntypes of Neolecanium urichi, reportedly deposited at the USNM (Cockerell, 1894) as slides, are missing. Therefore, a lectotype was designated in Kondo, 2010b from a collection of specimens slide-mounted from the type dry material labelled: "Lecanium urichi (Cockerell)", deposited at the USNM. Cockerell’s original description of L. urichi agrees well with the morphology of the specimens obtained from the dry material. Lecanium urichi was found to be a member of the genus Cryptostigma, and is morphologically identical to Akermes quinquepori Newstead, which was recognized by Kondo, 2010b as a junior synonym. Like most of the species in the genus, C. urichi is usually tended by ants within cavities and crevices in the bark and stems of its host (Morrison, 1922). Green (1933) collected C. urichi (as C. bunzlii) from large roots of Erythrina sp. in Surinam, although the roots referred to by Green were probably the large exposed roots and not those underground. (Kondo, 2010b)

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 9-10 (female) [Key to the adult females of Cryptostigma Ferris]; Kondo 2010b: 10 (first instar) [Key to the known first-instar nymphs of Cryptostigma Ferris].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 98, 194]; Cocker1894k [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 203]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1896d [host, distribution: 306]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 241]; Cocker1897r [description, host, distribution: 71]; Cocker1902e [taxonomy: 143]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 451]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 177]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-58]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 423]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 408]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Morris1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-145]; Morris1929 [host, distribution: 50]; NascimPeKo2013 [ecology, host, illustration, life history: 511-514]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 349-350]; QinGu1989 [host, distribution: 225].



Crystallotesta Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Crystallotesta Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 79. Type species: Inglisia fagi Maskell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Lagowska 2011: 11 (female) [Species of Crystallotesta]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 22-23 (female) [Genera of New Zealand]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 87 (female) [Species of New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 79-80,87]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy: 8-9].

Crystallotesta fagi (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia fagi Maskell, 1890c: xv. Nomen nudum.

Inglisia fagi Maskell, 1891: 13. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Reefton District, on Fagus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 88. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Crystallotesta fagi; Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 87. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Fagus [Maskel1891], Nothofagus fusca [HodgsoHe2000], Nothofagus menziesii [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Cocker1896b, HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Hosking & Kershaw (1985) reported that this species caused (between 1974-1978) the death of large number of red beech trees, Nothofagus fusca in the Maruia valley, South Island of New Zealand.

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 87 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 148]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 329-330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 162]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81,87-89]; HoskinKe1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 201-211]; Maskel1890c [taxonomy: xv]; Maskel1891 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-15]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 13]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 105].

Crystallotesta fusca (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton fuscus Maskell, 1884: 131. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Mid Canterbury, near Christchurch, on Brachyglottis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Henderson, 1995: 106. Type depository: Christchurch: Canterbury Museum, New Zealand. Described: female.

Crystallotesta fusca; Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 89. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Panax arboreum [Maskel1887a]. Asteraceae: Brachyglottis repanda [Maskel1884]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum laetum [HodgsoHe2000]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma [HodgsoHe2000]. Violaceae: Hymenanthera [HodgsoHe2000], Melicytus [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 87 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 102]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 29]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 160]; Hender1995 [taxonomy, description: 106]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82,89-90]; Maskel1884 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-132]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-71]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 13]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 104].

Crystallotesta leptospermi (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia leptospermi Maskell, 1882: 220. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: from Manuka tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Henderson, 1995: 107. Type depository: Christchurch: Canterbury Museum, New Zealand. Described: female.

Crystallotesta leptospermi; Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 90. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Kunzea ericoides [HodgsoHe2000], Leptospermum scoparium [Maskel1882, HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Cocker1896b, Green1929, HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000], Three Kings Islands).

BIOLOGY: Apparently one generation a year; nymphs settle on leaves whereas the adult females develop on twigs (Hodgson & Henderso, 2000).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 87 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 148]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 29]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 162]; Green1929 [host, distribution: 377]; Hender1995 [taxonomy, description: 107-108]; HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83,90-92]; Maskel1882 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220-221]; Maskel1885a [taxonomy: 27]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-76]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 14]; Willia2013 [distribution: 190]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 105].

Crystallotesta marika Hodgson & Lagowska

NOMENCLATURE:

Crystallotesta marika Hodgson & Lagowska, 2011: 9-11. Type data: FIJI: Suva, Thurston Gardens, on epiphytic fern Pyrrosia adnascens; collected C.J. Hodgson, 25.vii.2009. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Polypodiaceae: Pyrrosia adnascens [HodgsoLa2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [HodgsoLa2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Lagowska (2011)

KEYS: Hodgson & Lagowska 2011: 11 (female) [Species of Crystallotesta].

CITATIONS: HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-11].

Crystallotesta neofagi Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Crystallotesta neofagi Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 92. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Buller County, Granville Forest, on Nothofagus fusca, 8 August 1957, coll. E.E. Ensor. Holotype female and first instar. Type depository: FRNZ; type no. R28-30. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Nothofagus fusca [HodgsoHe2000], Nothofagus truncata [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 87 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84,87,92-93].

Crystallotesta ornata (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia ornata Maskell, 1885a: 27. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: on Elaeocarpus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Henderson, 1995: 107. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Crystallotesta ornata; Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 94. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus dentatus [Maskel1887a]. Fagaceae: Nothofagus truncata [HodgsoHe2000]. Lauraceae: Beilschmiedia tawaroa [HodgsoHe2000]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum scoparium [Maskel1887a]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus totara [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Cocker1896b, HodgsoHe2000]).

BIOLOGY: Probably has one generation a year (Hodgson & Henderson, 2000).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Lagowska 2011: 11 (female) [Species of Crystallotesta]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 87 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 149]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 30]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 162]; HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85,87,94-95]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy: 11]; Maskel1885a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-28]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-77]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 14]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 105].

Crystallotesta ornatella Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Crystallotesta ornatella Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 95. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Auckland, Hunua Range, host plant not indicated, October 1982, coll. C.F. Butcher. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 83-320d. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Leucopogon fasciculatus [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrtaceae: Kunzea ericoides [HodgsoHe2000], Leptospermum scoparium [HodgsoHe2000], Metrosideros [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

BIOLOGY: Apparently bivoltine (Hodgson & Henderson, 2000).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Lagowska 2011: 11 (female) [Species of Crystallotesta]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 87 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86,87,95-97]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy: 11]; Willia2013 [distribution: 190].



Ctenochiton Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton Maskell, 1879: 208. Type species: Ctenochiton viridis Maskell. Subsequently designated by Fernald, 1903b: 159.

Cnetochiton; Balachowsky, 1932b: 36. Misspelling of genus name.

BIOLOGY: A few species of the New Zealand genera Ctenochiton Maskell and Lecanochiton Maskell cause pits and other distortions on the leaves or stems of their hosts (Hodgson & Henderson, 2000).

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgon & Henderson 2000: 22-23 (female) [Genera of New Zealand]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 103 (female) [Species of New Zealand]; Hodgson 1969a: 10 (female) [Zimbabwe].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 29-30]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 99]; Balach1932b [taxonomy: 36,38]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 99]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 15]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 395]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 159]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description: 511]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 164,181-182]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 3,10]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 208-211]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 22-23,97-98,103]; Maskel1879 [taxonomy, description: 208]; Maskel1882 [taxonomy: 218]; Maskel1884 [taxonomy: 130]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description: 71-75]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 39,52]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 234-235]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 319-320].

Ctenochiton araucariae Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton araucariae Green, 1900e: 449. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, on Araucaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Araucariaceae: Araucaria [Green1900e, Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Green1900e, Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 99]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 159]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 511]; Green1900e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 449-450].

Ctenochiton aztecus Townsend & Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton aztecus Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 176. Type data: MEXICO: Arroyo San Isidoro, near Frontera, Tabasco, on trunk of a tree 'cafetilla cimarron'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n]. Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 99]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 15]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 159]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 176].

Ctenochiton carinatus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton carinatus Takahashi, 1951b: 107. Type data: INDONESIA: Riau [=Riouw] Islands, Rempang, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.

Platysaissetia carinata; Tang, 1991: 206. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 205 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 30]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 99]; Takaha1951b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-108]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-207].

Ctenochiton cellulosus Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton cellulosa Cockerell, 1899k: 88. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Myrniong, on Melaleuca nodosa. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca nodosa [Cocker1899k, Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 99]; Cocker1899k [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 88]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 159]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 511-512]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224].

Ctenochiton chelyon Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton chelyon Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 103. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Bay of Plenty, Waiaroho, on Streblus heterophyllus, 3 November 1993, coll. R.C. Henderson. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 93-342a. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Corynocarpaceae: Corynocarpus laevigatus [HodgsoHe2000]. Lauraceae: Litsea calicaris [HodgsoHe2000]. Malvaceae: Plagianthus [HodgsoHe2000]. Moraceae: Streblus heterophyllus [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrsinaceae: Elingamita [HodgsoHe2000]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis cunninghamii [HodgsoHe2000]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma [HodgsoHe2000]. Rutaceae: Melicope simplex [HodgsoHe2000]. Verbenaceae: Vitex lucens [HodgsoHe2000]. XXX: Ctichosperma viridis [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], Three Kings Islands).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 103 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy: 99,103-104]; Willia2013 [distribution: 190].

Ctenochiton cinnamomi Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton cinnamomi Green, 1922a: 1030. Type data: SRI LANKA: Colombo on Cinnamomum sp. and Chilaw, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Platysaissetia cinnamomi; Tang, 1991: 207. Change of combination.



HOST: Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 205 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 30]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 99-100]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1030-1031]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 307]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-208]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61].

Ctenochiton crematogastri Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton crematogastri Takahashi, 1942b: 25. Type data: THAILAND: Mt. Sutep, on Quercus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Platysaissetia crematogastri; Tang, 1991: 208. Change of combination.



HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [Takaha1942a, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Ali1971].

BIOLOGY: Protected under shelter constructed by Crematogaster sp. (Takahashi, 1942a).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 205 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 30]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 100]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 208].

Ctenochiton elongatus Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton elongatus Maskell, 1879: 212. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, on Geniostoma ligustrifolium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.



HOST: Loganiaceae: Geniostoma ligustrifolium [Maskel1879].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cocker1893k].

SYSTEMATICS: Hodgson & Henderson (2000) who studied type material of this species discovered that it includes two specimens of 2nd-instar males (not females) that belong to a different species. Therefore, they concluded that it should be regarded as Ctenochiton elongatus Maskell nomen dubium.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 101]; Cocker1893k [taxonomy, host, distribution: 548]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 160]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy: 184]; Maskel1879 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 212]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 12]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 104].

Ctenochiton eucalypti Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton eucalypti Maskell, 1895b: 52. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Maitland and Newcastle, on Eucalyptus siderophloia. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus siderophloia [Maskel1895b, Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 101]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 160]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 512]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 13]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, description: 52-54].

Ctenochiton formicophilus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton formicophilus Green, 1930c: 289. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Kloof van Airpulih (West Coast), collected from nest of ants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c, Ali1971]).

BIOLOGY: Found in carton nests of the ant Dlichoderus carbonarius latisquama (Green, 1930c).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 30]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 101]; Green1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280,288].

Ctenochiton froggatti Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton serrata Froggatt, 1915: 512. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Geraldton, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: NSWA. Described: both sexes. Homonym of Ctenochiton serratus Green.

Ctenochiton froggatti Ben-Dov, 1993: 101. Replacement name for Ctenochiton serrata Froggatt, 1915.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 101]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 512-513].

Ctenochiton fryeri Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton fryeri Green, 1922a: 1031. Type data: SRI LANKA: Vavuniya, on bark of undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Platysaissetia fryeri; Tang, 1991: 209. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 205 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 30]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 101-102]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1031-1032]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 307]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209].

Ctenochiton inclusus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton inclusus Green, 1930c: 289. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, collected in carton nest of ants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c, Ali1971]).

BIOLOGY: This species was described from a single female found in carton nest of ants (Green, 1930c).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 30]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 102]; Green1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 289-290].

Ctenochiton olivaceus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton olivaceum Green, 1922a: 1032. Type data: SRI LANKA: Matale, on Pterospermum suberifolium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Ctenochiton olivaceus; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 407. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Sterculiaceae: Pterospermum suberifolium [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]; Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 30]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 102]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1032-1033]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 307]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 407]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 52]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-321]; Varshn1985a [host, distribution: 26].

Ctenochiton paraviridis Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton paraviridis Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 105. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Auckland, Waitakere Range, Ferndown Track, on Schefflera digitata, 12 October 1997, coll. N.A. Martin. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 97-144b. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Pseudopanax arboreus [HodgsoHe2000], Schefflera digitata [HodgsoHe2000]. Griseliniaceae: Griselinia littoralis [HodgsoHe2000], Griselinia lucida [HodgsoHe2000]. Icacinaceae: Pennantia corymbosa [HodgsoHe2000]. Loranthaceae: Alepis flavida [HodgsoHe2000], Peraxilla colensoi [HodgsoHe2000]. Malvaceae: Hoheria [HodgsoHe2000]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrsinaceae: Myrsine australis [HodgsoHe2000], Myrsine salicina [HodgsoHe2000]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [HodgsoHe2000]. Smilacaceae: Ripogonum scandens [HodgsoHe2000]. Winteraceae: Pseudowintera axillaris [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudowintera colorata [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

BIOLOGY: Probably univoltine (Hodgson & Henderson, 2000).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 103 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100,103,105-107].

Ctenochiton rhizophorae Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton rhizophorae Maskell, 1895b: 54. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Brisbane, on Rhizophora mucronata. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mucronata [Maskel1895b, Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 103]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 31]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 161]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 512]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 13]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-55].

Ctenochiton serratus Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton serratus Green, 1904a: 67. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Warranambool, on Styphelia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Epacridaceae: Styphelia [Green1904b].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 103]; Green1904 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 7].

Ctenochiton toru Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton toru Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 107. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Taupo, Hauhungaroa Range, Waihaha R, on Toronia toru, 14 January 1995, R.C. Henderson. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 95-014d. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Proteaceae: Toronia toru [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 103 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101,103,107-108].

Ctenochiton transparens Froggatt

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton transparens Froggatt, 1915: 513. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Geraldton, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 103]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 513].

Ctenochiton viridis Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton viridis Maskell, 1879: 211. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, in Riccarton Bush near Christchurch, on Panax sp., June 1878, coll. W.M. Maskell. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 109. Type depository: Christchurch: Canterbury Museum, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Meryta sinclairii [HodgsoHe2000], Panax [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudopanax arboreus [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudopanax crassifolius [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudopanax ferox [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudopanax lessonii [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudopanax linearis [HodgsoHe2000]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya [Hodgso1994a]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Green1929, Hodgso1994a, HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000], Three Kings Islands).

BIOLOGY: Normally univoltine, but two generations may occur in a favourable summer (Hodgson & Henderson, 2000).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 103 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 104]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 32]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 161]; Green1929 [host, distribution: 377]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-211]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102,103,108-111]; Maskel1879 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-212]; Maskel1885a [taxonomy: 24-25]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-75]; Maskel1895a [taxonomy: 13]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-75]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Willia2013 [distribution: 190]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 104].



Cyclolecanium Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Cyclolecanium Morrison, 1929: 56. Type species: Cyclolecanium hyperbaterum Morrison, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Morrison (1929) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini.

KEYS: Kondo 2013: 40-41 (female) [Key to genera of the Toumeyella-group based on adult females]; Kondo 2011: 3 (female) [Key to genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on adult females]; Kondo & Williams 2009: 13-14 (female) [Genera of New World Myzolecaniinae].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 104]; GullanSt1996 [taxonomy: 310]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 211-214]; Kondo2013 [taxonomy: 40]; KondoWi2009 [taxonomy: 13-14]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description: 56]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 53].

Cyclolecanium hyperbaterum Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Cyclolecanium hyperbaterum Morrison, 1929: 56. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, Ancon, on Cordia alliodora. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [Morris1929, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [Hodgso1994a] (Red Tank, Canal Zone, Ancon.).

BIOLOGY: Morrison (1929) recorded this species from Panama, where it lives in association with the ants Pseudomyrma sericea, Camponotus sp., Azteca longiceps and Crematogaster sp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1929) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 104]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-214]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-60]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].



Cyphococcus Laing

NOMENCLATURE:

Cyphococcus Laing, 1925a: 56. Type species: Cyphococcus caesalpiniae Laing, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cyphococcinae. Tribe: Cyphococcini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 104]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 214-217]; Laing1925a [taxonomy, description: 56]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 53].

Cyphococcus caesalpiniae Laing

NOMENCLATURE:

Cyphococcus caesalpiniae Laing, 1925a: 56. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on Caesalpinia dasyrachis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Caesalpinia dasyrachis [Laing1925a, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Laing1925a] (Kampala).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 104]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-217]; Laing1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-57].



Dermolecanium Zavattari in Casazza

NOMENCLATURE:

Dermolecanium Zavattari in Casazza, 1928: 410. Type species: Dermolecanium migrans Zavattari, by monotypy.

Dermatolecanium Lindinger, 1937: 183. Unjustified emendation.

SYSTEMATICS: This genus was established for the type species which was described from the first-instar or crawler of a species of the Coccidae. The nymphs were reported to be responsible for a serious skin injury in humans in the Pavia district of Garlasco, Italy. Both Silvestri (1939) and Morrison & Morrison (1966), concluded that the evidence that the skin condition was caused by the coccid nymphs was unconvincing. No material of D. migrans exists, and it is unlikely that the taxonomic identity of this genus will ever be clarified. However, nomenclaturally the genus is valid.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 105]; Casazz1928 [taxonomy, description: 410]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy: 218]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 183]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 56]; Silves1939 [taxonomy].

Dermolecanium migrans Zavattari in Casazza

NOMENCLATURE:

Dermolecanium migrans Zavattari in Casazza, 1928: 410. Type data: ITALY: Garlasco, Pavia Districtand Pavia Hospital, collected on face of a woman (probably lost, Ben-Dov, 1993). Syntypes, larva. Described: larva. Notes: Type material lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy.

SYSTEMATICS: Zavattari in Casazza (1928) reported that first instar crawlers of this species were taken on human skin, on which they caused itches and skin lesion. Silvestri (1939) and Morrison & Morrison (1966) were doubtful whether the above reported crawlers, of this plant-feeding group, actually attacked and damaged the human skin.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 105]; Casazz1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 391-425]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy: 218]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 77]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 56]; Silves1939 [taxonomy].



Dicyphococcus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Dicyphococcus Borchsenius, 1959: 165. Type species: Dicyphococcus bigibbus Borchsenius, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a). Relationship to other families in the Cardiococcinae in Vea (2011).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 317 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 53]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 105]; Borchs1959 [taxonomy, description: 165]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 218]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 61]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 316]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 55]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13-14]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 183].

Dicyphococcus bigibbus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Dicyphococcus bigibbus Borchsenius, 1959: 168. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Ching-Tung, on Moghania sp., Cinnamomum sp., Melastoma sp. and Wendlandia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Moghania [Borchs1959, Ali1971]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Borchs1959, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a]. Melastomataceae: Melastoma [Borchs1959, Ali1971]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Tang1991]. Rubiaceae: Wendlandia [Borchs1959, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Ali1971]). Palaearctic: China (Junan, Tsindum, Gorge Pabentsjan.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 317 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 54]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 105]; Borchs1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-169]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-221]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 80]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 317-318]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 55]; Vea2011 [distribution, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 2,5-7,12]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7]; XieXuZh2004 [taxonomy, structure, chemistry: 320-328]; XieXuZh2005a [taxonomy, wax, infra-red: 133-143]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-202]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-184].

Dicyphococcus castilloae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia castilloae Green, 1911: 29. Type data: SRI LANKA: Koslanda, on Hevea brasiliensis, Grewia microcos, Adenochlaena zeylanica, Solanum sp., Vernonia sp. and Thea sp. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female, male and first instar.

Cardiococcus castilloae; Cockerell, 1911: 327. Change of combination.

Dicyphococcus castilloae; Borchsenius, 1959: 169. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Vernonia [Green1911, Sassce1912, Ali1971]. Euphorbiaceae: Adenochlaena zeylanica [Sassce1912, Green1937, Ali1971], Hevea brasiliensis [Green1911]. Fabaceae: Tamarindus indicus [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Moraceae: Castilla elastica [Sassce1912, Green1922, Green1937, Ali1971]. Solanaceae: Solanum [Green1911, Sassce1912, Ali1971]. Theaceae: Thea [Green1911, Sassce1912]. Tiliaceae: Grewia microcos [Sassce1912, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Tamil Nadu [Ali1971]); Sri Lanka [Sassce1912, Green1922, Green1937, Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 317 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 54]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 105-106]; Borchs1959 [taxonomy: 168]; Cocker1911a [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 327]; Green1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-31]; Green1922 [host, distribution: 465]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 312]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Sassce1912 [catalogue: 88]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 52]; Varshn1985a [host, distribution: 25].

Dicyphococcus ficicola Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Dicyphococcus ficicola Borchsenius, 1959: 169. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Ching-Dung District, near Pabyen-Chi, on Ficus pyriformis. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus pyriformis [Borchs1959, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Ali1971]).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 317 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 54]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 106]; Borchs1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 55]; Vea2011 [distribution: 2]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183].



Didesmococcus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Didesmococcus Borchsenius, 1953: 281. Type species: Didesmococcus megriensis Borchsenius (= Didesmococcus unifasciatus (Archangelskaya)), by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1957), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eulecaniinae. Tribe: Eulecaniini.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 100-106 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 291, 311 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 106]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description: 281]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 310-311]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 221-224]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 61]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 100]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 55]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description: 44]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 170].

Didesmococcus koreanus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Didesmococcus koreanus Borchsenius, 1955a: 288. Type data: KOREA: Pyongyang, on Prunus sp., Cerasus sp. and Armeniaca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



FOE: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus rubidus Hope [HuangWaYu2002, ChenTaYa2003].

HOSTS: Rosaceae: Armeniaca [Borchs1955], Cerasus [Borchs1955, Borchs1960b], Prunus [Borchs1955, Borchs1960b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia), Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); South Korea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991). Good description of the adult female, adult male and first-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 100 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 311 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 106]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 288-289]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 311-315]; Borchs1960b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 215]; ChenTaYa2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 136-139]; Huang2006 [host, distribution, life history: 108-111]; HuangWa2005 [host, distribution, chemical control: 575-577]; HuangWaYu2002 [host, distribution, life history, biological control]; HuangZoBi2005 [life history, biological control: 4-9]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; ShiXiXu2005 [chemistry, molecular data: 207-211]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-79]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 126]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-102]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-95]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 55]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 44-45]; WuNiHu2001 [host, distribution, life history, control: 292-295]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-57]; XieLiXu2010 [biological control, anatomy: 66-75]; XieXu2005a [chemistry, wax: 117-125]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-202]; XieZh2002 [chemistry, structure: 329-335]; XieZh2002 [structure, morphology: 329-335]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 171]; ZhangKoLi2001 [host, distribution: 8-10]; Zhao2002 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 55].

Didesmococcus unifasciatus (Archangelskaya)

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes unifasciatus Archangelskaya, 1923: 265. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Samarkand, on Persica sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Physokermes (Eulecanium) unifasciatus; Archangelskaya, 1931: 79.

Sphaerolecanium unifasciatus; Kiritshenko, 1936: 70. Change of combination.

Lecanium unifsciatus; Borchsenius, 1937: 85. Change of combination.

Eriochiton amygdalae Rao, 1939: 59. Type data: PAKISTAN: Baluchistan, Loralai, on almond tree. Holotype female. Type depository: PUSA. Described: female. Synonymy by Tang, 1991: 102.

Eulecanium unifasciatus; Borchsenius, 1949c: 172. Change of combination.

Didesmococcus megriensis Borchsenius, 1953: 282. Type data: USSR: Armenia, Megri, on Persica vulgaris, Amygdalus communis, Armeniaca sp. and Prunus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1970: 1017.

Didesmococcus unifasciatus; Borchsenius, 1953: 282. Change of combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus kabulensis Sugonyaev [Sugony1985], Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012], Coccophagus piceae Erdos [Bolu2012]. Encyrtidae: Metaphycus babajani [BabayaOg1985, Potaev1999], Metaphycus claviger Timberlake [DavoodTaFa2004], Metaphycus pulvinariae (Howard) [DavoodTaFa2004], Metaphycus sp. near zebrtus Mercet [Bolu2012], Microterys hortulanus [BabayaOg1985, Bolu2012], Microterys nuticaudatus Xu & Chen [DavoodTaFa2004]. Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron [Potaev1999].

HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus carica [TerGri1956]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus [TerGri1956, TorabiVaHo2010], Amygdalus communis [Borchs1957], Amygdalus nana [Borchs1957], Amygdalus pedunculata [Danzig1977a], Amygdalus scoparia [TorabiVaHo2010], Armeniaca [Borchs1960b, Borchs1957], Malus domestica [Potaev1993, TorabiVaHo2010], Persica concolor [TerGri1956, Hodgso1994a], Persica vulgaris [Borchs1957, MoghadTa2010], Prunus [Potaev1993, Potaev1999], Prunus amygdalus [Moghad2013], Prunus dulcis [Hodgso1994a], Prunus persica [KaydanKo2010], Prunus prostrata [Borchs1957]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [Potaev1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan; Afghanistan [Siddiq1966, Sugony1985, KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia [TerGri1956, TerGri1966a, Hodgso1994a] (Megri.); China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia)); Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009, TorabiVaHo2010]; Lebanon [Hodgso1994a] (Hawsh el Ghanum.); Mongolia; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan); Turkey [KaydanKo2010]; Turkmenistan [Potaev1993, Potaev1999]; Uzbekistan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a). Good description of the adult female, first-instar nymph, female last-instar nymph and male last-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 101 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 311 (female) [Palaearctic region ].

CITATIONS: Archan1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265]; Archan1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-81]; Archan1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-42]; Babaia1987 [host, distribution, economic importance: 133]; BabayaOg1985 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 18-19]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 106-107]; Bolu2012 [distribution, host: 107-114]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-85]; Borchs1949d [taxonomy]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 149]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy: 282-283]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 315-322]; Danzig1970 [taxonomy: 1017-1018]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 201]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 582]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 70]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 201]; DavoodTaFa2004 [distribution, biological control: 51-66]; DavoodTaFa2004 [biological control: 51-66]; FowjhaKo1994 [host, distribution: 344]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Hodgso1994 [taxonomy: 171-172]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-224]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 198]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 262]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 70]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 7-8]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 9]; MoghadTa2010 [host, distribution: 31-32]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 35, 37]; Potaev1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 77]; Rao1939 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 59-60]; Siddiq1966 [economic importance, host, distribution: 4-5]; Sugony1985 [biological control, host, distribution: 31-33]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 102-104]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96,97]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 55]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 371]; TorabiVaHo2010 [host, distribution: 153-162].



Differococcus Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Differococcus Granara de Willink, 1999: 89. Type species: Saissetia argentina Morrison, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 25 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 89-90].

Differococcus argentinus (Morrison)

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia argentina Morrison, 1919: 83. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, host plant not indicated by Morrison, but Granara de Willink (1999) studied syntypes from Prosopis alpataco. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Differococcus argentinus; Granara de Willink, 1999: 90. Change of combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus celticola Myartseva [Myarts2003].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia caven [Granar1999], Acacia visco [Granar1999], Prosopis [Granar1999], Prosopis alpataco [Granar1999], Zuccagnia punctata [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Myarts2003]. Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Granar1999], Mendoza [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 90 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 302]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-92]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 189]; Morris1919 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-85]; Myarts2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 125-134].

Differococcus silvestrii (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia silvestrii Leonardi, 1911: 275. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Zuccagnia punctata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 94. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Differococcus silvestri; Granara de Willink, 1999: 92. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Zuccagnia punctata [Leonar1911, Sassce1912, Granar1999]. Ulmaceae: Celtis tala [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Sassce1912] (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999]); Uruguay [Granar1999].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 90 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 318]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-94]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 275-277]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 189-190]; Sassce1912 [catalogue: 89].



Drepanococcus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Drepanococcus Williams & Watson, 1990: 102. Type species: Eriochiton cajani Maskell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson (1994a). Relationship to other families in the Cardiococcinae in Vea (2011).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 107]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 224-228]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 55]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 14]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,102].

Drepanococcus cajani (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriochiton cajani Maskell, 1891a: 61. Type data: INDIA: Madras, on Cajanus indicus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Ceroplastodes cajani; Cockerell, 1900c: 368. Change of combination.

Drepanococcus cajani; Williams & Watson, 1990: 102. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea [Green1937, Ali1971]. Fabaceae: Abrus precatorius [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1968a, Ali1971], Atylosia candollei [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1968a, Ali1971], Cajanus cajan [Ali1968a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a], Cajanus indicus [Maskel1891b], Dolichos lablab [ShafeeYoKh1989], Pongamia glabra [ShafeeYoKh1989], Tephrosia candida [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [Green1937, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ocimum [Ali1971], Ocimum sanctum [Green1908a, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a], Ocimum sanctum [Green1937, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Morris1920, Ali1968a, Ali1971]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Ramakr1919a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ziziphus jujuba [Newste1917b, Green1937], Ziziphus mauritiana [Ali1968a]. Theaceae: Thea chinensis [Green1937, Ali1968a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Green1903a, ShafeeYoKh1989] [Green1908a, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Bihar [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Mahe [Ali1971], Tamil Nadu [Ali1968a, Ali1971], West Bengal [Ali1971]); Malaysia [Ali1968a, Ali1971]; Philippines [Ali1968a, Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Orrisa, Bhubaneswar.); Taiwan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Green 1909a: 285-286 (female) [Ceylon].

CITATIONS: Ali1968a [host, distribution: 37-38]; Ali1971 [host, distribution: 53]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 107]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Cocker1900a [taxonomy: 368]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 27]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 164]; Green1903a [distribution: 95]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 32]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 285-286]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 311]; Hayat1971 [biological control: 421-432]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224-228]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 35]; Maskel1891a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-62]; Maskel1892 [host, distribution: 24]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 189]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy: 19]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 625]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 32]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Ramakr1930 [description, illustration, host, distribution: 42]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 48-49]; Singh2002 [host, distribution: 64]; Srivas1964 [host, distribution: 83-91]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 17]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 56]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 341-342]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 150]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 171]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy: 102]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183].

Drepanococcus chiton (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes chiton Green, 1908a: 32. Nomen nudum.

Ceroplastodes chiton Green, 1909a: 287. Type data: SRI LANKA: Maha Illuppalama, on Cassia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 102. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Drepanococcus chiton; Williams & Watson, 1990: 102. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Semecarpus magnifica [WilliaWa1990]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaWa1990]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [DanzigKo1990, WilliaWa1990]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaWa1990]. Euphorbiaceae: Aleurites moluccana [TaoWoCh1983]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia [Green1937, Ali1971], Cajanus [Green1937], Cajanus cajan [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Cajanus indicus [Green1908a, Green1937], Canavalia [Green1937, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Cassia [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971], Dalbergia [WilliaWa1990], Gliricidia sepium [WilliaWa1990]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [WilliaWa1990]. Lauraceae: Litsea [WilliaWa1990]. Malvaceae: Thespesia propulnea [WilliaWa1990]. Moraceae: Ficus [Green1937, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus benjamina [LinKoGu2013], Ficus retusa [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Proteaceae: Grevillea papuana [WilliaWa1990]. Rhamnaceae: Colubrina [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1990]. Solanaceae: Solanum [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Solanum melongena [WilliaWa1990]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1990]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [ShafeeYoKh1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Java [Ali1971]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [SzentI1961]; Solomon Islands. Oriental: Andaman Islands [Ali1971]; India [Green1908a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, DanzigKo1990] (Himachal Pradesh [Ali1971], West Bengal [Ali1971]); Malaysia [Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971, DanzigKo1990]; Taiwan [Ali1971, DanzigKo1990]; Thailand [Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: China [DanzigKo1990].

BIOLOGY: Buckley & Gullan (1991) showed, in Papua New Guinea, that attendance by the aggressive ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius), reduces the rate of parasitization.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tao et al. (1983), Tang (1991) and by Williams & Watson (1990).

KEYS: Green 1909a: 287 (female) [Ceylon].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 53]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 107-108]; BuckleGu1991 [biological control, life history: 282-286]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 43]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 79-80]; Green1908a [taxonomy: 32]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 287]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 312]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 253, 258]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 65]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution : 49]; SzentI1961 [host, distribution, economic importance: 127-147]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 345]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 68-69]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 17]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 79]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 56]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-97]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 341]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 151]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-105]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183].

Drepanococcus magnospinus (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes magnospinus Mamet, 1959a: 417. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ifanadiana, Ranomafana, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France.

Drepanococcus magnospinus; Williams & Watson, 1990: 102. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1959a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 108]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375,417-419]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy: 102].

Drepanococcus virescens (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes virescens Green, 1909a: 288. Type data: SRI LANKA: Matale, on Theobroma cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Drepanococcus virescens; Williams & Watson, 1990: 102. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Gardenia [Ali1971]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [Morris1921, Ali1971]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971]. Theaceae: Gordonia [Green1937].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971].

KEYS: Green 1909a: 288 (female) [Ceylon].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 53]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 108]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 288]; Green1922 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 312]; Morris1921 [host, distribution: 647]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 66].



Edwallia Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Edwallia Hempel, 1899: 131. Type species: Edwallia rugosa Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.

Ewallia; Cockerell, 1902p: 253. Misspelling of genus name.

Edwalia; Borchsenius, 1957: 47. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a). Relationship to other families in the Cardiococcinae in Vea (2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 108]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy: 47]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 163]; Hempel1899 [taxonomy, description: 131]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description: 478]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 229-231]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 65-66]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13-14].

Edwallia rugosa Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Edwallia rugosa Hempel, 1899: 131. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Eugenia jaboticaba. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eugenia jaboticaba [Hempel1899].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hodgso1994a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 108-109]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 164]; Hempel1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-132]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 478-480]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-231]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 132-133].



Epelidochiton Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Epelidochiton Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 111. Type species: Ctenochiton piperis Maskell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 22-23 (female) [Genera of New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 111-112].

Epelidochiton piperis (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton piperis Maskell, 1882: 218. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, on Piper [=Macropiper] excelsum, January 1881, coll. W.M. Maskell. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 113. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Epelidochiton piperis; Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 112. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Schefflera digitata [HodgsoHe2000]. Corynocarpaceae: Corynocarpus laevigatus [HodgsoHe2000]. Cupressaceae: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana [HodgsoHe2000]. Elaeocarpaceae: Aristotelia serrata [HodgsoHe2000]. Meliaceae: Dysoxylum spectabile [HodgsoHe2000]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya [HodgsoHe2000], Hedycarya arborea [HodgsoHe2000], Laurelia novae-zelandiae [HodgsoHe2000]. Piperaceae: Macropiper excelsum [Maskel1882, HodgsoHe2000]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [HodgsoHe2000], Pittosporum eugenioides [HodgsoHe2000]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma macrocarpa [HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma robusta [HodgsoHe2000]. Sapindaceae: Alectryon excelsus [HodgsoHe2000]. Verbenaceae: Vitex lucens [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 103]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 31]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 161]; Green1929 [host, distribution: 376]; HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-115]; Maskel1882 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 218-219]; Maskel1885a [taxonomy: 25-26]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 13]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 104].



Ericeroides Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Ericeroides Danzig, 1990: 374. Type species: Ericeroides zaitzevi Danzig, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Danzig (1990) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eulecaniinae. Tribe: Eulecaniini. The genus is close to Ericerus Guérin-Méneville, with both having numerous stigmatic spines and claw denticles, but it can be distigusihed by lacking dorsal tubular ducts and preopercular pores. (Wang & Feng, 2013)

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 109]; Danzig1990 [taxonomy, description: 374]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 232-234].

Ericeroides zaitzevi Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Ericeroides zaitzevi Danzig, 1990: 376. Type data: VIETNAM: Tamdao, Vinfu Province, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [WangFe2013]); Vietnam [Hodgso1994a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 109]; Danzig1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-234]; WangFe2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure: 6-10].



Ericerus Guérin-Méenville

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus (Ericerus) Guérin-Méenville, 1858: lxvii. Type species: Coccus ceriferus Fabricius, by monotypy. Notes: Type species as a misidentification of Coccus pela Chavannes.

Pela Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 140. Type species: Pela cerifera Targioni Tozzetti, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 146.

Curycerus; Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 19. Misspelling of genus name.

Eurycerus; Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 19. Misspelling of genus name.

Ericerus; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 729. Change of status.

Eriocerus; Cotes, 1891: 91. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Danzig (1980a) and by Hodgson (1994a). described by Ferris (1950a)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eulecaniinae. Tribe: Eulecaniini. Pela Targioni Tozzetti, 1866, was proposed in the binomen Pela cerifera as a substitute for Coccus pela Westwood. Pela is an isogenotypic synonym of Ericerus.

CITATIONS: Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 109]; Cocker1894v [taxonomy]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description: 167]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 285]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy, description: 717]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 146]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 146]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description: 72]; Guerin1858 [taxonomy, description: lxvii]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description : 235-237]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 165-166]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 52,68,75,150]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description: 90-91]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 152-153]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 56]; Targio1866 [taxonomy, description: 140]; Targio1867 [taxonomy: 19,41]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, description: 729]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description: 49]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 16]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 171].

Ericerus pela (Chavannes)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus pela Chavannes, 1848: 144. Type data: CHINA: Location and host plant of type material not indicated. Syntypes. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Coccus sinensis Walker, 1852: 1085. Type data: CHINA:. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: both sexes. Synonymy by Green, 1904c: 374.

Coccus cereus Walker, 1852: 1087. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 109.

Coccus sinensis Westwood, 1853: 95. Type data: CHINA: probably Shanghai, host plant of type material not indicated. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Oxford: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, England. Described: both sexes. Synonymy by Westwood, 1853a: 532. Notes: Unmounted syntypes are available at the Natural History Museum, Oxford, UK (Yair Ben-Dov, visit at OXUM, on December 15, 2002).

Ericerus ceriferus; Guérin-Méneville, 1858: lxvii. Misidentification.

Pela cerifera Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 140. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 109.

Ericerus pela; Signoret, 1869c: 102. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Westwood" as author.

Eulecanium potanini Borchsenius, 1955a: 297. Type data: CHINA: Sinan Province, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1967: 167.

Ericerus pe-la; Wu, 2001b: 256. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: China wax scale insect [BenDov1993]; china wax scale insect [BenDov1993]; Chinese scale [BenDov1993]; chinese scale [BenDov1993]; pela scale [BenDov1993].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus ericeri Wu & Jiang [WangChCh2011], Microterys ericeri Ishii [WangChCh2011], Microterys sinicus Jiang [WangChCh2011].

HOSTS: Oleaceae: Chionanthus retusens [Kuwana1923b], Fraxinus [Ferris1950a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a], Fraxinus bungeana [Kuwana1907, Kuwana1923b], Fraxinus longicuspis [Kuwana1923b], Fraxinus mandshurica [Danzig1967], Fraxinus rhynchophylla [Danzig1967], Ligustrum [Ferris1950a, Ali1971], Ligustrum ibota [Kuwana1902, Kuwana1907, TakahaTa1956], Ligustrum japonicum [TakahaTa1956], Ligustrum medium [Kuwana1923b], Syringa amurensis [Danzig1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Chavan1848]. Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Ali1971], Yunnan [Ali1971, ZhangYaMi1986], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001b]). Palaearctic: China [Green1904b, DeLott1971, Hodgso1994a] (Kunming) (Xizang (=Tibet)); Japan [Kuwana1917]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray); South Korea.

BIOLOGY: A biparental species, which develops one annual generation in Japan (Kuwana, 1923b), Russia, Vladivostok region (Danzig, 1965, 1967, 1980b) and in China (Li, 1985). The annual life cycle described by Danzig (1980b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female have been given by Danzig (1980b), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.55, a,b).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A comprehensive account on the life history and commercial breeding was presented by Li (1985). The wax secreted by the male nymphs is harvested in China and processed to produce the China wax, a commodity of considerable economic value in China (Li, 1985; Qin, 1997).

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 389 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 32]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 109-110]; Blanch1883 [economic importance, chemistry: 239-248]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 297-298]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 392-394]; CenJi1988 [economic importance, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 230-232]; Chavan1848 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 145]; Cheng1974 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 376-384]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Danzig1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, ecology, economic importance: 537-544]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 167-169]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 285-289]; Danzig1995 [taxonomy: 19]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 146-147]; FengChCh2001 [economic importance, chemistry: 322-327]; FengChHe2006 [genetics, physiology: 284-288]; FengChMa2006 [chemistry, economic importance: 1]; FengChYe1999 [economic importance, chemistry: 515-518]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 146-147]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73,85-87]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-70]; Green1904b [taxonomy, description, distribution: 374-375]; Guerin1858 [taxonomy: LXVII]; HeOh1998 [chemistry, economic importance: 22-25]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-237]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 186]; JiaoZh2000 [biological control: 291-296]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11-12]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 165-166]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 62]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 190]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61-64]; Kuwana1923a [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 393-403]; Li1985 [taxonomy, life history, economic importance: 26-33]; MaChZh1995 [host, distribution: 117-119]; Paik1978 [host, distribution]; Shinji1935b [host, distribution: 768]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 848,864,872]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 91-92]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 68]; Takaha1955f [host, distribution: 240]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 7]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-91]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-154]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 56]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 140,141]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1085,1087]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-51]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 289]; WangChWa2003 [life history, parthenogenesis: 386-390]; WangWaYe2005 [life history, ecology, physiology: 421-424]; WangXu2006 [chemical control, host, distribution: 152-154]; Westwo1853 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95]; Westwo1853a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 532]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 15,36,43,44]; Wu2001b [distribution: 256]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-202]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170,171-174,179]; YangZhGo2012 [chemistry, economic importance, life history, molecular data: 1-10]; YasumaNa1957 [life history, ecology: 203-219]; ZhangYaMi1986 [host, distribution: 108-109]; ZhangYaMi1987 [host, distribution: 283-285]; ZhaoLiJi2001 [economic importance, chemistry: 216-218]; ZhaoLiLi2001 [chemistry: 603-612]; ZhaoLiYa2001 [life history, chemistry: 456-459]; ZhaoShYa2002 [life history, chemistry: 318-322]; ZhaoWaWa2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 746-750]; ZhaoWaYe2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 32-38]; ZhaoZhYa2001 [chemistry: 257-262].



Eriopeltis Signoret

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriopeltis Signoret, 1872: 429. Type species: Coccus festucae Fonscolombe, by monotypy and original designation.

Eriopettis; Tang, 1991: 40. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1957), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Hodgson (1994a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae. Tribe: Eriopeltini.

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 111-112 (female) [Key to Palaearctic Genera of the Subfamily Eriopeltinae based on adult females]; Tang 1991 (female) [Asia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 180 (female) [Palaearctic Region]; Manawadu 1986 (female) [Palaearctic Region]; Tereznikova 1981 (female) [Ukraine]; Danzig 1980b: 252 (female) [Far East Russia]; Danzig 1980c (female) [USSR, Far East]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1978 (female) [Palaearctic Region]; Koteja 1978: 315 (female) [Palearctic Region]; Danzig 1975c (female) [Palaearctic Region]; Kozarzhevskaya & Reitzel 1975: 21 (female) [Denmark]; Koteja 1970: 230-231 (female) [Poland]; Danzig 1964 (female) [Palaearctic Region]; Borchsenius 1957: 90, 142-144 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1956a (female) [Palaearctic Region]; Borchsenius 1950b: 142-143 (female) [USSR].

CITATIONS: Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 98]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 111]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description: 93]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 142-143]; Borchs1956a [taxonomy, description: 397-420]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 140-144]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 217]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy, description: 639]; Danzig1975c [taxonomy, description: 808-813]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 251-252]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 145]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 35]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 304]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 238-241]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 141]; Kaweck1957 [taxonomy: 198]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 342-343]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 95]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 179-180]; Koteja1969 [taxonomy, description: 21-41]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy, description: 306]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; KozarDr1991 [taxonomy: 363]; KozarOrKo1977 [taxonomy: 72]; KozarzRe1975 [taxonomy, description: 21]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description: 352]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 78]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 122]; Manawa1986 [taxonomy, description: 317]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 70]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description]; Pelliz2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 101, 111]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 28-30]; Signor1872 [taxonomy, description: 429-430]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 235]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 41-42]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 56]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy: 50]; Terezn1966 [taxonomy: 29]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 99]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy: 62]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 156].

Eriopeltis aneurolepidicola Tang nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriopeltis aneurolepidicola Tang, 1984b: 127. Nomen nudum.

Eriopeltis brachypodii Giard nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriopeltis brachypodii Giard, 1894c: cxcix. Nomen nudum; discovered by Lindinger, 1912b: 85.

Eriopeltis brachypodii Giard, 1894c: cxcix. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiii.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: xxiii]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 329]; Fernal1903b [host, distribution: 145]; Giard1894c [host, distribution: cxcix]; Lindin1912b [host, distribution: 85].

Eriopeltis coloradensis Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriopeltis coloradensis Cockerell, 1905c: 136. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Boulder, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Eriococcus coloradensis; Lindinger, 1933a: 78. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Cocker1905c].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 111]; Cocker1905c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 7]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy: 344]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 7]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224].

Eriopeltis festucae (Boyer de Fonscolombe)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus festucae Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 216. Type data: FRANCE: Provence, Aix-en-Provence, on Festuca phaenicoides and Festuca caespitosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Eriococcus festucae; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 726. Change of combination.

Eriopeltis festucae; Signoret, 1872a: 430. Change of combination.

Eriopeltis brachypodii Giard, 1894: cxcix. Nomen nudum.

Eriopeltis agropyri Borchsenius, 1956a: 399. Type data: RUSSIA: Crimea, Simferopol, Odessa, Kiev, Stalingrad, on Agropyrum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 809.

Eriopeltis araxis Borchsenius, 1956a: 401. Type data: ARMENIA: Megri, and AZERBAIJAN: Ordubada, on Agropyrum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 809.

Eriopeltis caucasicus Borchsenius, 1956a: 402. Type data: RUSSIA: Northern Caucasus, Krasnodarsk, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 809.

Eriopeltis desertus Borchsenius, 1956a: 403. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: West Kazakhstan, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 809.

Eriopeltis eversmanni Borchsenius, 1956a: 403. Type data: RUSSIA: Urals, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 809.

Eriopeltis ferganensis Borchsenius, 1956a: 404. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Min-Bulak, on grass.. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 809.

Eriopeltis hamberdiensis Borchsenius, 1956a: 405. Type data: ARMENIA: Ashtaraksk Ridge, on Agropyrum sp.. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 809.

Eriopeltis maximus Borchsenius, 1956a: 408. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Kustanaisk Region, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 809.

Eriopeltis phragmitidis Borchsenius, 1956a: 408. Type data: RUSSIA: Crimea, Yevpatoriya, on Phragmites communis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 809.

Eriopeltis pratensis Borchsenius, 1956a: 411. Type data: RUSSIA: Yaroslavsk Region, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980c: 252.

Eriopeltis rasinae Borchsenius, 1956a: 411. Type data: RUSSIA: Leningrad Region, and LATVIYA: Riga, on Agrostis vulgaris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 809.

Eriopeltis zolotarevae Borchsenius, 1956a: 416. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, on grass. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 809.

COMMON NAME: cottony grass scale [WilliaKo1972, Gill1988].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012]. Encyrtidae: Metaphycus parvus eriopelti Mercet [Schmut1955b], Subprinomitus frontatus Xu [XuWuLo2000], Tropidiophryne palestinensis Rivnay [Rivnay1945].

HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Danzig1980b]. Poaceae [KozarOrKo1977, Kozar1981, KozarDr1993, Hodgso1994a], Agropyron [ZakOgaKo1964, Danzig1977a, KozarDr1993, Hodgso1994a], Agropyron caucasicum [Hadzib1973], Agropyron repens [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, KozarOs1987, KozarDr1993, Hodgso1994a], Agrostis [Reuter1904, KotejaZa1969], Agrostis alba [KotejaZa1983, Foldi2000], Agrostis perennans [WilliaKo1972], Agrostis stolonifera [KozarWa1986], Agrostis vulgaris [KotejaZa1966], Aneurolepidium chinensis [TangLi1988], Arrhenatherum elatius [Hadzib1973], Arundinella anomala [Danzig1980b], Brachypodium [ZakOgaKo1964, KozarOrKo1977, Kozar1983a, KozarDr1993, KozarGuBa1994], Brachypodium pinnatum [Giard1894c, KotejaZa1983, Kozar1985a, Marott1987], Brachypodium silvaticum [Green1928a, Marott1987, Hodgso1994a], Bromus [Marott1987], Calamagrostis epigeios [Koteja1983a], Corynephorus canescens [Koteja1971a], Dactylis glomerata [KozarGuBa1994], Deschampsia flexuosa [Koteja1971a, KozarzRe1975], Eragrostis [Bodenh1926, Bodenh1944b], Festuca [Green1917a, Green1928, ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, Marott1987], Festuca ovina [Green1925b, Green1927a, Koteja1971a, Marott1987], Festuca rubra [Giliom1967], Nardus stricta [KotejaZa1966], Phalaris tuberosum [Bodenh1943], Phleum pratense [KotejaZa1983], Phragmites communis [Borchs1956a], Poa pratensis [LagowsKo1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [Koszta1996]); United States of America (California, Illinois [Koszta1996], Indiana [Koszta1996], Maine [Koszta1996], Nebraska, Virginia). Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia; Austria; Bulgaria [Kozar1985, Hodgso1994a]; China (Gansu (=Kansu) [XuWuLo2000], Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia)); Croatia [Masten2007]; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland [Reuter1904]; France [Boyerd1834, Foldi2000]; Georgia [Hodgso1994a]; Germany; Hungary [Kozar1971, KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, Kozar1981, KozarWa1986, Kozar1991, KozarDr1993]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Iraq [Bodenh1943]; Israel [Bodenh1935]; Italy [Marott1987]; Kazakhstan; Latvia [Rasina1955, KotejaZa1966]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Mongolia; Netherlands; Poland [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1971a, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1984e, LagowsKo1996]; Portugal [Seabra1942, FrancoRuMa2011]; Romania [Kozar1985, FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia (Caucasus, Primor'ye Kray, St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1971a], Tatarstan (=Tatar) AR [Kozar1985a], Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Slovenia [Seljak2010]; South Korea; Spain; Sweden [KotejaZa1966, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [KaydanUlTo2002, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007, KaydanKo2010]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast, Odessa Oblast); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b], England [Green1917a, Green1923d, Green1928, Green1928a, Hodgso1994a] (Early records of Eriopeltis festucae (Fonscolombe) may refer to any of three native species of Eriopeltis now known to occur in Britain (Manawadu, 1986).), Scotland [Green1927a]); Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a].

BIOLOGY: Develops two annual generations in the Republic of Georgia (Hadzibejli, 1973) and in USA, California (Gill, 1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Gill (1988), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description of the adult female and first-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: Adult female 3-5 mm long; flattened and elongate. Ovipositing female completely enveloped with a long, cottony white ovisac. Colour photograph of adult female by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) and by Foldi (2003a).

SYSTEMATICS: The author was incorrectly cited, in most pre-2000 publications, as "Fonscolombe". The correct name is "Boyer de Fonscolombe".

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 323 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 180 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 142 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Alam1957 [biological control: 421-466]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 111-113]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26, 43]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 189]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 218]; Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 13]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 90]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 114]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 108]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 143]; Borchs1956a [taxonomy: 398]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 145-171]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 217]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 201]; Danzig1975c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 809-811]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 201]; Danzig1977b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37-57]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 252-254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 146]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 293]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; Foldi2003a [taxonomy: 5]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 5,22]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 112]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 527]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Giard1894c [taxonomy, host, distribution: cxcix]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-84]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-37]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 304-306]; Green1915a [host, distribution: 183]; Green1917a [host, distribution: 210]; Green1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197]; Green1923d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-213]; Green1927a [host, distribution: 57]; Green1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7]; Green1928a [host, distribution: 30]; Hadzib1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 838-843]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-241]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 198]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 114]; Kiritc1936 [distribution: 72]; Kiritc1940 [host, distribution: 119]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 162]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 14]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 323,343-344]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 97]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-182]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 322-323]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 80]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 326]; KotejaZa1969 [illustration, host, distribution: 365]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 480-481]; Kozar1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161]; Kozar1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 1-24]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 67]; Kozar1981 [host, distribution: 90]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 146]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 202]; Kozar1985a [host, distribution: 312]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 81]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 139]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution: 74]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 154]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 116]; KozarzRe1975 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 35]; Leonar1908a [host, distribution: 177]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-355]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 59,61,85,134,152]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 78]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 122]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 20]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 101]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 69]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 123]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy: 344-345]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 8]; Moghad2013a [distribution, illustration: 9]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 208]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; OConnoGeMa2013 [distribution, host: 33, 35]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 197]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 146]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; PodsiaKo1976 [host, distribution: 89]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 70]; Reh1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 464-465]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 32-33]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 33-34]; Reuter1904 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 66]; Reyne1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; Rivnay1945 [biological control: 119-121]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution, life history: 555]; Schmut1980 [host, distribution: 50]; Seabra1942 [host, distribution: 2]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 104]; Signor1872 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 430-432]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Szulcz1931 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 124-135]; Szulcz1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 210-224]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 42-43]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-82]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 56]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 726]; Terezn1963a [host, distribution: 50]; Terezn1963b [host, distribution: 54]; Terezn1963c [host, distribution: 1527-1528]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 29]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-102]; TranfaVi1988 [host, distribution: 17]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1084]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomt: 22]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 63-68]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-202]; XieZh2002a [chemistry, structure: 1-6]; XuWuLo2000 [biological control, host, distribution: 283-289]; Zahrad1977 [host, distribution: 118]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 428].

Eriopeltis lichtensteini Signoret

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriopeltis lichtensteinii Signoret, 1877a: 607. Type data: FRANCE: Hyeres Islands, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Eriococcus lichtensteini; Lindinger, 1933a: 78. Change of combination.

Eriopeltis lichtensteni; Gertsson, 2001: 126. Misspelling of species name.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012].

HOSTS: Juncaceae: Luzula pilosa [Tiensu1951]. Poaceae: Agrostis vulgaris [Koteja1971a], Brachypodium [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979], Brachypodium silvaticum [Koteja1971a], Calamagrostis [KozarzRe1975], Calamagrostis arundinacea [Koteja1971a], Calamagrostis epigeios [Koteja1971a, Danzig1975c, Koteja1984e], Calamagrostis pseudophragmites [Koteja1971a], Holcus lanatus [Koteja1971a], Melica nutans [Tiensu1951], Phalaris arundinacea [Koteja1971a], Phragmites communis [Koteja1971a], Poa nemoralis [Koteja1971a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany [Green1923d]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, KozarDr1991, KozarKiSa2004]; Israel [Bodenh1935, Bodenh1936]; Latvia [Rasina1955]; Netherlands; Poland [KotejaRo1970, Koteja1984e]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast, Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Sweden [Gertss2001]; Ukraine.

BIOLOGY: Herberg (1916) presented a monographic study on morphology, biology, anatomy and histology.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female and adult male given by Borchsenius (1957).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 180 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 142 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 113]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26, 43]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 143]; Borchs1956a [taxonomy: 397]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 201]; Danzig1975c [taxonomy: 809]; Dougla1887b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 166-167]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 146]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 112]; Gertss2001 [host, distribution: 123-130]; Green1923d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214]; Herber1918 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, structure, phisiology: 1-107]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 97]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 182-183]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 323]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 80]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; KozarDr1991 [host, distribution: 363]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; KozarzRe1975 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 88,169,172]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 78]; Nuorte1974 [taxonomy, distribution, host: 16-17]; OConnoGeMa2013 [distribution, host: 33, 35]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 146]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 70]; Rasina1959 [host, distribution: 111]; Reh1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 465]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 31-32]; Reyne1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15-16]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 50]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 607]; Simon2012 [description, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 269-281]; Szulcz1949 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Terezn1963 [host, distribution: 190,191]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 29]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 102-103]; Tiensu1951 [distribution, life history, biological control: 3-10]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy, distribution: 118].

Eriopeltis sachalinensis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriopeltis festucae; Kuwana, 1917b: 171. Misidentification; discovered by Takahashi, 1957a: 65.

Eriopeltis koreanus Borchsenius, 1956a: 406. Type data: NORTH KOREA: South Khamgen Province, near Puch Khen, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 811.

Eriopeltis sachalinensis Borchsenius, 1956a: 413. Type data: RUSSIA: Sakhalin Island, Dolinsk, on Calamagrostis sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Eriopeltis strelkovi Borchsenius, 1956a: 414. Type data: RUSSIA: Kuril Islands, on grass. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 811.

Eriopeltis japonensis Takahashi, 1957a: 65. Type data: JAPAN: Mt. Rokko near Kobe; collected on Festuca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 811.

Eriopeltis zolotarevae; Danzig, 1967: 141. Misidentification.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Calamagrostis purpurea [Borchs1956a, Danzig1978, Danzig1980b], Festuca [Takaha1957a], Pennisetum flaccidum [TangLi1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia)); Japan; Russia (Kuril Islands, Primor'ye Kray, Sakhalin Oblast); South Korea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.6).

SYSTEMATICS: Eriopeltis festucae cited by Kuwana (1917b: 171) is a misidentification of E. japonensis Takahashi, as discovered by Takahashi (1957a: 65). Eriopeltis japonensis is a synonym of E. sacchalinensis.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 143 (female) [Palaearctic region ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 113-114]; Borchs1956a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 413-414]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 171-177]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 141]; Danzig1975c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 811-812]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 14]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 252]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Paik1978 [host, distribution]; Takaha1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43-44]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80,81]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 56].

Eriopeltis stammeri Schmutterer

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriopeltis festucae; Kiritshenko, 1931: 319. Misidentification.

Eriopeltis stammeri Schmutterer, 1952: 555. Type data: GERMANY: Becken, Bubenreuth and Adlitz, on Festuca ovina. Syntypes, female. Type depository: SENC. Described: female.

Eriopeltis plumeus Borchsenius, 1956a: 409. Type data: RUSSIA: Leningrad Region, near Lugi, on Festuca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1975c: 812.

Eriopeltis festucae; Borchsenius, 1957: 154. Misidentification; discovered by Danzig, 1975c: 812.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Pteromalidae: Eunotus cretaceus (Walker) [Schmut1955b].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Corynephorus [Terezn1981], Deschampsia [Terezn1981], Festuca [Kozar1986, Kozar1999a], Festuca capillata [Komosi1977], Festuca kolymensis [Borchs1956a, Danzig1978a], Festuca ovina [KotejaZa1983], Festuca rubra [KotejaZa1983], Nardus stricta [KotejaZa1983], Poa [Kozar1986].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Czech Republic; Denmark; Germany; Hungary [Kozar1991, Kozar1999a, KozarKoFe2013]; Kazakhstan; Poland [KotejaZa1983, LagowsKo1996, SimonKa2011]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast, Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR); Sweden [Gertss2001]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female and first-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 180 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 143 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 114]; Borchs1956a [taxonomy: 399]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157-159,167-168]; Danzig1975c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 812]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 77]; Danzig1985 [distribution: 111]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Komosi1977 [host, distribution: 22]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution : 97]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 183-184]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 80]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy, structure: 254]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 481]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 173]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 139]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 22-23]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 548]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 123]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 146]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 555-557]; Schmut1955a [host, distribution: 100-101]; Schmut1955b [biological control: 510]; Schmut1980 [distribution: 59]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 104-105]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 118].

Eriopeltis stipae Ishii

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriopeltis stipae Ishii, 1935: 1. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Jehol Province, Cheng-te, on grass. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; S. Takagi, 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.



HOST: Poaceae: Stipa [Ishii1935].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 144 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 114]; Borchs1956a [taxonomy: 399]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178]; Danzig1975c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 812]; Ishii1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-5]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1984b [taxonomy, host, distrtibution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 56]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 156].

Eriopeltis varleyi Manawadu

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriopeltis varleyi Manawadu, 1986: 318. Type data: ENGLAND: Oxford, Wytham Woods, on Brachypodium pinnatum., includes a paratype male. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female, male and first instar. Notes: Type material includes a paratype male.



HOST: Poaceae: Brachypodium pinnatum [Manawa1986].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 114]; Manawa1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 317-326].



Eucalymnatus Cockerell in Cockerell & Parrott

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalymnatus Cockerell in Cockerell & Parrott, 1901: 57. Type species: Lecanium tessellatum Signoret, by monotypy and original designation.

Eucalymmatus Lindinger, 1943b: 147. Unjustified emendation.

Eucalymnatus; Tao, 1999: 56. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Lindinger" as author.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Zimmerman (1948), Borchsenius (1957), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 25 (female) [Argentina]; Tao et al. 1983: 61 (female) [Taiwan]; Beardsley 1966: 480 (female) [Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1957: 291 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 30-31]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 480,487]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 118]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 94]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 146]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 306]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 210]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 254]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 199]; CockerPa1901 [taxonomy: 58]; CostaL1923a [taxonomy, description: 35-44]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description: 193]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description: 243]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 397]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 165]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 38]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 301-302]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description: 111-112]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 94]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 130-131]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 17, 50]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 244-247]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 145]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description: 186]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description: 323]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 147]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 26]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 71]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 45-46]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 224]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 104-105]; Tao1978 [taxonomy, description: 81]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 56,57]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 69]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy: 151-152]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description: 43]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,105-107]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 166]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 318].

Eucalymnatus brunfelsiae (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium brunfelsia Hempel, 1900a: 418. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Pilar and Alto da Serra, on Brunfelsia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Eucalymnatus brunfelsiae; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Lauraceae: Laurus [Hempel1901]. Meliaceae: Guarea trichilioides [CostaL1923a]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue : 118]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 254]; CostaL1923a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 166]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 418-419]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 206-208]; Hempel1912 [host, distribution: 36].

Eucalymnatus chelonioides (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Eucalymnatus) chelonioides Newstead, 1917: 369. Type data: GUYANA: Georgetown, on Pachira insignis from Botanic Gardins and on Pachira aquatica from Essequibo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Bombacaceae: Pachira aquatica [Newste1917], Pachira insignis [Newste1917].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1917].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 118-119]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 369-371].

Eucalymnatus decemplex (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Eucalymnatus) decemplex Newstead, 1920: 188. Type data: GUYANA: Ayaria, Thuraka Lake, Ituribisci Creek, Essequebo, on Lecythis sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Lecythidaceae: Lecythis [Newste1920].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1920].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 119]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-189].

Eucalymnatus delicatus Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalymnatus delicatus Hempel, 1937: 12. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Bofete, on 'arbusto sylvestre do campo'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 119]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-14]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].

Eucalymnatus gracilis gracilis (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium gracile Hempel, 1900a: 419. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Villa Americana, on tree of Sapindaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Eucalymnatus gracilis; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.



HOST: Sapindaceae [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 119]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 166]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 419-421]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 208-209].

Eucalymnatus gracilis nictheroyensis Costa Lima

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalymnatus gracilis nictheroyensis Costa Lima, 1923a: 36. Type data: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Nichteroy, Sao Francisco, on Cestrum nocturnum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UFRR. Described: female.



HOST: Solanaceae: Cestrum nocturnum [CostaL1923a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 119]; CostaL1923a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37].

Eucalymnatus hempeli Costa Lima

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalymnatus hempeli Costa Lima, 1923a: 40. Type data: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Nictheroy and Santa Thereza, on Mangifera indica and on Lacuma caimito. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UFRR. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [CostaL1923a]. Ruscaceae: Beucarnia [Willia2010]. Sapotaceae: Lucuma caimito [CostaL1923a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais); Guatemala [Willia2010].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 119]; CostaL1923a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-41]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152].

Eucalymnatus hirsutus Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalymnatus hirsutus Hempel, 1937: 14. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Alto da Serra, on 'arbusto silvestre'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 119]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-15].

Eucalymnatus itanhaensis Mendes

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalymnatus itanhaensis Mendes, 1931: 395. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Linha Santos-Juquia, on Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Myrtaceae [Mendes1931].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 119]; Mendes1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 395-400]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 133].

Eucalymnatus magarinosi Costa Lima

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalymnatus magarinosi Costa Lima, 1923a: 38. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro State, Alto de Therezopolis, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UFRR. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 120]; CostaL1923a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39].

Eucalymnatus rigidus Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalymnatus rigidus Hempel, 1937: 15. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Horto Florestal, on 'arvore silvestre'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 120]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16].

Eucalymnatus scutigerus Costa Lima

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalymnatus scutigerus Costa Lima, 1930b: 86. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on Moquilea tomentosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Rio de Janeiro: Fundacao Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Chrysobalanaceae: Moquilea tomentosa [CostaL1930b].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 120]; CostaL1930b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-87].

Eucalymnatus spinosus Costa Lima

NOMENCLATURE:

Eucalymnatus spinosus Costa Lima, 1923a: 37. Type data: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Nictheroy, Botanic Garden, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UFRR. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 120]; CostaL1923a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-38].

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium tessellatum Signoret, 1873a: 401. Type data: FRANCE: Montpellier, in a greenhouse, on Caryota ursus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ray & Williams, 1981: 231. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Lecanium perforatum Newstead, 1894b: 233. Type data: ENGLAND: Kew, on Caryota cumingii. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 107. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1922a: 461.

Lecanium tessellatum perforatum; Cockerell, 1897d: 90. Change of status.

Lecanium tessellatum swainsonae Cockerell, 1897h: 109. Type data: JAMAICA: on lignumvitae [=Guaiacum sanctum]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ray & Williams, 1981: 231.

Lecanium (Eucalymnatus) tessellatum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1901: 57. Change of combination.

Coccus perforatum; Kirkaldy, 1902: 106. Change of combination.

Coccus tessellatum; Kirkaldy, 1902: 106. Change of combination.

Coccus tessellatum; Kirkaldy, 1902: 106. Change of combination.

Eucalymnatus tessellatus; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.

Eucalymnatus perforatus; Fernald, 1903b: 166. Change of combination.

Eucalymnatus tessellatus swainsonae; Fernald, 1903b: 167. Change of combination.

Lecanium subtessellatum Green, 1904d: 206. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kandy, on undetermined tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 107. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1907: 205.

Eucalymnatus subtessellatus; Sanders, 1906: 7. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Eucalymnatus) tessellatum prforatum; Newstead, 1914a: 306.

Lecanium (Eucalymnatus) perforatum; Pettit & McDaniel, 1920: 18.

Lecanium tessellatum obsoletum Green, 1922b: 1024. Type data: SRI LANKA: Matale, on Myrtus communis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 107. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1937: 300.

Lecanium tesselatum; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1926: 454. Misspelling of species name.

Lecanium tesselatum obsoletum; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1926: 454. Misspelling of species name.

Eucalymnatus tesselatus; Balachowsky, 1927: 185. Misspelling of species name.

Eucalymnatus tesselatus; Granara de Willink, 1999: 94. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: cochonilha-reticulata [CarvalAg1997]; palm scale [Gill1988]; tessellated scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus stanleyi (Compere) [CeballBaCh2011], Microterys frontatus Mercet [Schmut1955b], Tonkinencyrtus paradoxus Sugonyaev [Sugony2002].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Sanchezia [EzzatHu1969], Sanchezia nobilis [Hall1925]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [HodgsoHi1990], Mangifera indica [Mamet1943a, DeLott1965a, Ali1971, Matile1978, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Mangifera indica [JhalaPaSh1989], Schinus terebinthifolius [WilliaWa1990]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Beards1966, Kondo2008a]. Apocynaceae: Alyxia olivaeformis [Nakaha1981a], Cerbera [HodgsoHi1990], Nerium [HodgsoHi1990], Nerium oleander [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria acutifolia [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1990]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex cassine [HamonWi1984]. Araceae: Anthurium [Mamet1943a], Anthurium andraeanum [Nakaha1981a], Scindapsus aureus [WilliaWa1990]. Araliaceae: Brassaia actinophylla [Nakaha1981a], Dizygotheca [HodgsoHi1990], Hedera [HodgsoHi1990], Meryta angustifolia [WilliaWa1990], Schefflera [HodgsoHi1990]. Arecaceae [Ramakr1930, HodgsoHi1990, Granar1999], Archontophoenix cunninghamii [Nakaha1981a], Areca [CostaL1923a], Arenga engleri [KawaiMaUm1971], Arenga saccharifera [KozarzRe1975], Caryota [Hall1925, EzzatHu1969], Caryota cummingii [Hodgso1994a], Caryota mitis [KozarzRe1975, SolisATeGo1992], Caryota rumphiana [WilliaWi1988], Caryota sobolifera [Lindin1907b], Caryota urens [Green1896, Green1904d, Ballou1926, Green1937, Ali1971, HamonWi1984], Caryota ursus [Signor1873a, Green1904d], Caryotus [Hodgso1994a], Chamaerops excelsa [Balach1927], Chrysalidocarpus lutescens [Ballou1926, Mamet1943a, Mamet1952, WilliaWi1988], Cocos [Laing1933, HodgsoHi1990], Cocos nucifera [Green1904d, Green1907, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Elaeis guineensis [WilliaWa1990], Howeia forsterana [Marott1987], Kentia [Leonar1918], Kentia balmoreana [GomezM1958b], Latania verschaffeltii [Mamet1943a], Livistona chinensis [WilliaWi1988], Martinezia caryotaefolia [Ballou1926], Neodypsis decaryi [HamonWi1984], Nypa fruticans [Beards1966], Phoenix [Nakaha1981a], Phoenix canariensis [Balach1927, Balach1939, VieiraCaPi1983], Phoenix dactylifera [GomezM1958b], Phoenix roebelinii [Ballou1926, TaoWoCh1983], Rhapis humilis [KawaiMaUm1971, SolisATeGo1992], Roystonia [HodgsoHi1990], Sabal blackburniana [Nakaha1983], Washingtonia [SolisATeGo1992]. Asclepiadaceae: Calotropis gigantea [WilliaWa1990]. Asteraceae: Baccharis halimifolia [HamonWi1984], Fitchia [WilliaWa1990]. Bischofiaceae: Bischofia javanica [KawaiMaUm1971]. Bombacaceae: Eriodendron anfractuosum [Green1904a]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [Mamet1943a, WilliaWa1990]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, HodgsoHi1990], Calophyllum indicum [Beards1966], Calophyllum inophyllum [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Cucurbitaceae [WilliaWa1990]. Cyperaceae: Scleria lithosperma [MestreHaEv2011]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus [Nakaha1981a]. Euphorbiaceae: Drypetes integerrima [KawaiMaUm1971], Jatropha integerrima [MestreHaEv2011]. Fabaceae: Cajanus cajan [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Flagellariaceae: Flagellaria [WilliaWa1990]. Gnetaceae: Gnetum gnemon [WilliaWa1990]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola [Nakaha1981a], Scaevola koenigii [Green1907, Mamet1943a]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [WilliaWa1990]. Hippocrateaceae: Salacia [WilliaWa1990]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Green1904d, Ali1971], Cinnamomum cassia [Ballou1926], Cinnamomum elegans [WilliaWa1990], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [Ali1971, WilliaBu1987], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [Mamet1943a, TaoWoCh1983], Laurus [HodgsoHi1990], Litsea [Green1904d, Ali1971], Machilus [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Persea [HamonWi1984]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia asiatica [WilliaWa1990]. Lythraceae: Sonneratia casseolaris [Beards1966]. Malpighiaceae: Hiptage madablota [Green1904d, Ali1971], Malpighia glabra [Koteja1972]. Malvaceae: Lagunaria patersonii [WilliaWa1990]. Meliaceae: Aglaia formosana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Moraceae: Ficus [HodgsoHi1990], Ficus aurea [RayWi1981], Ficus boninsimae [KawaiMaUm1971], Ficus carica [Balach1927], Ficus elastica [Balach1927, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Ficus nitida [Balach1927], Ficus religiosa [Ballou1926], Ficus tinctoria [WilliaWa1990]. Musaceae: Musa paradisiaca [WilliaWa1990], Musa sapientum [WilliaWa1990]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia [NakahaMi1981], Ardisia sieboldii [KawaiMaUm1971], Moesa indica [Green1904d, Ali1971]. Myrtaceae: Calophyllum calaba [MestreHaEv2011], Eucalyptus citriodora [Mamet1943a], Eugenia [Cocker1897k, Mamet1956, Ali1971, HodgsoHi1990], Eugenia caryophyllata [Mamet1943a, Matile1978], Eugenia cumini [Nakaha1981a], Eugenia jambolana [Newste1914], Eugenia jambos [Cocker1897k], Eugenia jamrosa [Mamet1954], Eugenia malaccensis [WilliaWa1990], Metrosideros [Nakaha1981a], Metrosideros boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971], Myrtus [Ali1971], Myrtus communis [Green1922a], Pimenta [HodgsoHi1990], Psidium guajava [Mamet1943a, Nakaha1981a, WilliaBu1987], Syzygium aromaticum [Hodgso1994a], Syzygium buxiflorum [KawaiMaUm1971], Syzygium jambos [MestreHaEv2011]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [RayWi1981], Olea verrucosa [WilliaWa1990]. Orchidaceae: Calanthe [WilliaWa1990], Vanilla [WilliaWa1990]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [HodgsoHi1990], Pittosporum bracteolatum [WilliaWa1990]. Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia [HodgsoHi1990]. Pontederiaceae: Eichornia crassipes [Mamet1943a]. Pteridaceae: Adiantum [HodgsoHi1990]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Green1907, Mamet1943a], Gardenia [Nakaha1981a], Gardenia jasminoides [Nakaha1981a], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1990], Randia tahitensis [WilliaWa1990], Timonius [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Citrus [Balach1927, HodgsoHi1990, CarvalAg1997], Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1990], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1990], Citrus paradisi [WilliaWa1990], Citrus reticulata [WilliaWa1990], Evodia [WilliaWa1990]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [WilliaWa1990], Euphoria longana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Litchi chinensis [Nakaha1981a], Nephelium [HodgsoHi1990], Sapindus [Ramakr1930]. Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum cainito [Nakaha1983], Palaquium formosanum [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Solanaceae: Espadaea amoena [Ballou1926], Solanum wendlandii [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Sterculiaceae: Heritiera littoralis [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Pterospermum acerifolium [Leonar1918, Marott1987], Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1990]. Theaceae: Schima mertensiana [KawaiMaUm1971]. Thymelaeaceae: Nectandra coriacea [MestreHaEv2011]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria [Nakaha1981a], Pilea urticifolia [WilliaWi1988]. Verbenaceae: Lantana [Balach1939], Lantana camara [VieiraCaPi1983], Premna [WilliaWa1990]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [WilliaWa1990], Elettaria cardamomum [WilliaWa1990], Zingiber officinale [Nakaha1981a]. Zygophyllaceae: Guaiacum sanctum [Cocker1897r].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Comoros [Mamet1960]; Kenya [DeLott1965a]; Madagascar [Mamet1951, Mamet1954, Mamet1959a]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Reunion [Mamet1952, GermaiMiPa2014]; Seychelles [Green1907, Green1914d, Mamet1943a] (Farquhar Island [Green1907], Providence Island); South Africa [Mamet1943a]; Tanzania; Zanzibar [Mamet1956, Hodgso1994a]. Australasian: Australia [Kirkal1902, Mamet1943a] (New South Wales [Frogga1915]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]; Cook Islands; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Mamet1943a], Ponape Island, Truk Islands); Fiji; French Polynesia (Society Islands [DoaneHa1909]); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, Mamet1943a]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Green1904a, Ali1971]). Australasian: Kiribati; New Caledonia [Laing1933]; Norfolk Island; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands [Frogga1915]; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Western Samoa [DoaneFe1916]. Nearctic: Mexico; United States of America (Alabama, Arkansas, California [Cocker1895x], District of Columbia, Florida [Cocker1897k], Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts [King1899b], Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas). Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Granar1999]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990]; Brazil (Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo); Colombia [Kondo2001, Kondo2008a]; Cuba [Ballou1926, MestreHaEv2011]; Dominican Republic; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Guyana [Newste1914, Newste1917b, Mamet1943a]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; U.S. Virgin Islands; Venezuela. Oriental: India [Ramakr1930, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Gujarat [Ramakr1919a], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971]); Indonesia; Malaysia [Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1922a, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1927, Mamet1943a]; Canary Islands; China (Xizang (=Tibet)); Denmark; Egypt [Hall1925, Mamet1943a, EzzatHu1969, Hodgso1994a] (Giza.); France [Balach1939, Mamet1943a]; Georgia; Germany [Lindin1907b]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013]; Italy; Japan [Kuwana1917, Mamet1943a]; Madeira Islands [CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Morocco [Mamet1943a]; Poland [Koteja1972]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast); South Korea; Spain; Sweden; Turkey [CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast, Odessa Oblast); United Kingdom (England [Newste1900a, Mamet1943a] (Kew.)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zimmerman (1948), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: Adult female 2-5 mm long; oval or pyriform in outline; flat; colour red to dark brown. Fully grown female distinguished by the dorsal pattern of polygonal areas (tessellations). Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.15), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999) and by Germain et al. (2003).

SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted specimens of young, untessellated females resemble females of Coccus hesperidum,therefore might be confused with,

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: An occasional pest in greenhouses in USA, Florida (Dekle, 1973). Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Kosztarab 1996: 324 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 373 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 31]; Archan1929 [host, distribution: 195]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 185]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 257]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 23]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 488]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 120-122]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 94]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 85-86]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 146]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 306-308]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 211-215]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 232-233]; CarvalAg1997 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution: 614]; CeballBaCh2011 [biological control, distribution: 62-65]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 210]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51-52]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1893l [taxonomy]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1894i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 19]; Cocker1895x [taxonomy, host, distribution: 257]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1897k [taxonomy, host, distribution: 90]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Compto1924 [chemical control: 222-225]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; CostaL1923a [host, distribution: 36]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 201]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 44]; Dekle1973 [taxonomy, description, life history, distribution, economic importance]; Dekle1999 [host, distribution, taxonomy, life history, economic importance: 90]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 193]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-245]; DoaneFe1916 [host, distribution: 399]; DoaneHa1909 [host, distribution: 297]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-399]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 166-167]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 5,22]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 613]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 255]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 23]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 38-39]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 302-304]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-73]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-96]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 9]; Green1904a [host, distribution: 206]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-208]; Green1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200,205]; Green1914d [host, distribution: 47]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1024]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 300-301]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 130]; Hall1925 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 11-12]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 50-53]; Hempel1904 [host, distribution: 316]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 244-247]; HodgsoHi1990 [catalogue: 2,4-6,9-19]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; JhalaPaSh1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 103]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 145]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 17]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; King1899b [distribution: 140]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 114]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 106]; Kirkal1904 [host, distribution: 228]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; Koteja1972 [host, distribution: 570]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 82]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 23-24]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 193]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27-28]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 38]; Laing1933 [host, distribution: 676]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-187]; Leonar1918 [host, distribution: 198]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323-325]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155,248]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution : 152-153]; Mamet1949 [distribution: 26]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 224]; Mamet1952 [host, distribution: 171]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 13]; Mamet1956 [host, distribution: 136]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 376]; Mamet1960 [host, distribution: 157]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 37,113,165,239]; Maskel1895b [host, distribution: 59]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 43]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 165]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 7]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 147, 154]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 391]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 5]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; Newste1900a [host, distribution, life history: 24]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 306]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 130]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 199]; PanisMa1976 [host, distribution: 7]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; PettitMc1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 36]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 349,350]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 48]; RayWi1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 230-244]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 46]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 7]; Sander1909 [host, distribution: 435-436]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 518]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 328-329]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 52]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 401-402]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 8]; SolisATeGo1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Su1982 [host, distribution: 61]; Sugony2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 723-725]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 343]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 56-57]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 104]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 262]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 218]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 19]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 354]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 16]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-106]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 81]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 57]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-71]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 152]; Thro1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-213]; Tyrell1896 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 264-265]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 134]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 133]; VeseyF1940 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 253-285]; VeseyF1941 [host, distribution, biological control: 161]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 98]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 43-44]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 288]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 36,45]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-109]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 57]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13,51]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-167,191]; Zahrad1977 [host, distribution: 118]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-319].



Eulecanium Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium Burmeister, 1835: 69. Nomen nudum; discovered by ICZN 1985 (Opinion 1303), 1985: 139. Notes: The status of this genus has been discussed at great length by various authors, but was finally clarified when Lecanium Burmeister, type species Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, was placed on the Oficial Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the name number 2155 under the plenary powers of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion 1303.

Leucanium; Schaum, 1850: 248. Misspelling of genus name.

Leconium; Kirchner, 1856: 218. Misspelling of genus name.

Lecamium; Leuckart, 1858: 38, 43, 112. Misspelling of genus name.

Leucamium; Breyer, 1862: 97. Misspelling of genus name.

Lacanium; Lelong, 1890: 193. Misspelling of genus name.

Eulecanium Cockerell, 1893d: 54. Type species: Lecanium tiliae Linnaeus, by original designation. Notes: Type designation confirmed by Opinion 1303 (1985).

Lecanium (Globulicoccus) Lindinger, 1907: 138. Type species: Coccus fuscus Gmelin, by original designation. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1937: 186. Notes: Synonymy by synonymy of type-species.

Spaerolecanium; Leonardi, 1908a: 180. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Spaerolecanium Leonardi, 1908a: 180, is a mis-spelling of Sphaerolecanium Leonardi, 1908a: 181. Sphaerolecanium Leonardi, is a homonym of Sphaerolecanium Sulc, and a subjective synonym of Eulecanium Cockerell.

Sphaerolecanium Leonardi, 1908a: 181. Type species: Lecanium emerici Planchon. Synonymy by Silvestri, 1920b: 312. Homonym. Notes: Sphaerolecanium Leonardi, 1908a is a homonym of Sphaerolecanium Sulc and a subjective synonym of Eulecanium Cockerell.

Globulicoccus; MacGillivray, 1921: 180. Change of status.

Leucanium; Seabra, 1925: 37. Misspelling of genus name.

Enlecanium; Cockerell, 1929b: 150. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1957), Hamon & Williams (1984), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1996) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eulecaniinae. Tribe: Eulecaniini. The status of the genus Lecanium Burmeister has been discussed at great length by various authors, but was finally clarified when Lecanium Burmeister, type species Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, was placed on the Oficial Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the name number 2155 under the plenary powers of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion 1303. The genus Sphaerolecanium Leonardi, 1908a, was erected in July, 1908 with Chermes emerici Planchon as the type species. Leonardi's generic name was preoccupied by Sphaerolecanium Sulc (described in February, 1908, with type species Coccus prunastri Fonscolombe) (see Hodgson, 1994a). Silvestri (in Leonardi, 1920: 312) suggested that Sphaerolecanium Leonardi must be considered a synonym of Eulecanium and that Chermes emerici was a synonym of E. coryli now E. tiliae. Hodgson (1994a: 546) studied four slides labelled Chermes emerici, which were considered "probably Leonardi's original specimens", but could not confirm their synonymy with E. tiliae. Until the exact status of L. emerici will be established, Sphaerolecanium Leonardi is considered a synonym of Eulecanium.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 25 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 345 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Kosztarab 1996: 345 (female) [Northeastern North America ]; Tang 1991: 156-158 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 40 (female) [USA, California]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988 (female) [Europe]; Tereznikova 1981 (female) [Ukraine]; Danzig 1980c (female) [USSR, Far East]; Danzig 1980b: 275-276 (female) [Fae East Russia.]; Kawai 1980: 160-162 (female) [Japan]; Wang 1980: 45 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1978 (female) [Europe]; Paik 1978 (female) [Korea]; Danzig 1967 (female) [USSR, Far East]; Danzig 1964 (female) [USSR, European]; Gomez-Menor Ortega 1958c (female) [Spain]; Gomez-Menor Ortega 1958b: 76 (female) [Spain]; Borchsenius 1957: 292, 389-392 (female) [Palaearctic Region]; Borchsenius 1950b: 146-149 (female) [USSR]; Gomez-Menor Ortega 1937: 266-267 (female) [Spain]; Leonardi 1920 (female) [Italy]; Cockerell 1905b: 200 (female) [USA, Colorado].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 31]; Almeid1969 [taxonomy: 22-23]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 122-123]; Bielen1963a [taxonomy: 221]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 94]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 146-149]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 386-392]; Britti1940 [taxonomy, description: 410-412]; Burmei1835 [taxonomy: 61]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 215]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy, description: 49]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 200]; Cocker1906 [taxonomy, description: 83-88]; Cocker1929b [taxonomy: 150]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy, description: 642]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description: 154]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 275]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy, description: 717]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 180]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 40]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 266-267]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description: 48,76]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 96-97]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 143]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 17,52-54]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 247-251,271,545-54]; ICZN1985 [taxonomy: 139-141]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 160-162]; Kirchn1856 [taxonomy: 218]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 324,345]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 98]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 184-185]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; LeLong1890 [taxonomy: 193]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description: 285-286,312]; Leucka1858 [taxonomy: 38,43,112]; Lindin1907 [taxonomy: 138]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 186]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, description: 180]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 66,72-73,85,101]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 104-106]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 283-284]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description: 297]; Schaum1850 [taxonomy: 248-249]; Sulc1908 [taxonomy, description: 36]; Sulc1932 [taxonomy: 86-87]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 154-156]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 57]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy: 53]; Terezn1966 [taxonomy: 30]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 152-153]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description: 45]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description: 42]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 166,179]; ZhangZh1992 [taxonomy: 229].

Eulecanium albodermis Chen

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium albodermis Chen, 1962: 284. Type data: CHINA: Szechwan, Kingtang Hsien, on Prunus salicina and Citrus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female.



HOSTS: Rosaceae: Prunus salicina [Chen1962]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Chen1962].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 123]; Chen1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 284-286]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 57]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179].

Eulecanium alnicola Chen

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium alnicola Chen, 1962: 283. Type data: CHINA: Szechwan, Chengtu and Kingtang Hsien, on Alnus sp., Prunus salicina, Salix babylonica and Pyrus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female.



HOSTS: Betulaceae: Alnus [Chen1962]. Rosaceae: Prunus salicina [Chen1962], Pyrus [Chen1962]. Salicaceae: Salix babylonica [Chen1962].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 123]; Chen1962 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 283,285]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 57]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179].

Eulecanium caraganae Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium caraganae Borchsenius, 1953: 285. Type data: USSR: Ukraine, near Odessa, and Kazakhstan, on Caragana frutex and on C. arborescens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: pea tree scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Encyrtus infidus Rossi [Vu1974].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Astragalus [KaydanKo2010], Caragana arborescens [Terezn1981], Caragana frutex [Terezn1981], Caragana pygmaea [Terezn1981], Caragana spinosa [Danzig1972a, Terezn1981].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Turkey [KaydanKo2010]; Ukraine.

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in the Republic of Georgia (Hadzibejli, 1967b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female, first-instar nymph and female last-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 185 (female); Borchsenius 1957: 390 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 123]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 285-286]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 408-412]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 343]; Danzig1974 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 71]; Hadzib1967 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 63]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 198]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 100]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 185-186]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 89-90]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 118-119]; Sugony1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 127-136]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158-159]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 153-155]; Vu1974 [biological control: 8-21].

Eulecanium caryae (Fitch)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium caryae Fitch, 1857d: 443. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Salem, west side of Jarvis Martin's woods, on Carya sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: female.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) caryae; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Lecanium cockerelii Hunter, 1899a: 70. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, Lawrence, on Ulmus americana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 442.

Eulecanium caryae; King, 1902c: 160. Change of combination.

Eulecanium cockerelli; Fernald, 1903b: 185. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: large hickory lecanium [HamonWi1984, Gill1988].



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Castanea dentata [WilliaKo1972], Quercus rubra [WilliaKo1972]. Juglandaceae: Carya [WilliaKo1972], Juglans [Barnes1988]. Platanaceae: Platanus occidentalis [WilliaKo1972]. Rosaceae: Prunus persica [King1901f, Richar1958], Pyrus [WilliaKo1972]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus americana [WilliaKo1972].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [King1901f, Richar1958]); United States of America (California, Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa [King1903b], Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York [Fitch1857d, Barnes1988], Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island [King1903b], Virginia, West Virginia).

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in the eastern USA. Williams & Kosztarab (1972).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: The fully-grown female reach a remarkable large size of 10-15 mm long; oval and flat or slightly convex; dark shiny brown. Young adult female yellow-brown, covered with mealy white wax.

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 345 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Gill 1988: 40 (female) [USA, California]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 70 (female) [USA, Virginia].

CITATIONS: Barnes1988 [host, distribution: 103]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 124]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 183,185]; Fitch1857d [host, distribution: 443]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-41,45]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-56]; Hunter1899a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 70-71]; King1899d [host, distribution: 252]; King1901f [host, distribution: 196]; King1903b [host, distribution: 192,194]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 345-347]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-194]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 7]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy: 345]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 283]; PettitMc1920 [taxonomy: 11-12]; Philli1965 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 237]; Richar1958 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 312]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 442-443]; Sander1910 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 60]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 847]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 416-417]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-76].

Eulecanium cerasorum (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium cerasorum Cockerell, 1900f: 71. Type data: JAPAN: Intercepted at San Francisco, California, U.S.A., on cherry tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lecanium (Saissetia) cerasorum; Reh, 1903: 417.

Eulecanium cerasorum; Fernald, 1903b: 184. Change of combination.

Eulecanium cerosarum; Takahashi & Tachikawa, 1956: 5. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: calico scale [Stimme1986a, Gill1988].



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Koszta1996]. Betulaceae: Carpinus [Koszta1996]. Fabaceae: Wisteria [Koszta1996]. Hamamelidaceae: Liquidamber [Koszta1996]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [Koszta1996], Magnolia kobus [TakahaTa1956]. Rosaceae: Cerasus vulgaris [Cocker1900f], Prunus [Koszta1996], Pyracantha [Koszta1996]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [Koszta1996], Celtis sinensis [Dreist1996], Zelkova [Koszta1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1920b], Delaware [Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Stimme1986a, Koszta1996], Rhode Island [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], West Virginia [Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Japan; South Korea.

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Northeastern USA (Kosztarab, 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gill (1988) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: Adult female hemispherical, 6-9 mm in diameter; dorsum dark brown or black, with 4 longitudinal rows of yellow or white spots. Colour photograph of adult female by Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.51), Gill (1988) and by Foldi (2003a).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 345 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1991: 158 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 40 (female) [USA, California]; Kawai 1980: 160-162 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 389 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 124]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 401]; Cocker1900f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 71-72]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; Dreist1996 [taxonomy, economic importance, host, distribution: 481-487]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, description, economic importance, control]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 184]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 37]; Foldi2003a [taxonomy: 5]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-42,46]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; HashimHiMu1971 [chemistry: 100-109]; HubbarPo2005 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1202-1212]; HubbarPo2006 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 138-147]; IPMW1987 [economic importance, control: 1-96]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 164]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 345,348-349]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Lowe1935 [host, distribution, biological control: 663]; Michel1962 [biological control, ecology: 694-697]; MichelHi1957 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 15-18]; MichelHi1957a [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 7-8]; MichelHi1958 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 427-431]; MichelOr1958 [host, distribution, taxonomy, biological control, chemical control: 46-57]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 283]; Paik1978 [host, distribution]; Serr1933 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 9]; Stimme1986a [host, distribution, description, life history, economic importance, control: 13-14]; Takaha1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-72]; TakahaTa1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 5]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159-160]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 57]; VanekPo2010a [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 1829-1837]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50-51]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518].

Eulecanium ciliatum (Douglas)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium ciliatum Douglas, 1891: 67. Type data: ENGLAND: Stonehouse, Devon and Delamere, on Quercus robur. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) ciliatum; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Eulecanium ciliatum; Fernald, 1903b: 184. Change of combination.

Palaeolecanium ciliatum; Lindinger, 1935a: 137. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: ciliate oak scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Anthribus fasciatus (Forster) [UlgentTo2001a]. Coccinellidae: Adalia bipunctata (L.) [UlgentTo2001a], Adalia fasciopunctata revelierei (Mulsant) [UlgentTo2001a], Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) [UlgentTo2001a], Exochomus quadripustulatus L. [UlgentTo2001a], Synharmonia conglabata L. [UlgentTo2001a]. Cybocephalidae: Cybocephalus fodori minor [UlgentTo2001a]. HETEROPTERA Miridae: Atractotomus mali [UlgentTo2001a], Deraeocoris ruber L. [UlgentTo2001a], Heterotoma dalmatinum Wgn. [Ulgent2001], Pilophorus perplexus (D.Sc.) [Ulgent2001]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus aterrimus Vikberg [UlgentTo2001a]. Encyrtidae: Blastothrix sericea (Dalman) [Schmut1972a], Cheiloneurus formosus (Bohem.) [Schmut1972a], Encyrtus albitarsus Zett. [Ulgent2001], Encyrtus infidus [UlgentTo2001a], Metaphycus bellae [UlgentTo2001a], Metaphycus dispar Mercet [UlgentTo2001a], Microterys hortulans Erdos [UlgentTo2001a], Psyllaephagus procerus (Mercet) [UlgentTo2001a]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus trjapitzini (Kostukov) [UlgentTo2001a]. Pteromalidae: Eunotus areolatus (Ratzeburg) [UlgentTo2001a].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer ginnala [Danzig1980b]. Betulaceae: Alnus hirsuta [Danzig1980b], Alnus incana [KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1983], Betula verrucosa [Koteja1984e, KotejaZa1983]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera [Danzig1980b]. Corylaceae: Corylus [Danzig1980b]. Fagaceae: Fagus silvatica [KotejaZa1983], Quercus [KozarGuBa1994, KozarPaPa1991], Quercus mongolica [Danzig1980b], Quercus robur [KotejaZa1983], Quercus sessilis [KotejaZa1983, Lagows1984]. Juglandaceae: Juglans mandshurica [Danzig1980b], Juglans regia [Kozar1980]. Rosaceae: Crataegus monogyna [Bodenh1943], Malus [Danzig1980b], Prunus vulgaris [Danzig1980b]. Salicaceae: Populus [KozarOrKo1977], Populus alba [KozarWa1986], Populus balsamifera [KotejaZa1983], Populus euphratica [TangLi1988], Salix arenaria [Koteja1971a]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria; Bulgaria [TrenchGoTr2008, TrenchGoTr2009]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia), Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Czech Republic; France; Germany; Greece [KozarPaPa1991]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, Kozar1980, KozarWa1986, KozarKiSa2004]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, Aziz1977]; Netherlands; Poland [Kaweck1935, KotejaZa1966, Koteja1971a, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1984e, LagowsKo1996]; Romania; Russia (Caucasus, Primor'ye Kray); Sweden [Gertss2001]; Turkey [Ulgent2001, UlgentTo2001, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Kiev Oblast); United Kingdom (England [Green1923d, Green1928]); Yugoslavia.

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Ankara, Turkey (Ulgenturk & Toros, 2001b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 185 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 390 (female) [Palaearctic region ].

CITATIONS: Aziz1977 [host, distribution: 47]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 124-125]; Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 12]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution, life history: 103]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 111]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 401-403]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 215]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy: 155]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 278-279]; Dougla1891 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 67-68]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 184,185]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Green1923d [host, distribution: 212]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 5]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaweck1935 [host, distribution: 81]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; Kiritc1932a [host, distribution: 256]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 162]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 14]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 99]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 186-187]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 323]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 79]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 327]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 479]; Kozar1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 1-24]; Kozar1976a [host, distribution, economic importance: 35-47]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 67]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 116]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 90-91]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 476]; Lagows1986a [host, distribution: 178-179]; Lagows1987a [host, distribution, ecology: 131-144]; Lagows1998a [host, distribution: 63-71]; LagowsKo1996 [taxonomy: 32]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 84,271,284,289]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 137]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance, host: 19,38]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 196]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 60-61]; Reyne1957 [host, distribution: 15]; Savesc1961 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 41]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution, life history: 549]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 20]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 406-407]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; Sulc1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-95]; Szulcz1931 [host, distribution: 124-135]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160-161]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-97]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 57]; Terezn1959 [host, distribution: 684]; Terezn1963 [host, distribution: 186]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 30-31]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 156-157]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 241]; TrenchGoTr2008 [host, distribution: 137-141]; TrenchGoTr2009 [host, distribution: 219]; Ulgent2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 369-375]; Ulgent2001a [host, distribution, biological control: 405-409]; Ulgent2003 [structure: 393-398]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; UlgentTo2001a [host, distribution, biological control: 219-224]; UlgentTo2001b [host, distribution, life history: 351-356]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 119]; ZhangZh1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 229].

Eulecanium circumfluum Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium circumfluum Borchsenius, 1955a: 292. Type data: CHINA: Khyebye Province, Tian-Zin, on Robinia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Robinia [Borchs1955]. Salicaceae: Salix babylonica [TangLi1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 158 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 389 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 125]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 292-293]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 397-398]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 161-162]; TangLi1988 [distribution: 96,97,98]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 57]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179].

Eulecanium cordoi Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium cordoi Granara de Willink, 1999: 97. Type data: ARGENTINA: Salta, Rumibola, on "liga", a plant of the family Loranthaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Loranthaceae [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Salta [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 97 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-99].

Eulecanium distinguendum (Douglas)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium distinguendum Douglas, 1891a: 96. Type data: ENGLAND: Delamere Forest, on Vaccinium myrtillus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) distinguendum; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Eulecanium distinguendum; Fernald, 1903b: 186. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium myrtillus [Dougla1891a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 125]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy: 54]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Dougla1891a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 96-98]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 186]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558].

Eulecanium douglasi (Šulc)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium douglasi Šulc, 1895b: 37. Type data: CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Mosoly near Prague, on Betula alba. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Brno: K. Sulc Collection, Moravian Museum, Czech Republic. Described: female and first instar.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) douglasi; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 237.

Eulecanium douglasi; Fernald, 1903b: 186. Change of combination.

Physokermes douglasi; Lindinger, 1911a: 381. Change of combination.

Lecanium zebrinum Green, 1917a: 203. Type data: ENGLAND: Camberley, on Betula alba and Populus tremula. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1934: 110.

Eulecanium longisetum Borchsenius, 1955a: 296. Type data: RUSSIA: Crimea, Simferopol, and Yukalovsk Region, on Populus alba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1978: 14.

Eulecanium trjapitzini Danzig, 1967: 164. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, near Tigrovi, on Sorbaria sorbifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1978: 14.

Eulecanium eoum Danzig, 1967: 165. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, Ussurinsk, on Salix rorida. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1978: 14.

Eulecanium coangustum Danzig, 1967: 166. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, on Rosa dahurica. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1978: 14.

Eulecanium coum; Danzig, 1980c: 280. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: currant soft scale [Lagows1994].



HOSTS: Betulaceae: Alnaster fruticosa [Danzig1978a], Alnus [Danzig1980b], Alnus hirsuta [Danzig1978a], Betula alba [Sulc1895, Green1917a, Green1934d], Betula middendorfii [Danzig1977a], Betula nana [Terezn1981], Betula platyphylla [Danzig1978a], Betula pubescens [Terezn1981], Betula verrucosa [Terezn1981]. Corylaceae: Corylus [Danzig1978]. Fagaceae: Quercus robur [Green1934d]. Grossulariaceae: Grossularia [Danzig1980b], Ribes grossularia [Lagows1994], Ribes rubrum [Danzig1978a], Ribes vulgare [KotejaZa1983]. Rosaceae: Rosa dahurica [Danzig1967], Rosa spinosissima [Mateso1968], Sorbaria sorbifolia [Danzig1967], Sorbus [Danzig1980b], Spiraea salicifolia [Danzig1978a]. Salicaceae: Populus alba [Borchs1955], Populus tremula [Green1917a, Terezn1981], Salix [Green1920], Salix caprea [Terezn1981], Salix rorida [Danzig1967], Salix viminalis [Danzig1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta). Palaearctic: China; Germany; Italy; Kazakhstan; Latvia [Rasina1955]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009]; Mongolia; Poland [KotejaZa1983, LagowsKo1996]; Russia (Altay Kray, Kuril Islands, Primor'ye Kray, Sakhalin Oblast, Urals, Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR); Sweden [Gertss2001]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast); United Kingdom (England [Green1917a, Green1920, Green1928, Green1930, Green1934d]).

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation on Ribes grossularia in Poland; hibernation is in the second instar nymph; young female and adult males appear in April - May; oviposition begins in June (Lagowska, 1994).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Lagowska (1984) found that the frequency and infestation rate on fruit trees in Lublin, Poland was higher in unprotected orchards than in protected ones.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 185 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 390 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 125-126]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 296]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 406-408]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 202]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 200-201]; Danzig1977b [taxonomy, host, distribution, ecology: 37-60]; Danzig1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 77]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-281]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 111]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 186]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 113]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 527]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Green1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-206]; Green1920 [host, distribution: 124]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 5]; Green1930 [host, distribution: 15]; Green1934d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 110-111]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 100]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 186-187]; Koteja1974b [host, distribution: 79]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 479]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 88-89]; Lagows1984 [host, distribution, economic importance: 9-17]; Lagows1986a [host, distribution: 179]; Lagows1994 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 191-194]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32]; Lindin1911 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 381]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; MalumpOsPy2009 [host, distribution: 120-127]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 117-118]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 71]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 407-408]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; Sugony1970 [biological control: 842-851]; SugonyVo2001 [biological control: 680-687]; Sulc1895b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 37-38]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-163]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 57]; Terezn1963a [host, distribution: 53]; Terezn1963c [host, distribution: 1527,1528]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157-158]; Trembl1988a [host, distribution: 241]; ZhangZh1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 230].

Eulecanium elegans Leonardi

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium elegans Leonardi, 1911: 273. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Larrea cuneata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 101. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

Lecanium elegans; Sasscer, 1912: 89. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Zygophyllaceae: Bulnesia retama [Lizery1939], Bulnesia schickendanzii [Lizery1939], Larrea [Granar1999], Larrea cencifolia [Granar1999], Larrea cuneata [Leonar1911, Sassce1912], Larrea cuneifolia [Teran1973, Granar1999], Larrea divaricata [Sassce1912, Teran1973, Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Sassce1912] (Catamarca [Granar1999], La Rioja [Granar1999], Mendoza [Granar1999], Rio Negro [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 97 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 126]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-101]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, description, distribution, description: 273-275]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 191]; Sassce1912 [catalogue: 89]; Teran1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192-194].

Eulecanium emerici (Planchon)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chermes emerici Planchon, 1864: 21. Type data: FRANCE: On Quercus coccifera and Q. ilex. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Lecanium emerici; Signoret, 1869a: 852. Change of combination.

Sphaerolecanium emerici; Leonardi, 1908a: 180. Change of combination.

Eulecanium emerici; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 77. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Hodgso1994a], Quercus coccifera [Planch1864], Quercus ilex [Planch1864, Balach1928a], Quercus suber [Melis1930].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1928a]; Croatia [Masten2007]; France [Hodgso1994a]; Sardinia [Melis1930].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a) (as Sphaerolecanium emerici).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Foldi (2003a).

CITATIONS: Balach1928a [host, distribution: 141]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 126-127]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Foldi2003a [taxonomy: 7]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 545-547]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Leonar1908a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 180-181]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 312-315]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14]; Planch1864 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21-22]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 852]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 444-445].

Eulecanium ericae (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton ericae Balachowsky, 1936b: 122. Type data: FRANCE: Massif de l'Esterel, near Agay, on Erica arborea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Rhizopulvinaria ericae; Borchsenius, 1957: 270. Change of combination.

Eulecanium ericae; Pellizzari & Fontana, 1996: 130. Change of combination.



HOST: Ericaceae: Erica arborea [Balach1936b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Balach1936b]; Sardinia [PellizFo1996].

SYSTEMATICS: Pellizzari & Fontana (1996) discussed morphological characters of the adult female and assigned this species to Eulecanium.

KEYS: Canard 1968: 94-95 (female) [Mediterranean]; Borchsenius 1957: 259 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Balach1936b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-125]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 292]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 270-271]; Canard1968 [taxonomy: 94-95]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizFo1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-132].

Eulecanium eugeniae (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium eugeniae Hempel, 1900a: 439. Type data: BRAZIL: Ypiranga, on Eugenia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Eulecanium eugeniae; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 127]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 186]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 439-441]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 215-216].

Eulecanium excrescens (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium excrescens Ferris, 1920b: 37. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Palo Alto, on cultivated English walnut [=Juglans regia]. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

Eulecanium excrescens; Lindinger, 1933b: 159. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: excrescent scale [Gill1988].



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Wisteria [Malump2005]. Juglandaceae: Juglans regia [Ferris1920b].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California, Connecticut, New York, Oregon [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania). Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [Malump2005]).

BIOLOGY: According to Maluphy (2005), E. excrescens has one generation/year; the nymphs overwinter and reach maturity in April. the adult females lay eggs in May; crawlers emerge in May-June and settle on the leaves; in Autumn, before the leaves fall, they move from the leaves to the twigs to overwinter.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gill (1988) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Damage consists in sap sucking, excretion of honeydew and the development of black sooty mold which reduces the aesthetic value of the plant. (Pellizzari, 2010a)

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 345 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Gill 1988: 40 (female) [USA, California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 127]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-39]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42,47]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 345,348-350]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 159]; Malump2005 [host, distribution, economic importance: 45-49]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance, host: 20,38,39]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 284]; Pelliz2010a [economic importance, life history: 150]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 191].

Eulecanium ficiphilum Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium ficiphilum Borchsenius, 1955a: 293. Type data: IRAN: Persepolis, on Ficus carica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [Potaev1993], Ficus carica [Borchs1955, Danzig1972b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2013a]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010]; Turkmenistan [Potaev1993].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 156 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 389 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 127]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 293-294]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 415-417]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 202]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 582]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 199]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Moghad2013a [distribution, illustration: 10]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 36,38]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163].

Eulecanium fradei Almeida

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium fradei Almeida, 1969: 149. Type data: ANGOLA: Belas (Luanda), on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1969, Almeid1973b].

CITATIONS: Almeid1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-150]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 4]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 127]; MendesFe1989 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 56].

Eulecanium franconicum (Lindinger)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium vaccinii macrocarpum Goethe, 1884: 125. Type data: GERMANY: on cuttings of American Preiselbeere [=Vaccinium vitis-idaea]. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1935a: 137. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Lecanium rubellum Lindinger, 1907b: 138. Type data: GERMANY: near Grafenberg, in Steinau and in Dresden, on Calluna vulgaris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Hamburg: Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat von Hamburg, Germany. Described: female. Homonym of Lecanium rubellum Cockerell. Notes:

Lecanium franconicum Lindinger, 1908: 181. Replacement name for Lecanium rubellum Lindinger, 1907.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) franconicum; Šulc, 1932: 95.

Palaeolecanium franconicum; Lindinger, 1935a: 137. Change of combination.

Eulecanium franconicum; Borchsenius, 1957: 406. Change of combination.

Eulecanium franconicum vaccinicola Danzig, 1961: 571. Type data: USSR: on Vaccinium uliginosum and V. myrtillus. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980c: 282.

Eulecanium franconicum calluneti Danzig, 1961: 573. Type data: USSR: on Calluna vulgaris. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980c: 282.

Lecanium slavum Kawecki, 1961: 66. Type data: POLAND: Tatra Mountains, near Jedrzejow, on Vaccinium sp. and Calluna vulgaris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: ISZP. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980c: 282.

Eulecanium rhododendri Danzig, 1967: 162. Type data: USSR: Primorye Territory, Pidan, near Tigrovoi, on Rhododendron mucronulatum. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1978: 14.

Eulecanium slavum; Komosinska, 1977: 23. Change of combination.

Eulecanium fraconicum; Tang, 1991: 157. Misspelling of species name.

Eulecanium franconicum; Danzig, 1994: 47. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Sulc" as author.

COMMON NAME: heather soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Microterys truncatipennis Ferriere [Schmut1955b].

HOSTS: Ericaceae: Calluna arborea [Terezn1981], Calluna vulgaris [Lindin1907b, Koteja1971a, Terezn1981, KotejaZa1983, Marott1987, Gertss2005], Rhododendron mucronulatum [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b], Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium myrtillus [Komosi1977, Terezn1981, Koteja1984e, KotejaZa1983, Danzig1994, LagowsKo1996, Gertss2005], Vaccinium uliginosum [Terezn1981], Vaccinium vitis-idaea [Terezn1981, Danzig1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria; Czech Republic; France; Germany [Lindin1907b]; Hungary [KozarKo2002b, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Marott1987]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia); Latvia; Mongolia; Poland [Koteja1971a, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1984e, LagowsKo1996]; Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia (Irkutsk Oblast, Primor'ye Kray, St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast, Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR); Sweden [Gertss2001, Gertss2005]; Switzerland; Ukraine (Kiev Oblast).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 185 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 390 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 127-128]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 406]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 331]; Danzig1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 571-575]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; Danzig1977b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37-57]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 77]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 282]; Danzig1994 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 47]; Dziedz1988 [host, distribution: 95]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 293]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005 [host, distribution: 38]; Gertss2011 [distribution, host: 41]; Goethe1884 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 125]; Kaweck1938 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 204]; Kaweck1961 [taxonomy: 66]; Kaweck1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 255-257]; Komosi1977 [host, distribution: 23]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 100]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 188]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 324]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 79]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 479]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 375]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 476]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32,35]; Lindin1907b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 138]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 137]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 102]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 146]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 61-62]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution, life history: 550-551]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 518]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 408]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 51]; Sugony1970 [biological control: 842-851]; Sulc1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-98]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163-165]; Terezn1959 [host, distribution: 684]; Terezn1963 [host, distribution: 187]; Terezn1963a [host, distribution: 53]; Terezn1963c [host, distribution: 1527,1528]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 31]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-159]; Trembl1988a [host, distribution: 241]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy: 176].

Eulecanium giganteum (Shinji)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium gigantea Shinji, 1935a: 289. Type data: JAPAN: Morioka, on Magnolia kobus. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (S. Takagi, 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).

Eulecanium diminutum Borchsenius, 1955a: 293. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, Lyanzikhe and Okeanskoe, on Quercus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Tang, 1981: 165.

Eulecanium gigantea; Wang, 1980: 45. Change of combination.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus rubidus Hope [XueXiLi2001], Coccinella septempunctata L. [XueXiLi2001], Harminia axyridis (Pallas) [XueXiLi2001]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus hawaiiensis [TaoChYa2002]. Encyrtidae: Blastothrix sericea (Dalman) [XueXiLi2001], Eucomys sasakii Ishii [XueXiLi2001], Metaphycus pulvinariae [TaoChYa2002], Microterys clauseni Compere [XueXiLi2001]. LEPIDOPTERA Heliodinidae: Beijinga utila Yang [XueXiLi2001].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer negundo [TangLi1988]. Corylaceae: Corylus mandshurica [Danzig1980b]. Fabaceae: Maackia amurensis [Danzig1980b], Sophora japonica [XieLiLi1995, XueXiLi2001]. Fagaceae: Quercus mongolica [Danzig1980b]. Juglandaceae: Juglans mandshurica [Danzig1980b]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia kobus [Shinji1935a]. Salicaceae: Salix [Danzig1980b]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]). Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia), Shanxi (=Shansi), Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Japan; Russia (Primor'ye Kray).

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in northern China (Xie et al., 1995). Xie et al. (1995) have shown in Taiyuan city, Shanxi Province, China, that high level of urban air pollution caused an increase in populations of this species.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1980b) (as Eulecanium diminutum). Description and illustration of male developmental instars and adult male by Zhao & Xie (2004).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 158 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 390 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 128-129]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 293]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 412-414]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-156]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 276-277]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 186]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Shinji1935a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 289-290]; ShiXiXu2005 [chemistry, molecular data: 207-211]; Sugony1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 127-136]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-85]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 165-166]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-101]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 57]; TaoChYa2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 225-227]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 45-46]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 42-46]; XieLiLi1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 165-168]; XieXuLi1995 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 114-118]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-202]; XieZh2001 [chemistry, structure: 408-415]; XueXiFa2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 110-116]; XueXiLi2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 383-388]; XueXiLi2001a [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 69-73]; ZhaoXi2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-64].

Eulecanium hirsutum (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium hirsutum Newstead, 1917: 350. Type data: EAST AFRICA: Country not given, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Eulecanium hirsutum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 129. Change of combination.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 129]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 350-351].

Eulecanium hissaricum Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium hissaricum Borchsenius, 1955a: 294. Type data: USSR: Tadzhikistan, Gissarsk Range, Zid, on Lonicera sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera [Borchs1955].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1971c].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 158 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 390 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 90]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 129]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 294-295]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 405,406]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 167].

Eulecanium juniperi Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium juniperi Danzig, 1972a: 272. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Kalbinsk Range, near Nikitink, on Juniperus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus [Danzig1972a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 133]; Danzig1972a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 272-273]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77].

Eulecanium kostylevi Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium kostylevi Borchsenius, 1955a: 295. Type data: KOREA: South Hamgen, near Gapsan, on Ulmus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Corylaceae: Corylus heterophylla [Danzig1967]. Fabaceae: Maackia amurensis [Danzig1967]. Juglandaceae: Juglans mandshurica [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b]. Rosaceae: Rosa dahurica [Danzig1967]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus propinqua [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b], Ulmus pumila [Danzig1977a, Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia)); Mongolia; Russia (Primor'ye Kray); South Korea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 389 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 129-130]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 295-296]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 399-400]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-160]; Danzig1974 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 71]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 201]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 277-278]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 167-168]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97,98]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 57-58]; ZhangZh1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 230].

Eulecanium kunmingi (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium kunmingi Ferris, 1950a: 73. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kunming north park, on Rhamnus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

Coccus kunming; Ali, 1971: 26. Misspelling of species name.

Eulecanium kunmingi; Yang, 1982: 179. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus [Ferris1950a, Ali1971]. Rosaceae: Prunus persica [Ali1971], Pyracantha crenata [Ferris1950a, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Ali1971]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 26]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 130]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-74,88-89]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 58]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 28]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179,191].

Eulecanium kunoense (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium kunoensis Kuwana, 1907: 191. Type data: JAPAN: on Rhamnus japonicus, Prunus mume and Pyrus sinensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Eulecanium kunoense; Lindinger, 1933b: 159. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: kuno scale [Gill1988].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [HusseiMa1962]. Encyrtidae: Encyrtus infidus Rossi [HusseiMa1962], Metaphycus tamakatakaigara Tachikawa [Tachik1957a].

HOSTS: Grossulariaceae: Grossularia [HusseiMa1962], Ribes [HusseiMa1962]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus [HusseiMa1962]. Juglandaceae: Juglans regia [HusseiMa1962]. Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus japonicus [Kuwana1907, HusseiMa1962]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis [HusseiMa1962], Cerasus vulgaris [HusseiMa1962], Crataegus [HusseiMa1962], Cydonia oblonga [HusseiMa1962], Malus sylvestris [HusseiMa1962], Photinia glabra [TakahaTa1956], Photinia villosa [Takaha1955a], Prunus mume [Kuwana1907, HusseiMa1962], Prunus persica [Kanda1950], Prunus salicina [TakahaTa1956], Prunus triflora [Takaha1955a], Prunus yedoensis [TakahaTa1956], Pyracantha [HusseiMa1962], Pyrus baccata [HusseiMa1962], Pyrus sinensis [Kuwana1907].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California). Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi)); Japan [Kuwana1917]; South Korea.

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in California (McKenzie, 1951a; Husseiny & Madsen, 1962). A minor pest to ornamentals in California, but regarded a potential pest in this state (McKenzie, 1951a; Gill, 1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gill (1988) and by Tang (1991). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.53, a,b), and in Gill (1988).

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439531 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 156 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 40 (female) [USA, California]; Kawai 1980: 160-162 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 389 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 130]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 419-420]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43,48]; Gill1993 [host, distribution, economic importance: 10]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; HusseiMa1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 179-203]; Kanda1950 [host, distribution: 34-35]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 164-165]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9-11]; McKenz1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 105-109]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 345-346]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Shinji1935b [host, distribution: 769]; Tachik1957a [host, distribution, biological control: 27-30]; Takaha1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-76]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 5]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-170]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 58]; UedaQuIt2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data, distribution: 2319-2326]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179,191]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66].

Eulecanium kuwanai Kanda

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium kuwanai Kanda, 1934a: 405. Type data: JAPAN: Yokohama, on Hedera sp. and Viburnum dilatatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.

Lecanium kuwanai; Takahashi, 1955b: 69. Change of combination.

Eulecanium knwanai; Tang, 1991: 158. Misspelling of species name.



FOES: Heliodinidae: Beijinga utila [WangZa1983]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Encyrtus sasakii Ishii [XieFuXu2007].

HOSTS: Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Kanda1934a, Borchs1957]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum dilatatum [Kanda1934a, Borchs1957]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus laciniana [TangLi1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia), Ningxia (=Ningsia) [WangZa1983], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Japan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.54).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 158 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 160-162 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 130-131]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 400-401]; Kanda1934a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 405-411]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 165]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Takaha1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 76]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 86-87]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170-171]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-104]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 58]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 46-47]; WangZa1983 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 22-24]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 46-47]; XieFuXu2007 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 145-151]; XieXuLi1995 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 114-118]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-153].

Eulecanium lespedezae Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium lespedezae Danzig, 1967: 160. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, Chernyatino, in Razdolna River valley, on Lespedeza bicolor. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Eulecanium laspedezae; Tang, 1991: 157. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Fabaceae: Lespedeza bicolor [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 131]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-162]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 278]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 171].

Eulecanium lymani King

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium lymani King, 1901j: 335. Type data: CANADA: Quebec, on oak. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ottawa: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Ontario, Canada. Described: female.



HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [King1901j].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Quebec [King1901j]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 131]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 190]; King1901j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 335].

Eulecanium melzeri Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium melzeri Hempel, 1920a: 351. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Bosque de Saude, on indigenous shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 131]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351-352,374-375].

Eulecanium nigrivitta Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium nigrivitta Borchsenius, 1959: 172. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Kunming, on Castanopsis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female.

Eulecanium nigrivittata; Tang, 1991: 158. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Fagaceae: Castanopsis [Borchs1959, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Ali1971]).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 158 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 32]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 131]; Borchs1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-173]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 172]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 58]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179].

Eulecanium nocivum Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium nocivum Borchsenius, 1953: 286. Type data: REPUBLIC OD GEORGIA: Poti, on Liquidambar sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Hadzib1983]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Hadzib1983]. Hamamelidaceae: Liquidambar [Borchs1957]. Rosaceae: Cotoneaster [Hadzib1983], Crataegus [Hadzib1983], Cydonia vulgaris [Hadzib1983], Malus sylvestris [KozarKoAk1979], Prunus [KozarKoAk1979], Prunus cerasifera [KozarKoAk1979], Prunus persica [KozarKoAk1979], Pyrus communis [KozarKoAk1979], Pyrus malus [KozarKoAk1979]. Salicaceae: Populus deltoides [Hadzib1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia; Turkey [KozarKoAk1979, Kozar1987, CebeciSe2004].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in the Republic of Georgia (Hadzibejli, 1967b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 158 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 390 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 131-132]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 286-287]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 398-399]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 215]; Hadzib1967 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 60-62]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 143-145]; Kozar1987 [distribution: 100]; Kozar1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 176-177]; Kozar1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 317]; KozarKoAk1979 [host, distribution, economic importance : 535-542]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 172-173].

Eulecanium pallidior (Cockerell & King)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium pallidior Cockerell & King, 1899: 350. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Methuen, on Chamaecyparis thyoides. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Eulecanium pallidior; Fernald, 1903b: 191. Change of combination.



HOST: Cupressaceae: Chamaecyparis thyoides [CockerKi1899].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Massachusetts [King1899b]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 132]; CockerKi1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 349-350]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 191]; King1899b [host, distribution: 141]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 227].

Eulecanium patersoniae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium patersoniae Maskell, 1895b: 57. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, Patersonia glabrata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Lecanium pattersoniae; Froggatt, 1915: 611. Misspelling of species name.

Eulecanium patersoniae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 132. Change of combination.



HOST: Iridaceae: Patersonia glabrata [Frogga1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Cocker1896b] (New South Wales [Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 132]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 31]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 611]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-58].

Eulecanium paucispinosum Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium paucispinosum Danzig, 1967: 157. Type data: USSR: Vladivostok, Okeanskaya, on Ulmus laciniata. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer mandshuricum [Danzig1967], Acer ukurunduense [Danzig1967]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera maackii [Danzig1967]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus cordata [Danzig1967]. Corylaceae: Corylus heterophylla [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b], Corylus mandshurica [Danzig1967]. Rosaceae: Cerasus maximoviczii [Danzig1967], Rosa rugosa [Danzig1967]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus laciniata [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b], Ulmus propinqua [Danzig1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Russia (Khabarovsk Kray, Primor'ye Kray).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 132]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 157-159]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 284-285]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Sugony1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 127-136]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 173]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; ZhangZh1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 230].

Eulecanium perinflatum (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium perinflatum Cockerell, 1914b: 332. Type data: ARGENTINA: Santa Ana, Missiones, on twigs of herbaceous plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Eulecanium perinflatum; Lizer y Trelles, 1939: 191. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [Lizery1939]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea [Lizery1939]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia edulis [Lizery1939], Psidium guajava [Lizery1939]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Lizery1939]. Solanaceae: Cestrum parqui [Morris1923], Solanum nodiflorum [Lizery1939], Solanum pseudoquina [Lizery1939].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Sassce1915]; Uruguay.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 132-133]; Cocker1914b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 332]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 191-192]; Morris1923 [host, distribution: 123]; Sassce1915 [catalogue: 32].

Eulecanium pistaciae Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium pistaciae Borchsenius, 1955a: 297. Type data: USSR: Armenia, near Megri, on Pistacia mutica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Pistacia mutica [Borchs1955, TerGri1962].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1962]; Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 156 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 389 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue : 133]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 297]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 417]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 202]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 173-174]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 139].

Eulecanium pseudotessellatum (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium pseudotessellatum Newstead, 1917: 351. Type data: TRINIDAD: Aripo Savana, on Chrysobalanus pellocarpus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Eulecanium pseudotessellatum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 133. Change of combination.



HOST: Chrysobalanaceae: Chrysobalanus pellocarpus [Newste1917].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Newste1917]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 133]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351-352].

Eulecanium pubescens (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium pubescens Ehrhorn, 1898: 244. Type data: U.S.A.: California near Mountain View, on Quercus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Eulecanium pubescens; Cockerell, 1898o: 247. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) pubescens; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 237.

Eulecanium pubescens; Fernald, 1903b: 194.



HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [Ehrhor1898].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1920b]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 133]; Cocker1898o [taxonomy: 247]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy: 237]; Ehrhor1898 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 244-245]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 194]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-39].

Eulecanium rugulosum (Archangelskaya)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium ciliatum; Archangelskaya, 1923: 264. Misidentification.

Lecanium rugulosum Archangelskaya, 1937: 46. Type data: USSR: Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenia, Kirgizia and Kazak, on Populus ontariensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Eulecanium rugulosum; Borchsenius, 1957: 395. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Pistacia sp. [Moghad2013a]. Betulaceae: Corylus avellana [Moghad2013a]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus [TerGri1956]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum [Borchs1957]. Juglandaceae: Juglans regia [TerGri1954, TerGri1956, Borchs1957, TerGri1962]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [TerGri1956, TerGri1962, Potaev1993]. Rosaceae: Armeniaca [Borchs1957], Armeniaca vulgaris [Potaev1993], Cerasus [TerGri1956, Borchs1957], Cerasus arium [TerGri1956, TerGri1962], Cerasus vulgaris [Potaev1993], Crataegus [TerGri1956, Borchs1957, TerGri1962, Potaev1993], Cydonia [TerGri1956, TerGri1962], Cydonia oblonga [Potaev1993], Cydonia vulgaris [Borchs1957], Malus [TerGri1956, Borchs1957, TerGri1962], Malus domestica [Potaev1993, TorabiVaHo2010], Malus turcmenorum [Potaev1993], Persica [TerGri1956, TerGri1962], Persica vulgaris [Borchs1957], Persica vulgaris [Potaev1993], Prunus [Borchs1957], Prunus persicae [UygunSeEr1998], Pyrus [TerGri1956, Borchs1957, TerGri1962], Rosa [TerGri1954, Potaev1993]. Salicaceae: Populus [Borchs1957, Potaev1993], Salix [TerGri1956, Borchs1957]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [TerGri1954, Borchs1957, Potaev1993].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1954, TerGri1956, TerGri1962]; Iran [Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009, TorabiVaHo2010]; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1971c]; Turkey [UygunSeEr1998, CebeciSe2004, UlgentCa2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Potaev1993]; Uzbekistan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 389 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-47]; Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 90]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 133]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 149]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 395-396]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 215]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 202]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 8]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 10]; Myarts1984 [distribution, biological control: 23-30]; NarendLo1999 [biological control: 197-204]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 36,38]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 174-175]; TerGri1954 [host, distribution, biological control: 64]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 40]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 138-139]; TorabiVaHo2010 [host, distribution: 153-162]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; YanikYuAk2001 [host, distribution: 301-309].

Eulecanium sachalinense Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium sachalinense Danzig, 1972a: 271. Type data: RUSSIA: South Sakhalin, on Rosa amblyotis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Rosaceae: Rosa acicularis [Danzig1978a], Rosa amblyotis [Danzig1972a, Danzig1978, Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Sakhalin Oblast, Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 134]; Danzig1972a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 271-272]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 15]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 77]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 281-282]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 175].

Eulecanium sansho (Shinji)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium sansho Shinji, 1935b: 773. Type data: JAPAN: Morioka, on Zanthoxylum piperitum. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Eulecanium sansho; Ben-Dov, 1993: 134. Change of combination.



HOST: Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum piperitum [Shinji1935b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 134]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160]; Shinji1935b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 773-776]; Takaha1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 70].

Eulecanium secretum Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium secretum Borchsenius, 1955a: 299. Type data: KOREA: Hamgen Province, Zan-Bai-Shan, on Dasiphora dahurica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Rosaceae: Cotoneaster lucida [Danzig1980b], Dasiphora dahurica [Danzig1980b], Dasiphora fruticosa [Danzig1972a, Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia; Russia (Altay Kray, Irkutsk Oblast, Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR); South Korea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 390 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 134]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 299]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 414-415]; Danzig1967 [host, distribution]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 343-344]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 77]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 279-280]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 176].

Eulecanium sericeum (Lindinger)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium sericeum Lindinger, 1906a: 147. Type data: GERMANY: Erlangen, on Abies pectinata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Hamburg: Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat von Hamburg, Germany. Described: female.

Lecanium (Globulicoccus) sericeum; Lindinger, 1907b: 138.

Physokermes sericeus; Lindinger, 1911a: 381. Change of combination.

Eulecanium sericeum; Leonardi, 1920: 310. Change of combination.

Plysockermes sericeus; Leonardi, 1920: 310. Misspelling of genus name.

Enlecanium sericeum; Tang, 1991: 175. Misspelling of genus name.

COMMON NAME: Fir twig scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies alba [ZakOgaKo1964], Abies cephalonica [Argyri1983], Abies nordmanniana [Hadzib1967], Abies pectinata [Lindin1906a, Lindin1907b, Balach1934a], Picea pectinata [Lindin1906a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; Czech Republic [ZakOgaKo1964]; France [Balach1934a]; Georgia; Germany [Lindin1906a, Lindin1907b, ZakOgaKo1964]; Greece [Argyri1983]; Italy [ZakOgaKo1964]; Poland [ZakOgaKo1964]; Russia (Caucasus [ZakOgaKo1964]); Sweden [Gertss2001]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [ZakOgaKo1964]).

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in the Republic of Georgia (Hadzibejli, 1967b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 184 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 389 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364]; Bacand2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 353-354]; Balach1934a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 71-72]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 134-135]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 148-149]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-395]; Danzig1985 [host, distribution: 111]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Hadzib1957a [distribution: 100-102]; Hadzib1967 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 60]; Kaweck1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 202-204]; Kaweck1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, structure: 1-9]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 99]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 189]; Koteja1974b [host, distribution: 79]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 166-167]; Leonar1918 [host, distribution: 198]; Lindin1906a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-148]; Lindin1907b [host, distribution: 138-139]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 49]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 58-60]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution, life history: 550]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 408]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 175-176]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 160-161]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 241]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy: 176]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 430].

Eulecanium sibiricum Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium sibiricum Borchsenius, 1955a: 300. Type data: RUSSIA: Irkutsk Region, Kazugsk, near Biryulki, on Picea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Pinaceae: Picea [Borchs1955].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Irkutsk Oblast).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 390 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 135]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 300-301]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 403-405]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 176-177].

Eulecanium subaustrale (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Eulecanium) subaustrale Cockerell, 1898h: 131. Type data: MEXICO: Amecameca, on Celtis occidentalis. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Eulecanium subaustrale; Fernald, 1903b: 197. Change of combination.



HOST: Ulmaceae: Celtis occidentalis [Cocker1898m].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n] (Puebla).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 135]; Cocker1898h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 131-132]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 14]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 197]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229].

Eulecanium takachihoi (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Eulecanium) takachihoi Kuwana, 1902: 63. Type data: JAPAN: Kyushu, Hikosan, on chestnut tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Eulecanium takachihoi; Fernald, 1903b: 197. Change of combination.

Parthenolecanium takachihoi; Borchsenius, 1957: 376. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Castanea [Kuwana1902a, Danzig1980b], Quercus mongolica [Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1917]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray); South Korea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.50).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 189 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 160-162 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 349 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 135]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 376-377]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 282-284]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 197]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163-164]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 63-64]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 191]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21-22]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Takaha1955a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 197-198].

Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus coryli Linnaeus, 1758: 456. Unavailable name; discovered by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclatur, 1985: 139.

Coccus tiliae Linnaeus, 1758: 456. Type data: EUROPE: on Tilia sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost; D.J. Williams, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Coccus capreae Linnaeus, 1767: 741. Type data: EUROPE:on Salix sp. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 363.. Notes: Type material lost (D.J. Williams, 1990, personal communication)

Coccus rotundus salicis De Geer, 1776: 440. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 183.

Coccus lapreae; Modeer, 1778: 22. Misspelling of species name. Notes: See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 28).

Coccus alni Modeer, 1778: 23. Type data: SWEDEN: near Gothenburg, on common alder [= Alnus glutinosa]. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type depository unknown.

Coccus ulmi Modeer, 1778: 27. Synonymy by Marchal, 1908: 296.

Coccus quercus fuscus Goeze, 1778: 344. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 188.

Coccus mali Schrank, 1781: 295. Type data: AUSTRIA: on Pyro malo. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 364. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Coccus salicum Fabricius, 1781: 394. Type data: EUROPE: on Salix sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 333. Notes: Type material lost (Zimsen, 1964).

Coccus fuscus Gmelin, 1790: 2221. Type data: EUROPE: on Quercus roboris. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 364. Notes: Type material probably lost.

Coccus aceris Fabricius, 1794: 225. Type data: EUROPE: on Acer sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Marchal, 1908a: 296. Notes: Type material lost (Zimsen, 1964).

Coccus rubi Schrank, 1801: 144. Type data: AUSTRIA: on nut tree. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 365. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Coccus pyri Schrank, 1801: 145. Type data: AUSTRIA: on pear. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 365. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Coccus xylostei Schrank, 1801: 145. Type data: AUSTRIA: on cherry. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Sulc, 1932: 119. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Coccus aceris campestris Schrank, 1801: 147. Type data: AUSTRIA: Ingolstadt, on Massholders [=Acer]. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Marchal, 1908a: 296. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Coccus gibber Dalman, 1826: 366. Type data: SWEDEN: locality not indicated; on Populus tremula, Betula sp. Corylus avellana, and several other deciduos trees. Syntypes. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 183. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Coccus cypraeola Dalman, 1826: 367. Type data: SWEDEN: locality not indicated; on several decidous trees and Salix caprea. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 183. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Calypticus fasciatus Costa, 1829: 14. Type data: NETHERLANDS: on Ulmus sp. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Leonardi, 1920: 296. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication.

Coccus aceris Curtis, 1838: 717. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 180.

Coccus gibba Westwood, 1840: 445. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 183.

Lecanium juglandis Bouché, 1844: 299. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on Juglans regia and J. nigra. Syntypes, both sexes. Described: both sexes. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1957: 422. Notes: Type material lost (Sachtleben, 1944).

Coccus aesculi Kollar, 1848: 188. Nomen nudum; discovered by Newstead, 1903: 105.

Coccus xylinus Böheman, 1849: 195. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1931: 116.

Coccus cypreola; Böheman, 1849: 196. Misspelling of species name.

Lecanium rubi; Walker, 1852: 1073. Change of combination.

Lecanium fasciatum; Walker, 1852: 1078. Change of combination.

Lecanium genevense Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 731. Type data: EUROPE: on Oxyacantha sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 38. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Coccus rotundus Signoret, 1869: 847. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869: 847.

Lecanium alni; Signoret, 1869a: 843. Change of combination.

Lecanium pyri; Signoret, 1869a: 868. Change of combination.

Lecanium berberidis; Signoret, 1874a: 403. Misidentification.

Lecanium aesculi Signoret, 1874a: 412. Nomen nudum.

Lecanium cerasi Goethe, 1884: 125. Type data: GERMANY: on cherry and plum trees. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 370. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Lecanium variegatum Goethe, 1884: 125. Type data: GERMANY: on plum and apple trees. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 123. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Lecanium fuscum; Douglas, 1887b: 98. Change of combination.

Coccus (Lecanium) mali; Frank, 1896: 177. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) aesculi Cockerell, 1896b: 332. Nomen nudum.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) capreae; Cockerell, 1896b: 332. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) cerasi; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) genevense; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) juglandis; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) rubi; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) variegatum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 235.

Eulecanium fuscum; Cockerell, 1901b: 91. Change of combination.

Eulecanium coryli Cockerell, 1901c: 92. Unavailable name; discovered by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclatur, 1985: 138.

Lecanium (Saissetia) capreae; Reh, 1903: 416. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) hoferi King in Hofer, 1903: 478. Type data: SWITZERLAND: on pear, apple and plum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 370.

Lecanium websteri mirabilis King in Hofer, 1903: 482. Type data: SWITZERLAND: on Acer negundo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 371.

Eulecanium aceris; Fernald, 1903b: 180. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Curtis" as author.

Eulecanium aesculi Fernald, 1903b: 180. Nomen nudum.

Eulecanium alni; Fernald, 1903b: 180. Change of combination.

Eulecanium capreae; Fernald, 1903b: 183. Change of combination.

Eulecanium cerasi; Fernald, 1903b: 184. Change of combination.

Eulecanium fasciatum; Fernald, 1903b: 187. Change of combination.

Eulecanium pyri; Fernald, 1903b: 194. Change of combination.

Eulecanium rubi; Fernald, 1903b: 196. Change of combination.

Eulecanium tiliae; Fernald, 1903b: 197. Change of combination.

Eulecanium variegatum; Fernald, 1903b: 198. Change of combination.

Eulecanium websteri mirabile; Fernald, 1903b: 198. Change of combination.

Eulecanium curtisi Kirkaldy, 1904b: 257. Unjustified replacement name for Coccus aceris Fabricius; discovered by Lindinger, 1912: 363. Notes: Unnecessary Replacement Name for Coccus aceris Fabricius as redescribed by Curtis, 1838.

Lecanium (Globulicoccus) fuscum; Lindinger, 1907b: 138. Change of combination.

Eulecanium emerici; Leonardi, 1908: 178. Misidentification.

Parthenolecanium coryli Šulc, 1908: 36. Unavailable name; discovered by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclatur, 1985: 139.

Physokermes coryli Lindinger, 1911b: 123. Unavailable name; discovered by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclatur, 1985: 139.

Globulicoccus fuscus; MacGillivray, 1921: 180. Change of combination.

Eulecanium coryli cimbricus Wunn, 1937: 47. Type data: GERMANY: Schleswig-Holstein, Husum, on Myrica gale. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov et al., 1997: 200. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Coccus corylus-avellanae Fulmek, 1943: 28, 43. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 18.

Eulecanium mali; Borchsenius, 1955a: 866. Change of combination.

Eulecanium ibericum Hadzibejli, 1960b: 316. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: on Juglans regia and Quercus iberica. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1977a: 100.

Eulecanium gyrcanicum Hadzibejli and Imamculiev, 1967a: 719. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Astar, on Parrotia persicae, Crataegus lagenaria and C. kyrtostyla. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1977a: 100.

Lecanium aesculi Boratynski, 1970a: 66. Nomen nudum.

Lecanium tiliae; Bartlett, 1978: 62. Change of combination.

Eulecanium gyrcanicum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 137. Notes: Authorship incorrectly credited only to "Hadzibejli".

COMMON NAMES: nut scale [Kaweck1958a]; thorn scale [Kaweck1958a, Gill1988].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Anthribus fasciatus Forster [UlgentTo1997], Anthribus nebulosus Forster [Schmut1972a], Brachytarsus bifasciatus [SoldiAmVi2003]. Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus L. [Schmut1972a], Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) [DemiroKaJa2005]. HYMENOPTER Encyrtidae: Metaphycus punctipes (Dalman) [Schmut1972a]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [Schmut1955b, Schmut1972a, Bolu2012]. Encyrtidae: Blatothrix sericea (Dalman) [Schmut1972a], Encyrtus infidus Rossi [Schmut1972a], Encyrtus obscurus (Dalman) [Schmut1972a], Metaphycus dispar Mercet [Ulgent2001], Microterys duplicatus (Nees) [Schmut1972a], Microterys lunatus (Dalman) [Schmut1972a], Microtrys sylvius (Dalman) [Schmut1972a].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Kozar1980, Marott1987, KozarHuFo1989, Hodgso1994a], Acer campestre [Marott1987, KozarHuFo1989], Acer circinatum [Richar1958], Acer macrophyllum [Richar1958], Acer negundo [Marott1987], Acer platanoides [Marott1987], Acer pseudoplatanus [KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, Marott1987, Hodgso1994a]. Anacardiaceae: Pistacia khinjuk [Moghad2013a], Pistacia palestina [Bodenh1935], Rhus [Bodenh1944a]. Betulaceae: Alnus crispa sinuata [KozarHuFo1989], Alnus glutinosa [KingRe1901], Alnus rubra [KozarHuFo1989], Betula alba [Balach1934a], Betula papyrifera [KozarHuFo1989]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus betulus [Kozar1980, Marott1987]. Cornaceae: Cornus sanguinea [Marott1987]. Corylaceae: Corylus avellana [GomezM1958b, ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1969, KozarzRe1975, KotejaZa1983, Hodgso1994a], Corylus avellana [KingRe1901, Marott1987]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium [KozarHuFo1989], Vaccinium myrtillus [Marott1987]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Melis1930, Marott1987], Quercus coccifera [Marott1987], Quercus iberica [Hadzib1960], Quercus ilex [Marott1987], Quercus pedunculata [Lindin1907b], Quercus robur [Marott1987], Quercus suber [Marott1987]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes [KingRe1901, Green1921], Ribes uva-crispa [Marott1987]. Hamamelidaceae: Parrotia persicae [Hadzib1967a]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum [KingRe1901, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, KozarGuBa1994, Hodgso1994a], Aesculus hippocastanum [Marott1987], Aesculus pavia [Marott1987]. Juglandaceae: Juglans regia [TerGri1956, Hadzib1960, Marott1987]. Moraceae: Ficus [Green1930], Ficus carica [Canard1980, Argyri1983], Morus [Marott1987]. Myricaceae: Myrica gale [Green1917a, Wunn1937, Marott1987]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus [Green1908a, Ali1971], Armeniaca vulgaris [Marott1987], Cotoneaster [Marott1987], Crataegus [KotejaZa1983], Crataegus azarolus [Marott1987], Crataegus coccinea [KingRe1901], Crataegus intricata [Marott1987], Crataegus kyrtostyla [Hadzib1967a], Crataegus lagenaria [Hadzib1967a], Crataegus monogyna [Marott1987, KozarHuFo1989], Crataegus oxyacantha [Green1927a, Green1928, Kozar1980], Cydonia oblonga [Kozar1980, Marott1987, UlgentTo1997], Cydonia vulgaris [Archan1930], Fragaria vesca [CarnerPe1986], Holodiscus discolor [KozarHuFo1989], Malus [TerGri1956, Koteja1971a], Malus domestica [Kozar1980, Marott1987, MalumpOsPy2010], Malus pumila [KozarHuFo1989], Persica vulgaris [Richar1958], Prunus [Ali1971, KozarKoAk1979, Marott1987], Prunus armeniaca [KingRe1901, Archan1930, Marott1987], Prunus caspica [Moghad2013a], Prunus cerasifera [KozarKoAk1979], Prunus divaricata [Archan1930], Prunus domestica [KingRe1901, Marott1987, KozarHuFo1989], Prunus laurocerasus [Marott1987], Prunus persica [KingRe1901, Ali1971, KozarKoAk1979, ShafeeYoKh1989], Prunus reutri [Moghad2013a], Prunus spinosa [KozarTzVi1979, Marott1987], Pyracantha coccinea [Marott1987], Pyrus [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Pyrus communis [KingRe1901, Bodenh1944b, KozarKoAk1979, Kozar1980, Marott1987], Pyrus malus [Green1927a, Green1928, Bodenh1944b, KozarKoAk1979, KozarDr1988], Pyrus malus [KingRe1901], Rosa [GomezM1954, GomezM1958b, Marott1987, KozarHuFo1989], Rubus [Richar1958, Marott1987], Rubus amoenus [GomezM1958b], Sorbus [KozarHuFo1989]. Salicaceae: Populus [GomezM1958b, GomezM1965, Marott1987], Populus alba [GomezM1946], Populus canadensis [Marott1987], Salix [Ali1971, Marott1987, KozarHuFo1989], Salix alba vitellina [Balach1928a, Marott1987], Salix caprea [Dalman1826, Marott1987], Salix scoparius [Marott1987], Salix viminalis [Ossian1959]. Tiliaceae: Tilia [KingRe1901, KozarOrKo1977, Kozar1980, Marott1987], Tilia cordata [KotejaZa1983], Tilia parvifolia [KotejaZa1969]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [Bodenh1928, KozarzRe1975, Marott1987, KozarHuFo1989, KozarGuBa1994], Ulmus foliacea [Terezn1963a], Ulmus glabre [Marott1987, MalumpOsPy2010], Ulmus minor [Marott1987], Ulmus scabra [KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Marott1987].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta [BenDov1993], British Columbia [Richar1958, KozarHuFo1989], Ontario [BenDov1993]); United States of America (California [BenDov1993], Rhode Island [Koszta1996]). Oriental: India [Green1908a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]; Pakistan [Ali1971]. Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1956]; Austria [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1993]; Bulgaria [Tschor1939, KozarTzVi1979, TrenchGoTr2008, TrenchGoTr2009]; Canary Islands [BenDov1993]; Corsica [BenDov1993, Foldi2003]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Czech Republic [Kozar1987]; Denmark [Hodgso1994a]; France [Balach1934a, LongoMaPe1995]; Georgia [BenDov1993]; Germany [KingRe1901, Lindin1907b]; Greece [Bodenh1928, Argyri1983, TrenchGoTr2008, TrenchGoTr2009]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, Kozar1987, KozarDr1988, KozarDr1993, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, DavoodTaRa2002, Moghad2009, MoghadTa2010]; Iraq [Bodenh1944a]; Ireland [Hodgso1994a]; Israel [Bodenh1935]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995, Marott1987]; Latvia [Rasina1955]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009, MalumpOsPy2010]; Malta [Borg1932]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Netherlands [BenDov1993]; Poland [Kaweck1935, ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1971a, KotejaZa1983, Kozar1987, LagowsKo1996]; Portugal [Seabra1942, BenDov1993]; Romania [Savesc1982, FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia (Caucasus [BenDov1993], Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Sardinia [Melis1930, Pelliz2011]; Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; Spain [GomezM1946, GomezM1954, GomezM1958b, GomezM1965]; Sweden [Dalman1826, BenDov1993, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [KozarKoAk1979, Kozar1987, UlgentTo1997, DemiroKaJa2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Archan1930]; Ukraine (Khar'kov Oblast); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b], England [Newste1900a, Green1917a, Green1921, Green1928, Green1930, Hodgso1994a], Scotland [Green1927a]); Yugoslavia.

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Central Europe (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988) and USSR, Georgia (Hadzibejli, 1967b). Rubin & Beirne (1975a, 1975b) studied the life history and natural enemies in British Columbia.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gill (1988), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Hodgson (1994a) and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

SYSTEMATICS: Boratynski (1970a) recorded material from the Signoret's Collection, deposited in the Vienna Natural History Museum, which appears to represent part of the 'type-material' of Kollar, which was available to Signoret (1874a: 402-403). Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 48) notes " xylinus Böheman, 1849: 195, Coccus, Current status: We accept the interpretation of Lindinger (1931: 116; 1934: 78) who regarded this name as a junior synonym of Palaeolecanium xylostei = Eulecanium tiliae.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Lagowska (1984) found that the frequency and infestation rate on fruit trees in Lublin, Poland was higher in unprotected orchards than in protected ones. Recorded as a pest of quince, Cydonia oblonga in Turkey (Ulgenturk & Toros, 1996).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 345 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1991: 156, 157 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 40 (female) [USA, California]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 184 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 389, 390 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 31-32]; Archan1930 [host, distribution: 79-80]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364]; Balach1928a [host, distribution: 141]; Balach1932d [host, distribution: lvii]; Balach1934a [host, distribution: 71]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 62-65]; Beirne1975 [biological control, host, distribution : 225-236]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 125,135-138]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 200]; Bodenh1928 [host, distribution: 192]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1944a [host, distribution: 84]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 88]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 96-97]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; Boraty1970a [taxonomy: 63-76]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 420-424]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 15]; Canard1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 157-162]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 215]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy: 54]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332-333]; Cocker1901c [taxonomy: 92]; Curtis1838 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 717-718]; Dalman1826 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 366-369]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 202]; Danzig1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 100-101]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, distribution: 111]; DanzigKe1981a [taxonomy: 147-152]; DavoodTaRa2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 85-86]; DavoodTaRa2004a [biological control: 887-899]; DemiroKaJa2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 223-230]; Dougla1887b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 98-101]; Dougla1890c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318-319]; Dziedz1988 [host, distribution: 95]; Eghted1987 [chemical control, host, distribution: 1-2,9-10,39-44]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 171,183-185,194,197]; Ferris1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-234]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 293]; Flesch1960 [biological control: 183-208]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 5,22]; Fulmek1943 [taxonomy: 28,43]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 113]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 527]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 55-58]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-41]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 44,49]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Gmelin1790 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2221]; Goethe1884 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 125]; Goeze1778 [taxonomy: 336-337]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 270-273]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 88]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 136]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-87]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 183]; GomezM1965 [host, distribution: 112]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 29]; Green1917a [host, distribution: 201]; Green1921 [host, distribution: 197]; Green1925b [host, distribution: 526]; Green1927a [host, distribution: 56]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 5]; Green1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-14]; Hadzib1957a [distribution: 100-102]; Hadzib1960b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 316-318]; Hadzib1967 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 62-63]; Hadzib1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 719-720]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-147]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 247-251]; Hodgso1995 [taxonomy, structure: 50]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 511]; Hofer1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 478-479]; ICZN1985 [taxonomy: 139-141]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 126]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kaweck1935 [host, distribution: 89]; Kaweck1958a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 1-23]; Kaweck1965a [taxonomy, structure: 205-211]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 199]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KingRe1901 [host, distribution: 60-62]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 162]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 14]; Kollar1848 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15-16]; Komare1946 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-165]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 345,351-353]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 102]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 189-192]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 323]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 79]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy, structure: 253]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 327]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 365]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 479]; Kozar1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 1-24]; Kozar1976a [host, distribution, economic importance: 35-47]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 67]; Kozar1987 [distribution: 100]; Kozar1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 176-177]; Kozar1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 317]; KozarDr1988 [host, distribution: 209]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution: 74]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 154]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 73]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 375]; KozarKoAk1979 [host, distribution, economic importance: 535-542]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KozarVi1978 [host, distribtuion, economic importance: 391-402]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; KozarYaKo1982 [host, distribution, biological control: 383-388]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 86-88]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 20]; Lagows1984 [host, distribution, economic importance: 9-17]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 476]; Lagows1986a [host, distribution: 179-180]; Lagows1987 [host, distribution, biological control: 383-398]; Lagows1987a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 131-144]; Lagows1998a [host, distribution: 63-71]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31]; Lellak1966 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 304]; Lindin1907b [host, distribution: 7]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 53,57,64,73,84]; Lindin1939 [taxonomy: 37]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 548]; Linnae1758 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 456]; Lintne1895 [host, distribution: 263-305]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 134]; MacPhe1971 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 23-25]; MacpheMa1971a [host, distribution, control: 197-208]; Malump2011a [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 50,52-53]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 20]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 50,53]; MalumpOs2008 [host, distribution: 108]; MalumpOsPy2009 [host, distribution: 122]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 255]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 295-304]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 102-103]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; MatilePe2002 [host. distribution: 355]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 8]; McLeod1954 [host, distribution, biological control: 19-27]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 347]; Modeer1778 [taxonomy: 22]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 8-9]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 10]; MoghadTa2010 [host, distribution: 32]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 205]; Newste1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 22-23]; OliverChSo2003 [host, distribution, life history, chemical control: 72-74]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 196]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; Peters1960 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 851-857]; Philli1965 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 232-233]; PruthiBa1960 [host, distribution, economic importance,: 1-113]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 71]; Reh1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 408-409]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 62]; Reyne1957 [host, distribution: 15]; Richar1958 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 310-312]; RubinBe1975 [host, distribution, biological control: 337-342]; RubinBe1975a [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 18-20]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 8]; Savesc1943 [taxonomy, host, distribution, ecology: 212-223]; Savesc1944 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15-16]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 298-300]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 545-546]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 18]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 519]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 407]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; Schran1781 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 295]; Schran1801 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 144]; Seabra1942 [host, distribution: 2]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 104]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 52]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 842,847,850,852,855]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 868,870,872,876]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 406,411-432]; Silves1919b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 127-192]; Silves1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 514-526]; Simon2012 [description, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 269-281]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; SoikaLa2003 [host, distribution: 89-97]; SoldiAmVi2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 72-74]; Sulc1908 [taxonomy: 36]; Sulc1912 [host, distribution: 34]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Szulcz1949 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 171,177-178]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 729]; Terezn1963a [host, distribution: 53]; Terezn1963b [host, distribution: 155]; Terezn1963c [host, distribution: 1527]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 31]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163]; TerGri1956 [host, distribution: 42]; Thiem1932 [life history, physiology: 488-492]; TorabiVaHo2010 [host, distribution: 153-162]; TranfaMa1988 [host, distribution: 610]; TranfaVi1987a [economic importance: 215-221]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 240-241]; TrenchGoTr2008 [host, distribution: 137-141]; TrenchGoTr2009 [host, distribution: 218-219]; Tschor1939 [host, distribution: 89]; TurnbuCh1961 [host, distribution, biological control]; Ulgent2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 369-375]; Ulgent2001a [host, distribution, biological control: 145-149]; Ulgent2003 [structure: 393-398]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentTo1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 668-674]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, distribution: 27]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy: 152]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, distribution: 1072,1073,1078]; Willia2007b [taxonomy: 444, 427-490]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 6-8,13,14,18,23,24]; Wunn1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 45-49]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 429-430].

Eulecanium transcaucasicum Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium transcaucasicum Borchsenius, 1955a: 301. Type data: USSR: Armenia, Yerevan, on Cydonia vulgaris and on Ulmus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Rosaceae: Cydonia [TerGri1962], Cydonia vulgaris [Borchs1955]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [Borchs1955].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1962]; Georgia.

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in the Republic of Georgia (Hadzibejli, 1967b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 156 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 389 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 139]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 301-302]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 418-419]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 202]; Hadzib1967 [host, distribution: 62]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 139].

Eulecanium transvittatum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium transvittatum Green, 1917a: 206. Type data: ENGLAND: Camberley, on Betula alba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Eulecanium transvittatum; Borchsenius, 1957: 397. Change of combination.



HOST: Betulaceae: Betula alba [Green1917a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [Green1917a, Green1928, Green1928a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 157 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 390 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 139]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 397]; Green1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-207]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 5]; Green1928a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 24]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 202]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 189-179].

Eulecanium ulmicola Zhang, Z.Y.

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium ulmicola Zhang, Z.Y., 1993: 482. Type data: CHINA: Shanxi, Taigu, on Ulmus sp., April 24, 1989. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Ulmaceae: Ulmus [Zhang1993].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Zhang1993, Xie1998]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zhang (1993).

CITATIONS: Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 58]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49]; Zhang1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 482-485].

Eulecanium zygophylli Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium zygophylli Danzig, 1972b: 344. Type data: MONGOLIA: Gobi-Altai Aymak, near Begera, on Zygophyllum xanthoxylon. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Eulecanium zygophvlli; Tang, 1991: 158. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum xanthoxylon [Danzig1972a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 158 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 139]; Danzig1972b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 344]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179].



Eumashona Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Mashona Hodgson, 1967a: 8. Type species: Mashona tachardia Hodgson, by original designation. Homonym of Mashona Pate; discovered by Hodgson, 1973: 3.

Mashona Hodgson, 1967a: 8. Type species: Mashona tachardia Hodgson, by original designation.

Eumashona Hodgson, 1973: 63. Replacement name for Mashona Hodgson, 1967.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1967a; 1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini.

KEYS: Hodgson 1969a: 21 (female) [Afrotropical Region]; Hodgson 1967a (female) [Zimbabwe].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 139]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy, description: 8]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 4,21]; Hodgso1973 [taxonomy: 63]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 251-254,340].

Eumashona msasae (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium msasae Hall, 1935: 75. Type data: ZIMBABWE [= RHODESIA]: Salisbury, The Kopje, on Brachystegia sp.. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus msasae; De Lotto, 1959: 165. Change of combination.

Mashona msasae; Hodgson, 1967: 10. Change of combination.

Eumashona msasae; Hodgson, 1973: 63. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Brachystegia [Hall1935, DeLott1959, Hodgso1994a], Brachystegia glaucescens [Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1935, DeLott1959, Hodgso1994a] (Harare (Salisbury); Marandellas.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1959) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 139]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-168]; Hall1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-76]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy: 10]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 21]; Hodgso1973 [taxonomy: 63]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 251-254]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 32].

Eumashona tachardia (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Mashona tachardia Hodgson, 1967: 9. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Marandellas, on Brachystegia glaucescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Eumashona tachardia; Hodgson, 1973: 63. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Brachystegia glaucescens [Hodgso1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967].

GENERAL REMARKS: good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 139-140]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-10]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 21]; Hodgso1973 [taxonomy: 63].



Eutaxia Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Eutaxia Green, 1926: 60. Type species: Eutaxia moreirae Green, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Green (1926) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Saissetiini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 140]; Green1926 [taxonomy, description: 60]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 256-260]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 75].

Eutaxia moreirai Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Eutaxia moreirae Green, 1926: 61. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande Do Sul, on undetermined shrub. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 260. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Eutaxia moreirai; Corseuil & Barbosa, 1971: 239. Justified emendation.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Hodgso1994a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 140]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; Green1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 258-260].



Exaeretopus Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Exaeretopus Newstead, 1894a: 204. Type species: Exaeretopus formiceticola Newstead, by monotypy.

Exoerctopus; Cockerell, 1894v: 1051. Misspelling of genus name.

Exeraetopus; Bodenheimer, 1928: 192. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1957), Koteja (1978, 1980a) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae.

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 111-112 (female) [Key to Palaearctic Genera of the Subfamily Eriopeltinae based on adult females]; Tang 1991 (female) [Asia]; Koteja 1980a: 354-355 (female) [World]; Koteja 1978: 315 (female) [Poland]; Borchsenius 1957: 90, 117 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 140]; Bodenh1928 [taxonomy: 192]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 116-117]; Cocker1894v [taxonomy: 1051]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 333]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 250]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy, description: 713]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 143]; Goux1937a [taxonomy, description: 96]; Green1921 [taxonomy: 195]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 260-263]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy: 102]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy, description: 318-320]; Koteja1980a [taxonomy, description: 337-355]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 76]; Newste1894a [taxonomy, description: 204]; Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 101,112]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 228-229]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 47-48]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 106]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7].

Exaeretopus agropyri (Hadzibejli)

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis agropyri Hadzibejli, 1960b: 312. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: on Agropyrum caucasicum. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depositories: Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia, and St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: both sexes.

Exaeretopus agropyri; Koteja, 1978: 319. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron caucasicum [Hadzib1960b, Koteja1980a], Agropyron repens [Koteja1980a], Poa bulbosa [KaydanKiKo2005a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia [Koteja1980a]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005a, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in the Republic of Georgia (Hadzibejli, 1973).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1980a).

KEYS: Koteja 1980a: 355-357 (female) [Georgia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 140-141]; Hadzib1957a [distribution: 100-102]; Hadzib1960b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 312-316]; Hadzib1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 835-837]; KaydanKiKo2005a [host, distribution: 398]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 319]; Koteja1980a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-357]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77].

Exaeretopus boonei Hollinger

NOMENCLATURE:

Exaeretopus boonei Hollinger, 1923: 41. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, near McBaine, on Ulmus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Ulmaceae: Ulmus [Hollin1923].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Missouri).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 141]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-43]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 324-325].

Exaeretopus dianthi Koteja

NOMENCLATURE:

Exaeretopus dianthi Koteja, 1980a: 357. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: southern slopes of Hissar Mts., Donbar, on Dianthus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Exaeretopus dianthus; Tang, 1991: 48. Change of combination.



HOST: Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus [Koteja1980a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Koteja1980a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1980a).

KEYS: Koteja 1980a: 357-359 (female).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 141]; Koteja1980a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 357-359]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-49].

Exaeretopus formiceticola Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Spermococcus fallax; Newstead, 1893b: 207. Misidentification.

Exaeretopus formiceticola Newstead, 1894a: 204. Type data: ENGLAND: Guernsey, in ants' nest. Lectotype female and first instar, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 263. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Luzulaspis luzulae; Lindinger, 1912: 132. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993.

Luzulaspis (Exaeretopus) formiceticola; Goux, 1937: 96. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Aegillops [KaydanKiKo2005a], Dactylis glomerata [Green1925b, Green1928, Green1928a, Koteja1980a, Hodgso1994a], Thymus [Kozar1983a, Seljak2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Koteja1980a, Kozar1983a]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013]; Italy [Pelliz2010]; Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005a, KaydanUlEr2007, KaydanKo2010]; United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b, Green1928a, Koteja1980a, Hodgso1994a] (Guernsey, Moulin Huet; Guernsey.), England [Green1928, Koteja1980a, Kozar1983a]); Yugoslavia.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1980a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Koteja 1980a: 359-362 (female) [Georgia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 141]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 117]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 333]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 143]; Goux1937a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 94-95]; Goux1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-75]; Green1925b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 518,527]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 6]; Green1928a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-29]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-263]; KaydanKiKo2005a [host, distribution: 398]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 199]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 102]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 319]; Koteja1980a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 359-362]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 146-147]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Newste1894a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 204]; Pelliz2010 [host, distribution: 91]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 104]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 47].

Exaeretopus harpazi Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Exaeretopus harpazi Ben-Dov, 1987: 111. Type data: ISRAEL: Rehovot, on Aegilops sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Aegilops [BenDov1987], Avena sterilis [BenDov1987], Hordeum spontaneum [BenDov1987], Lolium rigidum [BenDov1987], Triticum sp. [BenDov2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Israel [BenDov1987].

BIOLOGY: Adult and ovipositing females occur in March - April, end of winter, on leaves and stems of annual grasses (Ben-Dov, 1987).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1987).

CITATIONS: BenDov1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-114]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 141]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26, 42]; MoghadBa2006 [taxonomy: 89-90].

Exaeretopus hellenicus Bodenheimer nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Exaeretopus hellenicus Bodenheimer, 1928: 192. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiii. Notes: Bodenheimer credited the name to Green.



HOST: Poaceae: Andropogon [Bodenh1928].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Greece [Bodenh1928].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: xxiii]; Bodenh1928 [taxonomy: 192]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 77].

Exaeretopus mahunkai Kozár & Drozdjak

NOMENCLATURE:

Exaeretopus mahunkai Kozár & Drozdjak, 1991: 364. Type data: HUNGARY: Tarpa, on leaf of Festuca sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [KozarDr1991]. Poaceae: Festuca [KozarDr1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KozarDr1991, KozarKoFe2013].

BIOLOGY: The paratypes were collected from leaf litter of a Quercus forest (Kozar & Drozdjak, 1991).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kozar & Drozdjak (1991).

SYSTEMATICS: The paratypes were collected from leaf litter of a Quercus forest (Kozar & Drozdjak, 1991).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 142]; KozarDr1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 364-366]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52].

Exaeretopus orientalis Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Exaeretopus orientalis Danzig, 1975b: 137. Type data: RUSSIA: Buryatia Aut. Oblast, Eastern Sayan, Tunkinsk Ridge, Arshan, on Carex pediformis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex nanella [Danzig1975b, Danzig1980b, Koteja1980a], Carex pediformis [Danzig1975b, Danzig1980b, Koteja1980a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Buryatia (=Buryat) Aut. Oblast, Irkutsk Oblast [Koteja1980a], Primor'ye Kray [Koteja1980a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1980a).

KEYS: Koteja 1980a: 362-364 (female) [Georgia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 142]; Danzig1975b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-138]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 250-251]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 319]; Koteja1980a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 362-364]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77].

Exaeretopus pimpinellae Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Exaeretopus pimpinellae Borchsenius, 1957: 117. Type data: AZERBAIJAN: near Vishnevsk Station, on Pimpinella sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Lamiaceae: Thymus dimorphus [Terezn1981]. Umbelliferae: Pimpinella [Borchs1957, Koteja1980a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan [Koteja1980a]); Ukraine.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 142]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 117-118]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 81]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 319]; Koteja1980a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 339-353,364-366]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 106].

Exaeretopus tritici Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Exaeretopus tritici Williams, 1977: 281. Type data: IRAQ: Naynawa, on Triticum aestivum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Bromus tectorum [KaydanKiKo2005a], Hordeum [MoghadBa2006], Triticum [Koteja1980a], Triticum aestivum [Willia1977DJ, Koteja1980a], Triticum vulgare [KaydanKo2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [new]; Iraq [Koteja1980a]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005a, KaydanUlEr2007, KaydanKo2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1980a) and by Williams (1977).

KEYS: Koteja 1980a: 366-368 (female) [Iraq].

CITATIONS: AbdallAlAl2001 [life history, ecology, chemical control: 113-118]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 142]; KaydanKiKo2005a [host, distribution: 398]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 199]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 319]; Koteja1980a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 366-368]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 9]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 10]; MoghadBa2006 [host, distribution: 89-90]; Willia1977DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 281-284].



Filippia Targioni Tozzetti

NOMENCLATURE:

Philippia Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 23. Type species: Philippia follicularis Targioni Tozzetti. Subsequently designated by Morrison & Morrison, 1966. Homonym of Philippia Gray, 1847 in Mollusca. Notes: Homonym of Philippia Gray.

Philippia Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 23. Type species: Philippia follicularis Targioni Tozzetti, by monotypy.

Defilippia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 726. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 142. Notes: Also homonym of Defilippia Salvadori.

Filippia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 726. Replacement name for Philippia Targioni Tozzetti, 1867.

Philippia; Signoret, 1872: 433.

Phillipia; Ashmeadd, 1891: 98. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Mis-spelling of Philippia.

Euphilippia Berlese & Silvestri, 1906: 396. Type species: Euphilippia olivina Berlese & Silvestri, by monotypy. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1975: 111. Notes: Synonymy by community of type species.

Phylippia; Leonardi, 1920: 340. Misspelling of genus name.

Phyllipia; Kiritchenko, 1928: 114. Misspelling of genus name.

Phylippia; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1958c: 407. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1957), Ben-Dov (1973; 1975) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae. Tribe: Filippiini. (Euphilippia Berlese & Silvestri, is an objective synonym of Filippia Targioni Tozzetti, nevertheless, Tao (1999) erroneously assigned the former, as distinct genus, to the family Kerriidae.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 90, 189 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 54-55]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 98]; BenDov1973 [taxonomy, description: 282-290]; BenDov1975 [taxonomy, description: 109-113]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 142-143]; BerlesSi1906 [taxonomy, description: 396]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 93]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 187-189]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 218]; Cocker1894v [taxonomy]; DeLott1974b [taxonomy: 207]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 399]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 146]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy: 287]; GomezM1958c [taxonomy: 407]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 254,264-267]; Kiritc1928 [taxonomy: 114]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy: 102]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy: 340]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 74,78-79,154-155]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 35-36]; Signor1872 [taxonomy: 433]; Tang1991 [taxonomy: 49-50]; Targio1867 [taxonomy, description: 23]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, description: 726]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy: 106-107].

Filippia follicularis (Targioni Tozzetti)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus oleae; Costa, 1857: 74. Misidentification.

Philippia follicularis Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 23. Type data: ITALY: on olive Olea europea. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Filippia follicularis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 726. Change of combination.

Philippia oleae; Signoret, 1872a: 433. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1975: 111.

Coccus oleae; Costa, 1877: 117. Misidentification.

Filippia oleae; Fernald, 1903b: 146. Misidentification.

Euphilippia olivina Berlese & Silvestri, 1906: 398. Type data: ITALY: Toscana and Portici, on olive. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1975: 111.

Philippia oleae; Borg, 1932: 16. Misidentification.

Phylippia oleae; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1958c: 407. Misidentification; discovered by ScaleNet, 2001.

Euphilippia olivina; Argyriou, 1984: 364.

Eufilippia olivina; Masten, 2007: 56. Misspelling of genus name.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) [Longo1987]. DIPTERA Chamaemyiidae: Leucopis silesiaca Egger [Ulgent1999]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus cowperi Girault [ArgyriStMo1976], Coccophagus insidiator Dalman [ArgyriStMo1976]. Encyrtidae: Blastothrix hungarica Erdos [Ulgent2001], Metaphycus dispar mercet [Ulgent2001], Metaphycus flavus Howard [ArgyriStMo1976], Metaphycus philippiae Masi [ArgyriStMo1976].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Pistacia lentiscus [Balach1930, Balach1933e, Marott1987]. Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Marott1987]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum tinus [Marott1987]. Myrtaceae: Myrtus communis [Balach1930, Marott1987]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus excelsior [KaydanKo2010], Olea [Melis1930, Borg1932, Bodenh1935, Argyri1967, Argyri1983], Olea europaea [Targio1867, Balach1927, Balach1930, ArgyriKo1977, Argyri1983, BenDov1993, Hodgso1994a], Olea europaea oleaster [Marott1987], Phillyrea angustifolia [Balach1930, Balach1933e], Phillyrea latifolia variabilis [Marott1987], Phyllirea variabilis [Marott1987]. Plumbaginaceae: Statice minuta [Balach1933e]. Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus alaternus [Balach1930]. Rosaceae: Prunus domestica [KaydanKo2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1927]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Croatia [Masten2007]; France [Balach1930, Balach1933e]; Greece [Bodenh1928, Argyri1967, ArgyriStMo1976, ArgyriKo1977, Argyri1983, MilonaKoKo2008a]; Israel [Bodenh1935, Hodgso1994a] (Hodiya Junction.); Italy [Marott1987]; Malta [Borg1932]; Sardinia [Melis1930, Pelliz2011]; Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Spain [GomezM1958c]; Syria [Bodenh1926]; Tunisia [MansouMkGr2011]; Turkey [Hodgso1994a, UlgentTo2001, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007, KaydanKo2010] (Smyrna).

BIOLOGY: Quaglia & Raspi (1979a) studied the ecology and life history on olive in Italy, Toscana. One annual generation was observed in Sicily, Italy (Longo, 1988), Verona, Italy (Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1981) and in Greece (Argyriou & Kourmadas, 1977).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1973) (as Euphilippia olivina Berlese & Silvestri) and by Hodgson (1994a). Good description and illustration of the third-instar female nymph given by Ben-Dov (1973) (as Euphilippia olivina Berlese & Silvestri).

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 189 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Argyri1967 [host, distribution: 67-68]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364]; ArgyriKo1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1353-1358]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 23-24]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 186]; Balach1930 [host, distribution: 180]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; BenDov1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 282-290]; BenDov1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-121]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 143]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26, 43]; BerlesBePa1907 [biological control: 48-95]; BerlesSi1906 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-407]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 44]; Bodenh1928 [host, distribution: 192]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 218]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 114]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 16]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 218]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Costa1857 [taxonomy: 74-75,185]; Costa1877 [taxonomy, economic importance]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 202]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 146]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 287-289]; GomezM1958c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 407]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 264-267]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 511]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 200]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 79]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 340-344]; Longo1987 [life history, ecology, host. distribution, biologica; control: 173-177]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; LongoRu1988 [host, distribution: 515]; MansouMkGr2011 [distribution, economic importance: 315-322]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history : 103]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 45]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; MilonaKoKo2008a [host, distribution: 33]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 60]; Pelliz1981 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 289-297]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 292,294]; QuagliRa1979 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 85-112]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 105]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 854]; Signor1872 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 433-434]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-51]; Targio1867 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 23]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 726]; TranfaVi1987a [economic importance: 215-221]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 250-251]; Ulgent1999 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 75-80]; Ulgent2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 369-375]; Ulgent2001a [host, distribution, biological control: 145-149]; Ulgent2003 [structure: 393-398]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; Vicido2007 [host, distribution: 1-7]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 34].



Fistulococcus Hodgson & Martin

NOMENCLATURE:

Fistulococcus Hodgson & Martin, 2005: 2. Type species: Fistulococcus pokfulamensis Hodgson & Martin, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Hodgson & Martin (2005).

KEYS: Hodgson & Martin 2005: 6-7 [key to instars of Fistulococcus species].

CITATIONS: HodgsoMa2005 [taxonomy, description: 1-40].

Fistulococcus intsiae Hodgson & Martin

NOMENCLATURE:

Fistulococcus intsiae Hodgson & Martin, 2005: 27. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province coast, Lasanga Island, near Busso (7o 25'S, 147o 15'E), on Intsia bijuga; collected 7.xi.1979, by J.H. Martin. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 2818. Described: both sexes.



HOST: Fabaceae: Intsia bijuga [HodgsoMa2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [HodgsoMa2005].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, 3rd-instar female, 2nd-instar female, 1st-instar and 2nd-instar male by Hodgson & Martin (2005).

CITATIONS: HodgsoMa2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-40].

Fistulococcus pokfulamensis Hodgso & Martin

NOMENCLATURE:

Fistulococcus pokfulamensis Hodgso & Martin, 2005: 7. Type data: HONG KONG: Pok Fu Lam Country Park, Below peak of High West, on Gnetum luofuense; collected 12.xii.2001, by J.H. Martin. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 7561. Described: both sexes. Illust.



HOST: Gnetaceae: Gnetum luofuense [HodgsoMa2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [HodgsoMa2005].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, male pupa and prepupa, and nymph instars of male and female by Hodgson & Martin (2005). Photograph in Martin & Lau (2011).

STRUCTURE: Living adults and nymphs are almost completely hidden by the opaque white secreted wax, with just a hint of ovoid outlines visible with a lens. (Martin & Lau, 2011)

CITATIONS: HodgsoMa2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-40]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 35, 118].



Foldilecanium Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Foldilecanium Kondo, 2011: 3-4. Type species: Neolecanium amazonensis Foldi. Subsequently designated by Kondo, 2011: 3.

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Kondo, 2011.

STRUCTURE: Body oval to broadly oval in shape. Derm membranous, becoming sclerotized in older specimens. Dorsal setae absent. Microducts scattered over dorsum. Preopercular pores present around anal plates and extending in a narrow mid-dorsal line anteriorly up to area dorsal to mouthparts or antennae. A well-developed sclerotic area present around anal plates in mature specimens or at least around upper half of plates. Marginal setae sharply to bluntly spinose. Stigmatic clefts with stigmatic setae more or less subequal in length. Venter perivulvar pores completely absent. Spiracular pores with 3-6 (mostly 5) loculi, present in a narrow band as wide as pertireme or narrower, with band of pores extending laterally from each spiracle to body margin. Ventral submarginal setae slender. Mouthparts well developed; labium 1 segmented, with 4 pairs of labial setae. (Kondo, 2011)

KEYS: Kondo 2011: 3 (female) [Key to genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on adult females].

CITATIONS: Kondo2011 [description: 3].

Foldilecanium amazonense (Foldi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium amazonensis Foldi, 1988: 80. Type data: BRAZIL: Amazonas, near Manaus, on Pourouma cecropiaefoliae. Holotype female. Type depository: Manaus: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Colecao Sistematica da Entomologia, Brazil. Described: female.

Foldilecanium amazonensis; Kondo, 2011: 4-6. Change of combination.

Foldilecanium amazonense; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 407. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Urticaceae: Pourouma cecropiaefoliae [Foldi1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas).

BIOLOGY: These scales are found on the underside of the leaf blades near the petiole insertion. Colonies were covered by ant cartons (Foldi, 1988)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, photographs and illustration in Kondo, 2011.

STRUCTURE: The adult female has the following features: 1. dorsal setae completely absent; 2. simple pores of 2 types; 3. preopercular pores present around anal plates and extending medially toward head region; 4. anal plates tegether broadly pyriform with 13-14 setae on dorsal surface; 5. sclerotic area present at least around anterior part of anal plates; 6. marginal setae spinose, with pointed or round tips, with 15-20 setae on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas; 7. stigmatic clefts shallow, each with 2-4 (mostly 3) stigmatic setae; 8. eyespots present; 9. spiracular pores with 3-7 (mostly 5) loculi; 10. dense concentration of ventral micrducts around labium; 11. ventral setae across abdominal segments, sharply spinose, setose elewhere; 12. legs well developed, but small, claw with a denticle; 13. antennae 6 segmented. (Kondo, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Foldilecanium amazonensis is most similar to F. multisetosus, however, the two can be separated by the combination of: 1. stigmatic setae bulbose to spinose with sharp or rounded tips, totaling 3 (rarely 2 or 4) per stigmatic cleft (stigmatic setae spinose with rounded tips, totalling 5 - 7 per stigmatic cleft in F. multisetosus; and 2. marginal setae bluntly to sharply spinose (marginal setae bluntly spinose, with parallel sides in F. multisetosus.

KEYS: Kondo 2011: 4 (female) [Key to separate the known species of Foldilecanium Kondo].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 191]; Foldi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 80-82]; Kondo2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 4-6]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 407].

Foldilecanium multisetosum Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Foldilecanium multisetotosus; Kondo, 2011. Misspelling of species name.

Foldilecanium multisetosus Kondo, 2011: 6-9. Type data: COLUMBIA: Valle del Cauca, Cali (03°18'08.7"N, 76°32'06.7"W), 3/1/2006, on twigs of Cananga odorata inside ant shelters of Azteca sp., by T. Kondo. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes, same data, 19 (22 specimens: 17 adult females + 2 third-instar nymphs + 1 second-instar nymph + 2 first-instar nymphs.

Foldilecanium multisetosum; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 407. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA : Azteca sp. [Kondo2011].

HOST: Annonaceae: Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. and Thomson [Kondo2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2011].

BIOLOGY: Abundant on the twigs of its host and tended by Azteca sp. ants inside ant cartons. Colonies were composed of different growth stages. (Kondo, 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Kondo, 2011.

STRUCTURE: The adult female of F. multisetosus cahas: 1. dorsal setae completely absent; 2. simple pores of 2 types; 3. preopercular pores present around anal plates and extending medially towards lhead region; 4. anal plates together broadly pyriform, with 9-14 setae on dorsal surface; 5. sclerotic area present around anal plates; 6. marginal setae bluntly spinose, with parallel sides, with 20-30 setae on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas; 7. stigmatic clefts shallow, each with 5-7 stigmatic setae; 8. eyespots not detected; 9. spiracular pores with 3-6 (mostly 5) loculi; 10. dense concentration of ventral microducts around labium; 11. ventral setae across abdominal segments, sharply spinose, setose elsewhere; 12. legs well developed, but small, claw without a denticle; 13. antennae 6 segmented. (Kondo, 2011) A flaky wax covering the dorsum is lacking on most speciment, possibly because the ants remove it. (Kondo, 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Foldilecanium multisetosus is closest to F. amazonensis, however, the two can be separated by the combination of: 1. F. amazonensis having stigmatic setae bulbose to spinose with sharp or rounded tips, totaling 3 (rarely 2 or 4) per stigmatic cleft (stigmatic setae spinose with rounded tips, totalling 5 - 7 per stigmatic cleft in F. multisetosus; and 2. F. amazonensis having marginal setae bluntly to sharply spinose (marginal setae bluntly spinose, with parallel sides in F. multisetosus. (Kondo, 2011)

KEYS: Kondo 2011: 4 (female) [Key to separate the known species of Foldilecanium Kondo].

CITATIONS: Kondo2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 7-9]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 407]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112].



Hadzibejliaspis Koteja

NOMENCLATURE:

Hadzibejliaspis Koteja, 1978: 317. Type species: Exaeretopus stipae Hadzibejli, by monotypy and original designation.

Hadzibejiliaspis; Tang, 1991: 51. Misspelling of genus name.

BIOLOGY:

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Koteja (1978) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: According to Koteja (l978), the genus is characterised by the presence of very large tubular ducts, with longitudinal ridges on their inner surface. Moreover, there is one pair of pregenital setae present medially on each of the posterior 5 or 6 abdominal sternites plus 0-2 spiracular disc pores near each spiracular opening and 4-8 in each peritreme cavity

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae. According to Koteja (1978), the genus Hadzibejliaspis shares some morphological characteristics with the genus Exaeretopus (body shape, and some characters of legs and antennae), with Luzulaspis (presence of long median setae on 6 posterior abdominal sternites) and with Lecanopsis (presence of large tubular ducts).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 111-112 (female) [Key to Palaearctic Genera of the Subfamily Eriopeltinae based on adult females]; Koteja 1978: 315 (female) [Palearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 143-144]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 272-275]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy, description: 317-318]; Pelliz2013 [description, taxonomy: 101,102,112]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 51-52]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7].

Hadzibejliaspis ferenci Pellizzari

NOMENCLATURE:

Hadzibejliaspis ferenci Pellizzari, 2013: 103-106. Type data: ITALY: Abruzzo region, Parco Nazionale, Villetta Barrea, Val Fondillo (AQ), 1100m, 5/7/1989, by S. Marotta. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Padova: Dipartimento Agronomia Ambientale Produzioni Vegetali - Entomologia, Italy. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [Pelliz2013].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Pelliz2013].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Pellizzari, 2013,

STRUCTURE: Adult female oval, pink-yellowish, partly enclosed in a white, waxy, sub-spherical egg-sac. First instar body yellowish, elongate oval and flattened. Legs and antennae well developed. (Pellizzari, 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: H. ferenci is assigned to the genus Hadzibejliaspis because of the presence of: (i) 5 pairs of pregenital setae, (ii) hind tibia with length/width ratio greater than 5:1, (iii) large tubular ducts, in part with ridges, and (iv) spiracles opening into a small peritreme cavity with few inner disc pores. The adult females of H. ferenci differ from those of H. stipae in having (characters of H. stipae in brackets): (i) 8-16 spiracular disc pores within each peritreme cavity (3 or 4); (ii) spiracular disc pores also forming a group of about 20 pores near each anterior spiracular opening (1 or 2), and (iii) each tubular duct slightly sclerotised along about 1/3 of length (2/3). The first-instar of H. ferenci is of the Lecanopsis type, with minaret-like setae on body margin. (Pellizzari, 2013) .

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112 (female) [Key to adult female Hadzibejliaspis].

CITATIONS: Pelliz2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 103-106,112,114].

Hadzibejliaspis stipae (Hadzibejli)

NOMENCLATURE:

Exaeretopus stipae Hadzibejli, 1960b: 310. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: near Tbilisi, on Stipa caucasica. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia, and St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Hadzibejliaspis stipae; Koteja, 1978: 318. Change of combination.

Hadzibejiliaspis stipae; Tang, 1991: 52. Misspelling of genus name.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Stipa caucasica [Hadzib1960b, Hadzib1973], Stipa pulcherima [Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia [Hodgso1994a] (Tbilisi); Iran [TorabiVaHo2010, Moghad2013a].

BIOLOGY: According to Hadzibejli (1960, 1973), egg laying occurs in early June among the leaves of Stipa caucasica, but the females can drop to the ground easily, as they are not fixed on the host plant; the female secretes a loose ovisac of thick, waxy, brilliant threads that do not entirely cover the body; and each female can lay up to 160 pinky-yellowish eggs. H. stipae has been collected so far only in Georgia, near Tbilisi, off Stipa caucasica and S. pulcherrima (Hadzibejli, 1960, 1973).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112 (female) [Key to adult female Hadzibejliaspis].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 144]; Hadzib1957a [distribution: 100-102]; Hadzib1960b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 310-312]; Hadzib1973 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 835]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 272-275]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 318]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 11]; Pelliz2013 [distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 102,112]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52]; TorabiVaHo2010 [host, distribution: 153-162].



Hallicoccus Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Hallicoccus Kondo, 2007: 23. Type species: Toumeyella lomagundiae Hall, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Kondo (2007).

KEYS: Kondo 2007: 25 (female) [Species of the genus].

CITATIONS: Kondo2007 [taxonomy, description: 23-33].

Hallicoccus lomagundiae (Hall)

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella lomagundiae Hall, 1935: 81. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=RHODESIA]: Sinoia, on Bauhinia macrantha. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Hallicoccus lomagundiae; Kondo, 2007: 25. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Bauhinia [Hall1935, Hodgso1969a], Bauhinia macrantha [Hall1935, Kondo2007], Bauhinia variegata [Hodgso1969a], Piliostigma thouningii [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Malawi [Hodgso1969a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935, Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hall (1935), Hodgson (1969a) and by Kondo (2007). Description and illustration of first instar nymph by Kondo (2007).

KEYS: Kondo 2007: 25 (female) [Species of genus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 330]; Hall1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-83]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36]; Kondo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-30].

Hallicoccus obunca (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella obunca De Lotto, 1966b: 149. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Richmond, on Cnestis natalensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Hallicoccus obunca; Kondo, 2007: 30. Change of combination.



HOST: Connaraceae: Cnestis natalensis [DeLott1966b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1966b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1966b) and by Kondo (2007).

KEYS: Kondo 2007: 25 (female) [species of the genus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 331]; DeLott1966b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-149]; Kondo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-33].



Halococcus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Halococcus Takahashi, 1951: 1. Type species: Halococcus formicarii Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 144]; Hodgso1990 [taxonomy: 220]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 275-278]; Kondo2010b; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 90]; Takaha1951 [taxonomy, description: 1]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 179-180].

Halococcus formicarii Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Halococcus formicarii Takahashi, 1951: 1. Type data: MALAYSIA: Morib, Port Swettenham, Selangor, Port Dickson, on Sonneratia cascolaris, S. alba and on Avicennia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 275. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Celastraceae: Sonneratia alba [Takaha1951], Sonneratia casseolaris [Takaha1951]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia [Takaha1951].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Hodgso1994a] (Selangor, Morib).

BIOLOGY: Found in hollows made by ants, Crematogaster sp. in branches of the host plants (Takahashi, 1951a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 144]; Hodgso1990 [taxonomy: 220]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 275-278]; Hodgso1995 [structure: 54]; Takaha1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-3]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 180].



Hemilecanium Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Hemilecanium Newstead, 1906a: 74. Nomen nudum.

Hemilecanium Newstead, 1908b: 39. Type species: Hemilecanium theobromae Newstead, by monotypy.

Etiennea Matile-Ferrero, 1984a: 100. Type species: Etiennea villiersi Matile-Ferrero, by original designation. Synonymy by Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Matile-Ferrero (1984a) (as Etiennea), Hodgson (1991a; 1994a), Kondo & Hardy (2008) and by Hodgson (2008).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Saissetiini.

KEYS: Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of the genus]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 197 (male) [Species of the genus]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 197-198 (first instar) [Species of the genus]; Hodgson & Kondo 2007: 5 (female) [Species of Etiennea.]; Kondo & Williams 2005: 29-30 (female, first instar) [World]; Hodgson 1993: 194-195 (Life stages) [World]; Hodgson 1991a: 178-179 (female) [world]; Hodgson 1969a: 15 (female) [Zimbabwe].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 32-33]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 115, 144]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 14]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 3,15]; Hodgso1969b [taxonomy, description: 321-327]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description: 177-179]; Hodgso1993 [taxonomy, description.: 193-215]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 241-244, 278-282]; Hodgso2008 [taxonomy, description: 62-63]; HodgsoKo2007 [taxonomy: 1-5]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy, description, phylogeny: 189-213]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 508]; KondoWi2005 [taxonomy, description: 25-37]; Matile1984a [taxonomy, description: 100]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 92]; Newste1906a [taxonomy: 74]; Newste1908b [taxonomy, description: 39]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 236].

Hemilecanium bursera (Hodgson & Kondo)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea bursera Hodgson & Kondo, 2007: 2. Type data: MEXICO: intercepted in USA, on Bursera sp.; coll. A. Abijoy, 3.ii.2005. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Hemilecanium bursera; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 192. Change of combination.



HOST: Burseraceae: Bursera [HodgsoKo2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [HodgsoKo2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Kondo (2007).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium]; Hodgson & Kondo 2007: 5 (female) [Species of Etiennea].

CITATIONS: HodgsoKo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-6]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 511].

Hemilecanium cacao (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea cacao Hodgson, 1991a: 179. Type data: NIGERIA: Indiayunre, cacao [=Theobroma] sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Hemilecanium cacao; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 192. Change of combination.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma [Hodgso1991a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 115]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-181]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [economic importance, taxonomy: 508,510].

Hemilecanium candelabra (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea candelabra Hodgson, 1991a: 181. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Tshipise, on Albizia anthelminthica. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Hemilecanium candelabra; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 192. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Albizia anthelminthica [Hodgso1991a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 115]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181-183]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 511].

Hemilecanium capense (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea capensis Hodgson, 1991a: 185. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Saldanha, on ? Diosma sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Hemilecanium capensis; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 192. Change of combination.

Hemilecanium capense; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 408. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Rutaceae: Diosma ? [Hodgso1991a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 115]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-187]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 511]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 408].

Hemilecanium carpenteri (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Platysaissetia carpenteri Newstead, 1917: 343. Type data: UGANDA: Ngamba Island, on trunk of a fig tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Etiennea carpenteri; Hodgson, 1991a: 187. Change of combination.

Hemilecanium carpenteri; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 192. Change of combination.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1917, Hodgso1991a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Newste1917].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 115]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-188]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-344].

Hemilecanium cedrelus Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Hemilecanium cedrelus Hodgson, 2008: 63. Type data: ZAMBIA: Luanshya, on Cedrela toona; collected G.G. Robinson, 26.vii.1955. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar.



HOST: Meliaceae: Cedrela toona [Hodgso2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zambia [Hodgso2008].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, third instar second instar female nymph and first instar nymph by Hodgson (2008).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead].

CITATIONS: Hodgso2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-75]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 510].

Hemilecanium cephalomeatus (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea cephalomeatus Hodgson, 1991a: 188. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Hemilecanium cephalomeatus; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Hodgso1991a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 115]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-190]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 511].

Hemilecanium combreti (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Platysaissetia combreti Hodgson, 1969a: 25. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, on Combretum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Etiennea combreti; Hodgson, 1991a: 190. Change of combination.

Hemilecanium combreti; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.



HOST: Combretaceae: Combretum [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969a; 1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 115-116]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-27]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-192]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 511].

Hemilecanium coriaceum Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Hemilecanium coriaceum Hall, 1935: 73. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Victoria Falls, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1935, Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium]; Kondo & Williams 2005: 29-30 (Female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 144]; Hall1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-74]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 510].

Hemilecanium ferinum (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Platysaissetia ferina De Lotto, 1978: 145. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Keiskammahoek, on Scutia myrtina. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Etiennea ferina; Hodgson, 1991a: 192. Change of combination.

Hemilecanium ferina; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.

Hemilecanium ferinum; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 408. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Rhamnaceae: Scutia myrtina [DeLott1978].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1978].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1978) and by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 116]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-146]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192-194]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 511]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 408].

Hemilecanium ferox (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Platysaissetia ferox Newstead, 1917: 344. Type data: NIGERIA: Southern Nigeria, Calabar Botanical Gardens, on a hard-wooded scrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Platysaissetia fouabii Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 263. Type data: IVORY COAST: Tai, on Xylopia aethiopica. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1991a: 194.

Etiennea ferox; Hodgson, 1991a: 194. Change of combination.

Hemilecanium ferox; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Xylopia aethiopica [MatileLe1985, Hodgso1991a], Xylopia quintasii [MatileLe1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Nigeria [Newste1917, Hodgso1993].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet (1985) (as Platysaissetia fouabii) and by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 116]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 277]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-197]; Hodgso1993 [host, distribution: 194]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 510,512]; MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 263-265]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 344-347].

Hemilecanium gouligouli (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea gouligouli Hodgson, 1991a: 197. Type data: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Gouli-Gouli, on Theobroma cacao. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Hemilecanium gouligouli; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Hodgso1991a, Hodgso1993].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Central African Republic [Hodgso1993].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 116]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-199]; Hodgso1993 [host, distribution: 194]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [economic importance: 508,510].

Hemilecanium guanabana Kondo & Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Hemilecanium guanabana Kondo & Hodgson, 2013: 508-520. Type data: COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca: Palmira; Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Corpoica), Palmira Research Station, on branches of A. muricata, 5/6/2009, by T. Kondo. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: cochonilha gigante da graviola [KondoHo2013]; escama blanda gigante de la guanábana [KondoHo2013]; soursop giant soft scale [KondoHo2013].



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Dolichoderinae: Aztica sp. [KondoHo2013].

HOST: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [KondoHo2013].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [KondoHo2013].

BIOLOGY: Sexual. Insects found in association with Azteca sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) ants and often covered by ant cartons. Different growth stages commonly observed on infested twigs and branches. Collected throughout the year. (Kondo & Hodgson, 2013)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Kondo & Hodgson, 2013.

STRUCTURE: Adult females yellow ochre to brown in color; covered by an ornate waxy test; wax on mid-dorsal area of insect body light brown, with about 14 to 15 radial ridges, and two horn-like waxy protrusions on submedian area. A pair of small circular depressions present on mid-dorsum. Anal plates represented by dark spots. Wax at base dark brown. (Kondo & Hodgson, 2013) Adult males dark red brown to purplish brown, eyes dark. Likely with a pair of caudal wax filaments. Wings translucent, except for a narrow purplish area along the radius. (Kondo & Hodgson, 2013) Newly hatched first-instar nymphs (before producing their waxy test) purplish brown, with a yellowish submargin and a yellowish to lighter mid-dorsal line. (Kondo & Hodgson, 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of H. guanabana can be separated from its congeners by the combination of the following features: (1) lack of dorsal cribriform plates; (2) lack of dorsal tubular ducts; (3) dorsal tubercles of the type lacking satellite tubular ducts, restricted to dorsal margins and submargins; (4) preopercular pores present in two groups, one on each side antero-laterad of anal plates, rare or absent on mid-line just anterior to anal plates; (5) stigmatic spines not differentiated from marginal setae; (6) marginal setae sharply spinose; (7) presence of a broad submarginal band of ventral tubular ducts; (8) multilocular pores abundant but restricted to segments VI and VII; and (9) antennae with 7 segments. The morphology of the male of H. guanabana agrees well with the generic diagnosis of the adult male of Hemilecanium as given by Kondo & Hardy (2008). All the known Hemilecanium males are very similar, only differing in a few small features. First instars of H. guanabana are typical of the petasus group characterized by having a very long seta on the femur of all legs; but can be separated from other species in the petasus group by the presence of a pair of short setae on the dorsum. (Kondo & Hodgson, 2013)

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 511-512 (male) [Key to known adult males of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead].

CITATIONS: KondoHo2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 508-520]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112].

Hemilecanium halli (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Platysaissetia kellyi; Hall, 1935: 77. Misidentification.

Platysaissetia kellyi; Hodgson, 1969a: 27. Misidentification.

Etiennea halli Hodgson, 1991a: 199. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=RHODESIA]: Harare, The Kopje, on Berlinia globiflora. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Hemilecanium halli; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Berlinia globiflora [Hodgso1969a, Hodgso1991a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1935, Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of (Hemilecanium)].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 116]; Hall1935 [host, distribution: 77]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-29]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-201]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 510].

Hemilecanium imbricans (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium imbricans Green, 1903a: 94. Type data: INDIA: Nilgiris, on Ficus mysorensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Hemilecanium imbricans; Newstead, 1908b: 39. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Jatropha [Hodgso1969b], Jatropha multifida [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Poinsettia [Hall1932]. Fabaceae: Tamarindus indica [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Hodgso1969b]. Meliaceae: Cedrela toona [Newste1917b, Hall1932, Hodgso1969b, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Swietenia macrophylla [RemadeRa2002]. Moraceae: Ficus [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971], Ficus glomerata [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus infectoria [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus mysorensis [Green1903a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Hodgso1969b, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Green1903a]. Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus excelsa [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Green1903a, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Hodgso1969b, Ali1971] [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Karnataka [Ali1971], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969b).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium]; Kondo & Williams 2005: 29-30 (Female, first instar) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 33]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 144-145]; Green1903a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94]; Hall1932 [host, distribution: 195]; Hodgso1969b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 322-324]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [economic importance, taxonomy: 508,512]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 510]; KondoWi2005 [taxonomy: 25-37]; Newste1908b [taxonomy: 39]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 130]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 625-626]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 351]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 50-51]; RemadeRa2002 [host, distribution: 359-360]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 52]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 499]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 50].

Hemilecanium kellyi (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia kellyi Brain, 1920a: 12. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Pietermaritzburg, on Acacia melanoxylon. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1991a: 203. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Etiennea kellyi; Hodgson, 1991a: 201. Change of combination.

Hemilecanium kellyi; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia melanoxylon [Brain1920a, Hodgso1969a, Hodgso1991a], Brachystegia [Hall1935].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, Hall1935, Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969a; 1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 116-117]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12]; Hall1935 [host, distribution: 77]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 27]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-203]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 510].

Hemilecanium madagascariense (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea madagascariensis Hodgson, 1991a: 203. Type data: MADAGASCAR: on Daniellia aff. similis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Hemilecanium madagascariensis; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.

Hemilecanium madagascariense; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 408. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Bignoniaceae: Daniellia aff. similis [Hodgso1991a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 117]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-205]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 511]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 408].

Hemilecanium mangiferae Kondo & Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Hemilecanium mangiferae Kondo & Williams, 2005: 30. Type data: THAILAND: Sukhotai Province, Sawankhalok, on Mangifera indica; collected F. Kawamura, 26.iv.1995. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [KondoWi2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [KondoWi2005].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Kondo& Williams (2005).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Reported to cause damage to mango trees in Thailand (Kondo & Williams, 2005).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-510 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-187 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium]; Kondo & Williams 2005: 29-30 (Female, first insatr) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [economic importance, taxonomy: 508,510,512]; KondoWi2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 25-37].

Hemilecanium montrichardiae (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Platysaissetia montrichardiae Newstead, 1920: 192. Type data: GUYANA: Ikruaka Lake, Essequibo, on Montrichardia aculeata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1991a: 207. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Etiennea montrichardiae; Hodgson, 1991a: 205. Change of combination.



HOST: Araceae: Montrichardia aculeata [Newste1920, Hodgso1991a, Hodgso1993].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1920, Hodgso1993].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 117]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-208]; Hodgso1993 [host, distribution: 194]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 508-512]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192-194].

Hemilecanium multituberculum (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea multituberculum Hodgson, 1991a: 208. Type data: GABON: Cap Etrias, on Ouratea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Hemilecanium multituberculum; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.



HOST: Ochnaceae: Ouratea [Hodgso1991a, Hodgso1993].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Gabon [Hodgso1993].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 117]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-210]; Hodgso1993 [host, distribution: 194]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 511,512].

Hemilecanium petasus (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea petasus Hodgson, 1991a: 210. Type data: NIGERIA: Ibadan, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, on undetermined tree. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Hemilecanium petasus; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Hodgso1993].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a). Good description and illustration of the second-instar male nymph, second-instar female nymph, third-instar female nymph, adult male, prepupa and pupa, given by Hodgson (1993).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 511-512 (male) [Key to known adult males of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female, male) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 117]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-212]; Hodgso1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-214]; Hodgso1995a [structure, physiology: 57-65]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [economic importance, taxonomy: 508,510,512].

Hemilecanium recurvatum Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Hemilecanium recurvatum Newstead, 1910b: 18. Type data: ZAIRE: Romee near Stanleyville, on Plectronia laurentii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Plectronia laurentii [Newste1910b, Sassce1911].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire [Sassce1911].

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium]; Kondo & Williams 2005: 29-30 (Female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 145]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 509]; KondoWi2005 [taxonomy: 25-37]; Newste1910b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-19]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 67].

Hemilecanium sinetuberculum (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea sinetuberculum Hodgson, 1991a: 212. Type data: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: La Moboke, on Pancovia laurantii. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Hemilecanium sinetuberculum; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.



HOST: Sapindaceae: Pancovia laurantii [Hodgso1991a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Central African Republic.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 117]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-214]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 509,512].

Hemilecanium tafoense (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea tafoensis Hodgson, 1991a: 214. Type data: GHANA: Tafo, on Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Hemilecanium tafoensis; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.

Hemilecanium tafoense; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 408. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [Hodgso1991a]. Rubiaceae: Morinda geminata [Hodgso1991a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana; Sierra Leone; Zaire.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 117-118]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-216]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 511]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 408].

Hemilecanium theobromae Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Hemilecanium theobromae Newstead, 1906a: 74. Nomen nudum.

Hemilecanium theobromae Newstead, 1908b: 39. Type data: CAMEROON: Soppo, on Theobroma cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Hemilecanium imbricans; Hall, 1932: 195. Misidentification.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Harpephyllum caffrum [Hodgso1969b, Hodgso1994a]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Brain1920a]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha wilkesiana [Almeid1973b], Euphorbia [Brain1920a], Poinsettia [Brain1920a, Hall1932, Hodgso1969b, Hodgso1994a]. Meliaceae: Cedrela toona [Hall1932], Toona ciliata [Hodgso1969b, Hodgso1994a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Hodgso1994a], Theobroma cacao [Newste1908b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b]; Cameroon [Newste1908b, Vayssi1913, Hodgso1994a] (Topo); South Africa [Brain1920a, Hodgso1969b, Hodgso1994a] (Cape Province, Port Elizabeth.); Zimbabwe [Hall1932, Hodgso1969b, Hodgso1994a] (Harare (Salisbury); Que Que.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1969b, 1994a) and by Kondo & Hardy (2008). Description and illustration of adult male by Kondo & Hardy (2008). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Kondo & Hardy (2008).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 511-512 (male) [Key to known adult males of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-202 (female, male) [Species of the genus]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-202 (male) [Species of the genus]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-202 (first instar) [Species of the genus]; Kondo & Williams 2005: 29-30 (Female, male, first insta) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 5]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 145]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-15]; Hall1932 [host, distribution: 195]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 15]; Hodgso1969b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324-326]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 278-282]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-202]; KondoHo2013 [economic importance, taxonomy: 208-513]; KondoWi2005 [taxonomy: 25-37]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 63]; Newste1906a [taxonomy: 74]; Newste1908b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-40]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 430].

Hemilecanium uesatoi Kondo & Hardy

NOMENCLATURE:

Hemilecanium uesatoi Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 202. Type data: JAPAN: Ryuku Islands, Ishigaki-jima, Ookawa, on stem of seedling of Casimiroa edulis; collected 28.ix.2000 by K. Takahashi. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan; type no. 1372000. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: Useato scale [KondoHa2008]; Useato-kata-kaigaramushi [KondoHa2008].



HOSTS: Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus sylvestris [KondoHa2008]. Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus japonicus [KondoHa2008]. Santalaqceae: Casimiroa edulis [KondoHa2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KondoHa2008].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male and first-istar nympg by Kondo & Hardy (2008).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 511-512 (male) [Key to known adult males of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 197 (male) [Species of hemilecanium]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 197-198 (first instar) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: KondoHa2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, phylogeny: 189-213]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 511,512].

Hemilecanium ulcusculum (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea ulcusculum Hodgson, 1991a: 216. Type data: ZAIRE: Eala, on Macrolobium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Hemilecanium ulcusculum; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 193. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Macrolobium [Hodgso1991a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (female) [Species of Hemilecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 118]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-218]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy: 192-197]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 511].

Hemilecanium villiersi (Matile-Ferrero)

NOMENCLATURE:

Etiennea villiersi Matile-Ferrero, 1984a: 101. Type data: SENEGAL: Djibelor, on Aphania senegalensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Hemilecanium villiersi; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 207. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Malvaceae: Malva textile [Hodgso1994a]. Sapindaceae: Aphania senegalensis [Matile1984a, Hodgso1991a, EtiennMa1993, Hodgso1994a]. Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum cainito [Hodgso1991a, Hodgso1994a]. Sterculiaceae: Cola [Hodgso1991a, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Senegal [EtiennMa1993, Hodgso1994a] (Djibelor.); Sierra Leone [Hodgso1994a] (Njala.); Zaire [Hodgso1994a] (Boleke.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matile-Ferrero (1984a), Hodgson (1991a; 1994a) and by Kondo & Hardy (2008). Description and illustration of adult male by Kondo & Hardy (2008). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph by Kondo & Hardy (2008).

KEYS: Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 509-511 (female) [Key to adult females of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 511-512 (male) [Key to known adult males of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hodgson 2013: 512 (first instar) [Key to known first-instars of Hemilecanium Newstead]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-1197 (female, male) [Species of the genus]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (male) [Species of the genus]; Kondo & Hardy 2008: 195-197 (first instar) [Species of the genus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 118]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 255]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-221]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 241-244]; KondoHa2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-211]; KondoHo2013 [taxonomy: 510,512]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; Matile1984a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 101-103].



Houardia Marchal

NOMENCLATURE:

Houardia Marchal, 1909a: 586. Type species: Houardia troglodytes Marchal, by monotypy.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters have been given by Hodgson (1990; 1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini.

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 7 (female, first instar) [Key to separate Cryptostigma Ferris from morphologically similar Houardia Marchal and Myzolecanium Beccari based on adult female and first-instar nymphs]; Hodgson 1990: 220 (female) [world].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 145]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 2,17]; Hodgso1990 [taxonomy, description: 219-226]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 282-285]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; Marcha1909a [taxonomy, description: 586]; Marcha1909d [taxonomy, description: 171]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 93].

Houardia abdita De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Houardia abdita De Lotto, 1966b: 143. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Burkea africana. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Brachystegia spiciformis [Hodgso1969a], Burkea africana [DeLott1966b], Leonardoxa africana [GaumeMaMc2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [GaumeMaMc2000]; South Africa [DeLott1966b]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

BIOLOGY: De Lotto (1966b) found this soft scale in small coaxial galleries or cavities on branches of Burkea africana. Hodgson (1969b) collected it from the main stem of Brachystegia spiciformis where the bark had been damaged. Gaume et al. (2000) studied the close association and trophobiosis of this soft scale and the mealybug Paraputo anomala (Newstead), with the ant Aphomomyrmex afer in hollowed twigs of the myrmecophyte Leonardoxa africana at coastal forests of Cameroon.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given De Lotto (1966b) and by Hodgson (1990).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 145-146]; DeLott1966b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-147]; GaumeMaMc2000 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 84-91]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 17]; Hodgso1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220-222].

Houardia mozambiquensis Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Houardia mozambiquensis Hodgson, 1990: 222. Type data: MOZAMBIQUE: Barra falsa, on Casuarina cunninghamiana. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina cunninghamiana [Hodgso1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mozambique.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1990).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 147]; Hodgso1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-224].

Houardia troglodytes Marchal

NOMENCLATURE:

Houardia troglodytes Marchal, 1909a: 586. Type data: SENEGAL: on Balanites aegyptiaca. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1990: 224. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.



HOSTS: Balanitaceae: Balanites [Marcha1909a, Vayssi1913], Balanites egyptiaca [Hodgso1994a]. Fabaceae: Burkea africana [Hodgso1990, Hodgso1994a]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Senegal [Vayssi1913, Hodgso1994a]; Sudan [Hodgso1994a] (Medani); Zimbabwe [Hodgso1994a] (Harare, Gilston Farm.).

BIOLOGY: This scale insect occupies, together with ants of the genus Crematogaster, galls on twigs of Balanites sp.(Marchal, 1909a, 1909c).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1990; 1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 146]; Hodgso1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224-226]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 282-285]; Hodgso1995 [taxonomy, structure: 53]; Marcha1909a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 586-587]; Marcha1909d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-175]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 430].



Idiosaissetia Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Idiosaissetia Brain, 1920a: 40. Type species: Idiosaissetia peringueyi Brain, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 146]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 40]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 286-289]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 95]; Pelliz2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 101]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7].

Idiosaissetia peringueyi Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Idiosaissetia peringueyi Brain, 1920a: 40. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, on grass or thin reed. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae [Brain1920a, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, Hodgso1994a] (South African Museum; Cape Province, Riversdale.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 146]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-41]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 286-289]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 45].



Inglisia Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia Maskell, 1879: 213. Type species: Inglisia patella Maskell, by monotypy.

Inglina; Signoret, 1882: clvii. Misspelling of genus name.

Inglisian; Dop, 1923: 2. Misspelling of genus name.

Inglesia; Bruner et al., 1975: 361. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Hodgson (1994a) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Relationship to other families in the Cardiococcinae in Vea (2011).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 22-23 (female) [Genera of New Zealand]; Tang 1991: 322 (female) [China]; Tao et al. 1983: 61 (female) [Taiwan]; Hodgson 1969a: 18 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Hodgson 1967d: 1-2 (female) [Afrotropical Region].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 55]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 99]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 146]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 36]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 15]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 162]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description: 513-514]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description: 282]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 16,56]; Hodgso1967d [taxonomy, description: 1]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description: 2,17-18]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 289-292]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 114,117]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; Maskel1879 [taxonomy, description: 213]; Maskel1882 [taxonomy, description: 219-220]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description: 75-78]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 96]; Signor1882 [taxonomy: clvii]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 237]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 321-322]; Tao1978 [taxonomy, description: 82]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 91,93]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13-14]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 188].

Inglisia australis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia australis Hempel, 1937: 10. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Galactia stenophylla. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Galactia stenophylla [Hempel1937].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 147]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-11]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 135].

Inglisia chelonioides Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia chelonioides Green, 1909a: 283. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punadaluoya, on Gelonium lanceolatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [Ali1971, Tang1991]. Fabaceae: Acacia leucophloea [Ali1971, Tang1991], Caesalpinia [Tang1991], Caesalpinia coriaria [Ali1971], Parkinsonia [Green1937], Parkinsonia aculeata [Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Green1922a, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971], Pithecellobium dulce [Green1922a, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971]. Sapindaceae: Gelonium lanceolatum [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Ramakr1919a, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930] (Mahe [Ali1971], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971]); Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971]. Palaearctic: China (Shandong (=Shantung) [Ali1971]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 322 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 55]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 147]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 283]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1033-1034]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 312]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 68]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 322-323].

Inglisia grevilleae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia grevilleae Hall, 1935: 83. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=RHODESIA]: Bulawayo, on Grevillea robusta. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Hall1935, Hodgso1967d].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1935, Hodgso1967d].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1967d).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 148]; Hall1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-84]; Hodgso1967d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7].

Inglisia malvacearum Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia malvacearum Cockerell, 1898j: 432. Type data: MEXICO: Morelos, on Malva sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Malvaceae: Gossypium [Cocker1898j], Hibiscus [Cocker1898j], Malva [Cocker1898j], Malvaviscus penduliflorus [MillerWi1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1898j, Cocker1899n] (Morelos [Cocker1898j, Cocker1899n]); United States of America (Texas).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 148-149]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 432-433]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 15]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 162]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 347-348]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 227].

Inglisia patella Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia patella Maskell, 1879: 213. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: on Drymis [=Pseudowintera sp.], July 1878, coll. W.M. Maskell. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 118. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Atherospermataceae: Atherosperma [Maskel1887a]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus [Hodgso1994a, HodgsoHe2000]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [HodgsoHe2000]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Green1929, Hodgso1994a, HodgsoHe2000], Pittosporum colensoi [HodgsoHe2000]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma lucida [Maskel1887a]. Winteraceae: Drimys colorata [Hodgso1994a], Drymis [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudowintera axillaris [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudowintera colorata [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Cocker1896b, Green1929, Hodgso1994a, HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 149]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 31]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 163]; Green1929 [host, distribution: 377]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 289-292]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-120]; Maskel1879 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 14]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-78]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 105]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 188].

Inglisia pluvialis Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia pluvialis Hodgson, 1969a: 18. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Victoria Falls, on Ficus capensis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes:



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus capensis [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 149]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-20].

Inglisia speciosa Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia speciosa Takahashi, 1951b: 108. Type data: INDONESIA: Riau [=Riouw] Islands, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 322 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 55]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 149]; Takaha1951b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-109]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323].

Inglisia theobromae Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia castilloae theobromae; Gowdey, 1917: 188. Misidentification.

Inglisia theobromae Newstead, 1917a: 33. Type data: UGANDA: Nagunga, on stems of cacao pods and flowers. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia hirta [Hodgso1967d]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Newste1917a, Hodgso1967d].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon; Uganda [Newste1917a, Hodgso1967d]; Zambia [Hodgso1967d].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1967d).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 149-150]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-92]; Gowdey1917 [taxonomy, host, description: 188]; Hodgso1967d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-9]; HodgsoMi2002IM [taxonomy: 511]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 63]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-34]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 499].



Kalasiris Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Kalasiris Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 119. Type species: Ctenochiton perforatus Maskell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgon & Henderson 2000: 124 (female) [Species of New Zealand]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 22-23 (female) [Genera of New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 119-120,124].

Kalasiris depressa (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton depressus Maskell, 1884: 132. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Lectotype labelled Ctenochiton depressus Mask. ex Mask. dry material #36, mounted 2.iii.72" by J.A. de Boer. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 125. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Ctenochiton depressum minor Maskell, 1895a: 19. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Lectotype labelled Ctenochiton depressus small form, adult female, 1891, W.M.M.". Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 125. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 160.

Kalasiris depressa; Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 124. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cyatheaceae: Cyathea [Maskel1884]. Malvaceae: Plagianthus [Maskel1884, HodgsoHe2000]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma [Maskel1895a, HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma arborea [HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma colensoi [HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma foetidissima [HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma rhamnoides [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 124 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 100]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 28,30]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 159,160]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121,124-126]; Maskel1884 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-133]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy: 19]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 12]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 104].

Kalasiris paradepressa Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Kalasiris paradepressa Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 126. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Mid Canterbury, Lincoln, on Hebe odora, 16 November 1967, coll. B.P.J. Molloy. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 283. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Scrophulariaceae: Hebe brachysyphon [HodgsoHe2000], Hebe odora [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 124 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-127].

Kalasiris perforata (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton perforatus Maskell, 1879: 208. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: near Christchurch, on Parsonsia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Henderson, 1995: 105. Type depository: Christchurch: Canterbury Museum, New Zealand. Described: female.

Kalasiris perforata; Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 127. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Parsonia sp. [Hender1995]. Araliaceae: Panax arboreum [Maskel1879]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum eugenioides [Green1929, Maskel1887a]. Rosaceae: Rubus [Maskel1879]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma lucida [Maskel1887a]. Viscaceae: Korthalsella lindsayi [HenderSuRo2010], Korthalsella salicornioides [HenderSuRo2010]. Winteraceae: Drimys [Maskel1879].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Green1929].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 102-103]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 31]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 161]; Green1929 [host, distribution: 377]; Hender1995 [taxonomy, description: 105-106]; HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HenderSuRo2010 [host, distribution: 3-4]; Maskel1879 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-211]; Maskel1884 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 130]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72]; Maskel1895a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 104].



Kenima Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Kenima Ben-Dov, 2001d: 400. Type species: Kenima galilit Ben-Dov, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition given by Ben-Dov (2001d). Relationship to other families in the Cardiococcinae in Vea (2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Ben-Dov (2001d) noted that this genus could not be assigned to any of the nine subfamilies which have recognized by Hodgson (1994) in the family Coccidae.

CITATIONS: BenDov2001d [taxonomy, description: 400-404]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 14].

Kenima galilit Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium tivoni Sternlicht in Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht, 1967: 126. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 2001d: 403.

Kenima galilit Ben-Dov, 2001d: 402. Type data: ISRAEL: Horshat Tal Nature Reserve, on Quercus ithaburensis; coll. Y. Ben-Dov, 27.ii.2001. Holotype female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel; type no. 3457/1. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus calliprinos [BenDov2001d, SpodekBeMe2014], Quercus ithaburensis [BenDov2001d, SpodekBeMe2014].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Israel [BenDov2001d, SpodekBeMe2014].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation on oaks, Quercus ithaburensis and Q. calliprinos in Israel; ovipositing females were observed in April May (Ben-Dov, 2001d).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult male and female given by Ben-Dov (2001d).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy: xxiii]; BenDov2001d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 400-404]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26, 42]; BytinsSt1967 [taxonomy: 126]; SpodekBeMe2014 [distribution, host, illustration: 102,114,115,117]; Vea2011 [distribution, phylogeny, physiology, taxonomy: 2,5-7,12]; ZchoriBePo2005 [endosymbionts, Cardinium: 211-221].



Kilifia De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Platycoccus Takahashi, 1959: 76. Type species: Lecanium acuminatum Signoret, by original designation. Homonym of Platycoccus Stickney, 1934, in Coccoidea.; discovered by De Lotto, 1965a: 206.

Kilifia De Lotto, 1965a: 206. Replacement name for Platycoccus Takahashi, 1959.

Habibius Ezzat & Hussein, 1969: 402. Unjustified replacement name for Kilifia De Lotto, 1965.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by De Lotto (1965a), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Ben-Dov (1979), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini. Platycoccus Takahashi, 1959, was preoccupied by Platycoccus Stickney, 1934, and has been replaced by Kilifia De Lotto, 1965.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 25 (female) [Argentina]; Tang 1991: 107 (female) [Asia]; Tao et al. 1983: 62 (female) [Taiwan]; Ben-Dov 1979: 312-313 (female) [world]; De Lotto 1965a: 208 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 33]; BenDov1979 [taxonomy, description: 311-324]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 150]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description: 206-208]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 402]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 102]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 16,58]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 272,293-296]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy: 12]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 146]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 157]; Stickn1934 [taxonomy: 107]; Takaha1959 [taxonomy, description: 75-76]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 106-107]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 58]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 67,69]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,109]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7].

Kilifia acuminata (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium acuminatum Signoret, 1873a: 397. Type data: SRI LANKA [=CEYLON]: Pundaluoya, on Jasminum sp. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1976a: 257. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Neotype designation confirmed by Opinion 1192 (1981) of the International Commission on zoological Nomenclature.

Coccus acuminatum; Kirkaldy, 1902: 105. Change of combination.

Coccus acuminatus; Fernald, 1903b: 167. Justified emendation.

Calymmata acuminatum; Kirkaldy, 1904: 228. Change of combination.

Lecanium acuminatum; Green, 1904d: 195. Change of combination.

Protopulvinaria acuminata; Steinweden, 1929: 223. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Coccus) acuminatum; Green, 1937: 299. Change of combination.

Platycoccus acuminatus; Takahashi, 1959: 76. Change of combination.

Kilifia acuminata; De Lotto, 1965a: 208. Change of combination.

Habibius acuminatus; Ezzat & Hussein, 1969: 402. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: acuminate scale [HamonWi1984, BenDov1993].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea [BadaryAb2011].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [EzzatHu1969], Mangifera indica [EzzatHu1969, Ali1971, BenDov1979, Nakaha1981a, Granar1999], Schinus terebinthifolius [Nakaha1981a]. Apocynaceae: Alyxia olivaeformis [Nakaha1981a], Plumeria [Nakaha1981a], Plumeria acuminata [Nakaha1981a], Plumeria acutifolia [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1990, Granar1999]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex vomitoria [HamonWi1984]. Araceae: Anthurium [Nakaha1981a], Monstera [Nakaha1981a], Monstera deliciosa [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a], Philodendron tripartitum [Willia2010], Zantedeschia [Nakaha1981a]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [Nakaha1981a]. Bignoniaceae: Tabebuia [Granar1999]. Bischofiaceae: Bischofia [HamonWi1984]. Bixaceae: Bixa orellana [WilliaWa1990]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [Nakaha1981a]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum pinnatum [Nakaha1981a]. Flacourtiaceae: Casearia aculeata [MestreHaEv2011], Casearia guianiensis [Podsia1983]. Hernandiaceae: Gyrocarpus [WilliaWa1990]. Hydrangeaceae: Broussaisia [Nakaha1981a]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum montanum [MestreHaEv2011], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [WilliaWa1990], Laurus [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990], Persea americana [BenDov1979, Nakaha1981a]. Liliaceae: Cordyline terminalis [Nakaha1981a]. Loganiaceae: Fagraea berteriana [Nakaha1981a]. Melastomataceae: Medinilla [WilliaWa1990]. Meliaceae: Aglaia [Nakaha1981a], Aglaia odorata [Nakaha1981a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1990]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Nakaha1981a], Eugenia jambolana [Nakaha1981a], Eugenia jambos [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Eugenia malaccensis [BenDov1979, Nakaha1981a], Jambosa vulgaris [BenDov1979], Metrosideros [Nakaha1981a], Pimenta officinalis [WilliaWa1990], Psidium guajava [Kirkal1902, EzzatHu1969, Nakaha1981a], Syzygium sizygioides [BenDov1979], Zyzygium jambos [Nakaha1983]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Nakaha1981a]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990, Hodgso1994a], Osmanthus fragrans [Nakaha1981a]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [Nakaha1981a]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [Nakaha1981a]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora stylosa [WilliaWa1990]. Rosaceae: Pyrus communis [EzzatHu1969]. Rubiaceae: Canthium odoratum [Nakaha1981a], Cinchona ledgeriana [BenDov1979], Coffea [Nakaha1981a], Gardenia [Hodgso1994a, Nakaha1981a], Gardenia florida [Ali1971], Gardenia jasminoides [BenDov1979, Nakaha1981a, Granar1999, Willia2010], Ixora [NakahaMi1981, Nakaha1981a], Randia tahitensis [WilliaWa1990], Straussia [BenDov1979]. Rutaceae: Citrus [EzzatHu1969, Nakaha1981a], Citrus aurantifolia [BenDov1979, Nakaha1981a], Citrus limon [Nakaha1981a], Pelea [Nakaha1981a]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Nakaha1981a]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [BenDov1979]. Theaceae: Eurya nitida [Ferris1950a, Ali1971], Gordonia lasianthus [HamonWi1984]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [Nakaha1981a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon. Australasian: Cook Islands; Fiji [HodgsoLa2011]; Guam; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1904]); Palau; Papua New Guinea; Tonga; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Western Samoa. Nearctic: Mexico [Hodgso1994a]. Nearctic: Mexico (Chihuahua). Nearctic: Mexico (Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Nuevo Leon, Veracruz); United States of America (Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, New York, Texas). Neotropical: Argentina (Salta [Granar1999]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990]; Brazil; Colombia [Kondo2001]; Cuba [Ballou1926, MestreHaEv2011]; Dominican Republic; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica; Panama; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad); U.S. Virgin Islands; Venezuela. Oriental: China (Yunnan [Ferris1950a, Ali1971]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; Malaysia; Sri Lanka [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Pundaluoya); Taiwan [Ali1971, WongChCh1999]. Palaearctic: China; Egypt [EzzatHu1969, EzzatNa1987]; France [Cocker1893k, Ali1971]; Japan.

BIOLOGY: Hafez et al. (1971) studied the duration of development and fecundity on mango in Egypt. Regarded a mango pest in Egypt (Nada et al., 1990).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Zimmerman (1948), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Ben-Dov (1979), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.18), Hamon & Williams (1984), Wong et al. (1999).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Tang 1991: 107 (female) [Asia]; Ben-Dov 1979: 313 (female) [world]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 373 (female) [Egypt]; Beardsley 1966: 482 (female) [Micronesia]; Zimmerman 1948: 293 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; Ali1971 [host, distribution: 33]; BadaryAb2011 [biological control, distribution, host: 52-53]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 19]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 482-483]; BenDov1976c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 252-253]; BenDov1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313-316]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 150-152]; Cocker1893k [taxonomy, host, distribution: 548]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1898r [host, distribution: 240]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 208]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 402-408]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 167]; Ferris1950a [host, distribution: 75]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-104]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-196]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 299]; HabibSa1973 [host, distribution, chemical control, economic importance: 187-191]; HabibSaSa1971 [host, distribution, life history: 387-403]; HabibSaSa1972 [host, distribution, life history: 481-492]; HafezSaSa1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, physiology: 182-186]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 293-296]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 12, 13]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 12]; ICZN1981 [taxonomy: 252-253]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 146]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 105]; Kirkal1904 [host, distribution: 228]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 38]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 35]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 46,58,65,113]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 62]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 7]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 147, 154]; NadaAbHu1990 [host, distribution: 133-134]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 391]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 4]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; PanisMa1976 [host, distribution: 7]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 124]; SalamaSa1971 [host, distribution, life history: 98-101]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 397-398]; Simant1962a [biological control, host, distribution: 105-112]; SolisATeGo1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Su1982 [host, distribution: 61]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 341]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 52]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 103]; Takaha1934 [host, distribution: 36]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 116]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 262]; Takaha1959 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 76]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-108]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 80]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 58]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-69]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 6]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-111]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14,52]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 166,169,191]; ZaherElAl2001 [biological control: 45-53]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 294-295].

Kilifia americana Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Kilifia americana Ben-Dov, 1979: 316. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Brownsville, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [GonzalAt1984]. Apocynaceae: Ervatamia coronaria [BenDov1979]. Araceae: Dieffenbachia [BenDov1979]. Arecaceae: Chamaedorea [BenDov1979]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [BenDov1979], Gardenia [BenDov1979]. Rutaceae: Citrus limon [BenDov1979, GonzalAt1984], Citrus nobilis [GonzalAt1984], Clausena lansium [WangFe2012]. Sapotaceae: Achras [BenDov1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [GonzalAt1984] (Guanajuato, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz); United States of America (Texas). Oriental: China (Hainan [WangFe2012]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1979).

STRUCTURE: Body pyriform, broadest in abdomen, often slightly asymmetrical, with shallow stigmatic clefts (Wang & Fend, 2012)

KEYS: Wang & Feng 2012: 233-234 (female) [Key to species of Kilifia from China]; Ben-Dov 1979: 312 (female) [world].

CITATIONS: BenDov1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-319]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 152]; GonzalAt1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-216]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; WangFe2012 [description, distribution: 235-237].

Kilifia deltoides De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Kilifia deltoides De Lotto, 1965a: 208. Type data: KENYA: Kilifi, on Mangifera indica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [DeLott1965a], Mangifera indica [DeLott1965a, GermaiMiPa2014]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Matile1978]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon [BenDov1979], Eugenia [DeLott1965a], Psidium guajava [BenDov1979]. Pteridaceae: Adiantum fergonosi [BenDov1979]. Theaceae: Camellia japomica. [WangFe2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros; Kenya [DeLott1965a]; Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014]; Tanzania; Zanzibar [DeLott1965a]. Australasian: Indonesia (Java); China (Hainan [WangFe2012]); Malaysia (Sarawak).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1965a) and by Ben-Dov (1979).

STRUCTURE: Live young adult female flat, emerald-green in colour, with some black or very dark brown minute dots set in irregular radiating rows near the margin of the body; old female flattish, colour evenly dark borown (De Lotto, 1965a).

KEYS: Wang & Feng 2012: 233-234 (female) [Key to species of Kilifia from China]; Tang 1991: 107 (female) [Asia]; Ben-Dov 1979: 312 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 319-320]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 152]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-210]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 43]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 108-109]; WangFe2012 [description, distribution: 233-235].

Kilifia diversipes (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus diversipes Cockerell, 1905f: 130. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Lucena, on cultivated fern. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1979: 321. Type depositories: Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Kilifia diversipes; De Lotto, 1965: 208. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [Robins1917], Asplenium nidus [Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Cocker1905f, Ali1971] (Luzon [Ali1971]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1979).

STRUCTURE: Adult female light reddish-brown, flat, broadly-oval, the anterior end narrowest; 2-3 mm long, about 2 mm wide (Cockerell, 1905f).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 107 (female) [Asia]; Ben-Dov 1979: 312 (female) [world].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 33]; BenDov1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-321]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 152]; Cocker1905f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 130-131]; LinGuCo2010 [host plants: 90-98]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 8]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 190-191]; Robins1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15-16]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 8]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 109]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 225]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 19].

Kilifia guizhouensis Qin & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Kilifia guizhouensis Qin & Gullan, 1991: 21. Type data: CHINA: Huaxi, Guizhou, on Myrsine semiserrata. Holotype female. Type depository: Guiyang: Department of Plant Protection, Guizhou Agricultural College, China. Described: female.



HOST: Myrsinaceae: Myrsine semiserrata [QinGu1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guizhou (=Kweichow) [QinGu1991]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Qin & Gullan (1991).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 152-153]; QinGu1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-24]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 58].

Kilifia sinensis Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Kilifia sinensis Ben-Dov, 1979: 321. Type data: CHINA: Si-Shan, Kunming, on Eurya nitida. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Theaceae: Eurya nitida [BenDov1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1979).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 107 (female) [Asia]; Ben-Dov 1979: 312 (female) [world].

CITATIONS: BenDov1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 321-323]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 153]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 110]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 59].



Kozaricoccus Avasthi & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Kozaricoccus Avasthi & Shafee, 1984b: 31. Type species: Ceroplastodes bituberculatus Brain, by monotypy and original designation.

Kozáricoccus; Ben-Dov, 1993: 153. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Avasthi & Shafee (1984b) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1984b [taxonomy, description: 31-32]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 153]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 296-299].

Kozaricoccus bituberculatus (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes bituberculatus Brain, 1920a: 40. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Somerset West and Stellenbosch, on stems of native shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa.

Ceronema bituberculatus; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 44. Change of combination.

Kozaricoccus bituberculatus; Avasthi & Shafee, 1984b: 32. Change of combination.

Kozáricoccus bituberculatus; Ben-Dov, 1993: 153. Misspelling of genus name.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, Hodgso1971, AvasthSh1984b, Hodgso1994a] (Cape Province, Somerset West.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1971; 1994a). Good description and illustration of the crawler have been given by Hodgson (1971).

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1984b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-33]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 153]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40]; Hodgso1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-53]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 296-299]; Matile1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 44].



Lagosinia Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Lagosinia Cockerell, 1899f: 332. Type species: Lecanium strachani Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1968; 1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini.

KEYS: Hodgson 1969a: 20 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Hodgson 1968: 144 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 153]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy, description: 332]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 163]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description: 141-144]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 3,20]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 300-303]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 102].

Lagosinia aristolochiae (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria aristolochiae Newstead, 1917a: 19. Type data: GHANA: Aburi, on Aristolochia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lagosinia aristolochiae; Hodgson, 1968: 144. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona reticulata [Hall1937]. Aristolochiaceae: Aristolochia [Newste1917a, Newste1917b, Hodgso1968]. Asclepiadaceae: Chlorocodon [Hall1932]. Euphorbiaceae: Uapaca kirkiana [Hall1937]. Fabaceae: Erythrina caffra [Brain1920a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Strick1947a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Newste1917a, Hodgso1968]; South Africa [Brain1920a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1932, Hall1937].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1968).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 154]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18]; Hall1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187-188]; Hall1937 [host, distribution: 123]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-145]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-20]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 499].

Lagosinia mazoeensis Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria aristolochiae; Hall, 1932: 187. Misidentification; discovered by Hodgson, 1968: 145.

Lagosinia mazoeensis Hodgson, 1968: 145. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, on Chlorocodon sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Ericaceae: Chlorocodon [Hodgso1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1968].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1968).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 154]; Hall1932 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 187-188]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-147]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20].

Lagosinia rhodesiensis Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria aristolochiae; Hall, 1937: 123. Misidentification.

Lagosinia rhodesiensis Hodgson, 1968: 149. Type data: ZIMBABWE: South Marandellas, on Uapaca kirkiana. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Uapacaceae: Uapaca kirkiana [Hodgso1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1968].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1968).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 154]; Hall1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 123]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-151].

Lagosinia strachani (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium strachani Cockerell, 1898l: 259. Type data: NIGERIA: Lagos, on Annona squamosa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 303. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lagosinia strachani; Cockerell, 1899f: 332. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria aristolochiae; Hall, 1937: 123. Misidentification; discovered by Hodgson, 1968: 149.



HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Acanthus [Hodgso1968]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Hodgso1968]. Annonaceae: Annona [EtiennMa1993], Annona reticularis [Hodgso1968], Annona reticulata [Hodgso1968], Annona squamosa [Vayssi1913, Hodgso1968, Hodgso1994a]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [EtiennMa1993]. Asclepiadaceae: Calotropis procera [Hodgso1968, BalachMa1970, EtiennMa1993]. Asteraceae: Ageratum [Hodgso1968], Vernonia [Hodgso1968], Vernonia amygdalina [Hodgso1968, Hodgso1994a]. Solanaceae: Datura fastuosa [Hodgso1968]. Vitaceae: Cissus [Hodgso1968, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Central African Republic [EtiennMa1993]; Eritrea [Hodgso1968, Hodgso1994a] (Asmara; Scichetti.); Ghana [Hodgso1968]; Malawi [Hodgso1969a]; Mauritania [BalachMa1970]; Niger [EtiennMa1993]; Nigeria [Hodgso1968, Hodgso1994a] (Lagos); Senegal [Hodgso1968, EtiennMa1993]; Sudan [Hodgso1968]; Uganda [Hodgso1968]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1968]. Palaearctic: Algeria [EtiennMa1993].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1968, 1994a).

CITATIONS: BalachMa1970 [host, distribution: 1085]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 154]; Cocker1898x [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 259]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 394]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 332]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 256]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 163]; Hall1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 154]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-154]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 20]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 300-303]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 430]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229].

Lagosinia vayssierei (Castel-Branco)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria vayssierei Castel-Branco, 1952: 33. Type data: MOZAMBIQUE: Nampula, Experimental Station of C.I.C.A., on cotton plant. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal.

Lagosinia montana Hodgson, 1968: 147. Type data: MALAWI: Mlanje, on Acalypha colorata. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1970: 279.

Lagosinia vayssierei; Hodgson, 1970: 179. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha colorata [Hodgso1968]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [Castel1952].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Malawi [Hodgso1968, Hodgso1970]; Mozambique [Hodgso1970].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1968) (as L. montana and by Hodgson (1970). Reliable description and illustration of the crawler have been given by Hodgson (1970).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 154-155]; Castel1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-149]; Hodgso1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 279-282]; MendesFe1989 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 57].



Lecaniococcus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecaniococcus Danzig, 1967: 148. Type species: Lecaniococcus ditispinosus Danzig, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Danzig (1967) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eulecaniinae. Tribe: Eulecaniini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 155]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description: 148]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 275]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy, description: 716]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 303-306]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 180-181].

Lecaniococcus ditispinosus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecaniococcus ditispinosus Danzig, 1967: 149. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, near Vladivostok, on Quercus mongolica. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [Hodgso1994a], Quercus mongolica [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b]. Tiliaceae: Tilia [Danzig1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Hodgso1994a] (Sedanka, Vladivostock.)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 155]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-151]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274-275]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 304-306]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 181].



Lecanium Burmeister nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium Burmeister, 1835: 69. Nomen nudum.

Lecanium limnanthemi Goury nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium limnanthemi Goury, 1905: 62. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv.

Lecanium mercarae Ramakrishna Ayyar nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium mercarae Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1919a: 36. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy, description: xxiv]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, catalogue: 36]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description: 48].

Lecanium monotonae Newstead nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium monotonae Newstead, 1906: 69. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv.

Lecanium monotonae Newstead, 1906a: 69. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: xxiv]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 77]; Newste1906 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69].

Lecanium orbiculare Targioni Tozzetti nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium orbiculare Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 39. Nomen nudum; discovered by Catalogue, 2000. Notes: This is a nomen nudum because Targioni Tozzetti (1868: 39) noted only "ex. coll. mus. Paris (Owest, cap des Mines, Australia)" without any description. Signoret (1877: 621) suggested that it might be the same as Lecanium australe Walker, 1852. Fernald (1903b: 328) listet it as identical with Lecanium australe Walker, 1852.



Lecanochiton Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanochiton Maskell, 1882: 221. Type species: Lecanochiton metrosideri Maskell, by monotypy.

Lecaniochiton Lindinger, 1932f: 197. Unjustified emendation.

BIOLOGY: A few species of the New Zealand genera Ctenochiton Maskell and Lecanochiton Maskell cause pits and other distortions on the leaves or stems of their hosts (Hodgson & Henderson, 2000).

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Relationship to other families in the Cardiococcinae in Vea (2011).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae.

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 22-23 (female) [Genera of New Zealand]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 132 (female) [Species of New Zealand]; Hodgson 1994a: 73 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 99]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 155]; Cocker1900a [taxonomy: 368]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 147]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 306-309]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 130-132]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 197]; Maskel1882 [taxonomy, description: 221-222]; Maskel1884 [taxonomy, description: 129]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description: 69-71,104-105]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 105]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13-14].

Lecanochiton actites Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanochiton actites Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 132. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Auckland, Okura R, on Metrosideros excelsa, 25 October 1993, coll. R.C. Henderson. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 93336b. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Metrosideros [HodgsoHe2000], Metrosideros excelsa [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 132 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-133,138-139].

Lecanochiton metrosideri Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanochiton metrosideri Maskell, 1882: 222. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Lectotype labelled "Lecano-chiton metrosideri, from Rata, tests of adult, January 1881, W.M. Maskell". Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 139. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Metrosideros [Maskel1882, Hodgso1994a, HodgsoHe2000], Metrosideros lucida [Hodgso1994a], Metrosideros umbellata [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Hodgso1994a, HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 132 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 155]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 30]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 147]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 306-309]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-140]; Maskel1882 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 222-223]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 11]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-71]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Wise1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105].

Lecanochiton minor Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanochiton minor Maskell, 1891: 12. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Lectotype labelled "Lecanochiton minor, adult female, 1889, W.M.M.". Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 141. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Metrosideros [HodgsoHe2000], Metrosideros robusta [Maskel1891], Metrosideros umbellata [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 132 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 155-156]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 30]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 147]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-141]; Maskel1891 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-13]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 11]; Wise1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 106].

Lecanochiton scutellaris Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanochiton scutellaris Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 141. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Bay of Plenty, Lottin Point, Otanaga, on Metrosideros excelsa, 27 April 1997, R.C. Henderson. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 93277b. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Metrosideros excelsa [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 132 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-142].



Lecanopsis Targioni Tozzetti

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizobium Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 23. Nomen nudum; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 173.

Lecanopsis Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 729. Type species: Lecanopsis rhyzophila Targioni Tozzetti, by monotypy.

Rhyzobium; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 36. Misspelling of genus name.

Spermococcus Giard, 1894: cxcix. Type species: Spermococcus fallax Giard, by monotypy. Notes: Ben-Dov (1993) regarded Spermococcus Giard, 1894 as a subjective synonym of Lecanopsis. No specimens of Spermococcus fallax Giard, were available for study by Hodgson (1994) and none appear to have been collected since Giard collected the original material. Daniele Matile-Ferrero (personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov) has visited the type locality of Spermococcus fallax Giard, but was unable to find this interesting species. The status of Spermococcus Giard and its type species is highly problematical. According to Morrison & Morrison (1966), it is generally accepted as a synonym of Lecanopsis, with Lindinger (1935) considering it a synonym of L. radicumgraminis Fonscolombe. Borchsenius (1957: 111 treated it as a separate species, L. fallax (Giard). The fact that the insect is associated with Gramineae and ants and produces an ovisac is in agreement with the placement in Lecanopsis (or Paralecanopsis as defined here) but almost none of the characters given above really allow even the placement within the family Coccidae with any confidence. Its real identity will have to await more material. It would appear from the life history details given, that Giard found it on several occasions and so it is possible that it still survives around Wimereux, France. For a further discussion of Lecanopsis Targioni Tozzetti, see under Lecanopsis and Paralecanopsis.

Lecaniopsis Lindinger, 1923: 148. Unjustified emendation.

Paralecanopsis Bodenheimer, 1951: 329. Type species: Paralecanopsis turcica Bodenheimer, by original designation. Notes: Ben-Dov (1980, 1993) regarded this genus as a subjective synonym of Lecanopsis Targioni Tozzetti. However, Hodgson (1994) considered Paralecanopsis a valid genus that would contain 16 species, previously placed in Lecanopsis.

Paralecanium; Bodenheimer, 1953a: 110, 111. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Mis-spelling of Paralecanopsis.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1957), Fontana & Pellizzari (2001) and by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002).A systematic revision of Lecanopsis by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae. The identity of this genus was obscure since its establishement in 1868. For a detailed dicussion on its history refer to Morrison & Morrison (1966), Ben-Dov (1980), Hodgson (1994a) and to Fontana & Pellizzari (2001). In this catalogue the status of Lecanopsis is accepted and adopted according to the conclusions of Fontana & Pellizzari (2001) and Pellizzari & Fontana (2002). Spermococcus Giard, 1894 is generally accepted a subjective synonym of Lecanopsis. No specimens of Spermococcus fallax Giard, were available for study by Hodgson (1994) and none appear to have been collected since Giard collected the original material. Daniele Matile-Ferrero (personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov) has visited the type locality of Spermococcus fallax Giard, but was unable to find this interesting species. The status of Spermococcus Giard and its type species is highly problematical. According to Morrison & Morrison (1966), it is generally accepted as a synonym of Lecanopsis, while Lindinger (1935) considered its type species a synonym of L. radicumgraminis Fonscolombe. Borchsenius (1957: 111 treated it as a separate species, L. fallax (Giard). The fact that the insect is associated with Gramineae and ants and produces an ovisac is in agreement with the placement in Lecanopsis (or Paralecanopsis as defined here) but almost none of the characters given above really allow even the placement within the family Coccidae with any confidence. Its real identity will have to await more material. It would appear from the life history details given, that Giard found it on several occasions and so it is possible that it still survives around Wimereux, France.

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 111-112 (female) [Key to Palaearctic Genera of the Subfamily Eriopeltinae based on adult females]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 140-142 (First instar) [world]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 140-142 (female) [world]; Tang 1991 (female) [Asia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988 (female) [Europe]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 193 (female) [Central Europe]; Tao et al. 1983: 61 (female) [Taiwan]; Tereznikova 1981 (female) [Ukraine]; Danzig 1980b: 256 (female) [Far East Russia.]; Koteja 1978: 315 (female) [Palearctic Region]; Danzig 1964 (female) [USSR]; Borchsenius 1957: 90 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 94 (female last instar nymph) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1952 (female) [USSR]; Gomez-Menor Ortega 1937: 291 (female) [Spain].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 55]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 100]; BenDov1980 [taxonomy, description: 263-264]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 156,208]; Bodenh1951 [taxonomy, description: 329]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description: 93,109]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 142]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description: 280]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 91-94,112-113]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 217]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 15]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy, description: 638]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 256]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy, catalogue: 714]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 143,209]; FontanPe2001 [taxonomy, description: 67-72]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description: 755]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 291]; Goux1937a [taxonomy, description: 93-96]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 309-311,432-442]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 544-545]; KosztaKo1978 [catalogue: 103]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 192-193]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description: 325-326]; Lindin1923 [taxonomy, description: 148-149]; Lindin1939 [taxonomy: 38]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 104-106,145,173,175]; Pelliz1995 [taxonomy, description: 40-44]; Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 101,112]; PellizFo1999 [taxonomy: 17-18]; PellizFo2001 [taxonomy: 323]; PellizFo2002 [revision, taxonomy, description,: 129-212]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy, description: 179-187]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 22]; Signor1874 [taxonomy: 93]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 237-238]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 20-22]; Tao1978 [taxonomy: 82]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 59]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 91]; Targio1867 [taxonomy: 23]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, description: 36]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy: 49]; Terezn1966 [taxonomy: 28]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 110]; Yang1982 [taxonomy. description: 154].

Lecanopsis aphenogastrorum Gómez-Menor Ortega

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis aphenogastrorum Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1928: 350. Type data: SPAIN: Colldejou (Tarragona), in nest of the ant Aphenogaster barbara. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spain. Described: female.

Lecanodiaspis aphenagosterum; Balachowsky, 1935b: 264. Misspelling of species name.

Lecanodiaspis aphenagosterum; Balachowsky, 1935b: 264. Misspelling of genus name.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Spain [GomezM1928, Balach1934b, Balach1935b].

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of the ant Aphenogaster barbara (Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1928).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112-113 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 141-142 (female) [species of Lecanopsis].

CITATIONS: Balach1935b [host, distribution: 264]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 156]; GomezM1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 350-351]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 293-295]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 71]; Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 113]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-156]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180].

Lecanopsis clodiensis (Pellizzari)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanopsis clodiensis Pellizzari, 1995: 36. Type data: ITALY: Venezia, Isola Verde, Chioggia, on Ammophila littoralis; coll. G. Pellizzari, 2.v.1990. Holotype female. Type depository: Padova: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Italy; type no. 283. Described: female. Illust.

Lecanopsis clodiensis; Pellizzari & Fontana, 2001: 323. Change of combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Choreia inepta (Dalman) [Pelliz1995], Hoplopsis minuta Fabricius [Pelliz1995].

HOSTS: Poaceae [PellizFo2002], Agropyron [PellizFo2002], Ammophila littoralis [Pelliz1995], Avena [PellizFo2002], Brachypodium [PellizFo2002], Bromus [PellizFo2002], Festuca [PellizFo2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Gavril2010]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Italy [Pelliz1995].

BIOLOGY: The life history of Lecanopsis clodiensis was studied by Pellizzari (1995) and by Pellizzari & Fontana (2001).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male and nymphs by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002). Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Pellizzari (1995).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Pellizari & Fontana (2001a).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112-113 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 141-142 (female) [species of Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 142 (first instar) [species of Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari 1995: 40,42 (female) [Europe]; Pellizzari 1995: 40,42 (first instar) [Europe].

CITATIONS: FontanPe2001 [taxonomy: 70]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 38]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Pelliz1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control : 35-44]; Pelliz2013 [illustration, taxonomy: 112,114]; PellizFo2001 [taxonomy, description, life history, ecology: 323-332]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182-198]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 179-187].

Lecanopsis fallax (Giard)

NOMENCLATURE:

Spermococcus fallax Giard, 1894: cxcix. Type data: FRANCE: Wimereux, on roots of various plants mainly on Gramineae. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (D. Matile-Ferrero, 1989, personal communication).

Lecanopsis fallax; Borchsenius, 1957: 92. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [Giard1894c].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female and first-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1957).

SYSTEMATICS: No specimens were available for study and none appear to have been collected since Giard collected the original material. Matile-Ferrero (pers. comm.) has visited the original site but was unable to find this interesting species. What follows is a literal translation of the original description (Hodgson, 1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 156-157]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 111-112]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 333]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 239]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 143]; Giard1894c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: cxcix-cc]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 544-545]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 136]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180].

Lecanopsis formicarum Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis formicarum Newstead, 1893a: 138. Type data: ENGLAND: Chesil Beach, in nest of the ant Formica nigra. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanopsis brevicornis Newstead, 1896: 59. Type data: ENGLAND: Norfolk, Snettisham Beach near King's Lynn, on grass roots. Syntypes, nymphal stages. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1921a: 193.

Lecanopsis butleri Green, 1917a: 208. Type data: ENGLAND: Herts, Royson Heath, on grass. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by Green, 1921a: 193.

Lecanopsis formicarum; Kiritchenko, 1931: 318. Misidentification.

Lecaniopsis formicarum Lindinger, 1935a: 139. Unjustified emendation.

Lecaniopsis butleri Lindinger, 1936: 158. Unjustified emendation.

Lecanopsis terrestris Borchsenius, 1952a: 287. Type data: UKRAINE: near Poltava and Chkalovsk Region, Orsk, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Pellizzari & Fontana, 2002: 143.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Microterys sceptriger (Forster) [Schmut1955b].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron repens [Terezn1963a, Kozar1999a], Agrostis vulgaris [KotejaZa1983, Terezn1963a], Elymus arenarius [Green1921], Festuca [KotejaZa1983], Festuca ovina [Green1923d, Green1928, Green1934d], Festuca rubra [KotejaZa1983], Koeleria sp. [PellizPoSe2011], Nardus stricta [Green1921], Poa compressa [KotejaZa1983], Poa pratensis [KotejaZa1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Czech Republic; Denmark; France [Balach1937]; Germany; Hungary [KozarDr1991, Kozar1999a, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy; Mongolia; Netherlands; Poland [KotejaZa1969, BoratyPaKo1982, KotejaZa1983, LagowsKo1996]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray, Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Spain [GomezM1948]; Sweden [Gertss2001]; Switzerland; Ukraine (Odessa Oblast); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b], England [Green1917a, Green1921, Green1923d, Green1928, Green1928a, Green1934d, StaleyHoMo2007], Scotland [Green1930]).

BIOLOGY: Found in England in nest of the ant Formica nigra (Newstead, 1893a). Develops one annual generation on grasses in Poland; overwinters as male second-instar nymph and female second or third-instar nymph; reproduction bisexual; mating and oviposition above ground in May (Boratynski et al., 1982).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, first-instar nymph, female second and third-instar nymph, male second-instar nymph, male pupa, male prepupa and male test by Boratynski et al. (1982). Description and illustration of adult female, first-instar nymph, female second and third-instar nymph, male second-instar nymph by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002). Description of adult female and first-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112-113 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 141-142 (female) [species of Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 142 (first instar) [species of Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari 1995: 40,42 (female) [Europe]; Pellizzari 1995: 40,42 (first instar) [Europe]; Pellizzari 1995: 40,42 (female) [Europe]; Pellizzari 1995: 40,42 (first instar) [Europe]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 193 (female) [Europe]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 193 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 94 (female last instar nymph) [Palaearctic region ].

CITATIONS: Balach1937 [host, distribution: 340]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 157-158,160]; BoratyPaKo1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 517-537]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 142]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 287-288]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 98-99,102-103]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 333]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 239-240]; Danzig1980 [host, distribution: 38]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 209-210]; FontanPe2001 [taxonomy: 70]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 112]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 291-293]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-96]; Green1915a [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 182-183]; Green1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-209]; Green1920 [host, distribution: 126]; Green1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-195]; Green1923d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 214-215]; Green1925b [host, distribution: 518,526]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 7]; Green1928a [host, distribution: 30]; Green1930 [host, distribution: 15]; Green1934d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 108]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 114]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 318-319]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 73]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 103-104]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 194,196]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 79]; Koteja2000a [host, distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1969 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 365]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 479]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 139]; KozarDr1991 [host, distribution: 363]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 24]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 326-327]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 173]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 139]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 71]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 205-206]; Newste1893a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 138]; Newste1893e [taxonomy]; Newste1896 [taxonomy]; OConnoGeMa2013 [distribution, host: 33, 35]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 146]; Pelliz1995 [taxonomy: 40,42]; Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 112-113]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-152]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294,297]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 22-23]; Reyne1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 560-562]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 518]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 51]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; StaleyHoMo2007 [ecology, life history, host, distribution: 189-198]; Sulc1912 [host, distribution: 35]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; Terezn1963a [catalogue: 49]; Terezn1963b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 153-154]; Terezn1963c [host, distribution: 1527].

Lecanopsis iridis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis iridis Borchsenius, 1952a: 291. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, near Grigoryevka, on Iris uniflora. Syntypes, larva. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: larva. Notes: Syntypes include larva of the last, before last and first instar.



HOST: Iridaceae: Iris uniflora [Borchs1952a, Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of nymphs by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002). Description of first-instar nymph and last-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1957).

SYSTEMATICS: Borchsenius (1957) and Pellizzari & Fontana (2002) indicated that the morphological characters of the adult female were unknown.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 94 (female last instar nymph) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 158]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 291-293]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-108]; Danzig1967 [host, distribution, life history: 140]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description,host, distribution: 257-258]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-174]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24-25].

Lecanopsis marottai Pellizzari & Fontana

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis marottai Pellizzari & Fontana, 2002: 198. Type data: ITALY: Popoli, Sorgenti del Pescara, on Gramineae. Holotype female. Type depository: Padova: Dipartimento Agronomia Ambientale Produzioni Vegetali - Entomologia, Italy. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [PellizFo2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [PellizFo2002].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and female third instar nymph by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112-113 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 141-142 (female) [species of Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 142 (first instar) [species of Lecanopsis].

CITATIONS: Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 112]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-204].

Lecanopsis mirabilis Pellizzari & Fontana

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis mirabilis Pellizzari & Fontana, 2002: 204. Type data: ITALY: Sicily, Carlentini (SR) near Avena fatua; collected Russo and Pellizzari. Holotype female. Type depository: Padova: Dipartimento Agronomia Ambientale Produzioni Vegetali - Entomologia, Italy. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sicily [PellizFo2002].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112-113 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 141-142 (female) [species of Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 142 (first instar) [species of Lecanopsis].

CITATIONS: Pelliz2013 [illustration, taxonomy: 112,114]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-207].

Lecanopsis myrmecophila Leonardi

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis mirmecophila; Leonardi, 1908a: 181. Misspelling of species name.

Lecanopsis myrmecophila Leonardi, 1908a: 181. Type data: ITALY: Sardinia, Tempio in nest of Tetramorium coespitum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female.

Lecanopsis myrmecophila Leonardi, 1908a: 181. Type data: ITALY: Sardinia, Tempio, in nest of Tetramorium coespitum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female.

Lecaniopsis myrmecophila; Lindinger, 1935a: 139. Misspelling of genus name.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy; Sardinia [Pelliz2011].

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of the ant Tetramorium coespitum.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112-113 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 141-142 (female) [species of Lecanopsis].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 158]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 112]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Leonar1908a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 181-183]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution: 327-328]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 139]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 112]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180].

Lecanopsis pellizzariae Fontana & Malagnini

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis pellizzariae Fontana & Malagnini, 2002: 112. Type data: ITALY: Basilicata region, Lagonnegro (Potenza), Monte Sirino, loc. Niella, altitude 1200 meter, on roots of Gramineae; collected 12 May 1999 by V. Malagnini and P. Fontana. Holotype female. Type depository: Padova: Dipartimento Agronomia Ambientale Produzioni Vegetali - Entomologia, Italy; type no. 885/1. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae [FontanMa2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [FontanMa2002].

BIOLOGY: This species overwinters as second-instar male and third-instar female. In early spring the females mature and feed on subterranean stolons of the host plant (Fontana & Malagnini, 2002).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, first instar nnymph, second and third instar female, and second-instar male by Fontana & Malagnini (2002).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112-113 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis].

CITATIONS: FontanMa2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 111-123]; Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 113]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy: 131].

Lecanopsis radicumgraminis (Boyer de Fonscolombe)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus fragariae Gmelin, S.G., 1790: 2219. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 114.

Coccus fragrariae; Turton, 1802: 715. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Misspelling of fragariae in Coccus fragariae S.G. Gmelin.

Coccus radicum-graminis Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 212. Type data: FRANCE: southern France, Saint-Canadet, on Festuca caespitosa. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; D. Matile-Ferrero, 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Coccus fonscolombei Gistel, 1856. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1937: 187.

Lecanopsis ? radicum graminis; Signoret, 1874: 95. Change of combination.

Lecanopsis radicumgraminis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 159.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca caespitosa [Boyerd1834].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France.

BIOLOGY: Found on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Currently, it is accepted as a soft scale species in the genus Lecanopsis (Ben-Dov, 1993). However, earlier authors assigned it other families, e.g. in Porphyrophora of the Margarodidae (Signoret, 1876a), and Fonscolombia in the Pseudococcidae (Fernald, 1903b).

SYSTEMATICS: The author was incorrectly cited, in most pre-2000 publications, as "Fonscolombe". The correct name is "Boyer de Fonscolombe".

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 159]; Boyerd1834 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 114]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 187]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 135]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94-95]; Turton1802 [taxonomy: 715]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 23,40].

Lecanopsis rhizophila Targioni Tozzetti

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis rhyzophila Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 729. Type data: ITALY: Florence, near the roots of Asperula sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Lecanopsis rhizophila; Signoret, 1874b: 93. Justified emendation. Notes: Justified emendation for Lecanopsis rhyzophila Targioni Tozzetti, 1868.



HOST: Poaceae [FontanPe2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Hodgso1994a].

BIOLOGY: Fontana & Pellizzari (2001) reviewed the status of the host plant of this species and concluded that the roots of Gramineae are the host plant.

SYSTEMATICS: The exact facies of this species could not be clarified by Hodgson (1994a), because its original material very likely was lost. Fontana & Pellizzari (2001) critically reviewed the status of this species and concluded that Lecanopsis rhizophila Targioni Tozzetti, 1868 is a valid species, but its taxonomic characters are unown.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 159]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 98]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 333]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 210]; FontanPe2001 [taxonomy: 67-72]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 310-311]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 79]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 135]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 869]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 93]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 729]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 154].

Lecanopsis salvatorei Pellizzari

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis salvatorei Pellizzari, 2013: 109-111. Type data: ITALY: Basilicata region, Laurenzana (Potenza), 1300m, 10/26/1993, by S. Marotta. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Padova: Dipartimento Agronomia Ambientale Produzioni Vegetali - Entomologia, Italy; type no. 1700/1. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca sp. [Pelliz2013]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Pelliz2013].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Pellizzari, 2013.

SYSTEMATICS: Adult female L. salvatorei have numerous ventral tubular ducts and large peritreme cavities, each with 30+ disc pores, as in the genus Lecanopsis. But, L. salvatorei has a pair of pregenital setae medially on the posterior 4 or 5 abdominal segments (as in Hadzibejliaspis). (Pellizzari, 2013)

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112-113 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis].

CITATIONS: Pelliz2013 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 109-111,113].

Lecanopsis shutovae Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis shutovae Borchsenius, 1952a: 293. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, on Festuca sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female and first instar.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca [Borchs1952a, Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1980b) and by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002). Description of adult female, first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph, female last-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112-113 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 141-142 (female) [species of Lecanopsis]; Borchsenius 1957: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 94 (female last instar nymph) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 160]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 293-296]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 108-111]; Danzig1967 [host, distribution, life history: 140]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 256-257]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 112]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-177]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25-26].

Lecanopsis sicula Pellizzari

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis sicula Pellizzari, 2013: 106-109. Type data: ITALY: Sicilyl, Carlentini (Borgorizzo), 5,29,1998, by P. Fontana. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Padova: Dipartimento Agronomia Ambientale Produzioni Vegetali - Entomologia, Italy; type no. 852/2-1. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Lolium sp. [Pelliz2013]

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sicily [Pelliz2013].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Pellizzari, 2013.

STRUCTURE: Adult female oval, slightly convex, pale yellow. First instar nymph orange, elongate and flattened. Legs and antennae well developed. (Pellizzari, 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of L. sicula has: (i) large peritreme cavities with 30+ disc pores in each cavity (as in Lecanopsis); (ii) hind tibia up to 5 times longer than wide; (iii) large tubular ducts with ridges along their inner surface, and (iv) one pair of pregenital setae medially on each of the last five abdominal segments (as in Hadzibejliaspis). In addition, the first-instar nymphs are Lecanopsis type, with marginal minaret-like setae. The first-instar nymph of L. sicula is morphologically close to that of L. mirabilis but has fewer (2-4) spiracular disc pores near each spiracular opening (4-8 near each anterior spiracle and 2-8 near each posterior spiracle on L. mirabilis). (Pellizzari, 2013)

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112-113 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis].

CITATIONS: Pelliz2013 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 106-109,113,114].

Lecanopsis subterranea (Gomez-Menor Ortega)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis formicarum; Kiritchenko, 1931: 318. Misidentification.

Filippia subterranea Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1948: 94. Type data: SPAIN: Monte Araca, de Vitoria, on roots of Gramineae. Lectotype female. Type depository: Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spain. Described: female. Notes: The lectotype was designated by A. Blay (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain), as informed in a letter to Y. Ben-Dov, 1995.

Lecanopsis festucae Borchsenius, 1952: 288. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa, Crimea and Caucasus, on Festuca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Pellizzari & Fontana, 2002: 157.

Lecanopsis formicarum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 157. Misidentification; discovered by Pellizzari & Fontana, 2002: 157. Notes: In part, misidentification.

Paralecanopsis festucae; Pellizzari, 1995: 40. Change of combination.

Lecanopsis subterranea; Pellizzari & Fontana, 2002: 157. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: Borchsenius' grass scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae: Agropyron repens [Kozar1985a, KozarDr1993], Agrostis vulgaris [Terezn1981], Dactylis glomerata [PodsiaKo1976], Elytrigia repens [Terezn1981], Festuca [Kozar1985, KozarGuBa1994], Festuca sulcata [Terezn1981], Lolium perenne [KozarOs1987], Poa [Kozar1985, KozarOs1987], Poa compressa [KotejaZa1969], Poa nemoralis [Terezn1981, Kozar1985a], Poa pratensis [Kozar1985a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Kozar1985]; Hungary [KotejaZa1969, Kozar1991, KozarDr1993, KozarKiSa2004, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [MatilePe2002]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Mongolia; Poland [KotejaZa1969]; Romania [Kozar1985]; Russia (Caucasus [KotejaZa1969], Tatarstan (=Tatar) AR [Kozar1985a]); Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010]; Ukraine [KotejaZa1969] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [KotejaZa1969]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, first instar nymph, female third-instar nymph by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112-113 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 141-142 (female) [species of Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 142 (first instar) [species of Lecanopsis]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 193 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 94 (female last instar nymph) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 157]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 288-289]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103-106]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 201]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 200]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 318]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 193-194]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 79]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 365]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 202,204]; Kozar1985a [host, distribution: 312]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution: 74]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 154]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 355]; Pelliz1995 [taxonomy: 40,42]; Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 112]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy: 141]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180]; PodsiaKo1976 [host, distribution: 89]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-24]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 28]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-113].

Lecanopsis taurica Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis formicarum; Borchsenius, 1950: 142. Misidentification.

Lecanopsis taurica Borchsenius, 1952a: 285. Type data: UKRAINE: Crimea, near Simferopol, on Bromus erectus. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female and first instar.



HOSTS: Poaceae [KaydanKo2010], Bromus erectus [Borchs1952a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Turkey [KaydanKo2010]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, third-instar nymph, second instar male nymph, by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002). Description of adult female, female second-instar nymph and female last-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 141-142 (female) [species of Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 142 (first instar) [species of Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari 1995: 40,42 (female) [Europe]; Pellizzari 1995: 40,42 (first instar) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 94 (female last instar nymph) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 160]; Borchs1950b [host, distribution: 142]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 285-287]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 99-102]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 112]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 527]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 200]; Pelliz1995 [taxonomy: 40,42]; Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 112]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-182]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180].

Lecanopsis turcica (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis formicarum; Kiritchenko, 1931: 318. Misidentification.

Lecanopsis formicarum; Borchsenius, 1936: 113. Misidentification.

Paralecanopsis turcica Bodenheimer, 1951: 329. Type data: TURKEY: Kaya-ardi, near Nigde, on grass. Syntypes, larva (examined). Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: larva.

Lecanopsis porifera Borchsenius, 1952a: 282. Type data: UKRAINE (Crimea), REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA and ARMENIA: on Agropyron repens, Bromus sp. and Festuca sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1994: 432.

Paralecanium turcica; Bodenheimer, 1953: 110. Misspelling of genus name.

Paralecanium turcica; Bodenheimer, 1953a: 110. Misspelling of genus name.

Lecanopsis turcica; Ben-Dov, 1980: 263. Change of combination.

Lecanopsis turcica; Fontana & Pellizzari, 2001: 71. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Bodenh1951, Bodenh1953a, BenDov1980, BenDov1993, Hodgso1994a], Agropyron [Kozar1983a, Hodgso1994a, KaydanUlTo2002], Agropyron repens [Borchs1952a, KozarOrKo1977, Kozar1980, Kozar1999a], Bromus [Borchs1952a], Dactylis glomerata [Terezn1981], Elymus [Seljak2010], Festuca [Borchs1952a], Lolium perenne [Terezn1981], Secale cereale [Kozar1980], Stipa [KaydanKo2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Georgia; Greece [MilonaKoKo2008a]; Hungary [Kozar1972a, KozarOrKo1977, Kozar1980, Kozar1983a, Kozar1991, KozarKiSa2004]; Romania; Russia [Kozar1983a, Hodgso1994a] (Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004]); Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Turkey [Bodenh1951, BenDov1980, Hodgso1994a, KaydanUlTo2002, KaydanKiKo2005a, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [Hodgso1994a] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1952a]); Yugoslavia.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and nymphs by Hodgson (1994a) and by Pellizzari & Fontana (2002).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 112-113 (female) [Key to adult female Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 141-142 (female) [species of Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari & Fontana 2002: 142 (first instar) [species of Lecanopsis]; Pellizzari 1995: 40,42 (female) [Europe]; Pellizzari 1995: 40,42 (first instar) [Europe]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 193 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 94 (female last instar nymph) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 263-264]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 159-161]; Bodenh1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 329]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 282-285]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94-98,113]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 217]; FontanPe2001 [taxonomy: 67-72]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 527]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 385]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 432-442]; Hodgso1995a [taxonomy, structure: 57-65]; KaydanKiKo2005a [host, distribution: 398]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 200]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 104]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, host, distribution: 194-196]; Kozar1972a [distribution: 281]; Kozar1975 [host, distribution: 1-24]; Kozar1980 [distribution: 67]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 146]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 139]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143-147]; Pelliz1995 [taxonomy: 40,42]; Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 112]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-169]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 105]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy: 113-116].



Leptopulvinaria Kanda

NOMENCLATURE:

Leptopulvinaria Kanda, 1960: 118. Type species: Leptopulvinaria elaeocarpi Kanda, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a) and by Tanaka & Amano (2008).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini.

KEYS: Tanaka & Amano 2008: 223 (female) [Species of the genus].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 161]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 311-314]; Kanda1960 [taxonomy, description: 118]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 159]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 108]; TanakaAm2008 [taxonomy, description, revision: 221-229]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 242].

Leptopulvinaria elaeocarpi Kanda

NOMENCLATURE:

Leptopulvinaria elaeocarpi Kanda, 1960: 118. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Wakayama Prefecture, Goshiki, Kanaya-machi, Ar, on Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 313. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.



HOST: Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus sylvestris ellipticus [Kanda1960, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [TanakaAm2008]. Palaearctic: Japan (Honshu [Hodgso1994a, TanakaAm2008] (Goshiki, Kanaya-machi, Arita-gun, Wakayama Pref.)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Hodgson (1994a) and by Tanaka & Amano (2008).

KEYS: Tanaka & Amano 2008: 223 (female) [Species of Leptopulvinaria].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 161]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 311-314]; Kanda1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-119]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; TanakaAm2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-229]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 242-243].

Leptopulvinaria kawaii Tanaka & Amano

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria camellicola; Kuwana, 1909: 153. Misidentification; discovered by Tanaka & Amano, 2008: 225.

Pulvinaria camelicola; Kuwana, 1917: 45. Misidentification; discovered by Tanaka & Amano, 2008: 225.

Pulvinaria floccifera; Takahashi, 1956: 153. Misidentification; discovered by Tanaka & Amano, 2008: 225.

Pulvinaria floccifera; Kawai, 1972: 15. Misidentification; discovered by Tanaka & Amano, 2008: 225.

Pulvinaria floccifera; Kawai, 1980: 153. Misidentification; discovered by Tanaka & Amano, 2008: 225.

Leptopulvinaria kawaii Tanaka & Amano, 2008: 225. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Kinuta-Park, on Ternstroemia gymnanthera; collected H. Tanaka, 23.v.2000. Holotype female. Type depository: Tokyo: National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan; type no. 00053. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex chinensis, Ilex integra [TanakaAm2008], Ilex latifolia [TanakaAm2008], Ilex pedunculosa [TanakaAm2008]. Symplocaceae: Symplocos myrtacea [TanakaAm2008]. Theaceae: Cleryera japonica [TanakaAm2008], Eurya japonica [TanakaAm2008], Ternstroemia gymnanthera [TanakaAm2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan (Honshu [TanakaAm2008]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tanaka & Amano (2008).

KEYS: Tanaka & Amano 2008: 223 (female) [Species of Leptopulvinaria].

CITATIONS: Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 15]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy: 153]; Kuwana1909 [taxonomy: 153]; Kuwana1917 [taxpnomy: 45]; Takaha1955d [taxonomy: 153]; TanakaAm2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-229].



Lichtensia Signoret

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia Signoret, 1873: 27. Type species: Lichtensia viburni Signoret, by monotypy.

Lictensia; Ashmead, 1891: 99. Misspelling of genus name.

Lichstensia; Fuller, 1899: 457. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Ben-Dov (1975) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae. Tribe: Filippiini.

KEYS: De Lotto 1974b: 207 (female) [Africa].

CITATIONS: Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 99]; BenDov1975 [taxonomy, description: 113-121]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 161]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 218]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 395]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 19]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 198]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 144]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description: 419-420,754]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description: 457-458]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 289]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 314-317]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 197]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy: 347]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 109-110]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description]; Signor1873 [taxonomy, description: 27-28]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 238]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 53].

Lichtensia argentata Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia argentata Hempel, 1900a: 492. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on a tree of the order Ilicineae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Filippia argentata; Silva et al., 1968: 146. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 161]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 144]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 492-494]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 104-105]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 146]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 134].

Lichtensia carissae (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Filippia carissae Brain, 1920a: 24. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal Coast, on Carissa grandiflora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Lichtensia carissae; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 44. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Carissa grandiflora [Brain1920a]. Canellaceae: Warburgia salutaris [CrouchCr2001]. Crassulaceae: Cotyledon [DeLott1967b, DeLott1968a], Cotyledon orbiculata [DeLott1967b, DeLott1968a]. Rubiaceae: Psychotria zombamontana [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Namibia (=South West Africa) [DeLott1968a]; South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1967b]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 161]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; CrouchCr2001 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 783,799]; DeLott1968a [host, distribution: 83]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 13]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 44].

Lichtensia chilianthi (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Filippia chilianthi Brain, 1920a: 23. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, on native shrub at Illovo River and on Chilianthus oleaceus at Bloemfontein. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Filippia oleae rhusae Hall, 1932: 186. Type data: ZIMBABWE (=RHODESIA): Embeza, on Rhus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1969a: 13.

Pulvinaria syzygii Hall, 1941: 235. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=RHODESIA]: Inyanga, Inyangombi Falls, on Syzygium cordatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1969a: 13.

Lichtensia chilianthi; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 44. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus [Hall1932, Hodgso1969a], Rhus chirindensis [Hodgso1969a]. Asteraceae: Brachylaena discolor [DeLott1967b]. Loganiaceae: Chilianthus oleaceus [Brain1920a, Hodgso1969a]. Myrtaceae: Syzygium cordatum [Hall1941, Hodgso1969a]. Oleaceae: Olea africana [Hodgso1969a]. Rubiaceae: Canthium obovatum [DeLott1967b]. Solanaceae: Solanum quadrangulare [DeLott1967b]. Urticaceae: Girandinia eylesii [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mozambique [Hodgso1969a]; South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1967b, Hodgso1969a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1932, Hall1941, Hodgso1969a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 162]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-24]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 783-784,800]; Hall1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-187]; Hall1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 13-14]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 44].

Lichtensia dubia Cockerell nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia dubia Cockerell, 1895o: 255. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: xxiv]; Cocker1895o [taxonomy: 255].

Lichtensia gemina (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Filippia gemina De Lotto, 1974b: 209. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, St. Lucia Lake, on Pterocelastrus echinatus. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Lichtensia gemina; Ben-Dov, 1993: 162. Change of combination.



HOST: Celastraceae: Pterocelastrus echinatus [DeLott1974b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1974b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 162]; DeLott1974b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-209]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 45].

Lichtensia madagascariensis (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Filippia madagascariensis Mamet, 1950: 28. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Antsingy, on twigs of undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Lichtensia madagascariensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 62. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1950].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1950).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 162]; Mamet1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-22,28-30]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 45].

Lichtensia peringueyi Joubert

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia peringueyi Joubert, 1925: 120. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Stellenbosch, on Pennisetum macrorum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Pennisetum macrorum [Jouber1925].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 162]; Jouber1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-121].

Lichtensia polychaeta (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Filippia polychaeta De Lotto, 1974b: 209. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Cape Town, on Berzelia lanuginosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Lichtensia polychaeta; Ben-Dov, 1993: 162. Change of combination.



HOST: Bruniaceae: Berzelia lanuginosa [DeLott1974b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1974b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 162]; DeLott1974b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-211]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 45].

Lichtensia schini Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia schini Hempel, 1932: 320. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Lavras, on Schinus dependens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Filippia schini; Corseuil & Barbosa, 1971: 239. Change of combination.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Schinus dependens [Hempel1932].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Hempel1932]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 163]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; GomesC1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-322]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 134].

Lichtensia spanochaeta (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Filippia spanochaeta De Lotto, 1974b: 211. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Orange Free State, Ficksburg, on Aster filifolius. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Filippia spanochaeta; Ben-Dov, 1993: 163. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Aster filifolius [DeLott1974b, BenDov1993].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1974b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 163]; DeLott1974b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-214]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 45].

Lichtensia strigosa (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Filippia strigosa De Lotto, 1974b: 214. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Rustenburg, on unidentified grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Lichtensia strigosa; Ben-Dov, 1993: 163. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae [DeLott1974b, BenDov1993].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1974b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 163]; DeLott1974b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 45].

Lichtensia viburni Signoret

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia viburni Signoret, 1873: 28. Type data: FRANCE: Montpellier, on 'laurier-tin' [=Viburnum tinus]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Philippia hederae Lichtenstein, 1881: cxv. Nomen nudum.

Philippia viburni; Lichtenstein, 1881: cxv. Change of combination.

Coccus lentiscicola Mina Palumbo, 1882: 248. Type data: ITALY: Sicily, on Pistacia lentiscus. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Marotta, Russo & Ben-Dov, 2002: 42. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Lichtensia eatoni Newstead, 1895: 166. Type data: ALGERIA: Constantine, on olive. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 232.

Coccus lentiscicola; Salem, 1908: 221. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Rondani" as author.

Filippia oleae; Lindinger, 1912: 336. Misidentification.

Philippia oleae; Leonardi, 1920: 340. Misidentification.

Lichtensia rifana Balachowsky, 1931b: 215. Type data: MOROCCO: Beni-Hosmar Mountains, on Silene gibraltarica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 45.

Filippia rosmarini Goux, 1934: 321. Type data: FRANCE: Var, near Cuges, on Rosmarinus officinalis. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 45.

Filippia viburni; Balachowsky, 1935b: 264. Change of combination.

Philippia oleae; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1958b: 109. Misidentification.

COMMON NAMES: Viburnum cushion scale [KosztaKo1988F]; viburnum cushion scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) [Longo1987], Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) [Longo1987]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus insidiator Dalman [ArgyriStMo1976], Coccophagus lycimniae Walker [Longo1987]. Encyrtidae: Metaphycus philippiae Masi [Longo1987].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Pistacia lentiscus [MinaPa1882, Marott1987]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Marott1987], Ilex aquifolium [Terezn1981]. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [BenDov1975], Hedera [Cocker1895o], Hedera helix [Dougla1887b, Green1921, Green1928a, Rungs1948, BenDov1975, Hodgso1994a], Hedera helix [Green1928, Green1930, Marott1987]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum [Argyri1983, Marott1987], Viburnum tinus [Signor1873a, Green1930, GomezM1946, Marott1987]. Caryophyllaceae: Silene gibraltarica [Balach1931b]. Celastraceae: Euonymus japonicus [Hodgso1994a]. Ericaceae: Arbutus [Marott1987], Arbutus unedo [Terezn1981]. Lamiaceae: Rosmarinus [Hodgso1994a], Rosmarinus officinalis [Goux1934, Marott1987]. Myrtaceae: Myrtus communis [Marott1987]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [Marott1987], Olea [KozarPaPa1991], Olea europaea [BenDov1975, Marott1987, KozarPaPa1991, PellizPoSe2011], Phyllirea [Marott1987], Phyllirea latiforia [BenDov2012], Phyllirea media [Balach1927, Terezn1981, Marott1987]. Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus [Marott1987], Rhamnus palestina [BenDov1975]. Rosaceae: Prunus laurocerasus [Marott1987], Spiraea salicifolia [Marott1987]. Santalaceae: Osyris alba [KozarPaPa1991]. Ulmaceae: Celtis sinensis [Marott1987].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1927]; Austria [MatrahKo2008]; Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan [BenDov1993]); Bulgaria [PencheDr2000]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [Argyri1983, KozarPaPa1991, PellizPoSe2011]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Czech Republic [BenDov1993]; France [Signor1873, Foldi2000]; Georgia [BenDov1993]; Germany [BenDov1993]; Greece [ArgyriStMo1976, BenDov1993]; Ireland [BenDov1993, OConnoGeMa2013]; Israel [BenDov1993]; Italy [Marott1987]; Malta [HaberMi2007]; Morocco [Rungs1948]; Portugal [Seabra1941, FrancoRuMa2011]; Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Sicily [MinaPa1882, MarottRuBe2002]; Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Spain [Balach1935b, GomezM1946, GomezM1958c]; Turkey [CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine [BenDov1993] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [BenDov1993]); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Hodgso1994a], England [Green1920, Green1921, Green1928, Green1928a, Green1930], Wales [Cocker1895o]); Yugoslavia [BenDov1993].

BIOLOGY: Quaglia & Raspi (1979b) studied (as Philippia oleae) the ecology and life history on olive in Italy, Toscana. In Sicily, Italy, it develops two annual generations (Longo, 1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1975), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Tang (1992) and by Hodgson (1994a). Good description and illustration of the third-instar female nymph given by Ben-Dov (1975). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Ben-Dov (1975).

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 189 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 24]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 186]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 264]; BenDov1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-121]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 163-164]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26, 43]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 143]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-196]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 218]; Cocker1895o [taxonomy, host, distribution: 255]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Dougla1887b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 167-169]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 144-145]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 5,22]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-63]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 289-291]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 88]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; Goux1934 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 321-325]; Green1920 [host, distribution: 125-126]; Green1921 [host, distribution: 192]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 6]; Green1928a [host, distribution: 30-31]; Green1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15-16]; HaberMi2007 [host, distribution: 147-148]; Hadzib1983 [host, distribution, life history: 93]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 314-317]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaweck1965a [taxonomy, structure: 205-211]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 103]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-198]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 79]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 348-352]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 232,336]; Longo1987 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 173-177]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; LongoRu1988 [host, distribution: 515]; MalumpBa2012 [biological control, distribution: 21,38]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 104]; MarottRuBe2002 [taxonomy: 42]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 71]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 44]; MatrahKo2008 [host, distribution: 155]; MinaPa1882 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 248]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 206]; Newste1895 [taxonomy: 166]; Newste1903 [taxonomy]; OConnoGeMa2013 [distribution, host: 33, 35]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 61]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizFo1996 [host, distribution: 132]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 292,294,297]; PencheDr2000 [host, distribution: 264-268]; QuagliRa1979a [host, distribution, life history, biological control, ecology: 197-229]; Rehace1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219-221]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 36-37]; Rungs1948 [host, distribution: 115]; Salem1908 [taxonomy: 221]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 51]; Seabra1941 [distribution: 7]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 105]; Signor1873 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-29]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-56]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-110]; TranfaVi1987a [economic importance: 215-221]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 249-250]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; Vicido2007 [host, distribution: 1-7]; Whiteh1999b [host, distribution, biological control: 192]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 29].



Loemica Laing

NOMENCLATURE:

Loemica Laing, 1929a: 476. Type species: Loemica ghesquierei Laing, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Laing (1929a) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 164]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 317-320]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description: 476-477]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 111].

Loemica ghesquierei Laing

NOMENCLATURE:

Loemica ghesquierei Laing, 1929a: 477. Type data: ZAIRE: Kasai, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae [Laing1929a, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire [Laing1929a, Hodgso1994a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 164]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 317-320]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 477-478].



Luzulaspis Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Signoretia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 727. Type species: Aspidiotus luzulae Dufour, by monotypy. Homonym of Signoretia Stal, 1859, in Hemiptera.

Signorettia; Targioni Tozzetti, 1869: 699. Misspelling of genus name.

Signoretia; Signoret, 1872: 426.

Luzulaspis Cockerell, 1902a: 25. Replacement name for Signoretia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1957), Koteja (1978), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae. Tribe: Eriopeltini.

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 111-112 (female) [Key to Palaearctic Genera of the Subfamily Eriopeltinae based on adult females]; Tang 1991: 57 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 51 (female) [USA, California]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 200 (female) [Europe]; Kozar 1986: 173 (female) [Palearctic Region]; Kozar 1981a: 320 (female) [Hungary]; Tereznikova 1981 (female) [Ukraine]; Danzig 1980c (female) [USSR, Far East]; Kawai 1980: 140 (female) [Japan]; Koteja 1979a: 603-605 (Female) [World]; Koteja & Howell 1979: 334-335 (female) [America]; Koteja 1978: 315 (female) [Poland]; Koteja 1970: 230 (female) [Poland]; Danzig 1964 (female) [USSR]; Borchsenius 1957: 90, 119-120 (female) [Palaearctic Region]; Borchsenius 1952 (female) [USSR]; Green 1928a: 27 (female) [England].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 55-56]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 164-165]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 140-141]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description: 273-274]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 118-120]; Cocker1894v [taxonomy]; Cocker1902a [taxonomy, description: 25]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy, description: 638]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 247]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 713]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 143]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy: 420]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 51]; Goux1937a [taxonomy, description: 93-96]; Goux1939 [taxonomy, description: 63-76]; Green1928a [taxonomy: 27]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 17,61]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 320-323,543-544]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 140]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy: 105]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 199-200]; Koteja1964 [taxonomy: 178]; Koteja1969 [taxonomy: 35]; Koteja1969a [taxonomy: 7]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy, description: 321-324]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description: 586-605]; KotejaHo1979 [taxonomy, description: 334-335]; Kozar1981a [taxonomy, description: 320-321]; Kozar1986 [taxonomy: 173]; Kozar1991 [taxonomy: 82]; KozarOrKo1977 [taxonomy: 72]; LepageGi1944 [taxonomy: 302]; Lindin1939 [taxonomy: 38]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 112,183]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description]; Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 101,112]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 23-24]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 230]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 57]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 59]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, description: 727]; Targio1869 [taxonomy, description: 699]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy: 49]; Terezn1966 [taxonomy: 29]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy: 116]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 154].

Luzulaspis americana Koteja & Howell

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis americana Koteja & Howell, 1979: 335. Type data: U.S.A.: Georgia, Echols County, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: grass soft scale [HamonWi1984].



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Hydrocotyle [KotejaHo1979]. Poaceae [Koteja1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Georgia [KotejaHo1979, Koteja1979a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja & Howell (1979) and by Hamon & Williams (1984).

KEYS: Koteja 1979a: 605-606 (female) [USA]; Koteja & Howell 1979: 335-337 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 165]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 605-606]; KotejaHo1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 335-337].

Luzulaspis bisetosa Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis bisetosa Borchsenius, 1952: 277. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, near Ussurisk, on Carex sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Luzulaspis amabilis Kanda, 1960: 116. Type data: JAPAN: Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture, on Carex rugata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Koteja, 1979a: 625.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Koteja1979a, Danzig1980b], Carex nanella [Koteja1979a], Carex rugata [Kanda1960, Koteja1979a]. Juncaceae: Luzula [Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Koteja1979a]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Koteja1979a], Primor'ye Kray [Koteja1979a]); South Korea [Koteja1979a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1979a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 57 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 140 (female) [Japan]; Koteja 1979a: 625-626 (female) [Eastern Asia]; Borchsenius 1957: 120 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 165]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 277-278]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 126-128]; Danzig1967 [host, distribution: 141]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 15]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 249]; Kanda1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-118]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 323]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 625-628]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 550]; Takaha1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 58].

Luzulaspis borealis Koteja & Howell

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis borealis Koteja & Howell, 1979: 339. Type data: U.S.A.: Alaska, Mouth of Beluga River, Cook Inlet, on Carex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Carex [KotejaHo1979, Koteja1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alaska [KotejaHo1979, Koteja1979a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Koteja & Howell (1979).

KEYS: Koteja 1979a: 606-607 (female) [North America]; Koteja & Howell 1979: 339-342 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 165]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 606-607]; KotejaHo1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-342].

Luzulaspis caricicola (Lindinger)

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis caricis Takahashi, 1955: 37. Type data: JAPAN: Hikawa near Tokyo, on Carex brunnea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Homonym of Luzulaspis caricis (Ehrhorn).

Lecaniopsis caricicola Lindinger, 1957: 550. Replacement name for Luzulaspis caricis Takahashi, 1955.

Luzulaspis takahashii Koteja, 1979a: 623. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 165.

Luzulaspis takahshii; Tang, 1991: 60. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Koteja1979a], Carex brunnea [Koteja1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Koteja1979a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1979a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.4).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 57 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 140 (female) [Japan]; Koteja 1979a: 623-625 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 120 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 165-166]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 128]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 140]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 623-625]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 550]; Takaha1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-39]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 60-61].

Luzulaspis caricis (Ehrhorn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Exaeretopus caricis Ehrhorn, 1902: 193. Type data: USA: California, Mt. Shasta, on Carex breweri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Luzulaspis caricis; Koteja, 1978: 323. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: alpine sedge scale [Gill1988].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex breweri [KotejaHo1979, Koteja1979a]. Poaceae: Trisetum subspicatum [KotejaHo1979, Koteja1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [KotejaHo1979, Koteja1979a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja & Howell (1979) and by Gill (1988).

KEYS: Gill 1988: 51 (female) [USA, California]; Koteja 1979a: 607-608 (female) [USA, California]; Koteja & Howell 1979: 337-339 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 166]; Ehrhor1902 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 193]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 143]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-53]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 323]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 607-608]; KotejaHo1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 337-341].

Luzulaspis crassispina Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis crassispina Borchsenius, 1959: 171. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kingtung, on Carex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Carex [Borchs1959, Ali1971, Koteja1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Ali1971, Koteja1979a]).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 57 (female) [China]; Koteja 1979a: 628 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 56]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 166]; Borchs1959 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 171-172]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 323]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 628-629]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 58-59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 59]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154].

Luzulaspis dactylis Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis dactylis Green, 1928a: 24. Type data: ENGLAND: on the slopes above Chedddar Gorge, on Dactylis glomerata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Luzulaspis montana Schmutterer, 1955: 163. Type data: GERMANY: Maria Gern near Berchtesgaden, host plant not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: SENC. Described: female. Synonymy by Koteja, 1979a: 611.

COMMON NAMES: Green's soft scale [KosztaKo1988F]; green's soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [ZakOgaKo1964, Koteja1979a, Kozar1985, Kozar1986], Carex praecox [Koteja1979a]. Poaceae: Dactylis glomerata [Green1928a, Koteja1979a], Festuca pratensis [PodsiaKo1976]. Rubiaceae: Galium [Kozar1986], Galium molugo [Koteja1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Czech Republic [ZakOgaKo1964]; Germany [ZakOgaKo1964, Koteja1979a]; Greece [Kozar1985]; Italy [Koteja1979a, Marott1987]; Poland [ZakOgaKo1964, Koteja1979a, Koteja2000a]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [ZakOgaKo1964, Koteja1979a]); Slovakia [Koteja1979a]; United Kingdom (England [Green1928a, Koteja1979a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1979a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 200 (female) [Europe]; Koteja 1979a: 611-614 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 120 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Green 1928a: 24-25 (female) [England].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 166]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121-122,126]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, distribution: 111]; Green1928a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 107]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 200-201]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 323-324]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 611-614]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 202,204]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 174]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 105]; PodsiaKo1976 [host, distribution: 89]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 26]; Schmut1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; Schmut1955a [host, distribution: 99-100]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 427].

Luzulaspis erianthi Rehácek nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis erianthi Rehácek, 1954: 144. Nomen nudum; discovered by Koteja, 1978: 325.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: xxiv]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 82]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 325]; Rehace1954 [taxonomy: 144].

Luzulaspis frontalis Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis frontalis Green, 1928a: 25. Type data: ENGLAND: Kent, Bearstead near Maidstone, on Carex remota. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: long-headed soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Microterys rogenhoferi (Mayr) [Schmut1955b].

HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Koteja1979a, Kozar1986, KozarGuBa1994], Carex brizoides [Koteja1964, Koteja1966, Koteja1969a, Koteja1979a, Koteja1983a, KotejaZa1983, LagowsKo1996], Carex remota [Green1928a, Koteja1966, Koteja1979a]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium myrtillus [Koteja1966]. Juncaceae: Luzula nemorosa [Koteja1966], Luzula pilosa [Koteja1966, KozarGuBa1994]. Poaceae: Calamagrostis arundinacea [Koteja1966]. Ranunculaceae: Anemone nemorosa [Koteja1966].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Czech Republic; France [Koteja1966, Koteja1979a]; Germany [Koteja1966, Koteja1979a]; Hungary; Poland [Koteja1964, Koteja1966, Koteja1969a, Koteja1979a, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1984e, LagowsKo1996]; Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; United Kingdom (England [Green1928a, Koteja1966, Koteja1979a]).

BIOLOGY: The biology in Poland studied by Koteja (1966).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1966, 1979a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 200 (female) [Europe]; Koteja 1979a: 620-622 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 120 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Green 1928a: 25-27 (female) [England].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 166-167]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 141]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 128-129]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 298]; Green1928a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-27]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 162]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 14]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 108]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 201-202]; Koteja1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180-181]; Koteja1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 17-43]; Koteja1969a [host, distribution: 8]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 323]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 587-603,620-622]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 481]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 175]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 154]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32,35]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 21]; Rehace1957 [host, distribution: 16]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 25]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution, life history: 557-558]; Schmut1955a [host, distribution: 100]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 517]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, distribution: 51]; Simon2012 [description, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 269-281]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224].

Luzulaspis grandis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis frontalis; Borchsenius, 1939: 44. Misidentification.

Luzulaspis caucasica Borchsenius, 1952: 278. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Abkhazia, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1985: 122.

Luzulaspis grandis Borchsenius, 1952a: 279. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, Khasanski Region, on Carex sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Luzulaspis pieninica Koteja & Zak-Ogaza, 1966: 322. Type data: POLAND: Cisowa Skala in the Nowy Targ Valley, on Carex ornithopoda. Holotype female. Type depository: ISZP. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980c: 248.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [ZakOgaKo1964, Koteja1979a, Kozar1986], Carex digitata [Koteja1979a], Carex displata [Danzig1980b], Carex macrocephala [Danzig1980b], Carex ornithopoda [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1979a, KotejaZa1983]. Poaceae [Borchs1952a, Koteja1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Czech Republic [Koteja1979a]; Georgia [Koteja1979a] (Abkhaz ASSR [Koteja1979a]); Germany [ZakOgaKo1964, Koteja1979a, Schmut2000]; Poland [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, Koteja1979a, KotejaZa1983]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Koteja1979a]); Slovakia [KotejaZa1966].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja & Zak-Ogaza (1966) and by Koteja (1979a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 57 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 200 (female) [Europe]; Koteja 1979a: 629-631 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 120 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 167]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 279-280]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 129-132]; Danzig1967 [host, distribution: 141]; Danzig1977b [host, distribution: 39]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 248-249]; Danzig1985 [host, distribution: 111]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 108]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 205-206]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 323-324]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 629-637]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 322-326]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 481]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 175]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Schmut1955a [host, distribution: 99]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51]; Schmut2000 [host, distribution: 168]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 60]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 427].

Luzulaspis kosztarabi Koteja & Kozár

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis kosztarabi Koteja & Kozár, 1979: 121. Type data: HUNGARY: Tornanadaska, on Carex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female.

COMMON NAMES: Hungarian sedge scale [KosztaKo1988F]; hungarian sedge scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [KotejaKo1979, Koteja1979a, Kozar1986, KozarGuBa1994, Kozar1999a], Carex humilis [Kozar1986].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KotejaKo1979, Koteja1979a, Kozar1991, KozarDr1993, Kozar1999a]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994].

BIOLOGY: In Hungary, on Carex sp., adult females were present in July - August, and oviposition took place in August.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja & Kozar (1979) and by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 200 (female) [Europe]; Koteja 1979a: 622-623 (female) [Europe].

CITATIONS: KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 202-203]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 622-623]; KotejaKo1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121-125]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 175]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 139]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution: 74]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 154]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77].

Luzulaspis luzulae (Dufour)

NOMENCLATURE:

Aspidiotus luzulae Dufour, 1864: 208. Type data: FRANCE: Saint Sever, on Luzula maxima. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Notes: Type material lost (Koteja, 1979a).

Signoretia clypeata Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 727. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 167.

Signoretia luzulae; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 727. Change of combination.

Luzulaspis luzulae; Cockerell, 1902a: 25. Change of combination.

Luzulaspis (Luzulaspis) luzulae; Goux, 1937: 96.

COMMON NAME: woodrush soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Bellis perennis [Koteja1966a]. Cyperaceae: Carex [ZakOgaKo1964, Koteja1966a, Koteja1979a, Gavril2010], Carex glauca [KotejaZa1983], Carex ovalis [Green1917a, Koteja1979a, Hodgso1994a], Scirpus [Koteja1979a], Scirpus caespitosus [Koteja1979a]. Juncaceae: Juncus silvatica [Koteja1979a], Juncus squamosus [Hodgso1994a], Juncus squarrosus [Koteja1979a], Luzula [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1966a, KozarOrKo1977, Koteja1979a, Kozar1986], Luzula [Green1917a, Green1928a, Marott1987], Luzula campestris [Green1921, ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, Koteja1966a, Koteja1969a, Koteja1984e], Luzula campestris [Giliom1967, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1979a, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1983a], Luzula campestris [Green1927a, Green1928], Luzula capitata [Koteja1979a, Danzig1980b], Luzula maxima [Dufour1864], Luzula multiflora [Koteja1979a], Luzula nemorosa [Koteja1964, KozarOrKo1977, Koteja1979a], Luzula pilosa [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1966a, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1969a, Koteja1971a, Koteja1979a], Luzula silvatica [Koteja1979a]. Poaceae [Koteja1979a, Hodgso1994a], Agrostis [Koteja1966a], Nardus stricta [Koteja1966a], Sieglingia decumbens [Koteja1966a]. Rosaceae: Potentilla erecta [Koteja1966a]. Rubiaceae: Tortuella tortuosa [Koteja1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [Gavril2010]; Czech Republic [Koteja1979a]; Estonia [Koteja1979a]; France [Frogga1915, Koteja1979a]; Germany [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1966a, Koteja1979a]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977]; Italy [Marott1987]; Latvia [Rasina1955, Koteja1979a]; Poland [Koteja1964, ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1969a, Koteja1971a, LagowsKo1996]; Russia (Karelia AR [Koteja1979a], Kuril Islands, Sakhalin Oblast [Koteja1979a], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Koteja1979a]); Sweden [Gertss2001]; Ukraine [Koteja1979a] (Kiev Oblast); United Kingdom (England [Green1917a, Green1928a, KotejaZa1966, Koteja1966a, Koteja1979a], Scotland [Green1923d, Green1927a, Koteja1979a]).

BIOLOGY: In Central Europe develops one annual generation. Adults of both sexes appear at the end of June - early July; ovisacs are formed in early August; females develop on upper side of leaves, while the males on underside (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1979a), Tang (1992) and by Hodgson (1994a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 57 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 200 (female) [Europe]; Koteja 1979a: 614-618 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Green 1928a: 24 (female) [England].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 167-168]; BenDovGe2003 [taxonomy: 853]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 141]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 120-121]; Cocker1902a [taxonomy: 25]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 15]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 250]; Dufour1864 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 208-209]; Dziedz1988 [host, distribution: 96]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 143]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 420-421]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 39]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-88]; Green1917a [host, distribution: 210]; Green1921 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 197]; Green1923d [host, distribution: 213]; Green1927a [host, distribution: 57]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 6]; Green1928a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24,30]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-323]; Kaweck1938 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 206]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 162]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 14]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 105]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 204]; Koteja1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-180]; Koteja1966a [host, distribution: 50-51]; Koteja1969a [host, distribution: 8]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 324]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 323]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, ecology: 614-618]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 321]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 365]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 481]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 174]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95,132,170,207]; Lindin1939 [taxonomy: 38]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 21]; Marott1987 [taxonomy, description, life history: 105]; MarottTr1990 [host, distribution: 110]; Newste1892 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 142-144]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 70]; Rehace1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-222]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 24-25]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, distribution: 51]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 849,860]; Signor1872 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 427-429]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 727]; Terezn1963 [host, distribution: 189]; Terezn1963a [host, distribution: 49]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 29]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 118-119]; Wunn1937 [host, distribution: 24]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 427].

Luzulaspis macrospinus Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis macrospinus Savescu, 1985: 123. Type data: ROMANIA: Rupea, Brasov District, on oak. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female.



HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [Savesc1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 168]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-124].

Luzulaspis minima Koteja & Howell

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis minima Koteja & Howell, 1979: 339. Type data: USA: California, Tulare County, Eagle Lake, Mineral King, on Carex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: lesser sedge scale [Gill1988].



HOST: Cyperaceae: Carex [KotejaHo1979, Koteja1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [KotejaHo1979, Koteja1979a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja & Howell (1979) and by Gill (1988).

KEYS: Gill 1988: 51 (female) [USA, California]; Koteja 1979a: 608 (female) [USA, California]; Koteja & Howell 1979: 339 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 168]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-54]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 608]; KotejaHo1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 338-341].

Luzulaspis nemorosa Koteja

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis nemorosa Koteja, 1966a: 45. Type data: POLAND: Przegorzaly (Cracow), on Luzula nemorosa. Holotype female. Type depository: ISZP. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: Koteja's soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex nemorosa [Koteja1966a, Koteja1979a, KotejaZa1983]. Fagaceae: Fagus silvatica [Koteja1969a]. Juncaceae: Luzula nemorosa [KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1979a, KotejaZa1983, Kozar1986]. Poaceae: Deschampsia caespitosa [KozarKoAk1979, KozarTzVi1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979, Koteja1979a, Kozar1985]; Czech Republic [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1966a, Koteja1979a]; France [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1966a]; Germany [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1966a, Koteja1979a, Schmut2000]; Hungary [Koteja1979a, KozarDr1993, KozarKoFe2013]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1966a, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1969a, Koteja1979a, KotejaZa1983]; United Kingdom (England [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1966a, Koteja1979a, Hodgso1994a]).

BIOLOGY: A biparental species that develops one annual generation in Central Europe (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1966a, 1969).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 200 (female) [Europe]; Koteja 1979a: 618-619 (female) [Europe].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 168]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 107]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 204-205]; Koteja1966a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 45-53]; Koteja1969a [host, distribution: 8]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 324]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, ecology: 587-603,618-619]; Koteja1980 [taxonomy, structure: 74]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 321]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 366]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 481]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 202]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 174-175]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution: 74]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Schmut2000 [host, distribution: 167]; Simon2012 [description, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 269-281].

Luzulaspis rajae Kozár

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis rajae Kozár, 1981a: 318. Type data: HUNGARY: Szar, Vertes Mountains (Sozo), on Carex montana. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: Raja's soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOST: Cyperaceae: Carex montana [Kozar1981a, Kozar1986].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [Kozar1981a, KozarKoFe2013].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Hungary (Kozar, 1981a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kozar (1981a) and by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 200 (female) [Europe].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 169]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 206-207]; Kozar1981a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 318-320]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 174]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77].

Luzulaspis saueri Lepage & Giannotti

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis saueri Lepage & Giannotti, 1944: 302. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Cunha, on wild grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IBSP. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae [LepageGi1944].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 169]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 325]; LepageGi1944 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 302-305].

Luzulaspis scotica Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis scotica Green, 1926a: 179. Type data: SCOTLAND: Aberlady, Haddington, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Luzulaspis (Luzulaspis) scoticae; Goux, 1937: 96. Misspelling of species name.

Luzulaspis borchsenii Rehácek, 1959: 176. Type data: SLOVAK REPUBLIC: near River Morava, between Kuty and Devin, on Carex sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Prague: National Museum (Natural History), Department of Entomology, Czech Republic. Described: female. Synonymy by Koteja, 1979a: 609.

COMMON NAMES: Scottish soft scale [KosztaKo1988F]; scottish soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Koteja1969a, Koteja1979a, KotejaZa1983, Kozar1986], Carex fusca [KotejaZa1983], Carex gracilis [Koteja1979a], Carex remota [Green1928], Carex stellulata [KotejaZa1983], Eriophorum vaginatum [Koteja1979a]. Poaceae: Dactylis glomerata [Green1928].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Koteja1979a]; Germany [Schmut2000]; Hungary [Koteja1979a, KozarKoFe2013]; Poland [Koteja1969a, Koteja1979a, KotejaZa1983, LagowsKo1996]; Romania [Koteja1979a]; Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast [Koteja1979a], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Koteja1979a]); Slovakia [Koteja1979a]; Sweden [Koteja1979a, Gertss2001]; Ukraine; United Kingdom (England [Green1928, Koteja1979a], Scotland [Green1926a, Green1927a, Koteja1979a], Wales [Koteja1979a]).

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Central Europe; adults present in July-August, and oviposition takes place in Russia, St. Petersburg region in August (Danzig, 1959).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1979a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 200 (female) [Europe]; Koteja 1979a: 608-611 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 169]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 126]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 446]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1937a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96]; Green1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179]; Green1927a [host, distribution: 58]; Green1928 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 106]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 206-208]; Koteja1969a [host, distribution: 7]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 323-324]; Koteja1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 608-611]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 481]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 174]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32]; Ossian1951 [host, distribution: 6]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 197]; PodsiaKo1976 [host, distribution: 89]; Rehace1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-178]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 26-27]; Schmut2000 [host, distribution: 168]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 29]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 117-118].



Maacoccus Tao, Wong & Chang

NOMENCLATURE:

Maacoccus Tao, Wong & Chang, 1983: 71. Type species: Lecanium bicruciatus Green, by original designation.

Maacoccus; Kosztarab, Ben-Dov & Kosztarab, 1986: 9. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Tao & Wong" as authors.

Maacoccus; Ben-Dov, 1993: 170. Notes: Correct citation of "Tao, Wong & Chang" as authors.

Sharanococcus Avasthi, 1993: 74. Type species: Lecanium bicruciatum Green. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, Hodgson & Miller, 1997: 201. Notes: Objective synonym of Maacoccus Tao, Wong & Chang, by community of type species.

Maacoccus; Hodgson, 1994a: 324. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Tao & Wong" as authors.

Maacoccus; Ben-Dov, Hodgson & Miller, 1997: 201. Notes: Correct citation of "Tao, Wong & Chang" as authors.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Tao et al. (1983), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Hodgson & Martin (2001).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini. Maacoccus was described by Tao, Wong & Chang (1983) without any restriction of authorship. Later, C.C. Tao indicated in a letter to M. Kosztarab (see Kosztarab, Ben-Dov & Kosztarab, 1986) that the correct authorship of the five genera described in Tao et al. (1983) should be "Tao & Wong". However, according to the International Code on Zoological Nomenclature, authorship cannot be retrospectively restricted and so the published authorship, i.e. Tao, Wong & Chang, must stand.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 111 (female) [Asia]; Tao et al. 1983: 62 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: Avasth1993 [taxonomy: 74]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 170]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 201]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 324-327]; HodgsoMa2001 [taxonomy, description: 241-243]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 110-111]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 59]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 71].

Maacoccus arundinariae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium arundinariae Green, 1904d: 220. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Arundinaria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus arundinariae; Sanders, 1906: 8. Change of combination.

Maacoccus arundinariae; Tang, 1991: 111. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Arundinaria [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1904d).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 111 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 22]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 170]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 302]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 350]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 8]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 111-112]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 9].

Maacoccus bicruciatus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium bicruciatus Green, 1904d: 214. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Nothopegia colebrookiana. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 326. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Paralectotypes from Paradeniya, Watawella and Nuwera on Memecylon umbellatum, Nothopegia colebrookiana, Elaeagnus latifolia, Calophyllum sp. and Eugenia sp.

Coccus bicruciatus; Sanders, 1906: 8. Change of combination.

Coccus bicurciatus; Tao, 1978: 80. Misspelling of species name.

Maacoccus bicruciatus; Tao et al., 1983: 71. Change of combination.

Sharanococcus bicruciatus; Avasthi, 1993: 74. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [Mamet1954], Mangifera indica [Ramakr1930, Mamet1956, DeLott1957c, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Nothopegia [Hodgso1994a], Nothopegia colebrookiana [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]. Capparidaceae: Capparis mitohrili [AvasthSh1991, Avasth1993]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [Green1904d, Ali1971]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus latifolia [Green1904d, Ali1971]. Melastomataceae: Memecylon umbellatum [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Green1904d, Mamet1956, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [DeLott1957c, Hodgso1994a], Murraya exotica [Ferris1921a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1957c, Hodgso1994a]; Zanzibar [Mamet1956, DeLott1957c, Hodgso1994a]. Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, Hodgso1994a] (Tamil Nadu [AvasthSh1991]); Sri Lanka [Green1904d, Ferris1921a, Green1937, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Pundaluoya); Taiwan [Ferris1921a, Ali1971].

BIOLOGY: Individuals feed on the upper surface midribs of their host. (Martin & Lau, 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1956), De Lotto (1957c), Tao et al. (1983) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 111 (female) [Asia]; Tao et al. 1983: 71 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 22]; Avasth1993 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 74,76]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 331-334]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 170]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 201]; DeLott1957c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 299-300]; Ferris1921a [host, distribution: 212]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 301]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324-327]; Mamet1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134-137]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 35]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 50]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 8]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 50]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 341]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 53]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 112-113]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 80]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 59]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-72]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 11]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 169,191].

Maacoccus cinnamomicolus (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus cinnamomicolus Takahashi, 1952: 13. Type data: WEST MALAYSIA: Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, on Cinnamomum sp.; collected R. Takahashi, 26 April, 1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Martin, 2001: 249. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 1955812. Described: female. Illust.

Maacoccus cinnamomicolus; Tang, 1991: 113. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Takaha1952, Ali1971]. Rosaceae: Prunus polystachya [HodgsoMa2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971]; Singapore [HodgsoMa2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, third-instar female and first-instar nymph by Hodgson & Martin (2001).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 111 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 23]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 170]; HodgsoMa2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-249]; Takaha1952 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-14]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 113]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 16].

Maacoccus piperis namunakuli (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium piperis namunakuli Green, 1922a: 1024. Type data: SRI LANKA: Namunakuli Hill, Badulla, on Piper sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus namunakuli; Ali, 1971: 27. Change of combination and rank.

Coccus piperis namunakuli; Varshney, 1985: 26. Change of status.

Maacoccus piperis namunakuli; Ben-Dov, 1999: x. Change of combination.



HOST: Piperaceae: Piper [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 27]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 86]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1024]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 301]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 33]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 37].

Maacoccus piperis piperis (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium piperis Green, 1896: 10. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on wild pepper. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus piperis; Fernald, 1903b: 173. Change of combination.

Coccus piperis piperis; Varshney, 1985: 26. Change of status.

Maacoccus piperis; Tang, 1991: 113. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Piperaceae: Piper [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]. Rubiaceae: Psychotria [Green1904d, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 111 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 27-28]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 170-171]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 173]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 10]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-211]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 301]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 113-114]; Varshn1985a [host, distribution: 26]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 37].

Maacoccus scolopiae (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus scolopiae Takahashi, 1933: 35. Type data: TAIWAN: Garambi near Koshun, on Scolopia oldhami. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Maacoccus scolopiae; Tao et al., 1983: 72. Change of combination.



HOST: Flacourtiaceae: Scolopia oldhami [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tao et al. (1983) and by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 111 (female) [Asia]; Tao et al. 1983: 71 (female) [Taiwan ].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 28]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 171]; Takaha1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 81]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 59]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 43]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170].

Maacoccus watti (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium watti Green, 1900c: 6. Type data: INDIA: Assam, on tea plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus watti; Fernald, 1903b: 174. Change of combination.

Saissetia watti; Ali, 1971: 45. Change of combination.

Maacoccus watti; Tang, 1991: 115. Change of combination.

Sharanococcus watti; Avasthi, 1993: 74. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Rutaceae: Citrus [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Theaceae: Camellia [ShafeeYoKh1989], Camellia sinensis [Green1900c, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Assam [Green1900c, Ali1971, AvasthSh1991], West Bengal [Ali1971, AvasthSh1991]).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 111 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 45-46]; Avasth1993 [taxonomy: 74]; AvasthSh1991 [host, distribution: 345]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 171]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 174]; Green1900c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-7]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 55]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 115]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 344]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 48].



Magnococcus Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Magnococcus Granara de Willink, 1999: 104. Type species: Magnococcus cestri Granara de Willink, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 25 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 104].

Magnococcus berberis Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Magnococcus berberis Granara de Willink, 1999: 105. Type data: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, San Antonio de Areco, on Berberis ruscifolia [="uvilla"]. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Castelar: Departamento de Patologia Vegetal, INTA, C.C. no. 25, Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Berberidaceae: Berberis ruscifolia [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Catamarca [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 105 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-107].

Magnococcus campomanesiae (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium campomanesiae Hempel, 1900a: 447. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Campomanesia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Mesolecanium campomanesiae; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.

Magnococcus campomanesiae; Granara de Willink, 2012: 3-4. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Campomanesia [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description in Spanish and illustration in Granara de Willink, 2012.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 179]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 452]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 255]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 175]; Granar2012 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 3-4]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 447-448]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 218-219]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 136-137].

Magnococcus cestri Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Magnococcus cestri Granara de Willink, 1999: 107. Type data: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, on Cestrum parqui. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Rutaceae: Citrus reticulata [Granar1999]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [Granar1999], Cestrum parqui [Granar1999], Cestrum putens [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Misiones [Granar1999], Santa Fe [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 105 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109].

Magnococcus pseudosemen (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium pseudosemen Cockerell, 1895s: 202. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Mesolecanium pseudosemen; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.

Magnococcus pseudosemen; Granara de Willink, 2012: 4-5. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [SilvadGoGa1968]. Rutaceae: Citrus [CorseuBa1971]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [SilvadGoGa1968], Solanum paniculatum [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais [Cocker1897r], Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo [Cocker1895s, Iherin1897]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description in Spanish and illustration in Granara de Willink, 2012.

SYSTEMATICS: Magnococcus pseudosemen has few marginal tubular ducts in abdominal segments, tibio-tarsal sclerosis and structures measures are greater than M. campomanesiae. campomanesiae

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 183]; Cocker1895s [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 202-203]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Cocker1897r [taxonomy, host, distribution: 70]; Cocker1902k [host, distribution: 452]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 176]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 444-445]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 406]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 138-139].



Mallococcus Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Mallophora Maskell, 1897a: 314. Type species: Mallophora sinensis Maskell, by monotypy. Homonym. Notes: Homonym of Mallophora Macquart, Diptera: Asylidae.

Mallococcus Maskell, 1898: 242. Replacement name for Mallophora Maskell, 1897.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Morrison & Morrison (1922), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae. Borchsenius (1959a: 841) assigned this genus to the Lecanodiaspididae, while MacGillivray (1921), Morrison & Morrison (1922), Ferris (1955c), Lambdin & Kosztarab (1973 and Hodgson (1994a) regarded Mallococcus a genus in the Coccidae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 172-173]; Borchs1959a [taxonomy: 840-841]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 142]; Ferris1955c [taxonomy, description: 30]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 330-333]; LambdiKo1973 [taxonomy: 4]; LambdiKo1973a [taxonomy, description: 53-68]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description: 314]; Maskel1898 [taxonomy, description: 242]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description: 66-69]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 114]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 238-239]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 14-15]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 59].

Mallococcus sinensis (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Mallophora sinensis Maskell, 1897a: 314. Type data: HONG KONG: on Callicarpa tomentosa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1973a: 55. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Mallococcus sinensis; Maskell, 1898: 242. Change of combination.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Callicarpa tomentosa [Ferris1950a, Ferris1955c].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [Ferris1955c]. Palaearctic: China [Ferris1921a, Ferris1955c, Hodgso1994a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 173]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 31]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 142]; Ferris1921a [host, distribution: 212]; Ferris1955c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30,34]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 330-333]; Hodgso1995a [taxonomy, structure: 57-65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; LambdiKo1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-67]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 35]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 314-315]; Maskel1898 [taxonomy: 242-243]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-69]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 59].

Mallococcus vitecicola Young in Wan et al.

NOMENCLATURE:

Mallococcus vitecicola Young in Wan et al., 1985: 267. Type data: CHINA: Peng Ze, Jiangxi, on Vitex rotundifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia capillaris [WanWaYo1985], Tagetes erecta [WanWaYo1985]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [WanWaYo1985]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus syriacus [WanWaYo1985]. Poaceae: Bromus japonicus [WanWaYo1985]. Rosaceae: Rosa chinensis [WanWaYo1985]. Verbenaceae: Vitex rotundifolia [WanWaYo1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.

BIOLOGY: Wan et al. (1985) presented data on the biology, phenology, natural enemies and control.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wan et al. (1985).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Regarded a pest of the medical herb, Vitex rotundifolia in China (Wan et al., 1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 173]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16-17]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 59-60]; WanWaYo1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267-272].



Mametia Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Mametia Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 44. Type species: Mametia louisieae Matile-Ferrero, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Matile-Ferrero (1978) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 173-174]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 333-336]; Matile1978 [taxonomy, description: 44-45]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 61-62].

Mametia grandis (Green & Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceronema grandis Green & Laing, 1924: 417. Type data: KENYA: on native plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Mametia grandis; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 44. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Cassia [Almeid1973b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b]; Kenya [GreenLa1924, Hodgso1967c].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1967c).

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 1]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 174]; GreenLa1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 417-418]; Hodgso1967c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 45].

Mametia louisieae Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Mametia louisieae Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 45. Type data: COMORES: Grande Comore, route de M'Vouni, on Eugenia caryophyllata. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eugenia caryophyllata [Matile1978, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros [Hodgso1994a] (Grand Comores).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1978) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 174]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 334-336]; Matile1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45].



Marsipococcus Cockerell & Bueker

NOMENCLATURE:

Marsipococcus Cockerell & Bueker, 1930: 7. Type species: Lecanium marsupiale Green, by monotypy.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 116 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 174]; CockerBu1930 [taxonomy, description: 7]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description: 210]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 336-340]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 116]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 116].

Marsipococcus durbanensis (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium durbanense Brain, 1920a: 8. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on leaves of undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Coccus durbanensis; De Lotto, 1959: 158. Change of combination.

Marsipococcus durbanensis; De Lotto, 1967b: 785. Change of combination.



HOST: Zamiaceae: Encephalartos horridus [DeLott1967b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1959, DeLott1967b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 174]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-9]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-160]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 785-786,803]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 20].

Marsipococcus iceryoides (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceronema iceryoides Green, 1922a: 1029. Type data: SRI LANKA: Putalam, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Marsipococcus iceryoides; Tang, 1991: 116. Change of combination.

Ceronema iceryoides; Ben-Dov, Hodgson & Miller, 1997: 200. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 116 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 20]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 18]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 200]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1029-1030]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 310]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-117].

Marsipococcus marsupialis (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium marsupiale Green, 1904d: 212. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Piper nigrum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 339. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Paralectotypes from SRI LANKA, Rambukkana and Matale on Piper nigrum, Piper spp., Pothos scandens and Annona sp.

Coccus marsupialis; Sanders, 1906: 8. Change of combination.

Marsipococcus marsupialis; Cockerell & Bueker, 1930: 7. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona [Green1904d, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971]. Araceae: Pothos scandens [Green1904d, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Ramakr1930]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot glazioui [Lindin1913a]. Moraceae: Ficus retusa [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Piperaceae: Piper [Ramakr1919a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, Hodgso1994a], Piper nigrum [Ramakr1930, Green1937, DeLott1965a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, Hodgso1994a], Piper nigrum [Green1904d, Green1908a]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania. Oriental: India [Green1908a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Idukki Distr., Kerala; Calicut, Kerala.) (Tamil Nadu [KrishnMa2002]); Malaysia [Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Green1904d, Green1937, DeLott1965a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Matale; Peradeniya.); Thailand [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1965a), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 116 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 27]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 174-175]; CockerBu1930 [taxonomy: 7]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-213]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-213]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 30]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 302]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 336-339]; KrishnMa2002 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 120-126]; Lindin1913 [host, distribution: 82]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 349]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 48]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 8]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 51]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-118]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 31].

Marsipococcus proteae (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium proteae Brain, 1920a: 7. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Protea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus proteae; De Lotto, 1959: 168. Change of combination.

Marsipococcus proteae; De Lotto, 1967b: 786. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Proteaceae: Protea [Brain1920a, DeLott1959], Protea cafra [DeLott1967b], Protea cynaroides [DeLott1967b], Protea neriifolia [DeLott1967b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1959, DeLott1967b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 175]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-170]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 786-787,804]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 38].



Megalecanium Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Megalecanium Hempel, 1920b: 352. Type species: Megalecanium testudinis Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.

Megalolecanium Lindinger, 1937: 189. Unjustified emendation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Saissetiini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 175]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description: 352]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 340-343]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 189]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 117-118].

Megalecanium testudinis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Megalecanium testudinis Hempel, 1920a: 352. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cantareira near Sao Paulo, on bark of 'cambara preto' and 'cambara branco'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Lantana [SilvadGoGa1968, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hodgso1994a] (Cantareira)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 175]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-354,376-377]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 340-343]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 147]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 135-136].



Megalocryptes Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Megalocryptes Takahashi, 1942b: 20. Type species: Megalocryptes buteae Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

KEYS: Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero 2002: 113 (female) [Genera of the world].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 33]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 175]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 343-346]; HodgsoMa2002 [taxonomy: 113]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description: 20]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 119].

Megalocryptes bambusicola (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium bambusicola Green, 1930c: 285. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock, on Bambusa nana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Megalocryptes bambusicola; Ali, 1971: 34. Change of combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Encyrtus ludmilae Sugonyaev [Sugony1999].

HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa nana [Green1930c, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c, Ali1971]); Vietnam [Sugony1999].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 34]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 175]; Green1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280,285-287]; Sugony1999 [host, distribution, biological control: 453-456].

Megalocryptes buteae Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Megalocryptes buteae Takahashi, 1942b: 20. Type data: THAILAND: Chiengmai, on Ziziphus jujuba. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 344. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female. Notes: Paralectotypes from Bangkok, Chiengmai, Lampoon and Mt. Sutep, on Butea frondosa, Ziziphus jujuba, Sesbania glandiflora, mango, Quercus sp. and bamboo.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Takaha1942b, Ali1971]. Fabaceae: Butea frondosa [Takaha1942b, Ali1971], Sesbania glandiflora [Ali1971, Tang1991]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Takaha1942b, Ali1971]. Poaceae: Bambusa [Takaha1942b]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Ali1971, Hodgso1994a], Ziziphus jujuba [Takaha1942b].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Chiengmai). Palaearctic: China.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 175-176]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-346]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-22]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-120].



Megapulvinaria Yang

NOMENCLATURE:

Megapulvinaria Yang, 1982: 162. Type species: Pulvinaria maxima Green, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: Body elongate oval to broad oval; stigmatic clefts distinct. Eyespots generally displaced onto dorsum (marginal on M. maxima). Anal plates together quadrate, each plate with 2 spinose and/or truncate setae along inner margin, a similar seta on apex and a spinose seta present. Antennae 7-9 (mostly 8) segmented. Legs well-developed, each with a tibio-tarsal articulation and an articulatory sclerosis, each claw with a denticle on the widest part.(Wang & Feng, 2012b)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 176]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 346-349]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 275]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 60]; WangFe2012b [taxonomy: 59-68]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 162].

Megapulvinaria beihaiensis Wang & Feng

NOMENCLATURE:

Megapulvinaria beihaiensis Wang & Feng, 2012b: 64-67. Type data: CHINA: Guangxi, Beihai, Haibin Park., 7/26/2010, on Cinnamomum sp., by Bin Zhang. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Shaanxi: Entomological Museum of the Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Baishui, Shaanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lauraceae: Cinnamomum sp. [WangFe2012b]

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [WangFe2012b]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Wang & Feng, 2012b)

STRUCTURE: Adult female yellowish brown or dark brown, elongate oval and with a longitudinal dorsal ridge in dorsal straight median area. (Wang & Feng, 2012b)

SYSTEMATICS: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:56E4CA5F-6C56-431C-AD2B-6 A54776BC16B This species resembles M. maskelli (Olliff) in having: (1) dorsal reticulations on the anal plates, and (2) 2 types of marginal setae of about same length. However, M. beihaiensis can be distinguished by following features (character states of M. maskelli in brackets): (1) more than 3 stigmatic spines in each stigmatic cleft (only 3); (2) having dorsal tubular ducts (absent); (3) lacking preopercular pores (present); (4) eyespots displaced onto the dorsum (on the margin); and (5) the marginal setae of much broader basal socket often present between stigmatic clefts (absent). (Wang & Feng, 2012b)

CITATIONS: WangFe2012b [description, distribution, host, host, structure, taxonomy: 64-67].

Megapulvinaria burkilli (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria burkilli Green, 1908a: 31. Type data: INDIA: Siugaing near Calcutta, on Croton tiglium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Megapulvinaria burkilli; Avasthi & Shafee, 1991b: 23. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Croton [Ramakr1930], Croton tiglius [Green1908a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Newste1917b], Ziziphus jujuba [Ramakr1919a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Green1908a, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, AvasthSh1991b, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Tamil Nadu [Ali1971], West Bengal [Ali1971]).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 50]; AvasthSh1991b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 176]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-32]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 129]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 28]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 348]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 38]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 344].

Megapulvinaria maskelli (Olliff)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria maskelli Olliff, 1891: 667. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, host plant not indicated. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 132. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.

Signoretia atriplicis Maskell, 1892: 23. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Wentworth, on Atriplex sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 132. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Synonymy by Maskell, 1894b: 80.

Pulvinaria maskelli spinosior Maskell, 1894b: 78. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on Frenela robusta. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 132. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992: 132.

Pulvinaria nuytsiae Maskell, 1897: 313. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Perth, on Nuytsia floribunda. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 132. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992.

Ctenochiton nuytsiae Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, on Nuytsia floribunda. Syntypes, male. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: male. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992: 132.

Ctenochiton nuytsiae minor Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Nomen nudum.

Pulvinaria maskelli viminariae Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Perth, on Viminaria denudata and Hakea ilicifolia. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992: 132. Notes: Type material probably lost (Qin & Gullan, 1992).

Pulvinaria maskelli nuytsiae; Cockerell, 1899a: 394. Change of status.

Pulvinaria maskelli nuytsiae; Fernald, 1903: 136. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Maskell" as author.

Pulvinaria newmani Froggatt, 1915: 417. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Harvey District, on Jacksonia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 132. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992.

Pulvinaria maskelli novemarticulata Green, 1915d: 48. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Mallee, on Hymenanthera dentata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 132. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992: 132.

Pulvinaria daveyi Froggatt, 1923: 162. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Bright, on Callitris sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992: 132. Notes: Type material probably lost (Qin & Gullan, 1992)

Pulvinaria maskelli; Ben-Dov, 1993: 269. Revived combination.

Megapulvinaria maskelli; Hodgson, 1994a: 347. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex nummularia [Olliff1891, QinGu1992], Atriplex rhagodioides [QinGu1992], Atriplex stipitata [QinGu1992], Atriplex vesicaria [Olliff1892, QinGu1992], Rhagodia hastata [Olliff1892, QinGu1992], Rhagodia obovata [QinGu1992], Rhagodia spinesens [QinGu1992], Salicornia [QinGu1992]. Cupressaceae: Callitris canescens [QinGu1992], Callitris robusta [Maskel1894b, QinGu1992]. Euphorbiaceae: Beyeria viscosa [QinGu1992], Leichhardtia [QinGu1992]. Fabaceae: Gastrolobium bilobum [QinGu1992], Jacksonia [Frogga1915, QinGu1992], Oxylobium lanceolatum [QinGu1992], Viminaria denudata [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899]. Loranthaceae: Nuytsia floribunda [Maskel1897a, Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, QinGu1992]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum [QinGu1992]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [QinGu1992]. Proteaceae: Hakea ilicifolia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, QinGu1992]. Santalaceae: Santalum spicatum [QinGu1992]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea [QinGu1992]. Sapotaceae: Bassia [QinGu1992]. Solanaceae: Lycium australe [QinGu1992]. Violaceae: Hymenanthera [QinGu1992], Hymenanthera dentata [Frogga1915, Green1915d]. Zamiaceae: Macrozamia [Fuller1897b].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Frogga1915, QinGu1992] (New South Wales [QinGu1992], South Australia [QinGu1992], Victoria [Green1915d, QinGu1992], Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899, Frogga1915, QinGu1992]).

BIOLOGY: Olliff (1892) observed that the male requires about 63 days from the time of its hatching to attain maturity, and the female an additional fifteen days before they form their ovisacs.

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration (as Pulvinaria maskelli) in Qin & Gullan, 1992.

STRUCTURE: Adult female after oviposition transversely shrivelled, brown or dark brown, fiarly convex with a longitudinal ridge in middle and numerous transversely shallow lines. Body elongate oval to broadly oval. (Qin & Gullan, 1992)

SYSTEMATICS: M. maskelli, currently only known from the Australian region, is the only non-Oriental species in this genus and has some distinctive characteristics within Megapulvinaria. It differs from other species in having: (1) only 3 stigmatic spines in each stigmatic cleft; (2) eyespots located on margin; and (3) the discal setae possibly on outer margin of anal plates. (Wang & Feng, 2012)

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 269-270]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; Cocker1899a [distribution: 394]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 27,30,32]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 135-136]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 415-417]; Frogga1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132]; Fuller1897b [host, distribution: 1345]; Fuller1899 [host, distribution: 458]; Green1915d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-24]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 76-80]; Maskel1895a [host, distribution: 18]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313-314]; Olliff1891 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 667]; Olliff1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-179]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-137].

Megapulvinaria maxima (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria maxima Green, 1904a: 206. Type data: JAVA: Buitenzorg [Bogor], on Erythrina sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 112. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pulvinaria thespesiae Green, 1909a: 259. Type data: SRI LANKA: Jaffna, on Thespesia populnea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1935: 10.

Eriochiton formosae Takahashi, 1929: 64. Type data: TAIWAN: Taito, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1935: 10.

Megapulvinaria maxima; Yang, 1982: 162. Change of combination.

Macropulvinaria maxima; Tao et al., 1983: 87. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria maxima maxima; Varshney, 1985: 25. Change of status.

Pulvinaria maxima thespesiae; Varshney, 1985: 25. Change of status.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [Hodgso1994a]. Annonaceae: Annona [Takaha1942b, Ali1971]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Codiaeum variegatum [CockerRo1915a, Ali1971], Croton tiglium [Green1937, Ali1971], Glochidion [Ali1971], Glochidion callicarpa [TaoWoCh1983], Homonoia riparia [Morris1920, Ali1971], Jatropha [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Jatropha curcas [Morris1920, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a], Jatropha pendurifolia [Varshn1984a], Phyllanthus takaoensis [Takaha1935, Ali1971]. Fabaceae: Erythrina [WilliaWa1990, Hodgso1994a], Erythrina lithosperma [Green1904a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971], Samanea saman [Morris1920, Ali1971]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Sida [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Thespesia populnea [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971], Thespesia populnea [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Melastomataceae: Medinilla [WilliaWa1990]. Meliaceae: Melia [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Moraceae: Morus [Ali1971], Morus acidosa [Takaha1935, Ali1971], Morus alba [ShafeeYoKh1989, TaoWoCh1983]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Hodgso1994a]. Peperomiaceae: Peperomia [Green1922]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Morris1920, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, DanzigKo1990]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DanzigKo1990]. Rutaceae: Citrus paradisi [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria [Ali1971], Boehmeria frutescens [Takaha1935, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Truk Islands). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Green1904a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea. Oriental: India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, Hodgso1994a, DanzigKo1990] (Karaikal [Ali1971], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971], Uttar Pradesh [Ali1971], West Bengal [Ali1971]); Philippines [CockerRo1915a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Luzon [Ali1971]); Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Green1922, Green1937, Ali1971, DanzigKo1990]; Taiwan [Ali1971, DanzigKo1990, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tao et al. (1983), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: Adult female body elongate oval, about 4.2–6.2 mm long and 2.7–3.8 mm wide. Anal cleft approximately 1/7 of the body length. Stigmatic clefts deep (Wang & Feng, 2012b) See colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to M. burkilli (Green), but it can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (character states of M. burkilli in brackets): (1) the much larger body size in comparison to the latter (4 mm long, 2 mm wide); and (2) with well-developed dermal areolations present (absent). (Wang & Feng, 2012b)

KEYS: Tao et al. 1983: 87 (female) [Taiwan]; Beardsley 1966: 491 (female) [Micronesia]; Green 1909a: 258 (female) [Ceylon].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 50-51]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 491-493]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 176-177]; CockerRo1915a [host, distribution: 427]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 44]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Green1904a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 465]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 308]; Hodgso1994 [taxonomy: 171-172]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 346-349]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183]; NakaoTaTa1977 [host, distribution: 61-68]; PuttarCh1953a [chemical control: 87-95]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 624]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 6]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 66]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53]; SharmaMa1991 [host, distribution, economic importance: 61-68]; Sohi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 111]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 344-345]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61,64-67]; Takaha1934 [host, distribution: 34,35]; Takaha1935 [host, distribution: 10]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 30]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 276-277]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 81-82]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 60]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 50]; Varshn1984a [host, distribution: 141]; Varshn1985a [host, distribution: 25]; Varshn1994 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 344-345]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 174]; WangFe2012b [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 61-64]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14,52]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155,159,160,162].

Megapulvinaria orientalis (Reyne)

NOMENCLATURE:

Filippia orientalis Reyne, 1963: 30. Type data: THAILAND: Pi-Mai, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands. Described: female, male and first instar.

Lichtensia orientalis; Tang, 1991: 54. Change of combination.

Megapulvinaria orientalis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 177. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 54-55]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 177]; Reyne1963 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-39]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-55].



Megasaissetia Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia (Megasaissetia) Cockerell, 1901e: 32. Type species: Lecanium (Saissetia) inflatum Cockerell & Parrott, by monotypy and original designation.

Megasaissetia; Fernald, 1903b: 207. Change of status.

Megalosaissetia Lindinger, 1937: 189. Unjustified emendation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini.

KEYS: Kondo 2013: 40-41 (female) [Key to genera of the Toumeyella-group based on adult females]; Kondo 2011: 3-4 (female) [Key to genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on adult females]; Kondo & Williams 2009: 13-14 (female) [Genera of New World Myzolecaniinae].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 177]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy, description: 33]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 207]; GullanSt1996 [taxonomy: 310]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 349-351]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; Kondo2013 [taxonomy: 41]; KondoWi2009 [taxonomy: 13-14]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 189]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 118].

Megasaissetia brasiliensis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Megasaissetia brasiliensis Hempel, 1912: 68. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Alto da Serra, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 177]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69]; Sassce1915 [catalogue: 33].

Megasaissetia inflata (Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Saissetia) inflatum Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell, 1899n: 13. Type data: MEXICO: Coatzocoalcos in Vera Cruz, on a tree called 'laurel'. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Saissetia (Megasaissetia) inflata; Cockerell, 1901e: 32.

Megasaissetia inflata; Fernald, 1903b: 207. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1901e, Hodgso1994a] (Veracruz [Cocker1899n]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 177]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13]; Cocker1901e [host, distribution: 32]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 207]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 349-351]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 226].

Megasaissetia nectandrae Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Megasaissetia nectandrae Hempel, 1918: 203. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, on Nectandra sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Lauraceae: Nectandra [Hempel1918].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 177]; Hempel1918 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-205].



Melanesicoccus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Melanesicoccus Williams & Watson, 1990: 113. Type species: Melanesicoccus kleinhoviae Williams & Watson, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 113 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 178]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 351-354]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,113].

Melanesicoccus kleinhoviae Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Melanesicoccus kleinhoviae Williams & Watson, 1990: 116. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Milne Bay Province, on Kleinhovia hospita. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Kleinhovia hospita [WilliaWa1990, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Hodgso1994a] (Milne Bay Province).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 113 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 178]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-354]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-116].

Melanesicoccus myrmecariae Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Melanesicoccus myrmecariae Williams & Watson, 1990: 116. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Malaita Province, Malaita, Baunani, on bark of 'be-be-ro' in galleries of Iridomyrmex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands.

BIOLOGY: Found in galleries of an ant, Iridomyrmex sp. (Williams & Watson, 1990).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 113 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 178]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-118].

Melanesicoccus solomonensis Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Melanesicoccus solomonensis Williams & Watson, 1990: 118. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal Province, Guadalcanal, on Acalypha sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 113 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 178]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-119].



Membranaria Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Membranaria Brain, 1920a: 41. Type species: Membranaria pretoriae Brain, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by De Lotto (1970b) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 178]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 41]; DeLott1970b [taxonomy, description: 147-149]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 354-357]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 118]; Pelliz2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 101]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7].

Membranaria ceylonica (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis ceylonica Green, 1922a: 1026. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pattipola, on grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Pellizzari & Fontana, 2002: 133. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Membranaria ceylonica; Pellizzari & Fontana, 2002: 133. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971], Sorghum [PellizFo2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989]; Pakistan [PellizFo2002]; Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 55]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 156]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1026-1027]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 313]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133-134]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 52]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 23]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25]; Venkat1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 850].

Membranaria pretoriae Brain

NOMENCLATURE:

Membranaria pretoriae Brain, 1920a: 41. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae [Brain1920a, DeLott1970b, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1970b, Hodgso1994a] (Pretoria, Union Buildings.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1970b) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 178]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41]; DeLott1970b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-150]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 355-357].

Membranaria sacchari (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis sacchari Takahashi, 1928: 345. Type data: TAIWAN: Kori, Taichu, on Saccharum officinarum and Miscanthus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Membranaria sacchari; Pellizzari & Fontana, 2002: 134. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Miscanthus [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Saccharum officinarum [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tao et al. (1983).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 55]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 159-160]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 134]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 345-347]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 67]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 82]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 59]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-92]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154].



Mesembryna De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Mesembryna De Lotto, 1979a: 245. Type species: Mesembryna fasciata De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by De Lotto (1979a) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 178]; DeLott1979a [taxonomy, description: 245-246]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 358-360].

Mesembryna fasciata De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Mesembryna fasciata De Lotto, 1979a: 246. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Bitterfontein, on Mesembryanthemum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum [DeLott1979a, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1979a, Hodgso1994a] (Cape Province, Bitterfontein.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1979a) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 179]; DeLott1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-247]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 358-360].



Mesolecanium Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Mesolecanium Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Type species: Lecanium nocturnum fasciata Cockerell & Parrott, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hamon & Williams (1984), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1996) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini.

KEYS: Williams, Hodgson & Danzig 2002: 112 (female) [world]; Granara de Willink 1999: 25 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 179]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy, description: 451]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 174]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 109-110]; Granar2012 [structure, taxonomy: 1-33]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 17,63]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 361-363]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 353]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; Morris1929 [taxonomy: 39]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 119]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 284]; WilliaHoDa2002 [taxonomy: 112]; WilliaHoDa2002 [taxonomy: 112].

Mesolecanium argaformis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Mesolecanium argaformis Hempel, 1920a: 346. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cantareira near Sao Paulo, on bark of 'canella poca'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 179]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 346-348,370-371].

Mesolecanium baccharidis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium baccharidis Cockerell, 1895d: 174. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Baccharis sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Mesolecanium baccharidis; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [Cocker1895d, Iherin1897, Cocker1897r], Baccharis dracunculifolia [Iherin1897, Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Iherin1897, Cocker1897r], Sao Paulo [Cocker1895d, Iherin1897]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Redescription in Spanish and illustration in Granara de Willink, 2012.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2012: 9 (female) [Key to the Neotropical species Mesolecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 179]; Cocker1895d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 174-175]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 331]; Cocker1897r [host, distribution: 71]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 452]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 174]; Granar2012 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 9-10, 25]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 435-436]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 408]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 136]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 223].

Mesolecanium impar (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Calymnatus) impar Cockerell, 1898h: 131. Type data: MEXICO: Las Minas, Tabasco, on leaves of 'Escobillo'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Mesolecanium impar; Fernald, 1903b: 175. Change of combination.

Coccus impar; Bodkin, 1917: 109. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n]. Neotropical: Guyana; Mexico (Tabasco).

GENERAL REMARKS: Redescription in Spanish and illustration in Granara de Willink, 2012.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2012: 9 (female) [Key to the Neotropical species Mesolecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 180]; Bodkin1917 [host, distribution: 109]; Cocker1898h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 131]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy, distribution: 393]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 10]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 175]; Granar2012 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 9, 10-11, 26]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27].

Mesolecanium inflatum Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Mesolecanium inflatum Hempel, 1904: 316. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Maua, on Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Myrtaceae [Hempel1904].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 180]; Hempel1904 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 8].

Mesolecanium inquilinum Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Mesolecanium inquilinum Morrison, 1929: 40. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, Las Cascadus Cacao Plantation, on undetermined plant, in tents of Azteca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Mesolecanium inquelinum; Williams, 2001: 226. Misspelling of species name.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama.

BIOLOGY: Attended and protected by an Azteca ant (Morrison, 1929).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1929).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 180]; Granar2012 [structure, taxonomy: 9, 11]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-40]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].

Mesolecanium lucidum Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Mesolecanium lucidum Hempel, 1912: 67. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, on a plant of Solanaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOSTS: Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [CorseuBa1971]. Solanaceae [Hempel1912, Sassce1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Sassce1915]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description in Spanish and illustration in Granara de Willink, 2012.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 181]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; Granar2012 [structure, taxonomy: 9, 11-12]; Granar2012 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 9, 12]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 68]; Sassce1915 [catalogue: 32]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 137].

Mesolecanium marmoratum Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Mesolecanium marmoratum Hempel, 1920a: 348. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cantareira near Sao Paulo, on bark of 'canella branca e canella poca'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 181]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 348-349,371-372].

Mesolecanium mayteni (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium mayteni Hempel, 1900a: 438. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Maytenus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Mesolecanium mayteni; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.



HOST: Celastraceae: Maytenus [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2012: 9 (female) [Key to the Neotropical species Mesolecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 181]; Cocker1902k [host, distribution: 452]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 175]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 438-439]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 214-215]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 137-138].

Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium nigrofasciatum Pergande, 1898: 26. Type data: U.S.A.: From 11 Eastern states, on several hosts mainly peach and plums. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) nigrofasciatum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 234.

Eulecanium nigrofasciatum; King, 1902c: 160. Change of combination.

Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum; Nakahara, 1981a: 284. Change of combination.

Mesolecanium nigrofaciatum; Granara de Willink, 1999: 110. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: terrapin scale [HamonWi1984].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012]. Encyrtidae: Ammonoencyrtus carolinensis Meyer [MeyerNaDe2001, Schauf2005].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [King1903b, MillerWi1990, Koszta1996], Acer dasycarpum [Richar1958], Acer platanoides [WilliaKo1972], Acer rubrum [King1899b, WilliaKo1972, BrightSi2010], Acer saccharinum [King1899b, King1901f, WilliaKo1972]. Apocynaceae: Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco [Granar1999]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium [King1899b, King1901f, MillerWi1995GL], Vaccinium darrowi [HamonWi1984]. Fabaceae: Mimosa [WilliaKo1972]. Hamamelidaceae: Liquidambar styraciflua [HamonWi1984]. Lauraceae: Lindera benzoin [King1899b, WilliaKo1972], Persea [MillerWi1995GL], Persea borbonia [HamonWi1984], Sassafras albidum [WilliaKo1972]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia virginiana [HamonWi1984]. Oleaceae: Olea [King1899b, King1901f]. Platanaceae: Platanus [Koszta1996], Platanus occidentalis [WilliaKo1972]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [King1901f], Malus communis [King1899a, King1901f], Prunus [Pergan1898, King1899b, King1901f, Koszta1996], Prunus cerasifera [WilliaKo1972], Prunus persica [Pergan1898, King1901f, Granar1999]. Viscaceae: Phoradendron [WilliaKo1972].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [King1901f, Richar1958]); United States of America (Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts [King1899b], Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina [BrightSi2010], Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island [King1903b], South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin). Neotropical: Argentina (Catamarca [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Kosztarab (1996) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: An important pest of deciduous fruit trees, especially of peach (Kosztarab, 1996; Pfeiffer, 1997).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 110 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 324 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 70 (female) [USA, Virginia].

CITATIONS: Beckwi1945 [economic importance, control: 43-54]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 181-182]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; BrightSi2010 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, argentine ant: 2051-2057]; BrightSi2010 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 2051-2057]; Cocker1899a [host, distribution: 394]; Cox1942 [host, distribution, chemical control: 698-701]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 251-252]; ElmerEwCa1951 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 593-597]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 191]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-112]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-65]; King1899b [host, distribution: 141]; King1901f [host, distribution: 195-196]; King1903b [host, distribution: 192]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 353-355]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; Marucc1966 [economic importance, control: 99-235]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; MeyerNaDe2001 [biological control, host, distribution, life history: 686-690]; MilholMe1984 [economic importance, host, distribution: 1-33]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy: 348]; MillerWi1995GL [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49-52]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 284]; Pergan1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 26-29]; PettitMc1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14-15]; PlessDeSa1995 [host, distribution, chemical control: 94-97]; Richar1958 [host, distribution: 312]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 446-447]; Sander1910 [taxonomy: 60]; Schauf2005 [biological control: 115-118]; Thro1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 211]; WatsonLaLa1994 [host, distribution: 227]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-90].

Mesolecanium nocturnum (Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium nocturnum Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell, 1899n: 13. Type data: MEXICO: Vera Cruz, Alvarado, on a bush called 'huele de noche'. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Mesolecanium nocturnum; Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Change of combination.

Lecanium nocturnium; Thro, 1903: 210. Misspelling of species name.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Veracruz [Cocker1899n, Hodgso1994a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2012: 9 (female) [Key to the Neotropical species Mesolecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 182]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13]; Cocker1902k [host, distribution: 451]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 175]; Granar2012 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 9, 12-13, 27]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 361-363]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; Thro1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 210-211]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 227].

Mesolecanium obscurum (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium obscurum Hempel, 1900: 5. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Maytenus sp. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Mesolecanium obscurum; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.



HOST: Celastraceae: Maytenus [Hempel1900].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description in Spanish and illustration in Granara de Willink, 2012.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2012: 9 (female) [Key to the Neotropical species Mesolecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 182]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 452]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 175]; Granar2012 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 9, 13, 29]; Hempel1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 441-443]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 138].

Mesolecanium obvius Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Mesolecanium obvius Granara de Willink, 1999: 112. Type data: ARGENTINA: Entre Ríos, Concordia, on Eupatorium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Castelar: Departamento de Patologia Vegetal, INTA, C.C. no. 25, Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; type no. 3249. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Eupatorium [Granar1999]. Boraginaceae: Cordia longipeda [Granar1999]. Loranthaceae: Phoradendron [Granar1999]. Zygophyllaceae: Porlieria microphylla [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Entre Rios [Granar1999], Misiones [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2012: 9 (female) [Key to the Neotropical species Mesolecanium]; Granara de Willink 1999: 110 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-114]; Granar2012 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 9, 14, 30].

Mesolecanium perditulum Cockerell & Robbins

NOMENCLATURE:

Mesolecanium perditulum Cockerell & Robbins, 1909: 150. Type data: NICARAGUA: Quesalquaque, on bark of undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Nicaragua.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description in Spanish and illustration in Granara de Willink, 2012.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2012: 9 (female) [Key to the Neotropical species Mesolecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 182]; CockerRo1909WW [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 150]; Granar2012 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 9, 15]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].

Mesolecanium perditum (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Eulecanium) perditum Cockerell, 1897u: 267. Type data: MEXICO: Yucatan, Xcloak near Izamal, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Mesolecanium perditum; Fernald, 1903b: 175. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico. Neotropical: Mexico (Yucatan [Cocker1899n]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 182]; Cocker1897u [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267]; Cocker1899a [host, distribution: 394]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 14]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 175]; Granar2012 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 9, 14-15, 32]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70].

Mesolecanium phoradendri (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium phoradendri Cockerell, 1894m: 14. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Tucson, on Phoradendron sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Mesolecanium phoradendri; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.

Mesolecanium phoridendri; Miller & Williams, 1990: 348. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Viscaceae: Phoradendron [Cocker1894v].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 182-183]; Cocker1894m [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1902k [host, distribution: 452]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 176]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 348]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 228].

Mesolecanium planum Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Mesolecanium planum Hempel, 1932: 327. Type data: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Cajury, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais [Hempel1932]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description in Spanish and illustration in Granara de Willink, 2012.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 2012: 9 (female) [Key to the Neotropical species Mesolecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 183]; Granar2012 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 9, 15-16, 33]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 327]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 138].

Mesolecanium rhizophorae (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Calymnatus) rhizophorae Cockerell, 1898w: 501. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Cubatao near Santos, on Rhizophora mangle. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Mesolecanium rhizophorae; Fernald, 1903: 176. Change of combination.



HOST: Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mangle [Cocker1898w, Hempel1900a, Hempel1912].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Cocker1898w]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description in Spanish in Granara de Willink, 2012.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 183]; Cocker1898w [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 501-502]; Cocker1899a [distribution: 393]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 255]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 176]; Granar2012 [structure, taxonomy: 9, 16]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 437]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution].



Messinea De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Messinea De Lotto, 1966b: 147. Type species: Messinea conica De Lotto, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by De Lotto (1966b) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cyphococcinae. Tribe: Cyphococcini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 184]; DeLott1966b [taxonomy, description: 147]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description: 2,21]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 363-366].

Messinea conica De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Messinea conica De Lotto, 1966b: 147. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Messina, on Colophospermum mopane. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Hodgso1969a, Hodgso1994a], Acacia abyssinica [Hodgso1969a], Caesalpinia pulcherrima [Hodgso1969a], Colophospermum mopane [DeLott1966b, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Eritrea [Hodgso1969a]; Nigeria [Hodgso1969a]; South Africa [DeLott1966b, Hodgso1994a] (Transvaal, Messina; Cape Province, Kuruman.). Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1966b) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 184]; DeLott1966b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-149]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 21-22]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 363-366]; Hodgso1995 [taxonomy, structure: 50]; Matile1988 [host, distribution: 24].

Messinea loisa Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Messinea loisa Hodgson, 1969a: 22. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Tanganda Halt, on Acacia nigrescens. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia nigrescens [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female have been given by Hodgson (1969a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 184]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24].

Messinea plana De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Messinea plana De Lotto, 1967b: 787. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on Chaetachme aristata. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Ulmaceae: Chaetachme aristata [DeLott1967b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1967b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 184]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 787-788,805].



Metaceronema Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Metaceronema Takahashi, 1955c: 27. Type species: Ceronema japonica Maskell, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1957) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae. Tribe: Filippiini.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 91 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy, description: 56]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 184]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 196-197]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 367-370]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 138]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 119]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description]; Takaha1955c [taxonomy, description: 27]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 30]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 60]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description: 42]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 156].

Metaceronema japonica (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceronema japonicum Maskell, 1897a: 243. Type data: JAPAN: Miyanoshita, on Ilex crenata and INDIA: on tea. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 367. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand.

Eriochiton theae Green, 1900c: 10. Type data: BANGLADESH: Darjeeling, on tea plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1957: 197.

Lichtensia japonica Kuwana, 1909: 152. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo and Kanagawa, on Thea japonica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1955d: 27.

Euphilippia aquifoliae Chen, 1937: 383. Type data: CHINA: Hwangyen, Chekiang, on Osmanthus aquifolia. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Yang, 1982: 156. Notes: Type material probably lost; F.T. Tang, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Metaceronema japonica; Takahashi, 1955d: 27. Change of combination.

Metaceronema theae; Borchsenius, 1957: 197. Change of combination.

Euphilippia monticola Wang, 1976: 342. Type data: CHINA: Chekiang, on Thea drupifera. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Synonymy by Yang, 1982: 156.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus rubidus Hope [Sun1988], Hyperaspis japonica (Crotch) [Tachik1956], Hyperaspis sinensis [SunLe1983]. FUNGI : Aschersonia duplex Berk. [Chen1988]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus hawaiiensis Timberlake [Tachik1956], Coccophagus yoshidae Nakayama [Tachik1956].

HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex crenata [Takaha1955c, Ali1971], Ilex integra [Takaha1955c]. Buxaceae: Buxus microphylla [TakahaTa1956]. Oleaceae: Osmanthus aquifolia [Chen1937]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [Green1900c, Borchs1957, Hodgso1994a], Camellia sinensis [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, TaoWoCh1983], Thea [Green1900c], Thea drupifera [Wang1976TC], Thea japonica [Sassce1911, Takaha1955c].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Bangladesh; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India [Green1900c, ShafeeYoKh1989, Hodgso1994a] (West Bengal [Ali1971]); Taiwan [Ali1971, WongChCh1999]. Palaearctic: Japan [Sassce1911, Kuwana1917, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Tokyo, Kurrana); South Korea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980), Wong et al. (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439532 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009). Borchsenius (1957) and Yang (1982) synonymized Eriochiton theae Green with Metaceronema japonica, however, Tao et al. (1983) regarded the former as a distinct species. Euphilippia monticola Wang, 1976, was synonymized by Yang (1982) with Metaceronema japonica (Maslell, 1897), neverthless, Tao (1999) assigned the former, as a distinct species, to the family Kerriidae.

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 56]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 184]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 197-198]; Chen1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383]; Chen1988 [biological control: 235-239]; Cocker1899a [distribution: 394]; Das1959 [host, distribution: 437-448]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 29]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 127]; Green1900c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10-11]; Hodgso1994 [taxonomy: 171-172]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 367-370]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 186-187]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 138]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kuwana1909 [host, distribution: 152-153]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-60]; MaChZh1995 [host, distribution: 117-119]; Maskel1897a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243]; Maskel1898 [host, distribution: 235-237]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 345-346]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 68]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 52]; Sun1988 [host, distribution, biological control: 120-121]; SunLe1983 [biological control: 142-145]; Tachik1956 [host, distribution, biological control: 128]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 64]; Takaha1955c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-28]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 6]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 66-67]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-31]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 81]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 60]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-91]; Varshn1985a [host, distribution: 25]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 345]; Wang1976TC [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 342]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14-15,53]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155-156]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66].



Metapulvinaria Nakahara & Gill

NOMENCLATURE:

Metapulvinaria Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 36. Type species: Lichtensia lycii Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Nakahara & Gill (1985), Gill (1988) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 185]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 55]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 370-373]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; NakahaGi1985 [taxonomy, description: 36].

Metapulvinaria lycii (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia lycii Cockerell, 1895o: 254. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Cruces, on Lycium torreyi. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 37. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Ctenochiton lycii; Steinweden, 1929: 234. Change of combination.

Filippia lycii; Lindinger, 1932f: 203. Change of combination.

Metapulvinaria lycii; Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 37. Change of combination.

Metapulvinaria lysii; Hodgson, 1994a: 370. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: lycium soft scale [Gill1988].



HOSTS: Malvaceae: Hibiscus denudatus [FerrisKe1923, NakahaGi1985]. Solanaceae: Lycium [Cocker1895o, Ferris1919a, Ferris1921], Lycium cooperi [NakahaGi1985, Hodgso1994a], Lycium torreyi [NakahaGi1985, Hodgso1994a], Solanum [Ferris1921, NakahaGi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921, FerrisKe1923]); United States of America (Arizona, California [Hodgso1994a], New Mexico [Cocker1895o, Ferris1919a, Ferris1921, Hodgso1994a] (Las Cruces), Texas).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Nakahara & Gill (1985), Gill (1988) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 185]; Cocker1895o [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 254-255]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 329]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 144]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39]; Ferris1921 [host, distribution: 89]; FerrisKe1923 [host, distribution: 317]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 55-56]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 370-373]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 203]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; NakahaGi1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37-41]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 234].



Millericoccus Avasthi & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Millericoccus Avasthi & Shafee, 1984a: 7. Type species: Ceroplastodes costalimae Bondar, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Avasthi & Shafee (1984a) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini.

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1984a [taxonomy, description: 7-8]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 185]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 373-376].

Millericoccus costalimai (Bondar)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastodes costalimae Bondar, 1925: 60. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, on Cacao sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 373. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.

Ceroplastes costalimai; Silva et al., 1968: 141. Change of combination.

Millericoccus costalimae; Avasthi & Shafee, 1984a: 8. Change of combination.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Bondar1925, AvasthSh1984a, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [AvasthSh1984a, Hodgso1994a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Avasthi & Shafee (1984a) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1984a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-9]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 185-186]; Bondar1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 373-376]; SilvadGoGa1968 [catalogue].



Milviscutulus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Milviscutulus Williams & Watson, 1990: 119. Type species: Lecanium mangiferae Green, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini.

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 121 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 186]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 376-379]; HodgsoLa2011 [taxonomy: 12]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 60]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,119-121].

Milviscutulus ciliatus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Milviscutulus ciliatus Williams & Watson, 1990: 121. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province, Buso, on Gmelina mlouccana. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Cerbera manghas [WilliaWa1990]. Connaraceae: Connarus [WilliaWa1990]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [WilliaWa1990]. Myrtaceae: Decaspermum [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia [WilliaWa1990], Melaleuca [WilliaWa1990], Psidium guajava [WilliaWa1990]. Verbenaceae: Gmelina moluccana [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Fiji [HodgsoLa2011]; Papua New Guinea; Western Samoa.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 121 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 186]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 12]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-122].

Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium mangiferae Green, 1889: 249. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Mangifera indica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov et al., 1975: 7. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus mangiferae; Fernald, 1903b: 172. Change of combination.

Lecanium psidii Green, 1904d: 225. Type data: SRI LANKA: Colombo, on Mangifera indica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 122. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Watson, 1990: 122.

Saissetia psidii; Sanders, 1906: 10. Change of combination.

Coccus wardi; Bodkin, 1917: 108. Change of combination.

Lecanium wardi Newstead, 1917: 353. Type data: GUYANA: Georgetown, on Molucca Apple. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 122. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1963: 100.

Lecanium desolatum Green, 1922a: 1020. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Ficus gibbosa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 122. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Watson, 1990: 122.

Lecanium ixorae Green, 1922a: 1022. Type data: SRI LANKA: Heneratgoda, on Ixora coccinea. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 122. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Watson, 1990: 122.

Protopulvinaria mangiferae; Steinweden, 1929: 223. Change of combination.

Coccus ixorae; Green, 1937: 303. Change of combination.

Coccus kuraruensis Takahashi, 1939e: 314. Type data: TAIWAN: Kuraru near Koshun, on lemon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female. Synonymy by Tao et al., 1983: 81.

Eucalymnatus tessellates; Avidov & Ben-Haim, 1950. Misidentification; discovered by Ben-Dov, 2012: 38.

Protopulvinaria ixorae; Takahashi, 1955a: 37. Change of combination.

Coccus desolatum; Ali, 1971: 23. Change of combination.

Milviscutulus mangiferae; Williams & Watson, 1990: 122. Change of combination.

Kilifia mangiferae; Schmutterer, 1990: 226. Change of combination.

Ptoropulvinaria mangiferae; Danzig & Konstantinova, 1990: 44. Misspelling of genus name.

Udinia psidii; Tang, 1991: 222. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: mango shield scale [HamonWi1984, BenDov1993].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus swirskii Annecke & Mynhardt [BlumbeSw1984, Blumbe1997].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Campnosperma brevipetiolata [WilliaWa1990], Gluta turtur [Mamet1959a], Mangifera [Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971], Mangifera indica [Green1889, Green1908a, Ballou1926, Mamet1943a, DeLott1957c, Ali1971], Mangifera indica [BenDovWiRa1975, Mamet1978, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, Hodgso1994a], Mangifera indica [Green1896, Green1904d, Houser1918, ShafeeYoKh1989, DanzigKo1990], Mangifera indica [KinjoNaHi1996], Schinus terebinthifolius [BenDov2012]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [GrimshDo2007], Oxandra lanceolata [MestreHaEv2011], Uvaria rufa [Ballou1926]. Apocynaceae: Alstonia spectabilis [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria [Ali1971, BenDovWiRa1975], Plumeria obtusa [LinKoGu2013], Thevetia peruviana [BenDovWiRa1975]. Araceae: Caladium [Nakaha1981a], Epipremnum [WilliaWa1990]. Araliaceae: Hedera helix [BenDov2012], Meryta macrophylla [WilliaWa1990], Schefflera [WilliaWa1990, Jansen1995]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Morris1920, Ali1971], Monstera deliciosa [WilliaWa1990]. Asteraceae: Wedelia biflora [WilliaWa1990]. Bischofiaceae: Bischofia javanica [TaoWoCh1983]. Bixaceae: Bixa orellana [Ballou1926]. Boraginaceae: Cordia myxa [BenDovWiRa1975]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas [WilliaWa1990]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [BenDovWiRa1975]. Combretaceae: Terminalia brassii [WilliaWa1990], Terminalia catappa [WilliaWa1990], Terminalia complanata [WilliaWa1990]. Convolvulaceae: Merremia [WilliaWa1990]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus [Ali1971, WilliaWa1990]. Euphorbiaceae: Breynia cernua [WilliaWa1990], Codiaeum variegatum [Nakaha1981a], Pimelodendron amboinicum [WilliaWa1990]. Fabaceae: Gliricidia [WilliaWa1990], Palaquium formosanum [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Flacourtiaceae: Casearia aculeata [MestreHaEv2011]. Flagellariaceae: Flagellaria [WilliaWa1990]. Gnetaceae: Gnetum gnemon [WilliaWa1990]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Green1937, Ali1971, Matile1978], Cinnamomum cassia [Ballou1926], Cinnamomum montanum [MestreHaEv2011], Cinnamomum zeylanica [Mamet1943a], Laurus nobilis [BenDov2012], Litsea zeylanica [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971, BenDovWiRa1975], Persea americana [Mamet1978]. Lecythidaceae: Planchonia careya [GrimshDo2007]. Liliaceae: Cordyline fruticosa [Jansen1995], Cordyline terminalis [WilliaWa1990, Jansen1995]. Loranthaceae [WilliaWa1990]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia glabra [Ballou1926]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Nakaha1981a]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [BenDov2012]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [Ali1971], Artocarpus altilis [Nakaha1983, Willia2010], Artocarpus heterophyllus [HamonWi1984], Artocarpus integra [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Artocarpus integrifolia [Green1904d, Green1937, Mamet1951, BenDovWiRa1975], Ficus [Ali1971], Ficus copiosa [GrimshDo2007], Ficus gibbosa [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971], Ficus glandulifera [WilliaWa1990], Ficus montana [WilliaMi2010], Ficus septica [TaoWoCh1983], Ficus theophrastoides [WilliaWa1990], Ficus tinctoria [WilliaWa1990], Pseudolmedia havanensis [Ballou1926], Pseudolmedia spuria [MestreHaEv2011]. Myristicaceae: Myristica moschata [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia pachyrrhahis [GrimshDo2007], Gymnacranthera [WilliaWa1990], Parathesis cubana [Ballou1926], Rapanea quianensis [HamonWi1984]. Myrtaceae: Acmena graveolens [GrimshDo2007], Decaspermum [WilliaWa1990], Eucalyptus citriodora [BenDovWiRa1975], Eucalyptus deglupta [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971], Eugenia aquea [Mamet1978], Eugenia axillaris [Ballou1926], Eugenia caryophyllata [Mamet1943a, Matile1978], Eugenia jambolona [Mamet1978, KfirRo1980], Eugenia jambos [Ballou1926, BenDovWiRa1975], Eugenia malaccensis [Ballou1926, WilliaWa1990], Eugenia parkeri [Mamet1959a], Jambosa [Green1904a, Green1904d], Myrtus communis [BenDov2012], Psidium friedrichsthalianum [Ballou1926], Psidium guajava [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971, BenDovWiRa1975], Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [BenDovWiRa1975], Syzygium aqueum [GrimshDo2007], Syzygium branderhorstii [GrimshDo2007], Syzygium erythrocalyx [GrimshDo2007], Syzygium jambos [MestreHaEv2011], Syzygium suborbiculare [GrimshDo2007]. Oleaceae: Jasminum trifoliatum [Ballou1926], Ligustrum sp. [BenDov2012]. Opiliaceae: Champereia manillana [TaoWoCh1983]. Orchidaceae: Dendrobium spectabile [WilliaWa1990], Vanilla [WilliaWa1990]. Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera gymnorhiza [GrimshDo2007], Gynotroches axilaris [WilliaWa1990], Rhizophora apiculata [WilliaWa1990], Rhizophora mucronata [WilliaWa1990]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia florida [Ballou1926], Ixora coccinea [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1990, WilliaMi2010], Platanocephalus chinensis [WilliaWa1990], Platanocephalus morindaefolius [WilliaWa1990], Psychotria elyptica [Ali1971], Psychotria rubra [TaoWoCh1983], Timonius [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Citrus aurantium [BenDov2012], Citrus limon [Ali1971, Takaha1939e], Citrus sinensis [BenDovWiRa1975]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [Ballou1926], Guioa [WilliaWa1990]. Sapotaceae: Pometia pinnata [WilliaWa1990]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia nitida [Ballou1926]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia [Nakaha1981a]. Verbenaceae: Vitex pubescens [Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1978]; Comoros; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Jansen1995]; Ghana; Kenya [DeLott1957c]; Madagascar [Mamet1951, Mamet1959a, Mamet1962]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Reunion [Mamet1943a, GermaiMiPa2014]; Rodriques Island; Seychelles [Mamet1943a]; South Africa [DaneelMeJa1994]; Tanzania; Zanzibar [DeLott1957c]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [GrimshDo2007]); Christmas Island [AbbottGr2007]; Fiji; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013], Java [Green1904a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Gavril2013]). Australasian: Palau [Mamet1943a]; Papua New Guinea [GrimshDo2007]; Solomon Islands; Tonga; Western Samoa. Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Morelos, Sinola, Tamaulipas, Veracruz); United States of America (Florida, Texas). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda); Brazil; Colombia [KondoKa1995, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica; Cuba [Houser1918, Ballou1926, MestreHaEv2011]; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Guyana [Newste1917]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras; Jamaica; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Mexico (Chiapas); Nicaragua; Panama; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; U.S. Virgin Islands; Venezuela. Oriental: Bangladesh; Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Green1908a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Bihar [Ali1971], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971], West Bengal [Green1908a, Ali1971]); Malaysia [Ali1971]; Pakistan [DanzigKo1990]; Philippines [Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Singapore; Sri Lanka [Green1889, Green1896, Green1922a, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, DanzigKo1990, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Israel [KfirRo1980]; Japan.

BIOLOGY: This pest develops three annual generation in the Coastal Plain, Israel; nymphs of the first generation appear in March-May, of second generation in early June, and those of third generation in Sptember (Avidov & Zaitzov, 1960). Reproduction is parthenogenetic, however Otanes (1936) and Avidov & Zaitzov (1960) reported on the occurrence of males at a very low rate. Blumberg & Swirski (1984) studied the encapsulation response to parasitoids. Reported as a mango pest in Israel (Avidov & Harpaz, 1969) and South Africa (Kamburov, 1987). Wysoki et al. (1993) reviewed the biology, economic importance, natural enemies and control in Israel. Buckley & Gullan (1991) showed, in Papua New Guinea, that attendance by the aggressive ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius), reduces the rate of parasitization.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zimmerman (1948), De Lotto (1957c), Ben-Dov et al. (1975), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984), Hodgson (1994a), Wong et al. (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439533 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 77, 244 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 121 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 78 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 81 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 147 (female) [Japan]; Beardsley 1966: 482 (female) [Micronesia]; Zimmerman 1948: 293 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 1238-1246]; Ali1971 [host, distribution: 23,26-27,45]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 20]; Beards1966 [host, distribution: 482,485]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 186-188]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26, 43]; BenDovWiRa1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-17]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeSw1984 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 29-35]; Bodkin1917 [host, distribution: 108]; BuckleGu1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 282-286]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 49]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1894i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 19]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 255]; Daneel2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 214-216]; DaneelMeJa1994 [host, distribution: 72]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 44-45]; DeLott1957c [host, distribution: 303-305]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 172]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 81]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Green1889 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 249-251]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 9]; Green1904a [host, distribution: 205]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216,225]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 30]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1020,1022]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 301-303]; GrimshDo2007 [host, distribution, economic importance: 96-98]; GroveDeDa2013 [distribution, host: 378]; Guzman2004 [host, distribution, physiology, economic importance: 195-199]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 80-82]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 376-379]; Houser1918 [host, distribution: 160]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134]; Kambur1987 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 10-11]; Kasuya2000 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 629-632]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 147]; KfirRo1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 116-117]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 253, 258]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 152]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 25]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 224]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 376]; Mamet1962 [host, distribution: 160]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 105]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 17,26,165,179,243]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 48]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 165]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 7]; Miller1996 [host, distribution: 70]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351]; MohyudMa1993 [host, distribution, biological control: 467-483]; Morris1920 [host, distribution: 190]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 392]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 4]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 353-354]; Otanes1936 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 133-138]; OuvrarKoGu2013 [economic importance: 3]; PanisMa1976 [host, distribution: 7]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 50]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 124-125]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 10]; Schmut1990 [host, distribution, economic importance: 226-228]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53]; SilvadGoGa1968 [catalogue]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 223]; Su1982 [distribution: 61]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 85-86]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 341]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 52]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 105]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 116]; Takaha1939e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 314-316]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 17]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 353]; Takaha1950 [host, distribution: 71]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 16]; Takaha1955 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 37]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-75]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82,222,245-249]; Tao1978 [host, distribution, : 81]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 60]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-82]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 345]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 132]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 30-31]; Willia1963 [taxonomy: 100]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 19,27,28,31,48]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 45]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-128]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 58]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15,53]; WysokiBeSw1993 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 457-458]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 169-170,191]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 306-309].

Milviscutulus pilosus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Milviscutulus pilosus Williams & Watson, 1990: 128. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Western Province, New Georgia Islands, New Georgia, Munda, on Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1990]. Boraginaceae: Mertensia [WilliaWa1990]. Combretaceae: Terminalia brassii [WilliaWa1990]. Convolvulaceae: Merremia pacifica [WilliaWa1990]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia [WilliaWa1990]. Moraceae: Ficus [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 121 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 186]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-128].

Milviscutulus spiculatus Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Milviscutulus spiculatus Williams & Watson, 1990: 130. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province, Buso, on Morinda citrifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [WilliaWa1990]. Araceae: Epipremnum [WilliaWa1990]. Hernandiaceae: Gyrocarpus [WilliaWa1990]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [WilliaWa1990]. Moraceae: Ficus septica [WilliaWa1990], Ficus theophrastoides [WilliaWa1990]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora apiculata [WilliaWa1990]. Rubiaceae: Morinda citrifolia, Timonius [WilliaWa1990]. Verbenaceae: Faradaya splendida [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya). Australasian: Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 121 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 188]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-130].



Mitrococcus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Mitrococcus Borchsenius, 1959: 170. Type species: Mitrococcus celsus Borchsenius, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a). Relationship to other families in the Cardiococcinae in Vea (2011).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 188]; Borchs1959 [taxonomy, description: 170]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 379-382]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 122]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 324]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 60]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13-14]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 189].

Mitrococcus celsus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Mitrococcus celsus Borchsenius, 1959: 171. Type data: CHINA: Sichwan Province, Omyeshan, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Hodgso1994a] (Omeishan, Szechuan Mountains, on the banks of the River He-lun-Zian.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 188]; Borchs1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170,174]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 380-382]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 60]; Vea2011 [distribution: 2]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-190].



Myzolecanium Beccari

NOMENCLATURE:

Myxolecanium; Targioni Tozzetti, 1877: 317. Misspelling of genus name.

Myzolecanium Beccari, 1877: 191. Type species: Myzolecanium kibarae Beccari, by monotypy.

Myxilecanium; MacGillivray, 1921: 178, 492. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini.

KEYS: Kondo 2010b: 7 (female, first instar) [Key to separate Cryptostigma Ferris from morphologically similar Houardia Marchal and Myzolecanium Beccari based on adult female and first-instar nymphs].

CITATIONS: Beccar1877 [taxonomy, description: 190-192]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 189]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 208]; GullanBuWa1993 [taxonomy: 81-90]; GullanSt1996 [taxonomy: 310]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 386-389]; Kondo2003 [taxonomy: 1-288]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy, description: 178,492]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 127]; Targio1877 [taxonomy: 127]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,131].

Myzolecanium endoeucalyptus (Qin & Gullan)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma endoeucalyptus Qin & Gullan, 1989: 226. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Monga, on Eucalyptus viminalis. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.

Myzolecanium endoeucalyptus; Gullan in Gullan et al., 1993: 83. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus mannifera [QinGu1989], Eucalyptus viminalis [QinGu1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1989], New South Wales [QinGu1989]).

BIOLOGY: Lives in galleries of ants of Crematogaster sp. and Iridomyrmex sp., within trunks and branches of the trees (Qin & Gullan, 1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Qin & Gullan (1989).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 97]; GullanBuWa1993 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 81-91]; Kondo2010b [life history, taxonomy: 5]; QinGu1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 225-231].

Myzolecanium kibarae Beccari

NOMENCLATURE:

Myzolecanium kibarae Beccari, 1877: 191. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: in cavities in twigs of Kibara hospitans. Neotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Myxolecanium kibarae; Targioni Tozzetti, 1877: 317. Misspelling of genus name.

Myxilecanium kibarae; MacGillivray, 1921: 178. Misspelling of genus name.

Myzolecanium kibarae; Lindinger, 1935b: 123. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni" as author.



HOSTS: Monimiaceae: Kibara formicarum [Hodgso1994a], Kibara hospitans [Beccar1877].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Hodgso1994a] (Irian Jaya, N.W. Andai.).

BIOLOGY: Beccari (1877) observed this species within cavities in twigs of the host plant, where it lives in association with the ant Hypoclinea scrutator.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: Beccar1877 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 191]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 189]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 333]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 208]; GullanBuWa1993 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 81-91]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 386-389]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 123]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 131].

Myzolecanium magnetinsulae (Qin & Gullan)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma magnetinsulae Qin & Gullan, 1989: 231. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Magnetic Island, under loose bark of undetermined tree. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Myzolecanium magnetinsulae; Gullan in Gullan et al., 1993: 83. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [QinGu1989]).

BIOLOGY: [M. magnetinsulae] has no ant association records (Qin & Gullan, 1989).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 98]; GullanBuWa1993 [taxonomy, host. distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 81-91]; Kondo2010b [life history, taxonomy: 5]; QinGu1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 225,231-232].

Myzolecanium robertsi (Williams & Watson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Cryptostigma robertsi Williams & Watson, 1990: 101. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Madang P., Baku, on trunk of Terminalia brassii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Myzolecanium robertsi; Gullan in Gullan et al., 1993: 83. Change of combination.



HOST: Combretaceae: Terminalia brassii [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 98-99]; GullanBuWa1993 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 81-91]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 100-101].



Nemolecanium Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Nemolecanium Borchsenius, 1955a: 289. Type species: Nemolecanium abietis Borchsenius, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1957), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eulecaniinae. Tribe: Eulecaniini.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 182 (female) [China]; Danzig 1964 (female) [USSR]; Borchsenius 1957: 292, 378-379 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 189]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description: 289-290]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 378-379]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy: 641]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 390-392]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 108]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 208-209]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 129]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 57]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 181-182]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 163].

Nemolecanium abietis Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Nemolecanium abietis Borchsenius, 1955a: 290. Type data: UKRAINE: Crimea, Yalta, on Abies sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies [Borchs1955, Hodgso1994a], Abies numidica [Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Hodgso1994a] (Yalta.)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a). Good description of the adult female and adult male given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 182 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 378 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 189-190]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 290-291]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 379-385]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 298]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 41-45]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 390-392]; Kiritc1936 [distribution: 71]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 182-183]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 163-165].

Nemolecanium adventicium Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Nemolecanium adventicium Borchsenius, 1955a: 291. Type data: RUSSIA: Moscow, Botanical Gardens, on Abies sp. introduced from Germany. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Pinaceae: Abies [Borchs1955].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Moscow Oblast).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 182 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 378 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 190]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 291-292]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 385-386]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 167]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183].

Nemolecanium aptii (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium aptii Bodenheimer, 1941: 74. Type data: TURKEY: Carsamba near Bolu, on Abies nordmanniana. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov & Harpaz, 1985).

Nemolecanium aptii; Borchsenius, 1957: 379. Change of combination.



HOST: Pinaceae: Abies nordmanniana [Bodenh1941].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [Bodenh1941].

BIOLOGY: Occurs on the needles of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 182 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 378 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 190]; Bodenh1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 74-76]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 379]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 216]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183-184]; UlgentCaKa2004 [host, distribution: 102].

Nemolecanium graniforme (Wunn)

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes graniformis Wunn, 1921: 29. Type data: GERMANY: Elsassichen Jura, Grafschaft, on Abies pectinata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Nemolecanium graniformis; Borchsenius, 1955b: 289. Change of combination.

Lecanium graniforme; Kawecki, 1957: 195. Change of combination.

Nemolecanium graniforme; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 408. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [Schmut1972a]. Encyrtidae: Aphycoides merceti Ferriere [Schmut1955b], Blastothrix sericea (Dalman) [Schmut1955b, Schmut1972a].

HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies [KozarGuBa1994], Abies alba [ZakOgaKo1964], Abies cephalonica [Statha1997, Statha2001a], Abies nebrodensis [CovassBi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Czech Republic; France; Germany; Greece [Statha1997, Statha2001a, AnagnoPaKa2008]; Italy [CovassBi1985, MatilePe2002]; Poland [ZakOgaKo1964, LagowsKo1996]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation on Abies cephalonica in Attica, Central Greece (Stathas, 2001a).

SYSTEMATICS: The correct taxonomic facies of this species is doubtful. The original description (Wunn, 1921) provided the general appearance of postreproductive females. The only description and illustration of the adult female is that of Nemolecanium abietis Borchsenius, a species which has been synonymized with N. graniformis by Schmutterer (1972). However, Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) indicated that the diverse geographical distribution of the type localities suggested that this synonymy is doubtful.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 182 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 378 (female) [Palearctic region].

CITATIONS: AnagnoPaKa2008 [host, distribution: 55-78]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 190]; Borchs1955 [taxonomy: 289]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 379]; CovassBi1985 [host, distribution: 85]; Kaweck1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 195-196]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 108]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 209-210]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy, structure: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 79]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 154]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 167-169]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 476]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32,35]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 355]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 408]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 57]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 20]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 514,520]; Schmut1972 [taxonomy]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 408]; Statha1997 [host, distribution, life history: 57-59]; Statha2001a [biological control, host, distribution, life history: 57-59]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 184]; Wunn1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 29]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 430].



Neolecanium Parrott in Cockerell & Parrott

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Neolecanium) Parrott in Cockerell & Parrott, 1901: 58. Type species: Lecanium imbricatum Cockerell, by original designation.

Neolecanium; Cockerell, 1902f: 451. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Hodgson (1994a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini.

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 34]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 190-191]; Cocker1902e [taxonomy: 143]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 451]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 254]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 199]; CockerPa1901 [taxonomy, description: 58]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description: 247]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 176]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description: 251]; GullanSt1996 [taxonomy: 310]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 16,65-66]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 393-395]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description : 355]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; Morris1929 [taxonomy: 40]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 130]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy: 99].

Neolecanium chilaspidis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium chilaspidis Cockerell, 1897u: 268. Type data: MEXICO: Tehuantepe City, on Chilaspis [=Chilopsis] linearis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Neolecanium chilaspidis; Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Chilopsis [Cocker1899n], Chilopsis linearis [Cocker1897u].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n] (Oaxaca).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 191]; Cocker1897u [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 268]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 11]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 451]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 176]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70].

Neolecanium cinnamomi Rutherford

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium cinnamomi Rutherford, 1914: 265. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on bark of Cinnamon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Ruther1914, Green1922, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 34]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 191]; Green1922 [host, distribution: 465]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 307]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Ruther1914 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 265-266].

Neolecanium cornuparvum (Thro)

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium cornuparvum; Fernald, 1903: 176. Change of combination.

Lecanium cornuparvum Thro, 1903: 216. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Trumansburg, on Magnolia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lecanium (Neolecanium) cornuparvum; Pettit & McDaniel, 1920: 9. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: magnolia scale [HamonWi1984, Koszta1996]; Magnolia scale [HamonWi1984].



HOSTS: Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [MillerWi1995GL, Koszta1996], Magnolia acuminata [RayWi1983, MillerWi1995GL], Magnolia grandiflora [HamonWi1984], Magnolia soulangeana [RayWi1983], Magnolia stellata [RayWi1983], Magnolia tripetala [LambdiWa1980].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts [Koszta1996], Mississippi, New York, New York [Koszta1996], North Carolina, Ohio [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia [Koszta1996], West Virginia [Koszta1996], Wisconsin [Koszta1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Kosztarab (1996).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 191]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 247-249]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 176]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution, economic importance,: 66-68]; HermsNi2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 74-77]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution, life history]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 356-357]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; Miller1999 [chemical control: 14]; MillerWi1995GL [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 52-56]; PettitMc1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9-10]; RayWi1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 161-173]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 448]; Stimme1975 [host, distribution, description, life history, economic importance, control: 13-14]; Thro1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 216-217]; VanekPo2010 [life history, ecology, biological control, host, distribution: 389-395]; VanekPo2010a [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 1829-1837]; WatsonLaLa1994 [host, distribution: 227]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 99-105].

Neolecanium craspeditae Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium craspeditae Morrison, 1929: 40. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, Rio Agua Salud, on mango. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Morris1929]. Boraginaceae: Cordia [Morris1929].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad).

BIOLOGY: Protected under shelter made by the ant Azteca trigona in Trinidad (Morrison, 1929).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1929).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 192]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution: 40-43]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].

Neolecanium derameliae Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium derameliae Morrison, 1929: 43. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, Cooper's Place, Rio Aojeta, on undetermined plant, beneath sheds of Azteca sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama.

BIOLOGY: Protected beneath tents of an Azteca ant (Morrison, 1929).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1929).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 192]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 43-45]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].

Neolecanium herrerae Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium herrerae Cockerell, 1902e: 143. Type data: MEXICO: Publa, on Agave sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Agavaceae: Agave [Cocker1902p].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Puebla).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 192]; Cocker1902e [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 143]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 176]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 225].

Neolecanium imbricatum (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium imbricatum Cockerell, 1896f: 38. Type data: MEXICO: Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, on Mimosa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Also described as n. sp. in Cockerell, 1896h, p. 19.

Lecanium (Neolecanium) imbricatum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1901: 58.

Neolecanium imbricatum; Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Mimosa [Cocker1896f, Cocker1896h, Cocker1896o, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1896h, Cocker1899n, Hodgso1994a] (Alta Mira) (Tamaulipas [Cocker1896f]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 192]; Cocker1896f [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 38]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 19]; Cocker1896o [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 38]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 11]; Cocker1902e [taxonomy: 143]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 451]; CockerPa1901 [taxonomy: 58]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 176]; GullanSt1996 [taxonomy: 310]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 393-395]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 225].

Neolecanium manzanillense Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium manzanillense Cockerell, 1903a: 161. Type data: MEXICO: Jalisco, Manzanillo, on Leguminosae shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Mimosa [Cocker1903a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Colima, Jalisco [Cocker1903a]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 192]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 161-162]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 177]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70].

Neolecanium plebeium Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium plebeium Cockerell, 1903a: 161. Type data: MEXICO: Colima, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Cocker1903a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Colima).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 193]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 161]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 177]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 228].

Neolecanium pseudoleae Rutherford

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium pseudoleae Rutherford, 1915: 112. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Cinnamon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Ruther1915a, Green1922, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 34]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 193]; Green1922 [host, distribution: 465]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 307]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Ruther1915 [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 112].

Neolecanium subterraneum Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium subterraneum Hempel, 1918: 202. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on roots of undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 193-194]; Hempel1918 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 202-203].

Neolecanium tuberculatum (Townsend & Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium tuberculatum Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 177. Type data: MEXICO: San Antonio del Sapotal, near Frontera, Tabasco, on 'cafetillo'. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Neolecanium tuberculatum; Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Change of combination.

Neolecanium tuberosum Lindinger, 1957: 550. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 194.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n]. Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 194]; Cocker1899a [distribution: 393]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 12]; Cocker1902e [taxonomy: 143]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 451]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 177]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 550]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 177-178]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 230].



Neolecanochiton Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanochiton Hempel, 1932: 324. Type species: Neolecanochiton grevilleae Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

Neolecaniochiton Lindinger, 1937: 190. Unjustified emendation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hempel (1932) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 130-131, 194]; Hempel1932 [catalogue: 324]; Hodgso1994a [catalogue, distribution: 396-398]; Lindin1937 [catalogue: 190]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 130-131]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13-14].

Neolecanochiton grevilleae Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanochiton grevilleae Hempel, 1932: 324. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Capital, on Grevillea robusta. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Hempel1932, SilvadGoGa1968, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1932, Hodgso1994a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [host, distribution: 194]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy: 324-326]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy: 396-398]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Vernal1953 [catalogue: 140].



Neoplatylecanium Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Neoplatylecanium Takahashi, 1929: 53. Type species: Neoplatylecanium cinnamomi Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

Varshneococcus Avasthi, 1993: 73. Type species: Lecanium adersi Newstead. Notes: Subjective synonym of Neoplatylecanium Takahashi.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Tao et al. (1983), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 121 (female) [Asia]; Tao et al. 1983: 61 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35]; Avasth1993 [host, distribution: 73-74]; BenDov1993 [host, distribution: 194-195]; Hodgso1994a [catalogue: 399-401]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 132]; Takaha1929 [catalogue: 53-54]; Tang1991 [catalogue, distribution: 120-121]; Tao1978 [taxonomy: 82]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 60]; TaoWoCh1983 [host, distribution: 98]; WilliaWa1990 [catalogue: 60-61,131]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 164].

Neoplatylecanium adersi (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium adersi Newstead, 1917: 357. Type data: ZANZIBAR: Marahubi, on mango. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus adersi; De Lotto, 1959: 154. Change of combination.

Neoplatylecanium adersi; Tang, 1991: 121. Change of combination.

Varshneococcus adersi; Avasthi, 1993: 74. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Newste1917, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, DeLott1959, Ali1971, AvasthSh1991, Avasth1993], Mangifera indica [ShafeeYoKh1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zanzibar [Newste1917, DeLott1959, Ali1971, AvasthSh1991, Avasth1993]. Oriental: India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Tamil Nadu).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1959) and by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 121 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 21]; Avasth1993 [host, distribution: 74-75]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 330-332]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 195]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy: 154-156]; Newste1917 [distribution: 357]; Ramakr1919a [distribution: 35]; Ramakr1921a [taxonomy: 349]; Ramakr1930 [catalogue: 47]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [catalogue, distribution: 50]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 121]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 6].

Neoplatylecanium cinnamomi Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Neoplatylecanium cinnamomi Takahashi, 1929: 54. Type data: TAIWAN: Kuraru, on Cinnamomum ceylanicum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.



HOSTS: Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora [TaoWoCh1983], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [Takaha1929a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Kuraru).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tao et al. (1983), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 121 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [catalogue: 35]; BenDov1993 [taxonomy: 195]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy: 399-401]; Takaha1929 [distribution: 54-56]; Tang1991 [catalogue: 122]; Tao1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 82]; Tao1989 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 59]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-100]; Yang1982 [host, distribution: 164].

Neoplatylecanium tripartitum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium tripartitum Green, 1922a: 1025. Type data: SRI LANKA: Namunakuli Hill, Badulla, on Calophyllum walkeri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Neoplatylecanium tripartitum; Takahashi, 1929a: 54. Change of combination.

Marsipococcus tripartitus; Tang, 1991: 118. Change of combination.



HOST: Clusiaceae: Calophyllum walkeri [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 116 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [catalogue: 35]; BenDov1993 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 195]; Green1922a [taxonomy: 1025-1026]; Green1937 [distribution: 303]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy: 54]; Tang1991 [taxonomy: 118]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 27].



Neopulvinaria Hadzibejli

NOMENCLATURE:

Neopulvinaria Hadzibejli, 1955: 232. Type species: Neopulvinaria imeretina Hadzibejli, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Borchsenius (1957) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 203 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 195]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description : 255]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; Hadzib1955 [taxonomy, description.: 232]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 114]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 402-404]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 132]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 277-278].

Neopulvinaria innumerabilis betheli (King)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria innumerabilis betheli King, 1903b: 195. Type data: USA: Colorado, on birch, Betula. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Betulaceae: Betula [King1903b].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado [King1903b]).

CITATIONS: King1903b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 195-196]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 6].

Neopulvinaria innumerabilis innumerabilis (Rathvon)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus innumerabilis Rathvon, 1854: 256. Type data: U.S.A.: Pennsylvania, Lancaster County, on Siver Maple and Linden trees. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Lecanium acericorticis Fitch, 1861: 775. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Salem, west border of Jarvis Martin's woods, on maple. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 134. Notes: Type material probably lost (Barnes, 1988).

Lecanium acerella Rathvon, 1876: 101. Type data: U.S.A.: Pennsylvania, Lancaster County, on maple [=Acer] branches. (. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 134. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Pulvinaria innumerabilis; Putnam, 1880: 293. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria tinsleyi King, 1900d: 360. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, near Roswell, on Celtis sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Steinweden, 1946: 7.

Neopulvinaria imeretina Hadzibejli, 1955: 233. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Sakare, Argveta, Yestafoni and Sviri, on grapevine. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female, male and first instar. Synonymy by Danzig & Matile-Ferrero, 1990: 131.

Neopulvinaria innumerabilis; Hodgson, 1994a: 402. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: cottony maple scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, Stimme1992, BenDov1993].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus quadripustulatus L. [Pelliz1987]. DIPTERA Chamaemyiidae: Leucopis alticeps Czerny [Pelliz1987], Leucopis silesiaca Egger [Pelliz1987]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [King1901f, Barnes1988], Acer dasycarpum [Steinw1946], Acer negundo [King1903b, Philli1962], Acer nigrum [WilliaKo1972], Acer platanoides [Hadzib1983], Acer rubrum [WilliaKo1972], Acer saccharinum [Philli1962]. Anacardiaceae: Rhus [Steinw1946]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex glabra [HamonWi1984]. Asteraceae: Solidago [HamonWi1984]. Betulaceae: Alnus rubra [Steinw1946], Betula [King1903b]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus caroliniana [LambdiWa1980]. Cornaceae: Cornus florida [WilliaKo1972], Cornus sanguinea [Canard1966, Hadzib1983]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Hadzib1983], Diospyros lotus [Hadzib1983], Diospyros virginiana [WilliaKo1972]. Empetraceae: Ceratiola ericoides [HamonWi1984]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Hadzib1983], Amorpha fruticosa [Pelliz1977], Gleditsia triacanthos [Takaha1942b, Canard1966], Mimosa [Steinw1946], Phaseolus vulgaris [Hadzib1983], Robinia pseudacacia [Canard1966, WilliaKo1972]. Fagaceae: Fagus grandifolia [WilliaKo1972], Quercus laurifolia [HamonWi1984], Quercus nigra [HamonWi1984], Quercus palustris [LambdiWa1980], Quercus rubra [WilliaKo1972]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes grossularia [Philli1962], Ribes nigrum [Philli1962]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus octandra [King1903b]. Juglandaceae: Carya ovata [WilliaKo1972], Juglans nigra [Philli1962], Juglans regia [Hadzib1983]. Lauraceae: Lindera benzoin [WilliaKo1972], Sassafras variifolium [Baerg1947]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [Steinw1946]. Myricaceae: Myrica cerifera [HamonWi1984]. Philadelphaceae: Philadelphus coronarius [Canard1966]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Hadzib1983]. Rosaceae: Cerasus vulgaris [Hadzib1983], Crataegus monogyna [Canard1966, Hadzib1983], Crataegus oxyacantha [Cocker1897a], Cydonia vulgaris [Hadzib1983], Malus [Hadzib1983], Persica vulgaris [Hadzib1983], Prunus [Cocker1897a], Prunus divaricata [Hadzib1983], Pyrus [Hadzib1983], Pyrus communis [Cocker1897a], Spiraea [KozarHuFo1989]. Rutaceae: Poncirus trifoliata [Hadzib1983]. Salicaceae: Populus [Philli1962, Hadzib1983], Salix nigra [WilliaKo1972]. Tiliaceae: Tilia americana [Philli1962], Tilia caucasica [Hadzib1983], Tilia vulgaris [Canard1966]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [King1900d], Celtis occidentalis [King1900d, WilliaKo1972], Ulmus alata [WilliaKo1972], Ulmus thomasii [LambdiWa1980]. Vitaceae: Ampelopsis quinquefolia [Steinw1946, Canard1966], Ampelopsis tricuspidata [Canard1966], Ampelopsis veitchii [Steinw1946], Parthenocissus quinquefolia [Pelliz1977], Vitis [Hodgso1994a], Vitis riparia [Canard1966], Vitis rupestris [Canard1966], Vitis vinifera [King1901f, Hadzib1955, Canard1966, Hadzib1983, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989], Ontario [King1901f], Quebec); United States of America (Arizona [King1903b], Arkansas [Baerg1947], California, Colorado [King1903b], Florida, Georgia [King1903b], Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, New Mexico [King1900d, King1903b], New York [Barnes1988], Oregon, Pennsylvania [Stimme1992], Rhode Island [King1903b], Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont [King1903b], Virginia, Washington [Cocker1897a], Wisconsin). Palaearctic: Armenia; Azerbaijan [Hodgso1994a] (Transcaucasus, Kirovabad.); Croatia [MastenSe2006, Masten2009]; France [Hodgso1994a, Foldi2000, Germai2011]; Georgia [Yasnos1995]; Italy; Russia [Hodgso1994a] (Zapadnaya); Slovenia [Seljak1995, Seljak2008, Seljak2010].

BIOLOGY: A biparental species in Ontario, Canada (Phillips, 1962). Develops one annual generation in Ontario, Canada (Phillips, 1962), France (Canard, 1966a) and Italy (Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1977). Phenology in the Republic of Georgia by Hadzibejli (1983).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Steinweden (1946), Borchsenius (1957), Hadzibejli (1960, 1983), Canard (1966), Pellizzari Scaltriti (1977), Williamd & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984) and Gill (1988)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of grapevine in several European countries and North America (Gill, 1988; Danzig & Matile-Ferrero, 1990; Seljac, 1995). Fortusini et al. (1997) proved under laboratory conditions in Italy that this species transmitted Grapevine Leafroll Virus 1 (GLRV-1) and Grapevine Virus A (GVA). Fortusini et al. (1999) found in Italy that N. innumerablis, Parthenolecanium corni, P. persicae and Pulvinaria vitis were present in vineyrads were natural spread of Grapvine Leafroll disease was recorded.

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 375 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Gill 1988: 85 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 87 (female) [USA, Florida]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 119 (female) [USA, Virginia].

CITATIONS: Baerg1947 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 3-13]; Barnes1988 [taxonomy: 103]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 195-196]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 255-257]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 235]; Canard1965 [host, distribution: 170]; Canard1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189]; Cocker1897a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13-14]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 203]; DanzigMa1990 [host, distribution, economic importance: 131-132]; DavidsDiFl1991 [chemical control: 1-47]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 134-135,139]; Fitch1861 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 775]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; FortusScPr1999 [host, distribution, economic importance: 121-122]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 85,88-89,98]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 114-120]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 100-102]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 402-404]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution, economic importance]; King1900d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 360]; King1901f [host, distribution: 197]; King1903b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 191-197]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 375,383-384]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 74]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; LeMaguFuCh2013 [economic importance, host: 416]; Lintne1895 [host, distribution: 263-305]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Marucc1966 [economic importance, control: 99-235]; Masten2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 357-368]; MastenSe2006 [host, distribution, economic importance: 318-322]; MastenSiKo2007 [host, distribution, life history: 326-329]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; MilholMe1984 [economic importance, host, distribution: 1-33]; Miller1999 [chemical control: 14]; Pelliz1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 423-430]; Pelliz1987 [host, distribution: 120]; Pelliz1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 324]; Philli1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 499-502]; Piper1893 [host, distribution, life history, control: 123-127]; RakimoBeWh2013 [economic importance: 371]; Rathvo1854 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 256-258]; Rathvo1876 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 101-102]; Seljak1995 [host, distribution, taxonomy, chemical control: 265-274]; Seljak2008 [host, distribution: 121-127]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 105]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-8,21]; Stimme1992 [host, distribution, description, life history, economic importance, control: 25-26]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 278]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 248-249]; WatsonLaLa1994 [host, distribution: 227]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-152]; Yasnos1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 247-251]; Zezlin2003 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 13-14].



Neosaissetia Tao, Wong & Chang

NOMENCLATURE:

Neosaissetia Tao, Wong & Chang, 1983: 79. Type species: Neosaissetia tropicalis Tao & Wong, by monotypy and original designation.

Neosaissetia; Kosztarab, Ben-Dov & Kosztarab, 1986: 11. Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.

Neosaissetia; Hodgson, 1994a: 404. Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definitions and characters given by Tao et al. (1983), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 123 (female) [Asia]; Tao et al. 1983: 62 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 196-197]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 201]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 404-407]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 122-123]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 61]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 79]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,131-133].

Neosaissetia keravatae Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Neosaissetia keravatae Williams & Watson, 1990: 133. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: East New Britain Province, Keravat, on Piper nigrum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female by Williams & Watson (1990).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 197]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-134].

Neosaissetia laos (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia triangularum laos Takahashi, 1942b: 22. Type data: THAILAND: Mt. Sutep, on Machilus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Saissetia laos; Ali, 1971: 45. Change of status.

Neosaissetia laos; Tang, 1991: 123. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Takaha1952, Ali1971], Machilus [Takaha1942b]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [Takaha1952, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971]; Singapore [Ali1971]; Thailand.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female by Takahashi (1942b) and by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 123 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 45]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 197]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 22]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 16]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 123].

Neosaissetia triangularum (Morrison)

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia triangularum Morrison, 1920: 197. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Laguna Province, Paete, Luzon, on Cocos nucifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Neosaissetia triangularum; Tang, 1991: 124. Change of combination.

Neosaissetia triangulaxum; Tang, 1991: 124. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Morris1920, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Ali1971] (Luzon [Ali1971]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 124 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 45]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 197]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-200]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 124].

Neosaissetia tropicalis Tao & Wong in Tao, Wong & Chang

NOMENCLATURE:

Neosaissetia tropicalis Tao & Wong in Tao, Wong & Chang, 1983: 79. Type data: TAIWAN: Kenting, Pingtung Hsien, on Palaquium formosanum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.



HOST: Sapotaceae: Palaquium formosanum [TaoWoCh1983, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Hodgso1994a, WongChCh1999] (Kenting).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female by Tao et al. (1983), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 123 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 197]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 405-407]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 253, 258]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-124]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-80]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15,54].



Neotoumeyella Kondo & Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Neotoymeyella Kondo & Williams, 2009: 14. Type species: Neolecanium leucaenae Cockerell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Kondo & Williams (2009).

KEYS: Kondo 2013: 40-41 (female) [Key to genera of the Toumeyella-group based on adult females]; Kondo 2011: 3-4 (female) [Key to genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on adult females]; Kondo & Williams 2009: 15 (female) [Species of Neotoumeyella.]; Kondo & Williams 2009: 13-14 (female) [Genera of New World Myzolecaniinae].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; Kondo2013 [taxonomy: 40, 41]; KondoWi2009 [taxonomy, description: 11-27].

Neotoumeyella caliensis Kondo & Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Neotoumeyella caliensis Kondo & Williams, 2009: 18. Type data: COLOMBIA: Valle, Cali, Pance, on Nectandra sp. [=vernacular name Jigua amarilla]; collected 8.i.2000, by T. Kondo. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 1032000. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Lauraceae: Nectandra [KondoWi2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [KondoWi2009].

BIOLOGY: Tended by Azteca ants (Kondo & Williams, 2009).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Williams (2009).

KEYS: Kondo & Williams 2009: 15 (female) [Species of the genus Neotoumeyella].

CITATIONS: KondoWi2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-19]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution: 112].

Neotoumeyella cephalanthi Kondo & Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella cerifera; Williams & Kosztarab, 1972: 160. Misidentification; discovered by Kondo & Williams, 2009: 22.

Toumeyella cerifera; Hamon & Williams, 1984: 117. Misidentification; discovered by Kondo & Williams, 2009: 22.

Neotoumeyella cephalanthi Kondo & Williams, 2009: 20. Type data: U.S.A.: Virginia, Wakefield, Airport Pond, on Cephalanthus occidentalis; collected 16.viii.1969, by M.L. Williams. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Cephalanthus occidentalis [KondoWi2009]. Salicaceae: Salix [KondoWi2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [KondoWi2009], Arkansas [KondoWi2009], Florida [KondoWi2009], Louisiana [KondoWi2009], North Carolina [KondoWi2009], Virginia [KondoWi2009]).

BIOLOGY: Tendede by ants of the genus Crematogaster (Kondo & Williams, 2009).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Williams (2009).

SYSTEMATICS: Toumeyella cerifera Ferris originally collected at Agua Caliente, Mexico, has long been regarded as being widely spread in the southern USA. However, Kondo & Williams (2009) after studying type material of Toumeyella cerifera concluded that the species recorded on Cephalanthus from the southeastern USA represented a different species described by Kondo & Williams (2009) as Neotoumeyella cephalanthi sp. nov. Williams and Kosztarab (1972) described a North American species on Cephalanthus as Toumeyella cerifera and considered the morphological differences to be host-induced, but also noted that the North American species did not produce an ovisac as reported for the specimens from Mexico. Kondo & Williams (2009) noted that the illustration of T. cerifera, given by Williams & Kosztarab (1972) and by Hamon and Williams (1984) apparently incorporates characters of both T. cerifera and N. cephalanthi. Neotoumeyella cerifera and N. cephalanthi sp.nov can be easily separated by differences in the distribution of discoidal pores, abundance and types of ventral tubular ducts, and composition of multilocular pores (i,e, 7-12 in N. cephalanthi versus, 6-9 In N cerifera. Neotoumeyella cerifera is only known from Mexico.

KEYS: Kondo & Williams 2009: 15 (female) [Species of the genus Neotoumeyella].

CITATIONS: KondoWi2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-22].

Neotoumeyella cerifera (Ferris)

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella cerifera Ferris, 1921: 90. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, Agua Caliente, on Albizia occidentalis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Kondo & Williams, 2009: 22. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

Neotoumeyella cerifera; Kondo & Williams, 2009: 22. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: buttonbush scale [HamonWi1984].



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Albizia occidentalis [Ferris1921, KondoWi2009]. Salicaceae: Salix [HamonWi1984].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921, KondoWi2009]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Williams (2009).

SYSTEMATICS: Toumeyella cerifera Ferris originally collected at Agua Caliente, Mexico, has long been regarded as being widely spread in the southern USA. However, Kondo & Williams (2009) after studying type material of Toumeyella cerifera concluded that the species recorded on Cephalanthus from the southeastern USA represented a different species described by Kondo & Williams (2009) as Neotoumeyella cephalanthi sp. nov. Williams and Kosztarab (1972) described a North American species on Cephalanthus as Toumeyella cerifera and considered the morphological differences to be host-induced, but also noted that the North American species did not produce an ovisac as reported for the specimens from Mexico. Kondo & Williams (2009) noted that the illustration of T. cerifera, given by Williams & Kosztarab (1972) and by Hamon and Williams (1984) apparently incorporates characters of both T. cerifera and N. cephalanthi. Neotoumeyella cerifera and N. cephalanthi sp.nov can be easily separated by differences in the distribution of discoidal pores, abundance and types of ventral tubular ducts, and composition of multilocular pores (i,e, 7-12 in N. cephalanthi versus, 6-9 In N cerifera. Neotoumeyella cerifera is only known from Mexico.

KEYS: Kondo & Williams 2009: 15 (female) [Species of the genus Neotoumeyella]; Kosztarab 1996: 390 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 117 (female) [USA, Florida]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 159 (female) [USA, Virginia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 328-329]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-91]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy: 117]; KondoWi2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; SheffeWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-48]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy: 160-164]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 30].

Neotoumeyella leucaenae (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium leucaenae Cockerell, 1903b: 46. Type data: MEXICO: Jalisco, Zapotlan, on Leucaena sp.; collected vii.1903, by Townsend & Baker. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Kondo & Williams, 2009: 17. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Neotoumeyella leucaenae; Kondo & Williams, 2009: 15. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Leucaena [Cocker1903b].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [Cocker1903b, KondoWi2009]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Williams (2009).

KEYS: Kondo & Williams 2009: 15 (female) [Species of the genus Neotoumeyella].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 192]; Cocker1903a [host, distribution: 162]; Cocker1903b [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 46-47]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 177]; KondoWi2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-18]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 226].

Neotoumeyella sonorensis (Cockerell & Parrott)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium sonorense Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 161. Type data: MEXICO: Sonora State, Hermosillo, on Beloperone californica; collected A. Koebele, 22.iv.1897. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Kondo & Williams, 2009: 26. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Toumeyella sonorensis; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.

Neotoumeyella sonorensis; Kondo & Williams, 2009: 24. Change of combination.



HOST: Acanthaceae: Beloperone californica [CockerPa1899, Cocker1899n, KondoWi2009].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Sonora, Sonora [Cocker1899n, KondoWi2009]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Williams (2009).

KEYS: Kondo & Williams 2009: 15 (female) [Species of the genus Neotouneyella.].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 332]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 14]; Cocker1902k [host, distribution: 452]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 161]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 179]; KondoWi2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 31].



Octolecanium Kondo {in}: Kondo, Williams & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Octolecanium Kondo {in}: Kondo, Williams & Gullan, 2005b: 12. Type species: Lecanium perconvexum Cockerell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Kondo, Williams & Gullan (2005b).

KEYS: Kondo 2013: 40-41 (female) [Key to genera of the Toumeyella-group based on adult females]; Kondo 2011: 3 (female) [Key to genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on adult females]; Kondo & Williams 2009: 13-14 (female) [Genera of New World Myzolecaniinae]; Kondo et al. 2005b: 12 (female) [Species of Octolecanium.].

CITATIONS: Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; Kondo2013 [taxonomy: 41]; KondoWi2009 [taxonomy: 13-14]; KondoWiGu2005b [taxonomy, description: 11-17].

Octolecanium guatemalense Kondo {in}: Kondo, Williams & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Octolecanium guatemalensis Kondo {in}: Kondo, Williams & Gullan, 2005b: 14. Type data: GUATEMALA: Santa Rosa, Barberena, Finca los Pocitos; host plant not indicated; collected R. Perez, 18-v-1990. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 81-1990. Described: female and first instar. Illust.

Octolecanium guatemalense; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 408. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [KondoWiGu2005b, Willia2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo et al. (2005b).

CITATIONS: KondoWiGu2005b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-17]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 408]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152].

Octolecanium perconvexum (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium perconvexum Cockerell, 1898h: 132. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Campinas, on Nectandra sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Neolecanium perconvexum; Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Change of combination.

Octolecanium perconvexum; Kondo, Williams & Gullan, 2005b: 12. Change of combination.



HOST: Lauraceae: Nectandra [Cocker1898m].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Kondo et al. (2005b)

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 193]; Cocker1898h [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 132]; Cocker1898w [host, distribution: 501]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1902e [taxonomy: 143]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 451]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 177]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host. distribution: 422-423]; Hempel1912 [host, distribution]; KondoWiGu2005b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-17]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 139].



Palaeolecanium Šulc

NOMENCLATURE:

Palaeolecanium Šulc, 1908: 36. Type species: Lecanium bituberculatum Targioni Tozzetti, by original designation.

Palacolecanium; Lindinger, 1957: 548. Misspelling of genus name.

Paloelecanium; Lindinger, 1958: 368. Misspelling of genus name.

alaeolecanium; Moghaddam, 2009: 34. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: alaeolecanium' for 'Palaeolecanium'.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1957), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eulecaniinae. Tribe: Eulecaniini.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 291 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 197-198]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 343-344]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 216]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 148]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 135]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 409-412]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 108]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 210]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 548]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 368]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 142-143]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 51]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description: 277]; Sulc1908 [taxonomy, description: 36]; Sulc1932 [taxonomy, description: 82]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 184-185]; Terezn1966 [taxonomy: 30]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 165].

Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium bituberculatum Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 731. Nomen nudum.

Lecanium pictum Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 731. Nomen nudum; discovered by Signoret, 1873a: 414. Notes: Type material lost.

Lecanium bituberculatum Signoret, 1873a: 414. Type data: FRANCE: Cannes and Hyeres, ITALY: Florence, on 'epine blanche'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Lecanium bituberculatum; Reh, 1903: 407. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.

Eulecanium bituberculatum; Fernald, 1903b: 182. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.

Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Šulc, 1908: 36. Change of combination.

Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Šulc, 1908: 36. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.

Lecanium (Palaeolecanium) bituberculatum; Šulc, 1932: 82. Change of combination. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.

Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; De Lotto, 1971c: 148. Change of combination.

Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988: 210. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.

Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Kozár & Drozdjak, 1990: 363. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.

Palaeolecanium bituberculatum; Tang, 1991: 185. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni Tozzetti" as author.

alaeolecanium bituberculatum; Moghaddam, 2009: 34. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Misspeling of 'alaeolecanium' for 'Palaeolecanium'.

COMMON NAME: bituberculate scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Adalia fasciatopuctata revelierei [Ulgent2001], Coccophagus insidiator (Dalman) [Schmut1972a]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus differens Jasnosh [Ulgent2001], Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [Schmut1972a], Coccophagus palaeolecanii Yasnosh [OzgokcYaKa2001], Coccophagus scutellaris [Ulgent2001]. Encyrtidae: Microterys duplicatus (Nees) [Ulgent2001], Trichomastus albimanus Thomson [Ulgent2001].

HOSTS: Betulaceae: Corylus [Borchs1957]. Juglandaceae: Juglans regia [Borchs1957]. Moraceae: Morus alba [Moghad2013a]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Bodenh1944a, Bodenh1944b, TerGri1954, KozarzRe1975, KotejaZa1983, Hodgso1994a], Crataegus aronia [BenDov1971, Hodgso1994a], Crataegus azarolus [Hodgso1994a], Crataegus monogyna [Kaweck1936, KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, Kozar1983a], Crataegus monogyna [KozarWa1986, KozarDr1991, Hodgso1994a], Crataegus oxyacantha [Dougla1888, Green1928, GomezM1965, Martin1984MP], Cydonia [TerGri1954], Cydonia oblonga [Borchs1957], Malus [TerGri1954, TerGri1962, Aziz1977, Hodgso1994a], Malus communis [UygunSeEr1998], Malus domestica [Kozar1980, KotejaZa1983, Hodgso1994a, OzgokcYa1995], Malus pumila [KozarGuBa1994], Malus sylvestris [KozarKoAk1979], Mespilus germanica [Borchs1957], Prunus [Bodenh1944b, TerGri1954, KozarKoAk1979], Prunus cerasifera [KozarKoAk1979], Prunus communis [Borchs1957], Prunus divaricata [Borchs1957], Prunus domestica [Borchs1957], Prunus laurocerasus [Hadzib1983], Prunus persica [KozarKoAk1979], Prunus spinosa [Borchs1957], Pyrus [TerGri1954], Pyrus communis [KozarKoAk1979, KotejaZa1983], Pyrus malus [KozarzRe1975, KozarKoAk1979, KozarDr1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia [TerGri1954, TerGri1962, TerGri1966a]; Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan [BenDov1993]); Bulgaria [BenDov1993]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Cyprus [BenDov1993]; Czech Republic [Kozar1987]; Denmark [BenDov1993]; France [BenDov1993]; Georgia [BenDov1993]; Germany [BenDov1993]; Hungary [Kozar1970, KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, KozarWa1986, KozarDr1988, KozarKiSa2004] [Kozar1991, KozarDr1991, KozarKo2002b]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, Kaussa1957, Moghad2009]; Iraq [Bodenh1944a, Bodenh1944b, Aziz1977, Hodgso1994a]; Israel [BenDov1993, Hodgso1994a]; Italy [BenDov1993]; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia); Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Netherlands; Poland [Kaweck1935, KotejaZa1983, SimonKa2011]; Romania [Savesc1982]; Russia (Caucasus [Hodgso1994a], Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004]); Sardinia [Melis1930]; Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; Spain [GomezM1960O, GomezM1965]; Sweden [Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan); Turkey [KozarKoAk1979, OzgokcYa1995, UygunSeEr1998, UlgentTo2001, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan (Ashkahabad Oblast [Potaev1993]); Ukraine (Odessa Oblast); United Kingdom (England [Green1917a, Green1925, Green1928, Hodgso1994a]); Uzbekistan [Hodgso1994a] (Taskent, Csarvak.); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Europe. Overwintering in egg stage; eggs hatch during the blooming period of its rosaceous host plants; nymphs settle on leaves, on which the insects develop; adult females migrate to twigs at the end of June; oviposition in August-September (Schmutterer, 1952).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Leonardi (1920), Šulc (1932), Kosztarab & Kozar (1978; 1988), Tereznikova (1981), Yang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a). Good description and illustration of adult male by Giliomee (1967).

SYSTEMATICS: Lecanium pictum Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 731, is here regarded as

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Lagowska (1984) found in Lublin, Poland that the frequency and infestation rate on fruit trees was higher in unprotected orchards than in protected ones.

CITATIONS: Aziz1977 [host, distribution: 47]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 198]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26,]; Bodenh1944a [host, distribution: 83]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution : 88]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 147]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 344-347]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 216]; Cocker1896 [distribution: 332]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 203]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 582]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 148]; Dougla1888 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 59-61]; Dziedz1988 [host, distribution: 95]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 182,328]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 527]; Georgh1977 [host, distribution: 148]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-56]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Goidan1962 [host, distribution, life history: 269-284]; GomezM1960O [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183-185]; GomezM1965 [host, distribution: 112-113]; Green1917a [taxonomy: 201]; Green1925 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 5]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 135-137]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 409-412]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 126]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kaweck1935 [host, distribution: 81]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 201-204]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 113]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 254-255]; Kiritc1935 [distribution: 2]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 163]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 14]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 110]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 210-213]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 80]; Koteja1976 [taxonomy, structure: 276]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 479-480]; Kozar1970 [host, distribution: 230]; Kozar1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 1-24]; Kozar1976a [host, distribution, economic importance: 35-47]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 67]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 146]; Kozar1987 [distribution: 100]; Kozar1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 176-177]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; Kozar1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 317]; KozarDr1988 [host, distribution: 209]; KozarDr1991 [host, distribution: 363]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 154]; KozarJaKo1982 [distribution: 333-338]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 58]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 376]; KozarKoAk1979 [host, distribution, economic importance: 535-542]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 116]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 81-82]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution, economic importance: 24-25]; Lagows1984 [host, distribution, economic importance: 9-17]; Lagows1986a [host, distribution: 175-176]; Lagows1987a [host, distribution, life history: 131-144]; Lagows1998a [host, distribution: 63-71]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 303-306]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 215,262,275]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 21]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 72]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; Moghad2009 [taxonomy, distribution, host: 9,34]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 9]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 11]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Ossian1951 [host, distribution: 6]; OzgokcYa1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 163-174]; OzgokcYaKa2001 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 317-322]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 35,38]; Reh1903 [host, distribution: 407-408]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 51-52]; Reyne1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15]; Savesc1961 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 39]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 277-278]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 548-549]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 18]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 408]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 105]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 845,865]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 414-415]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; Sulc1908 [taxonomy: 36]; Sulc1912 [host, distribution : 34]; Sulc1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-86]; Szulcz1926 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 137-143]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-186]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 731]; Terezn1963 [host, distribution: 184]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 30]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 166-167]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, chemical control: 36-37]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 136-137]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 372]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 245]; Ulgent2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 369-375]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Wunn1937 [host, distribution: 22].

Palaeolecanium kosswigi (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium kosswigi Bodenheimer, 1953a: 100. Type data: TURKEY: Between Mardin and Diyarbakir, on Pyrus elaeagnifolia. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov & Harpaz, 1985).

Palaeolecanium kosswigi; Borchsenius, 1957: 347. Change of combination.



HOST: Rosaceae: Pyrus elaeagnifolia [Bodenh1953a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 198-199]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-102]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 347]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 216]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78].



Paracardiococcus Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracardiococcus Takahashi, 1935: 6. Type species: Paracardiococcus actinodaphnis Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

Paracardicoccus; Tao, 1978: 82. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Tao et al. (1983) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

KEYS: Tao et al. 1983: 61 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 35-36]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 199]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 412-419]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 143]; Takaha1935 [taxonomy, description: 6]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 325]; Tao1978 [taxonomy: 82]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 61]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 102]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13-14]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 188].

Paracardiococcus actinodaphnis Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paracardiococcus actinodaphnis Takahashi, 1935: 6. Type data: TAIWAN: Kyanrawa, Saukan (Suo-Gun, Taihoku Prefecture), on Actinodaphne mushaensis.. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 412. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.



HOST: Lauraceae: Actinodaphne mushaensis [Takaha1935, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Kyanrawa).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of adult female by Tao et al. (1983), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a). Good description of second instar female and second instar male by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 199]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 412-419]; Takaha1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-8]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 325-326]; Tao1978 [distribution: 82]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-104]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 188].



Paractenochiton Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paractenochiton Takahashi, 1942b: 28. Type species: Paractenochiton sutepensis Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Takahashi (1942b), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini.

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 36]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 199]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 422-425]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 144]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description: 28-29]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 125].

Paractenochiton sutepensis Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paractenochiton sutepensis Takahashi, 1942b: 29. Type data: THAILAND: Mt. Sutep, on Quercus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 422. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.



HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [Takaha1942b, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Mount Sutep).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1942b), tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 36]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 199]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 422-425]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-30]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-126].



Parafairmairia Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Fairmairia Signoret, 1874: 98. Type species: Fairmairia bipartita Signoret, by monotypy. Homonym. Notes: Homonym of Fairmairia Robineau-Desvoidy.

Farrmairia; Hempel, 1899: 131. Misspelling of genus name.

Parafairmairia Cockerell, 1899f: 332. Replacement name for Fairmairia Signoret, 1874.

Fairmairea Lindinger, 1907a: 20. Unjustified emendation.

Parafairmairea Lindinger, 1907a: 20. Unjustified emendation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1957), Koteja & Rosciszewska (1970), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Tang 1991 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 213 (female) [Europe]; Tereznikova 1981 (female) [Ukraine]; Koteja & Rosciszewska 1970: 240 (female) [Poland]; Danzig 1964 (female) [USSR]; Borchsenius 1957: 90, 133 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 199-200]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 132-133]; Cocker1894v [taxonomy: 1051]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy, description: 332]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy: 638]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 254]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 714]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 163]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description: 88]; Hempel1899 [taxonomy: 131]; Hodgso1994 [taxonomy, description: 264,425-428]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 110]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 213]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy, description: 671]; KotejaRo1970 [taxonomy, description: 234-240]; Lindin1907a [taxonomy: 20]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 76-77,144]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 27-28]; Signor1872b [taxonomy, description: xxxvi]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description: 98-99]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 229-230]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 37-38]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 120].

Parafairmairia bipartita (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Fairmairia bipartita Signoret, 1874: 99. Type data: FRANCE: Hyeres Island and Cannes, on Agropyrum campestre (Hyeres Island) and on Mesembryanthemum (Cannes). Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Parafairmairia bipartita; Fernald, 1903b: 163. Change of combination.

Parafairmairia delicata Borchsenius, 1952: 272. Type data: LATVIYA: on Carex sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Koteja & Rosciszewska, 1970: 252.

COMMON NAME: two-humped soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum [Signor1874, KotejaRo1970]. Cyperaceae: Carex [KotejaRo1970], Carex arenaria [Koteja1971a], Carex brizoides [KotejaRo1970, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1984e, Hodgso1994a], Carex hirta [Koteja1971a], Carex leporina [Terezn1981], Scirpus [GomezM1954, Martin1984MP]. Equisetaceae: Equisetum palustre [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaRo1970]. Juncaceae: Juncus [GomezM1948], Juncus effusa [Terezn1981]. Poaceae [ZakOgaKo1964, KozarDr1991], Agropyron campestre [Signor1874, KotejaRo1970], Agrostis vulgaris [KotejaRo1970], Andropogon ischaemum [Hodgso1994a], Brachypodium pinnatum [KotejaRo1970], Brachypodium silvaticum [ZakOgaKo1964], Festuca [KotejaRo1970], Festuca pseudovina [KozarTzVi1979], Stipa capillata [KotejaRo1970].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979]; France [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaRo1970]; Germany [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaRo1970]; Hungary [KotejaRo1970, KozarDr1991, Hodgso1994a, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Marott1987]; Latvia [Rasina1955, KotejaRo1970]; Poland [Hodgso1994a] [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaRo1970, Koteja1971a, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1984e, LagowsKo1996]; Russia (Kuril Islands [KotejaRo1970], Sakhalin Oblast [KotejaRo1970], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [KotejaRo1970]); Spain [GomezM1948]; Ukraine (Kiev Oblast [BenDov1993]).

BIOLOGY: Life history in Poland by (Koteja & Rosciewska, 1970).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female by Koteja & Rosciszewska (1970), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 213 (female) [Europe]; Koteja & Rosciszewska 1970: 252-262 (female) [Poland]; Borchsenius 1957: 133 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 200]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 272]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-134]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; Danzig1977b [host, distribution: 57]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 15]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 254-255]; Danzig1985 [host, distribution: 111]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 163]; GomezM1948 [host, distribution: 88-92]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 137]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 200]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 425-428]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 111]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 214]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 324]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 79]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaRo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 252-262]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 480]; KozarDr1991 [host, distribution: 363]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 59,211]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Marott1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 106]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 72]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 70]; Schmut1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 100]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, distribution: 51]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 99-100]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 120-122]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 427-428].

Parafairmairia ejaculatoria Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Parafairmairia ejaculatoria Mamet, 1959a: 419. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Manakambahiny, on 'Fotsoy ambo'. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1959a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 200]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377,419-421].

Parafairmairia elongata Matesova

NOMENCLATURE:

Parafairmairia elongata Matesova, 1979: 49. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: East shore of Zaysan Lake, near influx of Cherny Irtysh Tiver, on Carex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Carex [Mateso1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Matesova (1979).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 200-201]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Mateso1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 39-40].

Parafairmairia gracilis Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Parafairmairia gracilis Green, 1916: 24. Type data: ENGLAND: Camberley, Surrey, on grasses and sedges. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: elongate soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [KotejaRo1970, KozarOs1987, KozarPe1989, KozarGuBa1994, KozarFr1995], Carex [Green1917a, Green1934d], Carex brizoides [KotejaRo1970, Koteja1984e, KotejaZa1983], Carex digitata [KotejaRo1970, KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983], Carex elata [KozarOrKo1977], Carex fusca [KotejaZa1983], Carex goodenoughii [Terezn1981], Carex gracilis [KotejaZa1983], Carex melanostachya [Kozar1983a], Carex mellett [KozarOrKo1977], Carex vesicaria [KotejaZa1983], Cladium mariscus [MatileDa1997], Eriophorum vaginatum [KotejaRo1970], Scirpus silvaticus [KotejaZa1983]. Juncaceae: Juncus bufonius [KozarOrKo1977]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus excelsior [KozarOrKo1977]. Poaceae [Green1916]. Salicaceae: Salix [KozarOrKo1977]. Typhaceae: Typha [Kozar1980], Typha latifolia [KozarOrKo1977].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [BenDov1993]; Czech Republic [KotejaRo1970]; Denmark [BenDov1993]; France [KotejaRo1970, ShafeeYoKh1989]; Germany [KotejaRo1970]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, Kozar1980, Kozar1991, KozarDr1991]; Italy [KozarPe1989]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Poland [KotejaRo1970, KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1984e, LagowsKo1996]; Portugal [KozarFr1995, FrancoRuMa2011]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [KotejaRo1970]); Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Sweden [KotejaRo1970, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Ukraine; United Kingdom (England [Green1916, Green1917a, Green1920, Green1928, Green1934d, KotejaRo1970]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a].

BIOLOGY: Life history in Poland by Koteja & Rosciszewska (1970).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration by Koteja & Rosciszewska (1970), and by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 213 (female) [Europe]; Koteja & Rosciszewska 1970: 240-252 (female) [Poland].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 201]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136-137]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,5-6,22]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Green1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26]; Green1917a [host, distribution: 209-210]; Green1920 [distribution: 126]; Green1928 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 7]; Green1928a [host, distribution: 30-31]; Green1934d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 108-109]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 163]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 15]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 112]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history,: 214]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 79]; Koteja1980 [taxonomy, structure: 74]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; KotejaRo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 240-252]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 366]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 480]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 68]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 146]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; KozarDr1991 [distribution: 363]; KozarFr1995 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 154]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarPe1989 [host, distribution: 201]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 24-25]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; MatileDa1997 [host, distribution: 159-161]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 195]; PodsiaKo1976 [host, distribution: 90]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 28]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 558-560]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 105]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49-50]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 122-124].

Parafairmairia hissarica Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Parafairmairia hissarica Borchsenius, 1952: 273. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Gissarsk Range on bank of Varzob, near Kondar, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [KotejaRo1970]. Poaceae [Borchs1952a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Caucasus [KotejaRo1970]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of adult female by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Koteja & Rosciszewska 1970: 262 (female) [Poland]; Borchsenius 1957: 133 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 201]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135-136]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 79]; KotejaRo1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 262]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78].

Parafairmairia patellaeformis (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Parafairmairea patellaeformis Brain, 1920a: 39. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Port Alfred, on Acacia karroo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia karroo [Brain1920a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a].

BIOLOGY: Living on stems of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Brain (1920a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 201]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39].



Paralecanium Cockerell in Cockerell & Parrott

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Paralecanium) Cockerell in Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 227. Type species: Lecanium frenchii Maskell, by original designation.

Paralecanium; Fernald, 1903b: 199. Change of status.

Paralecanium; Tang, 1991: 126. Notes: Incorrect citation of author.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by tao et al. (1983), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: female Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 127 (female) [Asia]; Tao et al. 1983: 61 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 146 (female) [Japan]; Beardsley 1966: 479 (female) [Micronesia]; Takahashi 1950b (female) [Malaysia]; Morrison 1920 (female) [Philippines].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 36]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, description: 479,488]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 202]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 254]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy, description: 227]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 199]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 429-432]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 146]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 671]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description: 193]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 78-80]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 145]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 239]; Takaha1950a [taxonomy: 48]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 126-127]; Tao1978 [taxonomy, description: 82]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 61]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 100]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,134]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 164].

Paralecanium album Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium vacuum; Takahashi, 1939: 115. Misidentification.

Paralecanium album Takahashi, 1950a: 53. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kuantan, Bukit Cherakah, Dusun Tua, Selangor, on Durio zibethinus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kuala Lumpur: Selangor Museum, Malaysia. Described: female.



HOST: Bombacaceae: Durio zibethinus [Takaha1950a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 36]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 202]; Takaha1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-118]; Takaha1950a [host, distribution: 53].

Paralecanium angkorense Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium angkorense Takahashi, 1942b: 24. Type data: CAMBODIA: Angkor, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 36]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 202]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25].

Paralecanium calophylli (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Paralecanium) calophylli Green, 1904d: 240. Type data: SRI LANKA: Newara Eliya, on Calophyllum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paralecanium calophylli; Sanders, 1906: 9. Change of combination.



HOST: Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 36]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 202]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 306]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 9].

Paralecanium carolinense Beardsley

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium carolinensis Beardsley, 1966a: 488. Type data: CAROLINE ISLANDS: Losap Island, Losap, on Pandanus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female.

Paralecanium carolinense; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 408. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Pandanaceae: Freycinetia [Beards1966], Pandanus [Beards1966].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966).

CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 488-491]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 202-203]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 408].

Paralecanium cocophyllae Banks

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium cocophyllae Banks, 1906: 235. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Manila, on under sides of leaves of Cocos nucifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Manila: Entomological Collection, Bureau of Science, Philippines. Described: female.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Calamus [Takaha1950a], Cocos nucifera [Banks1906, Ali1971], Sabal adamsoni [Takaha1950a]. Dilleniaceae: Dillenia philippinensis [Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia; Philippines [Banks1906, Ali1971] (Luzon [Ali1971]).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 36]; Banks1906 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 203]; Takaha1950a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51-52].

Paralecanium expansum expansum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium expansum Green, 1896: 9. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Litsea sp. and Dalbergia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium (Paralecanium) expansum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 227.

Paralecanium expansum; Fernald, 1903b: 199. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Fabaceae: Dalbergia [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]. Lauraceae: Lepidadenia wightiana [Green1904a], Litsea [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971], Litsea glutinosa [LinKoGu2013], Machilus [Ali1971], Machilus thunbergii [TaoWoCh1983]. Moraceae: Ficus [Green1904d], Ficus macrophylla [Frogga1915], Ficus pumila [TaoWoCh1983], Ficus retusa [Green1908a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Myricaceae: Myrica rubra [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Zingiberaceae [Green1904a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Frogga1915]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Green1904a, Ali1971]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Green1908a, Ramakr1930, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Karnataka [Ali1971], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971]); Singapore; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Ali1971]. Palaearctic: Japan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Tao et al. (1983) and by Tang (1991).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6,17), Wong et al. (1999).Members of the expansum-group are completely without legs. (Martin & Lau, 2011)

KEYS: Tang 1991: 127 (female) [Asia]; Tao et al. 1983: 100 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 146 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 36-37]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 203]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy: 227]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 199]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 606]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 9]; Green1904a [host, distribution: 205]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 29]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 305]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 146]; Kotins1908 [host, distribution: 167]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 253, 258]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 348]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 47]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 52]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 343-344]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 57]; Takaha1934 [host, distribution: 36]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-128]; Tao1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 82]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61-62]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-102]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 50]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 15-16,54]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 164,191].

Paralecanium expansum javanicum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium expansum javanicum Green, 1904a: 205. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on Anomianthus heterocarpus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paralecanium expansum javanicum; Sanders, 1906: 9. Change of combination.



HOST: Annonaceae: Anomianthus heterocarpus [Green1904a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 203]; Green1904a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 9].

Paralecanium expansum metallicum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium expansum Green, 1896: 9. Type data: SRI LANKA [=CEYLON]: Punduloya, on leaves of Litzea and Dalbergia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium expansum metallicum Green, 1904a: 205. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Bogor (Botanic Gardens), on Myristica fragrans. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 38. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1904c: 377.

Lecanium (Paralecanium) expansum metallicum; Green, 1904b: 377. Change of combination and rank.

Paralecanium expansum metallicum; Sanders, 1906: 9. Change of combination.

Paralecanium metallicum; Ali, 1971: 38. Change of status.

Paralecanium expansum metallicum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 203. Notes: Green (1904b: 205) Incorrectly cited as original description. Original description in Green (1896).



HOSTS: Myristicaceae: Myristica [Green1904b, Ali1971], Myristica fragrans [Green1904a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Green1904a, Ali1971]); Malaysia [Ali1971]; Singapore [Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 38]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 203]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9]; Green1904a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 205]; Green1904b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 377]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 9].

Paralecanium expansum rotundum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium expansum rotundum Green, 1904a: 206. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on Rhizophora mucronata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paralecanium expansum rotundum; Sanders, 1906: 9. Change of combination.



HOST: Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mucronata [Green1904a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Green1904a]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 204]; Green1904a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 9].

Paralecanium frenchi macrozamiae (Fuller)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium macrozamiae Fuller, 1897b: 1345. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, on Macrozamia frazeri. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; Penny Gullan, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Lecanium (Paralecanium) frenchii macrozamiae; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 227. Change of status.

Paralecanium frenchii macrozamiae; Fernald, 1903b: 199. Change of combination.



HOST: Zamiaceae: Macrozamia frazeri [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1897b, Fuller1899]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 204]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 199]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 607]; Fuller1897b [host, distribution: 1345]; Fuller1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 459].

Paralecanium frenchii frenchii (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium frenchii Maskell, 1891: 17. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Melbourne, on Banksia australis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Lecanium (Paralecanium) frenchii; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 227.

Paralecanium frenchii; Fernald, 1903b: 199. Change of combination.

Paralecanium frenchi; Ben-Dov, 1993: 204. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Proteaceae: Banksia australis [Frogga1915, Hodgso1994a], Banksia integrifolia [LinKoGu2013], Banksia marginata [Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Cocker1896b, Hodgso1994a] (Queensland, Victoria [Frogga1915, Hodgso1994a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 204]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy: 227]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 29]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 199]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 607]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 429-432]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 253, 258]; Maskel1891 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17-18]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 15]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-80]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164].

Paralecanium geometricum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium geometricum Green, 1896: 9. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on undetermined shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium (Paralecanium) geometricum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 227.

Paralecanium geometricum; Fernald, 1903b: 199. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Lauraceae: Laurus canariensis [Ali1971]. Rutaceae: Glycosmis pentaphylla [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]. Palaearctic: China [Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 127 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 37]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 204]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy: 227]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 199]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 305]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 82]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 128-129]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 62]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 165,191].

Paralecanium hainanense Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium hainanense Takahashi, 1942c: 500. Type data: CHINA: Hainan Island, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Paralecanium hainanensis; Tang, 1991: 129. Change of combination.

Paralecanium hainanensis; Tao, 1999: 62. Misspelling of species name.

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 129 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 204-205]; Takaha1942c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 500-501]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-130]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 166].

Paralecanium limbatum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Paralecanium) limbatum Green, 1922a: 1023. Type data: SRI LANKA: Batticaloa, on Ixora coccinea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paralecanium limbatum; Green, 1937: 306. Change of combination.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Ixora coccinea [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 37]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 205]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1023]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 306].

Paralecanium maculatum Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium maculatum Takahashi, 1950: 71. Type data: INDONESIA: Riau Islands, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.

Platylecanium maculatum; Ali, 1971: 41. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 41]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 205]; Takaha1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-72].

Paralecanium malainum Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium malainum Takahashi, 1950a: 54. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kuala Lumpur, Batu Arang, Selangor and SINGAPORE, on mangosteen and on Palaquium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kuala Lumpur: Selangor Museum, Malaysia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Takaha1950a]. Sapotaceae: Palaquium [Takaha1950a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971]; Singapore.

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 37]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 205]; Takaha1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-55].

Paralecanium mancum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Paralecanium) mancum Green, 1922a: 1023. Type data: SRI LANKA: Namunakuli Hill, Badulla, on Calophyllum walkeri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paralecanium mancum; Green, 1937: 305. Change of combination.



HOST: Clusiaceae: Calophyllum walkeri [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 37]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 205]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1023-1024]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 305].

Paralecanium marginatum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium marginatum Green, 1896: 9. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Psychotria thwaitesii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium (Paralecanium) marginatum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 227.

Paralecanium marginatum; Fernald, 1903b: 199. Change of combination.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Psychotria thwaitesii [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 37]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 205]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy: 227]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 199]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 237]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 305]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350].

Paralecanium marianum Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium marianum Cockerell, 1902k: 455. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro State, Maria, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Celastraceae: Maytenus [Hempel1904]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Kondo2013].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 205-206]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 455]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 199]; Hempel1904 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 317]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 149].

Paralecanium maritimum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium planum maritimum Green, 1896: 9. Type data: SRI LANKA: Bentota, on leaves of a thorny bush growing on the seashore. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium (Paralecanium) maritimum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 228.

Paralecanium maritimum; Fernald, 1903b: 199. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Carissa [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]. Rubiaceae: Ixora coccinea [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]; Singapore [Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 37-38]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 206]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy: 228]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 199]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-247]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 306]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27].

Paralecanium milleri Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium milleri Takahashi, 1939: 114. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kuala Lumpur, on Annona muricata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kuala Lumpur: Selangor Museum, Malaysia. Described: female.

Paralecanium milleti; Tang, 1991: 131. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Takaha1950a]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Takaha1950a, Ali1971]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Takaha1950a], Elaeis gumllusis [Takaha1950a]. Moraceae: Ficus religiosa [Takaha1950a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 127 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 38]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 206]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 82]; Koteja1976 [taxonomy, structure: 277]; Takaha1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115]; Takaha1950a [host, distribution: 54]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 62].

Paralecanium minutum Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium minutum Takahashi, 1951b: 103. Type data: INDONESIA: Riau [=Riouw] Islands, Rempang, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 38]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 206]; Takaha1951b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-104].

Paralecanium neomaritimum Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium neomaritimum Takahashi, 1950a: 49. Type data: MALAYSIA: Morib, Selangor, on Avicennia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kuala Lumpur: Selangor Museum, Malaysia. Described: female.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Avicennia [Takaha1950a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 38]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 206]; Takaha1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51].

Paralecanium ovatum Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium ovatum Morrison, 1921: 671. Type data: SINGAPORE: Botanic Gardens, on Pandanus sp. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female, male and first instar.



HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Morris1921, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea. Oriental: Indonesia; Malaysia; Singapore [Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 38]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 206-207]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 671-674]; Takaha1950 [host, distribution: 71]; Takaha1950a [host, distribution: 49]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134-135].

Paralecanium pahanense Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium pahanense Takahashi, 1950a: 55. Type data: MALAYSIA: Fraser's Hills, Pahan, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kuala Lumpur: Selangor Museum, Malaysia. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 38]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 207]; Takaha1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-57].

Paralecanium peradeniyense (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Paralecanium) paradeniyense Green, 1904d: 241. Type data: SRI LANKA: Peradeniya, on Piper nigrum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: On page 241 and 242 the species name was spelled paradeniyense, while on page 248 it was spelled peradeniyense.

Lecanium (Paralecanium) peradeniyense; Green, 1904d: 248, 249. Justified emendation.

Paralecanium paradeniyense; Sanders, 1906: 9. Change of combination.

Paralecanium peradeniyense; Green, 1937: 306.

Paralecanium paradeniyense; Ben-Dov, 1993: 207. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]. Smilacaceae: Smilax ovalifolia [Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; Sri Lanka [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

STRUCTURE: Marginal setae transversely ovoid. (Martin & Lau, 2011)

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 38]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 207]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 241]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 306]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 9].

Paralecanium planum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium planum Green, 1896: 9. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium (Paralecanium) planum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 228.

Paralecanium planum; Fernald, 1903: 200. Change of combination.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Nothopegia colebrookiana [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011] (Martin & Lau, 2011, state that this identification is made with caution since the specimen is newly molted and the syntypes are mature sclerotic.); Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 38]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 207]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy: 200]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 200]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-244]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 306]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350].

Paralecanium pseudexpansum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium pseudexpansum Green, 1914c: 233. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Koolpinyah near Darwin, on Pandanus odoratissimus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paralecanium pseudexpansum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 207. Change of combination.



HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus odoratissimus [Green1914c].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Green1914c, Frogga1915]).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 134 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 207]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 612]; Green1914c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 233-234]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 134].

Paralecanium quadratum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium expansum quadratum Green, 1904d: 236. Type data: SRI LANKA: Balangoda on cultivated nutmeg [=Myristica fragrans] and Kalutara on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paralecanium expansum quadratum; Sanders, 1906: 9. Change of combination.

Paralecanium quadratum; Takahashi, 1955f: 239. Change of status.



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [Takaha1955f]. Flacourtiaceae: Scolopia oldhami [Takaha1935, Ali1971]. Myristicaceae: Myristica fragrans [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]. Tiliaceae: Diplodiscus paniculatus [Morris1920, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Ali1971]); Philippines [Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Ali1971]. Palaearctic: Japan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Tao et al. (1983) and by tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 127 (female) [Asia]; Tao et al. 1983: 100 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 146 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 38-39]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 207-208]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 305]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 146]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 194-196]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 9]; Takaha1935 [host, distribution: 9-10]; Takaha1955f [taxonomy, host, distribution: 239]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-132]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 62]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-103]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 165,191].

Paralecanium trifasciatum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Paralecanium) trifasciatum Green, 1922a: 1024. Type data: SRI LANKA: Batticaloa, on Hemicyclea [=Hemicyclia]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paralecanium trifasciatum; Green, 1937: 307. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Hemicyclea [Green1922a], Hemicyclia lanceolata [Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 39]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 208]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1024-1025]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 307].

Paralecanium vacuum Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium vacuum Morrison, 1921: 674. Type data: SINGAPORE: on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [Morris1921, Ali1971]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora [Takaha1950a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia; Malaysia; Singapore [Ali1971]; Taiwan [Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 39]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 208]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 674-676]; Takaha1950 [host, distribution: 71]; Takaha1950a [host, distribution: 52-53].

Paralecanium zonatum (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Paralecanium) zonatum Green, 1904d: 245. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Garcinia spicata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Paralecanium zonatum; Sanders, 1906: 9. Change of combination.



HOST: Clusiaceae: Garcinia spicata [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 39]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 208]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 245]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 306]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 9].



Parapulvinaria Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Parapulvinaria Fonseca, 1969: 9. Type species: Parapulvinaria cassariae Fonseca, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Fonseca (1969) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 208-209]; Fonsec1969 [taxonomy, description: 9]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 442-446].

Parapulvinaria cassariae Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Parapulvinaria cassariae Fonseca, 1969: 9. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Jardim da Luz, on Cassaria [=Casearia] sylvestris. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 442. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [Fonsec1969, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Fonsec1969] (Sao Paulo [Fonsec1969, Hodgso1994a] (Jardin da Luz)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Fonseca (1969) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 209]; Fonsec1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-11]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 442-445].



Parasaissetia Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Parasaissetia Takahashi, 1955c: 26. Type species: Lecanium nigrum Nietner, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Takahashi (1955c), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Saissetiini.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 26 (female) [Argentina]; Tao et al. 1983: 62 (female) [Taiwan]; De Lotto 1965a: 214 (female) [Afrotropical].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 39]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 209]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 210]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 212-214]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 410]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 57]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 114-115]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 17,68]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 4,24]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 446-449]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 159]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 147]; Takaha1955c [taxonomy, description: 26]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 186]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 62]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 76]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,135]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 176].

Parasaissetia ficicola De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Parasaissetia ficicola De Lotto, 1965a: 214. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Ficus mallatocarpa. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [DeLott1965a], Ficus mallatocarpa [DeLott1965a], Ficus populifolia [DeLott1965a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1965a]; Tanzania [DeLott1965a]; Uganda [DeLott1965a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 209]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-216].

Parasaissetia litorea De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Parasaissetia litorea De Lotto, 1967b: 788. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Addo, on Loranthus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Encyrtus barbiger Prinsloo [Prinsl1991], Microterys anneckei Prinsloo [Prinsl1975].

HOSTS: Loranthaceae: Loranthus [DeLott1967b]. Moraceae: Ficus [DeLott1967b]. Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon inerme [DeLott1967b]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [DeLott1967b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1967b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 209]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 788-789,806]; Prinsl1975 [biological control: 19-37]; Prinsl1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-30].

Parasaissetia nairobica (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia nairobica De Lotto, 1957a: 173. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Cordia holstii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Parasaissetia nairobica; De Lotto, 1965a: 216. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Cordia holstii [DeLott1957a]. Euphorbiaceae: Cleistanthus polystachyus [CouturMaRi1985], Mareya spicata [CouturMaRi1985]. Flacourtiaceae: Caloncoba brevipes [CouturMaRi1985]. Ixonanthaceae: Ochtocosmus africanus [CouturMaRi1985]. Moraceae: Ficus sycomorus [DeLott1965a]. Pandaceae: Microdesmis puberula [CouturMaRi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Kenya [DeLott1957a]; Tanzania [DeLott1965a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 209]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 277]; DeLott1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-175]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 216].

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium nigrum Nietner, 1861: 9. Type data: SRI LANKA [=CEYLON]: on coffee. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Lecanium depressum Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 29. Type data: ITALY: Florence, Royal Botanic Gardens, on Ficus sp. and other plants. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Maskell, 1894a: 166. Notes: Type material probably lost: G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Lecanium depressum simulans Douglas, 1887a: 28. Type data: ENGLAND: on Ficus elastica and camellias. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Maskell, 1894a: 166. Notes: Type material probably lost (Williams & Watson, 1990).

Lecanium begoniae Douglas, 1892b: 209. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, on Begonia. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Maskell, 1894a: 166. Notes: Type material probably lost (Williams & Watson, 1990).

Lecanium caudatum Green, 1896: 10. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Passiflora and coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Tao et al., 1983: 76.

Lecanium nigrum begoniae; Cockerell, 1896b: 332. Change of status.

Lecanium nigrum depressum; Cockerell, 1896b: 332. Change of status.

Lecanium (Saissetia) nigrum begoniae; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 163.

Saissetia nigra; Cockerell, 1901e: 32. Change of combination.

Coccus nigrum; Kirkaldy, 1902: 106. Change of combination.

Saissetia nigra; King, 1902a: 296. Change of combination.

Coccus caudatus; Fernald, 1903b: 168. Change of combination. Homonym of Coccus caudatus Walker, 1852.

Saissetia depressa; Fernald, 1903b: 201. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Saissetia) pseudonigrum Kuwana, 1909b: 162. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara Islands (=Bonin Islands),on 'Shirotsugi'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1955b: 70.

Lecanium (Saissetia) sideroxylium Kuwana, 1909b: 162. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara Islands (=Bonin Islands), on Sideroxylon ferrugineum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1955b: 70.

Saissetia pseudonigrum; Sasscer, 1911: 67. Change of combination.

Saissetia sideroxylium; Sasscer, 1911: 67. Change of combination.

Saissetia cuneiformis Leonardi, 1913a: 33. Type data: ERITREA: on Rhus aztechesan. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1956a: 240.

Coccus signatus; Gowdey, 1917: 188. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Saissetia) signatum Newstead, 1917: 363. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on guava. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 135. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957a: 175.

Lecanium (Saissetia) nigrum nitidum Newstead, 1920: 191. Type data: UGANDA: Lake Victoria, Bukeke and Sesse Islands, on 'Luzibarziba' [=Alchornea cordifolia]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 135. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957a: 175.

Saissetia perseae Brain, 1920a: 11. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on Persea gratissima. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957a: 175.

Saissetia (Lecanium) nigra; Hall, 1922: 22. Change of combination.

Saissetia nigrum depressum; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 45. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Cockerell" as author.

Lecanium (Saissetia) crassum Green, 1930c: 287. Type data: SUMATRA, on Broussonetia papyrifera; INDIA and WEST BENGAL on Psidium guajava and INDIA (Calcutta) on Ficus religiosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1963: 100.

Coccus asiaticus Lindinger, 1932f: 201. Replacement name for coccus caudatus (Green, 1896); synonymy by Tao et al., 1988: 76.

Saissetia nigra depressa; Balachowsky, 1939: 257. Change of combination and rank.

Saissetia nigra depressa; Balachowsky, 1939: 257. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Douglas" as author.

Coccus niger; Silvestri, 1939: 728. Misspelling of species name.

Lecanium nigrum depressum; Balachowsky, 1939a: 257. Change of combination.

Saissetia cuniformis; Compere, 1939d: 20. Misspelling of species name.

Saisettia nigra; Esaki, 1940a: 277. Misspelling of genus name.

Parasaissetia nigra; Takahashi, 1955d: 26. Change of combination.

Saissetia crassum; Ali, 1971: 44. Change of combination.

Coccus caudaus; Tao, 1978: 80. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: escama negra lisa [QuezadCoDi1972]; lapa-da-anoineira [CarvalAg1997]; lapa-preta [CarvalAg1997]; nigra scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993, SmithBeBr1997]; Queresa negra del chirimoyo [Nunez2008].



ASSOCIATES: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. FLAVOBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012]. HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Camponotus sp. [SharmaSu2011], Crematogaster sp. [SharmaSu2011], Oecophylla smaragdina Fabr. [SharmaSu2011].

FOES: DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Pectinodiplosis erratica (Felt) [GagneEt2009]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012], Prococcophagus varius Silvestri [AnneckMy1979a]. Encyrtidae: Aloencyrtus obscuratus (Waterston) [LePell1968], Aloencyrtus saissetiae Compere [Comper1939], Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) [BlumbeGo1992, Blumbe1997], Encyrtus lecaniorum (Mayr) [BlumbeGo1992], Metaphycus helvolus [Flande1953a], Metaphycus luteolus (Timberlake) [Blumbe1997], Microterys bizanensis Compere [Comper1939d], Microterys nicholsoni Compere [Comper1939d], Microterys nietneri Motschulsky [BasheeAsRa2014]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea (Motschulsky) [LePell1968, BadaryAb2011].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Adhatoda visica [BenDov1978a], Andrographis paniculata [RaniSr2005], Eranthemum [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, BenDov1978a, ShafeeYoKh1989, HodgsoHi1990], Graptophyllum [Hodgso1994a], Graptophyllum pictum [BenDov1978a], Hygrophila erecta [Ali1968a], Hygrophila spinosa [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Justicia [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Justicia macdonaldi [BenDov1993], Odontonema [WilliaWa1990], Pseuderanthemum [WilliaWa1990], Ruttya ovata [DeLott1967b]. Agavaceae: Agave [Green1904d, Nakaha1981a, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Agave americana [Green1904d], Agave sisalana [BenDov1978a, Hodgso1994a], Dracaena [Nakaha1981a], Furcraea gigantea [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Polyanthes [BenDov1978a]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus [WilliaWa1990]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [BenDov1978a], Mangifera indica [EzzatHu1969, BenDov1978a, Nakaha1983, KinjoNaHi1996, GermaiVaMa2010], Rhus [Hall1935], Rhus abyssinica [DeLott1956a], Rhus culmenum [Hodgso1969a], Rhus simarubaefolia [WilliaWa1990], Schinus [Nakaha1981a], Schinus molle [Hall1923, DeLott1956a, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1978a], Schinus terebinthifolius [BenDov1978a], Spondias dulcis [WilliaWa1990]. Annonaceae: Annona [Green1904d, Hall1935, Green1937, Ali1971, HodgsoHi1990, Hodgso1994a], Annona cherimolia [Green1923b, GomezM1958b, BenDov1978a, BenDov1993], Annona chrysophylla [DeLott1956a], Annona macrocarpa [CarnerPe1986], Annona muricata [Newste1913, BenDov1978a, Nakaha1983], Annona reticulata [Mamet1943a, Mamet1956, WilliaWi1988, EtiennMa1993], Annona senegalensis [Hall1935], Artabotrys odoratissimus [CarnerPe1986], Brieya fasciculata [CouturMaRi1985], Rollinia occidentalis [Granar1999], Xylopia quintasii [CouturMaRi1985]. Apocynaceae: Acocanthera [Newste1917b], Adenium obesum [BenDov1978a], Arduina edulis [Hodgso1994a], Carissa bispinosa acuminata [DeLott1967b], Carissa edulis [DeLott1956a], Nerium [HodgsoHi1990], Nerium indicum [TangLi1988], Nerium oleander [Bodenh1935, WilliaWa1990], Plumeria acutifolia [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria tricolor [VieiraCaPi1983], Rauwfolia caffra [Hall1935]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [HodgsoHe2000], Ilex mitis [Hodgso1969a]. Araceae: Anthurium [Nakaha1981a], Anthurium digitatum [BenDov1978a], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaWa1990], Dieffenbachia regina [BenDov1978a], Monstera [Nakaha1981a], Philodendron [Matile1978, Nakaha1981a], Syngonium [HodgsoHi1990], Zantedeschia aethiopica [VieiraCaPi1983]. Araliaceae: Aralia elegantissima [HamonWi1984], Brassaia actinophylla [Nakaha1981a], Cussonia arborea [Hall1935], Cussonia paniculata [DeLott1967b], Cussonia spicata [Hodgso1967, BenDov1978a], Hedera helix [BenDov1978a], Schefflera [WilliaWa1990]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Cocos nucifera [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Elaeis guineensis [WilliaWa1990], Erythea armata [VieiraCaPi1983]. Asclepiadaceae: Stephanotis [HodgsoHi1990]. Asteraceae: Artemisia [TaoWoCh1983], Artemisia capillaris [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Baccharis [HodgsoHi1990], Bidens [Hall1935, HodgsoHi1990], Bidens pilosa [Hall1935, WilliaWa1990], Chrysanthemum [Nakaha1981a], Elephantopus scaber [WilliaWa1990], Helianthus annuus [WilliaWa1990], Parthenium [HodgsoHi1990], Pluchea odorata [BenDov1978a], Solidago [WilliaWa1990], Solidago altissima [AndoUtOh2010], Vernonia amygdalina [DeLott1956a, Hodgso1994a]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [Green1896, Ali1968a, Ali1971, BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a, Hodgso1994a], Begonia [Green1904d]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda [Matile1976], Jacaranda mimosaefolia [Green1907], Tecoma [Hodgso1969a]. Bischofiaceae: Bischofia javanica [Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [WilliaWa1990], Eriodendron anfractuosum [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Ochroma [WilliaWa1990]. Boraginaceae: Cordia [Nakaha1983, WilliaBu1987], Cordia abyssinica [DeLott1956a], Cordia myxa [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Cordia subcordata [WilliaWa1990]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Bromelia [BenDov1978a], Neoregelia spectabilis [CarnerPe1986]. Burseraceae: Garuga pacifica [WilliaWa1990]. Cactaceae [BenDov1978a]. Canellaceae: Warburgia salutaris [CrouchCr2001]. Cannaceae: Canna [Green1904d, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1969a, Nakaha1981a], Canna indica [Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Canna speciosa [BenDov1978a]. Capparidaceae: Capparis [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a], Capparis sepiaria [Green1908a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [Ferris1920b, BenDov1978a, HodgsoHi1990], Gymnosporia arbutifolia [DeLott1956a], Maytenus cymosa [DeLott1967b], Maytenus octogona [LincanHoCa2010], Maytenus senegalensis [BenDov1978a, DeLott1967b, Hodgso1994a]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium [HodgsoHi1990]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [Ali1971, BenDov1978a], Clusia grandiflora [BenDov1978a], Clusia rosea [Nakaha1981a], Harungana [CouturMaRi1985], Mammea americana [Nakaha1983]. Cobaeaceae: Cobaea [Green1896, Ali1968a, Ali1971], Cobaea scandens [CarnerPe1986]. Combretaceae: Combretum [Hall1935], Terminalia brassii [WilliaWa1990], Terminalia catappa [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983, Matile1984c]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea tuberosa [Nakaha1981a]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Bryophyllum daigrimontianum [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Bryophyllum pinnatum [Nakaha1981a], Kalanchoe pinnata [DeLott1967b], Sedum [HodgsoHi1990]. Cucurbitaceae: Citrullus [DeLott1967b], Cucurbita moschata [BenDov1978a], Cucurbita pepo [WilliaWa1990], Luffa [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Sechium edule [VieiraCaPi1983]. Ebenaceae: Euclea kellau [DeLott1956a]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia silvatica [DeLott1956a]. Euphorbiaceae: Alchornea cordifolia [Newste1920], Aleurites fordii [WilliaWa1990], Antidesma venosum [DeLott1967b], Bridelia [BenDov1978a, Hodgso1969a], Bridelia micrantha [Hodgso1967], Codiaeum [Mamet1943a, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Codiaeum variegatum [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Croton [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, DeLott1968a, Ali1971, Almeid1973b], Croton [Green1896, ShafeeYoKh1989], Croton macrostachys [DeLott1956a], Croton tiglium [Green1937, BenDov1978a], Discogypremna caloneura [CouturMaRi1985], Erythrococca [DeLott1956a], Euphorbia [HodgsoHi1990], Euphorbia fulgens [BenDov1978a], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Nakaha1981a], Glochidion [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Hevea [Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971], Hevea brasiliensis [Green1904a, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, BenDov1978a, Hodgso1994a], Hevea brasiliensis [ShafeeYoKh1989], Jatropha acontifolia [BenDov1978a], Manihot [Green1937, Ali1971], Manihot esculentus [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a, WilliaBu1987, Nakaha1983], Manihot utilissima [Green1904d, Ali1968a, Ali1971], Mareya spicata [CouturMaRi1985], Phyllanthus [Mamet1954, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Poinsettia [Mamet1943a, BenDov1978a, HodgsoHi1990, Hodgso1994a], Poinsettia pulcherima [Hodgso1967], Ricinus communis [Mamet1943a, Mamet1978, BenDov1978a], Sapium sebiferum [Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Uapaca kirkiana [Hall1935]. Fabaceae: Acacia [KfirRo1980], Cassia grandis [Nakaha1981a], Crotalaria [WilliaWa1990], Delonix regia [BenDov1978a], Erythrina corallodendron [TaoWoCh1983], Erythrina indica [Morris1920, Ali1968a, Ali1971], Parkinsonia aculeata [Mamet1951]. Flacourtiaceae: Aberia caffra [DeLott1956a], Caloncoba brevipes [CouturMaRi1985], Dovyalis caffra [DeLott1956a]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [BenDov1978a, HodgsoHi1990], Pelargonium [HodgsoHi1990]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola [Nakaha1981a], Scaevola frutescens [WilliaWa1990], Scaevola koenigii [BenDov1978a], Scaveola taccada [WilliaMa2009b]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [Nakaha1981a], Heliconia metallica [Newste1903, Lizery1942c]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea [HodgsoHi1990]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus illyricus [Mamet1943a, BenDov1978a], Iris germanica [HodgsoHe2000], Moraea bicolor [Nakaha1981a]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [Nakaha1981a], Coleus blumei [BenDov1978a], Ocimum basilicum [Mamet1943a]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum zeylanicum [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990], Ocotea usambarensis [BenDov1978a], Persea americana [BenDov1978a, DeLott1967b, Nakaha1983], Persea gratissima [Brain1920a, DeLott1967b]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia [WilliaWa1990]. Liliaceae: Agapanthus [Nakaha1983], Aloe [Nakaha1981a], Aloe vera [BenDov1978a], Asparagus [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1929, Ali1968a, Ali1971, WilliaWa1990], Asparagus falcatus [Green1904d], Cordyline terminalis [Nakaha1981a]. Loganiaceae: Geniostoma [WilliaWa1990], Strychnos lucens [Hodgso1967, BenDov1978a]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [DeLott1956a], Loranthus acaciae [BenDov2012], Loranthus quequensis [BenDov1978a, Hodgso1969a]. Lythraceae: Lawsonia [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Lawsonia alba [Newste1917b], Lawsonia inermis [Matile1984c]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [Bodenh1924]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia coccigera [BenDov1978a]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus [ShafeeYoKh1989], Abutilon [Green1904d, Hodgso1994a], Abutilon molle [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Gossypium [Green1908a, Newste1914, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ali1968a, Ali1971], Gossypium [Ramakr1930, Hall1935, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Gossypium arboreum [TaoWoCh1983], Gossypium barbadense [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Gossypium herbaceum [Ali1971], Gossypium hirsutum [WilliaWa1990], Gossypium tomentosum [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Hibiscus [Ferris1935, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1969a, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990, Hodgso1994a], Hibiscus [Cocker1894c, Cocker1896k, Green1907, Balach1957c, WilliaBu1987], Hibiscus [Marott1987, Willia2010], Hibiscus esculentum [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, DeLott1968a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Nakaha1983, Hodgso1994a], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Green1937, ShafeeYoKh1989, Granar1999], Hibiscus sabdariffa [WilliaWa1990], Hibiscus sinensis [DeLott1968a, Matile1978], Hibiscus syriacus [WilliaWa1990], Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaWa1990], Kokia drynarioides [Nakaha1981a], Malvaviscus arboreus [BenDov1978a], Sida [HodgsoHi1990], Sida acuta [Mamet1943a, BenDov1978a], Sida rhombifolia [Hodgso1967, WilliaWa1990], Thespesia [Ramakr1930, HodgsoHi1990], Thespesia populnea [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, BenDov1978a, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [Schmut1998], Cedrela toona [Hall1935], Melia [HodgsoHi1990], Melia azedarach [BenDov1978a, DeLott1967b]. Melianthaceae: Bersama [Hall1935]. Monimiaceae: Tambourissa [Mamet1954, Matile1978]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [Nakaha1981a], Artocarpus heterophyllus [WilliaWa1990], Broussonetia papyrifera [Green1930c, Ali1971], Castilla elastica [BenDov1978a], Ficus [Brain1920a, Newste1911, Ferris1921, Mamet1943a, Mamet1954, DeLott1957a, Hodgso1967], Ficus [DeLott1967b, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990], Ficus [Green1904d, Green1917a, Hall1924a, Marott1987], Ficus capensis [Hall1935, BenDov1978a], Ficus carica [Hall1923, Bodenh1924, EzzatHu1969, Ali1971, BenDov1978a, Matile1984c], Ficus dekdekena [DeLott1956a], Ficus elastica [Ali1971, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ficus erecta [Kuwana1931b], Ficus gibbosa [Ali1971], Ficus ingens [Hodgso1969a], Ficus lutea [DeLott1956a], Ficus mallatocarpa [DeLott1956a], Ficus megapoda [Mamet1950, Mamet1951], Ficus melleri [Mamet1950, Mamet1951], Ficus membranacea [MestreHaEv2011], Ficus microcarpa [TaoWoCh1983], Ficus nautarum [WilliaMa2009b], Ficus nekbuda [BenDov1978a], Ficus nitida [BenDov1978a], Ficus palmata [DeLott1956a], Ficus religiosa [Green1930c, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus retusa [Ali1971], Ficus rotus [Kuwana1931b], Ficus scabra [WilliaWa1990], Ficus sycomorus [Hall1923, Bodenh1924, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1978a], Ficus tinctoria [WilliaWa1990], Ficus vasculosa [TaoWoCh1983], Ficus vasta [DeLott1956a], Ficus wightiana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Ficus wrightii [CarnerPe1986], Maclura africana [Hodgso1969a], Morus [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Morus alba [Ali1968a, Ali1971, BenDov1978a], Morus indica [Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Musaceae: Musa [Green1923b, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990, Hodgso1994a, BenDov1968], Musa paradisiaca [Nakaha1981a], Musa sapientum [Ali1971, WilliaWa1990]. Myristicaceae: Myristica fragrans [Ali1968a]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia quinquegona [Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Myrsine [BenDov1978a]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus deglupta [BenDov1978a], Eugenia javanica [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Feijoa sellowiana [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoHe2000], Metrosideros [Nakaha1981a], Psidium [Kirkal1902, Marott1987, HodgsoHi1990], Psidium cattleyanum [VieiraCaPi1983], Psidium guajava [Newste1917, DeLott1957a, DeLott1967b, Ali1968a, Ali1971, BenDov1978a], Psidium guajava [Green1930c, KfirRo1980, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Psidium guajava [DanzigKo1990], Psidium littorale [Willia1985a], Syzygium cordatum [Hodgso1967, DeLott1967b], Syzygium guiniense [Hodgso1969a]. Naucleaceae: Uncaria africana [CouturMaRi1985]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Nakaha1981a]. Ochnaceae: Ochna [Hall1935]. Orchidaceae: Bulbophyllum [Mamet1954], Cymbidium [VieiraCaPi1983], Piperia [BenDov1978a], Vanda [Nakaha1981a]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Passifloraceae: Adenia glauca [DeLott1967b], Passiflora [DeLott1967b, HodgsoHi1990], Passiflora edulis [WilliaWa1990, WysokiBeSw1993, DeLott1967b], Passiflora quadrangularis [Hall1922, BenDov1978a]. Piperaceae: Piper [Hall1924a], Piper betle [Nakaha1981a], Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Hall1922], Pittosporum arborescens [WilliaWa1990], Pittosporum undulatum [BenDov1978a]. Poaceae: Bambusa [Kirkal1902, Marott1987], Cyperus rotundus [Nakaha1981a], Panicum distachyum [WilliaWa1990], Panicum maximum [BenDov1978a]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba [HodgsoHi1990], Emex spinosa [Nakaha1981a], Homalocladium platycladum [HamonWi1984], Muehlenbeckia [HodgsoHi1990]. Proteaceae: Hakea [Marott1987]. Pteridaceae: Adiantum [HodgsoHi1990]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus spina-christi [Hall1923]. Rosaceae: Crataegus mexicana [Mamet1959a], Malus sylvestris [DeLott1956a], Prunus armeniaca [HodgsoHe2000], Prunus capuli [Mamet1954], Pyrus [Ali1971], Pyrus malus [DeLott1956a], Rosa [Hall1935], Rubus hawaiiensis [Nakaha1981a]. Rubiaceae: Canthium [Green1904d], Canthium obovatum [DeLott1967b], Canthium odoratum [Nakaha1981a], Canthium parviflorum [Green1904d], Cinchona [Green1937], Cinchona officinalis [Green1904d], Cinchona succirubra [Green1904d], Coffea [Green1896, Newste1917b, Green1937, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Coffea arabica [Green1904d, Hodgso1967, Ali1968a, CarnerPe1986], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1990], Coffea liberica [Green1904d], Gardenia jasminoides [TangLi1988], Guettarda speciosa [WilliaWa1990], Ixora [Nakaha1981a], Ixora coccinea [BenDov1978a], Ixora macrothyrsa [WilliaWa1990], Morinda [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Morinda citrifolia [BenDov1978a]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Casimiroa edulis [DeLott1956a], Citrus [Ali1968a, Ali1971, QuezadCoDi1972, ShafeeYoKh1989, HodgsoHi1990, CarvalAg1997], Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1990], Citrus aurantium [Hall1935], Citrus limon [DeLott1956a], Citrus reticulata [WilliaWa1990], Evodia hortensis [WilliaWa1990], Fagara macrophylla [CouturMaRi1985], Pelea [Nakaha1981a], Zanthoxylum [HodgsoHi1990]. Salicaceae: Salix warburgii [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Santalaceae: Santalum album [Ali1968a], Santalum paniculatum [Nakaha1981a]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988, WysokiBeSw1993], Sapindus saponaria [Ferris1935]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Hodgso1994a], Chrysophyllum [Green1917a], Chrysophyllum cainito [Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Malacantha [Green1917a], Sideroxylon ferrugineum [Sassce1911], Sideroxylon oxyacantha [DeLott1956a]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [Nakaha1981a]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [Nakaha1983], Capsicum frutescens [WilliaWa1990], Cestrum [Nakaha1981a], Solanum [HodgsoHi1990], Solanum jasminoides [DeLott1956a], Solanum melongena [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Solanum nigrum [BenDov1978a], Solanum wendlandii [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Withania origanifolia [CockerRo1915a, Ali1968a, Ali1971]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [BenDov1978a]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia [Nakaha1981a], Strelitzia nicolai [VieiraCaPi1983], Strelitzia reginae [Nakaha1981a]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [BenDov1978a]. Theaceae: Thea [BenDov1978a], Thea chinensis [Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Thymelaeaceae: Daphne [HodgsoHe2000]. Tiliaceae: Grewia [DeLott1956a]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [DeLott1956a], Zelkova [HodgsoHi1990]. Umbelliferae: Foeniculum [BenDov1978a]. Urticaceae: Pilea cadierei [HamonWi1984]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [WilliaWa1990], Duranta plumieri [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Premna taitensis [Ferris1935, WilliaWa1990]. Vitaceae: Cissus [DeLott1967b], Vitis vinifera [Hall1923, Hall1924a, DeLott1956a, BenDov1978a, Granar1999]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia nutans [Kuwana1931b], Alpinia purpurata [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Hedychium flavum [WilliaWa1990], Zingiber [Nakaha1981a], Zingiber officinale [BenDov1978a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1943a, Mamet1978]; Angola [DeLott1968a, Almeid1973b]; Ascension Island [WilliaMe2007]; Benin [GermaiVaMa2010]; Burkina Faso [CABI1997b]; Cameroon [CABI1997b]; Cape Verde [Fernan1975, VanHarCoWi1990]; Chad [Hodgso1994a]; Comoros [CABI1997b]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CABI1997b]; Eritrea [DeLott1957a, DeLott1956a, Hodgso1994a]; Ghana [CABI1997b]; Guinea [Fernan1987a]; Kenya [Newste1917b, DeLott1956a, Schmut1998]; Madagascar [Mamet1950, Mamet1951, Mamet1954, Mamet1959a, Mamet1962]; Mali [MuniapWaVa2012]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Mozambique [DeLott1968a, Hodgso1969a]; Namibia (=South West Africa) [CABI1997b]; Nigeria [CABI1997b]; Reunion [CABI1997b, GermaiMiPa2014]; Saint Helena [CABI1997b]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Seabra1921, Seabra1925, Fernan1993]); Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Seychelles [Green1907, Mamet1943a] (Aldabra Island [CABI1997b, WilliaMa2009b]); Sierra Leone [CABI1997b]; South Africa [Brain1920a, Mamet1943a, DeLott1957a, DeLott1967b, GroveScDe2014]; Sudan [CABI1997b]; Tanzania [CABI1997b]; Uganda [Newste1911, Newste1913, Newste1917, Newste1917b, Newste1920, Mamet1943a, DeLott1957a]; Zambia [Hodgso1969a]; Zanzibar [Mamet1956]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935, DeLott1957a, Hodgso1967, Hodgso1969a]. Australasian: American Samoa [DoaneFe1916] (Swains' Island [CABI1997b]); Australia [Kirkal1902, Frogga1915, Mamet1943a] (New South Wales [Frogga1915], Northern Territory [Green1916e], Queensland [SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [RakimoBeWh2013], Victoria [RakimoBeWh2013], Western Australia [RakimoBeWh2013]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Mamet1943a, Kawai1987]; Cook Islands [CABI1997b]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Mamet1943a]); Fiji [CABI1997b]; French Polynesia (Society Islands [DoaneHa1909, Ferris1935], Tahiti [CABI1997b]); Guam [CABI1997b]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, Frogga1915, Mamet1943a]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013], Java [CABI1997b]). Australasian: Johnston Island [CABI1997b]; Kiribati [CABI1997b] (Gilbert Islands [CABI1997b], Phoenix Islands [BenDov1993]); Line Islands (Palmyra Island [CABI1997b]); Marcus Island [Mamet1943a]; Nauru [CABI1997b]; New Caledonia [CABI1997b]; New Zealand [Kirkal1902, Frogga1915, Green1929, Mamet1943a, HodgsoHe2000]; Northern Mariana Islands [Mamet1943a]; Palau [Mamet1943a]; Papua New Guinea [CABI1997b]; Tonga [BenDov1993]; Tuvalu [BenDov1993]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Volcano Islands (=Kazan-Reto) [CABI1997b]; Wallis and Futuna Islands (Futuna Island [CABI1997b]); Western Samoa [CABI1997b]. Nearctic: Canada [CABI1997b]; Mexico [CABI1997b] (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921]). Nearctic: Mexico (Chihuahua [CABI1997b]). Nearctic: Mexico (Colima [CABI1997b], Guanajuato [CABI1997b], Guerrero [CABI1997b], Jalisco [CABI1997b], Michoacan [CABI1997b], Morelos [CABI1997b], Nayarit [CABI1997b], Nuevo Leon [CABI1997b], Oaxaca [CABI1997b], Puebla [CABI1997b], Queretaro [CABI1997b], Sinola [CABI1997b], Sonora [CABI1997b]); United States of America (Alabama [CABI1997b], California [Ferris1920b], Florida [CABI1997b], Louisiana [CABI1997b], Maryland [CABI1997b], Missouri [CABI1997b], New Mexico [CABI1997b], New York [CABI1997b], Ohio [CABI1997b], Oklahoma [CABI1997b], Pennsylvania [CABI1997b], Texas [CABI1997b], Virginia [CABI1997b]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [CABI1997b]); Argentina (Tucuman [GranarCl2003]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991]; Brazil [Frogga1915, Mamet1943a, LongoMaPe1995, Jansen1995] (Rio Grande do Sul [CABI1997b], Sao Paulo [CABI1997b]); Colombia [Kondo2001, Kondo2008a]; Costa Rica [CABI1997b]; Cuba [MestreHaBa2001, MestreHaEv2011]; Dominican Republic [CABI1997b]; Ecuador [CABI1997b]; El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [CABI1997b, Willia2010]; Guyana [Newste1914, Mamet1943a]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [CABI1997b]; Jamaica [Cocker1896a]; Martinique [Balach1957c, MatileEt2006]; Nicaragua [CABI1997b]; Panama [CABI1997b]; Peru [Nunez2008]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Mamet1943a, Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1894c, Cocker1896k]); U.S. Virgin Islands [CABI1997b]. Oriental: Brunei [Hodgso1994a]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Ali1968a, Ali1971]; Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Green1908a, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Assam [Ali1971], Bihar [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971], West Bengal [Green1908a, Ali1971]); Indonesia [CABI1997b] (Sumatra [Ali1968a, Ali1971]); Laos [Hodgso1994a]; Malaysia [Ali1971] (Sabah [CABI1997b], Sarawak [CABI1997b]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]; Pakistan [CABI1997b]; Philippines [Cocker1905f, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, LongoMaPe1995] (Luzon [Ali1971]); Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Singapore [CABI1997b]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1968a, Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Azores [CABI1997b, LopesFiMa2008]; Belgium [CABI1997b]; Canary Islands [GomezM1967O, PerezGCa1987, BenDov2013]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [CABI1997b]); Denmark [CABI1997b]; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, Hall1924a, Mamet1943a, EzzatHu1969]; France [Balach1939, Mamet1943a, GermaiBe2003]; Israel [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1935, KfirRo1980, BenDov1993]; Italy [Mamet1943a, LongoMaPe1995, Marott1987, Pelliz2010]; Japan [Sassce1911, Mamet1943a]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Netherlands [Jansen1995]; Portugal [Fernan1992]; Saudi Arabia [CABI1997b]; Spain [GomezM1958b]; Turkey [CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; United Kingdom (England [Newste1903, Green1917a, MalumpBa2012]).

BIOLOGY: Smith (1944) studied the life history, ecology, and natural enemies in California. The nigra scale successfully develops under laboratory conditions on Cucurbita squashes, and on sprouting potato tubers. On squashes, at 24C a generation is completed within 45-60 days. The encapsulation of eggs of Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) was studied by Blumberg & Goldenberg (1992). Life history and pest status on coffee discussed bt Le Pelley (1968). In Tamaulipas, Mexico, at least 2 complete generations of P. nigra on mistletoe Phoradendron spp. (Santalales: Santalaceae) were observed near Rio San Marcos in Ciudad Victoria. (Myartseva, et al., 2014)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Ben-Dov (1978a), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Figs 6,44), Hamon & Williams (1984) Gill (1988), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999), and Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Adult female is elongate-oval, shiny, dark brown, 3-4 mm long. Body shape varies according to the substrate, specimens found on leaves are broad, only slightly convex but much more convex than those on stems or leaf-mid-ribs, which are elongate and less convex. Immature stages and young adult specimens of P. nigra are translucent-yellow and sometimes mottled (Hamon & Williams 1984).

SYSTEMATICS: The species Lecanium caudatum Green, 1896, was transferred to Coccus (by Fernald, 1903b: 168), thus becoming a secondary homonym of Coccus caudatus Walker, 1852. The former was replaced (Lindinger, 1932f: 201) with Coccus asiaticus Lindinger, Finally, Lecanium caudatum Green, 1896, was synonymized with P. nigra by Tao et al., 1983: 76.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A potential pest of litchi in Israel (Wysoki et al., 1993).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 199 (female) [New Zealand]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 374 (female) [Egypt]; Beardsley 1966: 494 (female) [Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1957: 332 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 320 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Ali1968a [host, distribution: 37]; Ali1971 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 39-40,44]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 5]; AndoUtOh2010 [host, distribution: 174-183]; AnneckMy1979a [host, distribution, biological control: 290-292]; BadaryAb2011 [biological control, distribution, host: 53-54]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 257]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Ballou1915 [host, distribution: 121]; Bartle1969 [biological control, host, distribution: 875-878]; Bartle1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 66-67]; BasheeAsRa2014 [biological control, distribution: 48]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 494-496]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; BenDov1978a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 115-127]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 209-213]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26, 44]; BenDov2013 [distribution, illustration: 71]; Blumbe1997 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 225-236]; BlumbeGo1992 [life history, biological control, structure: 57-65]; Bodenh1924 [host, distribution: 70]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 153]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 340-343]; Bordag1914 [host, distribution]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 10-11]; BrainKe1917 [host, distribution: 183]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 226]; CarvalAg1997 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution: 614]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 210]; Clause1958 [biological control: 291-310]; Clause1958a [host, distribution, biological control: 443-447]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52-55]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1894c [host, distribution: 307]; Cocker1894d [distribution: 311]; Cocker1896a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 256]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331-332]; Cocker1896k [host, distribution: iv]; Cocker1898r [host, distribution: 240]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy: 32]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 255]; Cocker1905f [host, distribution: 130]; CockerRo1915a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 427]; Comper1937 [biological control: 43-51]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Comper1939d [host, distribution, biological control: 17-20]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 240]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 277]; CrouchCr2001 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 45]; Das1959 [host, distribution: 437-448]; DeLott1956a [host, distribution: 240-241]; DeLott1957a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 175-177]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 789-792,807]; DeLott1968a [host, distribution: 83]; DoaneFe1916 [host, distribution: 399]; DoaneHa1909 [host, distribution: 297]; Dougla1887a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 28]; Dougla1891a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95-96]; Dutt1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 59-71]; ElMinsAbHa1971 [host, distribution, chemical control]; EMPPO2002a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 293-298]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution, taxonomy: 277]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 256]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 411-413]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 200-201,204-205]; Fernan1975 [host, distribution: 43-45]; Fernan1987a [host, distribution: 36]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 60]; Fernan1993 [host, distribution: 111]; Ferris1920b [host, distribution: 36]; Ferris1921 [host, distribution: 90]; Ferris1935 [host, distribution: 128]; Flande1953a [biological control: 266-269]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 6,22]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 605,610]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; GagneEt2009 [host, distribution, biological control: 348-349]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 82]; GermaiBe2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 42-44]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; GermaiVaMa2010 [host, distribution: 125]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-59]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61-62]; GomezM1967O [host, distribution: 133]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 188]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-116]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 9]; Green1904a [host, distribution: 206]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-231]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 200]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 31]; Green1916e [host, distribution: 64]; Green1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 201-202]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; Green1929 [host, distribution: 376]; Green1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280,288]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 304]; GroveScDe2014 [distribution, host: 413]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 22]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 41]; Hall1924a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12]; Hall1935 [host, distribution: 80-81]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 68-70]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 425-426]; Hodgso1967 [host, distribution: 11]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 24-25]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 446-449]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-200,205-206]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-7,9-12,14-18,20-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 21]; HuffakMeDe1971 [biological control: 16-67]; HuffakSiLa1976 [biological control: 41-78]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; JadhavAj1984 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 248-249]; JadhavAj1985 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 63-65]; Jansen1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134,141]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Kalsho1981 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 162, 163]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 17]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KfirRo1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 115-116]; King1902 [taxonomy: 296]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 106]; Kirkal1904 [distribution: 228]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 266-268]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution, economic importance: 25-26]; Kuwana1909 [host, distribution: 153-154]; Kuwana1909a [host, distribution: 159]; Kuwana1931b [host, distribution: 165]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 39]; Leonar1913a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33-35]; LePell1968 [economic importance, host, distribution]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; LinGuCo2010 [host plants, species richness: 90-98]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 251, 258]; LoJi1982 [biological control: 20-22]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; LopesFiMa2008 [host, distribution: 153-154]; Malump2002 [economic importance, host, distribution, taxonomy, illustration: 293-298]; Malump2012b [distribution: 210]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 31]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 154-155]; Mamet1949 [distribution: 29-30]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 22]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution : 225]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 14]; Mamet1956 [host, distribution: 136]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 378]; Mamet1962 [host, distribution: 161]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 105]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 106]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 76]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 21-259]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 15]; Matile1970 [host, distribution: 175]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 295-296]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 46-48]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 220]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 166]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 63]; MestreHaBa2001 [host, distribution: 59-61]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 7-8]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 350]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 148, 156]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 197]; MuniapWaVa2012 [distribution: 4-6]; MyartsRuCo2014 [biological control, description, distribution, host: 1015-1020]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 391]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 5]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124-126]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 92]; Newste1913 [host, distribution: 76]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 306]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 363-364]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 130]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-192]; Nietne1861 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9]; Nunez2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 337-338]; OlkowsOlKa1978 [biological control: 311-347]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 199]; Painte1951 [economic importance, chemical control]; Pelliz2010 [host, distribution: 91]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 127]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution: 15-16]; Quiros1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 161-195]; RakimoBeWh2013 [distribution, host, molecular data: 372-378]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 625]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 32,36-37]; Ramakr1920 [economic importance, host, distribution: 932-936]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 348-349]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 42-45]; RaniSr2005 [host, distribution: 89-91]; Rao1969 [biological control: 785-792]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 56]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 56]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 124]; Reyne1964 [host, distribution: 97]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 440-441]; SankarPa1977 [host, distribution, biological control: 145-150]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 67]; Schmut1998 [host, distribution, economic importance: 36]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 97]; Seabra1925 [host, distribution: 37]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 52-54]; SharmaSu2011 [distribution, ecology: 62-64]; ShreeMa2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-96]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 851]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 439-440]; Silves1915b [biological control, host, distribution: 337-377]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 9]; SivaraNaRa1987 [host, distribution: 101-103]; Smith1944 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution. life history, biological control, economic importance: 225-288]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 50-51]; Sohi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 111]; Steinw1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 567-569]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 92]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 342]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 57-58]; Takaha1929a [host, distribution: 430]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 103]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 116-117]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 263]; Takaha1940a [host, distribution: 331]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 218]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 22]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 354]; Takaha1955c [host, distribution: 26]; Takaha1955f [host, distribution: 240]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-187]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-86]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 84]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 62]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-78]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 50]; vandenNe2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 169-170]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 134]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 346]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 99-100]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution, life history: 51]; Willia1963 [taxonomy: 100]; Willia1985b [host, distribution: 53]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 10,14,19,34,43]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 118-119]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distribution: 132]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 45]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-140]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 57]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 106]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 16,55]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-178]; Zacher1913 [host, distribution, economic importance: 121]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324-328].

Parasaissetia tsaratananae (Mamet)

NOMENCLATURE:

Platysaissetia tsaratananae Mamet, 1951: 238. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tsaratanana, on 'Sarvyonga' and on Panax sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Parasaissetia tsaratananae; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 48. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Cussonia bojeri [Mamet1959a], Panax [Mamet1951, Mamet1959a]. Asteraceae: Psiadia [Mamet1959a]. Moraceae: Ficus [Mamet1959a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia vaccinifolia [Mamet1959a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Mamet1959a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros [Mamet1960]; Madagascar [Mamet1951, Mamet1954, Mamet1959a]; Reunion [Mamet1957, GermaiMiPa2014].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female by Mamet (1951).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 213-214]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224,238-240]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 13]; Mamet1957 [host, distribution: 374]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 377]; Mamet1960 [host, distribution: 157]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 48]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 57].



Parthenolecanium Šulc

NOMENCLATURE:

Parthenolecanium Šulc, 1908: 36. Type species: Lecanium corni Bouche.

Lecanium (Pterolecanium) Šulc, 1932: 53. Type species: Lecanium pulchrum King, by monotypy. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1957: 347. Notes: Pterolecanium Sulc is a subjective synonym of Parthenolecanium Sulc (Borchsenius, 1957).

Pterolecanium; Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 169. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1957), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1966) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Saissetiini. The type species of Parthenolecanium was selected by subsequent designation in Opinion 1303 (1985) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, following the application of Danzig & Kerzhner (1981a).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 26 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 358 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Kosztarab 1996: 358 (female) [Northern North America]; Tang 1991: 189 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 60 (female) [USA, California]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988 (female) [Europe]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 71 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tereznikova 1981 (female) [Ukraine]; Danzig 1980c (female) [USSR, Far East]; Danzig 1980b: 270 (female) [Species of Far East Russia.]; Kawai980 1980: 160-162 (female) [Japan]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1978 (female) [Hungary]; Danzig 1964 (female) [USSR, European]; Richards 1958: 306 (female) [Canada]; Borchsenius 1957: 291, 349-350 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 41]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 214,248]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 347-350]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 210]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy, description: 641]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy: 151]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 268-270]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 715]; DanzigKe1981a [taxonomy: 145-152]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 60]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 117]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 137-138]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 17,70-71]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 449-453]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy: 206]; ICZN1985 [taxonomy: 139-141]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 160-162]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 324,356-358]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy: 112]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 217-218]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 149-150,169]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 284-285]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 52-53]; Richar1958 [taxonomy: 305-313]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description: 286]; Sulc1908 [taxonomy: 36]; Sulc1932 [taxonomy, description: 53,64]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 188-189]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy: 52]; Terezn1966 [taxonomy: 30]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 167]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description: 47]; Xie1998 [taxonomy: 60]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 178].

Parthenolecanium cerasifex (Fitch)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium cerasifex Fitch, 1857a: 368. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Salem, twigs of wild black cherry. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) cerasifex; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Eulecanium cerasifex; King, 1902b: 60. Change of combination.

Parthenolecanium cerasifera; Boratynski & Davies, 1971: 58. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [King1901f, Richar1958]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes [Richar1958]. Rosaceae: Cerasus [Fitch1857a], Malus sylvestris [Richar1958], Persica vulgaris [Richar1958], Prunus cerasifera [Barnes1988], Rosa [Richar1958]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Richar1958]. Tiliaceae: Tilia [Richar1958].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [Richar1958], Ontario [King1901f, Richar1958], Quebec [Richar1958]); United States of America (New York [Fitch1857a, Barnes1988], Rhode Island).

BIOLOGY: In Ontario, Canada this species is parthenogenetic (Phillips, 1965a). Phillips (1965a) provided biological and behavioural parameters to separate this species from P. putmani.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female and first-instar nymph by Richards (1958). Good description of male test by Phillips (1965).

CITATIONS: Barnes1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 103]; BenDov1993 [cataolgue: 214]; BoratyDa1971 [taxonomy: 57-102]; Boyce1955 [host, distribution: 48-49]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 184]; Fitch1857a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 368]; King1901f [host, distribution: 196]; King1903b [host, distribution: 192]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 284]; Nur1971 [life history, physiology: 303]; Nur1972a [taxonomy, life history, structure, host, distribution: 390]; Philli1965 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 232-234]; Philli1965a [life history, structure, host, distribution: 303-309]; Richar1958 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 308-310]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 848]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 612].

Parthenolecanium corni apuliae (Nuzzaci)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium corni apuliae Nuzzaci, 1969: 9. Type data: ITALY: Foggia, Stornara, on grapevine. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: Bari: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Italy. Described: female, male and first instar.

Parthenolecanium corni apuliae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 219. Change of combination.



HOST: Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Nuzzac1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy.

BIOLOGY: Develops two generations per year in Italy (Nuzzaci, 1969).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female by Nuzzaci (1969).

SYSTEMATICS: It is very likely that this subspecies is a host-inuced variation of Parthenolecanium corni.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 219]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 355]; Nuzzac1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-36]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 18].

Parthenolecanium corni corni (Bouché)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium corni Bouché, 1844: 298. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on lower side of twigs of Cornus sanguineum [=Cornus sanguinea], Pyrus sp., Tilia sp., Corylus sp., Ribes rubrum and other species of trees. r. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Sachtleben, 1944).

Lecanium vini Bouché, 1851: 112. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on grapevine. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Eberswalde: Institut fur Pflanzenschutzforschung, Germany. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 371.

Coccus tiliae Fitch, 1851: 69. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, on Tilia sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Barnes, 1988: 104. Notes: Type material probably lost (Barnes, 1988).

Lecanium ribis Fitch, 1857b: 427. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Albany, on Ribes sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443. Notes: Type material probably lost (Barnes, 1988).

Lecanium cynosbati Fitch, 1857c: 436. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Salem, on stalks of wild gooseberry, Ribes cynosbati. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Lecanium juglandifex Fitch, 1857e: 463. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Salem, Martin's meadow, on butternut. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443. Notes: Type material probably lost (Barnes, 1988).

Lecanium corylifex Fitch, 1857e: 473. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Salem, on Hazelnut, Corylus americana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Coccus rosarum Snellen van Volenhoven in De Graaf et al., 1862: 94. Type data: NETHERLANDS: on rose. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Marchal, 1908a: 264. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Lecanium fitchii Signoret, 1873a: 404. Type data: U.S.A.: Washington, D.C., on 'ronce' [=raspberry]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Lecanium rugosum Signoret, 1873a: 429. Type data: FRANCE: on peach. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 371.

Lecanium tarsalis Signoret, 1873a: 430. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, on Cornus sanguineus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443. Notes: .

Lecanium wistariae Signoret, 1873a: 433. Type data: FRANCE: Clamart, on Glycine sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1976b: 115. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980a: 594.

Lecanium robiniarum Douglas, 1890c: 318. Type data: HUNGARY: Budapest, on Robinia pseudacacia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 294.

Lecanium armeniacum Craw, 1891: 12. Type data: U.S.A.: California, on apricot, prune, plum, cherry and pear. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Lecanium assimile Newstead, 1892: 141. Type data: ENGLAND: Colwyn Bay, N.W., on Grindelia hirsuta. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Leonardi, 1920: 287.

Lecanium lintneri Cockerell & Bennett in Cockerell, 1895h: 381. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Greene County, Lake Mohonk, on Sassafras. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Lecanium caryae canadense Cockerell, 1895x: 253. Type data: CANADA: Ontario, Stittsville near Ottawa, on Ulmus racemosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Lecanium pruinosum armeniacum; Tyrrell, 1896: 268. Change of status.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) corylifex; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) rugosum; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) lintneri; Cockerell, 1896b: 333.

Lecanium crawii Ehrhorn, 1898: 245. Type data: U.S.A.: California, near Mountain View, on Acer macrophyllum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) caryarum Cockerell, 1898j: 293. Type data: CANADA: Ontario, Niagara, on Carya alba. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Lecanium canadense; Cockerell, 1898j: 294. Change of status.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) maclurarum Cockerell, 1898j: 294. Type data: CANADA: Ontario, Niagara, on osage orange. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Eulecanium crawii; Cockerell, 1898o: 247. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) kingii Cockerell, 1898q: 322. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Lawrence, on Vaccinium corymbosum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) canadense; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 232.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) armeniacum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 233.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) cynosbati; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 233.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) ribis; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 234.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) tarsale; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 234.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) fitchii; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 236.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) crawii; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 237.

Lecanium maclurae Hunter, 1899a: 67. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, Claffin, Barber County, on osage orange [=Maclura aurantiaca]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443. Homonym of Lecanium maclurae Fitch.

Lecanium kansasense Hunter, 1899a: 69. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, Lawrence, University Campus, on Cersis canadensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) aurantiacum Hunter, 1900: 107. Replacement name for Lecanium maclurae Hunter; synonymy by.

Lecanium adenostomae Kuwana, 1901: 402. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Stanford University, on Adenostoma fasciculata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) vini; King & Reh, 1901: 6.

Lecanium rehi King in King & Reh, 1901: 61. Type data: GERMANY: Hamburg and Berlin, on Ribes grossularia, R. rubrum and R. nigrum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: HMNG. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 371.

Lecanium websteri Cockerell & King in King, 1901a: 106. Type data: U.S.A.: Ohio, on mulberry. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Eulecanium vini; Cockerell, 1901b: 92. Change of combination.

Eulecanium corylifex; King, 1901h: 314. Change of combination.

Eulecanium maclurarum; King, 1901i: 335. Change of combination.

Eulecanium fitchii; King, 1901j: 333. Change of combination.

Eulecanium guignardi King, 1901j: 334. Type data: CANADA: Ontario, Niagara, on plum tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Eulecanium rosae King, 1901j: 336. Type data: CANADA: Quebec, Sherbrooke, on rosebush. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ottawa: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Ontario, Canada. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Eulecanium kansasense; King, 1902b: 60. Change of combination.

Eulecanium websteri; King, 1902b: 60. Change of combination.

Eulecanium cynosbati; King, 1902c: 159. Change of combination.

Eulecanium fraxini King, 1902d: 158. Type data: CANADA: Ottawa, on Fraxinus americana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Eulecanium robiniarum; Cockerell, 1902g: 178. Change of combination.

Lecanium obtusum Thro, 1903: 212. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, on Rubus villosus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) assimile; Reh, 1903: 408. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) robiniarum; Reh, 1903: 408. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) rosarum; Reh, 1903: 408. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) ribis; Reh, 1903: 412. Change of combination.

Eulecanium adenostomae; Fernald, 1903b: 180. Change of combination.

Eulecanium armeniacum; Fernald, 1903b: 181. Change of combination.

Eulecanium assimile; Fernald, 1903b: 181. Change of combination.

Eulecanium aurantiacum; Fernald, 1903b: 182. Change of combination.

Eulecanium canadense; Fernald, 1903b: 182. Change of combination.

Eulecanium caryarum; Fernald, 1903b: 184. Change of combination.

Eulecanium corni; Fernald, 1903b: 185. Change of combination.

Eulecanium crawii; Fernald, 1903b: 186. Change of combination.

Eulecanium kingii; Fernald, 1903b: 189. Change of combination.

Eulecanium lintneri; Fernald, 1903b: 189. Change of combination.

Eulecanium obtusum; Fernald, 1903b: 191. Change of combination.

Lecanium folsomi King, 1903b: 193. Type data: U.S.A.: Illinois, Urbana, on paw-paw [=Asimina triloba]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 443.

Eulecanium rehi; Fernald, 1903b: 195. Change of combination.

Eulecanium ribis; Fernald, 1903b: 195. Change of combination.

Eulecanium rugosum; Fernald, 1903b: 196. Change of combination.

Eulecanium tarsale; Fernald, 1903b: 197. Change of combination.

Eulecanium websteri; Fernald, 1903b: 198. Notes: Incorrect citation of "King" as author.

Eulecanium folsomi; Cockerell, 1905e: 129. Change of combination.

Lecanium coryli; Šulc, 1908: 36. Misidentification.

Lecanium corni robiniarum Marchal, 1908a: 278. Type data: FRANCE: on Robinia pseudo-acacia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 294.

Lecanium persicae crudum Green, 1917a: 202. Type data: ENGLAND: on Aralia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Habib, 1955: 70.

Parthenolecanium coryli; Šulc, 1932: 64. Misidentification.

Lecanium corni rabiniarum; Tschorbadjiew, 1939: 89. Misspelling of species name.

Eulecanium corni corni; Schmutterer, 1952: 546. Change of status.

Parthenolecanium corni; Borchsenius, 1957: 356. Change of combination.

Lecanium vini; Boratynski, 1970a: 68.

Lecanium websteri; Ben-Dov, 1993: 216. Notes: Incorrect citation of "King" as author.

Parthenolecanium corni; Moghaddam, 2009: 9. Notes: Authorship erroneously credited to Nuzzaci (1969).

COMMON NAMES: brown scale [Kaweck1958, KosztaKo1988F]; conchuela cafe europea de la vid [Gonzal1983RH]; European fruit Lecanium [Kaweck1958, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993]; european fruit Lecanium [Kaweck1958, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993]; Gewonliche Schildlaus [Kaweck1958]; La cocciniglia del susino [Kaweck1958]; Le lecanium du cornuiller [Kaweck1958]; Zwetschgen-Napfschildlaus [Kaweck1958].



ASSOCIATE: VIRUS Closteroviridae: Ampelovirus GLRaV-3 [BahderPoAl2013].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Anthribus nebulosus Forst. [Schmut1972a]. Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus L. [Schmut1972a], Coccinella septempunctata (L.) [DemiroKaJa2005], Exochomus quadripustulatus L. [Schmut1972a, DemiroKaJa2005]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus insidiator (Dalman) [Schmut1972a], Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [Schmut1972a, BasheeAsRa2014], Coccophagus sp. [BasheeAsRa2014], Encarsia [SengonUyKa1998]. Encyrtidae: Blastothrix confusa Erdos [Blahut1972, BasheeAsRa2014], Blastothrix longipennis Howard [JaposhGaJa2008], Cheilopsis inca Prinsloo [Prinsl1983b], Metaphycus punctipes (Walker) [Schmut1972a], Metaphycus sp. [BasheeAsRa2014], Microterys chalcostomus (Dalman) [Schmut1972a], Microterys flavus (Howard) [BasheeAsRa2014], Microterys lunatus (Dalman) [DemiroKaJa2005].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [King1903b, Ferris1925, TerGri1956, GomezM1958b, KozarOs1987, KozarHuFo1989], Acer [Marott1987], Acer macrophyllum [Ehrhor1898, Ferris1920b], Acer negundo [Archan1930, TangLi1988], Acer pseudoplatanus [KotejaZa1966], Acer rubrum [LambdiWa1980], Acer saccharinum [King1901a, King1903b, KozarOrKo1977, LambdiWa1980], Acer turcomanicum [Potaev1993]. Anacardiaceae: Cotinus cogygria [KozarGuBa1994], Pistacia [Hodgso1994a]. Annonaceae: Asimina triloba [King1903b]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Danzig1980b]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Green1917a, Green1928, Danzig1980b]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [CarnerPe1986]. Asteraceae: Cichorium intybus [Archan1930]. Berberidaceae: Mahonia [Marott1987]. Betulaceae: Alnus [Kozar1980], Alnus rhombifolia [Ferris1920b], Betula [TerGri1962], Corylus avellana [Moghad2013a]. Buxaceae: Buxus [Marott1987], Buxus sempervirens [LambdiWa1980]. Cannabidaceae: Cannabis [Marott1987]. Capparidaceae: Viburnum [Marott1987], Viburnum tinus [GomezM1958b], Viburnus opulus [ZakOgaKo1964]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera [KingRe1901, Danzig1980b, Potaev1993], Sambucus [TerGri1962, Potaev1993], Sambucus racemosa [ZakOgaKo1964]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus [TerGri1954, TerGri1956, TerGri1962], Carpinus betulus [KotejaZa1969, KozarOrKo1977, KozarGuBa1994], Carpinus caroliniana [LambdiWa1980]. Celastraceae: Euonymus europaeus [Kozar1980]. Cistaceae: Helianthemum ovatum [KotejaZa1969]. Cornaceae: Cornus [Kozar1980, KozarHuFo1989], Cornus florida [LambdiWa1980], Cornus mas [KotejaZa1969, Kozar1980, SengonUyKa1998, UygunSeEr1998], Cornus sanguinea [Bouche1844, ZakOgaKo1964, Marott1987], Swida [TerGri1962]. Corylaceae: Corylus [TerGri1962, Barnes1988, Hodgso1994a], Corylus americana [Fitch1857e], Corylus avellana [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, Kozar1980, Santas1985, Hodgso1994a]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [HamonWi1984, Potaev1993]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus [Kozar1980]. Elaeocarpaceae: Aristotelia [HodgsoHe2000]. Ericaceae: Arbutus [Ferris1920b], Arbutus menziesii [Ferris1920b], Calluna vulgaris [Hodgso1994a], Vaccinium myrtillus [KotejaZa1966, Komosi1977, Koteja1983a, Hodgso1994a]. Euphorbiaceae: Ricinus communis [CarnerPe1986]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Green1920, TerGri1954, TerGri1956, Marott1987, Granar1999], Acacia hispida [GomezM1946, GomezM1958b], Amorpha fruticosa [Archan1930, Potaev1993], Caragana [Kozar1980], Caragana arborescens [KozarKoAk1979, KozarTzVi1979], Cercis canadensis [King1901a], Cercis siliquastrum [Archan1930, Marott1987], Colutea [Kozar1980], Colutea arborescens [Kozar1980], Gleditsia [TerGri1956], Gleditsia triacanthos [Archan1930, Balach1935b, Potaev1993], Glycine [Signor1874a], Robinia pseudoacacia [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, Kozar1981, Kozar1983a, Koteja1983a], Robinia pseudoacacia [KingRe1901, Archan1930, GomezM1958b, KozarWa1986, KozarPaPa1991], Sophora [TerGri1956], Sophora japonica [Archan1930, Kozar1980, Kozar1983a], Wisteria sinensis [Marott1987]. Fagaceae: Castanea sativa [GomezM1946], Quercus [King1901a, TerGri1956, TerGri1962], Quercus nigra [King1903b, HamonWi1984], Quercus palustris [HodgsoHe2000]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [CarnerPe1986]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes [KingRe1901, TerGri1954, TerGri1956, Koteja1971a, Kozar1980], Ribes aureum [Giliom1967], Ribes grossularia [Fitch1857b, Fitch1857c, KingRe1901, KotejaZa1966], Ribes nigrum [KingRe1901, Kozar1983a, HodgsoHe2000], Ribes rubrum [Bouche1844, KingRe1901, KozarSu1979, KozarGuBa1994]. Hamamelidaceae: Liquidambar styraciflua [HamonWi1984]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum [Kozar1980, KozarGuBa1994]. Juglandaceae: Carya alba [King1901f], Carya illinoiensis [LambdiWa1980], Carya tomentosa [LambdiWa1980], Juglans [KozarPaPa1991], Juglans regia [GomezM1958b, GomezM1965, Kozar1980, KozarOs1987, Potaev1993]. Lamiaceae: Mentha [ZakOgaKo1964], Rosmarinus officinalis [Marott1987], Thymus [Pelliz1989]. Lauraceae: Sassafras [Cocker1895h]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [Potaev1993]. Magnoliaceae: Liriodendron tulipifera [LambdiWa1980], Magnolia [TerGri1956, KozarOrKo1977], Magnolia grandiflora [Borchs1957]. Moraceae: Broussonetia papyrifera [Archan1930], Maclura aurantiaca [Borg1932], Maclura pomifera [Hunter1899, Potaev1993], Morus [GomezM1958b, KozarPaPa1991], Morus alba [KozarKoAk1979, KozarTzVi1979, Kozar1980, Potaev1993], Morus nigra [Potaev1993]. Myricaceae: Myrica cerifera [HamonWi1984]. Nyssaceae: Nyssa sylvatica [LambdiWa1980]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [GomezM1958b, TerGri1962, Potaev1993], Fraxinus americana [King1902d, LambdiWa1980], Fraxinus chinensis [TangLi1988], Fraxinus excelsior [Archan1930, ZakOgaKo1964, KozarOrKo1977, KozarTzVi1979, Koteja1983a, KozarDr1993], Fraxinus pannonica [KozarWa1986], Jasminum [Kozar1980], Ligustrum vulgare [Potaev1993], Syringa vulgaris [Marott1987]. Philadelphaceae: Philadelphus [TerGri1956]. Pinaceae: Pinus [HamonWi1984]. Platanaceae: Platanus [TerGri1956, Kozar1983a], Platanus occidentalis [KozarGuBa1994], Platanus orientalis [Kozar1983, KozarGuBa1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Potaev1993]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis vitalba [Borchs1957, Foldi2000], Thalictrum minus [Borchs1957]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus [Ferris1920b]. Rosaceae: Adenostoma fasciculatum [Ferris1920b], Amygdalus communis [GomezM1958b, Kozar1980, Potaev1993, BasheeAsRa2014], Armeniaca vulgaris [Potaev1993], Cotoneaster [Borchs1957, KozarGuBa1994, Danzig1994, Hodgso1994a], Cotoneaster microphylla [Habib1956], Crataegus [TerGri1962, Koteja1983a, Potaev1993], Crataegus monogyna [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, Foldi2000], Crataegus oxyacantha [Kozar1980], Cydonia oblonga [Kozar1980, Potaev1993], Cydonia vulgaris [Borchs1957], Fragaria [KozarGuBa1994], Heteromeles arbutifolia [Ferris1920b], Malus [KotejaZa1969], Malus communis [GomezM1946, GomezM1958b], Malus domestica [Kozar1980, Potaev1993], Malus pumila [KozarGuBa1994], Malus sylvestris [Bouche1844], Mespilus germanica [Borchs1957], Persica [KozarOs1987], Persica vulgaris [GomezM1946, Komeil1981, KozarOs1987, Potaev1993], Potentilla fructicosa [Kozar1980], Prunus [King1901j, TerGri1954, TerGri1956, KozarKoAk1979, BenDovZaOp2000, HodgsoHe2000], Prunus armeniaca [KingRe1901, HodgsoHe2000], Prunus avium [KozarWa1986, HodgsoHe2000], Prunus cerasifera [KozarOrKo1977, KozarKoAk1979, KozarDr1988, KozarGuBa1994, Hodgso1994a], Prunus domestica [GomezM1958b, ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, KozarGuBa1994, Granar1999], Prunus laurocerasus [Marott1987], Prunus persica [KozarOrKo1977, KozarKoAk1979, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, Argyri1983, KozarGuBa1994, Jansen1995], Prunus persica [Cocker1895e, Cocker1899n, KingRe1901, Green1930, Borg1932], Prunus pritchardi [Marott1987, KozarGuBa1994], Prunus spinosa [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, KozarSu1979, KozarTzVi1979, Kozar1980, Kozar1983a], Prunus vulgaris [GomezM1958b, GomezM1965], Pyracantha [LambdiWa1980, Hodgso1994a], Pyrus [KotejaZa1966], Pyrus communis [GomezM1946, GomezM1958b, KozarKoAk1979, Kozar1980, KozarDr1988], Pyrus communis [KingRe1901], Pyrus malus [KingRe1901, Archan1930, KozarKoAk1979, KozarDr1988], Rosa [Borg1932, TerGri1962, KotejaZa1969, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, KozarOs1987], Rosa [KingRe1901, King1901j], Rosa acicularis [KozarHuFo1989], Rosa canina [KozarOrKo1977], Rubus [TerGri1962, ZakOgaKo1964, KozarGuBa1994, Hodgso1994a], Rubus amoenus [GomezM1958b], Rubus caesius [KozarGuBa1994], Rubus ideus [TerGri1962, Koteja1971a, Kozar1980], Sorbaria [Danzig1980b], Sorbus [Borchs1957], Sorbus aucuparia [KotejaZa1966], Spiraea [KingRe1901, Danzig1980b, KozarHuFo1989, KozarGuBa1994]. Salicaceae: Populus [TerGri1956, Kozar1980, Komeil1981, Granar1999], Salix [GomezM1958b, TerGri1962, Danzig1980b, Potaev1993], Salix humboldiana [Granar1999], Salix nigra [LambdiWa1980], Salix pentandra [KozarOrKo1977], Salix repens [Gertss2000], Salix viminalis [Granar1999]. Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus altissima [Potaev1993]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [Moghad2013a]. Taxaceae: Taxus baccata [Marott1987]. Tiliaceae: Tilia [TerGri1956, TerGri1962, Kozar1980, Kozar1983a, KozarDr1991], Tilia americana [LambdiWa1980], Tilia cordata [ZakOgaKo1964], Tilia euchlora [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Tilia parvifolia [KotejaZa1969], Tilia platyphyllos [ZakOgaKo1964]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [Kozar1983a, KozarOs1987], Celtis caucasica [Potaev1993], Celtis occidentalis [King1901a, King1903b, LambdiWa1980, KozarFr1995], Celtis sinensis [Dreist1996], Ulmus [TerGri1954, TerGri1956, KozarOrKo1977, Kozar1980, KozarOs1987, KozarGuBa1994], Ulmus americana [King1901a, King1901f, LambdiWa1980], Ulmus campestris [GomezM1957], Ulmus minor canescens [KozarPaPa1991], Ulmus parvifolia [LambdiWa1980], Ulmus racemosa [Cocker1895x, King1901f], Ulmus thomasii [LambdiWa1980]. Urticaceae: Pellionia [Potaev1993], Urtica [GomezM1958b], Urtica dioica [ZakOgaKo1964, Potaev1993]. Vitaceae: Vitis [KozarOs1987], Vitis vinifera [Balach1927, GomezM1958b, Kozar1980, Danzig1980b, KozarOs1987, KozarGuBa1994, Jansen1995].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [HodgsoHe2000]. Nearctic: Canada [Cocker1895e, Cocker1895x] (Alberta, British Columbia [Ferris1925, KozarHuFo1989], Nova Scotia [King1901f], Ontario [King1901f, King1901j, King1902d], Quebec [King1901j], Saskatchewan); Mexico (Guanajuato [Cocker1899n]); United States of America (California [Ferris1920b, BrownEa1966, Hodgso1994a], Connecticut [King1903b], Florida, Illinois [King1903b], Indiana, Iowa [King1903b], Kansas [King1901a], Maine [King1901a, King1901f], Massachusetts [King1901a, King1901f], New York [Cocker1895h, Fitch1857b, Fitch1857c, Fitch1857e, Barnes1988], Ohio [King1901a], Rhode Island [King1903b], Tennessee). Neotropical: Argentina (Rio Negro [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1998, Granar1999]); Brazil; Chile [CarrilCiNe2001, KondoGu2010]. Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Pakistan. Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1954, TerGri1956, TerGri1962, TerGri1966a]; Austria [Boraty1955]; Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan); Bulgaria [Tschor1939, Blahut1972a, KozarTzVi1979, Kozar1985]; Canary Islands; China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Croatia [Masten2007, Masten2007a]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Czech Republic [Kozar1987]; Denmark; France [Foldi2000, Germai2011]; Georgia [KozarYaKo1982]; Germany [KingRe1901, LongoMaPe1995]; Greece [Argyri1983, Kozar1985, Santas1985, Kozar1987, KozarPaPa1991]; Hungary [Kozar1970, KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, Kozar1981, KozarWa1986, Kozar1987, KozarDr1993] [KozarDr1988, Kozar1991, KozarDr1991, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [Kaussa1957, BenDov1993, Moghad2009]; Israel [BenDovZaOp2000]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995, Marott1987]; Japan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia); Latvia [Rasina1955]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009, MalumpOsPy2010]; Malta [Borg1932]; Moldova [KozarOs1987, MoglanMo1997a]; Netherlands [Jansen1995]; Poland [Kaweck1935, ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1971a, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1984e]; Portugal [KozarFr1995]; Romania [Savesc1982, Kozar1985, FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia (Altay Kray, Caucasus, Primor'ye Kray, Sakhalin Oblast, St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast, Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Slovenia [Janezi1954]; South Korea [KwonHa2003]; Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001, Gertss2005]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Syria [BasheeAsRa2014]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1971c]; Turkey [KozarKoAk1979, KozarYaKo1982, Kozar1987, EcevitIsYa1987, SengonUyKa1998, UygunSeEr1998]; Turkmenistan [Archan1930, Bustsh1960, Potaev1993] (Ashkahabad Oblast); Ukraine (Kiev Oblast, Odessa Oblast); United Kingdom (England [Newste1900a, Green1917a, Green1920, Green1928, Green1930, Hodgso1994a]); Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a].

BIOLOGY: Habib (1955b) described the behaviour of nymphal stages, based on nymphs taken off Rubus fructicosus in England. Canard (1958) dicussed and described the dispersal and within-tree movement of in Toulouse, southern France. Saakyan-Baranova et al. (1971) the taxonomy, intra-specific variation of taxonomic characters, life history. and parasitoids. Life history studied and outlined by: Blattny & Novicky (1926) in Czech Republic; Schmutterer (1954 - Germany; Habib (1955b) England; Canard (1959a, 1958b) France; Peterson (1960) (as Lecanium coryli) Saskatchewan, Canada; Dziedzicka (1968) Poland; Saakyan-Baranova et al. (1971) Russia; Gonzalez (1989) Chile; Suter (1950) Switzerland; Santas (1958) Greece. Develop one annual generation on fibret, Coryllus avellana in Greece (Santas, 1985); on hazelnut in Turkey (Ecevil, et al. (1987); France (Canard, 1958); England (Thomsen, 1927, 1929).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988), Kosztarab (1996) and Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439534 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009). Boratynski (1970) recorded material under the name Lecanium vini from the Signoret Collection deposited in the Natural History Museum, Vienna, which Signoret (1869b) synonymized with P. corni.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957). Lagowska (1984) recorded this species as the most important scale pest of fruit trees in Poland. Komarek (1946) studied the physilogical damage to ash tree in Czech Republic. This species, under laboratory conditions in Italy, transmitted Grapevine Leafroll Virus (Belli et al., 1994), and Grapevine Leafroll Virus 1 (Fortusini et al., 1997). Santas (1985) reported from Greece that honeydew of this species is collected by honeybees for honey production.

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 199 (female) [New Zealand]; Granara de Willink 1999: 117 (female) [Argentina]; Granara de Willink 1998: 151 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 358 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1991: 189 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 60 (female) [USA, California]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 218 (female) [Europe]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 71 (female) [USA, Florida]; Kawai 1980: 160-162 (female) [Japan]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 70 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Borchsenius 1957: 349 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: AbdElKDaKo1988 [chemical control, biological control: 270-275]; AlfordLo1989 [host, distribution: 323]; Archan1930 [host, distribution: 79]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; ArmourScan1991 [host, distribution, economic importance: 31-33]; ArnaouOlKu2006 [host, distribution, biological control: 105-109]; AskariCo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-5]; Babaia1987 [host, distribution, economic importance: 134]; BahderPoAl2013 [distribution, economic importance, host, molecular data: 1292-1298]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 185]; Balach1932d [taxonomy, host, distribution: xxviii]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 263]; BalachMe1935 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 716-727]; Barnes1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 103-104]; Bartle1969 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 875-878]; Bartle1978 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 62-63]; BartleBa1966 [life history, physiology, biological control: 42-45]; BasheeAsRa2014 [biological control, distribution, host: 48-52]; Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 89-90]; Beingo1969d [biological control, host, distribution: 827-838]; BelliFoCa1994 [economic importance, host, distribution: 105-108]; BenDov1976b [taxonomy: 115-116]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 214-219]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26, 44]; BenDovZaOp2000 [host, distribution: 142-143]; Blahut1972 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-113]; Blahut1973 [host, distribution, biological control: 353-370]; Blahut1973a [host, distribution, biological control: 157-193]; Blahut1977 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-130]; BlattnNo1926 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 1-91]; BoniecPi2004 [economic importance, survey: 5-9]; Boraty1955 [host, distribution: 67]; Boraty1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 68]; Borchs1939a [taxonomy: 43]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 147-148]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 356-370]; Borg1919 [host, distribution: 36]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 14]; Bouche1844 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 298]; Bouron1987 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 34]; Boyce1955 [host, distribution, economic importance: 48-49]; Britti1940 [taxonomy: 410-412]; BrooksHaSm1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 513]; BrownEa1966 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 8-11]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 211-215]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 234-235]; Bustsh1960 [host, distribution: 170]; CamposSa1983 [host, distribution, economic importance: 9]; Canard1958 [host, distribution, life history: 293-296]; Canard1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 185-271]; Carles1985 [taxonomy, control: 30-31]; CarrilCiNe2001 [host, distribution, life history: 110-113]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 210-211]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-339]; CharleCoMu2005 [host, distribution: 1-4]; CiampoGu2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 81-85]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy: 54]; Cocker1895e [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 59-60]; Cocker1895h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 381-382]; Cocker1895x [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 253-254]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331-333]; Cocker1898q [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 322]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393, 394]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 14]; Cocker1901c [taxonomy: 92]; Cocker1905e [taxonomy: 129]; Craw1891 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12-13]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 203-204]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 15-16]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 270-272]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, distribution: 111]; Danzig1994 [host, distribution: 47]; Danzig1995 [taxonomy, life history, structure: 19-24]; DanzigKe1981a [taxonomy: 147-152]; DavidsDiFl1991 [chemical control: 1-47]; DavoodTaFa2004 [distribution, biological control: 51-66]; DeGraaSiSn1862 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94]; DelBen1991 [host, distribution, life history: 1-13]; DemiroKaJa2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 223-230]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 256-258]; Dougla1890c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 318]; Dreist1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 481-487]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, description, economic importance, control]; Dubrov1959 [host, distribution, life history: 1366-1374]; DumasVa1950 [chemical control: 235-245]; Dziedz1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 142-152]; Dziedz1988 [host, distribution: 95-96]; DziedzSe1967 [taxonomy, structure: 25-31]; Ebelin1938 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 613-631]; EcevitIsYa1987 [host, distribution. economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 1-34]; Egger1990 [biological control: 27-28]; Ehrhor1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 244-246]; ElmerEwCa1951 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 593-597]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 180-191,195-198]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Ferris1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-234]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 298]; Fitch1857b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 427]; Fitch1857c [host, distribution: 436]; Fitch1857e [host, distribution: 473]; FlaherWi1999 [biological control: 853-869]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; FortusScPr1999 [host, distribution, economic importance: 121-122]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,6,22]; GantneGoGa2003 [host, distribution, chemical control: 12-13]; GantneMe2001 [host, distribution: 469-477]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 112-113]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 527]; GelovaKh1983 [taxonomy]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 150]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005 [host, distribution: 38]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-113]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-66]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Gimmin1934 [taxonomy: 41-42]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 274-278]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 88]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 136]; GomezM1957 [host, distribution: 63]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-91]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 183]; GomezM1965 [host, distribution: 112]; Gonzal1983RH [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 55-59]; Gonzal1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control: 86-89]; Gradoj1933 [control]; Granar1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 151]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-119]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Green1917a [host, distribution: 202]; Green1920 [host, distribution: 125]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 5]; Green1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-14]; GullanCo2007 [taxonomy: 413-425]; Gundel1984 [host, distribution, chemical control: 180]; Habib1955 [taxonomy: 70-72]; Habib1955b [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 229-249]; Habib1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-126]; Habib1956a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 453-462]; Habib1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, ecology: 381-410]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 138-140]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 71-73]; HashimHiMu1971 [chemistry: 100-109]; HodgesBr2004 [host, life history, ecology: 611-622]; HodgesHo2001 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 312-314]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 449-453]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-201,206-207]; Hoffma2002 [life history, ecology, host, distribution, biological control: 1-164]; Hoffma2006 [life history, ecology, host, distribution.,: 199-205]; HohnHoLa2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 6-10]; HommayKoLe2008 [GVA virus, vector, economic importance: 185-188]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187]; Hunter1899a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 67]; IPMW1987 [economic importance, control]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 126]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134,141]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; JaposhGaJa2008 [host, distribution, biological control: 53-56]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Jones1910 [distribution, chemical control: 147-160]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 112]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163]; Kaweck1935 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 82-88]; Kaweck1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-63]; Kaweck1965a [taxonomy, structure, host, distribution: 205-211]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 204-210]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; King1899d [host, distribution: 252]; King1901a [host, distribution: 109]; King1901f [host, distribution: 194-196]; King1901j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 334-336]; King1902d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158-159]; King1903b [host, distribution: 192-193]; KingRe1901 [host, distribution: 59-63]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 113]; Kiritc1931 [host, distribution: 317]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 255-256]; Kiritc1935 [host, distribution: 2]; Kiritc1936 [distribution: 72]; Kiritc1940 [host, distribution, life history: 119]; Kloft1960 [host, ecology: 337-381]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 163]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 15]; Komare1946 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-165]; Komeil1981a [host, distribution: 1-6]; Komosi1977 [host, distribution: 22]; KondoGu2010 [distribution: 13]; Korcha1987 [economic importance, host, distribution, life history, chemical control: 58-59]; Koszta1987 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 218]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 358-361]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 116]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 218-221]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 324]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; Koteja1980 [taxonomy, structure: 74]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; Koteja2000a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 172]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy, structure: 254]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 327]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 366]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 482]; Kozar1970 [host, distribution: 230]; Kozar1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 1-24]; Kozar1976a [host, distribution, economic importance: 35-47]; Kozar1979a [host, distribution, economic importance: 135]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 68]; Kozar1981 [host, distribution: 90]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 146]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 203]; Kozar1987 [host, distribution: 100]; Kozar1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 176-177]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; Kozar1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 317]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 140]; KozarBrLe1988 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 85-94]; KozarDr1988 [host, distribution: 208]; KozarDr1991 [host, distribution: 363]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution: 74]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarFr1995 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 154]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 74]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 376]; KozarKoAk1979 [host, distribution, economic importance: 535-542]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 72-73]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KozarVi1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 391-402]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 116]; KozarYaKo1982 [host, distribution, biological control: 333-338]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 73-77]; KozarzRe1975 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 19-20]; KreiteAuGe2006 [distribution, economic importance, host: 141, 143]; Kuwana1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 402]; KwonHa2003 [host, distribution: 279-288]; LabanoSoCh2003 [chemical control: 99-109]; LafonCoHu1961 [economic importance: 37-43]; Lagows1984 [host, distribution, economic importance: 9-17]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 476]; Lagows1986a [host, distribution: 176-178]; Lagows1987 [host, distribution, biological control: 383-398]; Lagows1987a [host, distribution, ecology, life history: 131-144]; Lagows1998a [host, distribution: 63-71]; LagowsGa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 1-2,36]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; LedieuHeDe1989 [economic importance: 405]; Lellak1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 303-304]; LeMaguFuCh2013 [economic importance, host: 416]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53,64,73,83]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Lozzia1985 [host, distribution: 122-124]; MacPheMa1971 [biological control: 312-328]; Malump2011a [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 50,52-53]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 21]; MalumpOs2008 [host, distribution: 108]; MalumpOsPy2009 [host, distribution: 122]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 255-256]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 264-285]; Marcha1908a [taxonomy: 278-281]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 106]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 72-73]; Marucc1966 [economic importance, control: 99-235]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Masten2007a [host, distribution, life history: 33-38]; Masten2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 357-368]; MastenSiKo2007 [host, distribution, life history: 326-329]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 119]; Matvie1983 [chemical control, host, distribution: 25]; McLeod1954 [host, distribution, biological control: 19-27]; Michel1962 [biological control, ecology: 694-697]; MichelHi1957 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 15-18]; MichelHi1957a [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 7-8]; MichelHi1958 [economic importance, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 427-431]; MichelOr1958 [host, distribution, taxonomy, biological control, chemical control: 46-57]; Miller1999 [chemical control: 14]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 350]; MiticM1962a [host, distribution, biological control: 611-614]; MiticM1964 [biological control: 359-378]; Moghad2009 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 11]; Moglan2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 133-139]; MoglanMo1997a [host, distribution, biological control: 39-44]; Myarts1984 [distribution, biological control: 23-30]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 204]; Newste1892 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141-142]; Newste1900a [host, distribution, life history: 23-24]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 196]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Patter1966 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1430-1435]; Pelliz1989 [host, distribution: 570]; PettitMc1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-14]; PicketPuLe1958 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 169-174]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 35-38]; Prinsl1983b [host, distribution, biological control: 101-105]; Quayle1911e [host, distribution, biological control: 510-515]; RakimoBeWh2013 [economic importance: 371]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 70-71]; Rasina1959 [host, distribution: 111]; RauppHoSa2001 [host, distribution: 203]; Reh1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 408,411-414]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 54-55]; Reyne1957 [host, distribution: 14]; Richar1958 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 306-308]; Russo1956 [host, distribution: 181-190]; RzaevaYa1985 [biological control, host, distribution: 55-58]; SaakyaSuSh1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 1-166]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 9]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 443-445]; Sander1910 [taxonomy: 60]; Santas1985 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 53-58]; Savesc1943 [taxonomy, life history: 212-223]; Savesc1944 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7-15]; Savesc1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-118]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 286-293]; Schimi1944 [host, distribution: 268]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution, life history: 546-547]; Schmut1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-72]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 408-411]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; Seabra1941 [distribution: 8]; Seabra1942 [host, distribution: 2]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 105]; SengonUyKa1998 [host, distribution, biological control: 128-131]; SentenKu2003 [host, distribution: 247-252]; SforzaBoGr2003 [economic importance, virus, host, distribution: 975-981]; SforzaGr2000 [host, distribution, economic importance : 46-50]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 850,869]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 404-405,417-420]; Simon2012 [description, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 269-281]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 238]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; SoikaLa2003 [host, distribution: 89-97]; Soroki1973 [biological control: 599-609]; StepanLa2006 [taxonomy: 293-301]; StepanLa2006 [taxonomy: 293-301]; StepanRaLa2008 [taxonomy: 73-74]; Sulc1908 [taxonomy: 36]; Sulc1932 [taxonomy: 64]; SupranMa2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 236-243]; Suter1950 [host, distribution, life history: 95-103]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Szulcz1931 [host, distribution: 124-135]; Szulcz1949 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Takaha1955a [host, distribution: 72]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-83]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 126]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-192]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-91,92]; Terezn1963 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Terezn1963a [host, distribution: 52]; Terezn1963b [host, distribution: 155]; Terezn1963c [host, distribution: 1528]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 30]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-173]; TerGri1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-64]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 37-39]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 137-138]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 371-372]; Thiem1932 [life history, physiology: 488-492]; Thiem1933 [life history, physiology: 294-324]; Thiem1933b [life history, physiology: 492-493]; Thomse1927 [host, distribution, life history]; Thomse1929 [host, distribution, life history: 18-24]; Thro1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 212]; Timber1924a [biological control: 223-251]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 241-243]; Tsalev1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 25]; Tschor1939 [host, distribution: 89]; Tyrell1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 268]; Ulgent2001a [host, distribution, biological control: 145-149]; Ulgent2003 [structure: 393-398]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Valent1963 [biological control: 6-13]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; VarnerMaLu2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 143-150]; Vicido2007 [host, distribution: 1-7]; Voukas1932 [host, distribution, economic importance: 679-691]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 48]; WatsonLaLa1994 [host, distribution: 227]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy: 176]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 18,41,45,48]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-82]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 105]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 35]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-63]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-153]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178-179]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66]; Zaitse1984 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 54-55]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 429].

Parthenolecanium fletcheri (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium fletcheri Cockerell, 1893w: 221. Type data: CANADA: Ottawa, on Thuja sp. and on ceder. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) fletcheri; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Eulecanium fletcheri; King, 1902c: 159. Change of combination.

Lecanium arion Lindinger, 1911a: 379. Nomen nudum.

Lecanium arion Lindinger, 1912: 323. Type data: GERMANY and NETHERLANDS: on Thuja occidentalis. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1957: 370. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Weidner & Wagner, 1968).

Lecanium areon; Borchsenius, 1936: 116. Misspelling of species name.

Eulecanium arion; Schmutterer, 1954: 75. Change of combination.

Parthenolecanium fletcheri; Borchsenius, 1957: 350. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: Fletcher scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988]; fletcher scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Anthribus nebulosus Forster [Malump2011a]. FUNGI Clavicipitaceae: Lecanicillium lecanii R. Zare & W. Gams [Malump2011a]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus fletcheri Howard [Malump2011a], Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [Schmut1972a, Malump2011a], Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [Malump2011a]. Encyrtidae: Blastothrix hedqvisti Sugonyaev [Malump2011a], Blastothrix longipennis Howard [Malump2011a], Blastothrix sp. [Malump2011a], Cheiloneurus albifornis Howard [Malump2011a], Flastothrix sericea Dalman [Malump2011a], Metablastothrix claripennis Compere [Malump2011a], Metaphycus insidiosus (Mercet) [Malump2011a], Metaphycus pulvinariae Howard [Malump2011a]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa aspersa Wesmael. [Malump2011a].

HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Biota orientalis [TerGri1962], Juniperus virginiana [LambdiWa1980], Thuja occidentalis [King1901f, Kozar1980, Terezn1981, KotejaZa1983, KozarGuBa1994, LagowsKo1996, Gertss2005], Thuja plicata [Malump2011a]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Gill1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [King1901f]); United States of America (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts [King1899b, King1901f], Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania [Stimme1978a], Rhode Island [King1903b], South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin). Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1962, TerGri1966a]; Austria [Malump2011a]; Bulgaria [Tsalev1965]; Czech Republic [Malump2011a]; France [Malump2011a]; Georgia [Malump2011a]; Germany [Malump2011a]; Hungary [Kozar1980, KozarKiSa2004]; Latvia [Rasina1955]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2010]; Netherlands [Malump2011a]; Poland [Kaweck1935, KotejaZa1983, LagowsKo1996]; Romania [Savesc1982]; Russia (Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; Sweden [Gertss2001, Gertss2005]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Ukraine [Malump2011a]; United Kingdom (England [MalumpEyCa2011]); Uzbekistan [Malump2011a].

BIOLOGY: Life history: Schmutterer (1954) in Germany; Dziedzicka (1968) in Poland; Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) in Europe.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988) and by Kosztarab (1966).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kosztarab (1966) and Gill (1988). Fletcher scale is similar in appearance to yew soft scale Parthenolecanium pomeranicum (Kawecki). (Malumphy, et al., 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: The identification of Parthenolecanium to species in Europe is obscured by inadequate taxonomy. This is largely due to the adult females, the stage most frequently encountered, becoming heavily sclerotised with maturity, making it almost impossible to see many of the diagnostic features. (Malumphy, 2011a) Recent work has suggested that in some instances early-instar nymphs may prove to be more easily identified than mature adult females (Rainato & Pellizzari, 2009).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: In the UK large populations of Fletcher scale may occasionally develop on individual ornamental plants in urban environments and cause minor damage, but it is highly unlikely to have any significant detrimental impact on biodiversity, ecosystems, crops or forestry. Fletcher scale is likely to be brought under control by a complex of naturally-occurring parasitic wasps, insect predators and entomopathogenic fungi. (Malumphy, 2011)

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 358 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1991: 189 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 60 (female) [USA, California]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 218 (female) [Europe]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 71 (female) [USA, Florida]; Borchsenius 1957: 349 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 220]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 148]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 370-372]; Cocker1893w [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 221-222]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, distribution: 111]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 256]; Dziedz1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control : 127-142]; Dziedz1988 [host, distribution: 96]; ElmerEwCa1951 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 593-597]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 187]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 113]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005 [host, distribution: 38]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60,62,67]; Golan2003 [host, distribution, life history, control: 164-170]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-75]; HolmesDa1984 [biological control: 65-70]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 126]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaweck1935 [host, distribution: 81]; King1899b [host, distribution: 141]; King1901f [host, distribution: 194-195]; King1902b [taxonomy: 59-63]; King1903b [host, distribution: 192]; KocsisOr1994 [host, distribution: 478]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 163]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 15]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 358,361-363]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 116]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history,: 222]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 482]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 68]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 155]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 160-164]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 26]; Lagows1998a [host, distribution: 63-71]; LagowsGa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 1-2,36]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32, 35]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 195]; Lindin1911 [taxonomy: 379]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 85]; Malump2011a [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure: 211-217]; MalumpEyCa2011 [distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, illustration: 1-4]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 256]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 119]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 284]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 196]; Philli1965 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 237]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 71]; Rehace1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 55]; Reyne1951 [host, distribution: xl]; Reyne1957 [host, distribution: 14]; Savesc1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 42]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 293-294]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution, life history: 549-550]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 18]; Schmut1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 75-78]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 412]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 105]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 239]; StepanRaLa2008 [taxonomy: 73-74]; Stimme1978a [host, distribution, description, life history, economic importance, control: 15-16]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Szulcz1931 [host, distribution: 124-135]; Szulcz1949 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 193]; Terezn1959 [host, distribution: 684]; Terezn1963 [host, distribution: 182]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 30]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 174-175]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 138]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; Trembl1988a [host, distribution: 243]; Tsalev1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 25]; WatsonLaLa1994 [host, distribution: 227]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 225]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-84].

Parthenolecanium glandi (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium glandi Kuwana, 1907: 191. Type data: JAPAN: on apple, pear and other trees. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Eulecanium glandi; Kuwana, 1917: 19. Change of combination.

Parthenolecanium glandi; Borchsenius, 1957: 377. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Rosaceae: Malus sylvestris [Kuwana1907], Pyrus communis [Kuwana1907]. Salicaceae: Populus berolinensis [TangLi1988]. Ulmaceae: Zelkova serrata [Takaha1955a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia)); Japan [Kuwana1917]; South Korea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of adult female by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6,52,a,b,c)

KEYS: Kawai 1980: 160-162 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 350 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 220-221]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 377-378]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 164]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-193]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19-20]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history]; Takaha1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 72-73]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-93].

Parthenolecanium jaboticabae (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium jaboticabae Hempel, 1900a: 443. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Eugenia jaboticaba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Mesolecanium jaboticabae; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.

Parthenolecanium jaboticabae; Granara de Willink, 2012: 5-6. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eugenia jaboticaba [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description in Spanish and illustration in Granara de Willink, 2012.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 181]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 452]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 255]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 175]; Granar2012 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 5-6]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 443-444]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 216-217]; Hempel1920 [host, distribution: 29-30].

Parthenolecanium orientale Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Parthenolecanium corni orientalis Borchsenius, 1957: 369. Type data: CHINA and NORTH KOREA: on Wisteria sp., Prunus sp., Salix sp. and Ribes sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Parthenolecanium orientalis; Borchsenius, 1960b: 215. Change of combination.

Parthenolecanium orientale; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 408. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Wisteria chinensis [Borchs1960b]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes [Borchs1957]. Rosaceae: Prunus [Borchs1960b]. Salicaceae: Salix [Borchs1960b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China; South Korea.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 221]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 369]; Borchs1960b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 215]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 408]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178].

Parthenolecanium perlatum (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium perlatum Cockerell, 1898d: 65. Type data: AZORES: Ponta Delgado, on orange trees. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Coccus perlatus; Fernald, 1903b: 173. Change of combination.

Mesolecanium deltae Lizer y Trelles, 1917: 103. Type data: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires and region of the Parana delta, on citrus. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Castelar: Departamento de Patologia Vegetal, INTA, C.C. no. 25, Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by Granara de Willink, 1998: 150.

Lecanium deltae; Lizer y Trelles, 1939: 190. Change of combination.

Coccus deltae; Corseuil & Barbosa, 1971: 238. Change of combination.

Parthenolecanium perlatum; Granara de Willink, 1998: 150. Change of combination.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Azya [Granar1999]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus caridei [Granar1999]. Encyrtidae: Aneristus coccidis [Granar1999], Aphycus flavus [Granar1999], Coccidaphycus nigricans [Granar1999], Coccidoxenus tucumanus [Granar1999].

HOSTS: Davalliaceae: Davallia solida [DziedzMa1999]. Polypodiaceae: Platycerium weitchii [DziedzMa1999]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Cocker1898h, Granar1998, Granar1999], Citrus limon [Granar1998, Granar1999], Citrus reticulata [Granar1998, Granar1999], Citrus sinensis [Fonsec1972].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Granar1998] (Buenos Aires [Granar1998, Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1998]); Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Fonsec1972, Granar1998]); Paraguay [Granar1998]; Uruguay [Granar1998, Granar1999]. Palaearctic: Azores [FrancoRuMa2011]; Poland [DziedzMa1999].

BIOLOGY: Lizer y Trelles (1939) indicated to the exclusiveness of this species to Citrus. Teran & Guyot (1969) observed one annual generation on citrus in Argentina (Tucuman), discussed the life history, mortality factors and natural enemies.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (1999).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Fonseca (1972).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A citrus pest in Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay and Uruguay (Teran & Guyot, 1969; Granara de Willink, 1998).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 117 (female) [Argentina]; Granara de Willink 1998: 151 (female) [Argentina]; Tang 1991: 77 (female) [China ]; Borchsenius 1957: 294 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 86,180]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 300-301]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Cocker1898d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; Crouze1973 [host, distribution, biological control: 15-39]; DziedzMa1999 [host, distribution: 15-16]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 173]; Fonsec1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-215]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 6,22]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Granar1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 149-153]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-123]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 114]; Lizery1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-107]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 190]; Ricci1985 [biological control: 53]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94-95]; TeranGu1969 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 135-149]; TeranMa1993 [host, distribution, biological control: 23-28]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 137]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 228]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 19,36].

Parthenolecanium persicae persicae (Fabricius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus persicorum Sulzer, 1776: 112. Type data: GERMANY: on peach. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 191. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Chermes persicae Fabricius, 1776: 304. Type data: EUROPE: on Amygdalus persicae. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material lost (Zimsen, 1964).

Coccus clematitis Goeze, 1778: 344. Synonymy by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 16.

Coccus costatus Schrank, 1781: 296. Type data: AUSTRIA: on twigs of Amygdalus persicae. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 191. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Coccus clematidis Gmelin, 1790: 2220. Type data: EUROPE: on Clematis sp. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 363. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Coccus berberidis Schrank, 1801: 146. Type data: AUSTRIA: on Sauerdorns [=Berberis] sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 370.

Coccus persicae; Fonscolombe, 1834: 207. Change of combination.

Lecanium persicae; Bouché, 1844: 296. Change of combination.

Lecanium berberidis; Walker, 1852: 1073. Change of combination.

Lecanium cymbiformis Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 730. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 231.

Lecanium persicochilense Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 731. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 221.

Lecanium elongatum Signoret, 1873a: 404. Type data: FRANCE: Landes, Mont-de-Marsan, on laurier-cerise [=Prunus laurocerasus]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1977: 91.

Lecanium genistae Signoret, 1873a: 405. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, on 'genet epineux'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 370.

Lecanium mori Signoret, 1873a: 407. Type data: FRANCE: Albertville and Savoie, on Morus alba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Sulc, 1932: 101.

Lecanium rosarum; Signoret, 1873a: 427. Misidentification.

Lecanium sarothamni Douglas, 1891: 65. Type data: ENGLAND: Hereford, on Sarothamnus scoparius. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 192.

Coccus spini Heyden, 1894. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1943b: 223.

Coccus (Lecanium) persicae; Frank, 1896: 176. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) mori; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Lecanium berberidis; Maskell, 1897a: 311. Misidentification.

Lecanium magnoliarum Cockerell, 1897o: 5. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Jose, Japanese Nursery, on Magnolia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 441.

Lecanium berberidis major Maskell, 1898: 238. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Melbourne, on Vitis vinifera. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, Hodgson & Miller, 1997: 201. Notes: Type material probably lost (Deitz & Tocker, 1980).

Lecanium magnoliarum Cockerell, 1898i: 145. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Jose, on Magnolia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 441.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) magnoliarum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 236.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) berberidis; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 237.

Coccus mori; Kirkaldy, 1902: 106. Change of combination.

Eulecanium magnoliarum hortensiae Cockerell, 1903: 19. Type data: FRANCE: Nice, on Hortensia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1957: 351.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) persicae; Reh, 1903: 409.

Coccus elongatus; Fernald, 1903b: 168. Change of combination.

Coccus genistae; Fernald, 1903b: 168. Change of combination.

Eulecanium berberidis major; Fernald, 1903b: 182. Change of combination.

Eulecanium cecconi Leonardi, 1908a: 178. Type data: ITALY: Vallombrosa, on Menispermum canadense. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 211.

Lecanium cecconi; Sanders, 1909b: 46. Change of combination.

Lecanium nigrofasciatum; Borg, 1919: 37. Misidentification.

Lecanium cymbyformis; Leonardi, 1920: 306. Misspelling of species name.

Lecanium persicae; Green, 1928a: 23. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as "Geoffroy".

Lecanium (Parthenolecanium) persicae; Šulc, 1932: 75.

Palaeolecanium costatum; Lindinger, 1935a: 136. Change of combination.

Palaeolecanium persicae; Lindinger, 1935a: 138. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) spinosum Brittin, 1940a: 420. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Ngongotaha, on Wisteria sp., 4 January 1934. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 208. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 207.

Parthenolecanium persicae; Borchsenius, 1957: 350. Change of combination.

Lecanium persicae goidanichi Kawecki, 1962: 17. Type data: ITALY: Western Alps, Cueno, on Pinus silvestris and on Viscum album. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Warsaw: Museum of the Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988: 223. Notes: Syntypes include first and second instar larva.

Parthenolecanium thymi Danzig, 1967: 152. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, Zmeinaya Hill in Artemovka River valley, near Lesnoi Kordon, on Thymus serphyllus. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980b: 272.

Lecanium berberidis; Boratynski, 1970a: 66.

Lecanium persicae persicae; Kawecki, 1971: 258. Change of status.

Parthenolecanium persicae spinosum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 224. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: conchuela grande cafe de la vid [Gonzal1983RH]; European peach scale [WilliaKo1972, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993]; european peach scale [WilliaKo1972, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993]; peach scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: DIPTERA Syrphidae: Eupeodes corollae (F.) [BoluHa2008]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer negundo [Granar1999]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [NadaAbHu1990]. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [TakahaTa1956]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium nidum [CarnerPe1986]. Berberidaceae: Berberis canadensis [WilliaKo1972], Berberis thunbergii [Philli1965a], Berberis vulgaris [Kozar1980, Marott1987], Mahonia aquifolium [Philli1965a]. Celastraceae: Euonymus japonicus [WilliaKo1972]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Marott1987, BenDovGrMa1991, BenDovDr2012], Diospyros lotus [Marott1987]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus [Kozar1980, Marott1987], Elaeagnus pungens [WilliaKo1972], Hippophae rhamnoides [BoratyWi1964]. Elaeocarpacaea: Aristotelia [Britti1940]. Euphorbiaceae: Ricinus communis [CarnerPe1986]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Hall1935], Acacia caffra [Hall1935], Acacia decurrens [Hall1935], Acacia melanoxylon [Hall1935], Albizia [Hall1935], Albizia julibrissin [WilliaKo1972], Cajanus indicus [Hall1935], Caragana [Kozar1980], Cytisus hirsutus leucotrichus [Kozar1983a], Gleditsia [TerGri1954, TerGri1956], Robinia [Green1928], Robinia pseudoacacia [Balach1933e], Sarothamnus scoparius [Dougla1891], Sophora [Marott1987], Wisteria [Britti1940, HodgsoHe2000], Wisteria sinensis [Marott1987]. Grossulariaceae: Grossularia [Bazaro1971c], Ribes [Green1928]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea hortensis [Cocker1903, Marott1987]. Lamiaceae: Thymus serphyllum [Danzig1967]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [CarnerPe1986]. Loranthaceae: Lonicera japonica [Granar1999]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [King1903b]. Menispermaceae: Menispermum canadense [Leonar1908, Marott1987]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [GomezM1958b, Marott1987], Maclura aurantiaca [Lizery1922a], Maclura pomifera [Granar1999], Morus [Archan1930, TerGri1954, TerGri1956, Ali1971], Morus alba [Green1908a, Hall1926a, Archan1930, Bazaro1971c, Danzig1972b, Marott1987], Morus indica [Green1908a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Morus nigra [Green1908a, Marott1987]. Oleaceae: Forsythia [BoratyWi1964], Fraxinus excelsior [Marott1987]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Britti1940]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Potaev1993]. Poaceae: Brachiaria brizantha [Hall1935]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis [Kozar1980], Clematis vitalba [KozarSu1979, Kozar1983a]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus persica [Granar1999], Armeniaca vulgaris [GomezM1958b, Marott1987], Cotoneaster [Green1928], Eriobotrya japonica [CorseuBa1971], Malus communis [GomezM1958b], Persica vulgaris [GomezM1946, GomezM1958b, BoratyWi1964], Prunus armeniaca [Marott1987], Prunus domestica [Archan1930, GomezM1958b, Marott1987], Prunus laurocerasus [Signor1873a, Marott1987], Prunus persica [Green1928, Green1928a, Borg1932, Marott1987], Prunus sp. [BenDov2012], Pyracantha coccinea [Philli1965a], Rosa [Green1928, Marott1987], Rubus amoenus [GomezM1958b]. Rutaceae: Citrus [CarvalFrAg1996, Granar1999, HodgsoHe2000, YasnosTaCh2005], Citrus aurantium [GomezM1958b, Marott1987]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Green1925]. Theaceae: Thea [Minami1959]. Thymelaeaceae: Daphne [Gill1988]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus thomasii [WilliaKo1972]. Vitaceae: Ampelopsis [BoratyWi1964], Vitis vinifera [Maskel1898, Green1929, Melis1930, Hall1935, Britti1940, EzzatHu1969, Kozar1980, Granar1999], Vitis vinifera [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius; Zimbabwe [Hall1935]. Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [RakimoBeWh2013], Queensland [RakimoBeWh2013], South Australia [RakimoBeWh2013], Victoria [Frogga1915, RakimoBeWh2013], Western Australia [RakimoBeWh2013]); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902]); New Zealand [Kirkal1902, Green1929, HodgsoHe2000]. Nearctic: Canada (Ontario); Mexico; United States of America (Alabama, California [BenDov1993], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Georgia [King1903b], Idaho, Indiana [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996], Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey [Koszta1996], New Mexico, New York [Koszta1996], North Carolina, Ohio [Koszta1996], Oregon, Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], Rhode Island [King1903b, Koszta1996], South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia [Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Lizery1922a, Granar1998, Granar1999], Tucuman [GranarCl2003]); Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Chile [Gonzal1983RH, Gonzal1985, KondoGu2010]. Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Punjab [Green1908a]); Pakistan [Ali1971]; Sri Lanka. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Algeria; Armenia [TerGri1954, TerGri1956, TerGri1966a]; Austria; Bulgaria [Tsalev1965]; Canary Islands [BenDov1993]; China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Corsica; Croatia [Masten2007, Masten2007a]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt [Green1925, Hall1926a, EzzatHu1969]; France [Balach1933e, Foldi2000]; Georgia [YasnosTaCh2005]; Greece [new]; Hungary [KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Israel [BenDovGrMa1991, BenDovDr2012]; Italy [Marott1987]; Japan; Kazakhstan; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011]; Malta [Borg1932]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Morocco; Portugal [Seabra1941, CarvalFrAg1996]; Romania; Russia (Caucasus, Primor'ye Kray, Sakhalin Oblast); Sardinia [Melis1930, Marott1987]; Sicily [Marott1987]; Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; South Korea; Spain [GomezM1946, GomezM1958b, GomezM1960O]; Sweden [Gertss2001]; Switzerland [BenDov1993]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1971c, BazaroBaSh1975]; Turkey [CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Archan1930, Bustsh1960, Potaev1993]; Ukraine (Odessa Oblast); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b], England [Newste1900a, Green1925, Green1928, Green1928a]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a].

BIOLOGY: On grapevines in New Zealand, Part. persicae is univoltine: females lay eggs in late November, these hatch in December and third instars overwinter on the older parts of the host (Brittin 1940). Part. persicae displays a similar life cycle in Chile (Gonzalez 1983). Although Part. persicae appears to be largely parthenogenic, two males were collected from vineyards in Australia. (Rakimov, et al., 2013)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Boratynski (1970a), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Danzig (1980b), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Tang (1991), Kosztarab (1966), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph and female third instar nymph by Boratynski (1970a).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6,48), Gill (1988), Ben-Dov et al. (1991), Gonzalez (1983,1985).

SYSTEMATICS: Froggatt (1915: 611) credited the authorship of this species to Geoffroy (1762), however Opinion 228 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1954) ruled that names published by Geoffroy (1762) are not available for nomenclatorial purposes. Boratynski (1970a) recorded material of Lecanium genistae from the Signoret Collection in the Vienna Museum of Natural History, which represent the material referred to By Signoret (1874a: 403-404). The molecular data extracted from Coccidae on grape in Australia revealed that Part. persicae was most closely related to Part. pruinosum, followed by Para. nigra and Co. longulus. (Ramikov, et al., 2013

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Introduced into Western Australia about 1901, where it became a serious pest of grapevine and plum (Bartlett, 1978). Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957). Fortusini et al. (1999) found in Italy that Neopulvinaria innumerabilis, Parthenolecanium corni, P. persicae and Pulvinaria vitis were present in vineyards were natural spread of Grapevine Leafroll Disease was recorded.

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 195 (female) [New Zealand]; Granara de Willink 1999: 117 (female) [Argentina]; Granara de Willink 1998: 151 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 358 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Kosztarab 1996: 324 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Kosztarab 1996: 358 (female) [Northern North America]; Tang 1991: 189 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 60 (female) [USA, California]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 218 (female) [Europe]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 71 (female) [USA, Florida]; Kawai 1980: 160-162 (female) [Japan]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 69 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 372 (female) [Egypt]; Borchsenius 1957: 349 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: AfonsoFaBo2006 [host, distribution, life history: 461-464]; AfonsoTeBo2004 [host, distribution, chemical control: 985-989]; Ali1971 [host, distribution: 41]; AnagnoPaKa2008 [host, distribution: 55-78]; Archan1930 [host, distribution: 79]; Badr2014 [distribution, host: 51]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 185]; Balach1932d [taxonomy: 117]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; Bartle1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 63]; Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 90]; BazaroBaSh1975 [host, distribution, biological control: 94-99]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 123,221-224]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 26, 44]; BenDovDr2012 [distribution, host, economic importance: 44-45]; BenDovGrMa1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 347-348]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 201]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 88]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution, life history: 97]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; BoluHa2008 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 79-84]; Boraty1970a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-76]; BoratyWi1964 [host, distribution: 105]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 148]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 350-356]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 15]; Bouron1987 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 34]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 226]; Britti1940 [taxonomy: 410-412]; Britti1940a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 420]; Bustsh1960 [host, distribution: 170]; Calkin1983 [distribution, economic importance: 321]; CamposSa1983 [host, distribution, economic importance: 9]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution: 614]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 211]; CharleCoMu2005 [host, distribution: 1-4]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331-332]; Cocker1897o [taxonomy, host, distribution: 5]; Cocker1897p [host, distribution: 591]; Cocker1898i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 145-146]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1901c [taxonomy: 92]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy: 236]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; Danzig1967 [host, distribution: 152]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 204]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 582]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 272-274]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 29]; Dougla1891 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65]; DumasVa1950 [chemical control: 235-245]; Egger1990 [biological control: 27-28]; EmpresAsTe2003 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1-67]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, ecology: 408-410]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: l68,182,190-193]; FlaherWi1999 [biological control: 853-869]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; FoldiSo1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 423]; FortusScPr1999 [economic importance, host, distribution: 121-122]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 6,22]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 604,611-612]; Georgh1977 [host, distribution: 148]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60,63,68]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Gmelin1790 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2220]; GomesC1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 268-270]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 88]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-80]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 182]; Gonzal1983RH [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 51-55]; Gonzal1985 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, control: 9-14]; Gonzal1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 89-91]; GonzalCuBa1992 [host, distribution, economic importance: 47]; Granar1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 151]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-123]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 31]; Green1925 [host, distribution: 43]; Green1925b [host, distribution: 518]; Green1928 [host, distribution, illustration: 4]; Green1928a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23]; Green1929 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 376]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 140-142]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18-19]; Hall1935 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 74]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-77]; Hickel2004 [host, distribution, life history: 84-87]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199,202,207-208]; Hoffma2002 [life history, ecology, host, distribution, biological control: 1-164]; Hoffma2006 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 199-205]; HoffmaSc1999 [host, distribution, economic importance: 52-54]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187]; ICZN1954 [taxonomy: 211-220]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 126]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 162-163]; Kaweck1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-24]; Kaweck1971 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 258-259]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; King1903b [host, distribution: 192-193]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 113]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 256]; Kiritc1935 [host, distribution: 2]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; Kirkal1902 [taxonomy, distribution: 106]; KondoGu2010 [distribution: 13]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 358,363-365]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 114]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 223-225]; Kozar1975 [chemical control, economic importance, host, distribution: 1-24]; Kozar1976a [host, distribution, economic importance: 35-47]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 68]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 146]; Kozar1985 [distribution: 203]; Kozar1987 [distribution: 100]; Kozar1989 [host, distribution: 176-177]; Kozar1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 317]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 77-78]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 20]; Lagows2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 5-10]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; LeMaguFuCh2013 [economic importance, host: 416]; Leonar1908a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 178-179]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 306-310]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 83,91,137,183]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 136,138]; Lizery1922a [host, distribution: 100]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Lozzia1985 [host, distribution: 122-124]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance, host: 22,38,39,41]; Mamet1943a [distribution: 151]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 23-24]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 285-295]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 107]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 73-74]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 311]; Maskel1898 [taxonomy: 237-238]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Masten2007a [host, distribution, life history: 33-38]; Masten2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 357-368]; MastenSiKo2007 [host, distribution, life history: 326-329]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; Minami1959 [host, distribution: 37-41]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 9-10]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 11]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [illustration, physiology: 147, 153]; NadaAbHu1990 [host, distribution: 133-134]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 284]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 204-205]; Newste1900a [host, distribution, life history: 21-22]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; Philli1965 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 237]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 35,38]; RakimoBeWh2013 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, molecular data: 371-378]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 350]; Reh1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 409-410]; Russo1956 [host, distribution: 181-190]; RzaevaYa1985 [biological control: 55-58]; SalazaSo1990 [host, distribution: 137]; Sander1909 [catalogue: 441]; Seabra1941 [distribution: 8]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 105]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53]; Shinji1935b [host, distribution: 769]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 844,850,864]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 403-409]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Soroki1973 [biological control: 599-609]; Statha2004a [host, distribution: 57-59]; StathaElBo2003 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 253-257]; Sulc1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-78]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 91-92]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 342]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 52-53]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 104-105]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 116]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 262]; Takaha1940a [host, distribution: 331]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 17]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 353]; Takaha1955f [host, distribution: 239]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-81]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 126]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-196]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 80]; Terezn1963 [host, distribution: 186]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 30]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 175-178]; TerGri1954 [host, distribution: 64]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 39]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution; life history: 243-244]; Tsalev1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 25]; Tschor1939 [host, distribution: 89]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 155-156]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 101-102]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1073,1084]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 49]; WatsonLaLa1994 [host, distribution: 227]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 16,21,24,32,36,44]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-97]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 104-105]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 63-64]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 169,191]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 229-302]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 118].

Parthenolecanium pomeranicum (Kawecki)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium corni crudum; Green, 1930: 14. Misidentification; discovered by Habib, 1955: 71.

Lecanium corni crudum; Gimmingham, 1934: 41. Misidentification; discovered by Habib, 1955: 71.

Lecanium corni crudum; Green, 1934d: 109. Misidentification; discovered by Habib, 1955: 71. Notes: Females and males from Taxus sp.

Coccus corni crudum; Ossiannilsson, 1951: 5. Misidentification.

Eulecanium crudum; Schmutterer, 1952b: 20. Misidentification.

Lecanium pomeranicum Kawecki, 1954: 15. Type data: POLAND: Bucze, Urle near Warsaw, Wierzchlas, Krakow, Dziwnow, on Taxus spp. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: Warsaw: Museum of the Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Described: female, male and first instar.

Eulecanium taxi Habib, 1955: 71. Type data: ENGLAND: Silwood Park, Sunninghill, Berks, on Taxus baccata. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Boratynski & Williams, 1964: 107. Notes: This species was also described as n. sp. by Habib (1956a p. 453).

Eulecanium crudum; Reyne, 1957: 14. Misidentification.

Parthenolecanium pomeranicum; Borchsenius, 1957: 372. Change of combination.

Eulecanium pomeranicum; Bolu, 2012: 110. Misspelling of genus name.

COMMON NAME: yew scale [BenDov1993].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [Schmut1972a].

HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Juniperus [KozarOrKo1977], Thuja [KozarzRe1975]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Green1930, Green1934d, Kaweck1954, KozarzRe1975, DelBen1991], Taxus baccata [Kaweck1954, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, KotejaZa1983, KozarGuBa1994, MalumpOsPy2010], Taxus cuspidata [Kaweck1954, KotejaZa1983, Gertss2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [MalumpKa2011a]; Bulgaria [Tsalev1965]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Czech Republic; Denmark; France; Germany; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980]; Italy [DelBen1991]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009, MalumpOsPy2010]; Netherlands; Poland [KotejaZa1983, SimonKa2011]; Romania [Kozar1985, FetykoKoDa2010]; Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Spain [SoriaEsVi1996]; Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [UlgentTo2001, UlgentCaKa2004, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine; United Kingdom (England [Green1930, Green1934d, MalumpBa2012]).

BIOLOGY: Life history: in Germany by Schmutterer (1954): in England (as Eulecanium taxi) by Habib (1955a, 1956a); in Poland by Dziedzicka (1968); Europe by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988). Develops one annual generation in Italy (Del Bene, 1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 189 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 218 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 349 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Alam1958 [host, distribution, biological control: 879-887]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 224-225]; Bielen1962 [physiology, structure: 9-25]; Bielen1963a [physiology, structure: 221-253]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy: 107-108]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 372-373]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 211]; DelBen1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 1-13]; Dziedz1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 152-157]; Dziedz1988 [host, distribution: 96]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 298]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 150]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2011 [distribution, host: 41]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-117]; Green1930 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14-15]; Green1934d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-110]; Habib1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-72]; Habib1955a [host, distribution, life history: 217-228]; Habib1956a [taxonomy: 453]; HellemGo2000 [host, distribution, chemical control: 27-29]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaweck1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-19]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 116]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution: 225]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy, structure: 253]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 482]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 68]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 203]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 155]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 73]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 164-166]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution, economic importance: 26]; LabanoSo1999a [host, distribution, chemical control: 165-171]; LabanoSoCh2003 [chemical control: 99-109]; Lagows1998a [host, distribution: 63-71]; LagowsGa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 1-2,36]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 548]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance, host: 22,38]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host: 50]; MalumpOsPy2009 [host, distribution: 123]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 256]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 195]; Pelliz1991 [host, distribution: 766]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 56]; Reyne1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 20]; Schmut1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 78-82]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 411-412]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 51]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 105]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 239]; SoriaEsVi1996 [host, distribution: 241-249]; StepanRaLa2008 [taxonomy: 73-74]; Terezn1981 [host, distribution: 178-179]; Theron1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-12]; Trembl1988a [host, distribution: 243]; Tsalev1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 25]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentCaKa2004 [host, distribution: 102]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 18].

Parthenolecanium pruinosum (Coquillett)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium pruinosum Coquillett, 1891: 382. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles, on apricot. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lecanium robiniae Townsend, 1892a: 11. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Cruces, on imported trees of black locust Robinia pseudacacia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 442.

Lecanium pruinosum pruinosum; Tyrrell, 1896: 268. Change of status.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) pruinosum; Cockerell, 1896b: 333.

Eulecanium robiniae; Cockerell, 1902g: 178. Change of combination.

Eulecanium robiniae subsimile Cockerell, 1902m: 178. Type data: MEXICO: Cerro Chilicote, on ash and Rhus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 442.

Parthenolecanium pruinosum; Nakahara, 1981a: 285. Change of combination.

Eulecanium pruinosum; Bolu, 2012: 110. Misspelling of genus name.

COMMON NAME: frosted scale [Gill1988].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012]. Encyrtidae: Metaphycus californicus [Michel1957].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Robinia pseudacacia [Townse1892a]. Rosaceae: Prunus persica [King1901f]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica [KozarHuFo1989]. Ulmaceae: Celtis sinensis [Dreist1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [RakimoBeWh2013], South Australia [RakimoBeWh2013], Victoria [RakimoBeWh2013]). Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989], Ontario [King1901f]); Mexico; United States of America (California [Ferris1920b], New Mexico, Pennsylvania [Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: Turkey [KaydanUlEr2007].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Gill (1988) and by Kosztarab (1966).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988).

SYSTEMATICS: The taxonomic status of Part. pruinosum remains uncertain (Ben-Dov unpubl. data 2010), and it is regarded as part of the ‘corni-complex’ of species that have similarities to Part. corni (Danzig 1997). Females of this complex are normally covered in a white powdery wax, but the individuals collected from a vineyard in Gumeracha in the Adelaide Hills lacked this wax and differed by seven base pairs from other Part. pruinosum. This suggests that Part. pruinosum may include multiple species in Australia. (Rakimov, et al., 2013)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species must now be considered a common coccid pest of grapevines in Australia. (Rakimov, et al., 2013)

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 358 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Gill 1988: 60 (female) [USA, California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 225]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; BoratyDa1971 [taxonomy: 57-102]; Cocker1902m [host, distribution: 177]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; ComperAn1961 [host, distribution, biological control: 17]; Coquil1891 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 382-384]; Craw1891 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 7]; Danzig1995 [taxonomy, life history: 19-24]; Dreist1996 [distribution, taxonomy, economic importance, chemical control: 481-487]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, description, economic importance, control]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 193,196]; Ferris1920b [host, distribution: 37]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60,63-65,69]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; IPMW1987 [economic importance, control]; JohnsoLy1988 [life history, host, distribution]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; King1901f [host, distribution: 196]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 358,365-367]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 74]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Messen1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 201-223]; Michel1957 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 139-148]; Michel1962 [biological control, ecology: 694-697]; MichelHi1957 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 15-18]; MichelHi1957a [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 7-8]; MichelHi1958 [economic importance, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 427-431]; MichelOr1958 [host, distribution, taxonomy, biological control, chemical control: 46-57]; MichelSwMi1946 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control, economic importance: 812-813]; MiddleMiSw1947 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 442-444]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 285]; Ortega1953 [chemical control: 6-7]; RakimoBeWh2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, taxonomy: 372-378]; Sander1909 [catalogue: 442]; Townse1892 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11-12]; Tyrell1896 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267-269]; UedaQuIt2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data, distribution: 2319-2326]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 35].

Parthenolecanium putmani (Phillips)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium putmani Phillips, 1965: 234. Type data: CANADA: Ontario, Jordan, on Japanese plum. Holotype female. Type depository: Ottawa: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Ontario, Canada. Described: female.

Parthenolecanium putnami; Boratynski & Davies, 1971: 58. Change of combination.

Parthenolecanium putnami; Boratynski & Davies, 1971: 58. Misspelling of species name.

Parthenolecanium putnami; Kosztarab, 1996: 367. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Carpinaceae: Ostrya virginiana [Philli1965a]. Fabaceae: Gleditsia triacanthos [Philli1965a]. Juglandaceae: Carya ovata [Philli1965a], Juglans nigra [Philli1965a]. Lauraceae: Sassafras albidum [Philli1965a]. Rosaceae: Prunus [Philli1965a]. Salicaceae: Salix [Philli1965a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario).

BIOLOGY: An arrhenotokous species in Ontario, Canada (Phillips, 1965a).

SYSTEMATICS: Phillips (1965a) distinguished this species from Parthenolecanium cerasifex in Ontario, Canada on the basis of biological and behavioural parameters. Kosztarab (1966) did not find sufficient morphological differences to treat P. putmani as a separate species and placed it in the P. corni complex.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 225]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy: 367]; Nur1971 [taxonomy, structure: 303]; Nur1972a [taxonomy, structure: 381-401]; Philli1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 234-237]; Philli1965a [taxonomy, life history, structure: 303-309].

Parthenolecanium quercifex (Fitch)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium quercifex Fitch, 1859: 805. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Salem, on white oak. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: female.

Lecanium quercitronis Fitch, 1859: 805. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Salem, on twigs of black oak. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 445.

Lecanium antennatum Signoret, 1873a: 413. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, on oak. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 445.

Lecanium pruinosum kermoides Tyrrell, 1896: 268. Type data: U.S.A.: California, on orange, oak and locust. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: both sexes. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 445.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) antennatum; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) quercitronis; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 232.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) quercifex; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 235.

Eulecanium quercifex; King, 1901h: 315. Change of combination.

Eulecanium quercitronis; King, 1901h: 315. Change of combination.

Eulecanium antennatum; Fernald, 1903b: 181. Change of combination.

Eulecanium quercitronis kermoides; Fernald, 1903b: 195.

Parthenolecanium quercifex; Nakahara, 1981a: 285. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: oak lecanium [HamonWi1984, Gill1988]; oak lecanium scale [BrownEa1965].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012].

HOSTS: Ebenaceae: Diospyros virginiana [WilliaKo1972]. Fagaceae: Chrysolepis [Gill1988], Quercus [Cocker1899n, King1899b, King1903b, BrownEa1965a, Barnes1988], Quercus alba [DietzMo1916a], Quercus coccinea [King1901f, KozarHuFo1989], Quercus nigra [LambdiWa1980], Quercus palustris [LambdiWa1980], Quercus phellos [WilliaKo1972], Quercus prinus [LambdiWa1980], Quercus reniformis [Fitch1859], Quercus rubra [Cocker1895x, King1901f, LambdiWa1980], Quercus stellata [LambdiWa1980], Quercus velutina [LambdiWa1980]. Juglandaceae: Carya [WilliaKo1972]. Platanaceae: Platanus occidentalis [WilliaKo1972].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989], Ontario [King1901f]). Nearctic: Mexico (Chihuahua [Cocker1899n]). Nearctic: United States of America (California [King1903b, BrownEa1965], Florida, Indiana, Massachusetts [King1899b], New York [Fitch1859, King1899b, Barnes1988], Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont [King1903b], Virginia).

BIOLOGY: Parthenolecanium quercifex is an oak pest that has one generation per year and is native to much of North America. Adults produce eggs in the late spring, usually in May. Gravid females lay a dozen to several thousand eggs in an ovisac. First instars migrate from ovisacs to leaves and feed on phloem throughout summer. In fall they molt and migrate back to tree stems. Second instars overwinter and undergo development into adults in the early spring. Meineke, et al. (2013) found that overwintering second instars were 13 times more abundant on hot trees than on cold trees. P. quercifex was locally acclimated or adapted to urban thermal conditions and that this led directly to higher abundance.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Gill (1988).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Schulz (199) studied the flight activity of native parasites on oak trees in Virginia, USA. P. quercifex oviposits earlier in warmer urban areas, relative to similar, cooler areas,whereas the phenology of its parasitoid community did not similarly advance. This mismatch between parasitoid and host phenology did not reduce the proportion of P. quercifex scale insects that were parasitized. However, parasitized P. quercifex on trees in hot zones produced twice as many eggs as parasitized individuals on cooler urban trees, while the number of eggs produced by unparasitized individuals did not differ with temperature, as found in previous studies of other scale insect species. Meineke, et al., 2014 suggest that climate warming may increase pest abundance in many habitats through phenological mismatches that reduce biological control.

KEYS: Gill 1988: 60 (female) [USA, California].

CITATIONS: Barnes1988 [taxonomy: 104]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 225-226]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; BrownEa1965 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 14-15]; Cocker1895x [host, distribution: 255-256]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332-333]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 14-15]; Comper1947 [biological control: 1-23]; Danzig1995 [structure, life history: 19-24]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 258-259]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 181,194-195]; Fitch1859 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 805-806]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60,65,70]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 77-79]; King1899b [host, distribution: 140]; King1901f [host, distribution: 194]; King1903b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 191,196-197]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 74]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 8]; MeinekDuFr2014 [behaviour, biological control, ecology: 1-4]; MeinekDuSe2013 [description, ecology, life history: 1-7]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 285]; Sander1909 [taxonomy: 445-446]; Sander1910 [taxonomy: 60]; Schult1990 [biological control: 622-627]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 868]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 413-414,425-427]; Thro1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 213]; Tyrell1896 [host, distribution: 262]; WatsonLaLa1994 [host, distribution: 227]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-98].

Parthenolecanium rufulum (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium quercus; Signoret, 1873a: 427. Misidentification.

Eulecanium alni rufulum Cockerell, 1903: 21. Type data: FRANCE: La Vienne, on Carpinus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lecanium pulchrum Reh, 1903: 410. Type data: FRANCE: Haute-Garonne, Terne-et-Garonne, Toulouse and Poitier, on Castanea vesca. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1922: 309. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Eulecanium pulchrum; Sanders, 1906: 9. Notes: Incorrect citation of "King" as author.

Lecanium pulchrum; Marchal, 1908a: 304. Notes: Incorrect citation of "King" as author.

Lecanium (Pterolecanium) pulchrum; Šulc, 1932: 53. Notes: Incorrect citation of "King" as author.

Palaeolecanium rufulum; Lindinger, 1932f: 184. Change of combination.

Eulecanium pulchrum; Schmutterer, 1952: 548. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Eulecanium pulchrum; Bodenheimer, 1953a: 97. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1957: 374.

Eulecanium pulchrum; Schmutterer, 1954: 72. Notes: Incorrect citation of "King" as author.

Parthenolecanium rufulum; Borchsenius, 1957: 373.

Lecanium pulchrum; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1959: 173. Notes: Incorrect citation of "King" as author.

Eulecanium rufulum; Bolu, 2012: 110. Misspelling of genus name.

COMMON NAME: oak soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Anthribus nebulosus Forst. [Schmut1972a]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [Schmut1972a]. Encyrtidae: Blastothrix confusa Erdos [Ulgent2001], Blastothrix hungarica Erdos [Ulgent2001], Metaphycus insidiosus Mercet [Ulgent2001], Microterys sylvius (Dalman) [Schmut1972a].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Almeid1973, VanHarCoWi1990]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus betulus [Terezn1981]. Corylaceae: Corylus avellana [Terezn1981]. Cyperaceae: Carex [PellizCa1991a]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Terezn1981]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium myrtillus [Komosi1977, Marott1987]. Fabaceae: Gleditsia triacanthos [DelBen1991], Robinia pseudacacia [Marott1987]. Fagaceae: Castanea sativa [Terezn1981, Marott1987], Castanea vesca [Reh1903], Quercus [TerGri1962, KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, Kozar1983a, KozarWa1986], Quercus [KozarPaPa1991, KozarDr1993, RainatPe2008], Quercus cerris [KozarOrKo1977], Quercus lusitanica [GomezM1960O], Quercus petraea [KozarOs1987, KozarDr1993], Quercus pubescens [KozarOrKo1977, Kozar1980, Kozar1983a, Marott1987, Masten2007], Quercus robur [BoratyWi1964, Komosi1977, KozarOrKo1977, Kozar1980, KotejaZa1983, Lagows1986, MalumpOsPy2010], Quercus robur [KozarDr1991, KozarGuBa1994], Quercus sessilis [KotejaZa1983], Quercus toza [GomezM1960O]. Rosaceae: Crataegus monogyna [KozarSu1979], Crataegus oxyacantha [GomezM1960O], Rosa [Terezn1981], Rosa canina [KozarDr1993], Rubus [Terezn1981]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [Terezn1981].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1962]; Austria [KosztaKo1988F]; Bulgaria [Tschor1939, Tsalev1965, Kozar1985, TrenchGoTr2008, TrenchGoTr2009]; Crete [KozarPaPa1991]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Greece [TrenchGoTr2009]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, KozarWa1986, KozarDr1993, KozarKo2002b, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Marott1987, MatilePe2002, RainatPe2008]; Latvia [MalumpOs2008]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009, MalumpOsPy2010]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Poland [KotejaZa1983, Koteja1984e, LagowsKo1996, SimonKa2011]; Romania [Savesc1982, Kozar1985]; Russia (Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; Spain [GomezM1959]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [UlgentTo2001, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine; United Kingdom (England [MalumpBa2012]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a].

BIOLOGY: Life history: in Germany by Schmutterer (1952, 1954); Poland by Dziedzicka (1968); Europe by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988); Turkey by Ecevit et al. (1987.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Schmutterer (1954), Gomez-Menor Ortega (1960), Savescu (1961), Boratynski & Williams (1964), Kosztarab & Kozar (1978, 1988).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Ecevit et al. (1987) studied the life history, natural enemies and chemical control on hazelnut in Turkey.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 189 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 218 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 349 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1976b [taxonomy: 226-227]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 226-227]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-100]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; BoratyWi1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-107]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 147]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 373-376]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 211]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; Cocker1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 204]; Danzig1980a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 594]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, distribution: 111]; DelBen1991 [host, distribution, life history: 1-13]; Dzhash1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 181]; Dziedz1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution.life history: 157-162]; Dziedz1988 [host, distribution: 96]; EcevitIsYa1987 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 3-34]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 181]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 6,22]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 113]; GomezM1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-176]; GomezM1960O [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-189]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 142-143]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 126]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaweck1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 196-197]; Kaweck1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 257-258]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 73]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 163]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 15]; Komosi1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 116]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 225-226]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 482]; Kozar1975 [host, distribution, control: 1-24]; Kozar1976a [host, distribution, economic importance: 35-47]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 68]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 146]; Kozar1985 [distribution: 203]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 140]; KozarDr1991 [host, distribution: 363]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution: 74-75]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 155]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 376]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 73]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 116]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution: 78-80]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 476]; Lagows1986a [host, distribution: 178]; Lagows1998a [host, distribution: 63-71]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 67,84,97,123]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 184]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; LongoRu1990 [host, distribution: 113-114]; Malump2011a [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 50-53]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 22]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 50-51,53]; MalumpOs2008 [host, distribution: 108]; MalumpOsPy2009 [host, distribution: 123]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 304-309]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 107]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 74]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 355]; PellizCa1991a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 195]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; RainatPe2008a [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 233]; RainatPe2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 85-91]; Reh1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 410]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 55-56]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 9]; Savesc1961 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 37-38]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 294-297]; Schmut1952 [life history, host, distribution: 548]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 20]; Schmut1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-75]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 412-413]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 51]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 106]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 239]; StepanRaLa2008 [taxonomy: 73-74]; Sulc1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-64]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 196-197]; Terezn1963 [host, distribution: 186]; Terezn1963a [host, distribution: 52]; Terezn1963b [host, distribution: 155]; Terezn1963c [host, distribution: 1527]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 30]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 179-181]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 138]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 243]; TrenchGoTr2008 [host, distribution: 137-141]; TrenchGoTr2009 [host, distribution: 219-220]; Tsalev1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 25]; Tschor1939 [host, distribution: 89]; Ulgent2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 369-375]; Ulgent2003 [structure: 393-398]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217].

Parthenolecanium smreczynskii (Kawecki)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium smreczynskii Kawecki, 1967: 687. Type data: POLAND: Poronin near Zakopane, on Thymus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Warsaw: Museum of the Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Described: female.

Parthenolecanium smreczynskii; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988: 227. Change of combination.



HOST: Lamiaceae: Thymus [Kaweck1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Poland.

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 218 (female) [Europe].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 227]; Kaweck1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 227]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78].

Parthenolecanium tamaricis (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium tamaricis Bodenheimer, 1953a: 103. Type data: TURKEY: at the banks of Kizil Irmak River near Kalecik, on Tamarix pallasii. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov & Harpaz, 1985).

Parthenolecanium tamaricis; Borchsenius, 1957: 370. Change of combination.



HOST: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix pallasii [Bodenh1953a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 227]; BenDovHa1986 [taxonomy: 25]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-104]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 370]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 211]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78].

Parthenolecanium viticis (Morrison)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium viticis Morrison, 1923: 123. Type data: ARGENTINA: Missiones, on Vitex montevidensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Mesolecanium viticis; Lizer y Trelles, 1939: 190. Change of combination.

Parthenolecanium viticis; Granara de Willink, 1999: 125. Change of combination.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Vitex montevidensis [Morris1923, Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Misiones [Granar1999], San Juan [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 117 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 183]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124-125]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 190-191]; Morris1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-125].



Peculiaricoccus Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Peculiaricoccus Granara de Willink, 1999: 126. Type species: Peculiaricoccus elionurus Granara de Willink, by original designation.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 24 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 126].

Peculiaricoccus elionurus Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Peculiaricoccus elionurus Granara de Willink, 1999: 126. Type data: ARGENTINA: Entre Ríos, Parana, on Elionurus muticus. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Castelar: Departamento de Patologia Vegetal, INTA, C.C. no. 25, Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Poaceae: Elionurus muticus [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999], Mendoza [Granar1999], Santa Fe [Granar1999]).

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [host, distribution: 126-128].



Pendularia Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Pendularia Fonseca, 1927: 268. Type species: Pendularia pendens Fonseca, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Fonseca (1929), Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 24, 26 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 228]; Fonsec1927 [taxonomy, distribution: 268]; Fonsec1929 [host, distribution, life history: 849-853]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 128-129]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 453-456]; MacGre1981 [host, distribution: 303-304]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 151].

Pendularia jaliscensis (Cockerell & Cockerell in Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Takahashia jaliscensis Cockerell & Cockerell in Cockerell, 1902j: 466. Type data: MEXICO: Jalisco, Barranca de Atenquique, on 'copal' (? Rhus sp.) (BMNH, USNM). Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pendularia jaliscensis; MacGregor, 1981: 305. Change of combination.

Pendularia jaliscensis; MacGregor, 1981: 305. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Cockerell" as author.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Rhus [Cocker1902t].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 228]; Cocker1902t [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 466]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128]; MacGre1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 305-307]; Miller1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 70]; Willia1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 226].

Pendularia paraguariensis Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Pendularia paraguariensis Granara de Willink, 1999: 129. Type data: ARGENTINA: Misiones, Posadas, on Ilex paraguariensis [= "yerba mate"]. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Buenos Aires: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Division Entomologia, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex paraguariensis [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Misiones [Granar1999]); Brazil (Santa Catarina [new]).

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [distribution: 129-131]; KussleSaGa2004 [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 1231-1233].

Pendularia pendens Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Pendularia pendens Fonseca, 1927: 268. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Eugenia jaboticaba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IBSP. Described: female.

Takahashia pendens; Costa Lima, 1942: 245. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eugenia jaboticaba [Fonsec1927, Fonsec1929], Jacobicabeira [Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [GomesCRe1949], Sao Paulo [Fonsec1927, Fonsec1929, Hodgso1994a]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 228]; CorseuBa1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240]; Fonsec1927 [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution, biological control: 268-270]; Fonsec1929 [pp. 849-852]; GomesCRe1949 [host, distribution: 66]; Hodgso1994a [distribution: 453-456]; MacGre1981 [host, distribution: 304-305]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 149].



Perilecanium Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Perilecanium Fonseca, 1962: 13. Type species: Lecanium transparens Hempel, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Fonseca (1962) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [host, distribution: 228]; Fonsec1962 [taxonomy: 13-15]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 456-459]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 152].

Perilecanium ocultus Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Perilecanium ocultus Fonseca, 1962: 15. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Parque Siqueira, Campos, on Metrodorea stipulata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOSTS: Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [Fonsec1962]. Rutaceae: Metrodorea stipulata [Fonsec1962].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Fonsec1962]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [distribution: 228]; Fonsec1962 [host, distribution: 15-18].

Perilecanium transparens (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium transparens Hempel, 1937: 12. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Capital, jardim da Luz, on leaves of undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Perilecanium transparens; Fonseca, 1962: 13. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hodgso1994a]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [host, distribution: 228-229]; Fonsec1962 [host, distribution: 13-15]; Hempel1937 [host, distribution: 12]; Hodgso1994a [host, distribution: 456-459].

Perilecanium urbanus Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Perilecanium urbanus Fonseca, 1969: 14. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Jardim da Luz, on Cassaria [=Casearia] sylvestris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [Fonsec1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Fonsec1969]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [host, distribution: 229]; Fonsec1969 [host, distribution: 14-16].



Phalacrococcus Hodges & Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Phalacrococcus Hodges & Hodgson, 2010: 10. Type species: Phalacrococcus howertoni Hodges & Hodgson, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and definition by Hodges & Hodgson (2010).

STRUCTURE: Adult female approximately 4 mm long by 2 mm wide, green to yellow-green in color, with dark striations on dorsum. (Hodges & Hodgson, 2010.

SYSTEMATICS: Hodges & Hodgson (2010) indicated that this new soft scale genus and species shows similarities to members of the Eulecaniinae, Paralecaniini, and Coccini but varies significantly from all these taxa, therefore its taxonomic relationships could not be suggested.

CITATIONS: HodgesHo2010 [description, taxonomy: 8-23].

Phalacrococcus howertoni Hodges & Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Phalacrococcus howertoni Hodges & Hodgson, 2010: 11-19. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Monroe County, on Codiaeum variegatum; collected April 9, 2008, L. Howerton. Holotype female. Type depository: Gainesville: Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida, USA; type no. E-2067. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinelliade: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri [HodgesHo2010]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus flavus [HodgesHo2010]. LEPIDOPTERA Pyralidae: Laelilla coccidivora [HodgesHo2010].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Blechum brownei [HodgesHo2010]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [AmarasMa2011, HodgesHo2010, EtiennMaKo2014], Schinus tenebinthifolius Raddi [HodgesHo2010], Spondias cytherea [EtiennMaKo2014], Spondias dulci Parkinson [HodgesHo2010], Spondias purpurea L. [HodgesHo2010]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [HodgesHo2010]. Araceae: Alocasia [HodgesHo2010], Calocasia esculentum [HodgesHo2010]. Asteraceae: Bidens alba [HodgesHo2010], Eclipta prostrata (L.)L. [HodgesHo2010]. Bignoniaceae: Tabebuia heterophylla DC. (Britton) [HodgesHo2001]. Burseraceae: Bursera simaruba [HodgesHo2010]. Capparaceae: Capparis cynophallophora [HodgesHo2010]. Chrysobalanaceae: Chrysobalanus icaco L. [HodgesHo2010]. Combretaceae: Conocarpus erectus L. [AmarasMa2011]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus sp. [HodgesHo2010]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha wilkensiana [HodgesHo2010, EtiennMaKo2014], Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. [HodgesHo2010], Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss. [HodgesHo2010, EtiennMaKo2014], Croton variegatum [Willia2010], Gymnanthes lucida Sw. [HodgesHo2010], Jatropha integerrina Jacq. [HodgesHo2010], Phyllanthus urinaria L. [HodgesHo2010], Savia bahamensis Britt. [HodgesHo2010]. Guttiferae: Callophyllum sp. L. [HodgesHo2010], Clusia sp. [HodgesHo2010]. Lauraceae: Licaria triandra (Sw.) Kostrm. [HodgesHo2010], Ocotea membranacea [EtiennMaKo2014], Persea americana P. Mill [HodgesHo2010]. Longaniaceae: Spigelia anthelmia I. [HodgesHo2001]. Malvaceae: Sida sp. [HodgesHo2010]. Melastomataceae: Miconia furfuracea [EtiennMaKo2014], Tetrazygia ( bicolor (P. Mill.) Cogn. [HodgesHo2010]. Moraceae: Fatoua villosa (Thunb.) Nakai. [HodgesHo2010], Ficus aurea Nutt. [AmarasMa2011, HodgesHo2010], Ficus microcarpum L. [HodgesHo2010], Ficus mysorensis Roth [AmarasMa2011, HodgesHo2010], Morus alba L. [HodgesHo2010]. Musaceae: Heliconia sp. [HodgesHo2010]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia escallanoides [HodgesHo2010], Rapanea punctata Lam Lundell [HodgesHo2010]. Myrtaceae: Calyptranthes pallens [HodgesHo2010], Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd. [HodgesHo2010], Myricianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh [HodgesHo2010], Psidium guajava L. [AmarasMa2011, HodgesHo2010, EtiennMaKo2014]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. [HodgesHo2010]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [HodgesHo2010]. Piperaceae: Piper dilatatum [EtiennMaKo2014], Piper methisteum G. Forst [HodgesHo2010]. Poaceae: Digitaria sp. [HodgesHo2010]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. [HodgesHo2010], Coccoloba uvifera (L.)L. [HodgesHo2010]. Rubiaceae: Hamelia patens Jacq. [HodgesHo2010], Psychotria ligustrifolia (North.) Mill. [HodgesHo2010], Psychotria nervosa Sw. [HodgesHo2010], Psychotria sulzneri Small [HodgesHo2010], Randia aculeata L. [HodgesHo2010], Spermacoce verticillata L. [HodgesHo2010]. Rutaceae: Citrus citrifolia [EtiennMaKo2014], Clausena lansium Skeels [HodgesHo2010], Glycosmis pentaphylla [HodgesHo2010], Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. [HodgesHo2010], Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl. [HodgesHo2010]. Sapindaceae: Cupania glabra [HodgesHo2010], Dimocarpus longan Lour. [HodgesHo2010], Dodonaea vicosa (L.) Jacq. [HodgesHo2010], Filcium decipens Wight & Arn. [HodgesHo2010]. Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum cainito [HodgesHo2010], Manilkara jaimiqui (C. Wright} Dubard [HodgesHo2010], Sideroxylon celastrinum (Kunth) T.D. Pennington [HodgesHo2010], Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. [HodgesHo2010], Sideroxylon salicifolium (L.) Lam. [HodgesHo2010]. Verbenaceae: Citharexylum spinosum [HodgesHo2010], Phyla nodiflora (L.) Green [HodgesHo2010]. Zygophyllaceae: Guajacum sanctum L. [HodgesHo2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [HodgesHo2010]). Neotropical: Barbados [EtiennMaKo2014]; Guadeloupe [EtiennMaKo2014]; Guatemala [Willia2010].

BIOLOGY: The scale insect practiced ovoviviparity. Eggs that came out from vulva hatched to first instars immediately. Newly hatched nymphs had a tendency stay underneath the female body for somewhat less than approximately 24 hours then disperse throughout the leaf area for feeding. Females went through 3 immature stages (first, second, and third-instar) prior to becoming adults, while males had 4 immature stages (first, second, third (‘pre-pupa’), and fourth instar (’pupa’)). The female has a high fecundity with close to 400 live nymphs per female. The lifespan of adult males was very short (less than 1 d) at 27 ± 1°C compared to that of adult females (60.3-61.5 d). (Amarasekare & Mannion, 2011) Under the ecological conditions in Florida, P. howertoni has multiple overlapping generations a year, averaging about one a month. It overwinters as the adult female and each female can lay about 400 eggs. (Hodges & Hodgson, 2010)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and male, and nymphs of female and male by Hodges & Hodgson (2010).

STRUCTURE: Adult female oval to almost round, 2.5-5.3 mm long and 1.8-3.25 mm wide (venter slightly narrower, width 1.7-3.1 mm); anal cleft about 1/4th- 1/5th body length. (Hodges & Hodgson, 2010) First instar, second instar male and female, pupa and adult males described in detain in Hodges and Hodgson, 2010.

SYSTEMATICS: The adult females of this species of soft scale share character-states with the Eulecaniinae (absence of dorsal tubercles, pocketlike sclerotisations and dorsal tubular ducts; spinose marginal setae, and multilocular disc-pores extending anteriorly onto thorax and head) but the multilocular disc-pores have 7 or fewer loculi, ventral tubular ducts are absent, the legs have an articulatory sclerosis and the claw digitules are broad. It also has character-states which it shares with the Paralecaniini (absence of dorsal tubular ducts; stigmatic clefts with sclerotizations; multilocular disc-pores with less than 10 loculi; ventral tubular ducts absent) but, again, it has characters that do not fit, namely eyespots on margin and multilocular disc-pores not restricted to posterior abdominal segments. It is close to Coccini but the absence of dorsal setae and the presence of strongly spinose marginal setae etc. makes it different from all known genera included in this group as defined by Hodgson (1994). (Hodges & Hodgson, 2010) The adult female of P. howertoni may be confused with Philephedra tuberculosa Nakahara & Gill which also occurs on ornamental croton in Guadeloupe and have similar coloration. However, the two species can be easily differentiated in the field since the mature adult female of P. tuberculosa has a white ovisac which is about twice as long as its body, with wax partially covering the dorsum, whereas the mature adult female of P. howertoni is mottled, green to yellowish in color, with dark specks and have no ovisac nor white wax partially covering the body. (Etienne, et al., 2014)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Like most soft scales, P. howertoni eliminates large quantities of honeydew and this inhibits photosynthesis and encourages sooty mold. (Hodges & Hodgson, 2010) Its polyphagus nature and high reproductive ability therefore makes P. howertoni a potentially serious pest of tropical and subtropical ornamental and fruit plants and ecologically important mangrove plants such as buttonwood. (Amarasekare & Mannion, 2011)

CITATIONS: AmarasMa2011 [distribution, host, life history: 588-593]; EtiennMaKo2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history: 115-118]; HodgesHo2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-23]; OuvrarKoGu2013 [distribution: 3]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152].



Pharangococcus Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Pharangococcus Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero, 2002: 112. Type species: Pharangococcus iquitosensis Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero (2002).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

KEYS: Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero 2002: 113 (female) [Genera of the world.].

CITATIONS: HodgsoMa2002 [taxonomy, description: 109-116].

Pharangococcus iquitosensis Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero

NOMENCLATURE:

Pharangococcus iquitosensis Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero, 2002: 113. Type data: PERU: Iquitos, Quistococha, on Psidium guajava; collected G. Couturier, 20.x.1994. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 12993-1. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [HodgsoMa2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [HodgsoMa2002].

BIOLOGY: Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero (2002) recognized two forms, "March form" from twigs and "October form" from fruit stalks, that differed morphologically.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Matile-Ferrero (2002).

CITATIONS: HodgsoMa2002 [host, distribution, taxonomy, description, illustration, life history: 112-116].



Philephedra Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria (Philephedra) Cockerell, 1898m: 24. Type species: Pulvinaria (Philephedra) ephedrae Cockerell, by original designation.

Philephedra; Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Gill (1988), Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

KEYS: Nakahara & Gill 1985: 4-5 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 229]; Cocker1898m [taxonomy, description : 24]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 395]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy, description: 451]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 198]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 145]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description: 39]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 71]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 130-132]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 459-462]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 70]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 154]; NakahaGi1985 [taxonomy: 1-7]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 229].

Philephedra broadwayi broadwayi (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria broadwayi Cockerell, 1896d: 306. Type data: GRENADA: Botanic Gardens, on undetermined plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 9. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Also described as n.sp. in Cockerell, 1896h, p. 19.

Philephedra theobromae Green, 1916b: 377. Type data: TRINIDAD: on cacao pods. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 9. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 7.

Philephedra broadwayi; Ballou, 1922: 74. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [NakahaGi1985], Spondias [NakahaGi1985]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [NakahaGi1985, MatileEt2006]. Euphorbiaceae: Aleurites triloba [NakahaGi1985]. Solanaceae: Solanum melongena [NakahaGi1985]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma bicolor [NakahaGi1985], Theobroma cacao [Green1916b, NakahaGi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001, Kondo2008a]; Dominica [MatileEt2006]; Grenada [Cocker1896d, Cocker1896h]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago, Trinidad [Green1916b]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Nakahara & Gill (1985).

CITATIONS: Ballou1922 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 74]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 229]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; Cocker1896d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 306-307]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 130]; Green1915 [host, distribution]; Green1916b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377-379]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 166]; NakahaGi1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-10]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].

Philephedra broadwayi echinopsidis (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria broadwayi echinopsidis Newstead, 1920: 187. Type data: GUYANA: Georgetown, Botanic Gardens, on Echinopsis latiflora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Philephedra broadwayi echinopsidis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 229. Change of combination.



HOST: Cactaceae: Echinopsis latiflora [Newste1920].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1920].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 229]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187].

Philephedra colimensis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia colimensis Cockerell, 1902t: 467. Type data: MEXICO: Colima, on Celtis?. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 12. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Philephedra colimensis; Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 10. Change of combination.



HOST: Ulmaceae: Celtis? [NakahaGi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Colima).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Nakahara & Gill (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 229-230]; Cocker1902t [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 467]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 144]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; NakahaGi1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-12]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 229]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224].

Philephedra crescentiae (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia crescentiae Cockerell, 1898j: 435. Type data: MEXICO: Frontera, Tabasco, on Crescentia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 15. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Philephedra crescentiae; Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 13. Change of combination.



HOST: Bignoniaceae: Crescentia [Cocker1898j].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n]. Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco [Cocker1898j, Cocker1899n]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Nakahara & Gill (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 230]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 435-436]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 395]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 19]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 144]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; NakahaGi1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-15]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 229]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224].

Philephedra ephedrae (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria ephedrae Cockerell, 1898h: 24. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Mesilla Park, on Ephedra sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 16. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pulvinaria (Philephedra) ephedrae; Cockerell, 1898h: 24.

Philephedra ephedrae; Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: ephedra scale [Gill1988]; Ephedra scale [Gill1988].



HOSTS: Ephedraceae: Ephedra [Cocker1898u, Ferris1919a, Hodgso1994a], Ephedra texana [Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1919a, Hodgso1994a] (Los Angeles County, 3 miles NE Wrightwood.), Nevada (Nye County, Ichthyosaur State Park), New Mexico [Ferris1919a], Texas (Kent County, Clairmont)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Nakahara & Gill (1985) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 230]; Cocker1898m [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 395]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy, host, distribution: 451]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 145]; Ferris1919a [catalogue: 39-40]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-72]; Hodgso1994a [host, distribution: 459-462]; NakahaGi1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16-18].

Philephedra ferelutea Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Philephedra ferelutea Granara de Willink, 1999: 132. Type data: ARGENTINA: Santiago del Estero, Río Hondo, on Prosopis sp. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia visco [Granar1999], Prosopis [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (San Luis [Granar1999], Santiago del Estero [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (1999).

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-134].

Philephedra floridana Nakahara & Gill

NOMENCLATURE:

Philephedra floridana Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 19. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Ft. Pierce, on Conocarpus erectus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Combretaceae: Conocarpus erectus [NakahaGi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Nakahara & Gill (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 230]; NakahaGi1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-22].

Philephedra lutea (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria lutea Cockerell, 1893o: 51. Type data: MEXICO: Vera Cruz, on Croton sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 24. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lichtensia lutea; Cockerell, 1895o: 255. Change of combination.

Philephedra lutea; Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 22. Change of combination.



ASSOCIATE: ENTEROBACTERIA [RosenbSaSa2012].

HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum variegatum [NakahaGi1985], Croton [Cocker1893u, NakahaGi1985]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [NakahaGi1985]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [NakahaGi1985]. Moraceae: Ficus [Cocker1899n, NakahaGi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Colima [Cocker1899n], Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Nuevo Leon, Veracruz [Cocker1899n]); United States of America (Texas). Neotropical: Guatemala [Willia2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Nakahara & Gill (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 230]; Cocker1893o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51]; Cocker1894d [distribution: 311]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 19]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 144,158]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; NakahaGi1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-25]; RosenbSaSa2012 [ecology, molecular data, physiology: 2357-2368]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 229]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 226]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152].

Philephedra mimosae (Townsend & Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lichtensia mimosae Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 175. Type data: MEXICO: Las Minas, Tab, on Mimosa apotala. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 27. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Philephedra mimosae; Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 25. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Mimosa apotala [NakahaGi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n]. Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Nakahara & Gill (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 230-231]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 395]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 19]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 144,154]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; NakahaGi1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-28]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 229]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 175]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 227].

Philephedra parvula (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria parvula Cockerell, 1899n: 19. Type data: MEXICO: Cuautla, on Mimosa sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 30. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lichtensia parvula; Cockerell, 1902j: 467. Change of combination.

Lichtensia zapotlana Cockerell, 1902j: 467. Type data: MEXICO: Zapotlan, Jalisco, on leguminous shrub. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 30. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 28.

Lichtensia zapotlana townsendi Cockerell, 1903a: 162. Type data: MEXICO: Ameria, Colima, on copal [=Bursera jorullensis]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 30. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 28.

Filippia parvula; Steinweden, 1929: 238. Change of combination.

Filippia zapotlana; Steinweden, 1929: 238. Change of combination.

Philephedra parvula; Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 28. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Burseraceae: Bursera jorullensis [NakahaGi1985]. Fabaceae: Acacia constricta [NakahaGi1985], Caesalpinia gilliesi [NakahaGi1985], Mimosa [Cocker1899n], Prosopis [NakahaGi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n] (Colima [Cocker1903a], Jalisco, Morelos); United States of America (Arizona).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Nakahara & Gill (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 231]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19]; Cocker1902t [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 467]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 162-163]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 144,145]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; NakahaGi1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-31]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 229]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 228,230].

Philephedra tuberculosa Nakahara & Gill

NOMENCLATURE:

Philephedra tuberculosa Nakahara & Gill, 1985: 31. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, La Feria, on Schinus terebinthifolius. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [PenaBaLi1987], Diomus austrinus Gordon [PenaBaLi1987], Hyperaspis ornatella Gordon [PenaBaLi1987]. DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Diadiplosis pulvinaria (Felt) [PenaBaLi1987]. FUNGI : Verticillium lecanii (Zimmenn) [PenaMc1986]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [PenaBaLi1987]. Encyrtidae: Trichomastus portoricensis Crawford [PenaBaLi1987].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [NakahaGi1985], Schinus terebinthifolius [NakahaGi1985]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [MatileEt2006], Annona reticulata [NakahaGi1985], Annona squamosa [NakahaGi1985, PenaBaLi1987]. Asteraceae: Ambrosia artemisiifolia [NakahaGi1985], Dahlia [NakahaGi1985], Helianthus [NakahaGi1985], Solidago chapmanii [NakahaGi1985]. Bignoniaceae: Spathodea campanulata [MatileEt2006], Tabebuia pallida [NakahaGi1985]. Bombacaceae: Chorisia speciosa [NakahaGi1985]. Burseraceae: Bursera simaruba [NakahaGi1985]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [NakahaGi1985, PenaBaLi1987, WilliaArZi2008, Willia2010]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum brasieliense [NakahaGi1985], Calophyllum inophyllum [NakahaGi1985]. Combretaceae: Bucida buceras [NakahaGi1985], Bucida spinosa [NakahaGi1985], Conocarpus erectus [NakahaGi1985], Quisqualis indica [MatileEt2006]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea prescarpae [NakahaGi1985]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha wilkesiana [NakahaGi1985], Codiaeum variegatum [NakahaGi1985, Malump2009], Euphorbia heterophylla [NakahaGi1985], Jatropha integerrima. Fabaceae: Bauhinia purpurea [NakahaGi1985], Cajanus cajan [MatileEt2006], Cassia fistulata [NakahaGi1985], Gliricidia sepium [NakahaGi1985, MatileEt2006], Lysiloma bahamensis [NakahaGi1985], Lysiloma latisiliqua [NakahaGi1985], Parkinsonia aculeata [NakahaGi1985], Pithecellobium guadalupense [NakahaGi1985], Pongamia pinnata [NakahaGi1985]. Flacourtiaceae: Dovyalis hebecarpa [NakahaGi1985]. Lamiaceae: Rosmarinus officinalis [NakahaGi1985]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [MatileEt2006]. Lythraceae: Lawsonia inermis [MatileEt2006]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [NakahaGi1985], Gossypium hirsutum [MatileEt2006], Hibiscus acetosella [NakahaGi1985], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [MatileEt2006], Malvaviscus arboreus [NakahaGi1985]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [NakahaGi1985], Ficus rubiginosa [NakahaGi1985], Ficus triangularis [NakahaGi1985]. Moringaceae: Moringa oleifera [WilliaArZi2008]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [NakahaGi1985]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba diversifolia [NakahaGi1985], Coccoloba uvifera [NakahaGi1985]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [NakahaGi1985]. Rutaceae: Amyris elemifera [NakahaGi1985], Citrus [NakahaGi1985], Citrus limon [MatileEt2006]. Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum oliviforme [NakahaGi1985], Mastichodendron foetidissimum [NakahaGi1985], Mimusops elengi [NakahaGi1985], Mimusops roxburghiana [NakahaGi1985], Pouteria sapota [NakahaGi1985]. Turneraceae: Turnera subulata [MatileEt2006]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [WilliaArZi2008], Zingiber [NakahaGi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Miller1996]; United States of America (Florida [Miller1996], Texas [Miller1996]). Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [Malump2009]; Ecuador [Malump2009]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Nicaragua [MatileEt2006]; Saint Croix [new]; Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Barthelemy [MatileEt2006], Saint Martin [MatileEt2006]); Venezuela [BenDov1993].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Nakahara & Gill (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 231-232]; EsparzArVi2012 [description, distribution, host: 465-466]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Malump2009 [host, distribution: 109-112]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 166]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351]; NakahaGi1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-36]; PenaBaLi1987 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 423-427]; PenaMc1986 [host, distribution, biological control: 416-417]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; WilliaArZi2008 [host, distribution: 483-484].



Phyllostroma Šulc

NOMENCLATURE:

Phyllostroma Šulc, 1942: 5. Type species: Pulvinaria ericae Low, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1957), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 203 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 232]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 280-281]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 462-465]; Kaweck1957 [taxonomy: 197-198]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 116]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 227-228]; Koteja1964 [taxonomy: 183]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 123]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 155]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 41-42]; Sulc1942 [taxonomy, description: 5-8]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 278-279]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy, description: 52]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 136].

Phyllostroma myrtilli (Kaltenbach)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium myrtilli Kaltenbach, 1874: 420. Type data: GERMANY: on Vaccinium myrtillus. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Pulvinaria ericae Low, 1883a: 115. Type data: AUSTRIA: Weissenbach, Rauheneck, on Erica carnea. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1957: 281. Notes: Depository of the type material unknown.

Phyllostroma ericae; Šulc, 1942a: 5. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: heather cushion scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOE: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis campestris concolor Suffr. [Zahrad1952c].

HOSTS: Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos avaursi [Hodgso1994a], Calluna vulgaris [Hodgso1994a], Erica arborea [Marott1987], Erica carnea [Sulc1942a], Vaccinium [KozarOrKo1977, PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium myrtillus [Kalten1874, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1984e, KotejaZa1983, Lagows1986, Marott1987], Vaccinium vitisidea [Koteja1984e, KotejaZa1983, MalumpOsPy2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta). Palaearctic: Austria; Bulgaria [Gavril2010]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1952c, Hodgso1994a]; France [Hodgso1994a] (Vars, Les Ecrins (Hotes Alpes) 1600 m.); Germany; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, Lindin1912b]; Italy [Marott1987, MatilePe2002]; Latvia [Rasina1955]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2010]; Poland [Koteja1964, KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1984e, LagowsKo1996]; Romania; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Hodgso1994a] (nr. the Luga River, Talmachovo, Luzhskiy region, Leningradckaja oblast'.)); Ukraine.

BIOLOGY: Schmutterer (1952) and Rehacek (1960).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 232]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 281-282]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 132]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 38]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-59]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 463-465]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kalten1874 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 420]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 163]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 15]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 117]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 228-229]; Koteja1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 183]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy, structure: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 79]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 366]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 480]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 73]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 476]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 142]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Low1883a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 115-117]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 256]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 107]; MarottTr1990 [host, distribution: 110]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 355]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution : 71]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 42-43]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution, life history: 554-555]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 413]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 239]; Sulc1912 [host, distribution: 35]; Sulc1942 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-8]; Sulc1942a [taxonomy, structure: 8-15]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 279-280]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-52]; Terezn1963c [host, distribution: 1527]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 136]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 33]; Zahrad1952c [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 181-184].



Physokermes Targioni Tozzetti

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 734. Type species: Coccus hemicryphus Dalman. Subsequently designated by Signoret, 1874b. Notes: The type species Coccus hemicryphus Dalman, 1825, was designated by Signoret (1874b: 87) who restricted the genus to this single species.

Physochermes; Targioni Tozzetti, 1869: 259. Misspelling of genus name.

Plysockermes; Leonardi, 1920: 310. Misspelling of genus name.

Physocermes; Atanasov, 1959: 429. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1957), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Gill (1988) Hodgson (1994a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: Pre-reproductive adult membranous and reddish-brown. Post-reproductive female globular or kidney-shaped, often longer than wide; old females, light to dark brown, derm becoming heavily sclerotized when mature. First-instar nymphs. Present on leaves. Antennae and legs well developed; antennae six segmented. Anal plates triangular. Stigmatic clefts each with 2 stigmatic setae present in some Palaearctic species but setae absent in other species.(Kozar, et al., 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eulecaniinae. The type species Coccus hemicryphus Dalman, 1825 was designated by Signoret (1874: 87) who restricted the genus to this single species.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 199-200 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 73 (female) [USA, California]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988 (female) [Europe]; Tereznikova 1981 (female) [Ukraine]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1978 (female) [Hungary]; Danzig 1964 (female) [USSR]; Borchsenius 1957: 292, 440 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 99]; Atanas1959 [taxonomy: 429]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 232-233]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 155-156]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 439-440]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 216]; Cocker1894v [taxonomy: 1050]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 199]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy: 642]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description: 169]; Danzig1972a [taxonomy, description: 273-274]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 290-291]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 718]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 208]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy, description: 39-41]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 73]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 150]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 466-469]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 169-170]; Kaweck1957 [taxonomy: 198]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 323,367-368]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 117]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 230]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; KozarGoHo2012 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 23-25]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description: 316]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 124]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 155-156]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 64-65]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description: 300]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description: 87-88]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 240]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 198-199]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 63]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, description: 11]; Targio1869 [taxonomy: 259]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy: 53]; Terezn1966 [taxonomy: 31]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 182]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description: 105]; Xie1998 [taxonomy: 51]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 180].

Physokermes coloradensis Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes coloradensis Cockerell, 1895f: 101. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Manitou, on Pinus edulis.Female. Described: female.



HOST: Pinaceae: Pinus edulis [Cocker1895f].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado [Cocker1895f]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 233]; Cocker1895f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 101]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1910b [host, distribution: 425]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 208]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-77]; KozarGoHo2012 [taxonomy: 36].

Physokermes concolor Coleman

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes concolor Coleman, 1903: 73. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Salmon Mts., Siskiyon County, on Abies concolor. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: fir bud scale [Gill1988].



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies concolor [Gill1988, KozarHuFo1989], Abies lasiocarpa [Cocker1910b], Picea sitchensis [KozarHuFo1989], Pinus ponderosa [Gill1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989]); United States of America (California, Colorado).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female in Gill (1988).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 233]; Colema1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 73]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-77]; KozarGoHo2012 [taxonomy: 36]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 74]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 10].

Physokermes fasciatus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes fasciatus Borchsenius, 1957: 445. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Dzhungarsk Altay, Mali Boskan gorge, on Picea sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female and first instar.



HOST: Pinaceae: Picea [Borchs1957].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 200 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 440 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 233]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 445-447]; KozarGoHo2012 [taxonomy: 37]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 200].

Physokermes hellenicus Kozár & Gounari in Kozar, et al.,

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes hellenicus Kozár & Gounari in Kozar, et al.,, 2012: 25-37. Type data: GREECE: Peloponnesus, Mainalo Mountain, on Abies cephalonica, 4/28/2010, by S. Gounan. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; type no. 10160. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Pinaceae: Abies cephalonica [KozarGoHo2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Greece [KozarGoHo2012].

BIOLOGY: This species was found to have a third-instar female nymph and it is though to the fir first time that it has been found and described in this family. (Kozár, et al., 2012) The adult females feed vigorously between the end of May and the end of July, depending on the weather. Adult males appear from the end of May to the end of June and ovulation occurs from the end of June onwards, although the adult females continue to feed and produce honeydew. Each female lays between 100 and 230 eggs which are retained within a cavity beneath her body. Once ovulation is complete by the end of July, feeding stops and the adult females die. Crawlers are first noted towards the end of July and disperse and settle on the needles of the new growth where they remain until the end of August or into September. The male nymphs remain on the needles for the rest of their development but the second-instar female nymphs disperse to the nodes of the current year’s growth where they settle and start feeding. The honeydew droplets produced by this stage are small and are not utilized by the bee keepers. The second moult of the female nymphs, to the third-instar nymph, occurs about the first week in November and they overwinter protected under the scales of the new growth nodes. During this time they continue to feed slowly and grow, finally attaining full adult size in May of the following year. The male nymphs, which remain on the fir needles, secrete their waxy test about the beginning of November. In the Spring, they moult twice through the prepupal and pupal stages before becoming adult in May. (Kozár, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Kozar, et al., 2012.

STRUCTURE: Body of young pre-reproductive female oval to almost round, becoming bud-like or kidney-shaped; heavily sclerotized and dark brown when mature; about 1–2 mm in diameter. Antennae variously reduced on different specimens, segmentation generally indistinct but, when visible, probably 3 segmented. Margin not demarcated; marginal and stigmatic spines absent but eyespot probably on margin. Anal cleft shallow. Even on youngest specimens, dorsum apparently significantly wider than venter; unsclerotized in younger specimens, becoming heavily sclerotized with maturity. (Kozár, et al., 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: The adult females of P. hellenicus differs from those of all other known Physokermes species in the absence of multilocular disc pores mid-ventrally on all abdominal segments and in the presence of a group of multilocular pores on the dorsum of each anal lobe. P. hemicryphus has multilocular disc pores mid-ventrally on the last six abdominal segments but lacks multilocular disc pores on the dorsum of the anal lobes; on P. inopinatus, the multilocular disc pores on the abdomen and thorax do not form longitudinal mediolateral bands, and multilocular disc pores are absent from the dorsum of the anal lobes; P. piceae has multilocular disc pores mid-ventrally on the last seven abdominal segments but they do not form longitudinal mediolateral bands on the abdomen and thorax and there are no multilocular disc pores on the dorsum of the anal lobes. (Kozár, et al., 2012) The second-instar female nymphs of P. hemicryphus differ from those of P. piceae in having only 3 pairs of loculate pores (each with 6 loculi) on the dorsal margin of the thorax, whereas the nymphs of P. piceae has 65-125 pores in this position. The dorsal pores on P. hellenicus have 5 loculi and the total on each side is about 10, i.e. intermediate between P. hemicryphus and P. piceae. (Kozár, et al., 2012) The male of P. hellenicus is very similar to that of P. piceae (Schrank) but differs as follows (character states on P. piceae in brackets): (i) apparent absence of a mid-cranial ridge dorsally (present but short); (ii) 0 or 1 hs seta laterad to ventral mid-cranial ridge (3 or 4), and (iii) apparent absence of tergites on anterior abdominal segments (present). (Kozár, et al., 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: honeydew production by P. hellenicus is seasonal. The adult females feed vigorously between the end of May and the end of July, depending on the weather, and each procures large droplets of honeydew. At this time, beekeepers transfer their hives to fir forests to take advantage of this bounty. (Kozár, et al., 2012)

KEYS: Kozár, et al. 2012: 26 (female) [Key to female Physokermes species found in the western Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: KozarGoHo2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 25-38].

Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus hemicryphus Dalman, 1826: 369. Type data: SWEDEN: on Abies sp. Syntypes, female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Physokermes hemicryphus; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 734. Change of combination.

Coccus (Lecanium) racemosus; Frank, 1896: 174. Change of combination.

Physokermes hemicriphus; Danzig, 1967: 169. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: small spruce-bud scale [KosztaKo1988F, Koszta1996]; spruce bud scale [Stimme1996, Gill1988].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Anthribus nebulosus Forst. [Schmut1972a]. Coccinellidae: Exochmus quadripustulatus L. [Schmut1972a], Scymnus abietis Payk. [Schmut1972a]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus insidiator (Dalman) [Schmut1972a]. Encyrtidae: Aphycoides merceti Ferriere [Schmut1955b], Microterys cyanocephalus 0bscuricornis Mercet [Schmut1955b], Microterys lunatus (Dalman) [Schmut1972a], Pseudorhopus testaceus (Ratzeburg) [Schmut1955b].

HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies [Argyri1983, Koszta1996], Abies alba [KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983], Abies borissi-regis [Argyri1983, Santas1988], Abies cephalonica [Argyri1983, Santas1988], Abies pectinata [KosztaKo1988F], Picea [Danzig1994, Hodgso1994a, Koszta1996], Picea abies [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, KozarTzVi1979, Kozar1980, Kozar1983a, KozarOs1987, Gavril2010], Picea abies [Marott1987, Gill1988, KozarHuFo1989, KozarDr1993, KozarGuBa1994, Gertss2005, MalumpOsPy2010], Picea engelmanni [KozarHuFo1989], Picea excelsa [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1971a, KotejaZa1983, Lagows1986, Hodgso1994a], Picea glauca [KozarHuFo1989], Picea obovata [Danzig1972a], Picea orientalis [KozarGuBa1994], Picea pungens [Kozar1980, Gill1988], Picea sitchensis [Gill1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989]); United States of America (California [Hodgso1994a] (Miles), Delaware [Koszta1996], Idaho [Furnis2004], Indiana [Koszta1996], Maine [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996], Minnesota [Koszta1996], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], New York [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Stimme1996, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], Wisconsin [Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: Austria [KosztaKo1988F]; Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979, Kozar1985, Gavril2010]; Czech Republic; Germany [Hodgso1994a] (Giessen/Lahn; Erlangen; Grafrath; Forstenried/Munchen; Munchen-Engl. Garten.); Greece [Argyri1983, Santas1988]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, Kozar1991, KozarDr1993, KozarKo2002b, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Marott1987, MarottTr1993a]; Latvia [MalumpOs2008]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009, MalumpOsPy2010]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Mongolia; Poland [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1971a, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1984e, LagowsKo1996]; Romania [Kozar1985, FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia [Hodgso1994a] (Leningrad, Zelenogorsk.) (Omsk Oblast [BaraisGa2004]); Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Spain [SoriaEsVi1998]; Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2005]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast); United Kingdom (England [MalumpBa2012]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a].

BIOLOGY: This species reproduces parthenogenetically (Schmutterer, 1956). Develops one annual generation in Germany (Schmutterer, 1956), Greece (Santas, 1988), Central Europe (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988), Pennsylvania, USA (Stimmel, 1996). Peachhacker (1976, 1977) attempted to forecast the honeudew flow, as a source for beehoney production.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Santas (1988) reports that the honeydew excreted is of economic importance to apiculture in Greece.

KEYS: Kozár et al. 2012: 36 (female) [Key to female Physokermes species found in the western Palaearctic Region]; Kosztarab 1996: 323 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Tang 1991: 200 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 73 (female) [USA, California]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 230 (female) [Europe].

CITATIONS: Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; Bacand2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 353-354]; BaraisGa2004 [host, distribution, life history, taxonomy, economic importance: 1-55]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 233-234]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 331]; Dalman1826 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 369]; Danzig1967 [host, distribution: 169]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 344]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 111]; Danzig1994 [host, distribution: 47]; Dziedz1988 [host, distribution: 96]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 298]; Furnis2004 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1348-1352]; Gavril2010 [host, distribution: 39]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 151]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005 [host, distribution: 38]; Gertss2011 [distribution, host: 41]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-74,78]; GounarMaSt2005 [host, distribution, life history, honeydew, economic importance: 339]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 150-152]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 466-469]; HolmesDa1984 [biological control: 65-70]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaweck1938 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 204-205]; KocsisOr1994 [host, distribution: 478]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 163]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 15]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 368-369]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 120]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution: 231-232]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 324]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; Koteja2000a [host, distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 327-328]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 367]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 480]; Kozar1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 181-182]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 68]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 147]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 203]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution: 75]; KozarGoHo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 25, 36]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 155]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 74]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKo2002b [host, distribution: 376]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 73]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130-131]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 156-158]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 477]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; Malump2011a [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 51-53]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 22]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 51,53]; MalumpOs2008 [host, distribution: 108]; MalumpOsPy2009 [host, distribution: 123]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 256-257]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 107-108]; MarottTr1993a [host, distribution, life history, taxonomy: 171-179]; Nur1979 [taxonomy, structure: 96-97]; Pechha1976 [taxonomy, life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 209-236]; Pechha1977 [taxonomy, life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 45-47]; Perny2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 26-27]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 65]; Santas1988 [life history, ecology, economic importance, host, distribution: 11-21]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 514,518]; Schmut1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 445-466]; Schmut1958b [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 104-106]; Schmut1965 [life history, ecology, economic importance, host, distribution: 300-325]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 413-415]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 51]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 106]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 856]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 88-90]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 239]; SoriaEsVi1998 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 219-224]; Stimme1996 [host, distribution, description, life history, economic importance, control: 9-11]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 200-201]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 734]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 182-184]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 25,40]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105-106]; Wunn1937 [host, distribution: 22]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 431].

Physokermes inopinatus Danzig & Kozár

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes inopinatus Danzig & Kozár, 1973: 832. Type data: HUNGARY: Csopak on northern shores of Lake Balaton, on Picea abies. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female.

COMMON NAMES: Hungarian spruce scale [KosztaKo1988F]; hungarian spruce scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies cephalonica [StathaKo2010], Picea abies [DanzigKo1973, KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, Kozar1999a, OlssonJoEk2012], Picea glauca [OlssonJoEk2012], Picea pungens argentata [Kozar1980].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [StathaKo2010]; Greece [StathaKo2010]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, Kozar1991, Kozar1999a]; Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Sweden [OlssonJoEk2012]; Ukraine.

BIOLOGY: Life history studied by Danzig & Kozar (1973)and by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988). The females develop at the base of annual shoots and the base of needles. The scale completes one generation per year (Stathas and Kozár, 2010). The scale overwinters as 2nd instar nymph and pre-ovipositing females appear during May and June. Eggs are laid from mid-June to early August (Stathas and Kozár, 2010). Egg hatching occurs during July and August. The crawlers normally settle within a meter from their female (Marotta, 1997) but can travel further with the wind (Isacsson, 2010).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Danzig & Kozar (1973) and by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kosztarab & Kozar (1988). Postreproductive females are 5-8 mm in diameter, kidney shaped and with a shiny brown color (Kosztarab and Kozár, 1988). Under crowded conditions the size might be as small as 3 mm. (Olsson, et al., 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: P. inopinatus feeds on the sap from the needles causing damage to the host tree. The feeding also has a secondary effect by producing honeydew that drips over the needles. If the honeydew is not collected by ants or bees, or washed away by rain, a favorable condition for the growth of sooty mold is created. The mold creates a black encrustation on the needles preventing light from reaching them, eventually leading to the needles being killed by the cover. (Olsson, et al., 2012) Olsson, et al. showed that damage caused by P. inopinatus and the associated black encrustation formed by sooty mold can be detected with high accuracy in medium resolution satellite data.

KEYS: Kozár, et al. 2012: 36 (female) [Key to female Physokermes species found in the western Palaearctic Region]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 230 (female) [Europe].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 234]; DanzigKo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 532-533]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 119]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 232-233]; Kozar1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 1-24]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 68]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 140]; KozarGoHo2012 [taxonomy: 36]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 73]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 159-160]; OlssonJoEk2012 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, economic importance: 29-37]; StathaKaSk2013 [host: 56]; StathaKo2010 [host, distribution, life history: 7-8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 63]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 184-186].

Physokermes insignicola (Craw)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium insignicola Craw, 1894: 14. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Francisco (Golden Gate Park) and Oakland, on Pinus insignis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Physokermes insignicola; Cockerell, 1895x: 258. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: Monterey pine scale [BrownEa1967, Gill1988]; monterey pine scale [BrownEa1967, Gill1988].



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus insignicola [Craw1894, Cocker1895x], Pinus muricata [Gill1988], Pinus radiata [Gill1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Cocker1895x, BrownEa1967, Gill1988]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Godd description and illustration of adult female by Gill (1988).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988)

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 234]; BrownEa1967 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 15]; Cocker1895x [host, distribution: 258]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1897p [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 591]; Comper1925 [biological control: 295-326]; Craw1894 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 208]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73,75,79]; KozarGoHo2012 [taxonomy: 36]; Scott1933 [biological control, host, distribution: 298-299]; Timber1924a [biological control: 223-251]; Tyrell1896 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 269-270].

Physokermes jezoensis Siraiwa

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes jezoensis Siraiwa, 1939: 64. Type data: RUSSIA: Southern Sakhalin, from Odomari, Toyohara, Esutori, Tomarioru, Maoka, Honto and Naihoro, on Picea jezoensis. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus kuwanae, Chilocorus rubidus [Qi1989]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphycoides clavellatus (Dalman) [Tachik1982a], Microterys sylvius Dalman [Tachik1982a].

HOSTS: Pinaceae: Picea ajanensis [Danzig1980b], Picea glehnii [Danzig1980b], Picea jezoensis [Siraiw1939, Borchs1957], Picea korajensis [Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Kuril Islands, Primor'ye Kray, Sakhalin Oblast).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1980b).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.60)

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 440 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 234-235]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 447]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-171]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 16]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 291-292]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 14]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 169-170]; KozarGoHo2012 [taxonomy: 37]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 159]; Qi1989 [taxonomy, life history, control: 23-24]; Siraiw1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65,72]; Tachik1982a [host, distribution, biological control: 95-102]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 201-202]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 63].

Physokermes picaefoliae Tang nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes picaefoliae Tang, 1984b: 128. Nomen nudum.

Physokermes piceae (Schrank)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus abietis; Modeer, 1778: 27. Misidentification; discovered by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 5.

Coccus abietis; Goeze, 1778: 344. Misidentification; discovered by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 5.

Coccus piceae Schrank, 1801: 146. Type data: AUSTRIA: on spruce (=Fichte). Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Coccus racemosus Ratzeburg, 1843: 204. Type data: GERMANY: Harz, Thuringia and Sclesiens, on pine. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1877a: 673. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Lecanium racemosum; Walker, 1852: 1072. Change of combination.

Lecanium piceae; Walker, 1852: 1073. Change of combination.

Physokermes racemosus; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 41. Change of combination.

Lecanium piceae; Signoret, 1874a: 409.

Physokermes piceae; Fernald, 1903b: 208. Change of combination.

Physokermes latipes Borchsenius, 1957: 445. Type data: BELARUS (=BELORUSSIA): Byelovezh, on Picea excelsa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1967: 169.

Physocermes piceae; Atanasov, 1959: 429. Misspelling of genus name.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Anthribus nebulosus Forst. [Schmut1972a, GraoraSpMi2012]. Coccinelliade: Scymnus abietis Paykull [GraoraSpMi2012]. Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus L. [Ulgent2001], Exochomus quadripustulatus L. [Ulgent2001]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus insidiator (Dalman) [Schmut1972a], Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [Schmut1972a, GraoraSpMi2012], Coccophagus piceae Erdos [Ulgent2001]. Encyrtidae: Aphycoides clavellatus (Dalman) [Ulgent2001], Aphycoides merceti Ferriere [Schmut1955b], Cheiloneurus elegans [GraoraSpMi2012], Cheiloneurus formosus (Boh.) [Schmut1972a], Cheiloneurus paralia [GraoraSpMi2012], Microterys lanatus [GraoraSpMi2012], Microterys lunatus (Dalman) [Schmut1972a, GraoraSpMi2012], Pseudorhopus testaceus [GraoraSpMi2012].

HOSTS: Pinaceae: Picea abies [Terezn1981, KozarDr1993, KozarGuBa1994, Kozar1999a, MalumpOsPy2010], Picea excelsa [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, Borchs1957, KotejaZa1969, KozarzRe1975, KotejaZa1983], Picea excelsa [Lindin1907b], Picea obovata [Danzig1977a], Picea omorica [KozarGuBa1994], Picea orientalis [Terezn1981, KozarGuBa1994], Picea pungens [Canakc1977, MalumpOsPy2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Boraty1955]; Belarus (=Belorussia); Bulgaria; Crete [Santas1989]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Czech Republic; Denmark; France; Germany [Lindin1907b]; Hungary [Kozar1972, Kozar1980, Kozar1991, KozarDr1993, Kozar1999a]; Italy [MatilePe2002]; Kazakhstan; Latvia [Rasina1955]; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009, MalumpOsPy2010]; Mongolia; Netherlands; Poland [Kaweck1935, ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, LagowsKo1996]; Romania [Savesc1982, Kozar1985, FetykoKoDa2010]; Serbia [GraoraSpMi2012]; Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; Sweden [Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [UlgentTo2001, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine; Yugoslavia.

BIOLOGY: Life history by Schmuterrer (1956) and by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988). In the wider Belgrade territory, Ph. piceae has one generation per year and overwinters as a secondinstar larva on spruce. Overwintering female larvae mostly colonize the branching parts, while male larvae can be found on the lower side of the needles. (Graora, et al., 2012)

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of Adult female by Turguter & Ulgenturk (2006). The adult female body is strongly sclerotized, very convex, radius 8mm, yellow-brown, resembling a bud. The male body is elongated with developed antennae, legs and one pair of wings. Eggs ellipsoid, pink, covered with white powdery wax. First and second instar of larvae with flat pink bodies, developed antennae and legs. Young females form from second instars after molting, with flat bodies at the beginning and during the feeding period, enlarging and gaining a round shape. Male second instars form an elongated, transparent white shield under which they pass through prepupal and pupal stages developing into an adult. (Graora, et al., 2012)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Ph. piceae causes direct damage such as the physiological weakening of the plant, disorder in the development of needles and shoots, discoloration and drying of needles, drying of branches and even whole plants. There is also indirect harm due to honeydew excretion, giving the plant a characteristic polish at first and then a grayish black color due to the presence of sooty mold, leading to the reduction of photosynthesis and further physiological weakening of the plant. (Graora, et al., 2012) Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957). Santas (1989) reported the honeydew of this species as a source for honey production in Greece.

KEYS: Kozár et al. 2012: 36 (female) [Key to female Physokermes species found in the western Palaearctic Region]; Tang 1991: 199 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 230 (female) [Europe ]; Borchsenius 1957: 440 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Atanas1959 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 429]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 235]; Boraty1955 [host, distribution: 67]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 440-445]; Canakc1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 47-48]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 216]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 331]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 201]; Dziedz1988 [host, distribution: 96]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 208-209]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 299]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-49]; GraoraSpMi2012 [behaviour, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure, taxonomy: 337-343]; Jancke1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 126]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaweck1935 [host, distribution: 88-89]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KocsisOr1994 [host, distribution: 478]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 164]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 15]; Koszta1987 [host, distribution, life history: 216]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 120]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 234]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; Koteja2000a [host, distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 327]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 367]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 480]; Kozar1972 [host, distribution: 181-182]; Kozar1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 1-24]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 68]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 203]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 140]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution, economic importance: 75]; KozarGoHo2012 [distribution: 25]; KozarGoHo2012 [taxonomy: 23-36]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 155]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, economic importance, life history: 152-156]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution, economic importance: 26-27]; Labano2006 [chemical control: 24-27]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 477]; Lagows1998a [host, distribution: 63-71]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution : 32]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 316-319]; Lindin1907b [host, distribution: 139]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 251]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; MalumpOsPy2009 [host, distribution: 123]; MalumpOsPy2010 [host, distribution: 257]; Marott1987 [host, distribution: 108]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 120]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 355]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 72]; Rasina1959 [host, distribution: 110]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 65]; Reyne1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; Santas1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 48]; Savesc1961 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 38]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 300-301]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution, life history: 553]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 20]; Schmut1955b [biological control: 514]; Schmut1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 445-466]; Schmut1965 [taxonomy, host, distribution, ecology, life history, economic importance: 300-325]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 416-417]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51]; Schran1801 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 146]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 106]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 869]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 445-446]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 239]; Soroki1973 [biological control: 599-609]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Szulcz1931 [host, distribution: 124-135]; Szulcz1949 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 202]; Terezn1963 [host, distribution: 182]; Terezn1963a [host, distribution: 53]; Terezn1963c [host, distribution: 1527-1528]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 31]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 186]; TurgutUl2006 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 44-50]; Ulgent2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 369-375]; Ulgent2001a [host, distribution, biological control: 145-149]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentCaKa2004 [host, distribution: 102]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, distribution: 1072-1073]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 5,37,40]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 430].

Physokermes shanxiensis Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes shanxiensis Tang, 1991: 202. Type data: CHINA: Shanxi, Tai-yuan city, on Picea asparata. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female.

Physokermes taiyuanensisn Tang, 1991: 345. Unjustified emendation.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Adalia bipunctata [WuYuWu2000], Harmonia oxyridis [WuYuWu2000].

HOSTS: Pinaceae: Picea asparata [Tang1991], Picea meyeri [WuYuWu2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998, WuYuWu2000] ( > > > > > > > > > )).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

SYSTEMATICS: Tang (1991:200) described the species Physokermes shanxiensis, and the name was also used by him on pages 202-203, 376 (of the Chinese text) and in the caption of Figure 51. However, on page 245 (in the key in English to species of Euleaniina) was printed the name Physokermes taiyuanensisn. Tang did not describe any scale insect under the same Physokermes taiyuanensisn, therefore, the latter name is regarded as a misspelling ofthe name Physokermes shanxiensis.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 200 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 235-236]; KozarGoHo2012 [taxonomy: 37]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-203]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 63]; WuYuWu2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-102]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53]; XieXuZh2005 [chemistry, taxonomy: 206-211]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-202].

Physokermes sugonjaevi Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes sugonjaevi Danzig, 1972a: 274. Type data: RUSSIA: Buryatia (=Buryat) Autonomic Republic, East Sayan, Tunkinsk Range, Arshan, on Picea obovata. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Pinaceae: Picea obovata [Danzig1977a, Danzig1978a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Russia (Altay Kray, Buryatia (=Buryat) Aut. Oblast, Irkutsk Oblast, Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 200 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 236]; Danzig1972a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274-275]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 201]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 77]; KozarGoHo2012 [taxonomy: 37]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 159]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 203-204]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 53-54].

Physokermes taxifoliae Coleman

NOMENCLATURE:

Physokermes taxifoliae Coleman, 1903: 72. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Ana County, Stevens Creek, on Pseudotsuga taxifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: Douglas fir scale [Gill1988].



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pseudotsuga menziesii [Gill1988, KozarHuFo1989], Pseudotsuga taxifolia [Colema1903, Ferris1920b].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989]); United States of America (California [Ferris1920b]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Gill (1988).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 236]; Colema1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 72]; Ferris1920b [host, distribution: 41]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-76,80]; KozarGoHo2012 [taxonomy: 36]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 74]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 10]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 34].



Platinglisia Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Platinglisia Cockerell, 1899: 12. Type species: Platinglisia noacki Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

Parakermes Fonseca, 1973: 247. Type species: Parakermes brasiliensis Fonseca. Subsequently designated by Kosztarab et al., 1986: 12. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1994a: 428.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson (1994a). Relationship to other families in the Cardiococcinae in Vea (2011).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

KEYS: Hodgson 1994a: 73 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 201-202,236]; Cocker1899 [taxonomy, description: 12]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 164]; Fonsec1973 [taxonomy, description: 247]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 428,469-473]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 157]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13-14].

Platinglisia noacki Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Platinglisia noacki Cockerell, 1899: 12. Type data: BRAZIL: Campinas, on leaves of a myrtaceous tree or shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Parakermes brasiliensis Fonseca, 1973: 247. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Parque Siqueira Campos, on Follornia ilicifolia. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1994a: 428.



HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [SilvadGoGa1968]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [SilvadGoGa1968]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas [Hodgso1994a]. Euphorbiaceae [SilvadGoGa1968]. Fabaceae: Follornia ilicifolia [Fonsec1973], Follornia ilicifolia [Hodgso1994a], Inga edulis [SilvadGoGa1968]. Lauraceae: Laurus [Hempel1900a]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia pumila [SilvadGoGa1968]. Myrtaceae [Hempel1900a], Eugenia [SilvadGoGa1968]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [SilvadGoGa1968]. Thymelaeaceae [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Fonsec1973, Hodgso1994a] (Parque Siqueira Campos; Minas Gerais, Cruz sad Almas; Campinas.)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Fonseca (1973) (as Parakermes brasiliensis and by Hodgson (1994a) both as Parakermes brasiliensis and as Platinglisia noacki.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 202, 236]; Cocker1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12-13]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 165]; Fonsec1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 247-251]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 477-478]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 428,469-473]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 140-141]; Vernal1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 22-24]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 227].



Platylecanium Cockerell & Robinson

NOMENCLATURE:

Platylecanium Cockerell & Robinson, 1915a: 427. Type species: Neolecanium cribrigerum Cockerell & Robinson, by original designation.

Platilecanium; Danzig & Konstantinova, 1990: 44. Misspelling of genus name.

Platylecarium; Tang, 1991: 135. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 133-134 (female) [Asia]; Takahashi 1950b (female) [Malaysia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 41]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 236-237]; CockerRo1915 [taxonomy, description: 427]; DanzigKo1990 [taxonomy: 44]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 473-476]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description: 192-193]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 158]; Takagi1975 [taxonomy: 7]; Takaha1950a [taxonomy: 57]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 132-133]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,141].

Platylecanium asymmetricum Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Platylecanium asymmetricum Morrison, 1921: 667. Type data: SINGAPORE: Government Hill, on Pinanga sp. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Platylecanium assymmetricum; Takahashi, 1950b: 57. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Pinanga [Morris1921, Ali1971]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Takaha1950a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia; Singapore [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 133 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 41]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 237]; Morris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 667-671]; Takaha1950a [host, distribution: 57-58]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134].

Platylecanium citri Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Platylecanium citri Takahashi, 1942b: 23. Type data: THAILAND: Bangkok Noi, on Citrus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.



HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus [Takaha1942b, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 41]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 237]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-24]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134-135].

Platylecanium cocotis Laing

NOMENCLATURE:

Platylecanium cocotis Laing, 1925a: 59. Type data: VANUATU [=New Hebrides]: Efaate, on coconut. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 143. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Laing1925a, WilliaWa1990]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea [BenDov1993]; Solomon Islands [BenDov1993]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [Laing1925a, WilliaBu1987].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female bt Williams & Watson (1990).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 133 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 237]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 82]; Laing1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-143].

Platylecanium cribrigerum (Cockerell & Robinson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium cribrigerum Cockerell & Robinson, 1915: 110. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Los Banos, on Piper loheri. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Platylecanium cribrigerum; Cockerell & Robinson, 1915a: 427. Change of combination.



HOST: Piperaceae: Piper loheri [CockerRo1915, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [CockerRo1915, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Los Banos).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 133 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 41]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 237-238]; CockerRo1915 [taxonomy, description: 110-111]; CockerRo1915a [host, distribution: 427]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 473-476]; Tang1991 [taxonomy: 133]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224].

Platylecanium cyperi Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Platylecanium cyperi Takahashi, 1950a: 59. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kuala Lumpur, on plant of Cyperaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kuala Lumpur: Selangor Museum, Malaysia. Described: female.

Platylecarium cyperi; Tang, 1991: 135. Misspelling of genus name.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae [Takaha1950a], Cyperus [Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1950a).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 133 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 41]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 238]; Takaha1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135-136].

Platylecanium elongatum Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Platylecanium elongatum Takahashi, 1951b: 104. Type data: INDONESIA: Riau [=Riouw] Islands, Rempang, on wild palm. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.



HOST: Arecaceae [Takaha1951a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 133 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 41]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 238]; Takaha1951b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136].

Platylecanium fusiforme (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Platylecanium) fusiforme Green, 1922a: 1020. Type data: SRI LANKA: Ambalangoda, on leaves of undetermined shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium fusiforme; Green, 1937: 303.

Coccus fusiforme; Ali, 1971: 24. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 133 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 24]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 238]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1020-1021]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 303]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-137]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 23].

Platylecanium mesuae Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Platylecanium mesuae Takahashi, 1950a: 58. Type data: MALAYSIA: Kuala Lumpur, on Mesua sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Kuala Lumpur: Selangor Museum, Malaysia. Described: female.



HOST: Clusiaceae: Mesua [Takaha1950a, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 133 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 42]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 238]; Takaha1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-59]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 137].

Platylecanium nepalense Takagi

NOMENCLATURE:

Platylecanium nepalense Takagi, 1975: 7. Type data: NEPAL: Balaju, on plant of the Anacardiaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.

Platylecanium hepalense; Tang, 1991: 133. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae [Takagi1975]. Arecaceae: Calamus platyacanthoides [WangFe2013a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [Takagi1975]. Oriental: Nepal; China [WangFe2013a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description in Takagi, 1975.

SYSTEMATICS: P. nepalense can be distinguished by the following features: body margin smooth, stigmatic spines 4 or 5 in each stigmatic cleft, anal plates together rhombus and legs absent (Wang & Feng, 2013)

KEYS: Tang 1991: 133 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 238]; Takagi1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-8]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 137-138]; WangFe2013a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 440-442].

Platylecanium riouwense Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Platylecanium riouwense Takahashi, 1951b: 104. Type data: INDONESIA: Riau [=Riouw] Islands, Rempang, host plant of type material not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 133 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 42]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 238-239]; Takaha1951b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-105]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 138-139].



Platysaissetia Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia (Platysaissetia) Cockerell, 1901e: 32. Type species: Lecanium (Saissetia) castiloae Cockerell, by original designation.

Platysaissetia; Fernald, 1903b: 207. Change of status.

Taiwansaissetia; Tao, Wong & Chang, 1983: 76. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Tang, 1991: 204.

GENERAL REMARKS: Defintion and characters by Tao et al. (1983), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 205 (female) [China]; Tao et al. 1983: 62 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 42]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 239,326]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 202]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy, description: 32]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy, description: 143-145]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 207]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description: 3,25]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description: 174]; Hodgso1994a [catalogue: 476-479,566-568]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description: 13-14]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description: 377]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 71]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 158]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 204-205]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 63]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 76-77].

Platysaissetia armata (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia armata Takahashi, 1930: 33. Type data: TAIWAN: Kuraru near Koshun, on Glochidon arnottianum and Eugenia jambos. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Ctenochiton armatus; Takahashi, 1942a: 26. Change of combination.

Taiwansaissetia armata; Tao et al., 1983: 77. Change of combination.

Platysaissetia armata; Tang, 1991: 206. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Glochidion arnottianum [Takaha1930, Ali1971], Glochidion dasyphyllum [TaoWoCh1983]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia jambos [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female given by Tao et al. (1983) and by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 205 (female) [China]; Tao et al. 1983: 77 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 30]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 326]; Takaha1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-34]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution, economic importance: 26]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 83]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 63]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77, 78]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 174].

Platysaissetia castilloae (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Saissetia) castilloae Cockerell, 1898j: 436. Type data: MEXICO: Frontera, Tabasco, on Castilloa [=Castilla] elastica. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lecanium castilloae; Cockerell, 1899h: 271.

Saissetia (Platysaissetia) castilloae; Cockerell, 1901e: 32. Change of combination.

Platysaissetia castilloae; Fernald, 1903b: 208. Change of combination.

Cardiococcus castilloae; Cockerell, 1911: 327. Change of combination.



HOST: Moraceae: Castilla elastica [Cocker1898j].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n, Cocker1901e, Hodgso1994a] (Frontera, Tabasco.). Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco [Cocker1898j]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1991a, 1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 239]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 436]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 271]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 12]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy, distribution: 32]; Cocker1911a [taxonomy: 327]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 208]; Hodgso1991a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-177]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 476-479]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224].

Platysaissetia crustuliformis (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Neolecanium crustuliforme Green, 1909a: 252. Type data: SRI LANKA: Chilaw, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium (Platysaissetia) crustuliforme; Green, 1937: 304. Change of combination.

Platysaissetia crustuliforme; Varshney, 1985: 27. Change of combination.

Playsaissetia crustuliforme; Tang, 1991: 208. Misspelling of genus name.

Platysaissetia crustuliformis; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 409. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Green1937, Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 205 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 42]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 239]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 252]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 304]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 67]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 208-209]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27].



Plumichiton Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Plumichiton Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 142. Type species: Plumichiton pollicinus Henderson & Hodgson, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 22-23 (female) [Genera of New Zealand]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 143-144 (female) [Species of New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 142-144].

Plumichiton diadema Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Plumichiton diadema Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 144. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Hawkes Bay, Kaweka range, Makahu Spur track, on Parahebe olsni, 25 January 1998, R.E. Beever. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 98-003h. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Olearia nummularifolia [HodgsoHe2000], Ozothamnus leptophyllus [HodgsoHe2000]. Ericaceae: Gaultheria [HodgsoHe2000]. Scrophulariaceae: Parahebe olseni [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 143-144 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145,151].

Plumichiton elaeocarpi (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton elaeocarpi Maskell, 1885a: 26. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: neighbourhood of Wellington, on Elaeocarpus dentatus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Henderson, 1995: 106. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Plumichiton elaeocarpi; Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 151. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cunoniaceae: Weinmannia racemosa [HodgsoHe2000], Weinmannia silvicola [HodgsoHe2000]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus dentatus [Maskel1885], Elaeocarpus hookerianus [HodgsoHe2000]. Lauraceae: Beilschmiedia tawa [HodgsoHe2000], Beilschmiedia tawaroa [HodgsoHe2000], Litsea calicaris [HodgsoHe2000]. Loranthaceae: Ileostylis [HodgsoHe2000]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [HodgsoHe2000]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000_.

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 143-144 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 100]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 160]; Hender1995 [taxonomy, description: 106-107]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-146,151-153]; Maskel1885a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy: 17-18]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 12]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 104].

Plumichiton flavus (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton flavus Maskell, 1884: 130. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, on Brachyglottis sp. June 1882, W.M. Maskell. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 154. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Plumichiton flavus; Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 153. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Panax arboreum [Maskel1884]. Asteraceae: Brachyglottis repanda [Maskel1884]. Cunoniaceae: Weinmannia [HodgsoHe2000], Weinmannia racemosa [HodgsoHe2000]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus dentatus [HodgsoHe2000]. Lauraceae: Beilschmiedia tawaroa [HodgsoHe2000]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrsinaceae: Myrsine australia [HodgsoHe2000], Myrsine salicina [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [HodgsoHe2000]. Podocarpaceae: Prumnopitys ferruginea [HodgsoHe2000]. Scrophulariaceae: Hebe [HodgsoHe2000]. Smilacaceae: Ripogonum scandens [HodgsoHe2000]. Violaceae: Melicytus ramiflorus [HodgsoHe2000]. Winteraceae: Pseudowintera axillaris [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudowintera colorata [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 143 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 101]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 160]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143,147,153-155]; Maskel1884 [taxonomy: 130-131]; Maskel1885a [taxonomy: 26]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-70]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 13]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 104].

Plumichiton nikau Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Plumichiton nikau Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 155. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island: Bay of Plenty, Te Koau, 243m, on Rhopalostylis sapida, 4 November 1993, R.C. Henderson. Holotype female, by present designation. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 93-363a. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Arecaceae: Rhopalostylis sapida [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 143 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143,148,155-156].

Plumichiton pollicinus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Plumichiton pollicinus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 156. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Coromandel, Little Barrier I, (upper) Valley Tk, on Leptospermum scoparium, 6 June 1994, R.C. Henderson. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 94-065b. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Kunzea ericoides [HodgsoHe2000], Leptospermum [HodgsoHe2000], Leptospermum scoparium [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 144 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe2000 [catalogue: 144, 149, 156-158]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12].

Plumichiton punctatus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Plumichiton punctatus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 158. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Mid Canterbury, Waipara, on Olearia macrodonta, 12 December 1915, coll. G. Brittin. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Asteraceae: Olearia macrodonta [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 143 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143,150,158-159].



Poaspis Koteja

NOMENCLATURE:

Poaspis Koteja, 1978: 320. Type species: Luzulaspis jahandiezi Balachowsky, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Koteja (1978, 1979), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae.

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 111-112 (female) [Key to Palaearctic Genera of the Subfamily Eriopeltinae based on adult females]; Kozar 1986: 173 (female) [Hungary]; Koteja 1979: 460 (female) [World]; Koteja 1978: 315 (female).

CITATIONS: Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 479-482]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 235]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy, description: 320-321]; Koteja1979 [taxonomy, description: 452-460]; Kozar1986 [taxonomy: 173]; Pelliz2013 [catalogue, taxonomy: 101,112]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 63-64]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7].

Poaspis cunhii (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis cunhii Balachowsky, 1937b: 116. Type data: MADEIRA ISLAND: pentes du Pico Ariero, on Avena sulcata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Poaspis cunhii; Koteja, 1978: 321. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Avena sulcata [Balach1937e, Balach1939, Koteja1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [Balach1939, Koteja1979].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Koteja (1979).

KEYS: Koteja 1979: 460-462 (female) [Palearctic Region]; Borchsenius 1957: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Balach1937e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-118]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 258]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 239-240]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 125-126]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,6,22]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 321]; Koteja1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 460-462]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 99].

Poaspis intermedia (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis (Exaeretopus) intermedius Goux, 1939: 63. Type data: FRANCE: Savoie, Thuile, on bark of Juniperus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Poaspis intermedia; Koteja, 1978: 321. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Juniperus [Koteja1979]. Poaceae: Dactylis glomerata [Kozar1986].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; France [Koteja1979]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013].

KEYS: Koteja 1979: 462-463 (female) [Palearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 240]; Goux1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-64]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 321]; Koteja1979 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 462-463]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 176]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294].

Poaspis jahandiezi (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis jahandiezi Balachowsky, 1932c: 197. Type data: FRANCE: Var, Ile de Port-Cros, on Phragmites communis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Luzulaspis (Exaeretopus) jahandiezi; Goux, 1937: 96.

Luzulaspis jahadiezi; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1978: 107. Misspelling of species name.

Poaspis jahandiezi; Koteja, 1978: 321. Change of combination.

Poaspis jahadiezi; Kozár, 1986: 176. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: Balachowsky's soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Poaceae [Koteja1979], Agropyron repens [Rehace1957, Koteja1979, Kozar1986], Agrostis vulgaris [Rehace1957, Koteja1979, Kozar1986], Andropogon [Koteja1979], Calamagrostis epigeios [Rehace1957, Koteja1979, Kozar1986], Calamagrostis varia [Koteja1979], Phragmites [Hodgso1994a], Phragmites communis [Balach1932c, Balach1933e, Koteja1979, Kozar1986], Piptaterum multiflorum [Koteja1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria; Cyprus [Koteja1979]; Czech Republic; France [Balach1932c, Balach1933e, Koteja1979, Hodgso1994a] (Ile de Port-Cros, Var.); Greece [Koteja1979]; Hungary [Koteja1979, KozarKoFe2013]; Slovakia [Koteja1979].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Balachowsky (1932c), Koteja (1979) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Koteja 1979: 463-466 (female) [Palearctic Region]; Borchsenius 1957: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Balach1932c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-200]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 240]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122]; Goux1937a [taxonomy: 96]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 479-482]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 107]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution: 235]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 320-321]; Koteja1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 463-466]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 176]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Rehace1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-17]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 26]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 63-64].

Poaspis kondarensis (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis kondarensis Borchsenius, 1952: 276. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Mt. Hissar, Kondara Gorge, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Poaspis kondarensis; Koteja, 1978: 321. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Koteja1979], Secale silvestris [Koteja1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Koteja1979]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Koteja1979]; Uzbekistan [Koteja1979].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Koteja (1979). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Koteja 1979: 466-468 (female) [Central Asia]; Borchsenius 1957: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 240]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 276]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 124-125]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 321]; Koteja1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 466-468]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64].

Poaspis kurilensis (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis kurilensis Danzig, 1975b: 137. Type data: RUSSIA: Kuril Islands, Kunashir, on Calamagrostis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Poaspis kurilensis; Koteja, 1978: 321. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Koteja1979], Calamagrostis [Danzig1975b, Koteja1979, Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Kuril Islands [Koteja1979]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1975b), Koteja (1979). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Koteja 1979: 468-471 (female) [Palearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 241]; Danzig1975b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 15]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 249]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 321]; Koteja1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 468-471]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64-65].

Poaspis lata (Goux)

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis (Exaeretopus) latus Goux, 1939: 68. Type data: FRANCE: Var, Carqueiranne, on Avena sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Poaspis lata; Koteja, 1978: 321. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Avena [Goux1939, Koteja1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Koteja1979]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of adult female by Goux (1939) and by Koteja (1979).

KEYS: Koteja 1979: 471-472 (female) [Palearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 241]; Goux1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 321]; Koteja1979 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 471-472]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78].

Poaspis taurica (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Luzulaspis taurica Borchsenius, 1952: 274. Type data: UKRAINE: Crimea, Yaltinsk Region, Ayu-Dag, on Luzula sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Poaspis taurica; Koteja, 1978: 321. Change of combination.



HOST: Juncaceae: Luzula [Borchs1952a, Koteja1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Koteja1979]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of adult female by Borchsenius (1957) and by Koteja (1979).

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 119 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 241]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122-124]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 321]; Koteja1979 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 472-473]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 120].



Podoparalecanium Tao, Wong & Chang

NOMENCLATURE:

Podoparalecanium Tao, Wong & Chang, 1983: 100. Type species: Paralecanium machili Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

Podoparalecanium; Kosztarab, Ben-Dov & Kosztarab, 1986: 13. Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.

Podoparalecanium; Hodgson, 1994a: 482. Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Tao et al. (1983) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini

KEYS: Tao et al. 1983: 61 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 241]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 202]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 482-485]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 126-127]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 100].

Podoparalecanium luzonicum (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium luzonicum Cockerell, 1914b: 333. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Los Banos, on Alectronia [=Alectryon] viridis. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Podoparalecanium luzonicum; Tao et al., 1983: 100. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Plectronia viridis [Sassce1915, Ali1971]. Sapindaceae: Alectryon viridis [Cocker1914b, Ali1971]. Vitaceae: Tetrastigma [CockerRo1915a, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Sassce1915, Ali1971] (Luzon [Ali1971]).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 37]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 241]; Cocker1914b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333-334]; CockerRo1915a [host, distribution: 428]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 193-194]; Sassce1915 [catalogue: 32]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 100]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 226].

Podoparalecanium machili (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Paralecanium machili Takahashi, 1933: 37. Type data: TAIWAN: Kuaru, Kankau, on Machilus sp. and Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Podoparalecanium machili; Tao et al., 1983: 100. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Hodgso1994a], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [Takaha1933, Ali1971], Machilus [Takaha1933, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Kuvaru.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Tao et al. (1983), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 127 (female) [Asia].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 37]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 241-242]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 482-485]; Takaha1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-39]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 82]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 62]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-101]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 166].



Poropeza Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Poropeza Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 159. Type species: Ctenochiton dacrydii Maskell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 22-23 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 22-23,159-160].

Poropeza cologabata Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Poropeza cologabata Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 160. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Wellington, Orongorongo Valley, on Dacrydium cupressinum, 25 September 1969, coll. D. Campbell & J.A. de Boer. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Schefflera digitata [HodgsoHe2000]. Blechnaceae: Blechnum fraseri [HodgsoHe2000]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [HodgsoHe2000]. Podocarpaceae: Dacrydium cupressinum [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 160 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-164].

Poropeza dacrydii (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton dacrydii Maskell, 1892: 18. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: labelled " Ctenochiton dacrydii Mask., New Zealand, Mask. coll. No. 202.". Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 165. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Poropeza dacrydii; Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 164. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Podocarpaceae: Dacrycarpus dacrydioides [HodgsoHe2000], Dacrydium cupressinum [Maskel1892, HodgsoHe2000], Podocarpus totara [HodgsoHe2000], Prumnopitys ferruginea [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 160 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 100]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 159]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-165]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 18-19]; Maskel1895a [host, distribution: 12]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Willia2013 [distribution, host: 188]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 104].



Pounamococcus Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pounamococcus Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson, 1998: 606. Type species: Pounamococcus tubulus Henderson & Hodgson, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characetrs by Hodgson & Henderson (1998, 2000).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 22-23 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe1998 [taxonomy, description: 605-639]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 166].

Pounamococcus cuneatus Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pounamococcus cuneatus Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson, 1998: 623. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Westland, Otira, on 'fern', Dec. 1915, Coll. Brittin, #96. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 90-213. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Blechnaceae: Blechnum fraseri [HodgsoHe1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe1998, HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe1998, HodgsoHe2000]).

BIOLOGY: Hodgson & Henderson (1998) informed that it appears to be univoltine; overwintering as adult females, young stages appearing in late spring to early summer; ovoviviparous. This species appears to be restricted to ferns and possibly to Blechnaceae.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female, 2nd instar nymph, 2nd instar male nymph, 1st instar nymph, male pupa and adult male by Hodgson & Henderson (1998, 2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 166 (female) [New Zealand]; Hodgson & Henderson 1998: 612 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 605-639]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-170]; LinGuCo2010 [host plants: 90-98].

Pounamococcus tubulus Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pounamococcus tubulus Henderson & Hodgson in Hodgson & Henderson, 1998: 612. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Fiordland, Doubtful Sound, Bauza Island, on leaves of Pseudopanax simplex, 28.i.1996, Coll. R.C. Henderson. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 96-042. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Pseudopanax [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudopanax arboreus [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudopanax lessoni [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudopanax simplex [HodgsoHe1998, HodgsoHe2000]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [HodgsoHe2000]. Winteraceae: Pseudowintera [HodgsoHe2000], Pseudowintera colorata [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [HodgsoHe1998]).

BIOLOGY: Hodgson & Henderson (1998) informed that it appears to be univoltine; ovoviviparous.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female, 2nd instar female nymph, 2nd instar male nymph, 1st instar nymph, male pupa and adult male by Hodgson & Henderson (1998).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 1998: 612 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 605-639]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166,168,170-171].



Prionococcus Williams, Hodgson & Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Prionococcus Williams, Hodgson & Danzig, 2002: 111. Type species: Prionococcus agave Williams, Hodgson & Danzig, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams, Hodgson & Danzig (2002.

STRUCTURE: Acult female body oval to almost round, symmetrical or assymmetrical, probably rather flat in life, widest across abdomen; stigmatic cleft shallow, anal cleft distinct, margins adpressed but not fused. (Williams, et al., 2002

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini.

KEYS: Pellizzari & Hodgson 2007: 3 (female) [Species of Prionococcus.]; Williams, Hodgson & Danzig 2002: 112 (female) [world].

CITATIONS: PellizHo2007 [taxonomy: 1-19]; WilliaHoDa2002 [taxonomy, description: 111-126].

Prionococcus agave Williams, Hodgson & Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Prionococcus agave Williams, Hodgson & Danzig, 2002: 112. Type data: MEXICO: San Luis Potosi, on leaf of Agave flcata; intercepted at USA. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 13961. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave falcata [WilliaHoDa2002], Agave stricta [WilliaHoDa2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (San Luis Potosi [WilliaHoDa2002]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams et al. (2002).

STRUCTURE: Body showing very slight signs of asymmetry (most obvious in position of mothparts. (Williams, et al., 2002)

SYSTEMATICS: P. agave is very similar to the following species but differs (character-states on P. americana in brackets) in having (i) distinct groups of spines in the stigmatic clefts (no groups of stigmatic spines), (ii) only one type of spinose marginal seta (the anterior spinose setae are mainly bulbous with rounded spices, whereas the most posterior are lanceolate), and (iii) the claw digitules very different in size (often with one broader than the other but never as markedly so as on (P. agave). (Williams, et al., 2002)

CITATIONS: WilliaHoDa2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-126].

Prionococcus americanus Williams, Hodgson & Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Prionococcus americanus Williams, Hodgson & Danzig, 2002: 114. Type data: MEXICO: Cozumel, on Coccoloba sp.; collected M.L. Williams, 20.8.1988. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 028-88. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Araceae: Anthurium clarinerium [WilliaHoDa2002], Anthurium hookeri [WilliaHoDa2002], Anthurium robustum [WilliaHoDa2002], Anthurium salvii [WilliaHoDa2002], Philodendron [WilliaHoDa2002]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba [WilliaHoDa2002], Coccoloba unifera [WilliaHoDa2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaHoDa2002] (Morelos [WilliaHoDa2002], Oaxaca [WilliaHoDa2002]). Neotropical: Guatemala [WilliaHoDa2002, Willia2010]; Honduras [WilliaHoDa2002].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, first-instar nymph, second-instar female, second-instar male, and pupa by Williams et al. (2002).

STRUCTURE: Dried specimens oval, rather flat to slightly convex, dorsum sclerotised and brown with a thin cottony cover except medially; leaf covered in fluffy white cottony wax, which is assumed to have been secreted by the adult females. Mounted females sometimes oval but generally showing slight to considerable asymmetry with one side significantly longer than the other and with anal lobe on one side strongly convex. (Williams, et al., 2002)

SYSTEMATICS: P. americanus is easily separable from P. agave in (i) lacking a distinct group of spines in each stigmatic cleft; (ii) having different-shaped marginal spines anteriorly and posteriorly; and (iii) in having the claw degitules much more similar than on P. agave. (Williams, et al., 2002)

CITATIONS: Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; WilliaHoDa2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-126].

Prionococcus fonatanai Pellizzari & Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Prionococcus fonatanai Pellizzari & Hodgson, 2007: 3. Type data: MEXICO: Mexico City, UNAM Botanic Garden, on leaves of Agave americana; collected P. Fontana, 16.iii.2005. Holotype female. Type depository: Padova: Dipartimento Agronomia Ambientale Produzioni Vegetali - Entomologia, Italy. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Liliaceae: Agave americana [PellizHo2007].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Mexico State [PellizHo2007]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, nymphs and male pupa and prepupa by Pellizari & Hodgson (2007).

CITATIONS: PellizHo2007 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-19].



Prococcus Avasthi

NOMENCLATURE:

Prococcus Avasthi, 1993: 77. Type species: Lecanium acutissimum, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Avasthi (1993).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae.

CITATIONS: Avasth1993 [taxonomy, description: 77].

Prococcus acutissimus (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium acutissimum Green, 1896: 10. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Areca catechu. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 83. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus acutissimus; Fernald, 1903b: 168. Change of combination.

Prococcus acutissimus; Avasthi, 1993: 77. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: banana-shaped scale [HamonWi1984]; slender soft scale [GillNaWi1977].



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [DeLott1957c], Mangifera [Ali1971], Mangifera indica [Green1904d, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, GillNaWi1977], Mangifera indica [KinjoNaHi1996]. Annonaceae: Cananga odorata [WilliaWa1990]. Apocynaceae: Ochrosia [Beards1966], Plumeria [Nakaha1981a], Plumeria acutifolia [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [Nakaha1981a]. Arecaceae: Areca [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930], Areca catechu [Green1896a, Green1904d, NairMe1963, Ali1971], Areca triandra [Green1904d, Ali1971], Chrysalidocarpus lutescens [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Cocos nucifera [Green1896, Ramakr1919a, Mamet1943a, DeLott1957c, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Cocos nucifera [Green1904d], Paurotis wrightii [Ali1971]. Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [WilliaWa1990]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [GillNaWi1977], Clusia rosea [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Cycadaceae: Cycas [Green1904d, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Cycas circinalis [Nakaha1981a], Cycas revoluta [Mamet1943a, GillNaWi1977]. Euphorbiaceae: Glochidion [Beards1966]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia [WilliaWi1988]. Flacourtiaceae: Hydnocarpus wightiana [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus illyricus [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Lauraceae: Licaria triandra [GillNaWi1977], Litsea zaylanica [Green1904d, Ali1971], Persea americana [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Linaceae: Durandea [WilliaWa1990]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [GillNaWi1977], Michelia [Ali1971], Michelia alba [TaoWoCh1983], Michelia longifolia [Ali1971]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [Ali1971], Artocarpus communis [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Artocarpus gomezianus [Takaha1952, Ali1971], Artocarpus heterophyllus [TaoWoCh1983], Artocarpus integrifolius [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, WilliaWi1988], Ficus tinctoria [WilliaWa1990]. Musaceae: Musa [Green1937], Musa paradisiaca [Green1904d, Ali1971]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia [GillNaWi1977]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia jambos [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Metrosideros [Nakaha1981a], Psidium guajava [WilliaWa1990]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis [Beards1966]. Orchidaceae: Sobralia macrantha [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Stanhopea [GillNaWi1977]. Piperaceae: Piper [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1937], Piper nigrum [Green1904d, Ali1971]. Rubiaceae: Canthium odorata [Nakaha1981a], Gardenia [Beards1966]. Sapindaceae: Euphoria longana [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Litchi chinensis [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, GillNaWi1977, Nakaha1981a], Nephelium [Green1937], Nephelium lappaceum [WilliaWa1990], Nephelium litchi [Green1904d]. Sapotaceae: Palaquium formosanum [TaoWoCh1983]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [Nakaha1981a]. Verbenaceae: Premna [Beards1966]. Zingiberaceae: Hedychium [GillNaWi1977].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros [GermaiAtBa2008]; Kenya [DeLott1957c]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]. Australasian: French Polynesia; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii); Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Western Samoa. Nearctic: United States of America (Florida, Texas). Neotropical: Haiti [PerezG2008]. Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971] (Kerala [NairMe1963], Tamil Nadu [AvasthSh1991]); Indonesia (Sumatra); Malaysia [Ali1971]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Singapore [Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1971]; Vietnam. Palaearctic: Japan.

BIOLOGY: Generally infests the underside of leaves, taking position alongside the leaf vein (Zimmerman, 1948, Gill et al., 1977).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948), Gill et al. (1977), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Tang (1991).

STRUCTURE: Adult female elongate, pointed at anterior and posterior ends, slightly convex; colour of young female creamy-white, while older ones are brown to blackish brown (Gill et al., 1977). See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.14), Hamon & Williams (1984), Wong et al. (1999)..

KEYS: Tang 1991: 76 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 82 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 38 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 63 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 141-142 (female) [Japan]; Zimmerman 1948: 293 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 21]; Avasth1993 [taxonomy: 77]; AvasthSh1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 330]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 483]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 65]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 332]; DeLott1957c [host, distribution: 296]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 168]; GermaiAtBa2008 [host, distribution: 129-135]; GillNaWi1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 12-16]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 10]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 302]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-40]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 145]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Lindin1909c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 450]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 151]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, distribution: 23]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; Nair1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72]; NairMe1963 [host, distribution: 139]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 390]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 349]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 48]; Su1982 [host, distribution: 61]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 341]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 53]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 17]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 15-16]; Takaha1955f [host, distribution: 239]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-79]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 79]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-64]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26]; Wester1918 [host, distribution, economic importance: 5-57]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 6]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-85]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 56]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11,49]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 169,191]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 295-300].



Protopulvinaria Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria (Protopulvinaria) Cockerell, 1894c: 310. Type species: Pulvinaria (Protopulvinaria) pyriformis Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

Protopulvinaria; Green, 1909: 253. Change of status.

Ptoropulvinaria; Danzig & Konstantinova, 1990: 44. Misspelling of genus name.

Protopulvinarir; Tang, 1991: 250. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Zimmerman (1948), Borchsenius (1957), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1996) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 26 (female) [Argentina]; Tang 1991: 244 (female) [China]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 78 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 62 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 147 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 203 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 49]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 242]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 288-289]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 16]; Cocker1894c [taxonomy, description: 310]; Cocker1895g [taxonomy: 167]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 395]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 252]; DanzigKo1990 [taxonomy: 44]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 81]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy: 278]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description: 83-84]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description: 115]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 134]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description: 253]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 16,78]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 4,29]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 485-488]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 14]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 147]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 323,368,370]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 124]; Mamet1954a [taxonomy: 261]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 71]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description: 186]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 162-163]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 223-224]; Takaha1955 [taxonomy, description: 35]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 243-244]; Tao1978 [taxonomy, description: 82]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 63]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 79,81]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description: 106]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,143-145]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 162].

Protopulvinaria fukayai (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Coccus) fukayai Kuwana, 1909a: 154. Type data: JAPAN: Ibaraki, on vine. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Coccus fukayai; Sasscer, 1911: 67. Change of combination.

Protopulvinaria japonica Kuwana, 1916: 145. Type data: JAPAN: Nagasaki, on Fatsia japonica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1955a: 35.

Protopulvinaria fukayai; Takahashi, 1955a: 35. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Cockerell" as author.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis japonica Crotch [Tachik1956]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus hawaiiensis Timberlake [Tachik1956].

HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Trachelospermum asiaticum [Takaha1955]. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [Kuwana1916], Hedera japonica [Takaha1955]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum chekiangensis [Tang1991], Cinnamomum japonicum [TakahaTa1956], Laurus nobilis [TakahaTa1956], Machilus thunbergii [Takaha1955]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia florida [Takaha1955], Gardenia grandiflora [TakahaTa1956], Gardenia jasminoides [TakahaTa1956]. Vitaceae: Vitis [Kuwana1909a, Sassce1911].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China; Japan [Sassce1911, Kuwana1917].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1991)

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.21, a,b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 244 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 147 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 242]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 289-290]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 147]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kuwana1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154]; Kuwana1916 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 18-19]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 67]; Tachik1956 [host, distribution, biological control: 155]; Takaha1955 [taxonomy, host, description: 35-36]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 5]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 244-245]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 23].

Protopulvinaria longivalvata Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Protopulvinaria longivalvata Green, 1909a: 254. Type data: SRI LANKA: Heneratgoda, on Piper nigrum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 145. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Protopulvinaria longivalvata bakeri Cockerell, 1914b: 332. Type data: PHILIPPINESL: Los Banos, on leaves of 'bocanga'. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Morrison, 1920: 186.

Protopulvinaria longivulvata; Tang, 1991: 244. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [NakahaMi1981, KondoKa1995]. Apocynaceae: Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1990], Tabernaemontana citrifolia [MestreHaEv2011], Voacanga globosa [Sassce1915, Ali1971]. Euphorbiaceae: Claoxylon [WilliaWi1988]. Flacourtiaceae: Samyda spanulosa [NakahaMi1981]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [CorseuBa1971], Nectandra [CorseuBa1971], Persea gratissima [CorseuBa1971]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Green1937, Ali1971]. Meliaceae: Cabralea cangerana [CorseuBa1971]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia jambos [WilliaWi1988], Psidium guajava [Nakaha1983, GermaiSt2004, MatileEt2006], Syxygium jambos [MestreHaEv2011]. Piperaceae: Piper [Green1937, Ali1971], Piper betle [Morris1920], Piper nigrum [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Green1937, Ali1971]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Vayssi1955], Gardenia florida [CorseuBa1971], Gardenia jasminoides [CorseuBa1971], Gardenia latifolia [Ruther1915a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [SilvadGoGa1968]. Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum oliviforme [MestreHaEv2011]. Theaceae: Camellia [CorseuBa1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [Mamet1959, GermaiMiPa2014]. Australasian: French Polynesia. Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Colombia [KondoKa1995, Kondo2001]; Cuba [MestreHaEv2011]; Guadeloupe [Vayssi1955]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Martinique [GermaiSt2004, MatileEt2006]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; Malaysia [Ali1971]; Philippines [Sassce1915, Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Green1937, Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Watson (1990).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 244 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 49]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 242-243]; Cocker1914b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 332-333]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; GermaiSt2004 [host, distribution: 223-224]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 254]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 308]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; LepageGi1943 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 348-349]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 101,108,121,205,216]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 166]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 8]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 186]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 5]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Ruther1915a [host, distribution: 111-112]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 66]; Sassce1915 [host, distribution: 32]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 150]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 16]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 246-247]; Vayssi1955 [host, distribution: 257-267]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 226]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 58].

Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria (Protopulvinaria) pyriformis Cockerell, 1894c: 309. Type data: TRINIDAD: St. Anns, on guava. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell, 1894d: 311. Nomen nudum.

Pulvinaria newsteadi Leonardi, 1898b: 121. Type data: MADEIRA ISLANDS: Funchal, on Caprifoglio [=Caprifolium]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1899k: 311.

Pulvinaria plana Lindinger, 1911b: 34. Type data: CANARY ISLANDS: Tenerife, on Laurus canariensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Hamburg: Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat von Hamburg, Germany. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 199.

Protopulvinaria piriformis; Lindinger, 1912b: 104. Misspelling of species name.

Protopulvinaria piriformis; Brain, 1920a: 17. Misspelling of species name.

Protopulvinaria piriformes; Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1929: 4. Misspelling of species name.

Protopulvinaria agalmae Takahashi, 1933: 39. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, Shinten, on Agalma lutchuense. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1955a: 36.

Protopulvinaria pyiformis; Tao, 1978: 82. Misspelling of species name.

Pulvinaria phriformis; Pollard & Alleyne, 1986: 39. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: cochinilha-priforme [CarvalAg1997]; cochinilla piriforme [Lloren1990]; conchuela algodonosa del palto [RipaLaRo2008b]; conchuela corazón [RipaLaRo2008b]; conchuela piriforme [RipaLaRo2008b]; pyriform scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993]; qenima demuyat agas.



FOES: Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) [StathaElJa2009]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia [BeltraSoTe2011]. Encyrtidae: Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) [BlumbeGo1992, Blumbe1997], Encyrtus lecaniorum (Mayr) [BlumbeGo1992], Metaphycus flavus (Howard) [BeltraSoTe2011], Metaphycus galbus Annecke [BlumbeWyHa1993], Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) [StathaElJa2009], Metaphycus lounsburyi [BeltraSoTe2011], Metaphycus stanleyi Compere [BlumbeBl1991, Blumbe1991, Blumbe1997], Metaphycus swirskii Annecke & Mynhardt [BlumbeSw1984, Blumbe1997], Microterys nietneri (Motschulsky) [BeltraSoTe2011]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea [BeltraSoTe2011].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Adhatoda vasica [BenDov1985a]. Agavaceae: Dracaena duranti [CarnerPe1986]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [BenDov1985a]. Apocynaceae: Carissa grandiflora [BenDov1985a], Nerium [HodgsoHi1990], Plumeria [HodgsoHi1990], Plumeria tricolor [VieiraCaPi1983], Trachelospermum jasminoides [BenDov1985a]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex canariensis [VieiraCaPi1983], Ilex perado [VieiraCaPi1983]. Araceae: Dizygotheca [VieiraCaPi1983]. Araliaceae: Agalma lutchuense [Takaha1933, Ali1971], Aralia [VieiraCaPi1983], Brassaia actinophylla [HamonWi1984], Fatsia japonica [BenDov1985a], Hedera [Granar1999], Hedera canariensis [VieiraCaPi1983], Hedera helix [BenDov1985a, DeLott1967b, Canard1966, JansenBeKa2011], Hedera helix canariensis [PellizPoSe2011], Schefflera [HodgsoHi1990], Schefflera octophylla [BenDov1985a], Schefflera papaya [BenDov2012], Tetrapanax papyriferum [VieiraCaPi1983]. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sericofera [BenDov1985a]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [CarnerPe1986]. Caprifoliaceae: Caprifolium [Leonar1898], Lonicera [Green1923b, HodgsoHi1990], Lonicera caprifolium [BenDov2012], Lonicera etrusca [BenDov1985a], Viburnum tinus [VieiraCaPi1983]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [BenDov1985a]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea [CarnerPe1986]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros erianthi [Ali1971]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus elliptica [Takaha1933, Ali1971], Elaeocarpus serratus [TaoWoCh1983]. Euphorbiaceae: Antidesma [Mamet1954a, WilliaWi1988], Antidesma bunius [Hodgso1994a]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia chamioni [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Bauhinia vahlii [Takaha1955]. Lauraceae: Apollonias barbujana [VieiraCaPi1983], Cinnamomum [Cocker1895a, Cocker1896d], Cinnamomum camphora [CarnerPe1986], Cinnamomum cassia [Ballou1926], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [VieiraCaPi1983], Laurus [HodgsoHi1990], Laurus azorica [CarnerPe1986], Laurus canariensis [Lindin1911a, Sassce1912], Laurus nobilis [GomezM1948, Canard1966, BenDov1985a, Granar1999], Litsea glutinosa [GermaiMiPa2014], Nectandra coriacea [MestreHaEv2011], Ocotea foetens [VieiraCaPi1983], Persea [DanzigKo1990, HodgsoHi1990], Persea americana [Mamet1954a, Nakaha1983, BenDov1985a, Hodgso1994a, Granar1999], Persea borbonia [WilliaKo1972], Persea gratissima [Brain1920a, Ballou1926, GomezM1948, Mamet1954a, GomezM1958b, DeLott1967b]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [Ballou1926]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia glabra [Ballou1926]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus sinensis [BenDov1985a]. Moraceae: Ficus [BenDov1985a]. Musaceae: Musa cavendishi [CarnerPe1986, PerezGCa1987]. Myricaceae: Myrica [HodgsoHi1990]. Myrtaceae: Amomis [HodgsoHi1990], Eucalyptus [BenDov1985a], Eugenia [HodgsoHi1990, CouturQuGo1997], Eugenia jambolana [BenDov1985a], Myricaria [CouturQuGo1997], Myrtus communis [VieiraCaPi1983], Psidium guajava [Cocker1894u, Cocker1895a, BenDov1985a, DeLott1967b, NakahaMi1981, Nakaha1983], Psidium guajava [Cocker1894c, DanzigKo1990, Granar1999], Syxygium jambos [MestreHaEv2011]. Oleaceae: Jasminum sp. [LinKoGu2013]. Orchidaceae: Cymbidium [VieiraCaPi1983], Epidendrum [Nakaha1983]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [CarnerPe1986]. Phyllanthaceae: Richeria grandis [MatileEt2006]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira [BenDov1985a]. Punicaceae: Punica [HodgsoHi1990]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia [Hodgso1969a, DanzigKo1990], Gardenia fortunei [Granar1999], Gardenia jasminoides [Hodgso1969a], Psychotria grandis [MestreHaEv2011]. Rutaceae: Choisya ternata [VieiraCaPi1983], Citrus [BenDov1985a, Nakaha1983, CarvalAg1997], Citrus aurantium [GomezM1954, GomezM1958b, PerezGCa1987]. Saxifragaceae: Peltophyllum peltarum [Hodgso1994a]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica [VieiraCaPi1983]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [HodgsoHi1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros [BenDov1993, GermaiAtBa2008]; Mauritius [Mamet1954a]; Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014]; South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1967b]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a]. Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama, California [Gill1988], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Florida [HamonWi1984, BenDov1993], Georgia [HamonWi1984], Louisiana [HamonWi1984], Mississippi [HamonWi1984], New Hampshire [HamonWi1984], New Mexico [HamonWi1984], New York [HamonWi1984], South Carolina [HamonWi1984], Texas [HamonWi1984], Virginia [HamonWi1984]). Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Jujuy [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990]; Chile [RipaLaRo2008b, KondoGu2010]; Colombia [Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [Hodgso1994a] (Turrialba.); Cuba [Ballou1926, MestreHaEv2011]; Dominican Republic [Hodgso1994a]; Grenada [Cocker1895a, Cocker1896d, Hodgso1994a]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Guyana; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Cocker1895a]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Mexico (Chiapas); Peru [CouturQuGo1997]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Lucia [Hodgso1994a]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1894c, Cocker1895a, Cocker1896d]); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Taiwan [Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Azores [CarvalFrAg1996, LopesFiMa2008]; Canary Islands [Lindin1911a, Sassce1912, GomezM1967O, PerezGCa1987]; Crete [JansenBeKa2011]; France [new]; Greece [BenDovStMa2003, AnagnoPaKa2008, StathaKaKo2008, StathaElJa2009]; Israel [BenDovAm1980, BenDov1985a, BenDov1993]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995, Pelliz2003]; Japan [DanzigKo1990]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Malta [MifsudPo2012]; Portugal [CarvalFrAg1996]; Spain [GomezM1948].

BIOLOGY: Females reproduce parthenogenetically. Two annual generations in Israel on avocado, and three on Hedera helix (Blumberg & Blumberg, 1991). Several overlapping generations in California, USA (Gill, 1988). The entire life cycle is spent on ethe lower leaf surface and it is estimated that the fecundity of the scale reaches 200 eggs per female. (Mifsud & Porcelli, 2011)

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1967b), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1966) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999), Germain et al., (2003) and by Ben-Dov et al. (2003).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A serious pest of fruit trees and ornamentals in several tropical and subtropical countries (Del Rivero, 1966; Hamon & Williams, 1984; Ben-Dov, 1985; De Meijer et al. 1989; Gill, 1988). Protopulvinaria pyriformis exhibited an active defense that frequently disrupted the oviposition of parasitoid, M. helvolus females. To thwart the parasitoid attack, the scale removed its inserted stylet from the plant, wiggled continuously and was sometimes seen to walk. The scales were able to thwart 50% of the parasitoid attacks in this way. (Tena, et al., 2012)

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Kosztarab 1996: 323 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Tang 1991: 244 (female) [China]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 78 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 81 (female) [Taiwan ]; Kawai 1980: 147 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 49]; AnagnoPaKa2008 [host, distribution: 55-78]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 30]; BeltraSoTe2011 [biological control, distribution, host, life history: 36-42]; BenDov1985a [host, distribution: 185-192]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 243-244]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 27, 44]; BenDovAm1980 [host, distribution: 797-798]; BenDovStMa2003 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 89-91]; BenYehHaWy2001 [host, distribution, chemical control: 273]; Blumbe1990a [life history, anatomy, biological control: 1313-1316]; Blumbe1991 [life history, biological control: 231-237]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeBl1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 265-269]; BlumbeGo1992 [life history, biological control: 57-65]; BlumbeSw1984 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 29-35]; BlumbeWyHa1993 [life history, biological control: 7-13]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17]; BrainKe1917 [host, distribution: 183]; Canard1996 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 131-134]; CarvalAg1997 [description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; Cocker1894c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 309-310]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895a [host, distribution: 102]; Cocker1895g [taxonomy: 167]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; Cocker1896d [host, distribution: 307]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 395]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 252]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; CouturQuGo1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 126]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 44]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 792,808]; DelRiv1966 [host, distribution, economic importance: 59-62]; DeMeijWySw1989 [life history, ecology, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 75-82]; deVill2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 170-174]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 138]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 6,22]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; GermaiAtBa2008 [host, distribution: 129-135]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 255]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 23]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution, host: 22]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-83]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1929 [taxonomy: 4]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-87]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 137]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-80]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; GomezM1967O [host, distribution: 133]; Gonzal1989 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 86]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134-136]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; HadarWyRo1995 [life history, host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 268]; Hall1969 [economic importance: 823-826]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-84]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 29]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 485-488]; Hodgso1995a [taxonomy, structure: 57-65]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2,6,10-11,13,15-19]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; JansenBeKa2011 [distribution, host: 483]; JervisCo1996 [biological control: 63]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 147]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; KondoGu2010 [distribution: 13]; KondoLoQu2010 [biological control: 7-13]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 370-372]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy, structure: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Leonar1898b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 121-125]; Lindin1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 104,199,206]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 253, 258]; Lloren1984 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; LopesFiMa2008 [host, distribution: 153-154]; Malump2012b [distribution: 210]; Mamet1954a [host, distribution: 261]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 74]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 164]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 48]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 166]; MendelBlWy1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 45S-49S]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 8]; MifsudPo2012 [description, distribution, host, host: 127-128]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; MorganLuAm2013 [illustration, physiology: 6, 8-10]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control: 1-39]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 6]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; OuvrarKoGu2013 [economic importance: 3]; PanisMa1976 [host, distribution: 7]; Pelliz2003 [host, distribution: 101-102]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294,297]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 128]; PollarAl1986 [economic importance, host, distribution]; RayWi1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-176]; RipaLaRo2008b [description, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 147-149]; RobertDe1986 [biological control: 7]; SaccoPaD2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 3-8]; Sassce1912 [catalogue: 87]; Schmut1980 [host, distribution: 51]; Schmut1990 [economic importance, host, distribution: 258]; Simant1962a [biological control: 105-112]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 8]; Spina2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 64-66]; StathaElJa2009 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 33-39]; StathaKaKo2008 [host, distribution: 56-59]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 81-85]; Takaha1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-41]; Takaha1955 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36-37]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 249-250]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 82]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-83]; TenaBeSo2012 [biological control, distribution, economic importance, host: 45-52]; Trjapi2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 192-196]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 102-103]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-112]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 58]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 16-17,55]; Wysoki1987 [taxonomy: 73-74]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160,162]; ZchoriBePo2005 [endosymbionts, Cardinium: 211-221].



Pseudalichtensia Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudalichtensia Hempel, 1928: 237. Type species: Pseudalichtensia brasiliae pyriformis Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 245]; Hempel1928 [taxonomy, description: 237]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 488-491]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 163].

Pseudalichtensia brasiliae Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudalichtensia brasiliae Hempel, 1928: 237. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Itarare, on Phoradendron dipterum and on Nectandra sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IBSP. Described: female.



HOSTS: Lauraceae: Nectandra [Hempel1928, Hodgso1994a]. Viscaceae: Phoradendron dipterum [Hempel1928, Hempel1929, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hodgso1994a] (Itarare.)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 245]; Hempel1928 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 237]; Hempel1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 488-491].



Pseudocribrolecanium Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudocribrolecanium Kondo, 2006: 2. Type species: Akermes andersoni Newstead, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Kondo (2006).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini.

CITATIONS: Kondo2006 [taxonomy, description: 1-16].

Pseudocribrolecanium andersoni (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Akermes andersoni Newstead, 1917: 347. Type data: KENYA: Kabete, on orange leaves. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Kondo, 2006: 2. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Cribrolecanium andersoni; De Lotto, 1968a: 83. Change of combination.

Parakermes andersoni; Fonseca, 1973: 247. Change of combination.

Pseudocribrolecanium andersoni; Kondo, 2006: 2. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: The white powdery scale [Kondo2006].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Euxantellus phillipiae Silvestri [Brink1996].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Almeid1973b, Kondo2006]. Araliaceae: Schefflera [Kondo2006]. Boraginaceae: Ehretia silvatica [DeLott1965a, Kondo2006]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [Kondo2006]. Loganiaceae: Anthoclesia grandiflora [Kondo2006], Strychnos madagascariensis [Kondo2006]. Meliaceae: Toona ciliata [Hodgso1969a, Kondo2006]. Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Kondo2006], Ficus elastica [Almeid1973b, Kondo2006], Ficus sur [Kondo2006], Ficus verrucocarpa [DeLott1965a, Kondo2006]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon [DeLott1965a, Kondo2006], Psidium guajava [Almeid1973b, Kondo2006]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [DeLott1965a, DeLott1968a, Almeid1969, Hodgso1969a, Almeid1973b]. Rubiaceae: Coffea canephora [Kondo2006], Psychotria zombamontana [Hodgso1969a, Kondo2006]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Newste1917a, DeLott1965a, Hodgso1969a, BrinkHe1991], Citrus nobilis [Hall1937], Citrus paradisi [Hall1937], Citrus reticulata [Kondo2006], Citrus sinensis [Newste1917]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [GroveScDe2014]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [MatileNo1984, Kondo2006]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia nicolai [Kondo2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1968a, Almeid1969, Almeid1973b]; Cameroon; Ghana [Kondo2006]; Kenya [Newste1917, DeLott1965a, Kondo2006]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Mozambique [Hodgso1969a]; South Africa [DeLott1965a, GroveScDe2014]; Swaziland; Tanzania [Kondo2006]; Zambia [Hodgso1969a, Kondo2006]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, Mamet1943a, DeLott1965a, Hodgso1969a]. Palaearctic: China [PingZe2001].

BIOLOGY: Brink & Hewitt (1991) discussed the effect of various mortality factors on population of the pest in South Africa. Brink & Hewitt (1992) studied the relationship between this soft scale and sooty mould, and effect of the latter on photosynthetic rates of

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1965a) and by Kondo (2006). Description and illustration of first instar nymph by Kondo (2006).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A citrus pest in some citrus-producing areas of South Africa and Swaziland (Brink & Bruwer, 1989; Brink & Hewitt, 1991).

CITATIONS: Almeid1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-136]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 4]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 94-95]; Bigger1993 [host, distribution, life history: 153-169]; Brink1996 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 556-559]; BrinkBr1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 9,25]; BrinkHe1991 [life history: 9]; BrinkHe1992 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 413-417]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 178-180]; DeLott1968a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 83]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Grove2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 216-221]; GroveScDe2014 [distribution, host: 413]; Hall1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122-123]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 10]; Kondo2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-16]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 544]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 150]; Mamet1949 [catalogue: 21-22]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 62]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 347-348]; PingZe2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 27]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 57].

Pseudocribrolecanium colae (Green & Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Akermes) colae Green & Laing, 1924: 419. Type data: GHANA [=GOLD COAST]: Aburi, on Cola acuminata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Akermes colae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 5. Change of combination.

Pseudocribrolecanium colae; Kondo, 2006: 9. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Lauraceae: Persea americana [Kondo2006]. Sterculiaceae: Cola acuminata [GreenLa1924], Theobroma cacao [Kondo2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [GreenLa1924]; Sierra Leone [Kondo2006].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first instar nymph by Kondo (2006).

STRUCTURE: Young adult similar in all aspects to the old adult but with the derm not chitinised (Green & Laing, 1924).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 5]; GreenLa1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 419]; Kondo2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-16].



Pseudokermes Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Pseudokermes) Cockerell, 1895s: 203. Type species: Lecanium (Pseudokermes) nitens Cockerell, by monotypy.

Pseudokermes; Cockerell, 1899f: 333. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 24 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 245]; Cocker1895s [taxonomy, description: 203]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy, description: 333]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 165]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 136-137]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 491-493]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 71]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 166]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13-14].

Pseudokermes armatus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Pseudokermes) armatum Cockerell, 1898j: 436. Type data: MEXICO: Tabasco, S. Francisco de Peal, on 'Palo de Gusano. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudokermes armatus; Cockerell, 1899h: 270. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n]. Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco [Cocker1898j]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 245]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 436-437]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 270]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 14]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 165]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 71]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 223].

Pseudokermes cooleyi King

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudokermes cooleyi King, 1914c: 246. Type data: U.S.A.: Montana, Corvallis, Ravalli County, on Picea englemanni. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Pinaceae: Picea engelmanni [King1914c, Sassce1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Montana [Sassce1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 245]; King1914c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 246-247]; Sassce1915 [catalogue: 32].

Pseudokermes eugenium Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudokermes eugenium Granara de Willink, 1999: 139. Type data: ARGENTINA: Misiones, on Eugenia uniflora. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Castelar: Departamento de Patologia Vegetal, INTA, C.C. no. 25, Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eugenia uniflora [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Misiones [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 137 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-141].

Pseudokermes geoffroeum Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudokermes geoffroeum Granara de Willink, 1999: 141. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, on Geoffroea decorticans [=chañar]. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Castelar: Departamento de Patologia Vegetal, INTA, C.C. no. 25, Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Fabaceae: Geoffroea decorticans [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Mendoza [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 137 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-143].

Pseudokermes marginatus Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudokermes marginatus Newstead, 1920: 185. Type data: GUYANA: Ituni Savannah, on Nectandra sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Lauraceae: Nectandra [Newste1920].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1920].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 245]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 185].

Pseudokermes nitens (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Pseudokermes) nitens Cockerell, 1895s: 203. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, on Myrtus (Blepharocalyx) tweedii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudokermes nitens; Hempel, 1900b: 448. Change of combination.

Pseudokermes nitens; Fernald, 1903b: 165. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Hempel" as author.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Mimosa scabrella [CorseuBa1971], Phyllocalyx [CorseuBa1971]. Malpighiaceae: Stenocalyx michelii [CorseuBa1971], Stenocalyx pitanga [CorseuBa1971]. Myrtaceae: Blepharocalyx [Iherin1897, Cocker1897r], Campomanesia xanthocarpa [CorseuBa1971], Eugenia pungeris [CorseuBa1971], Eugenia uniflora [Lizery1939, Hodgso1994a], Feijoa sellowiana [HickelDu1995], Myrtus tweedii [Cocker1895s, Hempel1900a], Psidium guajava [Hempel1920a]. Sapindaceae: Cupania vernalis [CorseuBa1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Hodgso1994a] (Bompland Misiones); Brazil [Cocker1897r, Hodgso1994a] (Ypiranga.) (Rio Grande do Sul [Cocker1895s, Iherin1897], Santa Catarina [HickelDu1995], Sao Paulo).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 245-246]; Cocker1895s [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 203-204]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 332]; Cocker1897r [description, host, distribution: 70]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 165]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 448-450]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 219]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-27]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 491-493]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 406]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 186-187]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 141-142].

Pseudokermes palmae Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudokermes palmae Hempel, 1937: 11. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on a cultivated palm. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IBSP. Described: female.



HOST: Arecaceae [Hempel1937, SilvadGoGa1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 246]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 142].

Pseudokermes vitreus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia vitrea Cockerell, 1894c: 308. Type data: TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, on Acacia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 14. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudokermes correntinus Granara de Willink, 1999: 137. Type data: ARGENTINA: Corrientes, on Vitis vinifera. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Castelar: Departamento de Patologia Vegetal, INTA, C.C. no. 25, Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 13.

Pseudokermes vitreus; Kondo & Hardy, 2008: 18. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.

COMMON NAMES: Escama blanda vidriosa [KondoHa2008a]; glassy scale [HamonWi1984, KondoHa2008a].



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona [KondoHa2008a], Annona cherimola [LincanHoCa2010], Rollinia mucosa [Foldi1988]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Cocker1894c, Cocker1894u, Cocker1895a], Cajanus cajan [MatileEt2006], Cajanus indicus [KondoHa2008a], Calliandra [HamonWi1984], Calliandra purpurea [MatileEt2006], Inga sp. [LincanHoCa2010], Mimosa [MestreHaEv2011], Pithecellobium dulce [KondoHa2008a]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [Ballou1926], Persea americana steyermarkii [Willia2010], Persea borbonia [HamonWi1984]. Myricaceae: Myrica cerifera [HamonWi1984]. Orchidaceae [KondoHa2008a]. Thymelaeaceae [KondoHa2008a]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Granar1999, KondoHa2008a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [KondoHa2008a]). Neotropical: Argentina (Corrientes [Granar1999]); Barbados [KondoHa2008a]; Brazil (Amazonas, Sao Paulo); Colombia [KondoHa2008a]; Costa Rica [KondoHa2008a]; Cuba [Ballou1926, MestreHaEv2011]; Dominican Republic [KondoHa2008a]; Galapagos Islands [KondoHa2008a, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Jamaica [KondoHa2008a]; Panama [KondoHa2008a]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1894c, Cocker1895a]); Venezuela [KondoHa2008a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustartion of the female given by Hamon & Williams (1984), Granara de Willink (1999) (as Inglisia correntinus) and by Kondo & Hardy (2008a).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984).

CITATIONS: Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 26]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 150]; Cocker1894c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 308-309]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895a [host, distribution: 100]; Cocker1895g [taxonomy, host, distribution: 167]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 163]; Foldi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-83]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-140]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-59]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; KondoHa2008a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-21]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 35,143]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 165]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 8]; NakahaMi1981 [distribution: 30]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution, biological control: 146]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152].



Pseudophilippia Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudophilippia Cockerell, 1897k: 89. Type species: Pseudophilippia quaintancii Cockerell, by monotypy.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Hodgson (1994a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini.

KEYS: Kondo 2013: 40-41 (female) [Key to genera of the Toumeyella-group based on adult females]; Kondo 2011: 3 (female) [Key to genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on adult females]; Kondo & Williams 2009: 13-14 (female) [Genera of New World Myzolecaniinae].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 246]; Cocker1897k [taxonomy, description: 89]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 395]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 142]; GullanSt1996 [taxonomy: 310]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 16,84]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 493-496]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; Kondo2013 [taxonomy: 41]; KondoWi2009 [taxonomy: 13-14]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 323,372]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 167]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description: 112-113].

Pseudophilippia lanigera (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium lanigerum Hempel, 1900a: 446. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande Do Sul, near Itapira, at banks of Mogy-guassus River, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Mallococcus lanigerus; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.

Pseudophilippia lanigera; Lizer y Trelles, 1942b: 233. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Croton urucurana [Lizery1942c]. Flacourtiaceae: Xylosma venosum [Lizery1942c]. Rutaceae: Citrus [SilvadGoGa1968]. Sterculiaceae: Astrapaea [SilvadGoGa1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Corrientes); Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 173]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 452]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 254]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 142]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 446-447]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 217-218]; Lizery1942c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 233]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 135].

Pseudophilippia quaintancii Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudophilippia quaintancii Cockerell, 1897k: 90. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Lake City, on Pinus australis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudophilippia quaintancei; Hodgson & Martin, 2001: 241. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: wooly pine scale [HamonWi1984].



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus australis [Cocker1897k], Pinus echinata [MillerWi1995GL], Pinus elliotti [HamonWi1984], Pinus palustris [Hodgso1994a], Pinus taeda [Cocker1897k, ClarkeDeBe1989a, Hodgso1994a], Pinus taeda [MillerWi1995GL].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama, Florida [Cocker1897k], Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina [Hodgso1994a] (Washington, Beauford Co.; Raleigh.), Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia [Hodgso1994a] (Norfolk)).

BIOLOGY: Quaintance (1897) studied the biology in Florida. Clarke et al., (1989a) studied the life history in U.S.A., Georgia coastal plain, on Pinus taeda, and observed two generations per year.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Hodgson (1994a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Infestations of this scale appeared on Pinus taeda in Georgia, USA, following five applications of pyrethroids (Clarke et al., 1992).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 323 (female) [Northeastren North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 246]; ClarkeDeBe1989a [host, distribution, life history: 853-860]; ClarkeDeWa1990 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1-14]; ClarkeNeDe1992 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 1246-1252]; Cocker1897k [host, distribution, life history: 91]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 395]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 142]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-86]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 494-496]; HodgsoMa2001 [taxonomy: 241]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 372-374]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; MillerWi1995GL [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-61]; Quaint1897 [host, distribution: 91]; RayWi1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 437-447]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-117].



Pseudopulvinaria Atkinson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudopulvinaria Atkinson, 1889: 4. Type species: Pseudopulvinaria sikkimensis Atkinson, by monotypy.

Lefroyia Green, 1908: 21. Type species: Lefroyia castaneae Green, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Green, 1922: 34.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Pseudopulvinariinae. Tribe: Pseudopulvinariini.

CITATIONS: Atkins1889 [taxonomy, description: 4]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 246-247]; Cocker1894v [taxonomy: 1050]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 141]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy, description: 8]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description: 21]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 345]; Hodgso1991 [taxonomy, description: 1513-1529]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 311,496-499]; Hoy1963 [taxonomy: 13,190]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 106,167]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 239-240]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 17-18]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 64]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7].

Pseudopulvinaria sikkimensis Atkinson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudopulvinaria sikkimensis Atkinson, 1889: 4. Type data: INDIA: Sikkim, Mungphu, on Quercus incana, Castanea indica and C. tribuloides. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Hodgson, 1991b, 1994a).

Lefroyia castaneae Green, 1908a: 21. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Shilong, on Castanea sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1991b: 1516. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1922b: 345.



HOSTS: Fagaceae: Castanea [Green1908a, Hodgso1991, Hodgso1994a], Castanea indica [Atkins1889], Castanea tribuloides [Atkins1889], Quercus [Hodgso1991, Hodgso1994a], Quercus incana [Atkins1889].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Assam [Green1908a, Hodgso1994a] (Shillong, Assam; Duliajan, Assam.)). Palaearctic: China [Hodgso1994a] (Kunmung, Yunnan prov.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1991, 1994a). Good description and illustration of adult male, crawler, second instar nymph and third instar female nymph by Hodgson (1991).

KEYS: Hodgson 1991: 1513-1524 (life stages).

CITATIONS: Atkins1889 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-5]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 247]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 142]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-22]; Hodgso1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1514-1528]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 496-499]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-153].



Psilococcus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Psilococcus Borchsenius, 1952a: 269. Type species: Psilococcus ruber Borchsenius, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1952, 1957), Koteja (1969), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae.

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 111-112 (female) [Key to Palaearctic Genera of the Subfamily Eriopeltinae based on adult females]; Koteja 1978: 315 (female) [Palearctic Region]; Koteja 1970: 231 (female) [Poland]; Borchsenius 1957: 90, 114 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 247]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description: 269]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 113-114]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy: 638]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 255]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 714]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 499-502]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy: 120]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 236]; Koteja1969 [taxonomy, description: 33-40]; Koteja1969a [taxonomy: 8]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy, structure: 249]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 168]; Pelliz2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 101, 111]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 26-27]; Terezn1967 [taxonomy, description: 22-23]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy: 124]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7].

Psilococcus ruber Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Psilococcus ruber Borchsenius, 1952a: 270. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, Khasansk, on Carex sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Psilococcus parvus Borchsenius, 1957: 115. Type data: LATVIYA: on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980c: 255.

COMMON NAME: red sedge scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Koteja1969a, KozarDa1976, KozarSu1979, Hodgso1994a], Carex brizoides [Koteja1969, Koteja1969a, Terezn1981, KotejaZa1983, LagowsKo1996], Carex campylorhina [Danzig1980b], Carex canescens [Koteja1969, Terezn1981], Carex dispalata [Danzig1980b], Carex divulsa [Koteja1969, Terezn1981], Carex duriuscula [Danzig1980b], Carex fusca [LagowsKo1996], Carex hirta [Koteja1971a], Carex humilis [KozarDa1976], Carex pallescens [Koteja1969, Terezn1981].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Germany [Schmut2000]; Hungary [KozarDa1976, KozarSu1979, Kozar1991]; Latvia [Koteja1969]; Poland [Koteja1969, Koteja1969a, Koteja1971a, KotejaZa1983, LagowsKo1996]; Russia (Irkutsk Oblast, Karelia AR, Primor'ye Kray, St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Koteja1969]); South Korea [Hodgso1994a] (Hamgon-Nambo, nr. Ku-Bukchen.); Ukraine [Koteja1969].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Poland; bisexual reproduction, hibernation as an egg (Koteja, 1969).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Kotea (1969) (as P. parvus), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 114 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 247-248]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 270-271]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 114-116]; Danzig1977b [host, distribution: 37-59]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 255-256]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 499-502]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 236-238]; Koteja1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 21-41]; Koteja1969a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 324]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; Koteja1976 [taxonomy, structure: 276]; Koteja1980 [taxonomy, structure: 74]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 481]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; KozarDa1976 [host, distribution: 67]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, structure: 53]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32,35]; Schmut2000 [host, distribution: 168]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27]; Terezn1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-27]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 124-126].



Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti

NOMENCLATURE:

Calittico Costa, 1844: 273. Type species: Calittico mesembrianthemi Costa (= Coccus mesembryanthemi Vallot). Subsequently designated by Ben-Dov, 1993: 290. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1993: 290. Notes: Costa (1844) presented observations on a soft scale insect, which he found on Mesembryanthemum acanaciforme at Posilipo Beach near Napoli, to which he referred as Calittico sp. Signoret (1869a: 861) named the species Calypticus mesembrianthemi Costa. Although Calittico antedated Pulvinariella it was regarded by Ben-Dov (1993) as an objective synonym of Pulvinariella, which is a subjective synonym of Pulvinaria.

Gasteralphe Icery, 1864: 55. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by.

Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 146. Type species: Coccus vitis Linnaeus, by monotypy and original designation.

Pulvinaria; Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 13.

Pulvinaria; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 727.

Pluvinaria; Shinji, 1935b: 771. Misspelling of genus name.

Pulvineria; Bodenheimer, 1936: 218. Misspelling of genus name.

Chloropulvinaria Borchsenius, 1952: 299. Type species: Coccus floccifera Westwood, by original designation. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1993: 63.

Eupulvinaria Borchsenius, 1953: 288. Type species: Eupulvinaria peregrina Borchsenius, by original designation. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1980: 260.

Pulviferia; Atanasov, 1959: 429. Misspelling of genus name.

Pulvinaria (Eupulvinaria); Danzig, 1980c: 260. Change of status.

Saccharipulvinaria Tao, Wong & Chang, 1983: 85. Type species: Coccus iceryi Signoret. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1994a: 528.

Saccharipulvinaria; Kosztarab, Ben-Dov & Kosztarab, 1986: 14. Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.

Saccharipulvinaria; Tang, 1991: 267. Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.

Saccharipulvinaria; Hodgson, 1994a: 525. Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.

ulvinaria; Moghaddam, 2009: 34. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Misspelling of 'ulvinaria' for 'Pulvinaria'.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and charactesr by Borchsenius (1957), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1996) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini. Costa (1844) published observations on a soft scale insect, collected on Mesembryanthemum acanaciforme at Posilipo Beach near Naples, Italy, ro which he referred as Calittico sp. Signoret (1869a: 861) named the above Calypticus mesembryanthemi Costa. Although Calittico antedated Pulvinariella the former was considered by Ben-Dov (1993) as an objective synonym of Pulvinariella. Chloropulviaria and Eupulvinaria are here considered subjective synonyms of Pulvinaria. The genus Saccharipulvinaria Tao, Wong & Chang, 1983, was established with Pulvinaria iceryi Signoret as type species. However, their illustration of the type species is clearly not P. iceryi, but of P. elongata Newstead (see Williams & Watson, 1990; Hodgson, 1994a). Until the status of Saccharipulvinaria will be clarified, within a comprehensive revision of the grass-inhabiting group of Pulvinariini species, the genus is here regarded a subjective synonym of Pulvinaria.

KEYS: Tanaka et al. 2006: 180 (female) [Pulvinaria species of Ryuku archipelago]; Jansen 2000: 2-3 (female) [Netherlands]; Granara de Willink 1999: 26 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 375 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Qin & Gullan 1992 (female) [Australia]; Tang 1991: 225-226, 234, 252 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 139, 268 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 148 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 84-85 (female) [USA, California]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 239 (female) [Central Europe]; Kozar 1986: 173 (female); Hamon & Williams 1984: 87 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 62 (female) [Taiwan]; Williams 1982b: 113 (female) [Pulvinaria -iceryi group]; Yang 1982 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 260 (female) [Far East Russia.]; Kawai 1980: 148-149 (female) [Japan]; Wang 1980: 31-34 (female) [China]; De Lotto 1979a: 248 (female) [South Africa]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1978: 121-123 (female) [Hungary]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 119-120 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Hodgson 1969a: 29 (female) [Afrotropical region]; Hodgson 1968: 161 (female) [Afrotropical]; Danzig 1967 (female) [USSR, Far East]; Hodgson 1967a: 198 (female) [Ethiopian Region]; Beardsley 1966: 480, 491 (female) [Micronesia]; Danzig 1964 (female) [USSR, European]; Borchsenius 1957: 203,205,221,228-229 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Takahashi 1955e (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1950b: 150-152 (female) [USSR]; Zimmerman 1948: 332-333 (female) [Hawaii]; Steinweden 1946: 14-15 (female) [U.S.A]; Gomez-Menor Ortega 1937: 279 (female) [Spain]; Morrison 1920 (female) [Philippines]; Dietz & Morrison 1916a: 238 (female) [USA, Indiana]; Green 1909 (female) [Sri Lanka]; Green 1909a: 258 (female) [Sri Lanka]; Cockerell 1905b: 198 (female) [USA, Colorado].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 46-50]; Almeid1973b [taxonomy: 6]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 99]; Atanas1959 [taxonomy: 429]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 479,491]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 63,140,301]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 202]; Bodenh1927c [taxonomy: 25-44]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 94]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 150-152]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy: 296]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 203-205,220-229]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 17-18]; Canard1965a [taxonomy, description: 411]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 213]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 272]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 19]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 253]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 198]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy: 334]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy: 639]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy: 144]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 259-260]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy, description: 714]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 216]; DeLott1979a [taxonomy: 248]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description: 238]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 388,415]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 128]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy: 74]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description: 413]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 84-85]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 278-279]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description: 101-102]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 78,143-144]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description: 258]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 93-94,106]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 17,85-87]; Hodgso1967a [taxonomy: 198]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy: 161]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 4,29,175-178]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 254-257,502-506]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 525-528]; Jansen2000 [taxonomy: 1-11]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 14]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 148-149]; KondoGu2010 [taxonomy: 6]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 324,332,334,374-375]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 121]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 177,238-239]; Koteja1964 [taxonomy: 181]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Kozar1986 [taxonomy: 173]; Lagows1996 [taxonomy, description: 7-8]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description: 187]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description: 277,329]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 124]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 26-27]; Mamet1957 [taxonomy: 375]; Mamet1978 [taxonomy: 105]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 71]; Moghad2009 [taxonomy: 34]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description: 182-183]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 36,74,158,169]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description]; Newste1913 [taxonomy: 77]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description]; Qin1990 [taxonomy: 79-81]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description: 103-164]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 38-39]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description: 270]; Shinji1935b [taxonomy: 771,775]; Signor1873 [taxonomy, description: 29-31]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 226-227]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description: 1-28]; Sulc1942 [taxonomy, description: 5-8]; Takaha1939b [taxonomy: 263]; Takaha1955d [taxonomy, description: 148-154]; TanakaAm2004 [taxonomy: 265]; TanakaAmUe2006 [taxonomy: 180]; TanakaKo2015 [description, taxonomy: 113]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 225,233,251-252,267]; Tao1978 [taxonomy: 82]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52,58,64,65]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 83]; Targio1866 [taxonomy, description: 146]; Targio1867 [taxonomy, description: 13]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 727]; Targio1884 [taxonomy: 398]; Targio1885 [taxonomy: 112-114]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy: 52]; Terezn1966 [taxonomy: 29]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy: 132, 137]; VarshnMo1987 [taxonomy: 174]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description: 31-34]; Willia1982a [taxonomy: 111-113]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description: 118-120]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,146-148]; Xie1998 [taxonomy: 65]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 157,159]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 332-333].

Pulvinaria acantholimoni Archangelskaya nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria acantholimoni Archangelskaya, 1930: 81. Nomen nudum; discovered by Borchsenius, 1957: 258.

Pulvinaria acericola (Walsh & Riley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium acericola Walsh & Riley, 1868: 14. Type data: U.S.A.: Indiana and Iowa, on silver maple. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pulvinaria innumerabilis acericola; Cockerell, 1896b: 329. Change of combination and rank. Notes:

Pulvinaria acericola; Fernald, 1903b: 128. Change of status.

COMMON NAMES: cottony maple leaf scale [HamonWi1984]; Cottony maple scale.



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer negundo [WilliaKo1972], Acer rubrum [DietzMo1916a], Acer saccharinum [WilliaKo1972]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex cornuta [WilliaKo1972], Ilex crenata [WilliaKo1972], Ilex opaca [WilliaKo1972]. Cornaceae: Cornus florida [WilliaKo1972]. Ericaceae: Pieris japonicus [WilliaKo1972]. Lauraceae: Persea borbonia [HamonWi1984], Sassafras variifolium [Baerg1947]. Nyssaceae: Nyssa sylvatica [HamonWi1984].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada; United States of America (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut [Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Florida, Georgia, Indiana [Koszta1996], Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland [Koszta1996], Michigan, Minnesota [Koszta1996], Mississippi, New York [Koszta1996], North Carolina, Ohio [Putnam1878], Oklahoma, Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia [Koszta1996], West Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Life history in Arkansas, USA by Baerg (1947); One annual generation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph by Hamon & Williams (1984).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 375 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 87 (female) [USA, Florida]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 119 (female) [USA, Virginia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 248-249]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 128]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-108]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 87-90]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 375-377]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351]; Putnam1878 [biological control, host, distribution: 317-324]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, description: 435]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4,16]; WalshRi1868 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14]; WatsonLaLa1994 [host, distribution: 227]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-125].

Pulvinaria aestivalis Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria aestivalis Danzig, 1967: 146. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, near Ussuri, on Salix viminalis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pulvinaria (Pulvinaria) aestivalis; Danzig, 1980c: 267.



HOST: Salicaceae: Salix viminalis [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 253 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 249]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 253-254].

Pulvinaria aethiopica (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Coccus) viride; Newstead, 1917c: 130. Misidentification; discovered by De Lotto, 1965a: 191.

Lecanium africanum; Brain, 1920a: 4. Misidentification; discovered by De Lotto, 1979b: 248.

Coccus aethiopicus De Lotto, 1959: 156. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Buffelspoots, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Pulvinaria aethiopica; De Lotto, 1967a: 111. Change of combination.



FOE: FUNGI : Verticillium lecanii [Moore2002].

HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Coffea [DeLott1965a, Almeid1973b], Coffea arabica [DeLott1967a], Coffea canephora [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]. Rutaceae: Citrus [DeLott1959, DeLott1960], Citrus aurantium [Hodgso1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]; Cape Verde [Fernan1972]; South Africa [DeLott1959, DeLott1960, DeLott1979a]; Zambia; Zimbabwe [DeLott1965a, Hodgso1967].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 2, 5]; Bedfor1973 [biological control: 4-11]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 249]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-158]; DeLott1960 [host, distribution: 401]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 191]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 111-112]; DeLott1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-250]; Fernan1972 [host, distribution: 14]; Hodgso1967 [host, distribution: 2]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; Moore2002 [biological control: 30-32]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 7].

Pulvinaria alboinducta Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria alboinducta Fonseca, 1962: 21. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Parque Siqueira Campos, on Metrodorea stipulata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Rutaceae: Metrodorea stipulata [Fonsec1962].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Fonsec1962]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 249-250]; Fonsec1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-25].

Pulvinaria aligarhensis Avasthi & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria aligarhensis Avasthi & Shafee, 1985: 1289. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh, Naurangabad, on Azadirachta indica. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female.



HOST: Meliaceae: Melia indica [AvasthSh1985, ShafeeYoKh1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1985]).

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1289-1290]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 250]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53].

Pulvinaria ampelopsidis Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria ampelopsidis Savescu, 1983: 43. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucharest, Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: both sexes. Illust.



HOST: Vitaceae: Ampelopsis quinquefolia [Savesc1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 250]; Savesc1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-46].

Pulvinaria amygdali Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria amygdali Cockerell, 1896m: 225. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Pinos Altos, on peach. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012].

HOST: Rosaceae: Prunus persica (L.) Batsch [Cocker1896m].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Kansas [Lawson1917], New Mexico [Cocker1896m], New York [Harman1927, Harman1928]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 250]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; Cocker1896m [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 225-226]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 128]; Harman1927 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, control: 1-19]; Harman1928 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control: 1-22]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 187-199]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-5,17]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 223].

Pulvinaria aonoae Tanaka & Amano

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria aonoae Tanaka & Amano, 2004: 265. Type data: JAPAN: Izuhara, Tsushima Is., Nagasaki-Prefecture, on Eurya japonica; collected 27.iv.2001, by H. Tanaka, S. kawai & E. Aona. Holotype female. Type depository: Tokyo: National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan; type no. 00026. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Tsushima-wata-kaigaramushi [TanakaAm2004].



HOST: Theaceae: Eurya japonica [TanakaAm2004].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [TanakaAm2004].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tanaka & Amano (2004).

CITATIONS: TanakaAm2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265-267].

Pulvinaria araliae Shinji

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria araliae Shinji, 1935b: 771. Type data: JAPAN: Morioka, on Aralia chinensis and Acanthopanax spinosum. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Acanthopanax spinosum [Shinji1935b], Aralia chinensis [Shinji1935b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 250]; Shinji1935b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 771,775].

Pulvinaria areolata Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria areolata Fonseca, 1969: 11. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Parque Siqueira Campos, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IBSP. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Fonsec1969]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Fonseca (1969).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 250]; Fonsec1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-13].

Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell, 1896h: 19. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, on orange. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Also described as n. sp. in Cockerell 1896i, p. 48.

Lecanium notatum Maskell, 1897b: 243. Type data: JAPAN: Atami, on Thea sp., Ilex crenata and Pittosporum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1955b: 70.

Coccus notatus; Fernald, 1903b: 173. Change of combination.

Chloropulvinaria aurantii; Borchsenius, 1952: 300. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria notatum; Takahashi, 1955b: 70. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria aurantii; Ben-Dov, 1993: 251. Revived combination.

ulvinaria aurantii; Moghaddam, 2009: 34. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Mispelling of 'ulvinaria' for 'Pulvinaria'.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012].

HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Hadzib1983]. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [Hadzib1983], Hedera rhombea [Takaha1955d]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Hadzib1983]. Eucommiaceae: Eucommia ulmoides [Borchs1957]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [Hadzib1983]. Moraceae: Morus alba [Moghad2013a]. Musaceae: Musa [Borchs1957]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Moghad2013a]. Oleaceae: Osmanthus fragans [Borchs1957]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira [Hadzib1983]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Hadzib1983]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Citrus [Cocker1896h, Cocker1896i, YasnosTaCh2005], Citrus aurantium [Hadzib1983], Citrus bigaradia [Moghad2013a], Citrus limon [Hadzib1983], Citrus maxima [Hadzib1983], Citrus paradisi [Hadzib1983], Citrus sinensis [Cocker1896h, Cocker1896i, Hadzib1983], Citrus unshiu [Hadzib1983], Poncirus trifoliata [Hadzib1983]. Theaceae: Eurya ochnacea [Kuwana1902].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto). Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: China [DanzigKo1990]; Georgia [DanzigKo1990, Yasnos1995, YasnosTaCh2005]; Iran [Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Iraq [AbdulR1976]; Japan [Cocker1896h, Cocker1896i, Kuwana1917, DanzigKo1990].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of adult female and male by Borchsenius (1957).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 26,a,b,c)

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. 439535 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 226 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan]; Beardsley 1966: 491 (female) [Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1957: 205 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: AbdulR1976 [host, distribution: 28]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 491]; BeglyaSm1977 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 251]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 109-110]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 77-78]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 151]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy: 300]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, biological control, host, distribution, life history: 211-217]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Castel1951a [biological control, host, distribution: 95-98]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 36]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 329]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Cocker1896i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 48]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 199-200]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 43]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 30]; Dzhash1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 177-178]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 129,173]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; Georgh1977 [host, distribution: 149]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution: 101-102]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 184]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 152-153]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 265]; Kiritc1936 [distribution: 71]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 58]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 188]; Kuwana1909a [host, distribution: 159]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30-33]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 551]; Maskel1897a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-244]; Maskel1898 [host, distribution: 238]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 10]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 12]; NakaoNo1975 [biological control: 107-123]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; SaboorHoHa2003 [life history, ecology: 49-54]; Takaha1955d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 150-151]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-69]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 226-227]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38-39]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 34]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158]; Yasnos1987 [host, distribution, economic importance: 229-234]; Yasnos1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 247-251]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 229-302]; Yasuma1969 [biological control, host, distribution: 773-780]; YasumaNa1957 [life history, ecology: 203-219]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66].

Pulvinaria avasthii Yousuf & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria avasthii Yousuf & Shafee, 1988: 60. Type data: INDIA: Andaman Islands, Port Blair, Sippighat, on Mangifera indica. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [YousufSh1988]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [ShafeeYoKh1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Andaman Islands [ShafeeYoKh1989].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 251]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53]; YousufSh1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-61].

Pulvinaria bambusicola (Tang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Saccharipulvinaria bambusicola Tang, 1991: 269. Type data: CHINA: Zheijiang Province, Hangzhou, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female.

Pulvinaria bambusicola; Ben-Dov, 1993: 251. Change of combination.



HOST: Poaceae: Bambusa [Tang1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 268 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 251]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 269]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65].

Pulvinaria batatae (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium batatae Cockerell, 1895q: 61. Type data: ANTIGUA: on tuberous roots of Ipomoea batatas. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Mesolecanium batatae; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria batatae; Granara de Willink, 2012: 6-7. Change of combination.



HOST: Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [Cocker1895q, Cocker1902k].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Cocker1895q]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description in Spanish and illustration in Granara de Willink, 2012.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 179]; Cocker1895q [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61-62]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 452]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 174]; Granar2012 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 6-7].

Pulvinaria bigeloviae Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria bigeloviae Cockerell, 1893ii: 366. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Custer County, West Cliff, on Chrysothamnus [=Bigelovia] sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: cottony sagebrush scale [Gill1988].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Chrysothamnus [Cocker1910b, Ferris1919a], Franseria [Gill1988], Haplopappus [Gill1988], Hymenoclea [Gill1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona, California, Colorado [Ferris1919a], New Mexico [Ferris1919a]).

KEYS: Gill 1988: 84 (female) [USA, California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 251-252]; Cocker1893ii [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 366]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Cocker1899a [distribution: 394]; Cocker1910b [host, distribution: 425-430]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 129]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-86,93]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351-352]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 223].

Pulvinaria borchsenii Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria borchsenii Danzig, 1967: 148. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, Tigrovoi, on Aralia mandshurica. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pulvinaria (Pulvinaria) borchsenii; Danzig, 1980c: 267.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Aralia mandshurica [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b], Eleutherococcus senticosus [Danzig1980b]. Asteraceae: Tanacetum sibiricum [Danzig1980b]. Betulaceae: Alnus hirsuta [Danzig1980b], Betula [Danzig1980b]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [Danzig1980b]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Danzig1980b], Sorbaria sorbifolia [Danzig1980b], Spiraea salicifolia [Danzig1980b]. Salicaceae: Populus [Danzig1980b], Salix [Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray, Sakhalin Oblast).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1980b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 253 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 252]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 17]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267-268]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 256].

Pulvinaria brachiungualis Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria brachiungualis Savescu, 1985: 126. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucharest, on Acer pseudoplatanus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female.



HOST: Aceraceae: Acer pseudoplatanus [Savesc1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 252]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-127].

Pulvinaria brevicornis Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria brevicornis Newstead, 1920: 186. Type data: GUYANA: Turkeyn, East Coast, on Avicennia nitida. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Avicennia nitida [Newste1920].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1920].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 252]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186].

Pulvinaria caballeroramosae Tanaka & Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria caballeroramosae Tanaka & Kondo, 2015. Type data: COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca, Bogotá, D.C. Barrio Salitre, Carrera 68B, con Av. La Esperanza, Esquina Noroccidentalm on Ficus soatensis, 6/5/2014, by T. Kondo & A. Ramos Portilla. Holotype female (examined). Type depositories: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia, and Tokyo: Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Tachikawa, Japan. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes, same data as holotype, 11 femals (3 at UNAB, 3 CBTC, 3 USNM and 2 in Tottori Prefectural Museum, Tottori,Japan).

COMMON NAMES: Escama blanda algodonosa del caucho sabanero [TanakaKo2015]; Sabanero fig cottony scale. [TanakaKo2015].



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus coatensis Dugand [TanakaKo2015].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [TanakaKo2015].

BIOLOGY: The insects were found on the trunk, branches and twigs of the host. Adult males and puparia were commonly intermixed with the females. Pulvinaria caballeroramosae is commonly found in large numbers on Ficus soatensis, a common street tree in Bogota, often causing dieback of twigs and branches and in severe cases, dieback of the entire tree. The females produce long ovisacs that are conspicuous on the infested twigs and branches. No natural enemies, parasitoids or predators of P. caballeroramosae have been observed. (Tanaka & Kondo, 2015)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, photographs and illustration in Tanaka & Kondo, 2015.

STRUCTURE: Adult female in life oval, convex, 2.2-4.5 mm long, 1.9-3.8 mm wide, 0.9-2.0 mm tall, covered by a thin layer of glassy wax. Body greenish brown to yellowish brown, especially around body margin, mid dorsum lighter in color, yellowish to ochre, usually with a dark middorsal longitudinal line from head margin to just anterior to anal plates. Anal plates conspicuous, reddish brown; area around anal plates generally smooth and yellowish. Dorsal derm warty in appearance (except around anal plates), with round yellowish tubercles, especially on mid dorsum, tubercles fewer and smaller around margins and submargins; often with a pair of particularly large (two or more times wider than the anal plates) round submedial tubercles on mid dorsum, located diagonally from anal plates. Ovisac long, four or more times the length of the adult female, produced in a straight or curved line, strongly adhered to substrate, eggs generally exposed and clearly visible through the fibrous ovisac; eggs orange, purplish or ochre in color. (Tanaka & Kondo, 2015)

SYSTEMATICS: http://zoobank.org/BF0B0A32-D4E2-4952-8DD9-0A8C956 9B774 This species is considered to be close to Pulvinaria drymiswinteri Kondo & Gullan based on the distribution pattern of the ventral tubular ducts, tendency for reduction of the antennae and by the way it produces its ovisac, which is strongly adhered to the surface with the eggs exposed and visible through the fibrous ovisac. However, P. caballeroramosae is easily distinguishable from P. drymiswinteri by the following combination of features (character states of P. drymiswinteri in parenthesis): (1) dorsal tubular ducts present (absent); (2), dorsal microducts present (absent); (3) small reticulations on anal plates present (absent), (4) band of preopercular pores broadening anteriorly (not broadening anteriorly, present in a narrow band); and (5) multilocular pores mainly each with five loculi (multilocular pores mainly each with 5-8 loculi). (Tanaka & Kondo, 2015)

KEYS: Tanaka & Kondo 2015: 113 (female) [Key to Colombian species of the genus Pulvinaria].

CITATIONS: TanakaKo2015 [description, distribution, host, host, structure, taxonomy: 113-118].

Pulvinaria cacao Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria cacao Williams & Watson, 1990: 148. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Northern Province, Arehe, on Theobroma cacao. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]). Australasian: Papua New Guinea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female by Williams & Watson (1957).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 148 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 252]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 82]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-149].

Pulvinaria callosa (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus callosus De Lotto, 1966: 43. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Umkomaas, on Ochna natalizia. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

Pulvinaria callosa; De Lotto, 1979a: 250. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Ochnaceae: Ochna natalizia [DeLott1966, DeLott1979a]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia spatulifolia [DeLott1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1966, DeLott1979a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 252-253]; DeLott1966 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43]; DeLott1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 13].

Pulvinaria carieri Grandpre & Charmoy

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria carieri Grandpre & Charmoy, 1899: 41. Type data: MAURITIUS: on roots of various plants. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Pulvinaria carieri; Fernald, 1903: 130. Notes: Incorrect citation of "de Charmoy" as author.

Pulvinaria carieri; Mamet, 1941a: 25. Notes: Incorrect citation of "de Charmoy" as author.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Green1907, Mamet1943a].

BIOLOGY: Live subterraneously on roots of the host plant.

SYSTEMATICS: Mamet (1941) could not locate the type material, and strongly indicated that this species may be identical with P. grabhami. Ben-Dov (1993), for the sake of stability, retained P. carieri as an unrecognizable species, rather than reducing the established and regognized P. grabhami as a junior synonym.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 130]; GrandpCh1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 199]; Mamet1941 [host, distribution: 25]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 153]; Mamet1949 [catalogue: 27].

Pulvinaria cestri (Bouche)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus cestri Bouche, 1833: 50. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, in greenhouse on Cestrum sp. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material lost (Sachtleben, 1944).

Chermes cestri; Boisduval, 1867: 336. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria cestri; Signoret, 1873a: 35. Change of combination.



HOST: Solanaceae: Cestrum [Bouche1833].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Germany.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 253]; Bouche1833 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 50]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 131]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 181-182]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 848]; Signor1873 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34-35]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 15].

Pulvinaria chrysanthemi Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria chrysanthemi Hall, 1923: 15. Type data: EGYPT: Heliopolis, on roots of Chrysanthemum coronarium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum [EzzatHu1969], Chrysanthemum coronarium [Hall1923]. Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris maritima [EzzatHu1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1923, EzzatHu1969, EzzatNa1987].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & Hussein (1969).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 373 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: AbdelR2012 [distribution: 206]; AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 253]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 251-252]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 415-417]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16]; Hosny1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 148, 156].

Pulvinaria citricola (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Takahashia citricola Kuwana, 1909: 153. Type data: JAPAN: Kumamoto, Hukuoka and Wakayama, on Citrus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Saissetia citricola; Takahashi & Tachikawa, 1956: 7. Change of combination.

Parasaissetia citricola; Yang, 1982: 178. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria citricola; Tanaka, 2012b: 1-10. Change of combination. Homonym of Pulvinaria citricola Kuwana, 1914.



HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex chinensis [Tanaka2012b], Ilex integra [Tanaka2012b], Ilex oldhami [TakahaTa1956]. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [TakahaTa1956]. Asteraceae: Viburnum odoratissimum [Tanaka2012b], Viburnum wrightii [Tanaka2012b]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [TakahaTa1956]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora [TakahaTa1956], Laurus nobilis [TakahaTa1956], Lindera erythrocarpa [Tanaka2012b], Machilus thunbergii [Tanaka2012b]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia kobus [TakahaTa1956]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira [Tanaka2012a]. Rosaceae: Pyrus pyrifolia [Tanaka2012b], Pyrus simonii [TakahaTa1956]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [Tanaka2012b]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Kuwana1909a, Sassce1911]. Sapindaceae: Aesculus turbinata [Tanaka2012b]. Schisandraceae: Illicium anisatum [Tanaka2012b]. Styracaceae: Styrax obassia [Tanaka2012b]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Tanaka2012b], Eurya japonica [Tanaka2012b], Ternstroemia gymnanthera [Tanaka2012b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Sassce1911, Kuwana1917] (Honshu [Tanaka2012b], Kyushu [Tanaka2012b], Shikoku [Tanaka2012b]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991). Photograph of a pre-oviposition adult ffemale in Tanaka (2012b).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.41, a,b). Adult female: body nearly round, broadest across thorax and anterior abdomen. Body strongly lifted by ventral ovisac. Anal plates posteriorly elongate; each plate with posterior margin about two times as long as anterior margin, with 3 fine apical setae and a well-developed discal seta. Three types of ventral tubular ducts present; smallest type forming complete broad submarginal band. (Tanaka, 2012b)

SYSTEMATICS: Tanaka (2012b) moved Takahashia citricola Kuwana, 1909 into Pulvinaria creating a junior homonym of P. citricola, Kuwana 1914. Pulvinaria niipponica Lindinger, 1933 was resurrected as the replacement name. Kuwana's type material of this species could not be found in the Kuwana collection of th National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Tukuba, and is presumed lost. Pulvinaria citricola resembles the Japanese species P. nipponica, P. kuwacola, and P. photiniae in the distibution of type III ventral tubular ducts and the shape of marginal setae. However, it is easily distinguishable from those three species in having a well-developed discal seta on each anal plate, and by the shape of the anal plates which are posteriorly elongated. (Tanaka, 2012b)

KEYS: Tang 1991: 215 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 157 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 304]; Delucc1975 [economic importance, host, distribution]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157-158]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Kuwana1909 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 153]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53-55]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 552]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 68]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 7]; Tanaka2012b [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 1-10]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-217]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 66].

Pulvinaria claviseta De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria claviseta De Lotto, 1970b: 149. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Maytenus polyacanthus. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Celastraceae: Maytenus polyacanthus [DeLott1970b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1970b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 254]; DeLott1970b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-152].

Pulvinaria coccolobae (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chloropulvinaria coccolobae Borchsenius, 1957: 210. Type data: RUSSIA: St. Petersburg, in greenhouse of the Botanical Institute on Coccoloba peltata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia.

Pulvinaria coccolobae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 254. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria cocolobae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 254. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Polygonaceae: Coccoloba peltata [Borchs1957].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of adult female by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 225 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 205 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 254]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 210-211]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 227-228].

Pulvinaria cockerelli King

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria cockerelli King, 1899e: 417. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, on Spiraea salicifolia at Methuen, and on Prinos verticillatus at Andover. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Prinos verticillatus [King1899e]. Rosaceae: Spiraea salicifolia [King1899e].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Massachusetts [King1899e]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 131]; King1899e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 417-418].

Pulvinaria corni Savescu

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria corni Savescu, 1985: 124. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucharest, on species of Cornus, Tilia, Vitis and Philadelphus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female.



HOSTS: Cornaceae: Cornus [Savesc1985]. Philadelphaceae: Philadelphus [Savesc1985]. Tiliaceae: Tilia [Savesc1985]. Vitaceae: Vitis [Savesc1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 255]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 124-126]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-192].

Pulvinaria costata Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria costata Borchsenius, 1952: 297. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, Okeanskaya near Vladivostok, on Alnus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pulvinaria (Pulvinaria) costata; Danzig, 1980c: 267.



HOSTS: Betulaceae: Alnus [Borchs1952a, Danzig1980b]. Salicaceae: Populus berolinensis [TangLi1988], Populus bolleana [TangLi1988], Populus cathayana [TangLi1988], Populus pekinensis [TangLi1988], Populus simonii [TangLi1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia)); Russia (Primor'ye Kray).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 253 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 228 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 255]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 297]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 239-240]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267-268]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 256]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-108].

Pulvinaria crassispina Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria crassispina Danzig, 1966: 1491. Nomen nudum.

Pulvinaria crassispina Danzig, 1967: 145. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, Ussurisk, on Spiraea sp. and Sorbaria sorbifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pulvinaria (Pulvinaria) crassispina; Danzig, 1980c: 265.



HOSTS: Rosaceae: Sorbaria sorbifolia [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b], Spiraea [Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1980b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 253 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 255]; Danzig1966 [taxonomy: 1491]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-146]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265-266]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 257].

Pulvinaria decorata Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria ornata Froggatt, 1921: 427. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, on lemon tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 114. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female. Homonym of Pulvinaria ornata Hempel.

Pulvinaria decorata Borchsenius, 1957: 228. Replacement name for Pulvinaria ornata Froggatt, 1921.



HOSTS: Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [QinGu1992]. Rutaceae: Citrus limon [Frogga1921, QinGu1992].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1921, QinGu1992]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 256]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy: 228]; Frogga1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 427-428]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-115].

Pulvinaria delottoi Gill

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria delottoi Gill, 1979: 241. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Alameda County, Oakland, on Mesembryanthemum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Carpobrotus edulis [Gill1988], Cheiridopsis glomerata Cheiridopsis [SalisbMaHa2011], Cheiridopsis inaequalis [Gill1979], Lampranthus [Gill1979], Mesembryanthemum [Gill1979]. Crassulaceae: Crassula lycopopioides [Gill1979], Crassula muscosa L. [SalisbMaHa2011], Sedum [Gill1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa. Nearctic: United States of America (California). Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [SalisbMaHa2011]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Gill (1979, 1988).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988). Adult females are circular to oval; moderately convex and 2-5mm long, young adults are bright green but change significantly with maturity and oviposition. At first they develop a reddish margin and a thin dorsal covering of white powdery wax before becoming a uniform reddish-brown with transverse wrinkles. They produce an irregular white ovisac beneath the body. (Salisbury, et al., 2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Pulvinaria delottoi can easily be confused in life with Pulvinariella (= Pulvinaria) mesembryanthemi (Vallot), a species also known as iceplant scale that has become. The two species may be distinguished using the descriptions and keys provided by Gill (1988). (Salisbury, et al., 2011)

KEYS: Gill 1988: 85 (female) [USA, California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 256]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; FrankiHa1986 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-44]; Gill1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 241]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-87, 95]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; SalisbMaHa2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 217-221]; TassanHaCa1982 [host, distribution, biological control: 16-17]; WashbuFr1985 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-10].

Pulvinaria dendrophthorae Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium dendrophthorae Cockerell, 1892b: 333. Nomen nudum.

Pulvinaria dendrophthorae Cockerell, 1893l: 162. Type data: JAMAICA: on Dendrophthora sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Loranthaceae: Dendrophthora [Cocker1893m], Dendrophthora cupressoides [Cocker1895a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Jamaica [Cocker1893m, Cocker1895a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 256]; Cocker1892b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333]; Cocker1893 [host, distribution: 255]; Cocker1893m [taxonomy, host, distribution: 162]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895a [host, distribution: 102]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 131].

Pulvinaria depressa Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria depressa Hempel, 1900a: 490. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Miconia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Melastomataceae: Miconia [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 256]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 132]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 490-491]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-103]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 142].

Pulvinaria dicrostachys Leonardi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria dicrostachys Leonardi, 1913a: 30. Type data: ERITREA: Agordad, on Dicrostachys [=Dichrostachys] nutas. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female and first instar.



HOST: Fabaceae: Dichrostachys nutans [Leonar1913].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Eritrea.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 256-257]; Leonar1913a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 30-33].

Pulvinaria dodonaeae Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria dodonaeae Maskell, 1893b: 222. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Host plant not indicated. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 115. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pulvinaria greeni Froggatt, 1915: 415. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Condobolin, on Myoporum deserti. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 115. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992: 115.

Pulvinaria dodonaeae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 257. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [QinGu1992]. Myoporaceae: Eremophila gilesii [QinGu1992], Eremophila longifolia [QinGu1992], Eremophila mitchellii [QinGu1992], Myoporum deserti [Maskel1893b, QinGu1992]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia crispa [QinGu1992]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea attenuata [QinGu1992], Dodonaea bursarifolia [Maskel1893b, QinGu1992].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [QinGu1992] (New South Wales [Frogga1915, QinGu1992], Northern Territory, Queensland [QinGu1992], South Australia [Frogga1915, QinGu1992], Victoria [QinGu1992]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 257]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 132]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 414-415]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-223]; Maskel1895a [host, distribution: 17]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-118].

Pulvinaria drymiswinteri Kondo & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria drymiswinteri Kondo & Gullan, 2010: 6-9. Type data: CHILE: Los Lagos (Xth region), Huerquehue National Park, 750 meters a.s.l., on Drymis winteri; collected T. Kondo 21.ii.2006. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Winteraceae: Drimys winteri [KondoGu2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile (Los Lagos [KondoGu2010]).

BIOLOGY: Kondo & Gullan (2010) indicated that no males were observed.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Gullan (2010).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile].

CITATIONS: KondoGu2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-9].

Pulvinaria durantae Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria durantae Takahashi, 1931: 1. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, Kagi, on Duranta repens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Eupulvinaria durantae; Borchsenius, 1953: 288. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria durantae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 257. Revived combination.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Duranta repens [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989]; Taiwan [Ali1971, WongChCh1999].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female by Tao et al. (1983).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 234 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 221 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 48]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 257]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy: 288]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 223]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 52]; Takaha1931 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 103]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 235-236]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 82]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 58]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-84]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25]; Venkat1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 847-848]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13-14,52]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159].

Pulvinaria ellesmerensis Richards

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria ellesmerensis Richards, 1964: 1457. Type data: CANADA: Northwestern Territories, Ellesmere Island, Lake Haze, on Salix arctica. Holotype female. Type depository: Ottawa: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Ontario, Canada. Described: female.



HOST: Salicaceae: Salix arctica [Richar1964].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Northwest Territories [Richar1964]).

BIOLOGY: All female nymphal stages were found on August 6, at the type locality, therefore Richards (1964) supposed that due to the short growing season, this species may develop one generation in more than one year.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Richrds (1964), Kosztarab (1996) and by Gertsson & Hodgson (2005).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 375 (female) [Northeastern North America].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 257]; GertssHo2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-23]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 378-379]; KosztaRh1995 [host, distribution: 111]; Richar1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1457-1459].

Pulvinaria elongata Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria elongata Newstead, 1917a: 20. Type data: GUYANA: Demarara, Plantation La Bonne Intention, on sugar-cane. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1982a: 113. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Coccus (Lecanium) elongatus; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1958: 22. Misidentification; discovered by Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1960: 196.

Coccus elongatus; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1958b: 70. Misidentification; discovered by Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1960: 196.

Pulvinaria longisqua De Lotto, 1966a: 467. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Saccharum officinarum. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1982b: 113.

Pulvinaria elongata; Ben-Dov, 1993: 257. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: cottony grass scale [HamonWi1984].



HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus megapoda [Mamet1959a]. Poaceae: Andropogon [EtiennMa1993], Andropogon gayanus [Willia1982a, QinGu1992], Oryza sativa [Willia1982a, EtiennMa1993], Panicum rhizomatum [HamonWi1984], Paspalum notatum [HamonWi1984], Pennisetum berbaceum [EtiennMa1993], Saccharum officinarum [Newste1917a, Newste1917b, Mamet1943a, GomezM1958, GomezM1958b, GomezM1960O], Saccharum officinarum [DeLott1966a, KaramAb1992, QinGu1992]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus [Mamet1943a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [EtiennMa1993]; Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [EtiennMa1993]; Kenya [DeLott1966a]; Madagascar [Mamet1959a]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Nigeria; Senegal [EtiennMa1993]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [QinGu1992]); Papua New Guinea. Nearctic: Mexico (Sinola); United States of America (Florida, Georgia, Louisiana). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda); Bahamas; Colombia; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Grenada; Guyana [Newste1917a, Mamet1943a, Mamet1958]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad); Venezuela. Palaearctic: Egypt; Morocco; Spain [GomezM1960O].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1958), De Lotto (1966a) (as Pulvinaria longisqua, Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Williams & Watson (1990).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984).

KEYS: Tanaka & Kondo 2015: 113 (female) [Key to Colombian species of the genus Pulvinaria]; Williams & Watson 1990: 148 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 87 (female) [USA, Florida].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 257-258]; DeLott1966a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 467-468,471]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 256]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-26]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-75]; GomezM1960O [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 196-200]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-93]; KaramAb1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 587-594]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 153]; Mamet1949 [distribution: 27]; Mamet1958 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65-75]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 376]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 230]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 63]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21]; Panis1975 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 147-153]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-122]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution, taxonomy: 113]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 134-135]; Willia1982a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 113-114]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-151].

Pulvinaria enkianthi Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria enkianthi Takahashi, 1955d: 151. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, on Enkianthus perulatus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.



HOST: Ericaceae: Enkianthus [Takaha1955d].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan.

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.29, a,b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 252 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 258]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Takaha1955d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-152]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 257-258].

Pulvinaria ericicola McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria ericicola McConnell, 1949: 29. Type data: U.S.A.: Maryland, College Park, on Rhododendron nudiflorum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: cottony azalea scale [HamonWi1984].



HOSTS: Ericaceae: Lyonia ferruginea [HamonWi1984], Rhododendron nudiflorum [McConn1949], Vaccinium arboreum [HamonWi1984], Vaccinium vacillans [WilliaKo1972].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama, District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Florida, Maryland [Koszta1996], New Hampshire, New York [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Life history by McConnell (1949).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 375 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 119 (female) [USA, Virginia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 258]; CoyierRo1986 [host, economic importance: 1-3]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 92-96]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 375,378-381]; McConn1949 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-34]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-135].

Pulvinaria eryngii Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria minuta Fonseca, 1969: 13. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Eldorado, on Eryngium aloifolium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Homonym of Pulvinaria minuta Brethes.

Pulvinaria eryngii Fonseca, 1973: 247. Replacement name for Pulvinaria minuta Fonseca, 1969.



HOST: Umbelliferae: Eryngium aloifolium [Fonsec1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Fonsec1969]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Goood description and illustration of adult female by Fonseca (1969).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 258-259]; Fonsec1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-14]; Fonsec1973 [taxonomy: 247].

Pulvinaria eugeniae Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria eugeniae Hempel, 1900a: 488. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga and Sao Paulo, on Eugenia jaboticaba and other trees of the Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, and UCEC. Described: female.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eugenia jaboticaba [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 259]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 132]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 488-490]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 101-102]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 123-124]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 143].

Pulvinaria euonymi Shinji

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria euonymi Shinji, 1935b: 771. Type data: JAPAN: Morioka, on Euonymus japonicus var. radicans. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Pulvinaria euonymicola Lindinger, 1957: 551. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 259.

Pulvinaria euonymi; Ben-Dov, 1993: 259. Revived combination.



HOST: Celastraceae: Euonymus japonicus radicans [Shinji1935b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan.

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.37).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 252 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 259]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 132]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 156]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 551]; Shinji1935b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 771,775].

Pulvinaria ferrisi Ali

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria marginata Ferris, 1950: 74. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kunming, on shrub of Magnoliaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Homonym of Pulvinaria marginata Targioni Tozzetti.

Pulvinaria ferrisi Ali, 1971: 50. Replacement name for Pulvinaria marginata Ferris, 1950.



HOST: Magnoliaceae [Ferris1950a, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Ali1971]). Palaearctic: China.

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [distribution: 50]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 259]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74,90]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159].

Pulvinaria ficus Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria ficus Hempel, 1900a: 486. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Ficus sp., Psidium sp., Mangifera sp. and Ixora coccinea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Pulvinaria ficius; Pollard & Alleyne, 1986: 39. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [Hempel1900a], Mangifera indica [CorseuBa1971]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex coccinea [SilvadGoGa1968]. Asteraceae: Artemisia [CorseuBa1971]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [SilvadGoGa1968]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [PollarAl1986]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [CorseuBa1971]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hempel1900a], Ficus benjamina [CorseuBa1971], Ficus nitida [SilvadGoGa1968]. Myrtaceae: Psidium [Hempel1900a], Psidium guajava [CorseuBa1971]. Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia platyclada [SilvadGoGa1968]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia florida [CorseuBa1971], Gardenia jasminoides [CorseuBa1971], Ixora coccinea [Hempel1900a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [CorseuBa1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 259-260]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 253]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 132]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 486-488]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 100-101]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 18-19]; PollarAl1986 [host, distribution, economic importance: 39]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 151]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 143].

Pulvinaria flava Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria flava Takahashi, 1955d: 152. Type data: JAPAN: Habiki Hill near Kuroyama, Minami-Kawachi-gun, Osaka-fu, on Symplocos sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.

Pulvinaria flavida; Takahashi, 1955e: 150. Misspelling of species name.

Pulvinaria flavida; Tang, 1991: 252, 258. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Symplocaceae: Symplocos [Takaha1955d].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 252 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 153 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 260]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 153]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Takaha1955d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-153]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 258].

Pulvinaria flavescens Brethes in Massini & Brethes

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria flavescens Brethes in Massini & Brethes, 1918: 150. Type data: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, on lemon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: La Plata: Museo de la Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Division Entomologia, Argentina. Described: female.



HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [SilvadGoGa1968]. Ericaceae: Pernettya [Granar1999]. Rosaceae: Cotoneaster [Granar1999]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [CorseuBa1971], Citrus deliciosa [CorseuBa1971], Citrus limon [MassinBr1918], Citrus reticulata [Kitaya1993, Granar1999], Citrus sinensis [CorseuBa1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Rio Negro [Granar1999]); Brazil (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Kitaya1993], Rio Grande do Sul).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (1999).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A citrus pest in southern and southeatern states of Brazil (Kitayama, 1993). Kitayama (1993) evaluated the relative resistance of seven citrus rootstock varieties to infestation by P. flavescens.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 144 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 260]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-146]; Kitaya1993 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 889-895]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 188]; MassinBr1918 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 150-153]; Quinta1956 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-74]; Ringue1924 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 61-80]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 151]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 143].

Pulvinaria flavicans flavicans Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria flavicans Maskell, 1889: 103. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, host plant not indicated. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 125. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pulvinaria tecta Maskell, 1894b: 79. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney, host plant not indicated. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 125. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992: 122.

Pulvinaria contexta Froggatt, 1915: 413. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Mittagong, host plant not indicated. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 125. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992: 122.

Pulvinaria flavicans; Ben-Dov, 1993: 260. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia longifolia [QinGu1992], Bossiaea buxifolia [QinGu1992], Daviesia corymbosa [QinGu1992], Dillwynia juniperina [QinGu1992], Oxylobium [QinGu1992], Templetonia retusa [QinGu1992]. Rutaceae: Citrus sinensis [Cocker1896i].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Cocker1896i, QinGu1992] (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1992], New South Wales [Frogga1915, QinGu1992], South Australia [Frogga1915, QinGu1992], Victoria [QinGu1992]). Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1917a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 260]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 330]; Cocker1896i [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 28,32]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 132,139]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 413-415,418]; Maskel1889 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-104]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79-80]; Maskel1895a [host, distribution: 18]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-22]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-125].

Pulvinaria flavicans formicicola Newstead in Bodkin

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria flavicans; Newstead, 1917b: 21. Misidentification.

Pulvinaria flavicans formicicola Newstead in Bodkin, 1922: 61. Type data: GUYANA: Rockstone, on Bloodwood plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 261]; Bodkin1917 [taxonomy: 108]; Bodkin1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21].

Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus flocciferus Westwood, 1870: 308. Type data: ENGLAND: on Camellia sp., and NETHERLANDS: Utrecht, on Camellia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Oxford: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, England. Described: female. Notes: Unmounted female syntypes are available at the Natural History Museum, Oxford, UK (Yair Ben-Dov, visit at OXUM, on December 15, 2002). Tanaka & Amano (2007a) reported that they have slide-mounted 5 adult female from the unmounted syntypes; all syntypes are deposited at the Natural History Museum, Oxford, UK.

Pulvinaria camelicola Signoret, 1873: 32. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg Gardens, on Camellia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 93.

Coccus camelliae Westwood, 1876: 68, 69. Type data: ENGLAND: in greenhouse of J.O. Westwwod. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2007: 98. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Coccus euphorbiae Westwood, 1876: 68, 69. Type data: ENGLAND: on Euphorbia. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2007: 98. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Pulvinaria linearis Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 398. Type data: ITALY: on Camellia japonica. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 93. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Pulvinaria brassiae Cockerell, 1895j: 135. Type data: CANADA: Ontario, Ottawa, in greenhouse on Brassia verrucosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 132.

Pulvinaria floccifera; Green, 1897: 72. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria floccosa; Newstead, 1900a: 26. Misspelling of species name.

Pulvinaria brassicae; King, 1902c: 160. Misspelling of species name.

Pulvinaria theae Froggatt, 1915: 418. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Richmond, on Thea viridis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 127. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992: 127.

Chloropulvinaria floccifera; Borchsenius, 1952: 300. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria floccifera; Ben-Dov, 1993: 261. Revived combination.

COMMON NAMES: cottony camellia scale [Gill1988, BenDov1993]; Pulvinaria [Lloren1990].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus flavipes Thrum [AbdRabBa2005], Exochomus quadripustulatus (Linnaeus) [Jansen2000]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012]. Encyrtidae: Microterys flavus (Howard) [AbdRabBa2005].

HOSTS: Agavaceae: Dracaena [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990]. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes [HodgsoHi1990]. Anacardiaceae: Rhus radicans [Steinw1946]. Apocynaceae: Nerium [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990], Thevetia peruviana [VieiraCaPi1983]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Kozar1986, KozarGuBa1994, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ilex aquifolium [Steinw1946, GolanLaGo2010], Ilex cornuta [WilliaKo1972], Ilex integra [TakahaTa1956], Ilex oldhami [TakahaTa1956], Ilex pyramidalis [KozarzRe1975], Ilex spinigera [Moghad2013a]. Araceae: Anthurium [Marott1987], Anthurium [Marott1987]. Araliaceae: Hedera [Kozar1986]. Asteraceae: Chrysanthenum [HodgsoHi1990], Helianthus annuus [Hall1923], Montanoa bipinnatifidia [VieiraCaPi1983]. Berberidaceae: Mahonia [Marott1987, KozarGuBa1994]. Bignoniaceae: Phaedranthus buccinatorius [VieiraCaPi1983]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [Cocker1895x, Kozar1986], Euonymus europaeus [GomezM1958b], Euonymus japonicus [Balach1939, Canard1965, Marott1987], Euonymus radicans [Hodgso1994a], Euonymus variegata [Granar1999]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium allum [EzzatHu1969]. Cupressaceae: Retinospora [Steinw1946]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [WilliaKo1972], Vaccinium vitis-idaea [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Green1900c, DietzMo1916a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Chamaesyce [HodgsoHi1990], Euphorbia [HodgsoHi1990], Ricinus communis [CarnerPe1986]. Fabaceae: Mimosa [GomezM1958b]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea hortensis [Marott1987]. Illiciaceae: Illicium anisatum [Takaha1956]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia japonica [HamonWi1984]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [CarnerPe1986, HodgsoHi1990]. Moraceae: Ficus [EzzatHu1969, Kozar1986, HodgsoHi1990]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia crispa [Takaha1955d]. Myrtaceae: Pimenta [HodgsoHi1990], Psidium guajava [Hall1922, EzzatHu1969, Beccar1971, Matile1984c, Hall1922]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [WilliaKo1972]. Orchidaceae [Marott1987], Brassia verrucosa [Cocker1895j, King1901f], Odontoglossum [Hodgso1994a]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Melis1930, Kozar1986], Pittosporum tobira [Steinw1946, Kozar1983a, Foldi2000]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus elongatus [Marott1987]. Polygonaceae: Altigonon [HodgsoHi1990], Coccoloba [HodgsoHi1990]. Pteridaceae: Adiantum capillus-veneris [Marott1987]. Rosaceae: Mespilus germanica [Moghad2013a], Prunus laurocerasus [KozarHuFo1989], Rosa [Hall1922]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Citrus [Bodenh1944b, Argyri1983, Kozar1986, YasnosTaCh2005], Citrus aurantium [Bodenh1928, GomezM1958b, Marott1987], Citrus deliciosa [Marott1987], Citrus limon [GomezM1958b], Citrus sinensis [Borg1932]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [Cocker1895x, CarnerPe1986], Nicotiana glauca [CarnerPe1986], Solanum [Brain1920a], Solanum melongena [Hall1922]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995, Granar1999], Taxus baccata [Marott1987, KozarGuBa1994, Hodgso1994a, Malump2011a]. Theaceae: Camellia [Green1925b, Balach1939, Ali1971, Kozar1986, QinGu1992, Hodgso1994a, HodgsoHe2000], Camellia japonica [GomezM1958b, Marott1987], Camellia sasanqua [WilliaKo1972], Camellia sinensis [DanzigKo1990, HodgsoHe2000], Cleyera ochnacea [Takaha1955d], Eurya japonica [TakahaTa1956], Ternstroemia japonica [Takaha1955d], Thea japonica [Takaha1955d]. Umbelliferae: Foeniculum [HodgsoHi1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Seychelles (Providence Island [Mamet1943a]); South Africa [Brain1920a, Mamet1943a]. Australasian: Australia [Frogga1915, QinGu1992] (New South Wales [Frogga1915, QinGu1992], South Australia [QinGu1992], Victoria [QinGu1992]); New Zealand [Frogga1915, HodgsoHe2000]. Nearctic: Canada [Cocker1896k, Mamet1943a] (Alberta, British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989], Ontario [King1901f]); Mexico [King1901f]; United States of America (Alabama, California [Hodgso1994a], Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts, Missouri [Hodgso1994a], New Jersey [King1901f], North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania [Stimme1991], Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Washington). Neotropical: Argentina [Mamet1943a] (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Tucuman [GranarCl2003]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHi1991]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Jamaica [Cocker1895x]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1895x, Cocker1896k]). Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India [Green1900c, Mamet1943a, ShafeeYoKh1989] (West Bengal [Ali1971]); Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Austria [Malump2011a]; Canary Islands; Croatia [Masten2007, MastenIvSi2009]; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, EzzatHu1969, EzzatNa1987, AbdRabBa2005] (Abdel-Razak, et al., 2014 reexamined specimens originally determined to be P. floccifera and determined that they were P. urbicola and that P. floccifera does not occur in Egypt.); France [Balach1939, Foldi2000, Germai2011]; Georgia [YasnosTaCh2005]; Germany; Greece [Bodenh1928, Argyri1970, Argyri1983]; Hungary [KozarSe2001]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [Kuwana1917]; Latvia [Rasina1955]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011]; Malta [Borg1932]; Netherlands [Jansen1995, Jansen2000]; Poland [Koteja1972, GolanLaGo2010]; Portugal [Seabra1941, FrancoRuMa2011]; Romania; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast); Sardinia [Melis1930, Pelliz2011]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971]; Slovenia [Seljak2008, Seljak2010]; Spain [Balach1935b, GomezM1958b, GomezM1960O, SoriaEsVi1996]; Sweden [Gertss2005]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Potaev1993]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b], England [Newste1900a, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1994a]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Virginia, U.S.A. (Williams & Kosztarab, 1972). Takahashi (1955e) noted in Japan that generally one annual generation is developed, however two generations develop on Eurya at Tokyo. El-Minshawy & Moursi (1976) studied in Egypt the duration of development and fecundity on guava.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Gill (1988), Hodgson (1994a), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Detailed comparison of P. floccifera and P. urbicola in Abdel-Razak, et al., 2014.

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.27, a,b,c), Gill (1988) and Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

SYSTEMATICS: Tanaka & Amano (2007a) redescribed and illustrated the adult female, based on syntype specimens. Tanaka & Amano (2007a) showed that previous redescriptions and illustration of adult female - by Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Gill (1988), Hodgson (1994a), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000) - were not based on type material, and differed in some taxonomic characters from the 2007 redescriptions. Abdel-Razak, et al., found that P. urbicola can be separated from P. floccifera by lacking submarginal tubercles (7-9 in P. floccifera) and by the 2 subapical seta located in the anal plate (3 in P. floccifera).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Owing to the abundance of particular life stages, high polyphagism of P. floccifera and the lack of the pest management program for Polish conditions, the species should be considered as a serious threat to ornamental trees and shrubs in Poland. (Golan, et al., 2010) Cottony camellia scale is one of the most important pests of tea orchards in the north of Iran. (Naeimamini, et al., 2014)

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 212 (female) [New Zealand]; Jansen 2000: 2-3 (female) [Netherlands]; Kosztarab 1996: 324 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Tang 1991: 226 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 85 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 87 (female) [USA, Florida]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 119 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 373 (female) [Egypt]; Borchsenius 1957: 205 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: AbdelR2012 [distribution: 206]; AbdRabBa2005 [distribution, biological control: 210]; Ali1971 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 46-47]; Archan1929 [host, distribution: 195]; Argyri1970 [host, distribution, biological control: 57-65]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution : 364]; Balach1926 [taxonomy, economic importance: 4]; Balach1932d [host, distribution: LVIII]; Balach1935b [distribution, host: 264]; Balach1936e [host, distribution: 307-312]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 257]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 195]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 261-262]; Bodenh1928 [host, distribution: 192]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 88]; Bodenh1951a [economic importance, host, distribution: 389]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 205-210]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 15]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19]; BrooksHaSm1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 513]; Canard1965 [host, distribution: 170]; Canard1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 411-419]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 213]; Cocker1895j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Cocker1895x [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 258]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329-330]; Cocker1896k [taxonomy, host, distribution: iv]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 253]; CoyierRo1986 [host, economic importance: 41]; CoyierRo1986 [host, economic importance: 1-3]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 200]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 43]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 241-243]; Dougla1886b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 81-82]; ElMinsMo1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 365-369]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 417-419]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; FaurotMi1965 [chemistry: 93-97]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 130-135]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 6,22]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 415,418-419]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; GelovaKh1983 [taxonomy]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; Gertss2005 [host, distribution: 39]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85,87,96]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GolanLaGo2010 [distribution, economic importance: 1-4]; GomezC1954a [biological control, host, distribution: 19-35]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 284-286]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-109]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 200]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-80]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 525-637]; Green1900c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-8]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 199]; Green1925b [host, distribution: 518]; Hadzib1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 546-547]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 94-101]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 20]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 40]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-98]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-178]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-213,217]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2,3,6,9,10,12,15,17]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 184-185]; Jannon1967 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 85-128]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 141]; Jansen2000 [host, distribution, taxonomy, life history: 2-3,5]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 15]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy: 153]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; King1901f [host, distribution: 197]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 265]; Kiritc1935 [host, distribution: 3]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 73]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 334-336]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 177-179]; Koteja1972 [host, distribution: 570]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy, structure: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; Koteja1976 [taxonomy, structure: 276]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy, structure: 254]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 146]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 173]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 154]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 73]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarSe2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 441-444]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution: 91-95]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution, economic importance: 23]; KreiteAuGe2006 [distribution, economic importance, host: 143]; Kuwana1909 [taxonomy: 153]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 45-46]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333-336]; Lindin1909c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 450]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 53,55,72,92,199]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 141]; Lozzia1985 [host, distribution: 122-124]; Malump2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 51-53]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance, host: 22,38-41]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host: 51]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 153]; MansilBaPi2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 609-622]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 68]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; MastenIvSi2009 [host, distribution: 267-278]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 220]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 10-11]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 12]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 148, 156]; Mzhava1984 [host, distribution, biological control: 26]; NaeimaAbAg2014 [behaviour, description, ecology, host: 44-51]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 206]; Newste1900a [host, distribution, life history: 25-26]; Newste1903 [host, distribution]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 199]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 61]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 34,36]; Poutie1922 [biological control: 3-28]; QinFaTa1999 [taxonomy: 219-222]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-129]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 71]; Reh1903 [host, distribution: 459-460]; Rehace1957 [host, distribution: 14-15]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 39-40]; Reyne1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16]; Schmut1955a [host, distribution: 100]; Schmut1957a [host, distribution: 135]; Schmut1980 [host, distribution: 51]; Schmut1998a [host, distribution: 170-172]; Seabra1941 [host, distribution: 7]; Seljak2008 [host, distribution: 121-127]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 104]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 50]; Signor1873 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 32-33]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 8]; SoriaEsVi1996 [host, distribution: 241-249]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-7,19]; Stimme1991 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, control: 21-22]; Takaha1955d [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 153-154]; TanakaAm2007a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-215]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 228-229]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; Targio1884 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 398-400]; Targio1885 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-116]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 132-135]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 246-248]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentCaKa2004 [host, distribution: 102]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 342]; Vayssi1932a [economic importance, biological control: 629-648]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 103]; Viggia1970a [economic importance, host, distribution: 47-55]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-36]; Westwo1870 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 308]; Whiteh1999 [host, distribution: 188]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 146]; WilliaBe2007a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 97-99]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 13,21,22]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-141]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 106]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170]; Yasnos1987 [host, distribution, economic importance: 229-234]; Yasnos1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 247-251]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 229-302]; Zahrad1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 118].

Pulvinaria fraxini Signoret

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria fraxini Signoret, 1873: 36. Type data: FRANCE: Montpellier, on 'frene' [=Fraxinus]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.



HOST: Oleaceae: Fraxinus [Signor1873].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 262-263]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 87]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 133]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 376]; Signor1873 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36-37].

Pulvinaria fujisana Kanda

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria fujisana Kanda, 1960: 121. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Shizuoka Prefecture, at foot of Mt. Fuji, on Prunus indica, P. donarium and P. donarium var. spontanea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.



HOSTS: Rosaceae: Prunus donarium [Kanda1960], Prunus indica [Kanda1960].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 252 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 154 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 263]; Kanda1960 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 258-259].

Pulvinaria gamazumii Kanda

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria gamazumii Kanda, 1960: 119. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Aomori Prefecture, Mt. Towada, on Viburnum wrightii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.



HOST: Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum wrightii [Kanda1960].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 252 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 263]; Kanda1960 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 119]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 148-150]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 259-260].

Pulvinaria glacialis Gertsson & Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria glacialis Gertsson & Hodgson, 2005: 14. Type data: GREENLAND: Sondre Stromfjord, host not recorded; collected 20.vi.1952 by C. Vibe. Holotype female. Type depository: Copenhagen: Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Department of Entomology, Denmark. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Salicaceae: Salix arctica [GertssHo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Greenland [GertssHo2005, Gertss2005a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gertsson & Hodgson (2005). Description and illustration of adult male by Hodgson (2005).

SYSTEMATICS: Besides the type series, this species has been also recorded off herbarium specimens of Salix arctica collected in Greenland since 1908 (Gertsson & Hodgson, 2005 ).

KEYS: Hodgson 2005: 3-4 (male) [Coccoidea species of Greenland].

CITATIONS: Gertss2005a [host, distribution: 331-337]; GertssHo2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-17]; Hodgso2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-47].

Pulvinaria globosa Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria globosa Fonseca, 1962: 18. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Parque Siqueira Campos, on Stizophyllum peforatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Bignoniaceae: Stizophyllum perforatum [Fonsec1962].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Fonsec1962]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Fonseca (1962).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 263]; Fonsec1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-21].

Pulvinaria goethei Reh nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria goethei Reh, 1903: 460. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv. Notes: Name credited to King

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: xxiv]; Reh1903 [host, distribution, economic importance: 460]; Sander1906 [host, distribution: 6]; Sander1906 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6].

Pulvinaria gossypii (Bodenheimer)

NOMENCLATURE:

Filippia gossypii Bodenheimer, 1944b: 89. Type data: IRAN: Chabahar, on branches of cotton. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.

Pulvinaria gossypii; Ben-Dov, 1993: 263. Change of combination.



HOST: Malvaceae: Gossypium [Bodenh1944b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iran [Bodenh1944b].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Bodenheimer (1944b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 263]; Bodenh1944b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-90]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 198-199]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 202]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Moghad2013a [ecology, illustration: 12].

Pulvinaria grandis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria grandis Hempel, 1900a: 491. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Myrcia sp. and other plants of the Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Myrcia [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 264]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 133]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 491-492]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 103-104]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 144].

Pulvinaria hakonensis Tanaka & Amano

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria hakonensis Tanaka & Amano, 2005: 79. Type data: JAPAN: Kanagawa-Prefecture, Onshi-Hakone Park, Hakone, on Ilex crenata; collected 24.v.2000, by S. Kawai & M. Shoubu. Holotype female. Type depository: Tokyo: National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan; type no. 00021. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Hakone-wata-kaigaramushi [TanakaAm2005].



HOST: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex crenata [TanakaAm2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan (Honshu [TanakaAm2005]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tanaka & Amano (2005).

CITATIONS: TanakaAm2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-84].

Pulvinaria hazeae Kuwana

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria hazeae Kuwana, 1902: 61. Type data: JAPAN: Kyushu, Koishiwara, Chikujo-gun, on Rhus succedane. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Rhus succedanea [Kuwana1902, Kuwana1907].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1917].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 252 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 264]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 249-250]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 133]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 189]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51-52]; Takaha1956 [host, distribution: 23]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 260].

Pulvinaria hemiacantha (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinariella hemiacantha De Lotto, 1979a: 254. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on Mesembryanthemum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Pulvinaria hemiacantha; Ben-Dov, 1993: 264. Change of combination.



HOST: Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum [DeLott1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1979a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 264-265]; DeLott1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 254-256].

Pulvinaria horii Kuwana

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria horii Kuwana, 1902: 59. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, on Acer trifidum, Aesculus turbinata, and Koelreuteria paniculata. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female and first instar.

Lecanium lichenoides Green, 1921a: 257. Type data: ENGLAND: Herts, St. Albans, on Quercus glandulifera (imported from Japan). Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1955b: 73.

Eupulvinaria horii; Borchsenius, 1953: 288. Change of combination.

Lecanium horii; Takahashi, 1955b: 73. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria horii; Ben-Dov, 1993: 265. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer trifidum [Kuwana1902, Kuwana1907]. Fagaceae: Quercus glandulifera [Green1921a], Shiia sieboldii [Takaha1955a]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum [Canard1994], Aesculus turbinata [Kuwana1902, Kuwana1907]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [Canard1994]. Rosaceae: Pyrus simonii [TakahaTa1956]. Sapindaceae: Koelreuteria paniculata [Kuwana1902, Kuwana1907]. Ulmaceae: Zelkova serrata [Takaha1955a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France; Greece; Japan [Kuwana1917]; United Kingdom (England [Green1921a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kuwana (1902), Green (1921a and by Canard (1994).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, figs 6.47, a,b,c).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 234 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 160-162 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 221 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 265]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy: 288]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 225-226]; Canard1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-40]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 133]; Green1921a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-258]; HashimHiMu1971 [chemistry: 100-109]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 162]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 189]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 40-43]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 548]; Shinji1935b [host, distribution: 768]; Takaha1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 73-74]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 5]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 236]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518].

Pulvinaria hydrangeae Steinweden

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria hydrangeae Steinweden, 1946: 7. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Mateo, on Hydrangea hortensis. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: No type material in USNM (Dug Miller, personal communication, 5.2.2002) nor in UCDC.

Eupulvinaria hydrangeae; Canard, 1965a: 411. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria hydrangeae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 265. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: cottony hydrangea scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus) [Jansen2000], Exochomus quadripustulatus (Linnaeus) [Jansen2000].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer campestris [Canard1965], Acer monspessulanum [Canard1965], Acer negundo [Pelliz1976, Marott1987, KozarGuBa1994], Acer platanoides [Pelliz1976, Marott1987], Acer pseudoplatanus [Canard1965]. Cornaceae: Cornus [TakahaTa1956], Cornus sanguinea [Canard1965]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Canard1965, Pelliz1976, Marott1987]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea [QinGu1992, KozarGuBa1994, HodgsoHe2000], Hydrangea hortensis [Steinw1946, Canard1965, Marott1987], Hydrangea macrophylla [TakahaTa1956]. Malvaceae: Reevesia thyrosidea [MartinLa2011]. Moraceae: Ficus sp. [BenDov2013], Morus alba [Canard1965]. Philadelphaceae: Deutzia [Pelliz1976, Marott1987]. Platanaceae: Platanus acerifolia [Canard1965]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Canard1965, Pelliz1976, Marott1987], Prunus [QinGu1992], Prunus avium [HodgsoHe2000], Prunus serrulata [HodgsoHe2000]. Taxaceae: Taxus baccata [KozarGuBa1994]. Tiliaceae: Tilia [Marott1987], Tilia platyphyllos [Canard1965, Pelliz1976, Marott1987], Tilia vulgaris [Canard1965]. Ulmaceae: Celtis australis [Canard1965], Celtis sinensis [MartinLa2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [QinGu1992]); New Zealand [HodgsoHe2000]. Nearctic: United States of America (California, Florida, Massachusetts [Koszta1996], New York [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]). Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]. Palaearctic: Austria [MatrahKo2008]; Belgium; Canary Islands [BenDov2013]; Croatia [MastenIvSi2009]; France [Germai2011]; Germany [Schmut2000]; Hungary [KozarSe2001, KozarKoFe2013]; Italy [Marott1987]; Japan; Slovenia [Seljak2001, Seljak2008, Seljak2010]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; United Kingdom (England [MalumpBa2012]).

BIOLOGY: Pellizzari (1976) recorded one annual generation in Italy. Nur (1963) studied the meiotic parthenogenesis of this species.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hammon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Kosztarab (1996) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.34, a,b) and Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A noxious urban pest in Bruxelles region (Tondeur et al., 1990).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 212 (female) [New zealand]; Kosztarab 1996: 375 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1991: 234 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 85 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 87 (female) [USA, Florida]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 119 (female) [USA, Virginia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 265-266]; BenDov2013 [distribution, host: 72]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 252]; Brooke1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17]; Canard1965 [host, distribution: 170]; Canard1965a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 411-419]; Canard1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 457-460]; Deitz1979b [taxonomy, distribution: 25]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85,88,97]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-100]; HechtSt1970 [life history]; HerricSe1999 [taxonomy: 41-71]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212,214,217-218]; Jansen2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 2-6]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15-16]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375,381-382]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 154]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarSe2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 441-444]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Lozzia1985 [host, distribution: 122-124]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance, host: 23,38,40]; Marott1987 [life history, host, distribution: 103]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; MastenIvSi2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 267-278]; MatrahKo2008 [host, distribution: 155]; MoraalJa2011 [distribution, ecology, economic importance: 50-61]; Nur1963 [taxonomy, structure: 123-139]; Pelliz1976 [host, distribution: 59-67]; Pelliz1987 [host, distribution: 120]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-132]; Schmut2000 [host, distribution: 167]; Seljak2001 [host, distribution, taxonomy, life history: 337-343]; Seljak2008 [host, distribution: 121-127]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 104]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7,20]; Takaha1956 [host, distribution: 23]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 6]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 236-237]; TondeuScVe1990 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 157-158]; White1970 [life history: 237-262]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-145].

Pulvinaria iceryi (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium iceryi Guerin-Meneville, 1868: 92. Nomen nudum.

Lecanium iceryi Signoret, 1869a: 857. Nomen nudum.

Lecanium iceryi Signoret, 1869b: 95. Type data: MAURITIUS: Reduit, on sugar-cane. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Mamet, 1958. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium gasteralphe Signoret, 1869c: 101. Nomen nudum.

Pulvinaria gasteralphe Signoret, 1869c: 101. Nomen nudum.

Pulvinaria gasteralpha Signoret, 1873: 37. Type data: MAURITIUS: on sugar-cane. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Mamet, 1958: 69. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Pulvinaria iceryi; Fernald, 1903b: 133. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria iceryi; Fernald, 1903b: 133. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Guerin-Meneville" as author.

Pulvinaria lepida Brain, 1920a: 20. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Standerton and Pretoria, on common veld grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Mamet, 1958: 69.

Pulvinaria elongata durbanensis Munro & Fouche, 1936: 94. Nomen nudum; discovered by De Lotto, 1966a: 468.

Pulvinaria elongata; Mamet, 1949: 27. Misidentification.

Pulvinaria lepida; Mamet, 1949: 28. Misidentification.

Coccus iceryi; Tao et al., 1983: 87. Change of combination.

Saccharipulvinaria iceryi; Tao et al., 1983: 87. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria iceryi; Ben-Dov, 1993: 266. Revived combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus decussatus Annecke & Prinsloo [AnneckPr1977].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Poaceae: Agropyron repens [Willia1982a, Hodgso1994a], Andropogon schinzii [Hall1922, Hall1932], Cymbopogon giganteus [Hall1922, Hall1932], Cynodon dactylon [Mamet1943a, Mamet1958], Digitaria didactyla [Mamet1958, Willia1982a], Digitaria scalarum [Willia1982a], Eleusine coracana [Willia1982a], Heteropogon contortus [Hall1932, Hodgso1969a], Panicum maximum [Mamet1958, Mamet1978], Paspalidium geminatum [Mamet1958], Saccharum officinarum [Signor1869b, Mamet1943a, DeLott1966a, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1978]; Kenya [Hodgso1994a] (Endebess); Madagascar [Mamet1959a]; Mauritius [Cocker1894t, Green1907, Mamet1943a, Mamet1958, Hodgso1994a] (Reduit); Reunion [Green1907, Mamet1943a, Mamet1958, GermaiMiPa2014]; South Africa [Brain1920a, Mamet1943a, Mamet1958, DeLott1966a, Hodgso1994a] (Natal, Durban.); Tanzania; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe [Hall1932, Mamet1943a, Mamet1958, Hodgso1969a]. Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001]. Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1958) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Mamet (1958) clarified and established the nomenclature of this species.

KEYS: Tanaka & Kondo 2015: 113 (female) [Key to Colombian species of the genus Pulvinaria]; Tang 1991: 268 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: AnneckPr1977 [host, distribution, biological control: 157-159]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 266]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 20]; Cocker1894t [host, distribution: 178]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; DeLott1966a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 468]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 133]; Ganesh2000 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 3-9]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 199]; Hall1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 190-191]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 30]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 525-528]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 153]; Mamet1949 [catalogue: 27-28]; Mamet1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-75]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 377]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 105]; MunroFo1936 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 94]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 857]; Signor1869a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-96]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution, taxonomy: 113]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 268-269]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 81]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-88]; Willia1982a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 58-59].

Pulvinaria idesiae Kuwana

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria idesiae Kuwana, 1914: 6. Type data: JAPAN: Nishigahara, Tokyo, on Idesia polycarpa and Phellodendron amurensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Eupulvinaria idesiae; Borchsenius, 1953: 288. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria idesiae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 266. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Betulaceae: Alnus hirsuta [TakahaTa1956]. Cornaceae: Cornus [TakahaTa1956]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [TakahaTa1956]. Flacourtiaceae: Idesia polycarpa [Sassce1915, TakahaTa1956]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus turbinata [TakahaTa1956]. Rutaceae: Phellodendron amurensis [Kuwana1914, Sassce1915]. Salicaceae: Salix glandulosa [TakahaTa1956].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Sassce1915, Kuwana1917].

GENERAL REMARKS: Dedscription by Kuwana (1914).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.36, a,b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 234 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 221 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 266-267]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy: 288]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 224]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 16]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155-156]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Kuwana1914 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38-40]; Sassce1915 [catalogue: 32]; Takaha1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 23-24]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 6]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 237-238].

Pulvinaria inconspiqua Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria inconspiqua Danzig, 1967: 145. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, Khasansk Region, 'Kedrovaya Pad' Reserve, on Alnus hirsuta. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pulvinaria (Pulvinaria) inconspiqua; Danzig, 1980c: 266.

Pulvinaria inconspina; Tang, 1991: 252. Misspelling of species name.

Pulvinaria inconspigua; Tang, 1991: 260. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Betulaceae: Alnus hirsuta [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 253 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 267]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 266-267]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 260].

Pulvinaria indica Avasthi & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria indica Avasthi & Shafee, 1985: 1290. Type data: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Vishakhapatnam, Simahachalam, on Duranta repens. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Duranta repens [AvasthSh1985, ShafeeYoKh1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Andhra Pradesh [AvasthSh1985]).

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1289-1291]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 267]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53].

Pulvinaria ixorae Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria ixorae Green, 1909a: 266. Type data: SRI LANKA: Batticaloa, on Ixora coccinea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Ixora coccinea [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989]; Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Green1937, Ali1971].

KEYS: Green 1909a: 266 (female) [Ceylon].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 50]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 267]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 266]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 309]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 66]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53]; Takaha1955 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25].

Pulvinaria juglandii Hadzibejli

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria juglandii Hadzibejli, 1971: 449. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Mukhrani, Kavtiskhevi and AZERBAIJAN: Zakatal, on Juglans regia. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depositories: Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia, and St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female, male and first instar.



HOST: Juglandaceae: Juglans regia [Hadzib1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan); Georgia.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 267]; Hadzib1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 449-452]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 111-114]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78].

Pulvinaria justaserpentina Fonseca

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria justaserpentina Fonseca, 1973: 251. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Parque Siqueira Campos, on indigenous plan. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Fonsec1973]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by by Fonseca (1973).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 268]; Fonsec1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 251-254].

Pulvinaria katsurae Shinji

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria katsurae Shinji, 1935b: 772. Type data: JAPAN: Morioka, on Cercidiphyllum japonicum. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).



HOST: Cercidiphyllaceae: Cercidiphyllum japonicum [Shinji1935b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 268]; Shinji1935b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 772,775].

Pulvinaria kirgisica Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria kirgisica Borchsenius, 1952a: 298. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: bank of Karakol river near Pishpeka, on Betula sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Betulaceae: Betula [Borchs1952a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 253 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 229 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 268]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 298]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 241-242]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 261].

Pulvinaria kuwacola Kuwana

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria kuwacola Kuwana, 1907: 188. Type data: JAPAN: on mulberry. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus nagasakiensis (Ishii) [Tachik1956f].

HOSTS: Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum odoratissimum [TakahaTa1956]. Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus japonicus [TakahaTa1956]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [Takaha1956]. Moraceae: Morus alba [Kuwana1907]. Rosaceae: Prunus yedoensis [TakahaTa1956].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]. Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1917].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kuwana (1907).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.33, a,b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 252 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 268]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 250]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 16]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 155]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-189]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 43-44]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; Tachik1956f [host, distribution, biological control: 146]; Takaha1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 6]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 261-262]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64].

Pulvinaria lineolatae (King & Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis lineolatae King & Cockerell, 1897: 90. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Lawrence, in nest of Crematogaster lineolata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Lecanopsis lineolata; King, 1899b: 139. Misspelling of species name.

Pulvinaria lineolatae; Pellizzari & Fontana, 2002: 133. Change of combination.



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA : Crematogaster lineolatae [King1899b].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Massachusetts [KingCo1897, King1899b]).

BIOLOGY: Found in nest of the ant Crematogaster lineolata (King & Cockerell, 1897).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1939).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 158]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 210]; King1899b [host, distribution: 139]; KingCo1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90-91]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180].

Pulvinaria loralaiensis Rao

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria loralaiensis Rao, 1939: 60. Type data: PAKISTAN: Baluchistan, Loralai, on pistachio tree. Holotype female. Type depository: New Delhi: Division of Entomology, National Pusa Collections, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India. Described: female.

Anapulvinaria loralaiensis; Tang, 1991: 273. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria loralaiensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 268. Revived combination.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Pistacia [Rao1939].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Tang (1991).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 268]; Rao1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-61]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273-274]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25].

Pulvinaria mammeae Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria mammeae Maskell, 1895b: 59. Type data: HAWAII [=SANDWICH ISLANDS]: on Mammea americana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Nakaha1981a]. Clusiaceae: Mammea americana [Kirkal1902, Nakaha1981a]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [Nakaha1981a]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Nakaha1981a]. Moraceae: Ficus [Nakaha1981a], Ficus palawanensis [Nakaha1981a], Ficus variegata [Nakaha1981a]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Nakaha1981a]. Rosaceae: Prunus [Nakaha1981a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Kirkal1902, Nakaha1981a]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [Nakaha1981a], Citrus sinensis [Kirkal1902]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Nakaha1981a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Admiralty Islands [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948).

KEYS: Zimmerman 1948: 332 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 268-269]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; Cocker1898r [distribution: 240]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 30]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 135]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 104]; Kirkal1904 [host, distribution, biological control: 227]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 46]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 59-60]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 392]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333-336].

Pulvinaria marmorata Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria marmorata Cockerell, 1898h: 130. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Organ Mountains, Dripping Spring, on undetermined herbaceous plant. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes:

Pulvinaria bigeloviae marmorata; Cockerell, 1899a: 394. Change of status.

Pulvinaria marmorata; Ben-Dov, 1993: 269. Revived combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 269]; Cocker1898h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 130-132]; Cocker1899a [distribution: 394]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 130]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 227].

Pulvinaria merwei Joubert

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria merwei Joubert, 1925: 121. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Durban, on sweet potato. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [Jouber1925, Hodgso1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Hodgso1968].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Hodgson (1968).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 270]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-166]; Jouber1925 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121].

Pulvinaria minuscula (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eupulvinaria minuscula Danzig, 1967: 142. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, Shkotovsk Region, Zmeinaya Hill, in Artemovka River valley, near Lesnoi Kordon, on Crataegus maximoviczii. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pulvinaria (Eupulvinaria) minuscula; Danzig, 1980c: 263. Change of combination.

Eupulvinaria minuscula; Tang, 1991: 238. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria minuscula; Ben-Dov, 1993: 271. Revived combination.



HOST: Rosaceae: Crataegus maximoviczii [Danzig1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Russia (Primor'ye Kray).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adulr female by Danzig (1980b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 234 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 271]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 261-262]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 238]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 72].

Pulvinaria minuta Brethes in Massini & Brethes

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria minuta Brethes in Massini & Brethes, 1918: 153. Type data: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, on Schinus dependens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: La Plata: Museo de la Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Division Entomologia, Argentina. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus dependens [MassinBr1918, Granar1999]. Myrtaceae: Myrtus communis [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 144 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 271]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-148]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 188]; MassinBr1918 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-154].

Pulvinaria mkuzei Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria mkuzei Hodgson, 1968: 166. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Mkuze Game Reserve, on Hermbstaedtia caffra. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Hermbstaedtia caffra [Hodgso1968]. Santalaceae: Thesium virens [Hodgso1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Hodgso1968].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1968).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 272]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-168].

Pulvinaria myricariae Bazarov

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria myricariae Bazarov, 1971a: 64. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Pamir, Bodom, on Myricaria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Tamaricaceae: Myricaria [Bazaro1971a, Bazaro1971c].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1971a, Bazaro1971c].

BIOLOGY: Found on roots of the host plant (Bazarov, 1971a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Bazarov (1971a).

CITATIONS: Bazaro1971a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-67]; Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 90]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 272].

Pulvinaria neocellulosa Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria neocellulosa Takahashi, 1940: 24. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, on Murraya sp.; collected 23.v.1939, by R. Takahashi. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Tanaka & Amano, 2005: 83. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Eupulvinaria neocellulosa; Tang, 1991: 238. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria neocellulosa; Ben-Dov, 1993: 272. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: Okinawa-wata-kaigaramushi [TanakaAm2005].



HOSTS: Bischofiaceae: Bischofia javanica [TanakaAm2005]. Rutaceae: Evodia confusa [TaoWoCh1983], Evodia merrillii [Takaha1940], Murraya exotica [TaoWoCh1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [WongChCh1999]. Palaearctic: Japan [TanakaAm2005].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tao et al. (1983) and by Tanaka & Amano (2005).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999).

KEYS: Tanaka at al. 2006: 180 (female) [Pulvinaria species of Ryuku archipelago]; Tang 1991: 234 (female) [China]; Tao et al. 1983: 83 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 272]; Takaha1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-26]; TanakaAm2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-84]; TanakaAmUe2006 [taxonomy: 180]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 238-239]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 82-83]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 58]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-85]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 14,52]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159].

Pulvinaria nipponica Lindinger

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria citricola Kuwana, 1914: 3. Type data: JAPAN: Okayama, Shizuoka, and Tokyo, on Citrus sp., Diospyros kaki, and Hibiscus syriacus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Pulvinaria nipponica Lindinger, 1933a: 50. Replacement name for Pulvinaria citricola Kuwana, 1914 (nec Kuwana, 1909).

Eupulvinaria citricola; Borchsenius, 1953: 288. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria citricola; Ben-Dov, 1993: 254. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: cottony citrus scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988].



HOSTS: Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Sassce1915, Gill1988]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus syriacus [Sassce1915, Steinw1946]. Rosaceae: Pyracantha coccinea [WilliaKo1972]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Sassce1915]. Ulmaceae: Zelkova serrata [TakahaTa1956].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California, Maryland, Virginia). Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998], Xizang (=Tibet)); Japan [Sassce1915, Kuwana1917].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Gill (1988).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.30, a,b).

SYSTEMATICS: Tanaka (2012b) moved Takahashia citricola Kuwana, 1909 into Pulvinaria creating a junior homonym of P. citricola Kuwana, 1914. P. nipponica Lindinger, 1933 was resurrected as the replacement name by Tanaka (2012b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 234 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 85 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 87 (female) [USA, Florida]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 120 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Borchsenius 1957: 221 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 254]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy: 288]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 224-225]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86,94]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control, life history: 90-91]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Kuwana1914 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3-4]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35-37]; Lindin1933 [taxonomy: 50]; Sassce1915 [host, distribution: 32]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-6,18]; Takaha1955d [host, distribution: 151]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 6]; Tanaka2012b [taxonomy: 7]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 234-235]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 32]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 289]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-130]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 70-71]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-202]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159,160,178].

Pulvinaria nishigaharae (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium nishigaharae Kuwana, 1907: 192. Type data: JAPAN: on mulberry. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Pulvinaria nishigaharae; Takahashi, 1955b: 70. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria nichigaharae; Tang, 1991: 252. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Morus [Kuwana1907]. Ulmaceae: Zelkova serrata [Takaha1956].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kuwana1917]; South Korea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kuwana (1907).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.39, a,b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 252 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 272]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 250]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 156-157]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192-193]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12-13]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Takaha1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 70]; Takaha1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-27]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 262].

Pulvinaria obscura Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria obscura Newstead, 1894c: 23. Type data: INDIA: Madras, Nungumbaukum, on Hygrophila spinosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Hygrophila erecta [ShafeeYoKh1989], Hygrophila spinosa [Newste1894c, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Tamil Nadu [Newste1894c, Ali1971]).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 51]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 272]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 136]; Newste1894c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-24]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 28]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 348]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 38]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53].

Pulvinaria occidentalis Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria innumerabilis occidentalis Cockerell, 1897a: 13. Type data: U.S.A.: Washington State, on currant, hawthorn, plum, pear, mountain ash, poplar, gooseberry and alder. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pulvinaria ehrhorni King, 1901c: 145. Type data: U.S.A.: California, at Mountain View, on alder and willow. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Steinweden, 1946: 9.

Pulvinaria occidentalis; King, 1901f: 197. Change of status.

Pulvinaria coulteri Cockerell, 1905g: 514. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Coulter, Middle Park, on wild rose. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Steinweden, 1946: 9.

Pulvinaria occidentalis subalpina Cockerell, 1910b: 428. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Tolland, on Betula glandulosa. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Steinweden, 1946: 9.

Pulvinaria occidentalis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 272. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Betulaceae: Alnus [Steinw1946], Betula glandulosa [Cocker1910b, Sassce1911]. Cornaceae: Cornus [Steinw1946]. Grossulariaceae: Grossularia divaricata [Steinw1946], Ribes lacustre [Steinw1946]. Philadelphaceae: Deutzia [Steinw1946]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Steinw1946], Prunus [Steinw1946], Rosa [Cocker1905g]. Salicaceae: Populus alba [Steinw1946].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [King1901f]); United States of America (California [King1901c, Ferris1920b], Colorado [Sassce1911], Oregon, Washington).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 272-273]; Cocker1897a [taxonomy: 13]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1905g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 514-515]; Cocker1910b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 428]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 132,136]; Ferris1920b [host, distribution: 34]; King1901c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 145-146]; King1901f [host, distribution: 197]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 9]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 6]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 433]; Sassce1911 [host, distribution: 66]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-9,22]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 226]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-157].

Pulvinaria ochnaceae (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Coccus) ochnaceae Kuwana, 1909: 154. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, on Eurya ochnacea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Coccus ochnaceae; Sasscer, 1911: 67. Change of combination.

Lecanium ochnaceae; Kuwana, 1917a: 172. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria ochnaceae; Takahashi, 1955b: 70. Change of combination.

Chloropulvinaria ochnaceae; Borchsenius, 1957: 220. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria ochnaceae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 273. Revived combination.



HOST: Theaceae: Eurya ochnacea [Kuwana1909a, Sassce1911].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Sassce1911].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 273]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 220]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 150]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kuwana1909 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 154]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 174]; Sassce1911 [host, distribution: 67]; Takaha1955a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 70]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 34].

Pulvinaria okitsuensis Kuwana

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria okitsuensis Kuwana, 1914: 5. Type data: JAPAN: Okitsu, Shizuoka-ken, on orange. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Chloropulvinaria okitsuensis; Borchsenius, 1957: 216. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria okitsuensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 273. Revived combination.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus japonicus Compere [Tachik1956e], Coccophagus yoshidae Nakayama [Tachik1956e].

HOSTS: Buxaceae: Buxus microphylla [TakahaTa1956]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Kuwana1914, Sassce1915], Poncirus trifoliata [Takaha1956]. Theaceae: Eurya japonica [Takaha1956], Thea japonica [Takaha1956], Thea sinensis [TakahaTa1956].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China; Japan [Sassce1915, Kuwana1917].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 226 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 205 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 273-274]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-217]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 16]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 150]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kuwana1914 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 5-6]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49-51]; Sassce1915 [catalogue: 33]; Tachik1956e [host, distribution, biological control: 155]; Takaha1955d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 149]; Takaha1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 27-28]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 6]; TanakaAm2004 [taxonomy: 266]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 229-230]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158].

Pulvinaria ornata Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria ornata Hempel, 1912: 61. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Campinas, on Arabidaea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Bignoniaceae: Arabidaea [Hempel1912, Sassce1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Sassce1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 274]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28]; Sassce1915 [catalogue: 33].

Pulvinaria oyamae Kuwana

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria oyamae Kuwana, 1902: 60. Type data: JAPAN: Nagano-ken, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.



HOST: Salicaceae: Salix [Takaha1956].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kuwana (1902).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.38).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 252 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 274]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 137]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 156]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 189]; Shinji1935b [host, distribution: 769]; Takaha1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 28]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 263].

Pulvinaria paranaensis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria paranaensis Hempel, 1928: 235. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul and Parana, on 'herva-mate' and 'conghonha' (Ilex paraguaiensis). Syntypes, female. Type depository: IBSP. Described: female.



HOST: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex paraguariensis [Hempel1928, AlmeidCa1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo [AlmeidCa1996]).

CITATIONS: AlmeidCa1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 643-645]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 274]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; CorseuBa1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 239]; Hempel1928 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 144]; Vernal1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 31].

Pulvinaria peregrina (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria horii; Borchsenius, 1950: 151. Misidentification.

Pulvinaria horii; Borchsenius, 1950b: 151. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1957: 221.

Eupulvinaria peregrina Borchsenius, 1953: 288. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Adzhar, on Hibiscus sp. and Diospyros kaki. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pulvinaria peregrina; Ben-Dov, 1993: 275. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer japonica [Hadzib1983]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Hodgso1994a], Diospyros kaki [Hadzib1983], Diospyros lotus [Hadzib1983]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium myrtillus [Hadzib1977]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus japonica [Hadzib1983]. Rosaceae: Cydonia vulgaris [Hadzib1983], Pyrus caucasica [Hadzib1983], Rosa [Hadzib1983]. Rutaceae: Citrus [YasnosTaCh2005], Poncirus trifoliata [Hadzib1983]. Ulmaceae: Celtis sinensis [Hadzib1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan); China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Georgia [Hodgso1994a, YasnosTaCh2005].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 234 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 221 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 275]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 288]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 221-223]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 202]; Dzhash1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 178-179]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; Hadzib1957a [distribution: 100-102]; Hadzib1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 547-550]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 102-103]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 255-257]; KozarWa1985 [illustration: 77]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 239-240]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 69-70]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 229-302].

Pulvinaria persicae Newstead

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria persicae Newstead, 1892: 142. Type data: ENGLAND: Cheshire, Knutsford, High Legh, on peach under glass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Rosaceae: Persica vulgaris [Newste1892].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: United Kingdom (England [Newste1900a]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 275]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Newste1892 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 142]; Newste1900a [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 26].

Pulvinaria phaiae Lull

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria phaiae Lull, 1899: 237. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Amherst, in greenhouse on Phaius maculatus and Phaius sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Orchidaceae: Odontoglossum grande [Steinw1946], Phaius maculatus [Steinw1946], Phalaenopsis [Steinw1946].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California, Mississippi, New York).

BIOLOGY: This species appears to be restricted to orchids.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gill (1988).

KEYS: Gill 1988: 85 (female) [USA, California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 275]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 133]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85,90-91,100]; Lull1899 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 237-242]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-11,24].

Pulvinaria photiniae Kuwana

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria photiniae Kuwana, 1914: 4. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Nishigahara, on Photinia villosa and Celtis sinensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female.

Eupulvinaria photiniae; Borchsenius, 1953: 288. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria photiniae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 275. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Rosaceae: Photinia villosa [Kuwana1914, Sassce1915]. Ulmaceae: Celtis sinensis [Kuwana1914, Sassce1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Wu2001b]). Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Japan [Sassce1915, Kuwana1917].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kuwana (1914).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980. Figs. 6.32, a,b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 234 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 221 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 275-276]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 288]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 223]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Kuwana1914 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-5]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37-38]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33]; Shinji1935b [host, distribution: 768]; Takaha1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 29]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240]; Wu2001b [distribution: 256]; Xie1998 [host, distribution: 72].

Pulvinaria platensis Brethes in Massini & Brethes

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria platensis Brethes in Massini & Brethes, 1918: 149. Type data: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, on Eugenia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: La Plata: Museo de la Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Division Entomologia, Argentina. Described: female.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eugenia [MassinBr1918].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999]).

BIOLOGY: This species appears to be restricted to orchids.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 144 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 276]; Granar1999 [taxonomy: 148-150]; Lizery1939 [taxonomy: 188-189]; MassinBr1918 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 149-150].

Pulvinaria plucheae Ehrhorn

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria plucheae Ehrhorn, 1906: 334. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Diego, on Pluchea sericea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Asteraceae: Pluchea sericea [Ehrhor1906].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 276]; Ehrhor1906 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 334]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, distribution: 86]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3].

Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905f: 131. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Manila, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pulvinaria cellulosa Green, 1909a: 262. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Citrus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 151. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1957: 219.

Pulvinaria nerii Kanda, 1950: 35. Type data: CHINA: North China, Shanxi, on Nerium odorum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Tang, 1991: 230.

Chloropulvinaria polygonata; Borchsenius, 1957: 219. Change of combination.

Chloropulvinaria polygonata; Yang, 1982: 158. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Green" as author.

Macropulvinaria polygonata; Tao et al., 1983: 89. Change of combination.

Chloropulvinaria nerii; Tang & Li, 1988: 103. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria polygonata; Ben-Dov, 1993: 276. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: cottony citrus scale [SmithBeBr1997].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus yoshidae [ZhouLiCa2002].

HOSTS: Amaryllidaceae: Clivia miniata [TangLi1988]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Ali1964, Ali1971, Varshn1984a, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Apocynaceae: Nerium odorum [Kanda1950], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1990]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea [QinGu1992]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia yunnanensis [TangLi1988]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Citrus [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Green1937, Ali1964, Ali1971, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus [ShafeeYoKh1989, QinGu1992], Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1990], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1990], Citrus nobilis [Morris1920, Ali1971], Citrus paradisi [MartinLa2011], Citrus reticulata [WilliaWa1990], Citrus sinensis [Ali1971, WilliaWa1990], Murraya exotica [TaoWoCh1983]. Verbenaceae: Lantana [Mamet1943a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1943a]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [QinGu1992, SmithBeBr1997]); Cook Islands. Oriental: Bangladesh [Ali1978, DanzigKo1990]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, DanzigKo1990] (Bihar [Ali1964, Ali1971], West Bengal [Ali1971]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]; Philippines [Cocker1905f, Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Sassce1911, Green1937, Ali1971, DanzigKo1990]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, DanzigKo1990]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: China [DanzigKo1990] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia), Shanxi (=Shansi)); Japan.

BIOLOGY: Life history and control in Taiwan (Takahashi, 1939b), and in India (Chatterji & Datta, 1974). Ali recorded ( as P. cellulosa five generations per year on Mango in Bihar, India; overwintering in the fifth generation. Smith et al. (1997) reported 2-3 generations per year in Queensland, Australia.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tao et al. (1983), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Tang (1991).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.25, a,b).

KEYS: Tanaka et al. 2006: 180 (female) [Pulvinaria species of Ryuku archipelago]; Tang 1991: 226 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 148 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Tao et al. 1983: 87 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 205 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Green 1909a: 262 (female) [Ceylon].

CITATIONS: Ali1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 361-362]; Ali1971 [host, distribution: 47-48]; Ali1978 [host, distribution, biological control: 69-70]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 276-277]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 219-220]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1905f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 131-132]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 43-44]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 308]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 185]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; Kanda1950 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 35]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 152]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 154]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 36]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy, structure: 48]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 184]; ParidaGh1984 [taxonomy, structure: 14]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-144]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 6]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 66]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 49-50]; SinhaDi1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 10]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 52-53]; Takaha1928 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 344]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 61]; Takaha1939a [life history, chemical control, host, distribution: 403]; TanakaAmUe2006 [taxonomy: 180]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-71]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230-231]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-106]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 83]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-90]; Varshn1984a [host, distribution: 140]; Varshn1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 342-343]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 172-173]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 49]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 228]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158-159]; ZhouLiCa2002 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 851-855].

Pulvinaria populeti Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria populeti Borchsenius, 1953: 289. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Semipalatinsk, on Populus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Salicaceae: Populus [Borchs1953].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1991).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 253 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 229 (female) [Palaearctic region ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 277]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 289]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 242-243]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 121]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 263-264]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64].

Pulvinaria portblairensis Yousuf & Shafee

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria portblairensis Yousuf & Shafee, 1988: 58. Type data: INDIA: Andaman Islands, Port Blair, Wright Myo, on wild plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [ShafeeYoKh1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Andaman Islands [ShafeeYoKh1989].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 277-278]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53]; YousufSh1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-60].

Pulvinaria pruni Hunter

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria pruni Hunter, 1900: 104. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, Wichita, on Prunus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Rosaceae: Prunus [Hunter1900, Steinw1946].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 278]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 137]; Hunter1900 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 104]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11,25].

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, 1893b: 223. Type data: HAWAII [=SANDWICH ISLANDS]: on Psidium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pulvinaria cupaniae Cockerell, 1893m: 159. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Cupania edulis. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1909: 265.

Pulvinaria psidii philippina Cockerell, 1905f: 132. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Lucena, Tayabas, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Morrison, 1920: 185.

Pulvinaria darwiniensis Froggatt, 1915: 414. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Palmerson, on palm. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 144. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992: 144.

Lecanium vacuolatum Dash, 1916: 42. Nomen nudum.

Pulvinaria cussoniae Hall, 1932: 188. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Macheke, on Cussonia arborea. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 144. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1968: 168.

Pulvinaria gymnosporiae Hall, 1932: 189. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Salisbury, on Gymnosporia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 144. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1968: 168.

Chloropulvinaria psidii; Borchsenius, 1957: 217. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria psidii; Ben-Dov, 1993: 278. Revived combination.

COMMON NAMES: green shield scale [HamonWi1984, CABI1994]; guava mealy scale [CABI1994].



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Iridomyrmex sp. [Kalsho1981].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus melanophthalmus Muls. [Kalsho1981]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae [Kalsho1981], Megommata psidii Barnes [Barnes1939]. FUNGI : Verticilium lecanii [Naraya1985]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus scutellaris [AbdRab2002b]. Encyrtidae: Argutencyrtus luteolus Prinsloo & Annecke [PrinslAn1974]. HYMENOPTYERA Encyrtidae: Microterys nietneri (Motschulsky) [Fullaw1932].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Sanchezia [EzzatHu1969]. Aizoaceae [QinGu1992]. Amaranthaceae: Alternathera versicolor [Newste1911]. Amaryllidaceae: Crinum moorei [CarnerPe1986]. Anacardiaceae: Comocladia [Podsia1983], Mangifera indica [Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Balach1957c, Hodgso1968, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Mangifera indica [ShafeeYoKh1989, KondoKa1995, KinjoNaHi1996], Pistacia atlantica [CarnerPe1986], Schinus [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Schinus molle [Nakaha1981a], Schinus terebinthifolius [Balach1927, Nakaha1981a, AbouElAbEl1997], Spondias dulcis [Hodgso1968a], Toxicodendron [HodgsoHi1990]. Annonaceae: Annona [Balach1927]. Apocynaceae: Alstonia scholaris [QinGu1992], Carissa [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, ShafeeYoKh1989], Carissa carandas [Mamet1943a], Nerium [HodgsoHi1990], Plumeria [Nakaha1981a], Plumeria acutifolia [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1990], Pteralyxia macrocarpa [Nakaha1981a]. Araceae: Anthurium [Nakaha1981a], Anthurium cubense [MestreHaEv2011], Anthurium triumphorus [QinGu1992], Colocasia antiquorum [CarnerPe1986], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaWa1990], Monstera deliciosa [WilliaWa1990], Philodendron [Willia2010], Zantedeschia aethiopica [CarnerPe1986]. Araliaceae: Aralia [HamonWi1984], Aralia papirifera [Balach1927], Brassaia actinophylla [Nakaha1981a], Cussonia arborea [Hall1932, Nakaha1981a], Hedera helix [CarnerPe1986], Meryta macrophylla [WilliaWa1990], Schefflera [WilliaWa1990]. Arecaceae: Livistona chinensis [CarnerPe1986]. Asclepiadaceae: Centrosema plumieri [MestreHaEv2011]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [Nakaha1981a], Asplenium nidus [Mamet1943a]. Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [Nakaha1981a], Chrysanthemum indicum [CarnerPe1986], Dahlia variabilis [CarnerPe1986], Eupatorium [HamonWi1984], Gerbera [WilliaWa1990], Wedelia biflora [WilliaWa1990]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [CarnerPe1986], Stenolobium [HamonWi1984], Tabebuia chrysantha [LinKoGu2013], Tecoma [Green1909a, Ali1971], Tecoma stans [CarnerPe1986], Tecomaria [HodgsoHi1990]. Boraginaceae: Cordia [HodgsoHi1990], Cordia alliodora [WilliaWa1990], Cordia myxa [Mamet1943a]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [CarnerPe1986]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus [QinGu1992]. Celastraceae: Euonymus frigidus [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Gymnosporia [Hall1932, Hodgso1969a]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium pumilio [QinGu1992]. Clusiaceae: Clusia rosea [Nakaha1981a], Garcinia [Green1909a, Ali1971, HodgsoHi1990], Garcinia mangostana [Nakaha1981a]. Combretaceae: Terminalia brassii [WilliaWa1990]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea grandiflora [WilliaWa1990]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Kalanchoe [Nakaha1981a], Sedum [HodgsoHi1990]. Dicksoniaceae: Cibotium [Nakaha1981a]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Kuwana1902]. Euphorbiaceae: Antidesma [Green1909a, Ali1971], Antidesma bunius [CockerRo1915a], Antidesma membranaceum [Hodgso1969a], Bischofia javanica [WilliaWa1990], Codiaeum [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoHi1990], Euphorbia [QinGu1992], Macaranga [WilliaWa1990], Mallotus philippinensis [Ali1971], Uapaca kirkiana [Hall1932, Hodgso1969a]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [CarnerPe1986]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola floribunda [WilliaWa1990], Scaevola gaudichaudiana [Hodgso1968, Nakaha1981a]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia humilis [WilliaWa1990]. Lauraceae: Laurus [HodgsoHi1990], Persea [Nakaha1981a]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia [WilliaWa1990]. Liliaceae: Cordyline terminalis [Nakaha1981a]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia [ShafeeYoKh1989], Lagerstroemia indica [Hodgso1968], Lagerstroemia lanceolata [Ali1971]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [HodgsoHi1990], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [WilliaWa1990], Hibiscus syriacus [WilliaWa1990], Malvaviscus arboreus [WilliaWa1990], Thespesia populnea [Nakaha1981a]. Melastomataceae [WilliaWa1990], Miconia robinsoniana [LincanHoCa2010]. Meliaceae: Melia azedrach [BenDov2012]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus [TaoWoCh1983], Artocarpus integrifolia [Ali1971], Ficus [Green1904a, Green1908a, Green1909a, Newste1917b, EzzatHu1969, Ali1971, HodgsoHi1990], Ficus [Cocker1905f, QinGu1992], Ficus benghalensis [Matile1976], Ficus benjamina [Jansen1995], Ficus capensis [Hodgso1969a], Ficus elastica [Balach1927, WilliaWa1990], Ficus glomeratus [Hall1926a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus indica [CarnerPe1986], Ficus lyrata [BenDov2012], Ficus macrophylla [Balach1927], Ficus membranacea [MestreHaEv2011], Ficus religiosa [Balach1927], Ficus retusa [Ramakr1930, Ali1971], Ficus rubiginosa [Hall1926a], Ficus thonningii [VanHarCoWi1990], Morus alba [CarnerPe1986], Morus indica [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Myristicaceae: Myristica castanaefolia [WilliaWa1990]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon [QinGu1992], Eucalyptus deglupta [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia [Green1908a, Green1909a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, HodgsoHi1990], Eugenia calophyllipholia [Ramakr1930], Eugenia caryophyllata [Mamet1943a], Eugenia feruginosa [Ballou1926], Eugenia jambolana [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, ShafeeYoKh1989], Eugenia jambos [CockerRo1915a, Mamet1943a, HamonWi1984, Nakaha1981a], Eugenia malaccensis [WilliaWa1990], Metrosideros [Nakaha1981a], Myrtus communis [Green1909a], Psidium [Kirkal1902, Ali1971], Psidium guajava [Green1908a, Green1909a, CockerRo1915a, Newste1917b, Ballou1926, Balach1927, Laing1933], Psidium guajava [Ramakr1919a, Brain1920a, Balach1957c, Hodgso1968, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Psidium guajava [Green1896, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, ShafeeYoKh1989, EtiennMa1993], Psidium pomiferum [Mamet1954], Syzygium malaccense [LincanHoCa2010]. Nyctaginaceae: Pisonia cuspidea [Green1907, Mamet1943a], Pisonia macrophylla [Green1907, Mamet1943a]. Oleaceae [BenDov2012], Jasminum [Nakaha1981a]. Onagraceae: Ludwigia capitata [WilliaWa1990]. Orchidaceae: Vanilla [WilliaWa1990]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [WilliaWa1990]. Pinaceae: Pinus caribaea [WilliaWa1990]. Piperaceae: Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [HodgsoHi1990], Pittosporum macrophyllum [CarnerPe1986], Pittosporum tobira [Nakaha1981a]. Polemoniaceae: Phlox [Nakaha1981a]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus [EzzatHu1969], Muehlenbeckia platyclados [CarnerPe1986]. Pteridaceae: Pteridium [QinGu1992], Pteris caudata [Ballou1926]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Hodgso1968, Nakaha1981a]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Photinia serrata [Balach1927], Prunus cerifera [Cocker1895a]. Rubiaceae: Bouvardia [Nakaha1981a], Chiococca alba [LincanHoCa2010], Cinchona [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971], Coffea [Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Hall1932, Laing1933, Ali1971, Almeid1973b], Coffea [Green1909a, Green1937, Nakaha1981a, ShafeeYoKh1989], Coffea arabica [Hodgso1968, Ali1971, Almeid1973b, Nakaha1981a], Coffea canephora [Hodgso1968, Almeid1973b], Coffea liberica [Green1904a], Gardenia [Nakaha1981a], Gardenia florida [Ali1971], Gardenia jasminoides [Hodgso1968, Nakaha1981a], Ixora [Nakaha1981a], Ixora chinensis [MartinLa2011], Ixora coccinea [WilliaWa1990], Ixora macrothyrsa [WilliaWa1990], Morinda [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Morinda citrifolia [Nakaha1981a], Psychotria elliptica [Ali1971], Psychotria rubra [TaoWoCh1983], Randia tahitensis [WilliaWa1990], Straussia [Nakaha1981a], Tarenna sambucina [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae: Boronia serrulata [QinGu1992], Citrus [Green1909a, Balach1927, Green1930c, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Citrus [Green1937, ShafeeYoKh1989], Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1990, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Citrus aurantium [Nakaha1981a], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1990], Citrus maximus [MatileEt2006], Citrus reticulata [MatileEt2006, LincanHoCa2010], Citrus sinensis [WilliaWa1990], Poncirus trifoliata [Nakaha1981a]. Salicaceae: Salix [Willia2010]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [Ballou1926], Dodonaea [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoHi1990], Dodonaea triquetra [QinGu1992], Euphoria longana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Litchi chinensis [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, Waite1986, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Ballou1926], Bassia butyracea [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Chrysophyllum cainito [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Chrysophyllum oliviforme [HamonWi1984], Pometia pinnata [WilliaWa1990]. Scrophulariaceae: Russelia [HodgsoHi1990]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annum [Newste1911a], Capsicum frutescens [WilliaWa1990], Lycopersicon esculentum [Mamet1943a, WilliaMa2009b]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix gallica [CarnerPe1986]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Green1896, Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, WilliaWa1990], Lasianthus lanceolatus [Ballou1926], Thea [Green1908a]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [WilliaWa1990], Duranta [Green1909a, Hodgso1968, Ali1971, HodgsoHi1990], Stachytarpheta [WilliaWa1990]. Violaceae [QinGu1992]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia [Green1909a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Alpinia purpurata [Hodgso1968, Nakaha1981a], Cardamomum [Green1909a, Ali1971], Hedychium [Nakaha1981a], Phaeomeria [Nakaha1981a], Zingiber [Nakaha1981a], Zingiber officinale [Nakaha1981a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Hodgso1968, Almeid1973b, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Ascension Island [CABI1994, WilliaMe2007]; Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Comoros [GermaiAtBa2008]; Congo [Hodgso1968]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Ghana [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Kenya [Newste1917b, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Madagascar [Mamet1954, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Malawi [Hodgso1969a, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Mozambique [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Nigeria [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Reunion [Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, CABI1994, GermaiMiPa2014]; Saint Helena [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Seychelles [Green1907, Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, CABI1994] (Aldabra Island [Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, CABI1994, WilliaMa2009b], Farquhar Island [Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, CABI1994], Providence Island [Green1907, Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, CABI1994]); South Africa [Brain1920a, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1968, BenDov1993, CABI1994, GroveScDe2014]; Sudan [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Tanzania [Newste1911a, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Uganda [Newste1911, Newste1917b, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1968, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Zaire [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Zimbabwe [Hall1932, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1968, Hodgso1969a, BenDov1993, CABI1994]. Australasian: Australia [Hodgso1968, QinGu1992] (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1992, CABI1994], New South Wales [QinGu1992, BenDov1993], Northern Territory [Frogga1915, Green1916e, QinGu1992, CABI1994], Queensland [QinGu1992, CABI1994]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987, CABI1994]; Cook Islands [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [CABI1994], Ponape Island, Truk Islands); Fiji [CABI1994]; French Polynesia (Tahiti); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Cocker1896i, Kirkal1904, Hodgso1968, BenDov1993, CABI1994]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Java [Green1904a, CABI1994], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [CABI1994]). Australasian: Kiribati [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Marshall Islands [CABI1994]; New Britain [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; New Caledonia [Laing1933, CABI1994]; New Zealand [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Niue [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Northern Mariana Islands [CABI1994]; Palau; Papua New Guinea [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Solomon Islands [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Tonga [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Western Samoa [BenDov1993, CABI1994]. Nearctic: Mexico (Oaxaca [CABI1994]); United States of America (Alabama [BenDov1993, CABI1994], District of Columbia, Florida [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Georgia [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Mississippi [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Missouri [BenDov1993, CABI1994], New York [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Pennsylvania [BenDov1993, CABI1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [BenDov1993, CABI1994]); Bahamas [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Barbados [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHi1991, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Brazil [Green1930c] (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Sao Paulo [BenDov1993, CABI1994]); Colombia [KondoKa1995, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Cuba [Ballou1926, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Dominican Republic [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Grenada [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c, BenDov1993, CABI1994, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Jansen1995, Willia2010]; Guyana [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Cocker1895a, Newste1917b, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Martinique [Balach1957c]; Montserrat [CABI1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981, BenDov1993, CABI1994]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Saint Kitts [CABI1994]); Saint Vincent and the Grenadines [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [BenDov1993, CABI1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Venezuela [BenDov1993, CABI1994]. Oriental: Bangladesh [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Bhutan [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Brunei [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Hubei (=Hupei) [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Hunan [HuHeWa1992], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Ali1971]); Hong Kong [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; India [Green1908a, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Bihar [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Gujarat [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Karnataka [Ali1971, BenDov1993, CABI1994], Kerala [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Maharashtra [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Odisha [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971, BenDov1993, CABI1994], Uttar Pradesh [BenDov1993, CABI1994], West Bengal [Ali1971]); Indonesia (Sumatra [CABI1994]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Ali1971, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Malaysia [Hodgso1968] (Sabah [CABI1994], Sarawak [CABI1994]); Nepal [CABI1994]; Philippines [Cocker1905f, CockerRo1915a, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, CABI1994]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Singapore [CABI1994]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, Hodgso1968, CABI1994]; Taiwan [Ali1971, CABI1994]; Thailand [Ali1971, CABI1994]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan; Algeria [Balach1927, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Canary Islands [GomezM1967O, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; China (Henan (=Honan) [HuHeWa1992, BenDov1993, CABI1994]); Egypt [Hall1926a, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1993, CABI1994, AbouElAbEl1997]; Israel [BenDov2001b]; Japan [CABI1994]; Tunisia [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; United Kingdom (England [Green1928a]).

BIOLOGY: Green (1909) reported on overlapping generation in Sri Lanka. Takahashi (1939b) recorded three generation per year in Taiwan. Salama & saleh (1970) reporetd two generatio per year in Egypt. El-Minshawy & Moursi (1976) studied the duration of development and fecundity on guava in Egypt. Sanaa et al. (1997) studied in Egypt the effect of treatment by various levels (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg K/L) of Schinus terebinthifolius seedlings, on their rate of infestation by P. psidii.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948), Hodgson (1968), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.24, a,b); Hamon & Williams (1984).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of mango in Egypt (Nada et al., 1990).

KEYS: Tanaka & Kondo 2015: 113 (female) [Key to Colombian species of the genus Pulvinaria]; Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Tanaka et al. 2006: 180 (female) [Pulvinaria species of Ryuku archipelago]; Kosztarab 1996: 375 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1991: 226 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 148 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 87 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 83 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 119 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 373 (female) [Egypt]; Beardsley 1966: 491 (female) [Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1957: 205 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 333 (female) [Hawaii]; Green 1909a: 264-265 (female) [Ceylon].

CITATIONS: AbdelR2012 [distribution: 206]; AbdRab2002b [host, distribution, biological control: 39-44]; AbouElAbEl1997 [host, distribution, life history: 205]; Ali1971 [host, distribution: 48]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 6]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 185]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 36]; Barnes1939 [host, distribution, biological control]; Bartle1978 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 65-67]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 491-492]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 278-280]; BenDov2001b [host, distribution, economic importance: 262-263]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 27, 44]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 217-219]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21-22]; Butani1979 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36-40]; CABI1955a [distribution: 1-2]; CABI1994 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1-4]; Capra1927 [host, distribution, biological control: 152-160]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 255]; Cocker1893m [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-160]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895a [host, distribution: 101-102]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 330-331]; Cocker1896i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 48-49]; Cocker1905f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 132-133]; CockerRo1915a [host, distribution: 427]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 31]; deVill2001a [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 174]; ElMinsMo1976 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 363-371]; ElSeraGhEl2004a [host, distribution, biological control: 87-95]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 255]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 388-390]; EzzatNa1987 [host, distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 131,137-138]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 414]; Fullaw1932 [biological control]; GermaiAtBa2008 [host, distribution: 129-135]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1967O [host, distribution: 133]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1904a [host, distribution: 207]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 199]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 32]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 264-265]; Green1916e [host, distribution: 64]; Green1928a [host, distribution: 24]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280-281]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 309]; GroveScDe2014 [distribution, host: 413]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19-20]; Hall1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-190,193]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 102-105]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-172]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 30]; Hodgso1995 [taxonomy, structure: 51]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 219]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 4,6-7,9-13,15,17-21]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 137]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 21]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 185]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134]; Kalsho1981 [description, distribution, host: 164]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 152]; Kawai1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 17]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 104]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 227-228]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 47]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; KondoLoQu2010 [biological control: 7-13]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kuwana1902 [host, distribution: 58]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 188]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33-35]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 38]; Laing1933 [host, distribution: 676]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136,154,222]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 253, 258]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 154]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 28]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 14]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 36]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 51-261]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 223]; Maskel1898 [host, distribution: 242]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 297]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 166]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 8-9]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 148, 156]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy, structure: 58]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 185]; NadaAbHu1990 [host, distribution, economic importance: 133-134]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 392]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 6]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; Naraya1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 90-101]; Newste1910a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-68]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 94]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 166]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 129-130]; PanisMa1976 [host, distribution: 8]; ParidaGh1984 [taxonomy, structure: 14-15]; Pember1964 [host, distribution: 689]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; PrinslAn1974 [host, distribution, biological control: 345-349]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-147]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 624]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 125]; RezaGh2006 [chemical control, biological control: 327-331]; Ryan1946 [host, distribution: 124-125]; SalamaSa1970 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 380-385]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 7]; Schmut1990 [economic importance, host, distribution: 236]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 50]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 8-9]; Simmon1969a [biological control, host, distribution: 765-767]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-12,26]; Su1982 [host, distribution: 61]; SureshKuGe2005 [chemical control, biological control: 305]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 344]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 60-61]; Takaha1934 [host, distribution: 34]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 117]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 263]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 218]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 30]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 354-355]; TanakaAmUe2006 [taxonomy: 180]; TanakaKo2015 [taxonomy: 113]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 83]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86]; UedaQuIt2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data, distribution: 2319-2326]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 50]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 134]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 343]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 173]; Waite1986 [host, distribution: 42]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224,228]; Willia1985b [host, distribution: 53]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 149]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 119]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distribution: 132]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 45]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-156]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 59]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 106]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 10,48]; XianLiSo2005 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 34-36]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158-160,170]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 336-339,342].

Pulvinaria pulchra (Danzig)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eupulvinaria pulchra Danzig, 1967: 144. Type data: RUSSIA: Primorye Territory, Suchansk, on Acer barbinerve. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Pulvinaria (Eupulvinaria) pulchra; Danzig, 1980b: 262. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria pulchra; Ben-Dov, 1993: 280. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer barbinerve [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b], Acer mono [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b], Acer ukurunduense [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b]. Araliaceae: Aralia mandshurica [Danzig1980b], Eleutherococcus senticossus [Danzig1967, Danzig1980b]. Rosaceae: Rosa multiflora [Danzig1980b], Rosa rugosa [Danzig1967]. Rutaceae: Phellodendron amurense [Danzig1980b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1980b).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 234 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 280]; Danzig1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 261-262]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 241].

Pulvinaria randiae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria randiae Hall, 1932: 193. Type data: ZIMBABWE [= RHODESIA]: Inyazura, on Randia vestita. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Randia vestita [Hall1932, Hodgso1967a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1932, Hodgso1967a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1967b).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 280]; Hall1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-194]; Hodgso1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-207]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, structure: 172].

Pulvinaria regalis Canard

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria regalis Canard, 1968a: 951. Type data: FRANCE: Versailles, Chateau de Versailles, on Tilia vulgaris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: horse chestnut scale [SengonFa1996, Schmit1997].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linnaeus) [Jansen2000], Exochomus quadripustulatus (Linnaeus) [Jansen2000]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus scutellaris (Dalman) [FaberSe1997, Jansen2000].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer campestre [Schmit1997], Acer carpinifolium [Schmit1997], Acer cissifolium [Schmit1997], Acer dieckli [Schmit1997], Acer insigne [Schmit1997], Acer japonicum [Schmit1997], Acer mono [Schmit1997], Acer monspessulanum [Schmit1997], Acer neglectum [Schmit1997], Acer negundo [SengonFa1995, Schmit1997], Acer palmatum [Schmit1997], Acer platanoides [SengonFa1995, Schmit1997], Acer pseudoplatanus [Halste1982, SengonFa1995, Schmit1997], Acer rubrum [SengonFa1995, Schmit1997], Acer rufinerve [Schmit1997]. Anacardiaceae: Pistacia chinensis [Schmit1997], Rhus glabra [Schmit1997]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [Halste1982, Schmit1997]. Araliaceae: Hedera [Schmit1997]. Betulaceae: Alnus [Schmit1997]. Buxaceae: Buxus semperviresns [Schmit1997]. Celastraceae: Euonymus planipes [Schmit1997]. Cercidiphyllaceae: Cercidiphylum japonicum [Schmit1997], Euptelea pleiosperma [Schmit1997]. Cornaceae: Cornus florida [SengonFa1995, Schmit1997], Cornus kousa [Schmit1997], Cornus mas [Schmit1997], Cornus sanguinea [Schmit1997], Cornus suecica [Schmit1997]. Fabaceae: Larburmum [Schmit1997]. Flacourtiaceae: Idesia polycrpa [Schmit1997]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus carnera [Schmit1997], Aesculus hippocastanum [Canard1968a, KozarGuBa1994, SengonFa1995, Schmit1997], Aesculus parviflora [Schmit1997], Aesculus pavia [Schmit1997]. Juglandaceae: Juglans regia [Schmit1997]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [Halste1982, Schmit1997]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [Halste1982], Magnolia acuminata [SengonFa1995, Schmit1997], Magnolia denudata [Schmit1997], Magnolia kobus [Schmit1997], Magnolia salicifolia [Schmit1997]. Malvaceae: Hoheria glabrata [Schmit1997]. Platanaceae: Platanus [Schmit1997]. Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus cathartia [Schmit1997]. Rosaceae: Malus domestica [SengonFa1995], Prunus [Schmit1997], Prunus avium [SengonFa1995], Rosa canina [SengonFa1995]. Rutaceae: Evodia danielli [Schmit1997], Evodia hupehensis [Schmit1997], Skimmia japonica [Halste1982, Schmit1997]. Salicaceae: Populus [Schmit1997], Salix [Schmit1997], Salix pentandra [SengonFa1995]. Sapindaceae: Koelreuteria paniculata [SengonFa1995, Schmit1997]. Saxifragaceae: Hydrangea paniculata [SengonFa1995]. Tiliaceae: Tilia americana [Schmit1997], Tilia cordata [SengonFa1995, Schmit1997, Gertss2007], Tilia mongolica [Schmit1997], Tilia platyphyllos [SengonFa1995, Schmit1997], Tilia tomentosa [SengonFa1995], Tilia vulgaris [Canard1968a]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [Halste1982], Ulmus glabra [Schmit1997], Zelkova serrata [Schmit1997].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Denmark [Gertss2007]; France [Canard1968a, Germai2011]; Germany [SengonFa1995, FaberSe1996, Schmit1997, SengonAr1999, Schmut2000, KohlerNu2009]; Netherlands [Jansen2000]; Sweden [Gertss2011]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994, HippeFr2001]; United Kingdom (England [MalumpBa2012], Scotland [MalumpBa2012]).

BIOLOGY: A univoltine species in France (Canard, 1968a), southern England (Halstead, 1982; Speight & Nicol, 1984) and Germany (Sengonca & Faber, 1005, 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1980b).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Recorted as an urban pest in London (Speight & Nicol, 1984). Kozar et al. (1994) reported that this species is widely distributed in Western Europe and causes damage to ornamentals. Sengonca & Arnold (1999) surveyed the distribution and frequency in Germany from 1996 to 1998.

KEYS: Jansen 2000: 2-3 (female) [Netherlands].

CITATIONS: ArnoldHaNa2004 [structure, chemistry: 173-182]; ArnoldSe2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 93-96]; ArnoldSe2001 [life history, biological control: 121-124]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 280-281]; BrooksHaSm1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 513]; Canard1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 951-958]; FaberSe1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 221-223]; FaberSe1997 [host, distribution: 84-88]; FoldiPe1985 [taxonomy, structure: 259-271]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; Gertss2007 [host, distribution, life history: 147-149]; Gertss2011 [distribution, host: 42]; Halste1982 [host, distribution: 46]; Harris1970 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 257-262]; HippeFr2001 [host, distribution, life history: 305-309]; Jansen2000 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 2-3,6-11]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerNu2009 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 113-124]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 155]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; KreiteAuGe2006 [distribution, economic importance, host: 143]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, economic importance, host: 23-25,38-41]; McInty2000 [economic importance, host, distribution: 825-835]; MoraalJa2011 [host, ecology, economic importance: 50-61]; Schmit1997 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic imoprtance: 43-46]; Schmut2000 [host, distribution: 168]; SchroeRi2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 803-812]; SengonAr1999 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 153-157]; SengonFa1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 121-127]; SengonFa1996 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 59-63]; SpeighNi1984 [host, distribution, economic importance: 40-42]; TrierwBa2005 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, control: 285-286].

Pulvinaria rehi Reh nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria rehi Reh, 1903: 460. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv. Notes: Name credited to King

Pulvinaria rehi King in Reh, 1903: 460. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv.

CITATIONS: Reh1903 [host, distribution: 460]; Sander1906 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7].

Pulvinaria rhizophila Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria artemisiae; Archangelskaya, 1937: 134. Misidentification.

Pulvinaria artemisiae; Archangelskaya, 1937: 134. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Lichtenstein" as author.

Pulvinaria rhizophila Borchsenius, 1952a: 298. Type data: KYRGYSZTAN: Makbal crossing, on roots of Artemisia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia santolinifolia [Danzig1972a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia); Mongolia.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 253 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 229 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1937 [taxonomy: 134]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 281]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 298]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-248]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 343]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 264-265].

Pulvinaria rhoicina De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria rhoicina De Lotto, 1979a: 250. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Noll's Halt, on Rhus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Rhus [DeLott1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1979a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 281]; DeLott1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-252].

Pulvinaria rhois Ehrhorn

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria rhois Ehrhorn, 1898b: 186. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Mountain View, on Rhus diversiloba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAMES: fruit tree Pulvinaria [Gill1988]; fruit tree pulvinaria [Gill1988].



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus diversiloba [Ferris1920b, Gill1988]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes [Gill1988]. Rosaceae: Persica vulgaris [Gill1988], Prunus malus [Gill1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1920b], Rhode Island [King1903b]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gill (1988).

KEYS: Gill 1988: 85 (female) [USA, California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 281]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Ehrhor1898a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 186]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 138]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85,91,101]; King1903b [host, distribution: 192]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-13,27].

Pulvinaria saccharia De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria saccharia De Lotto, 1964b: 863. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on Saccharum officinarum. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Pulvinaria sorghicola; Williams, 1982a: 115. Misspelling of species name.

Pulvinaria saccharia; Ben-Dov, 1993: 281. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Brachiaria brizantha [Hodgso1969a], Oryza sativa [Willia1982a, EtiennMa1993], Saccharum officinarum [DeLott1964b, DeLott1966a, Hodgso1967a], Sorghum vulgare [EtiennMa1993].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1966a]; Mali; Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Sierra Leone; South Africa [DeLott1964b]; Tanzania; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967a, Hodgso1969a].

SYSTEMATICS: Pulvinaria sorghicola De Lotto, in Williams (1982a: 115, line 23) is a mis-spelling for Pulvinaria sacharia.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 281-282]; DeLott1964b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 863-865]; DeLott1966a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 468-472]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 256]; Hodgso1967a [host, distribution: 207]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 30]; Willia1982a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 115].

Pulvinaria salicicola Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria betulae; Archangelskaya, 1923: 265. Misidentification.

Pulvinaria salicicola Borchsenius, 1953: 289. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Leninabad, on poplar. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Salicaceae: Populus [Borchs1957, Bazaro1971c], Salix [Bazaro1971c, Potaev1993], Salix matsudana [TangLi1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia), Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1971c]; Turkey [ZekiUlKa2005]; Turkmenistan [Potaev1993].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 253 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 229 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 90]; Bazaro1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 86-93]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 282]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 289]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 240-241]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 34,37]; Shmele1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-93]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 266]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 68]; ZekiUlKa2005 [host, distribution: 193].

Pulvinaria salicis (Bouche)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium salicis Bouche, 1851: 112. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on Weiden [=willow] and Papplen [=poplar]. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Sachtleben, 1944).

Pulvinaria salicis; Signoret, 1873a: 44. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Salicaceae: Populus [Bouche1851], Salix [Bouche1851].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Germany.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 282]; Borchs1957 [host, distribution: 248]; Cocker1896b [ecology: 332]; Cocker1899a [catalogue: 394]; Fernal1903b [economic importance, host, distribution: 183]; KozarWa1985 [host, distribution: 78]; Signor1873 [host, distribution, biological control: 44].

Pulvinaria salicorniae Froggatt

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria salicorniae Froggatt, 1915: 417. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Little River, on Salicornia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 148. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female.



HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Salicornia [Frogga1915, QinGu1992].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [QinGu1992] (Victoria [Frogga1915, QinGu1992]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 282-283]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 417-418]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-151].

Pulvinaria satoi Tanaka & Amano

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria satoi Tanaka & Amano, 2004: 268. Type data: JAPAN: Oike-koike, Mt. Mihara, Hachijo Is., Tokyo, on Polystichum tripteron; collected 27.ii.2003, by H. Tanaka. Holotype female. Type depository: Tokyo: National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan; type no. 00031. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Shida-wata-kaigaramushi [TanakaAm2004].



HOST: Aspidiaceae: Polystichum tripteron [TanakaAm2004].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan (Honshu [TanakaAm2004]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tanaka & Amano (2004).

CITATIONS: LinGuCo2010 [host plants: 90-98]; TanakaAm2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-270].

Pulvinaria savescui Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria euonymicola Savescu, 1983: 47. Type data: ROMANIA: Mogosoaia, Otopeni, Valenii de Munte and Miercurea, on Euonymus europaea and on E. verrucosa. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female, male and first instar. Homonym of Pulvinaria euonymicola Lindinger.

Pulvinaria savescui Ben-Dov, 1993: 283. Replacement name for Pulvinaria euonymicola Savescu, 1983.



HOSTS: Celastraceae: Euonymus europaeus [Savesc1983], Euonymus verrucosa [Savesc1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 283]; Savesc1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-50].

Pulvinaria sericea (Fourcroy)

NOMENCLATURE:

Chermes sericeus Fourcroy, 1785: 230. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, on Quercus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France.

Coccus quercus lanatus; Goeze, 1788: 345. Change of combination.

Coccus lanatus Gmelin, 1790: 2221. Type data: EUROPE: on Quercus roboris. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869a: 859. Notes: Type material lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Pulvinaria marginata Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 34. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 283.

Pulvinaria lanatus; Signoret, 1873: 38. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria sericea; Cockerell, 1901c: 90. Change of combination.



HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus [Fourcr1785, Borchs1957].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 283]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-249]; Cocker1901c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 90-91]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 138]; Fourcr1785 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 230]; Gmelin1790 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2221]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 376]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Signor1869 [catalogue: 859,861,868,871]; Signor1873 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 38-39]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 34]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 40].

Pulvinaria shinjii Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria acericola Shinji, 1935b: 772. Type data: JAPAN: Morioka, on Acer sp., Magnolia kobus and M. phypoleuca. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Homonym of Pulvinaria acericola (Walsh & Riley). Notes: Type material lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Pulvinaria shinjii Ben-Dov, 1993: 283. Replacement name for Pulvinaria acericola Shinji, 1935b.



HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Shinji1935b]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia kobus [Shinji1935b], Magnolia phypoleuca [Shinji1935b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 283]; Shinji1935b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 772,775].

Pulvinaria simplex King in Hofer

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria simplex King in Hofer, 1903: 475. Type data: SWITZERLAND: on twigs of grapevine. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Vitaceae: Vitis [Hofer1903].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Switzerland.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 283]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 249]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 138]; Hofer1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 475]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78].

Pulvinaria simulans Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria simulans Cockerell, 1894c: 310. Type data: TRINIDAD: Port-of-Spain, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pulvinaria simulans Cockerell, 1894d: 311. Nomen nudum.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Nuevo Leon [Cocker1899n]). Neotropical: Guyana; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1894c, Cocker1895a, Cocker1895x]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 283]; Bodkin1914 [host, distribution: 120]; Cocker1894c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 310]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895a [host, distribution: 102]; Cocker1895x [taxonomy, host, distribution: 258]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; Cocker1897p [host, distribution: 590]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 19]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 138]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229].

Pulvinaria sorghicola De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria sorghicola De Lotto, 1979a: 252. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Sorghum vulgare. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Sorghum vulgare [DeLott1979a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1979a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 284]; DeLott1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 252-253]; Willia1982a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 115-116].

Pulvinaria subterranea Bodenheimer nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria subterranea Bodenheimer, 1935: 249. Nomen nudum; discovered by Furth et al., 1983: 108.

CITATIONS: Bodenh1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 249]; FurthBeGe1984 [host, distribution: 108]; KozarWa1985 [biological control: 78].

Pulvinaria taiwana Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria taiwana Takahashi, 1929: 61. Type data: TAIWAN: Kagi, on Mangifera Indica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Chloropulvinaria taiwana; Yang, 1982: 158. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria taiwana; Ben-Dov, 1993: 284. Revived combination.



HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tao et al. (1983).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 225 (female) [China]; Tao et al. 1983: 83 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 51]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 284]; Su1982 [host, distribution: 61]; Takaha1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-64]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 232]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 83]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158-160].

Pulvinaria tapiae Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria tapiae Mamet, 1951: 240. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Arivonimamo, on 'Tapia'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1951].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1951).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 284]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224,240-241].

Pulvinaria tenuivalvata (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium tenuivalvatum Newstead, 1911: 92. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on Citronella grass. Lectotype immature, by subsequent designation Williams, 1982a: 116. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: immature. Notes: The lectotype is an immature female.

Coccus tenuivalvatus; Gowdey, 1917: 188. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria tenuivalvata; De Lotto, 1965a: 217. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria elongata; Karem & Elkahier, 1992: 587. Misidentification; discovered by Ghabbour & Hodgson, 2001: 43.

Saccharolecanium krugeri; Ali, Metwally & Shalaby, 1997: 156. Misidentification; discovered by Ghabbour & Hodgson, 2001: 43.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Encarsia bifasciafacies Hayat [AbdRabAb2005].

HOSTS: Poaceae: Cymbopogon citratus [Newste1911, DeLott1965a], Imperata cylindrica [ElShazIsAb2005], Pennisetum purpureum [Gowdey1917], Saccharum officinarum [ElShazIsAb2005, ElSerwGuEv2008], Sorghum vulgare saccharatum [ElShazIsAb2005], Zea mays [ElShazIsAb2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Newste1911, Sassce1912, DeLott1965a]. Palaearctic: Egypt [GhabboHo2002, ElSerwGuEv2008].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of immature stages by Ghabbour & Hodgson (2001).

STRUCTURE: SEM micrographs of all instars by Azab et al. (2003).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A major pest of sugarcane in Egypt (Ghabbour & Hodgson, 2001).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt].

CITATIONS: AbdelM2003 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 161-172]; AbdelR2012 [distribution: 206]; AbdRabAb2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 1213-1215]; AliElAb2000 [host, distribution,: 243-250]; AliMeSh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-159]; AzabSaKh2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 284]; BesheiAbGo2002 [host, distribution, economic imp[ortance: 17-28]; DarwisMaAb2004 [host, distribution, ecology, biological control: 39-42]; DarwisMaAb2004a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 88-94]; DarwisMaAb2004b [host, distribution, economic importance: 95-100]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-218]; DimetrAb2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 327-337]; ElKhouAlEl2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1099-1107]; ElSerwGu2005a [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 47-62]; ElSerwGu2005a [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 269]; ElSerwGuEv2008 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 217-227]; ElShazIsAb2005 [host, distribution, life histoty, ecology: 317-324]; ElwanAsKh2005 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 1669-1679]; ElwanShKh2005 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1649-1661]; GhabboHo2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 43-51]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 188]; HarissHeAb2006 [chemical control, host, distribution]; HendawElEl2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 219-222]; KaramAb1992 [host, distribution, economic importance: 587-594]; MahmouBaBa2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance]; MannaaDaAb2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 44-50]; MannaaDaAb2004a [host, distribution, economic importance: 101-107]; MohammElEl2005 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 95-107]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 148, 156]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-93]; Sassce1912 [catalogue: 89]; Willia1982a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 116]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 45].

Pulvinaria terrestris Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria betulae; Borchsenius, 1949c: 175. Misidentification.

Pulvinaria terrestris Borchsenius, 1953: 290. Type data: ARMENIA: Vagravar Megrinsk Ridge, Ayrum, on Crataegus sp. and Carpinus betulus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Carpinaceae: Carpinus [TerGri1962], Carpinus betulus [Borchs1953]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Borchs1953, KaydanUlTo2002].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1962]; Turkey [KaydanUlTo2002, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 253 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 229 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 284]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 290]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 245-246]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 213]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 266]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 135].

Pulvinaria tessellata Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria tessellata Green, 1896: 8. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Ophiorrhiza pectinata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Propulvinarir tessellata; Tang, 1991: 250. Misspelling of genus name.

Pulvinaria tessellata; Ben-Dov, 1993: 285. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Strobilanthes [Green1909a, Green1937]. Rubiaceae: Ophiorrhiza pectinata [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 244 (female) [China]; Green 1909a: 258 (female) [Ceylon].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 51]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 285]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 139]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 308]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 250-251].

Pulvinaria thompsoni Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria thompsoni Maskell, 1896b: 393. Type data: AUSTRALIA: locality and host plant not indicated. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 151. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.

Pulvinaria paradelpha Cockerell & Lidgett in Cockerell, 1899c: 15. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Mount Difficult, on Acacia melanoxylon. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 151. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992: 151.

Pulvinaria thompsoni; Ben-Dov, 1993: 285. Revived combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia melanoxylon [QinGu1992], Daviesia mimosoides [QinGu1992]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Maskel1896b].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [QinGu1992] (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1992], Tasmania [Frogga1915, QinGu1992], Victoria [Frogga1915, QinGu1992]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 285]; Cocker1899a [host, distribution: 394]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 32]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 137,139]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 417-418]; Maskel1896b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 393]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, life history: 151-154]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 227].

Pulvinaria tomentosa Green

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria tomentosa Green, 1896: 8. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on leaves and small branches of undetermined shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Eupulvinaria tomentosa; Tang, 1991: 241. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria tomentosa; Ben-Dov, 1993: 285. Revived combination.

Pulvinaria tomentosa; Ben-Dov, 1993: 285. Revived combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 234 (female) [China]; Green 1909a: 267 (female) [Ceylon].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 51-52]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 285]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 139]; Green1896 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 309]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 241].

Pulvinaria torreyae Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria torreyae Takahashi, 1955d: 152. Nomen nudum.

Pulvinaria torreyae Takahashi, 1956: 29. Type data: JAPAN: Yokohama, on Torreya nucifera, Taxus cuspidata and Cephalotaxus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.



HOSTS: Taxaceae: Cephalotaxus [Takaha1956], Taxus cuspidata [Takaha1956], Torreya nucifera [Takaha1956].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan; South Korea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1956).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.23, a,b,c).

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439536 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 226 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogues: 285]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 151]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: xxx]; Takaha1955d [taxonomy: 152]; Takaha1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-30]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 232-233]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66].

Pulvinaria tremulae Signoret

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium tremulae Signoret, 1869: 873. Nomen nudum.

Pulvinaria tremulae Signoret, 1873: 45. Type data: FRANCE: on 'tremble' [=Populus tremulae]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.



HOSTS: Salicaceae: Populus [KaydanKo2010], Populus tremulae [Signor1873].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France; Turkey [KaydanKo2010].

KEYS: Tang 1991: 252 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 218 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 286]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 240]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 139]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 210]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 376]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 873]; Signor1873 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 45]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267].

Pulvinaria tromelini Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria tromelini Mamet, 1956: 140. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tromelin Island, on Achyranthes aspera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.



HOST: Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes aspera [Mamet1956].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tromelin Island [Mamet1956].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1956).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 286]; Mamet1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-140].

Pulvinaria tuberculata (Bouche)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus tuberculatus Bouche, 1834: 18. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, in greenhouse on Malvaceae and Cestrum sp. imported from South America. Syntypes, both sexes. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Sachtleben, 1944).

Pulvinaria tuberculatus; Fernald, 1903: 139. Change of combination.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 286]; Bouche1834 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 18]; Cocker1901c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 93]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 139]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 873]; Signor1877a [taxonomy: 626-627]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, distribution: 1085]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 46].

Pulvinaria tyleri Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria tyleri Cockerell, 1905f: 132. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Batangas, on 'cadena de amor'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus [Morris1920, Ali1971]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [Morris1920, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Cocker1905f, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 52]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 286]; Cocker1905f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 132]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 184-185]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 7].

Pulvinaria uapacae Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria uapacae Hodgson, 1967a: 207. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Inyanga, Honde Valley, on Uapaca kirkiana. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Uapaca kirkiana [Hodgso1967a, Hodgso1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967a, Hodgso1968].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1967a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 286]; Hodgso1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 206-209]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 172].

Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell, 1893j: 255. Nomen nudum.

Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell, 1893m: 160. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Capsicum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pulvinaria grabhami Cockerell, 1903e: 261. Type data: MADEIRA: Funchal, Public Garden, on Jossinia tinifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 2007: 91-96.

Pulvinaria antigoni Green, 1907: 204. Type data: SEYCHELLES: on Antigonum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1923b: 88.

Lecanium nicotianae Newstead, 1908: 6. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Fenerivo, on Nicotiana tabacum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2007: 91. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1968a: 163. Notes: A second description of Lecanium nicotianae as n.sp. was given by Newstead, (1909: 352).

Coccus nicotianae; Sanders, 1909b: 45. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria subterranea Newstead, 1917a: 22. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on roots of Chrysanthemum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2007: 91. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1968: 163.

Pulvinaria africana Newstead, 1917a: 23. Type data: GHANA: Accra, on guava [=Psidium guajava]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2007: 91. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1968: 163.

Pulvinaria floccifera; Brain, 1920a: 19. Misidentification; discovered by Hodgson, 1968: 163.

Pulvinaria peninsularis Ferris, 1921: 88. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, San Barton, on undetermined shrub. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2007: 92. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 2007: 92.

Coccus nicotianae; Mamet, 1943a: 152.

Pulvinaria grabhami; Ben-Dov, 1993: 263. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: urbicola soft scale [HamonWi1984].



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Anoplolepis gracilipes [NeumanODGu2014].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri [NeumanODGu2014]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) [BlumbeGo1992, Blumbe1997], Encyrtus lecaniorum (Mayr) [BlumbeGo1992].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Hemigraphis palmata [Nakaha1983], Pseuderanthemum [Beards1966], Ruellia [Nakaha1981a], Sanchezia speciosa L. [AbdelR2012], Tetramerium nervosum [LincanHoCa2010]. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes asper [VanHarCoWi1990], Alternathera [QinGu1992], Celosia floribunda [Ferris1921, Steinw1946]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [LincanHoCa2010]. Apocynaceae: Melochia tomentosa [NakahaMi1981], Plumeria [Beards1966]. Araceae: Alocasia macrorhiza [WilliaWa1990], Monstera deliciosa [WilliaWa1990]. Arecaceae: Caryota rumphiana [Ballou1926]. Asclepiadaceae: Philibertia tomentella [Ferris1921, Steinw1946]. Asteraceae: Ageratum [MatileEt2006], Artemisia gorgonum [VanHarCoWi1990], Bidens pilosa [NakahaMi1981], Chrysanthemum [Newste1917a, Newste1917b, Hodgso1968], Cynara scolymus [WilliaWi1988], Dahlia pinnata [QinGu1992], Eupatorium [Nakaha1981a], Sonchus oleraceus [Nakaha1981a]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa speciosa [HamonWi1984], Jacaranda [Hodgso1968], Tecoma stans [WilliaWa1990]. Boraginaceae: Cordia subcordata [WilliaWa1990]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas [WilliaWa1990]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus caryophyllus [QinGu1992]. Chenopodiaceae: Beta maritima [Balach1939], Chenopodium [VanHarCoWi1990]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Ipomoea horsfalliae [Nakaha1981a]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum pinnatum [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988, LincanHoCa2010]. Cucurbitaceae: Luffa acutangula [Green1916a, Hodgso1968], Momordica balsamina [Nakaha1981a]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [Nakaha1983]. Ericaceae: Erica scoparia [Balach1939]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia heterophylla [WilliaWa1990], Ricinus communis [Mamet1943a, WilliaWa1990]. Fabaceae: Melilotus [HodgsoHi1990]. Gentianaceae: Eustoma exaltatum [HamonWi1984]. Hernandiaceae: Hernandia sonora [WilliaWa1990]. Lamiaceae: Mentha [HodgsoHi1990]. Liliaceae: Cordyline cannaefolia [Ballou1926]. Lythraceae: Nesaea salicifolia [Ferris1921, Steinw1946]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia glabra [QinGu1992, TanakaAmUe2006]. Malvaceae: Solandra [HodgsoHi1990]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Newste1917a, Newste1917b, Almeid1973b, Nakaha1983, HamonWi1984]. Nyctaginaceae: Mirabilis jalapa [Ballou1926, HamonWi1984], Pisonia grandis [SmithPaHa2004, NeumanODGu2014], Pisonia umbeliifera [NeumanODGu2014]. Piperaceae: Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1990]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon [Green1907, Mamet1943a], Coccoloba [HodgsoHi1990], Coccoloba diversifolia [HamonWi1984], Coccoloba uvifera [Nakaha1983, Panis2010], Polygonella fimbriata [HamonWi1984]. Polypodiaceae [BenDov1987]. Primulaceae: Anagallis [HodgsoHi1990]. Pteridaceae: Adiantum [QinGu1992]. Rhamnaceae: Karwinskia humboldtiana [Ferris1921, Steinw1946]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Steinw1946]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [WilliaWa1990]. Scrophulariaceae: Penstemon multiflorus [HamonWi1984]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [Cocker1893o, Cocker1895a, Cocker1895x, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Capsicum annuum [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988, VanHarCoWi1990], Capsicum frutescens [Nakaha1981a, QinGu1992, TanakaAmUe2006], Capsicum grossum [WilliaWa1990], Cestrum nocturnum [Ballou1926], Datura metel [WilliaWa1990], Lycium carolinanum [HamonWi1984], Lycopersicon [Nakaha1983], Lycopersicon esculentum [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988, WilliaWa1990], Nicotiana glauca [Green1923b, Balach1939, Almeid1973], Nicotiana tabacum [Newste1908a, Newste1909, Mamet1943a, Mamet1950], Physalis peruviana [WilliaWa1990, QinGu1992], Solanum [Steinw1946, HodgsoHi1990], Solanum indicum [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Solanum melongena [Nakaha1983, WilliaWa1990], Solanum nigrum [WilliaWa1990]. Umbelliferae: Daucus carota [Nakaha1983], Foeniculum [Balach1939, HodgsoHi1990], Petroselinum crispum [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990], Peucedanum japonicum [TanakaAmUe2006], Smyrnium [HodgsoHi1990]. Verbenaceae: Citharexylum spinosum [BenDov1987, Nakaha1981a], Clerodendrum inerme [WilliaWa1990], Lantana [Green1923b, Balach1939, Mamet1978], Lantana camara [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988, VanHarCoWi1990, WilliaWa1990, QinGu1992], Lippia [HodgsoHi1990], Premna [Beards1966]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [Nakaha1981a]. Zygophyllaceae: Porlieria angustifolia [Steinw1946]. PTERIDOPHYTA [BenDov2012].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1943a, Mamet1978]; Angola [Almeid1973b]; Ascension Island [WilliaMe2007]; Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990]; Ghana [Newste1917a, Hodgso1968]; Madagascar [Newste1909, Mamet1943a, Mamet1950, Hodgso1968]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Reunion [GermaiMiPa2014]; Seychelles [Green1907, Mamet1943a, GaigheSaHe2011]; South Africa [Hodgso1968]; Tanzania [Hodgso1968]; Togo [Panis2010]; Uganda [Newste1917a, Hodgso1968]; Zanzibar [Green1916a, Mamet1943a]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1968]. Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [QinGu1992], Queensland [QinGu1992]); Christmas Island [NeumanODGu2014]; Cook Islands; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands); Fiji; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii); Kiribati; New Caledonia; Northern Mariana Islands; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Tuvalu; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Western Samoa. Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Sur [Ferris1921]); United States of America (Alabama, California, Florida, Louisiana, Texas). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHi1991]; Colombia [Kondo2001]; Cuba [Ballou1926]; Dominican Republic; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Cocker1895a, Cocker1895x]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Barthelemy [MatileEt2006], Saint Martin [MatileEt2006]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]. Palaearctic: Egypt [AbdelR2012]; Israel [BenDov1987]; Japan [TanakaAmUe2006]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, Balach1939, Mamet1943a].

BIOLOGY: Panis & Maro (1977) described a method for mass rearing. The encapsulation of eggs of Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) was determined by Blumberg & Goldenberg (1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Tanaka et al. (2006).Good description and illustartion of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984) and Tanaka et al. (2006).

SYSTEMATICS: It can be concluded that P. urbicola can be separated clearly from P. floccifera by lacking submarginal tubercles (7-9 in aa[P. flocciferaa] and by the 2 subapical seta located in the anal plate (3 in P. floccifera). (Abdel-Razak, et al., 2014)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Smith et al. (2004) reported on successful biological control of this soft scale on the Coringa South West Island (Queensland, Australia), where it became a destructive pest to Pisonia grandis forest. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coccinellidae) has proved a very effective in suppressing populations of Pu. urbicola on oceanic islands. (Neumann, et al., 2014)

KEYS: Tanaka & Kondo 2015: 113 (female) [Key to Colombian species of the genus Pulvinaria]; Tanaka et al. 2006: 180 (female) [Pulvinaria species of Ryuku archipelago]; Williams & Watson 1990: 148 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 87 (female) [USA, Florida]; Beardsley 1966: 491 (female) [Micronesia]; Zimmerman 1948: 333 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbdelR2012 [description, distribution, illustration: 206-208]; AbdelRBaKa2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 185-188]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 5]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 257-258]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 36]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 491,493]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; BenDov1987 [host, distribution : 114]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 263-264,274, 286-287]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 27, 44]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeGo1992 [life history, biological control: 57-65]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; Cocker1893j [taxonomy: 255]; Cocker1893m [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160-161]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895a [host, distribution: 102]; Cocker1895x [taxonomy, host, distribution: 258]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; Cocker1903e [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 261-262]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 140]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-89]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,6,22]; GaigheSaHe2011 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution, host: 22]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Green1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199,204]; Green1916a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 375]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-107]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2,6,10,13-14,20]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 137]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 21]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76, 78]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 145]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 153]; Mamet1949 [distribution: 27]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 17]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 106]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 41,73,146,164]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 167]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 392]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 6]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; NeumanODGu2014 [biological control, description, distribution, ecology, host, illustration: 27-30]; Newste1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-7]; Newste1909 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24]; Panis2010 [host, distribution, life history: 421-422]; PanisMa1976 [host, distribution: 7-8]; PanisMa1977 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 599-606]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-157]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 125]; Reyne1964 [host, distribution: 98-99]; Sander1909a [catalogue: 45]; SmithPaHa2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 61-68]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10,23]; TanakaAmUe2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-181]; TanakaKo2015 [distribution, taxonomy: 113]; VanHarCoWi1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 135]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 103-104]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 49]; Willia1985a [host, distribution: 225]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 91-96]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 34]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distribution: 132]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-159]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 58]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 340-342].

Pulvinaria vangueriae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria vangueriae Hall, 1932: 194. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, on Ficus sp. and Vangueria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Loganiaceae: Strychnos [Hodgso1968], Strychnos spinosa [Hodgso1968]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hall1932, Hodgso1967a]. Rubiaceae: Vangueria [Hall1932, Hodgso1967a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1932, Hodgso1967a, Hodgso1968].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1967a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 287-288]; Hall1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-195]; Hodgso1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 208-210]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 172-173].

Pulvinaria viburni King

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria viburni King, 1901j: 333. Type data: CANADA: Quebec, near Ottawa, in woods at Aylmer, on Viburnum pubescens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Capparidaceae: Viburnum pubescens [King1901j].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Quebec [King1901j]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 288]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 140]; King1901j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333-334].

Pulvinaria vini Hadzibejli

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria vini Hadzibejli, 1960a: 54. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: on grapevine. Syntypes, female, male and first instar. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female, male and first instar.



HOST: Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Hadzib1960a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 288]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 205]; Hadzib1960a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 54]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108-110]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78].

Pulvinaria vinifera King in Hofer

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria vinifera King in Hofer, 1903: 481. Type data: SWITZERLAND: on grapevine. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Hofer1903].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Switzerland.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 288]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 249]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 140]; Hofer1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 481]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 376].

Pulvinaria vitis (Linnaeus)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus betulae Linnaeus, 1758: 455. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams, 2007b: 441.

Coccus carpini Linnaeus, 1758: 455. Type data: EUROPE: on Carpinus. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1903: 51. Notes: Type material lost (D.J. Williams, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov).

Coccus oxyacanthae Linnaeus, 1758: 456. Type data: EUROPE: on Crataegus oxyacantha. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1903: 51. Notes: Type material lost (D.J. Williams, 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).

Coccus vitis Linnaeus, 1758: 456. Type data: EUROPE: on Vitis vinifera. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost; D.J. Williams, 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).

Coccus crataegi Linnaeus, 1766: 742. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 288. Notes: Unjustified Replacement Name for Coccus oxyacanthae Linnaeus.

Coccus crataegi Fabricius, 1775. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Williams, 2007b: 449.

Coccus betulae Fabricius, 1776: 304. Type data: EUROPE: on Betula alba. EUROPE: on Betula alba. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 2007b: 441. Notes: Type material lost.

Coccus mespili Goeze, 1778: 345. Synonymy by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 31.

Coccus mespili Gmelin, 1790: 2221. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 130.

Chermes carpini; Olivier, 1792: 441. Change of combination.

Chermes crataegi; Olivier, 1792: 492. Change of combination.

Calypticus spumosus Costa, 1829: 10. Type data: ITALY: San Jorio, on Quercus sp. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869a: 875. Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov).

Coccus salicis Fitch, 1851: 69. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Salem at the footbridge. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1910: 60.

Lecanium crataegi; Walker, 1852: 1073. Change of combination.

Lecanium maclurae Fitch, 1855: 38. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, on Maclura aurantiaca. Syntypes, female. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909: 433.

Lecanium americanum Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 731. Unjustified replacement name for Coccus salicis Fitch.

Pulvinaria populi Signoret, 1873: 42. Type data: FRANCE: Montpellier, on Populus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1903: 55.

Pulvinaria betulae; Signoret, 1873a: 31. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria carpini; Signoret, 1873a: 34. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria oxyacanthae; Signoret, 1873a: 40. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria ribesiae Signoret, 1873a: 43. Type data: FRANCE: Clamart, on 'grosseillier sanguin' [=currant]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1903: 55.

Pulvinaria vitis; Signoret, 1873a: 45. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria betulae alni Douglas, 1891b: 100. Type data: ENGLAND: Lewisham, on Alnus glutinosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912: 375.

Pulvinaria maclurae; Cockerell, 1894a: 32. Change of combination.

Coccus (Pulvinaria) vitis; Frank, 1896: 175. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria innumerabilis tiliae King & Cockerell, 1898: 286. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Methuen, Lawrence and Andover, on Tilia americana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 433.

Pulvinaria hunteri King, 1901c: 144. Type data: U.S.A.: Kansas, Kansas City, and Lawrence, on maple and on honey locust [=Gleditsia triacanthos]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 433.

Pulvinaria tiliae; King, 1901i: 314. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria vitis opacus King in Reh, 1903: 461. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv.

Pulvinaria vitis sorbusae Reh, 1903: 461. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv.

Pulvinaria vitis sorbusae King, 1903: 461. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv.

Pulvinaria vitis verrucosae Reh, 1903: 461. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv.

Pulvinaria vitis verrucosae King, 1903: 461. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv.

Pulvinaria (Pulvinaria) betulae; Danzig, 1980c: 263.

Pulvinaria vites; Tang, 1984b: 127. Misspelling of species name.

Pulvinaria vitis; Malumphy, 1991: 5.

Pulvinaria vitis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 288. Revived combination.

COMMON NAMES: cottony grape scale [BenDov1993]; cottony vine scale [Gill1988, BenDov1993]; The Coccus of Vitis vinifera [Linnae1758].



ASSOCIATE: VIRUS Closteroviridae: Ampelovirus GLRaV-3 [BahderPoAl2013].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Brachytarsus fasciatus (Forster) [Pelliz1997a], Brachytarsus nebulosus (Forster) [Pelliz1997a]. DIPTERA Chamaemyiidae: Leucopis annulipex Zetterstedt [Pelliz1997a], Leucopis nigricornis Egger [Pelliz1997a]. Ephydridae: Leucopis (Leucopomya) silesiaca Egger [Schmut1972a, Pelliz1997a]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus gigas Erdos [Pelliz1997a], Coccophagus insidiator (Dalman) [Schmut1955b, Schmut1972a, Pelliz1997a], Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [ArgyriStMo1976, Pelliz1997a, DemiroKaJa2005], Coccophagus picae [Bolu2012], Coccophagus scutellaris (Dalman) [Schmut1972a, Pelliz1997a]. Encyrtidae: Cheilonerus formosus (Boheman) [Schmut1972a, Pelliz1997a], Encyrtus albitarsis (Zetterstedt) [Schmut1955b, Schmut1972a, Pelliz1997a], Metaphycus insidiosus Mercet [Pelliz1997a], Microterys duplicatus (Nees) [Schmut1972a, Pelliz1997a]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Crysoperla carnea (Stephen) [Pelliz1997a].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [KosztaKo1988F]. Asteraceae: Leucopsis [KozarSu1979]. Betulaceae: Alnaster fruticosa [Danzig1978a], Alnus [Balach1934a, TerGri1956, KozarzRe1975], Alnus glutinosa [Terezn1963a, GomezM1958b], Alnus incana [KotejaZa1966], Alnus maximowiczii [Danzig1980b], Betula [TerGri1956, KozarzRe1975], Betula alba [GomezM1948, GomezM1958b], Betula ermanii [Danzig1980b], Betula exilis [Danzig1978a], Betula mandshurica [Danzig1980b], Betula nana [Gertss2005], Betula pendula [KozarPaPa1991, KozarGuBa1994, Hodgso1994a], Betula platyphylla [Danzig1980b], Betula pubescens [Terezn1963a], Betula tauschii [Danzig1980b], Betula verrucosa [Koteja1983a], Corylus sp. [Malump2011a]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus [Linnae1758, TerGri1962, KosztaKo1988F], Carpinus betulus [Kozar1980]. Celastraceae: Euonymus europaeus [KozarOrKo1977]. Corylaceae: Corylus [KosztaKo1988F], Corylus avellana [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969]. Fabaceae: Robinia sp. [Moghad2013a]. Fagaceae: Fagus [KosztaKo1988F]. Grossulariaceae: Grossularia [TerGri1956, Danzig1994], Ribes [Green1928, TerGri1956], Ribes grossularia [Koteja1964, KotejaZa1966, KozarzRe1975, KotejaZa1983], Ribes hispidulum [Mateso1968], Ribes mejeri [Mateso1968], Ribes nigrum [Mateso1968, Hodgso1994a, HodgsoHe2000], Ribes rubrum [Danzig1978a, Kozar1985a, Kozar1986, KozarGuBa1994], Ribes sachalinense [Danzig1980b]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus [KosztaKo1988F], Aesculus hippocastanum [KozarSu1979, Kozar1980]. Juglandaceae: Juglans [KosztaKo1988F], Juglans regia [TerGri1954, Kozar1980]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [Moghad2013a]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus mandshurica [Danzig1980b]. Rosaceae: Armeniaca [Bodenh1944b], Cotoneaster [Danzig1994], Crataegus [TerGri1956, Canard1965, Bazaro1971c], Crataegus chlorosarca [Danzig1980b], Crataegus laciniata [Rungs1948], Crataegus monogyna [Kozar1980], Crataegus oxyacantha [Linnae1758, Green1928, GomezM1958b, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980], Cydonia [KosztaKo1988F], Cydonia oblonga [Potaev1993], Malus [KosztaKo1988F], Mespilus [KosztaKo1988F], Prunus [KosztaKo1988F, HodgsoHe2000], Prunus armeniaca [HodgsoHe2000], Prunus domestica [Kozar1980], Prunus persica [Kozar1980, HodgsoHe2000], Pyracantha coccinea [KozarPaPa1991], Pyrus [KosztaKo1988F], Pyrus aucuparia [Green1921, Green1931a], Pyrus communis [HodgsoHe2000], Rosa [KosztaKo1988F], Sorbus [KozarzRe1975], Sorbus aucuparia [ZakOgaKo1964, Koteja1971a, Koteja1983a, Danzig1994], Sorbus commixta [Danzig1980b], Spiraea hypericifolia [Mateso1968], Spiraea media [Danzig1978a], Spiraea salicifolia [Danzig1980b]. Salicaceae: Populus [Archan1930, TerGri1954, TerGri1956, TerGri1962, HodgsoHe2000], Populus tremula [GomezM1958b, Koteja1971a, Koteja1983a], Salix [Archan1930, KotejaZa1966, Koteja1971a, KozarzRe1975, Danzig1977a, Kozar1983a, KozarWa1986], Salix arenaria [Koteja1971a], Salix caprea [ZakOgaKo1964, Koteja1983a], Salix cinerea [Gertss2000], Salix hultenii [Danzig1980b], Salix pentandra [KozarOrKo1977], Salix rosmarinifolia [KozarWa1986], Salix sachalinensis [Danzig1980b]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix gallica [Balach1937]. Tiliaceae: Tilia [KosztaKo1988F]. Vitaceae: Vitis [KozarzRe1975, Potaev1993, Granar1999], Vitis persica [Moghad2013a], Vitis vinifera [Linnae1758, Balach1927, TerGri1956, GomezM1958b, Kozar1980, Argyri1983, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [HodgsoHe2000]. Nearctic: Canada (Alberta, Ontario [Philli1955, Koszta1996]); United States of America (California [Ferris1920b], Kansas, Massachusetts [KingCo1898], New York [Barnes1988, Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999]); Brazil. Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1927]; Armenia [TerGri1954, TerGri1956, TerGri1962]; Austria [KosztaKo1988F, Malump2011a]; Bulgaria [Tschor1939]; China; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [Argyri1983, KozarPaPa1991]; Croatia [Masten2007, Masten2007a, MastenIvSi2009]; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France [Balach1934a, Balach1937, Foldi2000, Germai2011]; Georgia; Germany; Greece [ArgyriStMo1976]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, KozarWa1986, Kozar1991, KozarDr1991, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Ireland; Israel [BenDovZaOp2000]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania [MalumpOsPy2009]; Luxembourg; Malta [Borg1932]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Mongolia; Morocco [Rungs1948]; Netherlands [Jansen1995, Jansen2000]; Norway; Poland [Kaweck1935, Koteja1964, ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, Koteja1971a, KotejaZa1983]; Portugal [Seabra1941, FrancoRuMa2011]; Romania [FetykoKoDa2010]; Russia (Altay Kray, Irkutsk Oblast, Primor'ye Kray, Sakhalin Oblast, Tatarstan (=Tatar) AR [Kozar1985a], Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR); Sardinia [Melis1930, Pelliz2011]; Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; Spain [GomezM1946, GomezM1958b]; Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001, Gertss2005]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1971c]; Turkey [UlgentTo2001, CebeciSe2004, DemiroKaJa2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Archan1930, Potaev1993]; Ukraine (Odessa Oblast); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b], England [Newste1900a, Green1920, Green1921, Green1928, Green1931a, Hodgso1994a], Scotland [Green1927a]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Europe on its natural host plants, as well as on others onto which it was transferred (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988; Malumphy, 1991; Lagowska, 1996); in Ontario, Canada (Phillips, 1962, 1963). In England, when reared at 25oC in insectary a second generation developed in January (Malaumphy, 1991, Lagowska (1996). Lagowska (1996) observed in Poland, both bisexual and unisexual populations. In bisexual populations the sex ratio is affected by the host plant (Lagowska, 1996). Phillips (1962, 1963) observed that it is parthenogentic in Ontario, Canada.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Gill (1988), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1996), Lagowska (1996), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Description and illustration of first instar nymph by Phillips (1962) and by Lagowska (1996). Description and illustration of second instar female nymph by Phillips (1962) and by Lagowska (1996). Description and illustration of third instar female nymph by Lagowska (1996). Description and illustration of second instar male nymph by Lagowska (1996). Description and illustration of male prepupa and pupa Lagowska (1996).

STRUCTURE: The wrinkled adult female scale is dark brown, 5-7 mm long and ranging from round to heart-shaped convex shape (see Appendix, The adult male is only 1.5 mm in length, pink to red in colour and winged. The first-instar nymphs are only 0.5 mm in length, elongated oval in shape and range in colour from brown to dark yellow. (Mitchell, et al., 2011) (See colour photograph in Gill (1988) and Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2007b) provided a most detailed study of the nomenclature of this species. Until the 1990's varying interpretation were recognized in Coccidae taxonomy as to the taxonomic and biological identity of the nominal species Pulvinaria vitis and its junior synonyms. Borchsenius (1957) and Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) regarded each of P. vitis, P. betulae, P. oxyacanthae, P. populi and P. ribesiae as a distinct species. The biological and morphometric studies by Malumphy (1991) and Lagowska (1996, 1997) have settled this issue and confirmed that Pulvinaria vitis is the senior synonym of one species exhibiting a wide intraspecific morphological variation, which is affected by environmental parameters such as host plant and temperature.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of grapevine in Europe (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988), peaches in Canada, Ontario (Phillips, 1955, 1963). The infestation rate on fruit trees in Lublin, Poland studied by Lagowska (1984). Natural enemies on peach in Canada, Ontario studied by Phillips (1963). Chemical control studied by Smith & Phillips (1961) and Phillips & Smith (1963). Belli et al. (1994) proved in Italy that under laboratory conditions this species transmitted Grapevine Leafroll Virus (GLRaV-III). Fortusini et al. (1999) found in Italy that this species was present, together with several other soft scale species, in vineyeards were natural spread of Grapevine Lefroll Disease was recorded. Natural populations of parasitic wasps do not constitute a significant or reliable regulatory mechanism. Thiacloprid has been found by U.K. growers to be the most effective insecticide of those approved for use. Timing is critical, with the best results occurring when sprays are applied in late June or early July when most or all of the eggs have hatched but when a maximum proportion of the populations is at the first instar (early crawler) stage. (Mitchell, et al., 2011)

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 212 (female) [New Zealand]; Jansen 2000: 2-3 (female) [Netherlands]; Granara de Willink 1999: 144 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 375 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1991: 253 (female) [China]; Gill 1988: 85 (female) [USA, California]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 239 (female); Borchsenius 1957: 228 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Alford1985 [chemical control: 2-3]; Archan1930 [host, distribution : 80]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 24]; BahderPoAl2013 [economic importance: 1293]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 185]; Balach1932d [host, distribution: LVIII]; Balach1934a [host, distribution: 72]; Balach1937 [host, distribution : 339]; BalachMe1935 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 727-728]; Barnes1988 [host, distribution: 104]; Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 90]; BelliFoCa1994 [host, distribution, economic importance: 105-108]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 288-290]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 27, 44]; BenDovZaOp2000 [host, distribution: 142-143]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 88]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 229-239,243-245]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 15]; Bouron1987 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 34]; Canard1965 [host, distribution: 170]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 213]; CharleCoMu2005 [host, distribution: 1-4]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1901c [taxonomy: 90]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 255]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; Danzig1967 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 145]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 204]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 200]; Danzig1978 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 16-17]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 78]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 263-265]; Danzig1985 [host, distribution: 111]; Danzig1994 [host, distribution: 47]; Danzig1995 [taxonomy, structure, ecology: 19-24]; DemiroKaJa2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 223-230]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-241]; Dougla1890b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 238-240]; Dougla1891a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 100]; DumasVa1950 [chemical control: 235-245]; Egger1990 [biological control: 27-28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 129,130-131,133,136]; Ferris1920b [host, distribution: 36]; FetykoKoDa2010 [host, distribution: 299]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 151]; FortusScPr1999 [economic importance, host, distribution: 121-122]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 7,23]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 112]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 527]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005 [host, distribution: 39]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 55-58]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-104]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85,92,102]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Goeze1778 [taxonomy: 338]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 279-282]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 88]; GomezM1948 [host, distribution: 88]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-106]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-152]; Green1915a [host, distribution: 182]; Green1920 [host, distribution: 125]; Green1921 [host, distribution: 198]; Green1925b [host, distribution: 518]; Green1927a [host, distribution: 56]; Green1928 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6]; Green1931a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 104-105]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 106-108,110-111]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 503-506]; Hoffma2002 [life history, ecology, host, distribution, biological control: 1-164]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 126]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 141]; Jansen2000 [life history, host, distribution: 1-5]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; Kaweck1935 [host, distribution: 89]; Kaweck1938 [host, distribution, life history: 205-206]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 210-211]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 114]; Kiritc1931 [host, distribution: 316]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 265-266]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 164]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 15]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375,386-387]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 121]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-244]; Koteja1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 324]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; Koteja2000a [host, distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 326]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 367]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 482]; Kozar1975 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 1-24]; Kozar1976a [economic importance, host, distribution: 35-47]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 68]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 147]; Kozar1985a [host, distribution: 312]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 176]; Kozar1987 [host, distribution: 100]; Kozar1989 [economic importance, host, distribution: 176-177]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; Kozar1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 317]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 140]; KozarDr1991 [distribution: 363]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 155]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 73]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235]; KozarWa1985 [host, distribution: 78]; KozarWa1986 [taxonomy: 116]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 95-100]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution, economic importance: 27]; LafonCoHu1961 [economic importance: 37-43]; Lagows1984 [host, distribution, economic importance: 9-17]; Lagows1986 [host, distribution: 477]; Lagows1986a [host, distribution: 174-175]; Lagows1987 [host, distribution, biological control: 383-398]; Lagows1987a [host, distribution, ecology: 131-144]; Lagows1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-119]; Lagows1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 17-25]; Lagows1998a [host, distribution: 63-71]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-189]; Lellak1966 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 305]; LeMaguFuCh2013 [economic importance, host: 416]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64,84,147,151]; Linnae1758 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 456]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; Malump1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 1-270]; Malump2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 51-53]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution, biological control: 25,38]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 51,53]; MalumpOsPy2009 [host, distribution: 123]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 75]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Masten2007a [host, distribution, life history: 33-38]; Masten2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 357-368]; MastenIvSi2009 [host, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy: 267-278]; MastenSiKo2007 [host, distribution, life history: 326-329]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 120-121]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 355]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 8]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; MitcheBrCr2011 [biological control, chemical control, description, economic importance, host, life history: 227-228]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 11]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 12]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 206]; Newste1900a [host, distribution, life history: 24-26]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 61]; Pelliz1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 324-327]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; Philli1955 [host, distribution: 245]; Philli1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 497-499]; Philli1963 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 372-407]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 34-37]; RakimoBeWh2013 [economic importance: 371]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 71]; Reh1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 460-463]; Reh1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 461]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 40-41]; Reyne1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 16]; Rungs1948 [host, distribution: 115]; Sander1906 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7]; Sander1906 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7]; Sander1909 [taxonomy: 433-435]; Savesc1960 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 45-46]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 270-274]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution, life history: 554]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 20]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 520]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 417]; Seabra1941 [host, distribution: 7]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 106]; SentenKu2003 [host, distribution: 247-252]; SforzaGr2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 46-50]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 844,847,850,868,872]; Signor1873 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34,40-47]; Simon2012 [description, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 269-281]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 239]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-14,28]; Sulc1912 [host, distribution: 35]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Szulcz1931 [host, distribution: 124-135]; Szulcz1949 [host, distribution: 219-224]; TanakaAm2004 [taxonomy: 270]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 254-255,264-265]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 64]; Terezn1963 [host, distribution: 185]; Terezn1963a [host, distribution: 52]; Terezn1963b [host, distribution: 154]; Terezn1963c [host, distribution: 1528]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 29]; Terezn1981 [host, distribution: 137-142]; TerGri1954 [host, distribution: 64]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 43]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 134]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248]; Tschor1939 [host, distribution: 89]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; VarnerMaLu2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 143-150]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, distribution: 1072-1073]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 32-33]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 289]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 226]; Willia2007b [taxonomy: 448, 427-490]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 11,14,18,31,35,42,48]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 33]; Wunn1937 [host, distribution: 23]; Xie1998 [host, distribution: 67-68]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion: 21-112]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 428].



Pulvinariella Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinariella Borchsenius, 1953: 287. Type species: Coccus mesembryanthemi Vallot, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1957), De Lotto (1979), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999). Ben-Dov (1993) regarded this genus a subjective synonym of Pulvinaria.

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini. Cosata (1844) presented observations on a soft scale insects, that he found on Mesembryanthemum acanciforme in Italy at Posilipo beach near Napoli, and to which he referred as Calitico species. Signoret (1869a:861) named Costa's species as Calypticus mesembryanthemi Costa. Ben-Dov (1993: 290) concluded that although Calittico Costa, 1844 antedated Pulvinariella Borchsenius, 1953, it would be more appropriate, for the sake of stability, to regard Calittico as an objective synonym of Pulvinariella, rather than resurrecting the unused, forgotten name Calittic.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 26 (female) [Argentina]; Borchsenius 1957: 203 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 290]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description: 287]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 252-253]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 214]; Costa1844 [taxonomy: 273-276]; DeLott1979a [taxonomy, description: 254]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 420]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 152]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 506-509]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 169]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 280-281].

Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus mesembryanthemi Vallot, 1829: 31. Type data: FRANCE: Dijon, Botanic Gardens, on Mesembryanthemum coccineum and M. acinaciforme. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; D. Matile-Ferrero, 1992 personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Calypticus mesembrianthemi Costa, 1844: 273. Type data: ITALY: Napoli, Posilipo beach, on Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 136. Notes: Type material probably lost (Pellizzari Scaltriti, personal communication, 1990).

Pulvinaria biplicata Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 34. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 270.

Pulvinaria mesembrianthemi; Signoret, 1873a: 39. Misspelling of species name.

Icerya mesembryanthemi Peringuey, 1893: 52. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Peninsula, on Mesembryanthemum edule. Syntypes, larva. Described: larva. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1935a: 145. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Pulvinaria mesembrianthemi; Hall, 1923: 40. Misspelling of species name.

Pulvinaria mesembrianthemi; Bytinski-Salz, 1966: 30. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Dougl." as author.

Calypticus mesembryanthemi; Gill, 1988: 89. Misspelling of species name.

Pulvirariella mesembrianthemi; Tang, 1991: 281. Misspelling of species name.

Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi; Ben-Dov, 1993: 270. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: iceplant scale [Gill1988, BenDov1993].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [ZappalSi2008], Coccophagus scutellaris Dalman [Balach1930e], Coccophagus semicircularis (Förster) [ZappalSi2008], Prococcophagus neserorum Annecke & Mynhardt [AnneckMy1979a]. Encyrtidae: Encyrtus frontalis Mercet [Balach1930e], Metaphycus flavus (Howard) [ZappalSi2008], Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) [ZappalSi2008], Microterys anneckei Prinsloo [Prinsl1975], Microterys nietneri (Motschulsky) [ZappalSi2008].

HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Carpobrotus [QinGu1992, Hodgso1994a, HodgsoHe2000], Carpobrotus acinaciformis [Marott1987], Carpobrotus chilensis [Marott1987], Carpobrotus edulis [DeLott1967b, QinGu1992, Hodgso1994a], Carpobrotus nodiflorum [Russo1995], Disphyma australe [HodgsoHe2000], Disphyma crassifolium [Marott1987], Mesembryanthemum [Brain1920a, Hall1922, Hall1932, DeLott1967b, Hodgso1967a, KfirRo1980, Argyri1983], Mesembryanthemum [Balach1931a, Balach1933e, GomezM1946, Marott1987, QinGu1992], Mesembryanthemum [KozarPaPa1991, Jansen1995, Granar1999], Mesembryanthemum acinaciformis [Melis1930, Borg1932, Balach1933e], Mesembryanthemum acutiforme [Balach1927, Kozar1986], Mesembryanthemum crystallinum [QinGu1992, HodgsoHe2000], Mesembryanthemum edule [Brain1920a, Balach1927, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Mesembryanthemum rigidicaule [Marott1987], Sesuvium portulacastrum [QinGu1992]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex vesicaria [QinGu1992], Lampranthus [HodgsoHe2000], Lampranthus glaucus [QinGu1992].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1967b, Hodgso1994a]; Swaziland [DeLott1967b]; Zimbabwe [Hall1932, Hodgso1967a]. Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1992], New South Wales [QinGu1992], Queensland [QinGu1992], South Australia [QinGu1992], Tasmania [QinGu1992], Western Australia [QinGu1992]); New Zealand [HodgsoHe2000] (Three Kings Islands). Nearctic: United States of America (California). Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999]); Chile (Los Lagos [KondoGu2010]). Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1927]; Canary Islands [GomezM1967O]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [Argyri1983, KozarPaPa1991, PellizPoSe2011]; Egypt [Hall1922, EzzatHu1969]; France [Balach1931a, Balach1933e, LongoMaPe1995, Jansen1995, Foldi2000]; Hungary [Kozar2005]; Israel [KfirRo1980]; Italy [Marott1987, LongoMaPe1995]; Madeira Islands [FrancoRuMa2011]; Malta [Borg1932]; Netherlands [Jansen1995]; Portugal [FrancoRuMa2011]; Sardinia [Melis1930, Marott1987]; Sicily [Marott1987]; Slovenia [Seljak2008, Seljak2010]; Spain [GomezM1946, GomezM1954, GomezM1960O, LongoMaPe1995, Jansen1995]; Turkey [CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; United Kingdom (Scilly Isles).

BIOLOGY: Washburn & Washburn (1985) studied the life history in California, USA. Washburn & Frankie (1984) showed that first instar crawlers exhibit active aerial dispersal behaviour.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto(1967b), Hodgson (1967a, 1968, 1994a), Gill (1988), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988), Hodgson (1994a) and Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A potential pest to Aizoaceous ground covers in California, USA (Donaldson et al., 1978).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 212 (female) [New Zealand]; Gill 1988: 85 (female) [USA, California].

CITATIONS: AnneckMy1979a [host, distribution, biological control: 292-293]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364]; Balach1927 [host, distribution : 185]; Balach1930e [host, distribution, biological control: 219-220]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 100]; Balach1932d [host, distribution: LVIII]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 270-271]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 27,]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 253-254]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 15]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 235]; Buckle1987 [life history, ecology: 53-85]; Bytins1966 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 30]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 19]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 214]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-339]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 329]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Costa1844 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 273-276]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 793-794,809]; DonaldMoKo1978 [economic importance, host, distribution: 4-7]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy: 420]; EzzatNa1987 [host, distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 136]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 7,23]; FrankiHa1986 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-44]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-90,99]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 283-284]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 88]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 137]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 200]; GomezM1967O [host, distribution: 134]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Hall1932 [host, distribution: 193]; Hodgso1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-205]; Hodgso1968 [host, distribution: 164-166]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 506-509]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-219]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134,141]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KfirRo1980 [distribution, host, biological control: 118]; KondoGu2010 [host, distribution: 13]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 172]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 337-339]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 211]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 145]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 108]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 75]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 15]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 148, 155]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Paoli1915 [host, distribution]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294,297]; Pering1893 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52]; Prinsl1975 [biological control: 19-37]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-141]; Quinta1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 75-110]; Reh1903 [host, distribution: 460]; Russo1995 [host, distribution: 347]; Seljak2008 [host, distribution: 121-127]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 106]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 845,861]; Signor1873 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 39-40]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 281-282]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 34]; TassanHaCa1982 [host, distribution, biological control: 16-17]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; Vallot1829 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 31]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 104]; Washbu1984 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-148]; WashbuFr1985 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 1-24]; WashbuWa1984 [host, distribution, life history: 1088]; Willia1985c [host, distribution: 137]; Willia2013 [distribution: 190]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 31]; ZappalSi2008 [host, distribution, biological control: 272].



Pulvinarisca Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinarisca Borchsenius, 1953: 288. Type species: Pulvinaria serpentina Balachowsky, by monotypy and original designation.

Macropulvinaria Hodgson, 1968: 155. Type species: Pulvinaria jacksoni Newstead, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Tao et al. (1983), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson (1968, 1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini.

KEYS: Tao et al. 1983: 62 (female) [Taiwan]; Hodgson 1969a: 20 (female) [Afrotropical Region]; Hodgson 1968: 155 (female) [Afrotropical Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 171,291]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description: 288]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description: 155]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 3,20]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 327-330,509-512]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 169]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 275-276]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 87]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,111-112].

Pulvinarisca acaciae (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Macropulvinaria acaciae Hodgson, 1968: 155. Type data: SUDAN: Medani, on Acacia arabica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pulvinarisca acaciae; Hodgson, 1994a: 330. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia arabica [Hodgso1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Sudan [Hodgso1968].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1968).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 171]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-157].

Pulvinarisca crotonis (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria crotonis De Lotto, 1954a: 213. Type data: ERITREA: Ghescinascim, on Croton macrostachys. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pulvinarisca crotonis; Hodgson, 1994a: 330. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Croton macrostachys [DeLott1954a]. Fabaceae: Erythrina [DeLott1954a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Eritrea [DeLott1954a]; Uganda [DeLott1954a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 255-256]; DeLott1954a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 213-215]; Hodgso1967a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 199].

Pulvinarisca filamentosa (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Eulecanium) filamentosum Newstead, 1913: 74. Type data: UGANDA: Tero Forest, on undetermined shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium filamentosum; Sasscer, 1915: 31. Change of combination.

Eulecanium filamentosum; Gowdey, 1917: 188. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria filamentosum; De Lotto, 1959: 152. Change of combination.

Macropulvinaria filamentosa; Hodgson, 1968: 157. Change of combination.

Pulvinarisca filamentosa; Hodgson, 1994a: 330. Change of combination.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Brain1920a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a]; Uganda [Newste1913, Sassce1915, Hodgso1968].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1968).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 171-172]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6-7]; DeLott1959 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 152]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 188]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-159]; Newste1913 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-76]; Sassce1915 [catalogue: 31].

Pulvinarisca inopheron (Laing)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium inopheron Laing, 1925a: 57. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on Erythrina sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pulvinaria jacksoni; Hall, 1932: 191. Misidentification.

Pulvinaria inopheron; Hodgson, 1967a: 201. Change of combination.

Macropulvinaria inopheron; Hodgson, 1968: 159. Change of combination.

Pulvinarisca inopheron; Hodgson, 1994a: 330. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona [Hodgso1969a]. Araliaceae: Cussonia spicata [Hodgso1967a]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha bicolor [Hall1932], Croton sylvaticus [Hall1932, Hodgso1967a], Jatropha curcas [Hall1932]. Fabaceae: Erythrina [Laing1925a, Hodgso1967a]. Lamiaceae: Salvia [Hodgso1969a]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Hodgso1967a, Hodgso1969a]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [Hall1932], Trichilia [Hall1932]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hodgso1967a, Hodgso1969a]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Laing1925a, Hodgso1967a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1932, Hodgso1967a, Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1967a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 172]; Hall1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 191-193]; Hodgso1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-203]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, structure: 159]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 20-21]; Laing1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-58].

Pulvinarisca jacksoni (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria jacksoni Newstead, 1908a: 155. Type data: SENEGAL: Dakar, Botanic Gardens, on Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium nyassae Newstead, 1911a: 162. Type data: MALAWI: North Nyassa, Rungwa, Utengule, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1968a: 159.

Coccus nyassae; Sasscer, 1912: 88. Change of combination.

Macropulvinaria jacksoni; Hodgson, 1968: 159. Change of combination.

Pulvinarisca jacksoni; Hodgson, 1994a: 330. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona [BenDovCa2006], Annona reticulata [EtiennMa1993]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Strick1947], Croton macrostachys [Hodgso1967a], Croton silvaticus [Hall1932], Manihot esculenta [EtiennMa1993]. Fabaceae: Cassia dydimobotrya [Hodgso1967a], Erythrina [Hodgso1967a]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [Newste1911, Newste1914, EtiennMa1993, Hodgso1994a]. Meliaceae: Trichilia [Brain1920a, Hall1932]. Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1911a, Hodgso1967a, Hodgso1994a]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [Newste1917b]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma [Hodgso1994a], Theobroma cacao [Strick1947]. Strelitziaceae: Tarrietia utilis [CouturMaRi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Burundi [EtiennMa1993]; Cameroon; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [EtiennMa1993]; Eritrea [Hodgso1967a]; Ghana [Newste1914]; Guinea-Bissau [new]; Kenya [Newste1917b, Hodgso1967a]; Malawi [Newste1911a, Newste1914, Hodgso1968]; Mali [EtiennMa1993, Hodgso1994a] (Koutiala); Mozambique [Saraiv1939]; Nigeria [Newste1914, Hodgso1967a, Hodgso1994a] (Calabar, Botanical Gardens); Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; South Africa [Brain1920a]; Uganda [Newste1911, Newste1917b]; Zimbabwe [Hall1932, Hodgso1967a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1967a, 1968, 1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 172]; BenDovCa2006 [host, distribution: 325-326]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19-20]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 277]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 256]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Hall1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 191-193]; Hodgso1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-201]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 20-21]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 327-330]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 63]; Newste1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 93]; Newste1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162]; Newste1914 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 305-306]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 129]; Peacoc1913 [host, distribution: 201]; Saraiv1939 [host, distribution: 103]; Sassce1912 [catalogue: 88]; Schmut1990a [host, distribution, economic importance: 391,399]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; Strick1947a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 499-500]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 429]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 34].

Pulvinarisca serpentina (Balachowsky)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria serpentina Balachowsky, 1929a: 310. Type data: ALGERIA: Hoggar, Oued Aguelil (Tifedest), on Acacia tortilis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 509. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Pulvinarisca serpentina; Borchsenius, 1953: 288. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia seyal [Hodgso1994a], Acacia tortilis [Balach1929a, Balach1934d, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1929a, Balach1934d, Hodgso1994a] (Hoggar, Oued Aguelil.); Morocco [Hodgso1994a] (Rabat du Tinzoline).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: Balach1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 310-313]; Balach1934d [host, distribution: 149]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 291]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 288]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 509-512]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78].



Pulvinella Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria (Pulvinella) Hempel, 1899: 132. Type species: Pulvinaria (Pulvinella) pulchella Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.

Pulvinella; Hempel, 1900: 416. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson (1994a), and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 26 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 291]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 253]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 154]; Hempel1899 [taxonomy, description: 132]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description: 416]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, description: 28]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 512-515]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 170].

Pulvinella pulchella (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria (Pulvinella) pulchella Hempel, 1899: 132. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Baccharis sp. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female and first instar.

Pulvinella pulchella; Hempel, 1900b: 481.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle [Lizery1942c, Granar1999], Schinus pelygonius [Granar1999]. Asteraceae: Baccharis [Hempel1899], Baccharis dracunculifolia [Hempel1900a, Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy [Granar1999], Mendoza [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999]); Brazil [Hodgso1994a] (Ypiranga.) (Sao Paulo).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female by Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 291]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 138]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-156]; Hempel1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 132-133]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 481-482]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 512-515]; Lizery1942c [host, distribution: 233]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 144].



Rhizopulvinaria Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizopulvinaria Borchsenius, 1952a: 301. Type species: Rhizopulvinaria virgulata Borchsenius, by original designation.

Rhizopulvinara; Tang, 1991: 282. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1957), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Hodgson (1994a) and by Gavrilov (2009).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini. Gavrilov (2009) revised on the basis of morphological and ecological data, the 32 species which have been assigned to the genus Rhizopulvinaria, and concluded that 29 of the nominal species of Rhizopulvinaria described by different authors are morphological varieties of a single species Rh. artemisiae Signoret, 1873. Kaydan & Kozar (2010) dis-agreed with Gavrilov's (2009) interpretation and regarded the follwing nominal species as valid in the fauna of Turkey: Rh. armeniaca Borchsenius, Rh. diasnthi Bodenheimer, Rh. grandicula Borchsenius, Rh. hissarica Borchsenius, Rh. megriensis Borchsenius, Rh. pyrethri Borchsenius, Rh. turkestanica Archangelskaya, Rh. turkmenica Borchsenius, Rh. variabilis Borchsenius and Rh. viridis Borchsenius.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 282-284 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 245 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1981 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1980: 265-266 (female) [Armenia]; Canard 1968 (female) [Mediterranean Basin]; Danzig 1964 (female) [USSR]; Matesova 1960: 196-197 (female) [Central Asia]; Borchsenius 1957: 203, 258-259 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1952 (female) [USSR].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 291]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description: 301-302]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 257-259]; Canard1966 [taxonomy, description : 190-193]; Canard1968 [taxonomy, description: 90-96]; Canard1971 [taxonomy, description: 119]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 214]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy, description: 640]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 420]; Gavril2009 [taxonomy, description: 246-259]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 516-518]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 123]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 244-245]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 124]; Mateso1960 [taxonomy, description: 196-197]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 174]; PellizFo1999 [taxonomy: 17-23]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 282]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 142-144]; TerGri1980 [taxonomy, description: 265-266].

Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria artemisiae Signoret, 1873: 31. Type data: FRANCE: Montpellier, on Artemisia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Pulvinaria retamae Hall, 1923: 17. Type data: EGYPT: Suez Road, at the 7th Tower, on Retama roetam sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 250.

Ctenochiton artemisiae Hall, 1926a: 15. Type data: EGYPT: in the wadis east of Beni Suef, on roots of Artemisia judaica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pulvinaria artemisiae; Kiritchenko, 1931: 316. Misidentification.

Pulvineria artemisiae; Bodenheimer, 1936: 218. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Misspelling of Pulvinaria and authorship erroneously credited to Lichtenstein.

Eulecanium grassei Balachowsky, 1936: 56. Type data: FRANCE: Pyrenees-Orientales, plage de Pierrefitte, between Banyuls-s.-Mer and Cerbere, on Anethum foeniculum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 250. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 250.

Pulvinaria artemisiae; Archangelskaya, 1937: 134. Misidentification.

Pulvinaria artemisiae; Archangelskaya, 1937: 134. Misidentification. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Pulvinaria artemisiae; Archangelskaya, 1937: 134. Misidentification.

Pulvinaria artemisiae; Archangelskaya, 1937: 134. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Lichtenstein" as author.

Pulvinaria artemisiae; Archangelskaya, 1937: 134. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Lichtenstein" as author.

Pulvinaria artemisiae; Kiritchenko, 1940: 119. Misidentification.

Pulvinaria dianthi Bodenheimer, 1943: 12. Type data: IRAQ: Ruwanduz gorge, on roots of Dianthus sp; collected F.S. Bodenheimer, 11 October, 1942. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 250. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 250.

Lecanopsis nevesi Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1946: 88. Type data: SPAIN: Toledo, on Santolina chamaecyparis. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Pellizzari & Fontana, 1999: 18. Type depository: Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spain; type no. HC18928. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 250.

Pulvinaria artemisiae; Borchsenius, 1949d: 176. Misidentification.

Rhizopulvinaria virgulata Borchsenius, 1952: 309. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Nedit-Dag canyon, Collected N. Borchsenius 1 May 1947. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 216-48. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae; Borchsenius, 1952a: 302. Change of combination.

Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae; Borchsenius, 1952a: 302. Change of combination. Homonym of Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae (Signoret).

Rhizopulvinaria dianthi; Borchsenius, 1952a: 302. Change of combination.

Rhizopulvinaria retamae; Borchsenius, 1952a: 302. Change of combination.

Rhizopulvinaria turkmenica Borchsenius, 1952a: 304. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Ashkhabad District, Firyuza Canyon, on rhizome of Aster altaicus; collected N. Borchsenius, 1 June 1940. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 327-50. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria spinifera Borchsenius, 1952a: 305. Type data: GEORGIA: near Borzhomi, on roots of Achillea sp.; collected Z. Khadzhibeyli, 24 September, 1949. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 78-50. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria armeniaca Borchsenius, 1952a: 306. Type data: ARMENIA: Megri Region, Legvaz, on Chenopodiaceae; collected N.S. Borchsenius. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 250. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 300-50. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 250.

Rhizopulvinaria megriensis Borchsenius, 1952a: 307. Type data: ARMENIA: Nachichevan-Dara gorge, Megri, on Chenopodiaceae; collected N. Borchsenius, 26 June, 1947. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 83-47. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria minima Borchsenius, 1952a: 310. Type data: KYRGYSZTAN (KIRGIZIA): Syr-Darya Province, Taldy-Bulak, on Astragalus sp.; collected A. Kiritshenko, 13 June, 1910. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 83-47. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria variabilis Borchsenius, 1952a: 311. Type data: RUSSIA: Stalingrad [=Volgograd] Province, Experimental-meliorative Station Valuyskaya, on roots of Artemisia sp.; collected Frolova, 5 June 1949. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 252-50. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria viridis Borchsenius, 1952a: 312. Type data: UKRAINE: Crimea, Sudak, on roots of Artemisia sp.; 1929. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 138. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria pyrethri Borchsenius, 1952a: 313. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Western Kazakhstan Province, steppe at Borbastau River vicinity, 70 km from Ural'sk City, on Pyrethrum sp.; collected M. Kratets, 9 June 1950. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 523-50. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria grandicula Borchsenius, 1952a: 314. Type data: ARMENIA: Megri, on lower parts of stem, Artemisia? sp.; collected N. Borchsenius, 25 May 1947. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 250. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 200-47. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 250.

Rhizopulvinaria hissarica Borchsenius, 1952a: 314. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Varzob District, Gushary Village surroundings, on roots of Dianthus sp.; collected N. Borchsenius 19 July 1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 508-51. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria transcaspica Borchsenius, 1952a: 316. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Nebit-Dag canyon, on Artemisia sp.; collected N. Borchsenius, 2 May, 1947. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 207-48. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria halli Borchsenius, 1957: 279. Replacement name for Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae (Hall, 1926); synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 250.

Rhizopulvinaria grassei; Borchsenius, 1957: 280. Change of combination.

Rhizopulvinaria polispina Matesova, 1960: 197. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: East Kazakhstan Province, left bank of the river Irtysh, on roots of Artemisia sp.; collected G. Matesova 19 May 1954. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 281. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria zaisanica Matesova, 1960: 199. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Zaisan Region, Kenderlik, on roots of Artemisia sp.; collected G. matesova, 5 June 1954. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 253. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 305. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 253.

Rhizopulvinaria quadrispina Matesova, 1960: 201. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Alma-Ata Province, left bank of the river Ili in its middle flow, on roots of Salsola sp.; collected G. Matesova, 31.v.1952. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 156. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria solitudina Matesova, 1960: 202. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Karaganda Province, Betpak-Dala Desert, near Balkhash Lake, on roots of Artemisia sp.; collected Matesova 26 May 1956. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 252. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 477. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 252.

Rhizopulvinaria rhizophila Bazarov, 1963: 41. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: at the road to Pamir near Faizabad, on Artemisia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 253.

Rhizopulvinaria maritima Canard, 1967: 159. Type data: FRANCE: Plage du Racou (P.-O), on Helichrysum stoechas; collected M. Canard 26 May 1965. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gavrilov, 2009: 253. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 253.

Rhizopulvinaria arenaria Canard, 1967a: 170. Type data: FRANCE: Saint-Cyprien-Plage (P.O.), on Dianthus pyrenaicus; collected M. Canard, 17 May 1966. Lectotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 253.

Rhizopulvinaria saxatilis Canard, 1967a: 176. Type data: FRANCE: Portel (Aude), on Dianthus virgineus; collected M. Canard, 7 February 1966. Lectotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 253.

Rhizopulvinaria gracilis Canard, 1967a: 179. Type data: FRANCE: Courbon - (B.A.), on Dianthus virgineus; collected M. Canard 14 September, 1965. Lectotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 253.

Rhizopulvinaria spinifera; Matesova, 1968: 121. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bodenheimer" as author.

Rhizopulvinaria saxosa Shmelev, 1971: 61. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Western Pamir, Khorog (Botanic Gardens), on Dianthus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 253.

Rhizopulvinaria zygophylli Bazarov & Shmelev, 1975: 110. Type data: TADZHKISTAN: Aktayu, near Gandzhano, on Zygophyllum fabago. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 253.

Rhizopulvinaria ucrainica Tereznikova, 1981: 147. Type data: UKRAINE: Crimea, Karadag, on plant of Brassicaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Gavrilov, 2009: 253.

Rhizopulvinaria guadrispina; Tang, 1991: 283. Misspelling of species name.

Rhizopulvinaria transcanpica; Tang, 1991: 283. Misspelling of species name.

Rhizopulvinaria nevesi; Pellizzari & Fontana, 1999: 17. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: cottony carnation scale [KosztaKo1988F]; cottony wormwood scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Achillea [Borchs1952a, TerGri1980], Achillea tenuifolia [TerGri1980, KaydanKoYa2002], Artemisia [Bodenh1935, Borchs1952a, Mateso1960, Bazaro1963, GomezM1965, TerGri1980, Marott1987, Potaev1993], Artemisia austrica [Mateso1960], Artemisia campestris [Balach1937, KohlerKo2009], Artemisia herba-alba [Bodenh1929], Artemisia herba-alta [GomezM1965], Artemisia judaica [Hall1926a, Hall1927b], Artemisia maritima [Canard1968], Artemisia monosperma [Hall1926a, Hall1927b], Artemisia pediaca [EzzatHu1969], Artemisia schrenkiana [Mateso1968], Artemisia scoparia [Mateso1968], Aster altaicus [Borchs1952a], Carthamus oxyacantha [Moghad2013a], Ceratocephalus falcatus [TerGri1980], Echinops ritro [Moghad2013a], Helichrysum arenarium [Terezn1981], Helichrysum italicum picardi [PellizFo1996, KozarFr1995], Helichrysum stoechas [Canard1967], Pyrethrum [Borchs1952a, KaydanKoYa2002], Santolina chamaecyparis [GomezM1946, PellizFo1999], Seriphidium compactum [Mateso1968], Tanacetum [TerGri1980, KaydanKoYa2002], Tanacetum argyrophyllum [TerGri1980], Warionia saharae [Rungs1948]. Boraginaceae: Asperugo procumbens [TerGri1980]. Brassicaceae [Terezn1981], Alyssum [TerGri1980, Marott1987, KaydanKoYa2002], Erysimum [TerGri1980]. Campanulaceae: Campanula [TerGri1980]. Caryophyllaceae: Acanthophyllum [Potaev1993], Arenaria [TerGri1980], Cerastium tomentosum [Marott1987, LongoMaRu1989], Dianthus [Bodenh1943, Borchs1952a, Bazaro1971c, Shmele1971, Aziz1977, TerGri1980, KaydanKoYa2002], Dianthus orientalis [Borchs1952a], Dianthus pontederae [Kozar1986], Dianthus pyrenaicus [Canard1967], Dianthus serotinus [Kozar1986], Dianthus virgineus [Canard1967], Gypsophila [Borchs1952a], Gypsophila fastigiata [KohlerKo2009], Minuartia setacea [Kozar1986, KozarOs1987, KozarDr1993, KaydanKoYa2002], Silene [Mateso1960, KaydanKiKo2005a], Silene nutans [Kozar1986], Silene officinalis [TerGri1980], Silene otites [Kozar1986], Silene saxatilis [TerGri1980], Silene spergulifolia [TerGri1980]. Chenopodiaceae [Borchs1952a, TerGri1980], Camphorosma lessingii [Mateso1968], Camphorosma monspeliaca [TerGri1980], Eurotia ceratoides [TerGri1980], Kochia prostrata [Borchs1952a, TerGri1980], Noaea mucronata [TerGri1980, Potaev1993], Salsola [Mateso1960], Sympegma regelii [Danzig1972a]. Crassulaceae: Sedum [TerGri1980]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [Bodenh1944b]. Fabaceae: Astragalus [Borchs1952a, TerGri1980], Genista ovata [Kozar1986], Retama roetam [Hall1923, Hall1926a, Hall1927b, Balach1927]. Lamiaceae: Hymenocrater [Potaev1993], Salvia [TerGri1980], Scutellaria [TerGri1980, KaydanKoYa2002], Scutellaria orientalis [TerGri1980], Scutellaria supina [Mateso1968], Teucrium [Aziz1977], Teucrium montanum [KozarOs1987, KaydanKoYa2002], Teucrium polium [Bodenh1943, TerGri1980, KaydanKoYa2002], Thymus [TerGri1980, Potaev1993, KaydanKoYa2002]. Plantaginaceae: Globularia alypum [Balach1927]. Plumbaginaceae: Acantholimon [Borchs1952a], Acantholimon karelinii [TerGri1980, KaydanKoYa2002]. Poaceae: Dactylis glomerata [TerGri1980], Lolium rigidum [TerGri1980]. Rosaceae: Prunus scoparia [Moghad2013a], Rosa [Borchs1952a]. Rubiaceae: Asperula [TerGri1980], Galium [TerGri1980, KaydanKoYa2002], Galium verum [Mateso1968, TerGri1980]. Scrophulariaceae: Anarrhinum fruticosum [Rungs1948], Linaria [BenDov1971, BenDov1980], Scrophularia [TerGri1980], Veronica [TerGri1980], Veronica kurdica [TerGri1980, KaydanKoYa2002], Veronica multifida [KaydanKiKo2005a]. Umbelliferae: Anethum foeniculum [Balach1936], Foeniculum vulgare piperitum [Canard1966, Foldi2000], Pituranthos scoparius [Rungs1948], Pituranthos tortuosus [Hall1926a, Hall1927b, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1980]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum fabago [BazaroSh1975].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1956, TerGri1980]; Canary Islands [GomezM1967O]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Czech Republic; Egypt [Balach1927, Hall1923, Hall1926a, Hall1927b, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1980]; France [Balach1937, Canard1967, Canard1967a, Foldi2000, MatilePe2002]; Georgia; Germany [KohlerKo2009]; Hungary [KozarDr1993, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, Aziz1977]; Israel [Bodenh1935, BenDov1980]; Italy [Marott1987, Pelliz1987, MatilePe2002]; Kazakhstan [Gavril2009]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia); Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Mongolia; Morocco [Rungs1948]; Portugal [KozarFr1995]; Romania; Russia (Volgograd Oblast [Gavril2004]); Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Sicily [Marott1987]; Spain [GomezM1946, PellizFo1999]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1963, Bazaro1971c]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2002, CebeciSe2004, KaydanKiKo2005a, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Potaev1993] (Ashkahabad Oblast [Archan1930, Potaev1993]); Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Terezn1981], Odessa Oblast); Uzbekistan.

BIOLOGY: A biparental species that develops one annual generation in southern France (Canard, 1968). A parthenogenetic species that develops one annual generation in southern France (Canard, 1966a). Collected from roots and subterranean parts of Santolina chamaecyparisus (Compositae) in Spain (Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1946). Lives on roots of the host plant (Matesova, 1968).Lives on roots of the host plant.Collected from roots of the host plant.Lives on roots of the host plant (Matesova, 1960).A parthenogenetic species that develops one annual generation in southern France; oviposition takes place from May to July (Canard, 1967).Lives on roots of the host plant (Bazarov, 1963).Lives on roots and root neck of the host plant (Shmelev, 1971).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Balachowsky (1936) (as Eulecanium grassei), Tereznikova (1957), Matesova (1960) (as Rh. quadrispina), Bazarov (1963) (as Rh. rhizophila), Ezzat & Hussein (1969) (as Rhizopulvinaria retamae), Shmelev (1971), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Hodgson (1994a), Pelizzari & Fontana (1999) and by Gavrilov (2009).

SYSTEMATICS: Gavrilov (2009) revised on the basis of morphological and ecological data, the 32 species which have been assigned to the genus Rhizopulvinaria, and concluded that 29 of the nominal species of Rhizopulvinaria described by different authors are morphological varieties of a single species Rh. artemisiae Signoret, 1873.Ctenochiton artemisiae Hall, 1926, was assigned by Borchsenius (1952) to Rhizopulvinaria, and became a secondary homonym of Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae (Signoret). It was replaced by Rhizopulvinaria halli Borchsenius.

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 282 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 284 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China]; Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 245 (female) [Europe]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 245 (female) [Europe]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 245 (female) [Europe]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 373 (female) [Egypt]; Canard 1968: 94-95 (female) [Mediterranean]; Canard 1968: 94-95 (female) [Mediterranean]; Canard 1968: 94-95 (female) [Mediterranean]; Canard 1968: 94-95 (female) [Mediterranean]; Canard 1968: 94-95 (female) [Mediterranean]; Canard 1968: 94-95 (female) [ Mediterranean]; Borchsenius 1957: 258 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 259 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 258 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 259 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 259 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 258 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 259 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 259 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 258 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 259 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 258 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 259 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 258 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 259 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1937 [taxonomy: 134]; Aziz1977 [host, distribution: 47]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 185]; Balach1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56]; Balach1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 339-340]; Bazaro1963 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-42]; Bazaro1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63]; Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 90]; BazaroSh1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-112]; BenDov1971 [host, distribution: 30]; BenDov1980 [host, distribution: 264]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 295-298]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 27, 43]; Bodenh1929 [host, distribution: 111]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-13]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 88]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-108]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 77]; Borchs1949d [taxonomy: 176]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 151]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 302-316]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 259-281]; Canard1966a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 445-451]; Canard1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-167]; Canard1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 170-182]; Canard1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91-95]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 214]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 329]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 343]; Danzig1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 111]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 395-397,420-422]; EzzatNa1987 [host, distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 129]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 151]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,7,23]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 527]; Gavril2009 [taxonomy: 246-259]; Gavril2011a [cytogenetics: 387]; GavrilTr2008a [taxonomy, chromosomes: 131-138]; GomezM1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-90]; GomezM1965 [host, distribution: 112]; GomezM1967O [host, distribution: 133-134]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-18]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16,31]; Hall1927b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136,141-142]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 516-518]; Hosny1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; KaydanKiKo2005a [host, distribution: 398]; KaydanKoYa2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 301-304]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92-93]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 316]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 119]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerKo2009 [host, distribution: 11-18]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 123-124]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 245-247]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 176]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution: 75]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarFr1995 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 77-79]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 77]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; LongoMaRu1989 [host, distribution: 174-175]; Marott1987 [life history, host, distribution: 109]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 72,75]; Mateso1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 197-204]; Mateso1968 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 121-122]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 355-356]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 11]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 13]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 147, 155]; Pelliz1987 [host, distribution: 120]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizFo1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-23]; PellizFo2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133]; PellizFo2002a [taxonomy: 180]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 34,37]; Rungs1948 [host, distribution: 115]; Savesc1961 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 75-76]; Schmut1955a [host, distribution: 100]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51]; Shmele1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63]; Signor1873 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-32]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 284-291]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 144-148]; TerGri1980 [host, distribution: 267-268].

Rhizopulvinaria narzykulovi Bazarov & Shmelev

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhizopulvinaria narzykulovi Bazarov & Shmelev, 1975: 107. Type data: TADZHKISTAN: Eastern Pamir near Kzhilrabat, on wormwood [=Artemisia]. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia [BazaroSh1975].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [BazaroSh1975].

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots and toot neck of the host plant (Bazarov & Shmelev, 1975).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Bazarov & Shmelev (1975).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BazaroSh1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-110]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 294]; PellizFo1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21].

Rhizopulvinaria turkestanica (Archangelskaya)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria artemisiae turkestanica Archangelskaya, 1931: 81. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Samarkand and Ferghana Districts, and TADZHIKISTAN: Kanibadam, on Artemisia, Acanthophyllum spinosum, Scutellaria, Scrophularia, Silene spp. and on Teucrium polium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Rhizopulvinaria turkestanica; Borchsenius, 1952a: 302. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Noaea mucronata [Moghad2013a]. Asteraceae: Artemisia [Archan1931, Danzig1972a, KaydanKoYa2002], Carthamus oxyacantha [Moghad2013a]. Brassicaceae: Alyssum [KaydanKiKo2005a]. Caryophyllaceae: Acanthophyllum mucronatum [Potaev1993, KaydanKoYa2002], Acanthophyllum spinosum [Archan1931, KaydanKoYa2002], Silene [Archan1931]. Chenopodiaceae: Kochia [TerGri1980, KaydanKoYa2002], Noaea mucronata [MoghadTa2010]. Lamiaceae: Marrubium [TerGri1980, KaydanKoYa2002], Salvia [TerGri1980, KaydanKoYa2002], Scutellaria [Archan1931, KaydanKoYa2002], Teucrium [TerGri1980], Teucrium polium [Archan1931, KaydanKoYa2002], Thymus [KaydanKiKo2005a]. Oleaceae: Jasminum fructicans [KaydanKiKo2005a]. Scrophulariaceae: Scrophularia [Archan1931, TerGri1980, KaydanKoYa2002]. Scrophullariaceae: Veronica [KaydanKiKo2005a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1980]; Iran [MoghadTa2010]; Mongolia; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan); Turkey [CebeciSe2004, KaydanKiKo2005a, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Potaev1993]; Uzbekistan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of adult female by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 283 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 259 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1930 [host, distribution: 81]; Archan1931 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 81]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 296-297]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 302]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267-269]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 214]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 343]; KaydanKiKo2005a [host, distribution: 398-399]; KaydanKoYa2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 301-304]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 13]; MoghadTa2010 [host, distribution: 32]; PellizFo1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 21]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 34, 37]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 288-289]; TerGri1980 [host, distribution: 267].



Rhodococcus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhodococcus Borchsenius, 1953: 283. Type species: Rhodococcus rosaeluteae Borchsenius, by original designation.

Rhodoccus; Tang, 1991: 211. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1957), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eulecaniinae. Tribe: Eulecaniini.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 210 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980c (female) [USSR, Far East]; Danzig 1980b: 289 (female) [Species of Far East Russia.]; Danzig 1964 (female) [USSR]; Borchsenius 1957: 292, 425 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 298]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description : 283]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 424-425]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 216]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy: 642]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 289]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy, description: 717]; FoldiKoHo2001 [taxonomy: 449,460]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 147-148]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 518-521]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 124]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description.: 246-248]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 124]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 175]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 62]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 209-210]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 64-65]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 186]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description: 58]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 180].

Rhodococcus luberonensis Foldi & Kozar in Foldi, Kozar & Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhodococcus luberonensis Foldi & Kozar in Foldi, Kozar & Hodgson, 2001: 449. Type data: FRANCE: Vaucluse, Petit Lubéron, on Rhamnus saxatilis; collected 10.v.1998, by I. Foldi. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 14100/1. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus saxatilis [FoldiKoHo2001].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [FoldiKoHo2001].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, second instar female nymph, second instar male nymph and male pupa by Foldi et al. (2001).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Foldi (2003a).

CITATIONS: Foldi2003a [taxonomy: 3]; FoldiKoHo2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 449-461].

Rhodococcus marchali (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium genevense marchali Cockerell, 1903: 20. Type data: FRANCE: Seine, Fontenay, on Rosa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Rhodococcus marchali; Borchsenius, 1957: 439. Change of combination.



HOST: Rosaceae: Rosa [Cocker1903].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 425 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 299]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 439]; Cocker1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 20]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 188]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 368].

Rhodococcus perornatus (Cockerell & Parrott)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Eulecanium) perornatum Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 236. Type data: CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Moravia, on Rosa canina. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Eulecanium perornatum; Fernald, 1903b: 191. Change of combination.

Eulecanium bulgariense Wunn, 1939: 703. Type data: BULGARIA: on rose. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988: 248. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Rhodococcus rosophilus Borchsenius, 1953: 284. Type data: RUSSIA: Krasnoyarsk Kray, Minusinsk, on rose. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 289. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Tzalev, 1966: 3.

Rhodococcus perornatus; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988: 248. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: rose soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Anthribidae: Anthribus fasciatus Forster [DemiroKaKa2008]. Coccinellidae: Exochomus quadripustulatus L. [DemiroKaKa2008]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus melanostomatus Timberlake [DemiroKaKa2008], Metaphycus silvestrii Sugonjaev [DemiroKaKa2008], Microterys bellae [DemiroKaKa2008].

HOSTS: Rosaceae: Rosa [KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, KozarOs1987, Ordogh1995], Rosa acicularis [Danzig1980b], Rosa canina [CockerPa1899, KozarOrKo1977, Marott1987], Rosa damascena [UlgentKaZe2001], Rosa pimpinethifolia [Marott1987].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria; Bulgaria [MarginLeCr1999]; Czech Republic; France [Panis2011]; Hungary [Kozar1970, KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [Marott1987, MatilePe2002]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Russia (Krasnoyarsk Kray, Sakhalin Oblast); Turkey [UlgentKaZe2001, KaydanUlTo2002, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Bulgaria; hibernation as second instar nympha; males and young females appear in April, while oviposition begins in mid-May (Tzalev, 1966). One annual generation in Hungary (Ordogh, 1995).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988).

STRUCTURE: See colour ohotograph in Kosztarab & Kozar (1988).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of cultivated rose in Hungary (Ordogh, 1995) and Bulgaria (Tzalev, 1966). Tzalev (1966) reported on successful chemical control during the dormant season.

KEYS: Tang 1991: 211 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 248 (female) [Europe].

CITATIONS: AlperARi2005 [life history, ecology, economic importance: 389-396]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 299]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 284]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 436-438]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 217]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 236]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 205]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 17]; Danzig1985 [host, distribution: 111]; DemiroKaKa2008 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 171-175]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 191]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 93]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 125]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-249]; Kozar1970 [host, distribution: 229-230]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 68]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 73]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 235-236]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; MarginLeCr1999 [host, distribution, economic imoprtance: 237-241]; Marott1987 [host, distribution: 109]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 356]; Ordogh1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 93-96]; Panis2011 [host, distribution: 317-320]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 211]; Trembl1988b [host, distribution: 116]; Tsalev1966a [taxonomy, life history, biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 3-14]; Ulgent2003 [structure: 393-398]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentKaZe2001 [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 127-132]; UlgentKaZe2001 [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 127-132]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 228]; Wunn1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 703-708]; Zahrad1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 361].

Rhodococcus pyricola Tang nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhodococcus pyricola Tang, 1984b: 127. Nomen nudum.

Rhodococcus rosaeluteae Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhodococcus rosaeluteae Borchsenius, 1953: 284. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: near Tyan-Shan, on Rosa lutea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Rhodococcus rosae-luteae; Borchsenius, 1957: 425. Misspelling of species name.



HOST: Rosaceae: Rosa lutea [Borchs1953, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Hodgso1994a] (Chimgan, West Tjan-shan.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 210 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 425 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 299]; Borchs1953 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 284]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 434-435]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 519-521]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 212]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 180].

Rhodococcus sariuoni Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Rhodococcus sariuoni Borchsenius, 1955a: 302. Type data: KOREA: Pfenyan Province, between Enyu and Zerengvan, on Cerasus sp., Malus sp. and Spiraea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Rhodococcus sarluoni; Tang & Li, 1988: 99. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Rosaceae: Armeniaca vulgaris [TangLi1988], Cerasus [Borchs1955, Borchs1960b], Malus [Borchs1955, Borchs1960b], Prunus salicina [TangLi1988], Spiraea [Borchs1955, Borchs1960b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia), Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); South Korea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of adult female by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 211 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 425 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 299-300]; Borchs1955a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 302-303]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 433-434]; Borchs1960b [host, distribution: 216]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-89]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 126-127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 212-213]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-100]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-60]; XieLiXu2010 [biological control. anatomy: 66-75]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-153]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 180].

Rhodococcus spiraeae (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Eulecanium spiraeae Borchsenius, 1949b: 340. Type data: ARMENIA: Alagez, forest around Inaklu, on Spiraea sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 290. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Rhodococcus spiraeae; Borchsenius, 1957: 428. Change of combination.

Rhodococcus spiraoae; Tang & Li, 1988: 96. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: Spirea soft scale [KosztaKo1988F]; spirea soft scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [Bolu2012].

HOSTS: Rosaceae: Spiraea crenata [TerGri1962, Mateso1968], Spiraea hypericifolia [TerGri1962, Mateso1968], Spiraea media [Borchs1949b, Rehace1957, Danzig1972a, KozarDr1993], Spiraea pubescens [TangLi1988], Spiraea triloba [Mateso1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1962]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia)); Czech Republic; Hungary [KozarDr1993, KozarKoFe2013]; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Russia (Caucasus, Irkutsk Oblast, Urals, Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR); Ukraine.

BIOLOGY: Life history studied by Rehacek (1960) and Kosztarab & Kozar (1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Borchsenius (1957), Rehacek (1957) and by Danzig (1980b). Good description and illustration of adult male by Giliomee (1967).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 248 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 425 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1957: 425 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 300]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; Borchs1949b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 340]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 428-432]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 344]; Danzig1974 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 71]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 78]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 290]; Danzig1985 [host, distribution: 111]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-52]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 149-150]; Kaweck1965a [taxonomy, structure: 205-211]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 125]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 250]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution: 75]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 120]; Rehace1957 [host, distribution: 14]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 62-64]; Sugony1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 127-136]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 213]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-97]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-188]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 139-140].

Rhodococcus turanicus (Archangelskaya)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium coryli; Archangelskaya, 1923: 265. Misidentification.

Physokermes coryli; Archangelskaya, 1926: 163. Misidentification.

Lecanium coryli turanicum Archangelskaya, 1937: 47. Type data: UZBEKISTAN, TADZHIKISTAN, TURKMENISTAN, KYRGYSZTAN and KAZAKHSTAN: on numerous host plants, mainly Rosaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Eulecanium turanicum; Borchsenius, 1949c: 173. Change of combination.

Rhodococcus turanicus; Borchsenius, 1957: 425. Change of combination.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus L. [MyartsPo1996]. HEMIPTERA Anthocoridae: Orius horvathi Reut. [MyartsPo1996]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [MyartsPo1996]. Encyrtidae: Blastothrix turanica Sugonyaev [MyartsPo1996], Cheiloneurus claviger Thomson [MyartsPo1996], Metaphycus dispar (Mercet) [MyartsPo1996], Microterys praedator Sugonyaev [MyartsPo1996], Microterys sylvius (Dalman) [MyartsPo1996], Pachyneuron concolor Forster [MyartsPo1996]. HYMENPTERA Encyrtidae: Discodes emiliae Sugonyaev [MyartsPo1996].

HOSTS: Betulaceae: Corylus avellana [Borchs1957]. Juglandaceae: Juglans regia [Borchs1957]. Rhamnaceae: Frangula [TerGri1956], Rhamnus cathartica [Borchs1957], Rhamnus pallasii [TerGri1962]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus [TerGri1956, Borchs1957], Amygdalus communis [Potaev1993], Armeniaca [TerGri1956], Armeniaca vulgaris [Borchs1957, Danzig1972b, Potaev1993], Cerasus [TerGri1956], Cerasus avium [TerGri1956], Cerasus vulgaris [Potaev1993], Cotoneaster [TerGri1956, TerGri1962, Potaev1993], Cotoneaster vulgaris [Borchs1957], Crataegus [TerGri1956, Borchs1957, Potaev1993], Cydonia [TerGri1956], Cydonia vulgaris [Borchs1957], Malus [TerGri1956, Borchs1957], Malus domestica [Potaev1993], Persica [TerGri1956], Persica vulgaris [Borchs1957], Prunus [TerGri1956, Potaev1993], Prunus divaricata [TerGri1956], Prunus domestica [Borchs1957], Prunus syriaca [Borchs1957], Pyrus [TerGri1956], Pyrus communis [Borchs1957], Spiraea crenifolia [Borchs1957]. Saxifragaceae: Ribes [TerGri1956, Borchs1957]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [TerGri1956], Ulmus campestris [Borchs1957].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Siddiq1966, KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia [TerGri1956, TerGri1962]; Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan); Georgia; Iran [KozarFoZa1996]; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1971c]; Turkey [KaydanKo2010]; Turkmenistan [Bustsh1960, MyartsPo1996, Potaev1993] (Ashkahabad Oblast [Archan1930]); Uzbekistan.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female by Tang (1991).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 210 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1957: 425 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Archan1923 [taxonomy: 265]; Archan1930 [taxonomy: 79-80]; Archan1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 47]; Babaia1987 [host, distribution, economic importance: 134-135]; Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 90]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 300-301]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; Borchs1949d [taxonomy: 173]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 149]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 425-428]; Bustsh1960 [host, distribution: 170]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 582]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 148-149]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 215]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Moghad2013a [distribution: 13]; MyartsPo1996 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 61-67]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 36,38]; Siddiq1966 [economic importance, host, distribution: 4-5]; Siddiq1981 [economic importance, host, distribution: 172-180]; Sugony1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 127-136]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 40-42]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 139].



Richardiella Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet

NOMENCLATURE:

Richardiella Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 265. Type species: Richardiella taiensis Ferrero & Le Ruyet, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet (1985) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinar. Tribe: Myzolecaniini.

KEYS: Hodgson 2008: 59 (female) [key to related genera in Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 301]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 521-524]; Hodgso2008 [taxonomy: 57-59]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, description: 265].

Richardiella taiensis Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet

NOMENCLATURE:

Richardiella taiensis Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 265. Type data: IVORY COAST: Tai, on Gilbertiodendron splendidum. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.



HOST: Fabaceae: Gilbertiodendron splendidum [MatileLe1985, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Hodgso1994a] (Foret de Tai).

BIOLOGY: Attended by ants, Crematogaster sp. under shelter (Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet (1985) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 301]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 277]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 521-524]; MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265-267].



Saccharolecanium Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Saccharolecanium Williams, 1980a: 435. Type species: Lecanium krugeri Zehtner, by monotypy and original designation.

Sacchariolecanium; Tao, 1999: 65. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams (1980a) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 301]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 528-531]; HodgsoMa2001 [taxonomy: 249]; HodgsoMa2001 [taxonomy, description: 249]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 139]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 65]; Willia1980aDJ [taxonomy, description: 435-436].

Saccharolecanium fujianense Tang

NOMENCLATURE:

Saccharolecanium fujianensis Tang, 1991: 139. Type data: CHINA: Shuyang County, Fujian Province, on Sasa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female.

Saccharolecanium fujianense; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 409. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Poaceae: Sasa [Tang1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 139 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 301]; HodgsoMa2001 [taxonomy: 249]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-140]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65].

Saccharolecanium krugeri (Zehntner)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium krugeri Zehntner, 1897: 563. Type data: JAVA: West Java, Kagok, on sugar-cane. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Zehntner, 1954).

Saccharolecanium krugeri; Williams, 1980a: 436. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Saccharum [Hodgso1994a], Saccharum officinarum [Willia1980aDJ, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Hodgso1994a] (Asembagus)); India [Hodgso1994a] (Bangalore; Coimbatore, Tamile Nadu.); Malaysia; Sri Lanka [Hodgso1994a] (Pelwatte, Wallawaya.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1980a) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 139 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 301-302]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 528-531]; HodgsoMa2001 [taxonomy: 249]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140-141]; Willia1980aDJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 435-437]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 28]; Zehntn1897a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 563].



Saissetia Deplanche

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia Deplanche, 1859: 6. Type species: Lecanium coffeae Walker. Subsequently designated by Ben-Dov, 1989a: ???.

Bernardia Ashmead, 1891: 100. Type species: Coccus oleae Olivier. Subsequently designated by Marlatt, 1892. Notes: This genus is here regarded as a subjective synonym of Saissetia (see Ben-Dov, 1989a, 1993).

Neobernardia Cockerell, 1892b: 333. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 13.

Saisettia; Esaki, 1940a: 277. Misspelling of genus name.

Sassetia; Dunham, 1954: 68. Misspelling of genus name.

Seissetia; Abrahao & Mamprim, 1958: 268. Misspelling of genus name.

Saisettia; Suomalainen, 1962: 351. Misspelling of genus name.

Seissetia; Franko & Passos de Carvalho, 1991: 283. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Zimmerman (1948), Borchsenius (1957), De Lotto (1965a), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (199)), Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Saissetiini. Ben-Dov (1989a) showed that Saissetia coffeae Deplanche, 1859, the nominal type species of Saissetia Deplanche, 1859, was a mealybug (family Pseudococcidae), and in order conserve Saissetia as a genus in the family Coccidae, proposed to suppress S. coffeae Deplanche, to set aside previous fixations of type species for Saissetia and to designate Lecanium coffeae Walker, 1852 as type species of Saissetia. The above application was ruled by Opinion 1627 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1991). Bernardia Ashmead, 1891 was considered by Cockerell (1892b) to be preoccupied by Bernardia in Botany and he proposed Neobernardia as a substitute name. However, according to the Internation Code of Zoological Nomenclature the same generic named is allowed to be used both in Zoology and Botany. Neobernardia is an unnecessary replacement name (Ben-Dov, 1993). Bernardia is currently considered a subjective synonym of Saissetia, however, it would be available if there will be a need to split Saissetia in the future.

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 25 (female) [Argentina]; Tang 1991: 215-216 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 160 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 103 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 62 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 157 (female) [Japan]; Wang 1980: 39 (female) [China]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 158 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Hodgson 1969a: 30-31 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Hodgson 1967: 12 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Beardsley 1966: 480, 494 (female) [Micronesia]; De Lotto 1965a: 220 (female) [Afrotropical]; Gomez-Menor Ortega 1958b: 8, 50 (female) [Spain]; Borchsenius 1957: 331-332 (female) [Palaearctic Region]; De Lotto 1957a: 170-171 (female) [Afrotropical]; De Lotto 1956a: 239-240 (female) [East Africa.]; Borchsenius 1950b: 152-153 (female) [USSR]; Zimmerman 1948: 320 (female) [Hawaii]; Cockerell 1905b: 200 (female) [USA, Colorado].

CITATIONS: AbrahaMa1958 [taxonomy: 182]; Ali1971 [taxonomy: 42]; Almeid1969 [taxonomy: 23]; Almeid1973b [taxonomy: 6]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy, description: 100]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 480,493]; BenDov1989a [taxonomy: 114-118]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 13,302]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 94]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 152-153]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 330-332]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 9]; Cocker1892b [taxonomy: 333]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy, description: 31]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 255]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 200]; DeLott1956a [taxonomy, description: 239-240]; DeLott1957a [taxonomy: 170-171]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description: 219-221]; DeLott1971d [taxonomy, description: 258-259]; Deplan1859 [taxonomy, description: 203-207]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description: 259]; Dunham1954 [taxonomy: 68]; Esaki1940a [taxonomy: 277]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 422]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 200]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 103]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 255-256]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description: 48-50]; GonzalLa1989 [taxonomy: 237-242]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 157]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 132-133]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 17,106-108]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy, description: 11]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description: 3-4,30-31]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 39,140-143,531-534]; ICZN1991 [taxonomy: 72-73]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 157]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description: 200]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description: 278]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 124]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 29]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, description: 225]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 71]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 23,129,178-179,182]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 48-49]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description: 282]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 224-225]; Suomal1962 [taxonomy: 351,353]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 215]; Tao1978 [taxonomy: 83]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 65]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 72]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 189]; Tranfa1976 [taxonomy, description: 129]; VarshnMo1987 [taxonomy: 174-175]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description: 39]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description: 157-158]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,159-160]; Xie1998 [taxonomy: 64]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 174]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 319-320].

Saissetia absona Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia absona Hodgson, 1969a: 31. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1969a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 302]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-33].

Saissetia anonae Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia anonae Hempel, 1921: 143. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, on Annona sp. imported from the Madeira Island. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Annonaceae: Annona [Hempel1921].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 302]; Hempel1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-144].

Saissetia auriculata Morrison

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia auriculata Morrison, 1929: 54. Type data: PANAMA: Canal Zone, Las Cascadas, on Triplaris cumingiana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Polygonaceae: Triplaris cumingiana [Morris1929].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1929).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 303]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-55]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].

Saissetia bobuae Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia bobuae Takahashi, 1935: 8. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku Prefecture, Kyanrawa, on Symplocos [=Bobua] arisanensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.

Saissetia bobus; Tao, 1999: 65. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Symplocaceae: Bobu arisanensis [Ali1971], Symplocos lancifolia [TaoWoCh1983].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Ali1971].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Tao et al. (1983).

KEYS: Tang 1991: 215 (female) [China]; Tao et al. 1983: 72 (female) [Taiwan].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 43]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 303]; Takaha1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-9]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 216]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 83]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-74]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 174].

Saissetia carnosa Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia carnosa Hodgson, 1969a: 33. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Chimanimani Mountains, on Protea welwitchiae. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Proteaceae: Faurea saligna [Hodgso1969a], Protea welwitchiae [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1969a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 303]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-35]; LinGuCo2010 [host plants: 90-98].

Saissetia cassiniae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium cassiniae Maskell, 1891: 15. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Wellington, Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay, on Cassinia leptophylla. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Lecanium (Saissetia) cassiniae; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 163.

Saissetia cassiniae; Fernald, 1903b: 200. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Cassinia leptophylla [Maskel1891a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cocker1896b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 303]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy: 336]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 27]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 200]; Maskel1891 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-16]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 440]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 106].

Saissetia cerei (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Saissetia) cerei Green, 1923b: 93. Type data: MADEIRA ISLANDS: Funchal, on Cereus triangularis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Cactaceae: Cereus triangularis [Green1923b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [Green1923b, FrancoRuMa2011].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 303]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,7,23]; Green1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88,93-94]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 98-99].

Saissetia chimanimanae Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia chimanimanae Hodgson, 1967: 12. Type data: MOZAMBIQUE: Martin Falls, Chimanimani Mountains, on Myrsine africana. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Myrsinaceae: Myrsine africana [Hodgso1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mozambique [Hodgso1967].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 303]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-14].

Saissetia chitonoides De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia chitonoides De Lotto, 1963a: 191. Type data: TANZANIA: Arushad, on Annona sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Annonaceae: Annona [DeLott1963a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [DeLott1963a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 304]; DeLott1963a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-192].

Saissetia coffeae (Walker)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium coffeae Walker, 1852: 1079. Type data: SRI LANKA:. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1957: 314. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium hemisphaericum Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 26. Type data: ITALY: Firenze, Garden of Royal Museum, on Bletia sp. and Phyllarthron sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 164. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.

Chermes anthurii Boisduval, 1867: 328. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse, on Anthurium sp. and on Caladium sp. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Green, 1904d: 232. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Chermes filicum Boisduval, 1867: 335. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse on fern, Pteris sp. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Green, 1904d: 232. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Chermes hibernaculorum Boisduval, 1867: 337. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse on fern, Zamia, Ardisia, Grevillea, Gardenia, Brexia and many more hosts. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Kirkaldy, 1902: 105. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Lecanium hybernaculorum; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 37. Misspelling of species name.

Lecanium filicum; Signoret, 1874a: 436. Change of combination.

Lecanium hibernaculorum; Signoret, 1874a: 437.

Lecanium beaumontiae Douglas, 1887b: 95. Type data: ENGLAND: Royal Gardens, Kew, on Beaumontia grandiflora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 439.

Lecanium clypeatum Douglas, 1888: 59. Type data: ENGLAND: Deptford; Armagh, and Sale, on Adiantum capillus veneris, Bryophyllum calycrinum and on Asparagus plumosus and on a fern. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 439.

Lecanium hemisphaericum hibernaculorum; Cockerell, 1894f: 71. Change of status.

Lecanium (Saissetia) beaumontiae; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 163.

Lecanium (Saissetia) coffeae clypeatum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 164. Change of status.

Lecanium (Saissetia) coffeae filicum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 164. Change of status.

Lecanium (Saissetia) coffeae hibernacularum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 164. Change of status.

Saissetia beaumontiae; Cockerell, 1901e: 32. Change of combination.

Coccus coffeae; Kirkaldy, 1902: 105. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Saissetia) hemisphaericum; Kuwana, 1902a: 63. Change of status.

Lecanium (Saissetia) anthurii; Reh, 1903: 416. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Saissetia) filicum; Reh, 1903: 417.

Saissetia anthurii; Fernald, 1903b: 200. Change of combination.

Saissetia filicum; Fernald, 1903b: 201. Change of combination.

Saissetia hemisphaerica clypeata; Fernald, 1903b: 204. Change of combination.

Saissetia hemisphaerica hibernaculorum; Fernald, 1903b: 204. Change of combination.

Saissetia (Lecanium) hemisphaerica; Hall, 1922: 21. Change of status.

Saissetia hemisphericum; Tschorbadjiew, 1939: 89. Misspelling of species name.

Saissetia coffeae; Williams, 1957: 314. Change of combination.

Saissetia coffee; Badary & Abd-Rabou, 2011: 49. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: brown scale [SamuelBaBh1993]; Caparreta hemisferica [Lloren1990]; cochnilha-hemisferica [CarvalAg1997]; conchuela hemisferica [RipaRo2008a]; escama hemisferica [QuezadCoDi1972]; hemisphaerical scale [BenDov1993, SmithBeBr1997]; hemispherical scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993]; La cochenille de serre [PicartMa2000]; qenima hazi qadurit.



ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Crematogaster sp. [SharmaSu2011], Meranoplus sp. [SharmaSu2011], Myrmicaria brunnea Saunders [SharmaSu2011].

FOES: BLUMBE1997 Encyrtidae: Diversinervus paradisicus (Motschylsky) [Nietne1861]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus nigritulus (F.) [PonsonCo2007]. FUNGI : Vericilium lecanii [Naraya1985]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard) [Smith1944], Coccophagus cowperi [AbdRab2005d], Coccophagus flavescens Howard [Ramakr1925], Coccophagus ochraceus Howard [LePell1968], Coccophagus tibialis Compere [Comper1931]. Encyrtidae: Anicetus annulatus Timberlake [Timber1919], Encyrtus aurantii (Geoffroy) [Smith1944], Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) [BlumbeGo1992, Blumbe1997], Encyrtus lecaniorum (Mayr) [BlumbeGo1992], Gahaniella brasiliensis (Gomes) [Gomes1941], Gahaniella saissetiae Timberlake [Bruner1930], Metaphycus flavus Howard [Blumbe1997], Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) [Blumbe1997, BasheeAsRa2014], Metaphycus stanleyi Compere [Blumbe1997], Metaphycus sterolecanii [BasheeAsRa2014], Metaphycus swirskii Annecke & Mynhardt [Blumbe1988, Blumbe1997], Microterys frontatus Mercet [Schmut1955b], Microterys nietneri (Motschulsky) [Nietne1861]. Eupelmidae: Lecaniobius cockerelli Ashmead. Pteromalidae: Cephaleta brunniventris Motschulsky [Nietne1861], Cephaleta fusciventris Motschulsky [Nietne1861], Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) [ElMinsSa1977, LePell1968].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Aphelandra [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Aphelandra squamosa [KozarzRe1975], Asystasia gangetica [Nakaha1981a], Eranthemum nervosum [Ballou1926], Eranthemum variegatum [Cocker1894c], Graptophyllum [Nakaha1981a], Graptophyllum pictum [Ballou1926], Jacobinia mohintli [Ballou1926], Justicia alba [Hall1922], Justicia betonica [Nakaha1981a], Justicia galapagona [LincanHoCa2010], Justicia gendarussa [Green1914d, Mamet1943a], Pseuderanthemum [HodgsoHi1990], Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum [Ballou1926, Nakaha1983], Pseuderanthemum bicolor [AlayoSBl1980], Pseuderanthemum carruthersi [WilliaWa1990], Pseudoranthemum [Matile1988], Ruellia [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Ruellia malacosperma [LincanHoCa2010], Sanchezia nobilis [Ballou1926, Mamet1943a], Tetramerium nervosum [LincanHoCa2010], Thunbergia [Hall1922, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, HodgsoHe2000], Thunbergia erecta [Ballou1926], Thunbergia grandiflora [Morris1920, Ali1971, BenDov1971]. Agavaceae: Agave americana [Bodenh1924, BenDov1971, Nakaha1981a], Polianthes tuberosa [Ballou1926], Yucca [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Amaranthaceae: Alternathera [Nakaha1981a], Alternathera philoxeroides [HodgsoHe2000], Gomphrena globosa [Ballou1926]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Green1923b, Balach1957c, Ali1968a, BenDov1971, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Mangifera indica [KinjoNaHi1996], Poupartia caffra [Mamet1962], Rhus [Ali1971], Rhus leucantha [Ballou1926], Rhus succedanea [TaoWoCh1983], Rhus vernicifera [Ali1971], Schinus [HodgsoHi1990], Schinus edule [CorseuBa1971], Schinus molle [King1903b, Borg1932, DeLott1965a, GonzalLa1989], Schinus terebinthifolius [Nakaha1981a]. Annonaceae: Annona [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Annona cherimolia [Green1923b], Annona muricata [CockerRo1915a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Nakaha1983], Annona reticulata [Ballou1926, Mamet1943a, Mamet1956], Annona squamosa [Cocker1893gg, Ballou1926, Nakaha1983], Cananga odorata [WilliaWa1990], Uvaria rufa [Ballou1926]. Apocynaceae: Beaumontia grandiflora [Dougla1887b, Hall1925, Ballou1926, Hall1935], Carissa carandas [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Carissa grandiflora [BenDov1971, Nakaha1981a], Ervatamia divaricata [Nakaha1981a], Mandevilla boliviensis [MartinLa2011], Melodinus baueri [WilliaWa1990], Nerium [HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Nerium oleander [King1899b, Ballou1926, CorseuBa1971, Hodgso1994a], Plumeria [Nakaha1981a], Plumeria acutifolia [Mamet1943a, Ali1971], Plumeria rubra [Willia1985a], Rauvolfia canescens [Ballou1926], Stephanotis floribunda [Willia2010], Tabernaemontana [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Tabernaemontana citrifolia [Ballou1926], Tabernaemontana coronaria [Ballou1926], Tabernaemontana pandacaqui [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Tabernaemontana pentasticta [Nakaha1981a]. Araceae: Anthurium [King1899b, Green1904d, Mamet1943a, Nakaha1981a, Marott1987], Anthurium andraeanum [Nakaha1981a], Dieffenbachia [Hodgso1994a], Monstera deliciosa [HamonWi1984, Marott1987], Syngonium sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Borg1932, GomezM1946, Marott1987], Aralia elegantissima [Marott1987], Aralia laciniata [Marott1987], Dizygotheca elegantissima [HamonWi1984], Dizygotheca sp. [Malump2012b], Fatsia japonica [HodgsoHe2000], Hedera [HodgsoHi1990], Polyscias [HodgsoHi1990]. Araucariaceae: Agathis [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Arecaceae: Chamaedorea desmoncoides [Ballou1926], Chrysalidocarpus lutescens [Ballou1926], Cocos [Mamet1978], Cocos nucifera [Nakaha1981a], Cyphosperma sambucina [WilliaWa1990], Livistona [Green1930c, Ali1971], Metroxylon [HodgsoHi1990], Phoenix dactylifera [Cocker1905f], Washingtonia robusta [HodgsoHe2000]. Aristolochiaceae: Aristolochia [Cocker1896k, Newste1917b, DeLott1956a], Aristolochia pistolachia [Newste1917b, Melis1930, Marott1987]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya carnosa [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Marsdenia clausa [Ballou1926], Stephanotis [HodgsoHi1990, Hodgso1994a, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Asparagaceae: Deacena sp. [GoszczGo2011], Dracena deremensis (L.) Ker Gawl. [GoszczGo2011]. Aspidiaceae: Cyrtomium [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Nephrodium [Cocker1893gg], Polystichum falcatum [CarnerPe1986], Tectaria [HodgsoHi1990]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [CarnerPe1986], Asplenium bulbiferum [HodgsoHe2000], Asplenium nidus [KozarzRe1975, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Asplenium pauperequitum [HodgsoHe2000]. Asteraceae: Ageratum cherimola [LincanHoCa2010], Ageratum muricata [LincanHoCa2010], Aster [HodgsoHi1990], Aster novi belgii [Hall1923], Bahia [Iherin1897], Bidens [HodgsoHi1990], Bidens pilosa [TanakaOhTa2011], Chrysanthemum [Ballou1926, WilliaWa1990], Conyza bonariensis [LincanHoCa2010], Eupatorium [HodgsoHi1990], Gerbera sp. [BenDov2012], Helianthus annuus [Ballou1926, LincanHoCa2010], Kleinia neriifolia [CarnerPe1986], Mikania scandens [Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Psiadia trinervia [Mamet1943a], Santolina chamaecyparissus [BenDov1971], Scalesia pedunculata [LincanHoCa2010], Senecio [BenDov1971], Sonchus oleraceus [DeLott1956a], Tithonia diversifolia [Mamet1943a]. Aucubaceae: Aucuba [HodgsoHi1990], Aucuba japonica [TangLi1988]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [Borg1932, Marott1987], Begonia capensis [BenDov2012]. Berberidaceae: Nandina [Granar1999]. Bignoniaceae [BenDov2012], Jacaranda ovalifolia [Mamet1943a], Markhamia platycalyx [DeLott1965a], Tecomaria [HodgsoHi1990], Tecomaria capensis [Ballou1926]. Bischofiaceae: Bischofia javanica [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Blechnaceae: Blechnum [CorseuBa1971, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Blechnum fraseri [HodgsoHe2000], Woodwardia [HodgsoHi1990]. Boraginaceae: Cordia [Nakaha1983], Cordia alba [Ballou1926], Cordia angiocarpa [Ballou1926], Cordia dichotoma [LinKoGu2013], Cordia gerascanthus [Ballou1926], Cordia lutea [LincanHoCa2010], Cordia nitida [Ballou1926], Cordia subcordata [WilliaWa1990]. Brexiaceae: Brexia madagascariensis [Marott1987]. Buddlejaceae: Buddleja [HodgsoHi1990]. Buxaceae: Buxus [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Cactaceae: Epiphyllum sp. [BenDov2012]. Campanulaceae: Clermontia parviflora [Nakaha1981a]. Caryophyllaceae: Calandrinia galapagosa [LincanHoCa2010]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [HodgsoHi1990], Euonymus japonicus [Marott1987], Maytenus octogona [LincanHoCa2010]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium [HodgsoHi1990], Spinacia oleracea [CorseuBa1971]. Cleomaceae: Cleome spinosa [Ballou1926]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum calaba [Ballou1926], Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990], Garcinia [HodgsoHi1990], Garcinia spicata [Ali1971], Garcinia subelliptica [TaoWoCh1983], Mammea americana [Ballou1926]. Cobaeaceae: Cobaea [Green1904d]. Commelinaceae: Commelina nudiflora [Ballou1926]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea purpurea [Mamet1943a], Ipomoea tuberosa [Nakaha1981a]. Cornaceae: Cornus alternifolia [HodgsoHe2000]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Bryophyllum calycrinum [Dougla1888], Bryophyllum pinnatum [LincanHoCa2010], Sedum [HodgsoHi1990]. Cucurbitaceae: Cephalandra indica [Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Cucurbita moschata [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Luffa acutangula [Mamet1943a], Luffa aegyptica [Kuwana1931b], Momordica balsamina [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a], Momordica charantia [Nakaha1981a], Sechium edule [Mamet1943a, Matile1976, Mamet1978], Trichosanthes [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a], Trichosanthes anguina [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Cupressaceae: Cunninghamia lanceolata [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Cyatheaceae: Alsophila [HodgsoHi1990]. Cycadaceae: Cycas [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Cycas circinalis [Ballou1926, Ali1968a, Ali1971, KozarzRe1975, Nakaha1983, Jansen1995], Cycas migueli [BenDov2012], Cycas neocaledonica [Nakaha1981a], Cycas revoluta [Green1923b, Ballou1926, Balach1927, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1971, KozarzRe1975, BenDov1993], Cycas sparcia [KozarzRe1975]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus anderssonii [LincanHoCa2010]. Davalliaceae: Davallia [HodgsoHi1990]. Dennstaedtiaceae: Pteridium aquilinum [Granar1999], Pteridium esculentum [HodgsoHe2000]. Dryopteridaaceae: Cyrtomium falcatum [BenDov2012]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [King1899b], Diospyros discolor [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Diospyros kaki [Ballou1926, CorseuBa1971, DanzigKo1990]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia tinifolia [Ballou1926]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [WilliaWa1990], Aleurites moluccana [Nakaha1981a], Cluytia pulchella [GomezM1946], Codiaeum [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Croton [EzzatHu1969, Ali1971, Marott1987, ShafeeYoKh1989], Croton pictum [Kozar1980], Croton scouleri [LincanHoCa2010], Croton variegatum [King1899b], Euphorbia heterophylla [WilliaWa1990], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a], Jatropha multifida [Nakaha1983], Manihot utilissima [Mamet1943a], Ricinus communis [Nakaha1983]. Fabaceae: Afzelia [Mamet1954], Albizia [KozarPaPa1991], Bauhinia [Hall1922], Cassia mimosa [Granar1999], Delonix regia [MestreHaEv2011], Hovea [KozarzRe1975], Piptadenia [Mamet1959a], Piscidia carthagenensis [LincanHoCa2010]. Felicidae: 'Ferns' [Hall1922, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Ali1973, HodgsoHi1990]. Gentianaceae: Agina globosa [Ali1971]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [CorseuBa1971, HodgsoHi1990], Pelargonium x hortorum [LincanHoCa2010]. Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia [HodgsoHe2000]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoHi1990]. Hydrocharitaceae: Aschersonia [Mamet1959a]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus [WilliaWa1990]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [GomezM1946, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Salvia [WilliaWa1990], Salvia coccinea [Mamet1943a]. Lauraceae: Machilus [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Persea [HodgsoHi1990], Persea americana [CarnerPe1986], Persea gratissima [Ballou1926, CorseuBa1971]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia asiatica [WilliaWa1990]. Liliaceae: Aloe [Nakaha1981a], Aloe barbadensis [Nakaha1981a], Asparagus [Green1904d, Nakaha1981a, Marott1987, HodgsoHi1990], Asparagus officinalis [Hall1923], Asparagus plumosus [Dougla1888, Kuwana1907, Ballou1926, BenDov1971, Jansen1995], Asparagus repens [Bodenh1924], Asparagus sprengeri [Green1923b], Chlorophytum sp. [BenDov2012], Cordyline australis [Marott1987, HodgsoHe2000], Cordyline cannaefolia [Ballou1926]. Lobeliaceae: Pratia physaloides [HodgsoHe2000]. Loganiaceae: Fagraea racemosa [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990], Geniostoma [HodgsoHe2000]. Lomariopsidaceae: Lomariopsis vestita [Spitze2004]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Green1904d]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [Ballou1926, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Lawsonia alba [Ballou1926]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus [Ali1968a, Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Gossypium [Nakaha1983], Gossypium barbadense [Mamet1943a], Hibiscus [Hall1923, Balach1957c, Mamet1962, HodgsoHi1990], Hibiscus esculentus [Ali1971], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, CorseuBa1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Hibiscus tiliaceus [Nakaha1981a], Sida acuta [Mamet1943a], Sida rhombifolia [Mamet1943a, LincanHoCa2010]. Melastomataceae [WilliaWa1990], Miconia presina [Ballou1926]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [Ballou1926, LincanHoCa2010], Melia dubia [CarnerPe1986], Melia japonica [Kuwana1931b]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1990], Ficus [EzzatHu1969, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ficus benjamina [KozarGuBa1994, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ficus carica [CorseuBa1971], Ficus infectoria [Ballou1926], Ficus religiosa [Ballou1926], Ficus ulmifolia [Ballou1926], Ficus wightiana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Morus acidosa [Kuwana1931b]. Musaceae: Musa [Green1923b, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990]. Myoporaceae: Mycoporum acuminatum [BenDov2012], Myoporum [Green1923b, Argyri1983, CarnerPe1986], Myoporum laetum [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ardisia crispa [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Ardisia quinquegona [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Wallenia laurifolia [Ballou1926]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia [HodgsoHi1990], Eugenia axillaris [Ballou1926], Eugenia jambos [TaoWoCh1983], Eugenia uniflora [TaoWoCh1983], Eugenia unifolia [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Jossinia tinifolia [Green1923b], Myrtus communis [BenDov1971, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Psidium guajava [Ballou1926, Kuwana1931b, DeLott1956a, Hodgso1967, BenDov1971, BenDov1993], Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [MartinLa2011]. Nymphaceae: Nuphar lutea [Marott1987]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [Granar1999], Ligustrum [Marott1987, HodgsoHi1990], Olea [RosenHaSa1971], Olea europaea [BenDov1971, Almeid1973b, GonzalLa1989], Osmanthus fragrans [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Philllyrea media [BenDov2012]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis [DeLott1965a, KozarzRe1975, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995], Nephrolepis exaltata [Nakaha1983, Marott1987]. Onagraceae: Ludwigia [WilliaWa1990]. Orchidaceae [HodgsoHi1990], Brassia verrucosa [KozarzRe1975], Calanthe [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Calanthe sylvatica [Mamet1943a], Cymbidium [Nakaha1981a], Cyrtopodiu punctatum [MestreHaEv2011], Dendrobium densiflorum [MestreHaEv2011], Dendrobium noble [HodgsoHe2000], Epidendrum [Nakaha1981a], Epidendrum spicatum [LincanHoCa2010], Isocuilus linearis [MestreHaEv2011], Phaius [Cocker1893k], Phaius grandiflorus [Kuwana1902, Kuwana1907], Phalaenopsis [HamonWi1984], Spathoglottis plicata [MestreHaEv2011], Thrixspermum formosanum [TaoWoCh1983]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [HodgsoHi1990]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [TaoWoCh1983]. Pinaceae: Picea pungens [HodgsoHe2000]. Piperaceae: Piper [Marott1987], Piper angustifolium [Ballou1926], Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Hall1922, HodgsoHi1990, KozarPaPa1991], Pittosporum tobira [Hall1922, Marott1987]. Poaceae: Panicum [CarnerPe1986]. Polemoniaceae: Phlox sp. [BenDov2012]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus [Ballou1926, Borg1932], Coccoloba [HodgsoHi1990], Homalocladium [HodgsoHe2000], Muehlenbeckia platyclada [Marott1987]. Polypodiaceae: Adiantum capillus-ve-neris [BenDov2012], Nephrolepis sp. [BenDov2012], Phymatosorus scolopendria [WilliaWa1990], Platycerium [Marott1987, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Platycerium alcicorne [Green1929, BenDov1971, Marott1987], Platycerium bifurcatum [KozarzRe1975], Platycerium occicorne [GomezM1965], Polypodium phyllitidis [Ballou1926, HamonWi1984], Polypodium polypodoides [HamonWi1984], Polypodium squamatum [Kuwana1902a]. Portulacaceae: Talinum paniculatum [MartinLa2011], Talinum patens [Ballou1926]. Primulaceae: Cyclamen europaeum [TakahaTa1956]. Psilotaceae: Psilotum nudum [MestreHaEv2011]. Pteridaceae: Acrostichum [HodgsoHi1990], Acrostichum aureum [WilliaWa1990], Adiantum [Newste1917b, Green1904d, Ali1971, HodgsoHi1990], Adiantum capillus-veneris [Dougla1888, Marott1987], Adiantum cuneatum [CorseuBa1971, Ali1971], Pteris trimula [King1903b]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Nakaha1983]. Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera sexangula [Nakaha1981a], Rhizophora mangle [LincanHoCa2010]. Rosaceae: Cydonia oblonga [HodgsoHe2000], Eriobotrya japonica [Bodenh1924, Ali1968a, BenDov1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Persica vulgaris [CarnerPe1986], Prunus domestica [CorseuBa1971], Prunus persica [HodgsoHe2000], Prunus salicina [HodgsoHe2000], Pyrus cydonia [CorseuBa1971]. Rubiaceae: Borreria laevis [WilliaWa1990], Canthium [Almeid1973b], Canthium barbatum [Ferris1935], Catesbaea parviflora [Ballou1926], Chiococca alba [LincanHoCa2010], Chiococca racemosa [Kuwana1902a, Ballou1926], Chlorophytum [KotejaLiLu1976, Kozar1980, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Chlorophytum comosum [KozarTzVi1979, Marott1987], Cinchona [Green1904d, Ali1971], Cinchona calisaya [TaoWoCh1983], Cinchona pubescens [LincanHoCa2010], Coffea [Newste1917b, Mamet1950, DeLott1956a, AbrahaMa1958, Almeid1973b, BenDov1993], Coffea arabica [Green1904a, Ballou1926, GomezM1965, DeLott1965a, BenDov1993], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1990], Coffea liberica [WilliaWa1990], Coffea robusta [DeLott1956a], Coprosma propinqua [HodgsoHe2000], Faramea odoratissima [Ballou1926], Gardenia [Cocker1899n, Mamet1959a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990], Gardenia [Green1904d, HodgsoHe2000], Gardenia florida [Kuwana1902, Kuwana1907, Ferris1921a, Ballou1926, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, BenDov1993], Gardenia jasminoides [TaoWoCh1983, Marott1987, Granar1999], Gardinia augusta [MestreHaEv2011], Hedyotis [Nakaha1981a], Ixora [Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ixora bandhuca [Ballou1926], Ixora chinensis [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Ixora coccinea [Nakaha1983], Ixora lutea [Ballou1926], Ixora parviflora [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ixora thwaitsii [Ballou1926], Luculia [HodgsoHe2000], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1990], Mussaenda philippica [MestreHaEv2011], Paederia foetida [Mamet1943a], Pentas carnea [Mamet1943a], Psychotria elliptica [Ali1971], Psychotria horizontalis [MestreHaEv2011], Psychotria megritostictapunicea punicea [Hodgso1969a], Psychotria rubra [TaoWoCh1983], Psychotria rufipes [Kuwana1902a, LincanHoCa2010], Randia dumatorum [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Randia nigrescens [Ballou1926], Randia tahitensis [WilliaWa1990], Rondeletia odorata [Marott1987]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Atalantia citrioides [Ballou1926], Citrus [Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Mamet1959a, QuezadCoDi1972, HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1993, CarvalAg1997], Citrus aurantifolia [BenDov1971, Nakaha1983], Citrus aurantium [Ballou1926], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1990], Citrus limon [GonzalLa1989, WilliaWa1990], Citrus medica [WilliaWa1990], Citrus paradisi [BenDov2012], Citrus reticulata [ShafeeYoKh1989, WilliaWa1990], Citrus sinensis [King1899b, Ballou1926, HamonWi1984, GonzalLa1989], Fagara martinicensis [Ballou1926], Triphasia [HodgsoHi1990]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [Ballou1926], Euphoria longana [Ballou1926], Litchi chinensis [Nakaha1981a], Melicoccus bijuga [Ballou1926]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Ballou1926, Ali1968a, BenDov1971, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Achras sapota [BenDov2012], Chrysophyllum [King1899b], Chrysophyllum cainito [Ballou1926, Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Lucuma mammosa [Ballou1926], Manilkara zapota [HamonWi1984], Pouteria costata [HodgsoHe2000]. Schizaeaceae: Lygodium [HodgsoHi1990]. Scrophulariaceae: Hebe macrocarpa [HodgsoHe2000], Parahebe lyalli [HodgsoHe2000]. Sinopteridaceae: Pellaea rotundifolia [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [Nakaha1981a], Capsicum frutescens [Nakaha1981a], Cestrum auriculatum [LincanHoCa2010], Cestrum diurnum [Ballou1926], Cestrum fastigiatum [Borg1932], Solanum [Hall1922, HodgsoHi1990], Solanum capsicastrum [Lindin1911a], Solanum jasminoides [Nakaha1981a], Solanum melongena [Newste1914, Ballou1926, Nakaha1983], Solanum nigrum [Ballou1926, WilliaWa1990], Solanum santiwongsei [Nakaha1981a], Solanum seaforthianum [Ballou1926], Witheringia asterotricha [Spitze2004]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix gallica [Ballou1926]. Theaceae: Camellia [Marott1987], Camellia sinensis [Green1896, Green1900c, Green1904d, Ramakr1919a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Thelypteridaceae: Thelypteris poitenana [LincanHoCa2010]. Thymelaeaceae: Synaptolepis alternifolia [Hodgso1969a]. Umbelliferae: Apium [HodgsoHi1990], Pimpinella anisum [Ballou1926]. Urticaceae: Pilea [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Pipturus albidus [Nakaha1981a]. Verbenaceae: Aloysia citriodora [Ballou1926], Avicennia marina australasica [HodgsoHe2000], Clerodendrum fallax [Ballou1926], Clerodendrum fragrans [Ballou1926], Duranta [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, HodgsoHi1990], Duranta integrifolia [Marott1987], Duranta plumieri [Mamet1943a], Duranta repens [BenDov1971], Lantana camara [Mamet1943a], Lippia [EzzatHu1969], Valerianoides [HodgsoHi1990], Vitex [HodgsoHi1990]. Viscaceae: Korthalsella salicornioides [HenderSuRo2010], Phoradendron [CorseuBa1971]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHe2000]. Winteraceae: Bubbia [WilliaWa1990]. Zamiaceae: Dioon edule [Ballou1926], Microcycas calocoma [Ballou1926], Zamia floridana [HamonWi1984], Zamia integrifolia [Ballou1926], Zamia spinosa [Balach1927]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [Nakaha1981a], Hedychium coronarium [Ballou1926].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1943a]; Angola [Almeid1973b]; Ascension Island [WilliaMe2007]; Cameroon; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Kenya [Newste1917b, DeLott1956a, DeLott1965a]; Madagascar [Mamet1943a, Mamet1950, Mamet1954, Mamet1959a, Mamet1962]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Mozambique [Hodgso1969a]; Reunion [Mamet1957, GermaiMiPa2014]; Saint Helena; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Seabra1921, Seabra1925]); Seychelles [Green1914d, Mamet1943a]; South Africa [Brain1920a, Mamet1943a]; Tromelin Island [Mamet1943a]; Uganda [Newste1917b, Mamet1943a, DeLott1956a]; Zanzibar [Mamet1956]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935, Hodgso1967, Hodgso1969a]. Australasian: Australia [Mamet1943a] (New South Wales [Frogga1915, SmithBeBr1997], Northern Territory [Green1914c, Frogga1915], Queensland [SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [Frogga1915], Victoria [Frogga1915], Western Australia); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Mamet1943a, Kawai1987]; Christmas Island [AbbottGr2007]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Mamet1943a]); Fiji; French Polynesia [DoaneHa1909, Ferris1935]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Mamet1943a]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Java [Green1904a]). Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [WatsonMuSh2014]); Kiribati; Marcus Island [Mamet1943a]; Marshall Islands; Nauru; New Caledonia; New Zealand [Green1929, Mamet1943a, HodgsoHe2000, HenderSuRo2010]; Norfolk Island; Northern Mariana Islands [Mamet1943a]; Palau [Mamet1943a]; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Tonga; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Wallis and Futuna Islands (Wallis Island); Western Samoa [DoaneFe1916]. Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1895x, Cocker1899n, Mamet1943a]; United States of America (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California [King1903b], Colorado, Connecticut [King1903b], Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts [King1899b], Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania [Stimme1978b], South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin). Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Cordoba [GranarCl2003], Entre Rios [Granar1999], Misiones [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHi1991]; Brazil [Mamet1943a, AbrahaMa1958, LongoMaPe1995, Jansen1995] (Bahia [Cocker1897r], Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Para , Rio Grande do Sul [Iherin1897], Sao Paulo [Iherin1897]); Chile [GonzalLa1989, RipaRo2008, KondoGu2010]; Colombia [KondoKa1995, Kondo2001, Kondo2008a]; Cuba [Ballou1926, AlayoSBl1980, MestreHaEv2011]; El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Galapagos Islands [Mamet1943a, CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Guyana [Newste1914, Mamet1943a, Balach1957c]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Cocker1892a, Cocker1893gg, Kirkal1902, Cocker1902b]; Martinique [Balach1957c]; Panama [Cocker1899n]; Peru; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1894c, Cocker1896k]); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Assam [Ali1971], Bihar [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Goa [Ali1973], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971, SureshCh2008], West Bengal [Ali1971]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Ali1971, WatsonMuSh2014]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Ali1971]; Philippines [Cocker1905f, CockerRo1915a, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1900c, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Ferris1921a, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Siddiq1966]; Algeria [Balach1927, Mamet1943a]; Armenia [TerGri1966a]; Austria [Malump2011a] (Established on indoor plantings.); Azores [CarvalFrAg1996, LopesFiMa2008]; Bulgaria [Tschor1939, KozarTzVi1979]; Canary Islands [Lindin1911a, PerezGCa1987]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia), Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Crete [Argyri1983, Kozar1985, KozarPaPa1991]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Denmark; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, Hall1924a, Mamet1943a, EzzatHu1969, AbdRab2005d]; Estonia; France [Balach1939, Germai2011]; Georgia; Greece [BenDov1993]; Hungary [Kozar1980, KozarKoFe2013]; Iran [Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996]; Israel [Bodenh1924, RosenHaSa1971]; Italy [Marott1987, LongoMaPe1995, MazzeoSuRu2008]; Japan [Kuwana1917, Mamet1943a]; Latvia [Rasina1955]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Malta [Borg1932]; Morocco [Mamet1943a]; Netherlands [Jansen1995]; Poland [KotejaLiLu1976]; Portugal [Seabra1941, CarvalFrAg1996]; Romania [Savesc1982]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast); Sardinia [Melis1930, Marott1987]; Saudi Arabia; Sicily [Marott1987]; Slovenia [Seljak2008, Seljak2010]; South Korea; Spain [GomezM1946, GomezM1965]; Sweden; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Turkey; Turkmenistan [Potaev1993]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast, Odessa Oblast); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b], England [Green1928a, Green1931a, Hodgso1994a, MalumpBa2012] (Surrey, Godalming; Surrey, South Croydon.)).

BIOLOGY: Females reproduce parthenogenetically. Develops up to eight generations per year in Peru (Beingolea, 1969c), several overlapping generations in Cuba (Alayo & Blahutiak, 1980), one or two generations in Florida, USA (Hamon & Williams, 1984), and two or more in California, USA (Gill, 1988). Six generations per year on potato sprouts, under laboratory conditions (Blumberg & Swirski, 1977). Blumberg (1977, 1988), Blumberg & Goldenberg (1992) studied the encapsulation of parasitoid eggs. Stylet penetration described by Ramanarayan et al. (1980).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.43), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999), Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and by Germain et al. (2003).

SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439537 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of ornamental plants, especially of cycads.

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 195 (female) [New Zealand]; Granara de Willink 1999: 157 (female) [Argentina]; Tang 1991: 215 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 160 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 103 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 106 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 72 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 157 (female) [Japan]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 374 (female) [Egypt]; Beardsley 1966: 494 (female) [Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1957: 332 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 320 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 1238-1246]; AbdRab2004b [distribution, biological control: 334-335]; AbdRab2005a [host, distribution, biological control: 77-81]; AbdRab2005d [host, distribution, biological control: 268]; AbrahaMa1958 [host, distribution: 268]; Alam1965 [host, distribution, life history: 208-210]; AlayoSBl1980 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 1-16]; Ali1968a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36-37]; Ali1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-44]; Ali1973 [host, distribution: 671]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 6]; AltierNi1999 [biological control: 975-991]; Archan1929 [host, distribution: 9]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364]; BadaryAb2011 [biological control, distribution, host: 54-55]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 184]; Balach1932d [host, distribution: xxviii]; Balach1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 256-257]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 36-39]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 73]; BartleBa1966 [life history, physiology, biological control: 42-45]; BasheeAsRa2014 [biological control: 48]; BasuNaCh1969 [economic importance, host, distribution: 169-178]; Beards1966 [host, distribution: 494]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Beingo1969c [life history, host, distribution: 137-145]; Beingo1969d [biological control, host, distribution: 827-838]; BenDov1989a [taxonomy: 114-118]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 304-308]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 27, 44]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; Blumbe1976a [life history, biological control: 1396-1397]; Blumbe1977 [life history, biological control, anatomy, structure: 185-192]; Blumbe1988 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 95-99]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeGo1992 [life history, biological control: 57-65]; BlumbeIsGo1994 [chemical control, biological control: 434-440]; BlumbeSw1977 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 147-150]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 70]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [taxonomy, description: 219]; Bodenh1951a [host, distribution: 387]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 104]; Boisdu1867 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 328]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 152]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 332-335]; Borg1919 [host, distribution: 35]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 14]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9]; BrainKe1917 [host, distribution: 183]; Brimbl1962 [economic importance, host, distribution: 226]; CarvalAg1997 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance : 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [economic importance, host, distribution : 614]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 211-212]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-339]; CharleCoMu2005 [host, distribution: 1-4]; ChatteGhSe2000 [life history, host, distribution: 229-233]; ChenTs2002 [life history, ecology: 65-74]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 36]; Cocker1892a [host, distribution: 55]; Cocker1892b [host, distribution: 334]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55-56]; Cocker1893gg [host, distribution: 373]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1893k [taxonomy, host, distribution: 548]; Cocker1894c [host, distribution: 307]; Cocker1894d [distribution: 311]; Cocker1894j [taxonomy: 71]; Cocker1895x [host, distribution: 258]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331-332]; Cocker1896k [host, distribution: iv]; Cocker1897r [taxonomy, host, distribution: 71]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 270]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 12]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy: 32]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 255]; Cocker1905f [host, distribution: 130]; CockerRo1915a [host, distribution: 427]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; ComperAn1961 [host, distribution, biological control: 17]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 334-335]; Conway1951 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159-164]; CorreaAnLi1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 312-313]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; CotoSa2001 [host, distribution: 60-68]; Cottie1939a [host, distribution: 1145-1146]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 205]; Danzig1995 [taxonomy, structure: 19-24]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 45]; Das1959 [host, distribution: 437-448]; DeLott1956a [host, distribution: 240]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 221-223]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-261]; DoaneFe1916 [host, distribution: 399]; DoaneHa1909 [host, distribution: 297]; Dougla1886b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 78]; Dougla1887a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Dougla1887b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95]; Dougla1888 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 59]; Doutt1951 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control: 37-40]; Dulong1971 [host, distribution: 791]; ElMinsSa1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, life history: 515-521]; ElMinsSa1977 [biological control, life history, host, distribution: 107-112]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 422-425]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 200-204]; Ferris1921a [host, distribution : 212]; Ferris1935 [host, distribution: 128]; Flande1938 [biological control: 167-180]; Fletch1951 [economic importance, host, distribution: 1-24]; Foldi1991 [structure: 163-188]; FrancoCaMo2003 [host, distribution, economic importance: 95-105]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 7,23]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 604,607]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; GermaiBe2003 [taxonomy: 44]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 254]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 22]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; Gianot1967a [structure: 5-25]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-104,108]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomesC1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262-266]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 88]; GomezM1965 [host, distribution: 112]; Gonzal1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83,89]; GonzalLa1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-240]; GoszczGo2011 [biological control, distribution, host: 113-114]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-160]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1900c [host, distribution: 7]; Green1904a [host, distribution: 205]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-234]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 201]; Green1914c [host, distribution: 233]; Green1914d [host, distribution: 48]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; Green1925b [host, distribution: 518]; Green1928a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-23]; Green1929 [host, distribution: 376]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; Green1931a [host, distribution: 105]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 304]; Greig1944 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance]; Grillo1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 146]; GroveDeDa2013 [distribution, host: 378]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 133-134]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21-22]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 40-41]; Hall1924a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12]; Hall1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78]; Hall1969 [economic importance: 823-826]; Hamlen1975 [chemical control, biological control: 972-974]; Hamlen1975a [chemical control: 223-226]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 108-110]; Hayat1971 [biological control: 421-432]; HemeidElHe2006 [chemical control, host, distribution]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 426]; Hempel1904 [host, distribution: 318]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32]; HenderSuRo2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Hodgso1967 [host, distribution: 14]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 35]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 531-534]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195,203,208-210]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 137]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 21]; Hofer1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 479]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187-188]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; Hunter1899a [host, distribution: 75]; Ibarra1990 [host, distribution: 207-231]; ICZN1991 [taxonomy: 72-73]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 406-407]; IrulanKuSe2000a [chemical control: 57-65]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134,142]; JaszaiDa1983 [chemical control: 198-202]; JohnsoLy1988 [life history, host, distribution]; Johnst1915 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-33]; Kalsho1981 [description, distribution, economic importance: 163]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158-159]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 17-18]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 93]; King1899b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140, 142]; King1902 [taxonomy: 297-298]; King1903b [host, distribution: 191-194]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 113]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 266]; Kirkal1902 [taxonomy: 105]; Konar1991 [economic importance, host, distribution: 486-489]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 47]; KondoGu2010 [distribution: 13]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 82]; KotejaLiLu1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-77]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution : 68]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 203]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 155]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 131]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 268-269]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 28]; Kozhec1984 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 42]; Kuwana1902 [host, distribution: 63]; Kuwana1902a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 30]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 190-191]; Kuwana1909a [host, distribution: 159]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3-4]; Kuwana1931b [host, distribution: 165]; Lagows1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 5-10]; Lagows1995a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 375-378]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 39]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-203]; Leefma1929 [host, distribution: 1]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 281-285]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lindin1911 [host, distribution: 33]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 68,128,202,339]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 182-183]; LinGuCo2010 [host plants, species richness: 90-98]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 253, 258]; LiSu2002 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 65-74]; Lizery1916b [host, distribution: 432]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; LongoRu1986 [economic importance, host, distribution: 41]; LopesFiMa2008 [host, distribution: 153-154]; Lozzia1985 [host, distribution: 122-124]; Malump2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 56-57]; Malump2012b [distribution, host: 210,212]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 31]; MalumpKa2011a [distribution, host, illustration: 56,57]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 154-155]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 29,30]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 17]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 14]; Mamet1956 [host, distribution: 136]; Mamet1957 [host, distribution: 375]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 377-378]; Mamet1962 [host, distribution: 160-161]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 106]; Marott1987 [life history, host, distribution: 109]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 75-76]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 37]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 3-270]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 296]; Matile1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 167]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 64]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 206]; MazzeoSuRu2008 [host, distribution: 149-152]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 15]; MendelBlIs1994 [chemical control, biological control, host, distribution: 199-209]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 9]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 13-14]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 148, 156]; Mohara1990 [structure, taxonomy: 49]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 196]; Morris1929 [host, distribution: 54]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control: 1-39]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 393]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 6]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30-31]; NakaoTaTa1977 [biological control, host, distribution: 61-68]; Naraya1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 90-101]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 204]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 306]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 130]; Nur1979 [taxonomy, structure: 89-104]; OrdoghTa1983 [chemical control: 417-419]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 199]; OuvrarKoGu2013 [economic importance, illustration: 3]; Panis1974a [biological control: 131-134]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy, structure: 19]; PathakYa2000 [life history, biological control: 167-175]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 128]; Petch1921 [biological control: 18-40]; PettitMc1920 [host, distribution: 20-21]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; PonsonCo2007 [biological control, life history: 629-640]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 35,38]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution: 16-17]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 625]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 32-33]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 348]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-44]; RamanaChRa1980 [life history, structure: 71-74]; Rao1969 [biological control: 785-792]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 71-72]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Rehace1954 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 49-50]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 56-57]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 125]; Reyne1964 [host, distribution: 97]; RipaRo2008 [description, life history, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 143-145]; RosenHaSa1971 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 35-50]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; SamuelBaBh1993 [host, distribution: 23-24]; SancheBe2010 [host, distribution: 320]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, host, distribution, description: 439]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 282-284]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 18]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 518]; Schmut1957a [host, distribution: 133-140]; Schmut1980 [description, host, distribution: 51]; Schmut1990 [economic importance, host, distribution: 148-150]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 329]; Seabra1921 [illustration, host: 97]; Seabra1925 [host, distribution: 37]; Seabra1941 [host, distribution: 8]; Sekhar1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72]; Seljak2008 [host, distribution: 121-127]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 106]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53-54]; SharmaSu2011 [distribution, ecology: 62-64]; Siddiq1966 [economic importance, host, distribution: 4-5]; Siddiq1981 [economic importance, host, distribution: 172-180]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 843,849,853,856]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 435-438]; Simmon1938 [host, distribution: 9]; SivaraNaRa1987 [host, distribution: 101-103]; Smith1944 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 225-288]; SmithBeBr1997 [life history, economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 49-50]; Spitze2004 [taxonomy, host, life history, ecology: 2452-2461]; Spitze2006 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1859-1867]; Steinw1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 564-565]; Stimme1978b [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, control: 19-20]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution, economic importance: 11-12]; Su1982 [host, distribution: 61]; Suomal1962 [life history, behaviour, taxonomy: 352]; SureshCh2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 285-291]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 90-91]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 342]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 59-60]; Takaha1929a [host, distribution: 430]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 105]; Takaha1934 [host, distribution: 37]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 117]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 263]; Takaha1940a [host, distribution: 331]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 218]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 22]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 354]; Takaha1955f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 240]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 126]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-218]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84,87,88]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 83-84]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 66]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-75]; Tarasc2001 [host, distribution: 36-38]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; Thorpe1936 [biological control: 517-540]; Thro1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 215-216]; Timber1919 [host, distribution, biological control: 197-231]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-240]; TrenchTrTo2010 [host, distribution: 114-123]; Tschor1939 [host, distribution: 89]; Tyrell1896 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 266-267]; Ulgent2001a [host, distribution, biological control: 145-149]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 50]; Valent1963 [biological control: 6-13]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 135]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 346]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 175]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 145-146]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 105-106]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1079]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-41]; WatsonMuSh2014 [distribution: 1595]; Willia1957 [taxonomy: 314-315]; Willia1985b [host, distribution: 53]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 149]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 17]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 94]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distributiion: 132]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-165]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 59]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 106]; Wolcot1955 [host, distribution: 1-5]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17,56]; Wunn1937 [host, distribution: 23]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-176,191]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-324].

Saissetia discoides (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium discoides Hempel, 1900a: 433. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Psidium guajava. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, and UCEC. Described: female.

Saissetia discoides; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus dependens [CorseuBa1971]. Lauraceae: Nectandra oppositifolia [CorseuBa1971]. Loranthaceae: Phrygilanthus eugenioides [CorseuBa1971]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Hempel1900a, CorseuBa1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 308]; Cocker1902k [Taxonomy: 453]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 255]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 201]; GomesC1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 433-434]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-31]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 145].

Saissetia dura (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium durum Hempel, 1900a: 427. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Baccharis dracunculifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Saissetia dura; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.



HOST: Asteraceae: Baccharis dracunculifolia [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 308]; Cocker1902k [host, distribution: 453]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 255]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 201]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 427-428]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 210]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 145].

Saissetia ficinum (Paoli)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Eulecanium) ficinum Paoli, 1916: 252. Type data: ITALY: Sardinia, Siniscola (Sassari), on Ficus carica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Florence: Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia, Italy. Described: female.

Eulecanium ficinum; Leonardi, 1920: 294. Change of combination.

Lecanium ficinum; Martin Mateo, 1984: 71. Change of combination.

Saissetia ficinum; Marotta, 1987: 109. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus carica [Paoli1915, Melis1930, GomezM1958b, Marott1987], Ficus nitida [GomezM1937, GomezM1958b], Ficus repens [Balach1927].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1927]; Italy; Sardinia [Melis1930, Marott1987]; Spain [GomezM1958b].

CITATIONS: Balach1927 [host, distribution: 184]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 308]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267-268]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 76-77]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Leonar1918 [taxonomy: 197]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 294]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 109-110]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 71]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 15]; Paoli1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 252]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311].

Saissetia glanulosa (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium glanulosum Hempel, 1900a: 428. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Saissetia glanulosa; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 309]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 453]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 255]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 202]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 428-430]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 210-211].

Saissetia hurae (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Saissetia) hurae Newstead, 1917: 361. Type data: GUYANA: Berbice, on Hura crepitans. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Saissetia hurae; Silva et al., 1986: 154. Change of combination.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Hura crepitans [Newste1917].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1917].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 309]; Bondar1939 [host, distribution: 160]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 361-362]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 154].

Saissetia infrequens (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium infrequens Hempel, 1900a: 431. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Zanthoxylum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Saissetia infrequens; Fernald, 1903b: 204. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Sapium haematospermum [Lizery1939]. Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum [Hempel1900a]. Sapindaceae: Schmidellia edulis [Lizery1939].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Granar1999]; Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 309]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 255]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 204]; Granar1999 [host, distribution: 160]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 431-433]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 212-213]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 189].

Saissetia jocunda De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia jocunda De Lotto, 1957a: 173. Type data: TANZANIA: Arusha, on Celtis durandii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Prococcophagus varius Silvestri [AnneckMy1979a].

HOSTS: Araliaceae: Cussonia kirkii [Hodgso1969a]. Euphorbiaceae: Phyllanthus hutchinsoianus [Hodgso1969a], Uapaca kirkiana [Hodgso1967]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Hodgso1969a], Brachystegia spiciformis [Hodgso1969a]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hodgso1967]. Myrsinaceae: Maesa lanceolata [Hodgso1969a]. Proteaceae: Protea gaguedi [Hodgso1967]. Rosaceae: Cliffortia nitidula [Hodgso1969a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1968a]. Rutaceae: Clausena anisata [Hodgso1967]. Ulmaceae: Celtis durandii [DeLott1957a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1968a]; Malawi [Hodgso1969a]; Mozambique [Hodgso1969a]; Tanzania; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967, Hodgso1969a].

CITATIONS: AnneckMy1979a [host, distribution, biological control: 290-292]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 309]; DeLott1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173]; DeLott1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86]; Hodgso1967 [host, distribution: 14]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 35]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 47].

Saissetia lucida Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia lucida Hempel, 1912: 60. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Alto da Serra, on bark of undetermined forest tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Verbenaceae: Lantana [SilvadGoGa1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 309-310]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60]; Sassce1915 [catalogue: 33]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 155]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 146].

Saissetia malagassa Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia malagassa Mamet, 1954: 45. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Manjakatompo, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 310]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14,45-46].

Saissetia minensis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia minensis Hempel, 1932: 328. Type data: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Vicosa, on Luehea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Tiliaceae: Luehea [Hempel1932].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais [Hempel1932]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 310]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 328-329].

Saissetia miranda (Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium oleae mirandum Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell, 1899n: 12. Type data: MEXICO: Tlacotalpam in Vera Cruz, on Abutilon sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Saissetia oleae miranda; Fernald, 1903b: 206. Change of combination.

Saissetia oleae; Sanders, 1909a: 440. Misidentification.

Saissetia miranda; De Lotto, 1969a: 419. Change of status.

COMMON NAMES: Mexican black scale [DeLott1971b, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993]; mexican black scale [DeLott1971b, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993].



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave sisalana [Nakaha1981a], Yucca [NakahaMi1981]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus spinosus [Nakaha1981a]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [NakahaMi1981, Nakaha1983, Granar1999], Schinus terebinthifolius [Nakaha1981a], Spondias dulcis [NakahaMi1981]. Apocynaceae: Kopsia [NakahaMi1981], Nerium [Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Nerium oleander [DeLott1971b], Plumeria [Nakaha1983], Plumeria rubra [NakahaMi1981]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1990]. Aspidiaceae: Tectaria sp. [MestreHaEv2011]. Bignoniaceae: Tabebuia [Granar1999]. Bombacaceae: Montezuma speciossima [NakahaMi1981]. Boraginaceae: Cordia [Nakaha1983]. Burseraceae: Bursera simaruba [MestreHaEv2011]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus caryophyllus [Nakaha1981a]. Combretaceae: Quisqualis indica [MestreHaEv2011], Terminalia [NakahaMi1981], Terminalia catappa [NakahaMi1981, VanHarCoWi1990]. Cornaceae: Cornus florida [LambdiWa1980]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros ferrea [Nakaha1981a]. Ehretiaceae: Calyptrocordia alba [Nakaha1983]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha tricolor [WilliaWa1990], Adelia ricinella [MestreHaEv2011]. Fabaceae: Cajanus cajan [NakahaMi1981], Cassia [Nakaha1983], Crotalaria [Nakaha1981a], Crotalaria usaramoensis [WilliaWa1990], Erythrina [NakahaMi1981, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Erythrina berteroana [NakahaMi1981], Erythrina lithosperma [ChackoSr1981], Erythrina sandwicensis [Nakaha1981a], Prosopis [Granar1999], Tamarindus indica [NakahaMi1981]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [WilliaWa1990]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum montanum [MestreHaEv2011], Persea americana [DeLott1971b]. Malpighiaceae [HamonWi1984]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus [NakahaMi1981], Abutilon [Cocker1899n], Abutilon graveolens [WilliaWa1990], Abutilon hirtum [NakahaMi1981], Goethea strictiflora [DeLott1976], Gossypium [DeLott1971b, NakahaMi1981, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990], Gossypium punctatum [NakahaMi1981], Hibiscus [Nakaha1983], Hibiscus tiliaceus [Nakaha1983], Sida sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Meliaceae: Cedrela odorata [NakahaMi1981], Melia azedarach [Granar1999], Swietenia mahogony [NakahaMi1981]. Moraceae: Broussonetia papyrifera [Granar1999], Ficus [DeLott1976, NakahaMi1981], Ficus benjamina [LambdiWa1980], Ficus carica [Granar1999], Ficus lyrata [HamonWi1984]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia foetida [MestreHaEv2011], Psidium guajava [DeLott1971b, NakahaMi1981, MatileEt2006], Psidium zibethinus [HamonWi1984]. Onagraceae: Jussiaea [HamonWi1984]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [NakahaMi1981]. Rosaceae: Pyracantha coccinea [HamonWi1984]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [Granar1999], Ixora coccinea [NakahaMi1981], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1990], Mussaenda philippica [MestreHaEv2011], Timonius [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae: Casimiroa edulis [HamonWi1984], Citrus [DeLott1971b], Citrus paradisi [WilliaWa1990], Zanthoxylum flavum [NakahaMi1981]. Sterculiaceae: Sterculia apetala [NakahaMi1981]. Tiliaceae: Grewia crenata [WilliaWa1990]. Verbenaceae: Lippia [NakahaMi1981].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cape Verde; South Africa [DeLott1976]. Australasian: Cook Islands; Fiji [HodgsoLa2011]; French Polynesia; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya). Australasian: Kiribati; New Caledonia; Niue; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Tonga; Western Samoa. Nearctic: Mexico [DeLott1969a, DeLott1971b, DeLott1976]. Nearctic: Mexico (Chihuahua). Nearctic: Mexico (Coahuila, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Sinola, Sonora, Zacatecas); United States of America (Alabama, Arizona [DeLott1971b], California [DeLott1971b], District of Columbia [DeLott1971b], Florida [DeLott1971b], Louisiana, Maryland [DeLott1971b], Missouri [DeLott1971b], New Mexico [DeLott1971b], New York, Ohio, Oklahoma [DeLott1971b], Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas [DeLott1971b], Virginia). Neotropical: Argentina (Chaco [Granar1999], Jujuy [Granar1999], San Juan [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHi1991]; Cuba [MestreHaEv2011]; El Salvador [DeLott1971b]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Honduras [DeLott1971b]; Panama [DeLott1971b]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [NakahaMi1981]); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India; Taiwan [LinKoGu2013]. Palaearctic: Japan [Tanaka2012a]; Portugal [DeLott1976, FrancoRuMa2011] (Two specimens from an unknown locality in Portugal on Goethea strictiflora (Malvaceae), intercepted at Washington D.C.; the slide is deposited at USNM.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 158 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 323 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Tang 1991: 216 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 160 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 103 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 106 (female) [USA, Florida].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 310-311]; BuckleGu1991 [biological control: 282-286]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; ChackoSr1981 [biological control, host, distribution: 108-109]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 12]; DeanHa1972 [economic importance, host, distribution: 478-481]; DeLott1969a [host, distribution: 419]; DeLott1971b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 325]; DeLott1976 [host, distribution: 147]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 206]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 7,23]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-105,109]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-162]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-112]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 9, 11]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 137]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 22]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 5]; LinKoGu2013 [distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy: 252, 258]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 37]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 167]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 9]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy, structure: 49]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 393]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 7]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 31]; Panis1974a [biological control: 131-134]; ParidaGh1984 [taxonomy, structure: 14-15]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 440]; Tanaka2012a [distribution: 15-16]; Tang1991 [Taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 218-219]; VanHarCoWi1990 [Host, distribution: 135]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-165].

Saissetia mirifica (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium mirificum Maskell, 1897: 312. Type data: AUSTRALIA: North West Victoria, Mallee Scrub, on Acacia pendula. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Lecanium (Saissetia) miripicum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 164. Misspelling of species name.

Saissetia mirifica; Cockerell, 1901e: 32. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia pendula [Maskel1897a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Frogga1915]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 311]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy: 32]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 164]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 30]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 204]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 609-610]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 312-313].

Saissetia monotes monotes Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia monotes Hall, 1935: 78. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Melfort and Eldorado, on Monotes glaber. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Monotes glaber [Hall1935, Hodgso1967]. Fabaceae: Brachystegia spiciformis [Hodgso1967]. Loganiaceae: Nuxia congesta [Hodgso1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hall1935, Hodgso1967].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 311]; Hall1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-79]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-16].

Saissetia monotes pretoriae Hall

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia monotes pretoriae Hall, 1939: 98. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Hall1939].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Hall1939].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 311]; Hall1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98].

Saissetia munroi De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia munroi De Lotto, 1958: 66. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Ochna pulchra. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Ochnaceae: Ochna pulchra [DeLott1958].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1958].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 311-312]; DeLott1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-67].

Saissetia neglecta De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia neglecta De Lotto, 1969a: 419. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Pine Island, on grapefruit. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

COMMON NAMES: Caribbean black scale [DeLott1971b, HamonWi1984, BenDov1993]; caribbean black scale [DeLott1971b, HamonWi1984, BenDov1993].



HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave [DeLott1971b]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [NakahaMi1981]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [NakahaMi1981, Malump2012b], Annona squamosa [Malump2012b]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [WilliaWa1990]. Araceae: Dieffenbachia amoena [NakahaMi1981], Dizygotheca elegantissima [HamonWi1984]. Araliaceae: Tetrapanax papyriferum [HamonWi1984]. Asclepiadaceae: Stephanotis floribunda [Nakaha1981a], Telosma cordata [Nakaha1981a]. Asteraceae: Fitchia speciosa [WilliaWa1990]. Bignoniaceae: Spathodea campanulata [Nakaha1981a]. Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [WilliaWa1990]. Celastraceae: Maytenus octogona [LincanHoCa2010]. Clusiaceae: Mammea americana [WilliaWa1990]. Combretaceae: Laguncularia racemosa [HamonWi1984], Quisqualis indica [MestreHaEv2011], Terminalia brassii [WilliaWa1990]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea [WilliaWa1990]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia pulcherrima [WilliaWa1990], Hevea [DeLott1971b], Manihot esculenta [PenaWa1982]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia monandra [WilliaWa1990], Cassia [WilliaWa1990], Crotalaria anugyroides [WilliaWa1990], Delonix regia [MestreHaEv2011], Erythrina indica [WilliaWa1990], Gliricidia sepium [MatileEt2006], Indigofera [HamonWi1984], Piptadenia [WilliaWa1990], Tamarindus indica [NakahaMi1981], Vigna sinensis [WilliaWa1990]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia [WilliaWa1990]. Liliaceae: Convallaria majalis [Granar1999]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia [WilliaWa1990]. Malvaceae: Malvaviscus arboreus [WilliaWa1990]. Melastomataceae: Clidemia hirta [WilliaWa1990]. Meliaceae: Cedrela toona [WilliaWa1990]. Moraceae: Ficus [DeLott1971b]. Musaceae: Musa [HodgsoHi1990]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus deglupta [WilliaWa1990], Psidium guajava [NakahaMi1981, Nakaha1981a]. Piperaceae: Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1990], Piper puberulum [WilliaWa1990]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba pirifolia [NakahaMi1981]. Polypodiaceae: Platycerium [NakahaMi1981]. Pteridaceae: Acrostichum aureum [WilliaWa1990], Pteris vitata [MathewMaRa2009]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [NakahaMi1981], Coffea arabica [WilliaWa1990], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1990], Faramea occidentalis [MestreHaEv2011], Gardenia [DeLott1971b], Gardenia augusta [MestreHaEv2011], Ixora macrothyrsa [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae: Citrus [DeLott1969a, DeLott1971b, NakahaMi1981, HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990], Citrus aurantifolia [NakahaMi1981], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1990], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1990], Citrus maxima [WilliaBu1987], Citrus paradisi [DeLott1969a, NakahaMi1981], Citrus reticulata [WilliaWa1990], Citrus sinensis [WilliaWa1990], Evodia hortensis [WilliaWa1990]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [NakahaMi1981]. Scrophulariaceae: Leucophyllum frutescens [HamonWi1984]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa americana [HamonWi1984].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]. Nearctic: Mexico [DeLott1971b] (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinola, Sonora); United States of America (Florida [DeLott1969a, DeLott1971b, PenaWa1982], Louisiana [DeLott1971b], Texas [DeLott1971b]). Neotropical: Argentina (Chaco [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]); Belize; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHi1991]; Colombia [Kondo2001, Kondo2008a]; Costa Rica [DeLott1971b]; Cuba [MestreHaEv2011]; El Salvador [DeLott1971b]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [DeLott1971b, Willia2010]; Honduras [DeLott1971b]; Panama [DeLott1971b]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [NakahaMi1981]); Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; U.S. Virgin Islands [DeLott1971b]; Venezuela [DeLott1971b]. Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1969a), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

STRUCTURE: See colur photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984).

KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 157 (female) [Argentina]; Tang 1991: 216 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 160 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 108 (female) [USA, Florida].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 312]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; DeLott1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 419-421]; DeLott1971b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 325]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-114]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 6,14]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 137]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 47]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 5]; Malump2012b [distribution, host, illustration: 208,210,212]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 37]; MathewMaRa2009 [life history, chemical control: 282-286]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 167]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 9]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 393]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 7]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 31]; Panis1974a [biological control: 131-134]; PenaWa1982 [economic importance, host, distribution: 147]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 219-220]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 149]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 94]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-167].

Saissetia nigrella King

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia nigrella King, 1902: 296. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Tongaat, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [King1902, DeLott1970b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [King1902, DeLott1970b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 312-313]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 252]; DeLott1970b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-154]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 205]; King1902 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 296]; Sander1909a [catalogue: 440-441].

Saissetia oleae cherimoliae (Gómez-Menor Ortega)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus (Saissetia) oleae cherimoliae Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1955: 205. Type data: SPAIN: Motril, Granada, on Annona cherimolia and Citrus aurantium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spain. Described: female.

Saissetia oleae cherimoliae; Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1958c: 59. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona cherimolia [GomezM1955, GomezM1958b]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [GomezM1958b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Spain [GomezM1955, GomezM1958b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 316]; GomezM1955 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-208]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 77]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 15]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 34].

Saissetia oleae oleae (Olivier)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus oleae Olivier, 1791: 95. Type data: FRANCE and ITALY: on olive, myrtle and Phillyrea. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Coccus palmae Haworth, 1812: 307. Type data: ENGLAND: on palm. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1957: 314. Notes: Type material lost (Williams, 1957).

Coccus testudo Curtis, 1843: 443. Type data: ENGLAND: in greenhouse on Brexia spinosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Abbotsford: Department of Entomology, Museum of Victoria, Victoria, Australia. Described: female. Synonymy by Douglas, 1891c: 307.

Chermes cycadis Boisduval, 1867: 323. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse on Cycas. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 207. Notes: Type material lost.

Lecanium oleae; Signoret, 1869: 862. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bernard" as author.

Chermes oleae; Signoret, 1869a: 862. Change of combination. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Lecanium testudo; Signoret, 1874a: 441. Change of combination.

Lecanium palmae; Douglas, 1887b: 97. Change of combination.

Bernardia oleae; Marlatt, 1892: 150. Change of combination. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Neobernardia oleae; Cockerell, 1893d: 54. Change of combination.

Neobernardia oleae; Cockerell, 1893d: 54. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bernard" as author.

Lecanium cycadis; Green, 1895: 232. Change of combination.

Lecanium oleae testudo; Cockerell, 1896b: 331. Change of status.

Lecanium (Saissetia) palmae; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 164.

Saissetia oleae; Cockerell, 1901e: 31. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bernard" as author.

Coccus oleae; Kirkaldy, 1902: 106. Change of combination. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bernard" as author.

Coccus olea; Fernald, 1903b: 205. Misspelling of species name.

Saissetia oleae testudo; Fernald, 1903b: 206.

Saissetia palmae; Fernald, 1903b: 207. Change of combination.

Saissetia obae; Rutherford, 1915a: 112. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.

Saissetia obae; Rutherford, 1915a: 112. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bernard" as author.

Lecanium oleae; Borg, 1919: 31. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bernard" as author.

Lecanium pumilum Brain, 1920a: 5. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Robertson, on a native shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1958: 68.

Saissetia (Lecanium) oleae; Hall, 1922: 22. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bernard" as author.

Coccus oleo; Essig, 1931: 139. Misspelling of species name.

Coccus olio; Essig, 1931: 139. Misspelling of species name.

Saissetia oleoe; Balachowsky, 1932d: LVI. Misspelling of species name.

Parasaissetia oleae; Ezzat & Hussein, 1969: 413. Change of combination.

Parasaissetia oleae; Ezzat & Hussein, 1969: 413. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bernard" as author.

Saissetia oleae; De Lotto, 1971a: 149. Change of combination.

Saissetia oleas; Quezada et al., 1972: 14. Misspelling of species name.

Saissetia oleae; Bartlett, 1978: 67. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bernard" author.

Lecanium oleae; Comstock, 1980: 336. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Bernard" as author.

Saissetia oleae; González, 1989: 89. Misspelling of species name.

Seissetia oleae; Franko & Passos de Carvalho, 1991: 283. Misspelling of genus name.

Coccus pumilum; Munro & Fouché, 1993: 87. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: black scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993, SmithBeBr1997]; Caparreta [Lloren1990]; cochnilha-H [CarvalAg1997]; cochnilha-negra [CarvalAg1997]; conchuela negra del olivo [RipaLaRo2008]; escama negra [QuezadCoDi1972]; Lacochenille de l'olivier [PicartMa2000]; Mediterranean black scale [DeLott1971b, BenDov1993]; mediterranean black scale [DeLott1971b, BenDov1993]; olive scale [BenDov1993]; olive soft scale [Bodenh1951a]; qenimat hazayit.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Adalia decempunctata L. [ArgyriStMo1976], Chilocorus bipustulatus L. [ArgyriStMo1976], Coccinella septempunctata L. [ArgyriStMo1976], Exochomus flavipes Goeze [ArgyriStMo1976], Exochomus quadripustulatus L. [ArgyriStMo1976], Platynaspis luteorubra Goeze [ArgyriStMo1976], Pullus fulvicollis Mulsant [Panis2008], Rhizobius ventralis (Er.) [Comper1961], Scymnus frontalis F. [ArgyriStMo1976], Scymnus subvillosus Goeze [ArgyriStMo1976], Synharmonia conglobata L. [ArgyriStMo1976]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Cheiloneurus inimicus [Kennet1986], Cheiloneurus noxius [Kennet1986], Coccophagus baldasssarii Compere [Comper1931b], Coccophagus capensis Compere [Comper1961], Coccophagus eritreansis Compere [Comper1931b], Coccophagus lycimnia [Kennet1986], Coccophagus mexicensis Girault [MyartsRu2000], Coccophagus modestus Silvestri [SmithCo1926], Coccophagus ochraceus Howard [MyartsRu2000], Coccophagus pulchellus Westwood [ArgyriStMo1976], Coccophagus scutellaris [Kennet1986, AbdRab2002b], Lounsburya trifasciatus Compere [Comper1961], Marietta mexicana (Howard) [MyartsRu2000], Prococcophagus probus Annecke & Mynhardt [AnneckMy1979a], Prococcophagus saissetiae Annecke & Mynhardt [AnneckMy1979a], Prococcophagus varius Silvestri [AnneckMy1979a]. Encyrtidae: Metaphycus anneckei [YustHo1942], Metaphycus bartletti Annecke & Mynhardt [BlumbeSw1977, BlumbeSw1982], Metaphycus flavus Howard [Blumbe1997], Metaphycus hageni [YustHo1942], Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) [Flande1953a, BlumbeSw1977, Blumbe1997, BasheeAsRa2014], Metaphycus lounsburyi (Howard) [SmithCo1920, ViggiaPaTz1975, BlumbeSw1977], Metaphycus luteolus [Kennet1986], Metaphycus swirskii Annecke & Mynhardt [BlumbeSw1982, Blumbe1997]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea [BadaryAb2011], Scutellista cyanea Motschulski [Balach1930e, ViggiaPaTz1975]. LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Eublemma scitula Ramb. [ArgyriStMo1976].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Hygrophila spinosa [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Actinidiaceae: Actinidia deliciosa [HodgsoHe2000]. Agavaceae: Agave [Balach1939], Agave americana [Lindin1911a, CarnerPe1986], Polianthes [HodgsoHi1990], Yucca [Cocker1895x, Kozar1983a, KozarFr1995, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Yucca gloriosa [Kozar1983]. Anacardiaceae: Lannea discolor [Hall1935, Hodgso1967], Mangifera indica [Ali1971, KinjoNaHi1996], Odina odier [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Pistacia [Argyri1963], Pistacia atlantica [BenDov1971], Pistacia lentiscus [Balach1927, Borg1932, Balach1933e, GomezM1954, GomezM1958b, Marott1987], Pistacia palestina [BenDov1971], Pistacia terebinthus [Borg1932], Pistacia vera [Marott1987], Rhus abyssinica [DeLott1956a], Schinus molle [Marott1987, GonzalLa1989], Schinus polygamus [GonzalLa1989], Tapirira edulis [Ferris1921]. Apocynaceae: Beaumontia grandiflora [Ballou1926], Carissa carandas [Mamet1943a], Carissa grandiflora [BenDov1971], Nerium [Balach1939, DeLott1965a, Almeid1973b, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995], Nerium indicum [TangLi1988], Nerium odorum [Ali1971, Marott1987], Nerium oleander [Green1923b, Balach1927, Balach1930, Balach1933e, DeLott1956a, DeLott1965a, BenDov1971, Almeid1973b], Plumeria acutifolia [Mamet1943a, Almeid1973b], Trachelospermum jasminoides [Marott1987], Vinca major [CarnerPe1986]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [Marott1987], Ilex canariensis [Lindin1911a, CarnerPe1986], Ilex platiphylla [CarnerPe1986], Ilex rotunda microcarpa [MartinLa2011], Ilex wilsoni [DeLott1965a]. Araceae: Anthurium [Marott1987], Monstera delisciosa Liebm. [GoszczGo2011], Philodendron sp. [GoszczGo2011]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Marott1987, HodgsoHe2000], Pseudopanax [HodgsoHe2000]. Arecaceae: Metroxylon [DeLott1965a], Phoenix dactylifera [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Asclepiadaceae: Calotropis procera [Hall1923]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [Lindin1911a, CarnerPe1986]. Asteraceae: Artemisia absinthium [Marott1987], Artemisia argentea [Balach1939], Baccharis [HodgsoHi1990], Baccharis halimifolia [Marott1987, FriedBaGe2013], Baccharis pilularis [Ferris1920b], Baccharis rosmarinifolia [Marott1987], Baccharis salicifolia [GonzalLa1989], Brachyglottis repanda [HodgsoHe2000], Carduus pycnocephalus [Marott1987], Carlina corymbosa [Marott1987], Centaurea jacea [Marott1987], Chrysanthemum [Ballou1926, BenDov1971], Chrysanthemum frutescens [DeLott1956a], Cynara cardunculus [Marott1987], Dahlia [Mamet1943a], Erigeron sp. [BenDov2012], Galactites tomentosa [CarnerPe1986], Grindelia cuneifolia [Ferris1920b], Helianthus annuus [Hall1923], Inula glutinosa [Balach1927], Olearia [DeLott1965a], Olearia paniculata [HodgsoHe2000], Osteospermum [DeLott1965a], Osteospermum moniliferum [DeLott1965a], Ozothamnus leptophyllus [HodgsoHe2000], Raillardia menziesii [Nakaha1981a], Scolymus hispanicus [Marott1987], Tagetes cabrerae [Granar1999], Vernonia amygdalina [DeLott1956a]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda mimosaefolia [DeLott1956a], Jacaranda ovalifolia [Marott1987], Markhamia platycalyx [DeLott1956a]. Bombacaceae: Adansonia digitata [Ballou1926], Ceiba pentandra [Ballou1926], Eriodendron [Cocker1896k]. Boraginaceae: Cordia abyssinica [DeLott1956a], Cordia angiocarpa [Ballou1926], Cordia scabrifolia [Ballou1926]. Brexiaceae: Brexia spinosa [KozarzRe1975]. Bruniaceae: Berzelia lanuginosa [Durr1954]. Burseraceae: Garuga piumata [Marott1987]. Campanulaceae: Clermontia [Nakaha1981a]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [GomezM1958b]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [DeLott1965a], Euonymus argenta [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Euonymus japonicus [DeLott1965a], Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek [VitoriZaMa2013]. Cistaceae: Cistus salvifolius [KozarFr1995]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [Ali1971]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [Mamet1959a, Ali1971]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus floridus [Lindin1911a, CarnerPe1986], Dichondra repens [HodgsoHe2000]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum [HodgsoHi1990], Crassula [GomezM1957, GomezM1958b], Crassula portulacea [Marott1987], Kalanchoe [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Sedum [GomezM1958b]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita pepo [HodgsoHe2000, NeumanODGu2014], Cucurbita sp. [BenDov2012]. Cycadaceae: Cycas [GomezM1965, HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHe2000], Cycas revoluta [Balach1927, Borg1932, GomezM1958b, BenDov1971, Jansen1995]. Dennstaedtiaceae: Pteridium esculentum [HodgsoHe2000]. Dilleniaceae: Dillenia sermentosa [Ali1971]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Ballou1926, Marott1987]. Ehretiaceae: Carmona [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ehretia timifolia [Marott1987]. Ericaceae: Agauria salicifolia [Hodgso1969a], Arbutus unedo [Balach1931a], Erica arborea [Lindin1911a, Balach1930, Balach1933e, DeLott1965a], Erica scoparia [Marott1987], Vaccinium [Nakaha1981a]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Hall1923, Hodgso1967], Croton macrostachys [DeLott1956a], Euphorbia pulcherrima [TangLi1988], Hura crepitans [Newste1914], Manihot palmata [GomezM1958b], Manihot utilissima [Mamet1943a, Almeid1969, Almeid1973b], Poinsettia pulcherrima [DeLott1956a], Ricinus communis [GomezM1958b], Uapaca kirkiane [Hall1935, Hodgso1967]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Hall1935], Acacia cyanophylla [DeLott1956a], Acacia koa [Nakaha1981a], Bauhinia [Hall1922, Hall1924a, Hall1935, Hodgso1967], Brachystegia [Hall1935], Cajanus cajan [ShafeeYoKh1989], Cajanus indicus [Green1904d, Hall1923, Ramakr1930, Ali1971], Cassia [Hall1935], Cassia biflora [Ballou1926], Cassia fistula [Ballou1926], Cassia glauca [Ballou1926], Cassia hoffmanseggii [Ballou1926], Cercis siliquastrum [Balach1927, GomezM1958b, Marott1987], Enterolobium cyclocarpum [Ballou1926], Erythrina [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, Marott1987, ShafeeYoKh1989], Erythrina lithosperma [Green1904a], Erythrina tomentosa [Hall1935], Kentia balmoreana [GomezM1958b], Lotus berthelotii [CarnerPe1986], Lotus peliorhynchus [Lindin1911a], Sesbania [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Tamarindus [GomezM1958b, Marott1987], Tamarindus indica [ShafeeYoKh1989], Ulex [GomezM1946, GomezM1958b], Wisteria floribunda [DeLott1956a]. Flacourtiaceae: Azara [Willia1985b], Azara microphylla [GonzalLa1989]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium zonale [Marott1987]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus pavia [Marott1987]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea [HodgsoHe2000], Hydrangea hortensis [GomezM1958b]. Lamiaceae: Ballota hispanica [GomezM1957, GomezM1958b], Rosmarinus officinalis [Marott1987, HodgsoHe2000]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [BenDov1971], Persea americana [BenDov1971]. Liliaceae: Aloe [Willia1985b], Asparagus [GomezM1958b, HodgsoHe2000], Asparagus albus [Marott1987], Asparagus aphyllus [BenDov1971], Asparagus falcatus [GoszczGo2011], Asparagus tenuifolius [Marott1987], Cordyline [Marott1987]. Loranthaceae: Viscum album [DeLott1965a], Viscum cruciatum [BenDov1971]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [Borg1932, DeLott1965a, HodgsoHe2000], Abutilon graveolens [Ferris1935], Althaea [GomezM1958b], Althaea rosea [Hall1923], Gossypium [Hall1935], Gossypium herbaccum [Ali1971], Hibiscus [Borg1932, Balach1939, Balach1957c, Mamet1959a, HodgsoHe2000], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [BenDov2012], Hibiscus sinensis [BenDov1971], Lagunaria patersonii [HodgsoHe2000], Lavatera [HodgsoHe2000], Malva silvestris [KozarPaPa1991], Plagianthus divaricatus [HodgsoHe2000], Thespesia [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Thespesia populnea [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]. Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1910, Hall1924a, Hall1935, Mamet1959a, Hodgso1967, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995], Ficus adriaticus [Bartle1960], Ficus benjamina [KozarzRe1975], Ficus carica [Lindin1911a, Hall1923, DeLott1956a, ShafeeYoKh1989, Granar1999], Ficus dekdekena [DeLott1956a], Ficus palmeri [Ferris1921], Ficus pandurata [Ballou1926], Ficus pumila [Ali1971], Ficus religiosa [Ballou1926], Ficus sycomorus [Hall1923, DeLott1956a], Morus [GomezM1958b]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum laetum [BenDov1971, HodgsoHe2000], Myoporum pictum [Marott1987], Myoporum punctulatum [Marott1987]. Myricaceae: Myrica salicifolia [Hodgso1969a]. Myrsinaceae: Myrsine africana [Marott1987], Myrsine australis [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Ali1971], Eugenia uniflora [HodgsoHe2000], Melaleuca armillaris [GomezM1958b], Myrtus [Borg1932], Myrtus communis [Olivie1791, Lindin1911a, Balach1930, Balach1931a], Myrtus communis parvifolia [GomezM1946], Psidium [Cocker1899n, Kirkal1902], Psidium guajava [Hall1922, Hall1924a, Ramakr1930, DeLott1956a, BenDov1971, Ali1971], Psidium guajava [Cocker1894c, ShafeeYoKh1989], Psidium pomiferum [Mamet1959a]. Oleaceae: Jasminum fruticans [Argyri1963], Nestegis lanceolata [HodgsoHe2000], Olea [Borg1932, Argyri1967, RosenHaSa1971, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Olea chrysophylla [Marott1987], Olea europaea [Olivie1791, Balach1927, Balach1931a, Balach1933a, Balach1933e, Balach1935b, DeLott1956a], Osmanthus americanus [HamonWi1984], Osmanthus heterophyllus [HamonWi1984], Phillyrea [Olivie1791], Phillyrea angustifolia [Balach1933e], Phillyrea media [Balach1930]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis exaltata [Marott1987]. Orchidaceae: Cymbidium [HodgsoHe2000], Phalaenopsis sp. [GoszczGo2011]. Phyllanthaceae: Antidesma bunius [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]. Pinaceae: Pinus sylvaticus [DeLott1965a]. Piperaceae: Piper [Argyri1963]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Balach1939, Argyri1963, HodgsoHe2000], Pittosporum tobira [GomezM1958b, Marott1987]. Poaceae: Arundo donax [CarnerPe1986]. Polygalaceae: Polygala sibirica [TangLi1988]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus [EzzatHu1969], Coccoloba uvifera [Beards1966c, HamonWi1984], Muehlenbeckia platyclada [Marott1987]. Proteaceae: Protea abyssinica [Hall1935]. Pteridaceae: Adiantum [Lindin1911a, CarnerPe1986]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Borg1932, Mamet1943a, BenDov1971]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus [Ferris1920b], Rhamnus crenulata [Lindin1911a]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus [Argyri1963], Armeniaca vulgaris [Marott1987], Cliffortia nitidula [Hodgso1969a], Cotoneaster pannosa [BenDov1971], Crataegus [Argyri1963], Crataegus monogyna [KozarPaPa1991], Cydonia [DeLott1965a], Eriobotrya japonica [BenDov1971], Persica vulgaris [Marott1987], Prunus [Hall1924a, Argyri1963], Prunus armeniaca [Hall1923], Prunus avium [Marott1987], Prunus domestica [Hall1922], Prunus paniculata [Marott1987], Prunus persica [Argyri1963, Hodgso1969a], Pyrus communis [Argyri1963, HodgsoHe2000], Pyrus longipes [DeLott1965a], Pyrus malus [Argyri1963], Pyrus pyrifolia [HodgsoHe2000], Rosa [HodgsoHe2000]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [ShafeeYoKh1989], Coffea arabica [DeLott1956a, BenDov1971, Ali1971], Coprosma repens [HodgsoHe2000], Faramea odoratissima [Ballou1926], Gardenia florida [Ali1971], Serissa [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Aegle marmelos [Ballou1926], Atalantia citrioides [Ballou1926], Casimiroa edulis [DeLott1956a], Chaetospermum glutinosa [Ballou1926], Choisya ternata [HodgsoHe2000], Citropsis schweinfurthii [Ballou1926], Citrus [Balach1927, DeLott1965a, Rosen1967, Almeid1973b, ArgyriMi1975, CarvalAg1997], Citrus aurantium [GomezM1958b, BenDov1971, PerezGCa1987], Citrus hystrix [Ballou1926], Citrus limon [GomezM1958b, DeLott1965a], Citrus paradisi [BenDov1993], Citrus reticulata [Granar1999], Citrus sinensis [Cocker1895x, Ballou1926], Claucena lansium [Ballou1926], Feroniella oblata [Ballou1926]. Salicaceae: Salix babylonica [Hall1923]. Sapindaceae: Blighia spida [Ballou1926], Cupania cubensis [Ballou1926], Dodonaea [Nakaha1981a], Dodonaea abyssinica [Marott1987], Euphoria longana [Mamet1943a, Ali1971], Exothea paniculata [Ballou1926], Litchi chinensis [Mamet1943a, HodgsoHe2000], Schmidelia [Green1907, Mamet1943a]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Ballou1926], Mimusops bojeri [Mamet1943a], Pouteria costata [HodgsoHe2000], Sapota [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Scrophulariaceae: Halleria lucida [Marott1987], Hebe elliptica [HodgsoHe2000], Veronica lindleyana [GomezM1958b]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia nitida [Ballou1926], Solanum [Cocker1892a, Ferris1920b], Solanum aviculare [HodgsoHe2000], Solanum tuberosum [BenDov2012]. Sterculiaceae: Cheirostemon platanoides [DeLott1965a], Theobroma cacao [Potaev1993]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [HodgsoHi1990], Tamarix africana [Marott1987], Tamarix gallica [Marott1987]. Taxaceae: Taxus baccata [KozarFr1995]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Tiliaceae: Entelea arborescens [HodgsoHe2000], Grewia orientalis [Green1904d, Green1937, Ali1971]. Umbelliferae: Eryngium campestre [Marott1987], Heteromorpha trifoliata [Hodgso1969a]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia [HodgsoHi1990], Avicennia marina australasica [HodgsoHe2000], Callicarpa americana [Marott1987], Callicarpa japonica [Marott1987], Clerodendrum nutans [Ballou1926], Duranta [Green1904d], Duranta integrifolia [Marott1987], Duranta plumieri [Green1937, Ali1971], Tectona grandis [Ali1971], Verbena rigida [Marott1987], Vitex lucens [HodgsoHe2000]. Viscaceae: Korthalsella lindsayi [HenderSuRo2010]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Hall1923, Hall1924a, Hall1935, Argyri1963, HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1969, Almeid1973b]; Cameroon; Comoros; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Eritrea [DeLott1956a]; Kenya [Newste1910, DeLott1956a]; Madagascar [Mamet1959a]; Malawi [Hodgso1969a]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Seychelles (Aldabra Island [Green1907, Mamet1943a, WilliaMa2009b]); South Africa [Brain1920a, Mamet1943a, DeLott1976]; Tanzania [Newste1911a]; Uganda [Newste1913, Newste1914, Mamet1943a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935, Hodgso1967, Hodgso1969a]. Australasian: Australia [Frogga1915, Mamet1943a, DeLott1976]; Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]; Christmas Island [AbbottGr2007]; French Polynesia (Society Islands [DoaneHa1909, Ferris1935]); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, Mamet1943a]). Australasian: Indonesia (Java [Green1904a]). Australasian: Lord Howe Island; Marcus Island [Mamet1943a]; Marshall Islands; New Caledonia; New Zealand [Kirkal1902, Green1929, Mamet1943a, HodgsoHe2000, HenderSuRo2010] (Three Kings Islands); Norfolk Island; Northern Mariana Islands; Palau [Mamet1943a]. Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n, Mamet1943a, Bartle1960, DeLott1971b] (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921], San Luis Potosi); United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1895x], California [King1903b, Ferris1920b, Bartle1960, DeLott1971b, DeLott1976, ArgyriKa1977], Colorado, Connecticut, Florida [DeLott1971b], Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana [DeLott1971b], Massachusetts, New Jersey [DeLott1971b], New Mexico, New York, South Carolina, Washington). Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Jujuy [Granar1999], Mendoza [Granar1999], Santa Fe [Granar1999], Tucuman [GranarCl2003]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHi1991]; Brazil [Mamet1943a]; Chile [DuranCo1941, DeLott1976, GonzalLa1989, RipaLaRo2008, KondoGu2010]; Colombia [Kondo2001]; Cuba [Ballou1926]; El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [DeLott1971b, Willia2010]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Cocker1892a, Kirkal1902]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Panama [Cocker1899n]; Peru; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Lucia [Malump2012b]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1894c, Cocker1896k]). Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Assam [Ali1971]); Malaysia [Ali1971]; Pakistan; Philippines [Mamet1943a]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Sri Lanka [Green1904d, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1927, Mamet1943a, DeLott1965a]; Armenia; Austria [DeLott1965a]; Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan); Azores [Fernan1981, CarvalFrAg1996, LopesFiMa2008]; Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979]; Canary Islands [Lindin1911a, GomezM1967O, PerezGCa1987]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [LongoMaPe1995], Xizang (=Tibet)); Corsica [Mamet1943a, Foldi2003]; Crete [Ayouta1940, PellizPoSe2011]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Cyprus [DeLott1965a, SismanUl2010]; Denmark; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, Hall1924a, Mamet1943a, EzzatHu1969]; France [Balach1930, Balach1931a, Balach1933a, Balach1933e, Balach1939, DeLott1965a]; Georgia [YasnosTaCh2005]; Greece [Argyri1963, Argyri1967, ArgyriMi1975, Argyri1983, Kozar1985, KozarPaPa1991]; Hungary [KozarKoFe2013]; Iran [Kaussa1957, Ahmad1975]; Israel [Bodenh1924, RosenHaSa1971, BenDov1993]; Italy [DeLott1965a, Hodgso1994a, LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [Mamet1943a]; Libya; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Malta [Borg1932, HaberMi2007]; Morocco [Vayssi1920, Balach1927, Mamet1943a, Rungs1970]; Netherlands [Jansen1995]; Portugal [DeLott1965a, KozarFr1995, CarvalFrAg1996]; Romania [Savesc1982]; Sardinia [Melis1930, Pelliz2011]; Saudi Arabia; Sicily [Liotta1970]; Slovakia [KorenMiJa2004]; Slovenia [Janezi1954, Seljak2010]; Spain [GomezM1957, LongoMaPe1995, TenaSoVe2007]; Switzerland [DeLott1965a]; Syria [BasheeAsRa2014]; Tunisia [Balach1927, Mamet1943a, Jarray1970]; Turkey [Bodenh1953, Tuncyu1970a, KumralKo2005]; Ukraine; United Kingdom (England [Newste1903, DeLott1965a, MalumpBa2012]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a].

BIOLOGY: Bodenheimer (1951a) reported one generation on citrus in Israel, while Blumberg et al. (1975) observed bivoltine populations. Peleg (1965) recorded in Israel one generation on citrus, one generation on unirrigated olive, while two generations on irrigated olive. One generation per year on olive in Greece (Argyriou, 1963; Paloukis, 1979). One generation per year in inner areas of california, while two in Coastal counties (Quayle, 1911; Bartlett, 1978; Gill, 1988). Beingolea (1969b) reported two generations on Citrulus and on sprouting potatoes in Peru. Two generations per year in Spain (Llorens Climent, 1984). De Lotto (1965, 1976) suggested that the centre of origin and natural diffusion of the species are in the southern district of the Cape Province, South Africa. Biology and ecology on olive in Crete by Neuenschwander & Paraskakis (1980) and Paraskakis et al. (1980). Spatial distribution on olive in Spain by Briales & Campos (1988). Rearing methods by Flanders (1942) and by Blumberg & Swirski (1977). Population dynamics on citrus in Israel by Podoler et al. (1979a, 1979b) and by Mendel et al. (1982, 1984a, 1984b)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zimmerman (1948), De Lotto (1969a), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.42), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Katsoyannos (1996), Crvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999), Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and by Germain et al., (2003).

SYSTEMATICS: The correct name of this species is Saissetia oleae (Oilivier, 1791). Until 1970 it was erroneously named as Saissetia oleae (Bernard, 1783). For a detailed discussion on this case refer to De Lotto (1971). Ben-Dov (1993) erroneously indicated that type material of Coccus testudo Curtis, 1843 was lost. However, Ken Walker (Department of Entomology, Museum of Victoria, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia) in personal communication (May 2002) to Yair Ben-Dov, informed that the types are deposited in the Victoria Museum.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A major pest of citrus in many countries, and of olive in the Mediterranean region (Bodenheimer, 1951a; Bartlett, 1978). Biological control campaigns reviewed by Bartlett (1978). Biological control on olive in Cyprus by Orphanides (1993), France (Panis (1983). Natural enemies in Italy (Martelli, 1908), Libya (Lal & Naji, 1979, 1980). Chemical control by IGR (Peleg & Gothilf, 1981). The Arbequina cultivar of olive showed a lower level of pest attack than the Koroneiki cultivar in Brazil. (Martins, et al., 2010)

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 195 (female) [New Zealand]; Granara de Willink 1999: 158 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 323 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Tang 1991: 216 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 160 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 103 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 108 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 72 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 157 (female) [Japan]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 474 (female) [Egypt]; Beardsley 1966: 494 (female) [Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1957: 332 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 320 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 1238-1246]; AbdRab2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 169-172]; AbdRab2002b [host, distribution, biological control: 39-44]; AbdRab2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 233-237]; AbdRab2004a [host, distribution, biological control: 51-56]; AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; Ahmad1975 [biological control, host, distribution: 221-223]; Ali1971 [host, distribution: 40]; Almeid1969 [host, distribution: 149-152]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 6]; AlrouePrCa1981 [host, distribution, biological control: 281-290]; AlrouePrCa1981 [host, distribution, biological control: 281-280]; AltierNi1999 [biological control: 975-991]; AnneckMy1979 [biological control: 143-150]; AnneckMy1979a [host, distribution, biological control: 290-297]; ArgovRo1988 [biological control: 303-314]; Argyri1963 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 353-376]; Argyri1967 [host, distribution: 66-67]; Argyri1969a [biological control, host, distribution: 1-4]; Argyri1970 [host, distribution, biological control: 57-65]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; Argyri1986 [host, distribution, biological control: 545-548]; ArgyriKa1977 [host, distribution, biological control: 200-208]; ArgyriMi1975 [biological control, host, distribution: 251-254]; ArgyriMi1976 [biological control: 24]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 24]; AverseGrPi2005 [host, distribution, life history: 32-36]; Ayouta1940 [host, distribution: 2-4]; Ayouta1940 [host, distributuion : 2-4]; BadaryAb2011 [biological control, distribution, host: 55]; BagnolRaLo1982 [chemical control: 111-120]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 184,186]; Balach1930 [host, distribution: 313]; Balach1930e [biological control, host, distribution: 221]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 99]; Balach1932d [host, distribution: LVI-LVII]; Balach1933a [host, distribution: 41]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 263]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 255]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 39-40]; BaMhamCh2001 [biological control: 527-531]; BanksCa1973 [chemical control: 154]; BarredSaGa2005 [host, distribution, life history: 211]; Bartle1959 [biological control: 1-2]; Bartle1960 [host, distribution, biological control: 383-385]; Bartle1969 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 875-878]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 67-73]; BartleBa1966 [life history, physiology, biological control: 42-45]; Barzma1992 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-107]; BarzmaDa2001 [life history, biological control, ecology: 237-247]; BasheeAsRa2014 [biological control: 48]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 494,496]; Beards1966c [host, distribution: 174]; BecerrMiGo2002 [chemical control: 7-10]; Beingo1969c [host, distribution, life history: 130-136]; Beingo1969d [biological control, host, distribution: 827-838]; BellowVa1999 [ecology, biological control: 199-223]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 313-316]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 27, 44]; Benfat1982 [chemical control: 155-161]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; BerlesBePa1907 [biological control: 48-95]; Blumbe1977 [life history, biological control, anatomy, structure: 185-192]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeSw1977 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 147-150]; BlumbeSw1977a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 115-118]; BlumbeSw1982 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 281-286]; BlumbeSw1988 [economic importance, biological control: 1209-1213]; BlumbeSw1988a [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 45-56]; BlumbeSwGr1975 [life history, ecology, host, distribution, economic importance: 19-24]; BlumbeSwWy1995 [biological control, host, distribution: 33-44]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Bodenh1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 381-387]; Boisdu1867 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 152-153]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 335-340]; Borg1919 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 31-33]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 14]; Bottre1979 [chemical control, biological control]; Boyce1928 [chemical control: 715-720]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Brader1979 [biological control, chemical control: 225]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5,10-11]; BrainKe1917 [host, distribution: 183]; BrialeCa1988 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 28-34]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 227]; Brock1925 [economic importance, host, distribution: 349,366]; Brooks1964a [chemical control: 3,30]; BrooksTh1962 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 813-814]; BruniCa1980 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 13-17]; Bulloc1976 [chemical control, distribution: 32]; CABI1952 [distribution: 1-2]; Calkin1983 [distribution, economic importance: 321]; CamposSa1983 [host, distribution, economic importance: 9]; CarmanEw1950 [chemical control, host, distribution: 15A-16A]; CarmanEwJe1951 [host, distributuion, chemical control: 1-16]; CarmanEwJe1956 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1957 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1958 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1959 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1960 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1961 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1962 [chemical control]; CarmanEwJe1976 [host, distribution, control: 14-68]; CarmanEwRi1980 [host, distribution, control: 14-77]; Carrer1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 521-526]; CarrerLiPa1977 [host, distribution, biological control: 548-551]; CarvalAg1997 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution : 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; CasillLaTa1971 [chemical control: 395-404]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 212]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-339]; ChapotDe1964 [economic importance, host, distribution]; CharleCoMu2005 [host, distribution: 1-4]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 36]; CiampoLu1977 [chemical control: 26876-26883]; Cirio1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 297-303]; Clause1951 [life history, ecology: 1-8]; Clause1958 [biological control: 291-310]; Clause1958a [host, distribution, biological control: 443-447]; Cocker1892a [host, distribution: 55]; Cocker1892b [host, distribution: 334]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1894c [host, distribution: 307]; Cocker1894d [host, distribution: 311]; Cocker1895x [host, distribution: 257]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1896k [host, distribution: iv]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 12]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy: 31]; Collar1918 [host, distribution: 154-162]; Comper1922 [distribution, biological control, economic importance: 29-30]; Comper1925 [biological control: 295-326]; Comper1928a [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 231-334]; Comper1931b [biological control: 247-255]; Comper1937 [biological control: 43-51]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Comper1939a [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 75-90]; Comper1940b [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 387-425]; Comper1961 [biological control: 182, 211]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; ComperAn1961 [host, distribution, biological control: 17]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 485-486]; Conti1987 [life history, ecology: 73-81]; Conway1951 [economic importance, host, distribution: 159-164]; CorrenVi1985 [distribution, chemical control: 379-382]; CorviTaTu1982 [chemical control: 253-260]; CostaL1924 [host, distribution: 135]; Cottie1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 145-146]; CouturMaRi1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 277]; CozziStMo2002 [biological control, host, distribution: 811-814]; Cressm1958 [chemical control: 911-912]; Curtis1843 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 443]; DaaneBaCa1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 6-9]; DaaneBaCa2000 [biological control, host, distribution: 269-284]; DaaneCa1989 [host, distribution, chemical control: 89-90]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 205-206]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 45]; DarvasVi1983 [chemical control: 455-463]; DavidsDiFl1991 [chemical control: 1-47]; DavoodTaRa2004a [biological control: 887-899]; DeBach1943a [biological control: 647-658]; DeBachDiFl1951 [biological control: 347-348]; DeBachDiFl1951 [biological control: 1,14]; DeBachHuMa1976 [biological control: 255-285]; DelGue1906 [host, distribution: 257-263]; DeLott1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 241-243]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223-228]; DeLott1971a [taxonomy: 149]; DeLott1971b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 325-326]; DeLott1976 [host, distribution: 147-148]; DelrioOrUs1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 539-541]; Delucc1975 [taxonomy, economic importance, host, distribution]; DeluccRoSc1976 [taxonomy, biological control: 81-91]; DoaneHa1909 [host, distribution: 297]; Dosba2001 [distribution, economic importance: 105-114]; Dougla1887b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 97]; Dozier1926a [biological control, host, distribution: 97]; Duran1977 [host, distribution, biological control: 255-256]; DuranCo1941 [host, distribution, biological control: 98-99]; Durr1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-92]; EhlerEn1984 [distribution, biological control, chemical control: 1-47]; ElmerEwCa1951 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 593-597]; ElwanAs2000 [host, distribution, life history: 177-187]; EMPPO2004c [host, distribution, economic importance: 43-56]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 256]; EtzelLe1999 [biological control: 125-197]; Ewart1969 [chemical control: 879-880]; EwartEl1953a [economic importance, host, distribution: 352]; EwartMe1956 [chemistry: 441-447]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host distribution: 413-415]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 205-207]; Fernan1981 [host, distribution: 48]; Ferrar1978 [chemical control: 69-83]; Ferris1920b [host, distribution: 36]; Ferris1921 [host, distribution: 90]; Ferris1935 [host, distribution: 128]; Fimian1971 [chemical control: 145-160]; Fimian1980 [chemical control: 219-223]; Flande1932 [host, distribution: 1240-1241]; Flande1937 [biological control: 401-422]; Flande1938 [biological control: 167-180]; Flande1939a [biological control: 11-26]; Flande1939b [biological control: 152]; Flande1940b [biological control, ecology : 245-253]; Flande1941 [chemical control: 285,306]; Flande1942 [biological control: 687-689]; Flande1942d [biological control: 251-266]; Flande1949a [life history: 257-274]; Flande1949b [biological control: 222-224]; Flande1949c [biological control, life history: 406-407]; Flande1951b [biological control: 93-98]; Flande1953a [host, distribution, biological control: 266-269]; Flande1959b [biological control: 125-142]; Flande1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 409-422]; Flesch1960 [biological control: 183-208]; Fletch1951 [host, distribution: 1-24]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 151]; FrancoPa1991 [chemical control, life history, host, distribution: 282-285]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 7,23]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 610-611]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Garcia1916 [biological control, host, distribution: 776-788]; Gendri1999 [biological control: 1-6]; Georgh1977 [host, distribution: 149]; Germai2011 [distribution, economic importance: 31-34]; Germai2011a [distribution, economic importance: 8]; GermaiBe2003 [taxonomy: 44]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 254]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 22-23]; Gianot1967a [structure: 5-25]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution,: 103-110]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezC1950 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-18]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 256-262]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 88]; GomezM1954 [host, distribution: 136]; GomezM1957 [host, distribution: 62]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-58]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 182]; GomezM1965 [host, distribution: 111-112]; GomezM1967O [host, distribution: 133]; Gonzal1969 [biological control, host, distribution: 839-847]; Gonzal1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83,89]; GonzalLa1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-241]; Gordh1994 [biological control: 188-205]; GoszczGo2011 [biological control, distribution, host: 112-113]; GradyRe1940 [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 1-32]; GraebnMoBa1984 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 27-33]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-165]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Granov1929 [life history, structure: 445-456]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Greath1973 [biological control: 29-33]; Greath1976 [biological control, economic importance]; Green1895 [host, distribution: 232]; Green1904a [host, distribution: 206]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 200]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; Green1929 [host, distribution: 376]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 304]; Greig1944 [economic importance, host, distribution]; GruwelVoPa2005 [taxonomy, endisymbionts: 79-114]; Guario2001 [biological control: 75-86]; GuarioLaAl2001 [host, distribution, chemical control: 65-70]; HaberMi2007 [host, distribution: 148]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution: 134-135]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; HalimaGeMd2014 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 285-289]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 22-23]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 41]; Hall1924a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11]; Hall1935 [host, distribution: 80]; Hall1969 [economic importance: 823-826]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 114-115]; HarpazRo1971 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 458-468]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 425]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 33-34]; HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HenderSuRo2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Heptin1971 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-5]; Hodgso1967 [host, distribution: 16-17]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 36]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-143]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195,204,210-212]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 3,4,6,8,10,15,18,21]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 137]; HoffmaRiSh1998 [biological control: 268-293]; HuffakMeDe1971 [biological control, host, distribution: 16-67]; HuffakSiLa1976 [biological control: 41-78]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 188]; Inserr1968 [biological control, host, distribution: 45-77]; Iperti1961 [economic importance, biological control: 14-30]; IshaaySw1976 [chemistry, chemical control, physiology: 1025-1029]; Ishii1926 [biological control: 31-36]; Jancar2003 [host, distribution: 5-8]; Janezi1954 [host, distribution: 125]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134,142]; Jarray1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 85-89]; JaszaiDa1983 [chemical control: 198-202]; Jeppso1969 [economic importance, chemical control, physiology: 917-921]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution, life history]; Jourdh1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 75-79]; KailisSw2002 [host, distribution, control: 385-388]; Katsoy1996 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 15,19-20,78-79]; KatsoyLa1975 [host, distribution, life history: 271-274]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 17]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 93]; Kennet1986 [host, distribution, biological control: 363-369]; King1903b [host, distribution: 194]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 266-267]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 73]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 106]; Kirkal1904 [host, distribution: 228]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 47]; KondoGu2010 [distribution: 13]; KorenMiJa2004 [host, distribution, life history: 431-436]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 82]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 147]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 203]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarFr1995 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 131]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 269-270]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 28-29]; KreiteAuGe2006 [distribution, economic importance, host: 143]; KreiteMaDi1998a [life history, economic importance: 201-206]; KumralKo2005 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 234-237]; Kuwana1902 [host, distribution: 64]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 192]; Lagows1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 5-10]; Lagows1995a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 375-378]; LalNa1979 [biological control, host, distribution: 513-520]; LalNa1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 27-31]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-201]; Leach1940 [life history, virus transmission: 1-3]; LegnerBe1999 [biological control: 87-101]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 278-281]; LimonMeBl1976a [host, distribution, biological control: 263-276]; LindgrDi1943 [chemical control: 90,98,99]; Lindin1909c [host, distribution, taxonomy: 450]; Lindin1911a [host, distribution: 34]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 49,55,79,161,186]; LinGuCo2010 [host plants, species richness: 90-98]; Liotta1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 33]; Liotta1981 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 13-14]; LiottaMiMi1971 [chemical control]; LiottaMiMi1973 [chemical control: 37-43]; Lloren1984 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; LongoRu1986 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41]; LongoRu1988 [host, distribution: 515]; LopesFiMa2008 [host, distribution: 153-154]; Lorbee1971 [biological control, host, distribution: 199-201]; Lozzia1985 [host, distribution: 122-124]; LuckFoSc2003 [biological control: 179]; LuckShKe1999 [biological control: 225-242]; Lucque2003 [host, distribution: 35]; Mabbet2003 [biological control: 67,235]; Macrop1985 [biological control: 63-64]; MalipaDuSm2000 [biological control: 91,92,93]; Malump2012b [distribution: 210]; MalumpBa2012 [distribution: 31]; Mamet1941a [host, distribution: 40]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 155]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 31]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 378]; MansouMkGr2011 [distribution, economic importance: 315-322]; Marlat1892 [taxonomy: 150]; Marlat1897 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 217-236]; Martel1908 [taxonomy, description, economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 217-227]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 76-77]; MartinCaSo2012 [behaviour, ecology: 249-255]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 37]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 3-271]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 49]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 220]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 167]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 64]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14-15]; MendelDrPo1980 [life history, host, distribution: 697-700]; MendelGe1982 [host, distribution, biological control: 47-51]; MendelPoRo1982 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 227-229]; MendelPoRo1984a [life history, host, distribution: 1-21]; MendelPoRo1984b [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 23-34]; MendelPoRo1990 [biological control, life history: 289-290]; MessenBiVa1976 [biological control: 543-563]; MessenVa1971 [biological control: 68-92]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; MHamedCh1996 [biological control: 527-531]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 14]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 148, 156]; Monaco1976 [biological control: 143-151]; Monast1958 [economic importance, control: 131-165]; Monast1962 [host, distribution: 116-128]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control: 1-39]; MuruaFi2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 447-454]; MyartsRu2000 [distribution, biological control: 7-33]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 393]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 31]; Neser1983 [distribution, biological control: 36-37]; NeuensPa1980 [life history, ecology, economic importance, host, distribution: 366-378]; NeuensPa1981 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 109-113]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 202-204]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-127]; Newste1910 [host, distribution: 10]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 163]; Newste1913 [host, distribution: 76]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 306]; NoguerVeGo2003 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 495-504]; NRC1969 [taxonomy, economic importance, ecology, biological control, chemical control]; Olivie1791 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95]; Orphan1988 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-8]; Paglia1929 [host, distribution, economic importance: 274-307]; Palouk1979 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 111-116]; Panis1970a [host, distribution, life history, ecology, control: 25-31]; Panis1974a [biological control: 131-134]; Panis1977d [biological control: 577]; Panis1979d [biological control: 27-28]; Panis1983 [life history, biological control, economic importance: 63-74]; Panis2008 [biological control: 59-70]; PanisMa1978 [biological control: 9-18]; PanisPeDe1977 [biological control : 615-619]; PanisPi1977 [host, distribution, biological control: 25-27]; PanisWa2002 [biological control: 27-30]; PappasTz1976 [host, biological control: 23]; ParaskNeMi1980 [biological control, life history, host, distribution: 450-464]; Peleg1965 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 21-26]; PelegGo1981 [chemical control: 124-126]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 61]; Peleka1974 [biological control: 14-20]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294]; PereirToBe2001 [life history, ecology: 101-108]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 128]; Perkin1982 [economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 5]; PettitMc1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; PietriBiCo1969 [chemical control: 909-915]; PodoleBaRo1979 [ecology, life history, host, distribution: 257-266]; PodoleBaRo1979a [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 267-273]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 35,38]; PradoSi2006 [host, distribution, economic importance: 79-83]; Pratt1958 [host, distribution]; Quayle1911e [biological control, host, distribution: 510-515]; QuayleRu1911 [biological control, taxonomy, life history, ecology, host, distribution: 151-200]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution : 14-15]; RakimoBeWh2013 [distribution, host: 372-375]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 625]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 34]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 348]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 45]; Reasonagol2001 [biological control: 43-45]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Regis2002 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 32-36]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 50-51]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 57-58]; RiehlBrMc1980 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 319]; RipaLaRo2008 [host, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy, description: 135-145]; RobertDi1984 [chemical control: 122-126]; Rosen1966 [biological control, host, distribution: 46-48]; Rosen1969 [biological control, host, distribution: 45-53]; Rosen1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 289-292]; RosenHaSa1971 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 35-50]; RugmanAnMo2010 [biological control: 265]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution: 91-94]; RussoMaCa1988a [host, distribution, biological control: 56-61]; SaadElHa1977 [host, distribution, biological control: 151-161]; Sacant1961 [life history, biological control: 121-122]; SaccoPaD2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 3-8]; Sander1909 [host, distribution: 440]; SantosPeDa2009 [biological control, chemistry, ELISA: 101-108]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 284-286]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution, life history: 551]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 18]; Schmut1957a [host, distribution: 133-140]; Schmut1990 [host, distribution, economic importance: 192-193]; SchweiMoLu2003 [biological control, host, distribution: 377-386]; Seabra1930 [economic importance, host, distribution: 130-131]; Seabra1941 [host, distribution: 8]; Sekkat2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 79-84]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 106]; Sengon2002 [biological control: 141-143]; ShaabaHaBa2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 113-123]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 54-55]; Shoema1980 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control, chemical control: 26-49]; ShoemaHuKe1979 [biological control: 182-189]; SibbetDiBa1976 [host, distribution, economic importance: 12-13]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 862-863,872]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 440-442]; Silves1921 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-11]; Simant1962a [host, distribution: 105-112]; Simant1969 [chemical control, host, distribution: 889-896]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; Smith1921 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 127-137]; Smith1926 [biological control, host, dustribution: 294-302]; Smith1940 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 534-535]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 47-49]; SmithCo1920 [taxonomy: 310-320]; SmithCo1926 [biological control, host, distribution: 51-61]; SmithFlBa1945 [distribution, biological control: 93-94]; SpooneTeHa2002 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 218-224]; Steinw1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 565-567]; StratoKa1981 [host, distribution, biological control: 139-142]; StreibFrKa1994 [chemical control: 23-30]; Su1982 [host, distribution: 61]; SwainBu1940 [chemical control, host, distribution: 107-111]; SwainDu1928 [life history, ecology: 532-542]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwinglWe1896 [host, distribution: 1-6]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 88-90]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 343]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 58]; Takaha1929a [host, distribution: 430]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 103,104]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 263]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 22]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 354]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 16]; TalameCa1980 [chemical control: 10596-10597]; Tanaka1966 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-42]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220-221]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87,89]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 66]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-76]; Targio1884 [host, distribution: 398]; TeixeiBeGo2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 629-635]; TenaBeSo2012 [biological control, behaviour: 48]; TenaSoVe2007 [life history, host, distribution: 700-706]; Terezn1981 [host, distribution: 191-192]; ThieleWyMa2008 [taxonomy: 282]; Thro1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 214]; Timber1924a [biological control: 223-251]; Touzea1960 [chemical control: 68-71]; Touzea1962 [chemical control: 3-7]; TrabouBe1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-13]; Tranfa1977 [host, distribution: 546]; TranfaVi1987a [economic importance, host, distribution: 215-221]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 233-239]; TrenchTrTo2010 [host, distribution: 114-123]; Tuncyu1970a [economic importance, host, distribution: 67-80]; Tyrell1896 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 265-266]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 50]; Valent1963 [biological control: 6-13]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; Vayssi1920 [host, distribution: 258]; Vega1967 [host, distribution, chemical control: 59-62]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 146-147]; Vicido2007 [host, distribution: 1-7]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 106-107]; Viggia1970a [economic importance, host, distribution: 47-55]; Viggia1974 [host, distribution, biological control: 117-120]; Viggia1978 [host, distribution, biological control: 25-29]; Viggia1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 293-296]; Viggia1981 [biological control: 37-43]; ViggiaFiBi1973 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 251-259]; ViggiaMa1983 [host, distribution, biological control: 305]; ViggiaPaTz1975 [host, distribution, biological control: 156-167]; VinsonIw1980 [biological control: 397]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41-42]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 288]; Webber1897a [host, distribution: 1-3]; Wille1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 519-523]; Willia1985c [host, distribution: 137]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 149]; Willia2013 [distribution, host: 188]; Willia2013 [distribution: 190]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 34,35,39,45]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 119]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-169]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 59]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 106]; Woglum1923 [chemical control, host, distribution: 1-59]; Woglum1925 [chemical control, host, distribution: 593-597]; Woglum1925a [chemical control: 2]; Woglum1925b [chemical control: 178]; Woglum1926 [chemical control: 723-733]; Woglum1942a [biological control, host, distribution: 155]; WoglumBo1921 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-43]; WoglumLa1925 [chemical control, host, distribution: 349,370,374]; WoglumLa1934 [chemical control, host, distribution: 978-980]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17,56,57]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 35]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 177,191]; YaromBlIs1988 [chemical control: 1581-1585]; Yasnos1987 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 229-234]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 229-302]; YousseNaSt2004 [chemical control, biological control: 593-599]; ZacchiVa2003 [host, distribution, structure, symbionts: 43-46]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 328-331].

Saissetia opulenta De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia opulenta De Lotto, 1957a: 177. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Croton sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Cordia holstii [DeLott1957a]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton [DeLott1957a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1957a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 316]; DeLott1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-178].

Saissetia orbiculata De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia orbiculata De Lotto, 1963a: 191. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Nerium oleander. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [DeLott1963a]. Euphorbiaceae: Poinsettia pulcherrima [Hodgso1969a]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hodgso1969a]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1963a]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 316]; DeLott1963a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-194]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 35].

Saissetia persimilis (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Saissetia) persimile Newstead, 1917: 362. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on peach stems. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Saissetia oleae; Lindinger, 1928: 107. Misidentification.

Saissetia persimilis; De Lotto, 1956a: 243. Change of combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Bothriophryne purpurascens Compere [Comper1939d].

HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Acokanthera schimperi [DeLott1956a], Nerium oleander [DeLott1956a, DeLott1965a]. Asteraceae: Erigeron bonariensis [DeLott1956a]. Bignoniaceae: Markhamia platycalyx [DeLott1956a]. Boraginaceae: Cordia ovalis [DeLott1965a]. Celastraceae: Gymnosporia [DeLott1965a]. Combretaceae: Combretum [Brain1920a], Terminalia sericea [Hodgso1969a]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia silvatica [DeLott1956a]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton [DeLott1965a], Uapaca kirkiana [Hodgso1967]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Hodgso1967]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus fuscus [DeLott1965a]. Moraceae: Antiaris toxicaria [DeLott1965a], Ficus [DeLott1965a], Ficus hochstetteri [DeLott1956a]. Proteaceae: Protea [Hodgso1969a]. Rosaceae: Persica vulgaris [Newste1917]. Simaroubaceae: Harrisonia abyssinica [DeLott1965a]. Tiliaceae: Grewia [DeLott1965a]. Vitaceae: Vitis [Hodgso1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Newste1917, DeLott1956a, DeLott1965a]; Malawi [Hodgso1969a]; South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1956a, DeLott1965a]; Tanzania [DeLott1965a]; Uganda [DeLott1965a]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 316-317]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-13]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Comper1939d [host, distribution, biological control: 22-23]; DeLott1956a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242-245]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 228]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-19]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 36]; Lindin1928 [taxonomy: 107]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 362-363].

Saissetia poinsettiae Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia poinsettiae Hodgson, 1967: 17. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Salisbury, on Poinsettia pulcherrima. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Poinsettia pulcherrima [Hodgso1967, Hodgso1969a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 317]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 36].

Saissetia privigna De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia privigna De Lotto, 1965a: 229. Type data: KENYA: Ruiru, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [MuzaffAh1977, BenDov1985a, GermaiVaMa2010]. Bignoniaceae: Markhamia platycalyx [DeLott1965a]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita maxima [MuzaffAh1977]. Fabaceae: Erythrina [MuzaffAh1977]. Malvaceae: Gossypium hirsutum [BenDov1985a], Hibiscus fuscus [DeLott1965a, MuzaffAh1977], Hibiscus rosasinensis [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [DeLott1976, Argyri1983]. Oleaceae: Olea europaea [DeLott1965a, DeLott1976, MuzaffAh1977]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [MuzaffAh1977], Coffea arabica [DeLott1965a]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [DeLott1976]. Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [BenDov1985a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1976]; Benin [GermaiVaMa2010]; Eritrea [DeLott1976]; Kenya [DeLott1965a, DeLott1976, MuzaffAh1977]; South Africa [DeLott1976]; Tanzania [DeLott1965a, DeLott1976, MuzaffAh1977]; Zambia [DeLott1976]; Zimbabwe [DeLott1976]. Oriental: India [MuzaffAh1977, ShafeeYoKh1989]; Pakistan [MuzaffAh1977]; Sri Lanka [MuzaffAh1977]. Palaearctic: Egypt [DeLott1976]; Greece [DeLott1976, Argyri1983]; Israel [BenDov1985a]; Turkey [CebeciSe2004].

BIOLOGY: Biology and pest status on coffee by Le Pelley (1968).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1965a).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies in Pakistan by Muzaffar & Ahmad (1977).

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-148 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt].

CITATIONS: Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364]; BenDov1985a [host, distribution: 186]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 317]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 27, 42]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 212]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-230]; DeLott1976 [host, distribution: 148]; GermaiVaMa2010 [host, distribution: 125]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 47]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 148, 156]; MuzaffAh1977 [biological control, host, distribution: 45-46]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 55]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 91].

Saissetia reticulata (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium reticulatum Cockerell, 1895d: 174. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on undetermined woody plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Saissetia reticulata; Cockerell, 1901e: 32. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda [SilvadGoGa1968]. Myrtaceae [Hempel1900a, SilvadGoGa1968].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Cocker1895d, Iherin1897, Cocker1897r]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 317]; Cocker1895d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 174]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 331]; Cocker1897r [host, distribution: 71]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy: 32]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 255]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 207]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 426-427]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 408]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 156]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 147].

Saissetia sclerotica Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia sclerotica Hodgson, 1967: 19. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Inyangombe Falls, on Ficus capensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus capensis [Hodgso1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1967].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1967).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 317]; Hodgso1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-21].

Saissetia scutata (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Saissetia) scutatum Newstead, 1917: 364. Type data: GUYANA: Georgetown, Botanic Gardens, on Mimusops globosa. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Notes: Syntypes include first and second instar larvae.



HOST: Sapotaceae: Mimusops globosa [Newste1917].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1917].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 318]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 364-366].

Saissetia socialis Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia socialis Hempel, 1932: 329. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Lavras, on Schinus dependens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus dependens [Hempel1932]. Rosaceae: Cydonia vulgaris [CorseuBa1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Hempel1932]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 318]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 240]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 329-330]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 147].

Saissetia somereni (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium mori somereni Newstead, 1910c: 187. Type data: UGANDA: Kyetume, on Morus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) tremae Newstead, 1911a: 162. Type data: TANZANIA: Amani, on Trema guineensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1913: 76.

Lecanium tremae; Sasscer, 1912: 89.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) somereni; Newstead, 1913: 76. Change of status.

Lecanium somereni; Lindinger, 1913a: 83.

Eulecanium somereni; Gowdey, 1917: 188. Change of combination.

Saissetia somereni; De Lotto, 1956a: 247. Change of combination.

Saissetia abyssinica De Lotto, 1965a: 221. Type data: ETHIOPIA: Dire Dawa, on Duranta repens. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1968a: 86.

Saissetia somerinae; Hodgson, 1969a: 36. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Bignonia australis [Hodgso1969a], Dolichandrone platycalyx [Gowdey1917], Markhamia hildebrandti [DeLott1956a], Tecoma stans [Gowdey1917]. Boraginaceae: Cordia holstii [DeLott1965a]. Cycadaceae: Cycas [Hodgso1969a]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia silvatica [DeLott1956a]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton [DeLott1956a, DeLott1965a]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia [Hodgso1967], Erythrina excelsa [Newste1917b], Erythrina tomentosa [DeLott1956a]. Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtia indica [DeLott1956a]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [DeLott1956a]. Moraceae: Ficus [DeLott1970b], Ficus capensis [Hodgso1969a], Ficus dekdekena [DeLott1965a], Ficus hochstetteri [DeLott1956a], Morus [Newste1910c, Sassce1911, DeLott1956a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [DeLott1956a], Psidium guajava [DeLott1956a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [DeLott1965a], Citrus aurantium [DeLott1965a, Hodgso1967]. Ulmaceae: Trema guineensis [Newste1911a, Sassce1912]. Verbenaceae: Duranta repens [DeLott1965a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ethiopia [DeLott1965a]; Ghana [Sassce1911, Sassce1912]; Kenya [DeLott1956a, DeLott1965a, DeLott1970b]; Malawi [Hodgso1969a]; Saint Helena; South Africa [DeLott1965a, DeLott1970b]; Tanzania [Newste1911a, DeLott1965a]; Uganda [Newste1910c, Newste1911, Newste1917b]; Zimbabwe [DeLott1965a, Hodgso1967, Hodgso1969a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 318-319]; DeLott1956a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 246-248]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-222,231]; DeLott1968a [host, distribution: 86]; DeLott1970b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-156]; Gowdey1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 188]; Hodgso1967 [host, distribution: 21]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 36]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy: 83]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 296]; Newste1910c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 93]; Newste1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-163]; Newste1913 [host, distribution: 76]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 130]; Sassce1911 [host, distribution: 67]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 89].

Saissetia subpatelliformis (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Saissetia) subpatelliforme Newstead, 1917: 366. Type data: GHANA: Aburi, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Saissetia subpatelliforme; Brain, 1920a: 13. Change of combination.

Saissetia subpatelliformis; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 409. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOSTS: Meliaceae: Cedrela toona [Brain1920a, Hall1935], Melia azedarach [Hall1935]. Oleaceae: Syringa [Brain1920a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Hall1935].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Newste1917]; South Africa [Brain1920a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 319]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13]; Hall1935 [host, distribution: 81]; HallFo1933 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-55]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 366-367]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 409].

Saissetia tolucana (Parrott & Cockerell in Cockerell & Parrott)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium tolucanum Parrott & Cockerell in Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 164. Type data: MEXICO: Mexico State, Toluca, on stalks of potato. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Saissetia tolucana; Cockerell, 1901e: 32. Change of combination.



HOST: Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum [CockerPa1899, Cocker1899n].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Mexico State [Cocker1899n]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 319]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 14]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy: 32]; CockerPa1899 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 164]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 207]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229].

Saissetia vellozoi Vernalha

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia vellozoi Vernalha, 1957: 33. Type data: BRAZIL: Parana, Sao Mateus, on Ilex sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Vernal1957].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Parana).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 319]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 155-156]; Vernal1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33].

Saissetia vivipara Williams & Watson

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia vivipara Williams & Watson, 1990: 169. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal Province, Guadalcanal, Mt. Auste, on Pipturus argenteus. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Araliaceae: Schefflera heptaphylla [MartinLa2011]. Dipterocarpaceae: Anisoptera thurifera [WilliaWa1990]. Malvaceae: Sida [WilliaWa1990]. Moraceae: Ficus [WilliaWa1990]. Sapotaceae: Pometia pinnata [WilliaWa1990]. Urticaceae: Pipturus argenteus [WilliaWa1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands. Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Watson (1990).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 160 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 319]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 37]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-171].

Saissetia xerophila De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia xerophila De Lotto, 1957a: 179. Type data: KENYA: Magadi, on Capparis sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Capparidaceae: Capparis [DeLott1957a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1957a].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 319]; DeLott1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-181].

Saissetia zanthoxylum (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium zanthoxylum Hempel, 1900a: 430. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Zanthoxylum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Saissetia zanthoxylum; Cockerell, 1902k: 453. Change of combination.

Saissetia xanthoxylum; Fernald, 1903b: 207. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Myrtaceae [SilvadGoGa1968]. Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum [Hempel1900a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 320]; Cocker1902k [host, distribution: 453]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 255]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 207]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 430-431]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 211-212]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 156].

Saissetia zanzibarensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia zanzibarensis Williams, 1953: 582. Type data: ZANZIBAR: Dole, on Eugenia jambos. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



FOE: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus wahlbergi Mulsant [Way1954a].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [DeLott1956a]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [DeLott1956a]. Bombacaceae: Adansonia digitata [DeLott1956a]. Burseraceae: Canarium commune [DeLott1956a]. Fabaceae: Cassia [DeLott1956a], Gliricidia sepium [DeLott1956a]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [DeLott1956a]. Moraceae: Ficus [DeLott1956a]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia jambos [DeLott1956a], Jambosa caryophyllus [DeLott1956a], Psidium guajava [DeLott1956a], Syzygium cumini [DeLott1956a]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [DeLott1956a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Kondo2013]. Rutaceae: Citrus [DeLott1956a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [DeLott1956a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya; Zanzibar [DeLott1956a].

BIOLOGY: Way (1954) studied the close association of this soft scale with the ant, Oecophylla longinoda, and showed their mutual benefits.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1953).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 320]; DeLott1956a [host, distribution: 248]; Gross1993 [life history, behaviour: 251-273]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 47]; Way1954a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 113-132]; Way1954a [host, distribution, biological control: 113-114]; Willia1953 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 581-582].



Schizochlamidia Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Schizochlamidia Cockerell, 1899m: 333. Nomen nudum; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 180.

Schizochlamidia Cockerell, 1899n: 15.

Schizochlamys Cockerell, 1899n: 15. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Cockerell, 1899n: 15.

Schizochlamydia; Borchsenius, 1957: 47. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson (1994a). Relationship to other families in the Cardiococcinae in Vea (2011).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 320]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy: 47,492]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy, description: 333]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, description: 15]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 165]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 534-537]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 71]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 180]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13-14].

Schizochlamidia mexicana Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Schizochlamidia mexicana Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell, 1899n: 15. Type data: MEXICO: Vera Cruz city, on Mimosa sp. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: both sexes.



HOST: Fabaceae: Mimosa [Cocker1899n, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Veracruz [Cocker1899n, Hodgso1994a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 320]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15-16]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 165]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 534-537]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 227].



Scythia Kiritchenko

NOMENCLATURE:

Scythia Kiritchenko, 1938: 229. Type species: Scythia craniumequinum Kiritchenko, by monotypy.

Mohelnia Šulc, 1941: 1. Type species: Mohelnia festuceti Sulc, by monotypy. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1957: 178. Notes: This genus is regarded a subjective synonym of Scythia Kiritchenko.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1957), Tereznikova (1981), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Tang (1991), Russo & Longo (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae. Mohelnia Sulc is here regarded a subjective synonym of Scythia Kiritchenko (see Borchsenius, 1957, Ben-Dov, 1993).

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 111-112 (female) [Key to Palaearctic Genera of the Subfamily Eriopeltinae based on adult females]; Russo & Longo 1991 (female) [Palaearctic]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 251 (female) [Palaearctic]; Tereznikova 1981 (female) [Ukraine]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1978 (female) [Palearctic Region]; Koteja 1978: 316 (female) [Poland]; Danzig 1964 (female) [Palearctic Region]; Borchsenius 1957: 91, 179 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 189,320-321]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 142]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 178-179]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 217]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy, description: 639]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 382-386,537-543]; Kiritc1938 [taxonomy, description: 229]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 125]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 250-251]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 124]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 123,182]; Pelliz2013 [taxonomy: 112]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 34]; RussoLo1991 [taxonomy, description: 1]; Sulc1941 [taxonomy, description: 1-2]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 44-45]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 126].

Scythia aetnensis Russo & Longo

NOMENCLATURE:

Scythia aetnensis Russo & Longo, 1991: 1. Type data: ITALY: Sicily, Galvarina (Catania), on Festuca circummediterranea. Holotype female. Type depository: Catania: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Italy. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Festuca circummediterranea [RussoLo1991].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy.

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in Sicily (Longo et al., 1995).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Russo & Longo (1991).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 321]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; LongoMaRu1995 [life history, host, distribution: 219-222]; RussoLo1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-4].

Scythia craniumequinum Kiritchenko

NOMENCLATURE:

Scythia craniumequinum Kiritchenko, 1938: 229. Type data: UKRAINE: Denepropetrovsk, on Stipa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Scythia cranium-equinum; Borchsenius, 1957: 179. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAME: horsehead-shaped scale [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Marietta picta [Kohler2013]. Chamaemyiidae: Leucopomyia sp. [Kohler2013].

HOSTS: Poaceae [Kozar1986, Hodgso1994a], Cleistogenes squarrosa [Danzig1984a], Festuca [Terezn1981, NagyKo1984], Stipa [Kiritc1938, Kozar1986, Hodgso1994a], Stipa borysthenica [NagyKo1984], Stipa capillata [NagyKo1984, Kozar1986, Kohler2009], Stipa grandis [Danzig1984a], Stipa ioannis [NagyKo1984], Stipa lessingiana [Terezn1981], Stipa pennata [KozarGuBa1994], Stipa pulcherrima [NagyKo1984, Kozar1986, Hodgso1994a], Stipa sabulosa [KozarWa1986], Stipa sibirica [Danzig1984a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [MatrahKo2008]; Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan); Germany [Kohler2009, Kohler2013]; Hungary [NagyKo1984, KozarWa1986, Kozar1991, Hodgso1994a, KozarKiSa2004] (Urum Nagykevely; Szigetmonostor.); Kazakhstan [Hodgso1994a] (Aktjubinskaja, Alga.); Mongolia; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [KaydanUlTo2002, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk Oblast).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Tang (1991), and by Hodgson (1994a). Good description and illustration of female third-instar nymph, and male second-instar nymph by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: In Hungary, develops apparently one annual generation; adult males and females were found in September; overwintering as eggs (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 251 (female) [Europe]; Borchsenius 1957: 179 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 321]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-182]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 218]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 70]; Danzig1984a [host, distribution: 34]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 537-543]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 93]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; Kiritc1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229]; Kohler2009 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 157-160]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; Kohler2013 [behaviour, description, host: 75-82]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 126]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 251-252]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; Kozar1986 [host, distribution: 176]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 155]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 116]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 123]; MatrahKo2008 [host, distribution: 155]; NagyKo1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-369]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-128]; Wu1999 [taxonomy: 115-117].

Scythia festuceti (Šulc)

NOMENCLATURE:

Mohelnia festuceti Šulc, 1941: 2. Type data: CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Moravia, Mohelno, on Festuca ovina. Neotype female, male and first instar. Type depository: Brno: K. Sulc Collection, Moravian Museum, Czech Republic. Described: female, male and first instar.

Scythia festuceti; Borchsenius, 1957: 182. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Festuca [KozarDr1993, Hodgso1994a, KozarPaPa1991, Kozar1999a], Festuca ovina [Sulc1941, KozarDr1993], Festuca pallens [KozarDr1993], Festuca valesiaca [KozarOrKo1977], Hypporheria hirta [KozarPaPa1991], Stipa [Potaev1993].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Czech Republic [Hodgso1994a] (Mohelno); Greece [KozarPaPa1991]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, Kozar1991, KozarDr1993, Kozar1999a]; Russia (Caucasus); Turkey [ZekiUlKa2005, KaydanKo2010]; Turkmenistan [Potaev1993]; Ukraine.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Kosztarab & Kozar 1988: 251 (female) [Europe].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 321]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182-183]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 382-386]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 216]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 127]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 253-254]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 80]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 140]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution: 75]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 73]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 224]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 34, 36]; Rehace1957 [host, distribution: 16]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 34-35]; Sulc1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-17]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 128]; ZekiUlKa2005 [host, distribution: 193].

Scythia sinensis Wu, S.A.

NOMENCLATURE:

Scythia sinensis Wu, S.A., 1999: 115. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, on Stipa sp., 30.vii.1989, collected Lie Jie. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Stipa [Wu1999], Stipa bungeana [Wu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Wu1999], Ningxia (=Ningsia) [Wu1999], Shaanxi (=Shensi) [Wu1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Wu (1999).

CITATIONS: Wu1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-117].

Scythia stipae Hadzibejli

NOMENCLATURE:

Scythia stipae Hadzibejli, 1967a: 715. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Shirak steppe, on Stipa lessingiana. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia, and Tbilisi: Plant Protection Institute, Republic of Georgia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Poaceae: Festuca sulcata [Hadzib1967a, Hadzib1973], Stipa lessingiana [Hadzib1967a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan); Georgia; Kazakhstan.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 321]; Hadzib1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 715-719]; Hadzib1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 837-838]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79].



Sphaerolecanium Šulc

NOMENCLATURE:

Sphaerolecanium Šulc, 1908: 36. Type species: Coccus prunastri Fonscolombe, by monotypy and original designation.

Spheralecanium; Tschorbadjievw, 1939: 89. Misspelling of genus name.

Sphaerolecaniuw; Tang, 1991: 141. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1957), Kosztaraba & Kozar (1988), Hodgson (1994a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Eulecaniini.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 291 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 322]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 94]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 322-323]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 217]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description: 92]; GomezM1960O [taxonomy, description: 189-190]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 131]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 547-549]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 386-388]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 127]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 254-256]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 186,187]; Nakaha1981 [taxonomy: 285]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 46-47]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description: 279]; Sulc1908 [taxonomy, description: 36]; Sulc1932 [taxonomy: 78]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 141]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 66]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy, description: 52]; Terezn1966 [taxonomy: 29]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description: 192]; Tschor1939 [taxonomy: 89]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 171].

Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Boyer de Fonscolombe)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus persicae rotundus Goeze, 1778: 344. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 193.

Coccus persicae Gmelin, 1790: 2220. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 193.

Coccus prunastri Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 211. Type data: FRANCE: Var, Saint-Zacharie, on prune tree. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).

Lecanium blanchardii Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 731. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 322.

Lecanium prunastri; Signoret, 1874a: 423. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) prunastri; Cockerell, 1896b: 332.

Eulecanium prunastri; Fernald, 1903b: 193. Change of combination.

Sphaerolecanium prunastri; Šulc, 1908: 36. Change of combination.

Eulecanium piligerum Leonardi, 1918: 195. Type data: ITALY: Altamura, on prune. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: both sexes. Synonymy by Silvestri, 1920b: 503.

Lecanium (Sphaerolecanium) prunastri; Šulc, 1932: 78. Change of combination.

Spheralecanium prunastri; Tschorbadjiew, 1939: 89. Misspelling of genus name.

COMMON NAMES: globose scale [Stimme1984a, KosztaKo1988F]; plum Lecanium [KosztaKo1988F].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinelliade: Coccinella septempunctata {L.) [DemiroKaJa2005]. Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus L. [Ulgent2001], Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) [Ulgent2001, DemiroKaJa2005]. Cybocephalidae: Cybocephalus fodori minor Endrody-Younga [Ulgent2001]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus differens Jasnosh [Japosh2001], Coccophagus lycimhia Walker [Potaev1992, Japosh2001, DemiroKaJa2005, JaposhAyKa2008], Coccophagus proximus Jasnosh [Japosh2001], Coccophagus spartanus Japoshvili & Karaca [JaposhAyKa2008], Marietta picta Andre [Japosh2001]. Encyrtidae: Blastothrix longipennis Dalman [Ulgent2001], Cerapterocerus mirabilis Westwood [Potaev1992, Japosh2001, DemiroKaJa2005, JaposhAyKa2008], Discodes coccophagus (Ratzeburg) [Potaev1992, Japosh2001, DemiroKaJa2005, JaposhAyKa2008], Metaphycus silvestri Sugonjaev [Japosh2001, JaposhAyKa2008], Microterys hortulanus Erdos [Potaev1992, Japosh2001, JaposhAyKa2008], Phaenodiscus aeneus Dalman [Balach1930e]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus tryapitzini (Kostjukov) [Ulgent2001, JaposhAyKa2008]. Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron muscarum L. [Japosh2001, DemiroKaJa2005, JaposhAyKa2008].

HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum edule [KfirRo1980]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [PellizPoSe2011]. Poaceae: Agropyron repens [KozarDr1993]. Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus dahurica [Bodenh1944b]. Rosaceae [TerGri1962, ArgyriPa1976], Amygdalus [TerGri1956, ArgyriPa1976, Argyri1983], Amygdalus communis [KozarPaPa1991], Armeniaca [TerGri1956], Cerasus [TerGri1956], Cerasus arium [TerGri1956], Malus sylvestris [KozarKoAk1979], Persica [TerGri1956], Persica vulgaris [Kanda1950, TerGri1962, Marott1987], Prunus [TerGri1956, KozarKoAk1979, KotejaZa1983, KozarOs1987, Hodgso1994a], Prunus amygdalus [Moghad2013a], Prunus avium [Argyri1983], Prunus cerasifera [ArgyriPa1976, KozarKoAk1979, Kozar1983a, Argyri1983], Prunus divaricata [Hadzib1983], Prunus domestica [GomezM1958, GomezM1958b, GomezM1960O, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, Marott1987], Prunus dulcis [Argyri1983, PellizPoSe2011], Prunus persica [ArgyriPa1976, KozarOrKo1977, KozarKoAk1979, Kozar1981, KozarDr1988], Prunus persica [Marott1987, UygunSeEr1998], Prunus pissardii [BenDov2012], Prunus reuteri [Moghad2013a], Prunus salicina [BenDov1968], Prunus scoparia [Moghad2013a], Prunus spinosa [TerGri1962, ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, KozarTzVi1979, Kozar1980, KotejaZa1983], Prunus spinosa [KozarWa1985, Marott1987, KozarDr1993], Prunus ursina [BenDov1971], Pyrus communis [KozarKoAk1979], Pyrus malus [KozarKoAk1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Maryland [Hodgso1994a, Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Stimme1984a, Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1956, TerGri1962]; Austria [BenDov1993]; Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan [BenDov1993]); Bulgaria [Tschor1939, KozarTzVi1979, NachevGr1987]; China (Shanxi (=Shansi)); Crete [ArgyriPa1976, PellizPoSe2011]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Czech Republic [Kozar1987]; France [BenDov1993]; Georgia [Japosh2001]; Germany; Greece [ArgyriPa1976, Argyri1983, Kozar1985, Kozar1987, KozarPaPa1991]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarSu1979, Kozar1980, KozarWa1986, Kozar1987, KozarDr1988, Kozar1991, KozarDr1993]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Israel [BenDov1968, KfirRo1980, BenDov1993]; Italy [Marott1987]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Poland [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1966, KotejaZa1969, KotejaZa1983, LagowsKo1996]; Romania [Savesc1982, Kozar1985]; Russia (Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a]); Sardinia [Marott1987]; Slovenia [Seljak2010]; Spain [GomezM1960O]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [KozarKoAk1979, KozarYaKo1982, Kozar1987, UygunSeEr1998, DemiroKaJa2005, KaydanUlEr2007]; Turkmenistan [Potaev1992, Potaev1993]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast, Odessa Oblast); Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a].

BIOLOGY: Life history and geographical distribution by Kawecki (1968). Develops one annual generation in Europe (Kawecki, 1968; Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988), Italy (Silvestri 1919a, 1920a), Greece (Argyriou & Paloukis, 1976; Paloukis, 1979)) Israel (Ben-Dov, 1968).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a), and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description and illustration of adult male by Giliomee (1967). Good description and illustration of first instar nymph and third instar nymph by Ben-Dov (1968).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kosztarab & Kozar (1988).

SYSTEMATICS: The describer of this species was incorrectly cited in most pre-2000 publications as "Fonscolombe". The correct name is "Boyer de Fonscolombe".

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies in Europe by Silvestri (1919a, 1920a), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Israel (Ben-Dov (1968).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 324 (female) [Northeastren North America].

CITATIONS: Argyri1983 [host, distribution : 365]; ArgyriPa1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 230-239]; Babaia1987 [economic importance , host, distribution: 134]; Balach1930e [host, distribution, biological control: 220]; BenDov1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control, life history: 615-621]; BenDov1971 [host, distribution: 31]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 322-323]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 28, 43]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 89]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 104]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 110, 111]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 148]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323-330]; Boyerd1834 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 211]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 235]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 217]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; Cocker1901c [taxonomy: 92]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 206]; DavoodTaRa2004a [biological control: 887-899]; DemiroKaJa2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 223-230]; Dziedz1988 [host, distribution: 96]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 193]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 113]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-77]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-34]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-101]; GomezM1960O [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 190-196]; Gupta1988 [biological control]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 131-132]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 547-549]; Japosh2001 [host, distribution, economic importance biological control: 2001]; JaposhAyKa2008 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 339-344]; JohnsoLy1988 [economic importance, host, distribution]; Kanda1950 [host, distribution: 35]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kaweck1936 [host, distribution: 323]; Kaweck1957 [host, distribution: 194-195]; Kaweck1968 [life history, host, distribution: 689-693]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 216-219]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 93]; KfirRo1980 [biological control, host, distribution: 118-119]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 113]; Kiritc1931 [host, distribution: 317-318]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 267]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 71]; Kiritc1940 [life history, host, distribution : 119]; Kohler2009a [host, distribution: 25]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 164]; KohlerEi2006 [host, distribution: 15]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 388-390]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 128]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 254-256]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy, structure: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 79]; Koteja2000a [host, distribution: 172]; KotejaPyVo2003 [taxonomy, structure: 253]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 326]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 367]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 480]; Kozar1970 [host, distribution: 1-24]; Kozar1976a [economic importance, host, distribution: 35-47]; Kozar1979a [economic importance, host, distribution: 135]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 68]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 147]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 203]; Kozar1987 [host, distribution: 100]; Kozar1989 [economic importance, host, distribution: 176-177]; Kozar1991 [host, distribution: 82]; Kozar1995 [economic importance, host, distribution: 317]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 140]; KozarDr1988 [host, distribution: 208]; KozarDr1993 [host, distribution: 75]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 155]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 59]; KozarKoAk1979 [economic importance, host, distribution: 535-542]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 73]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarSu1979 [host, distribution: 236]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 131]; KozarVi1978 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 391-402]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 116]; KozarYaKo1982 [biological control, host, distribution: 383-388]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution: 83-86]; Lagows1986a [host, distribution: 175]; Lagows1987a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 131-144]; Lagows1998a [host, distribution: 63-71]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32]; Leonar1918 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 194-197]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 502-512]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; MakoKiSo1988 [host, distribution, chemical control: 162-165]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 111]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 77]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Matvie1983 [chemical control, host, distribution: 25]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 15]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-353]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 12]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 14]; Moglan1995a [host, distribution, biological control: 143-156]; NachevGr1987 [host, distribution: 81-86]; PalandOg1989 [life history, structure, economic importance: 781-783]; Palouk1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, life history, host, distribution, biological control: 105-111]; PaloukNa1996a [life history, control: 719]; Paoli1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 250-251]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 61]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution: 292]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294,297]; PettitMc1920 [host, distribution: 16]; Podsia1981 [biological control: 153-158]; Podsia1983a [host, distribution, biological control: 273]; Potaev1992 [taxonomy, description, life history, biological control, host, distribution: 92-94]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 35,38]; Rehace1960 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 47-48]; RzaevaYa1985 [biological control, host, distribution: 55-58]; Sander1909 [host, distribution: 446]; Savesc1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-44]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 279-282]; Schmut1952 [life history, host, distribution: 552-553]; Schmut1972a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 418]; Schmut1980 [host, distribution: 50]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 106]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 845,867]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 423-424]; Silves1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 70-126]; Silves1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 501-514]; Simon2012 [description, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 269-281]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 239]; Soroki1973 [biological control: 599-609]; Stimme1984a [host, distribution, description, life history, economic importance, control: 15-16]; Sulc1908 [distribution: 36]; Sulc1912 [host, distribution: 34]; Sulc1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-82]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-144]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 66]; Terezn1963 [host, distribution: 183]; Terezn1963a [host, distribution: 52]; Terezn1963b [host, distribution: 154]; Terezn1966 [host, distribution: 29-30]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 192-195]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-40]; TerGri1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-136]; TranfaVi1987a [economic importance, host, distribution: 215-221]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, life history, host, distribution: 244-245]; Tschor1939 [host, distribution: 89]; Ulgent2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 369-375]; Ulgent2001a [host, distribution, biological control: 145-149]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1084]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 36,38]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170,171,180,191]; Zaitse1984 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 54-55]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 428-429].



Stenolecanium Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Stenolecanium Takahashi, 1959: 74. Type species: Stenolecanium esakii Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 323]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 550-552]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 140]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 188]; Takaha1959 [taxonomy, description: 74]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 31-32].

Stenolecanium esakii Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Stenolecanium esakii Takahashi, 1959: 74. Type data: JAPAN: Kyushu, Kagoshima Prefecture, Sata, on Ardisia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.



HOST: Myrsinaceae: Ardisia [Takaha1959, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Hodgso1994a] (Kagoshima Pref., Sata.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 323]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 550-552]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Takaha1959 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-75]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32].



Sterculicoccus Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Sterculicoccus Hodgson, 2008: 58. Type species: Sterculicoccus tafoensis Hodgson, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and definition by Hodgson (2008).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Hodgson (2008) stated that this genus is close to Alecanium Morrison.

KEYS: Hodgson 2008: 59 (female) [Species of Sterculicoccus]; Hodgson 2008: 59 (female) [Key to related genera in Africa.].

CITATIONS: Hodgso2008 [taxonomy, description: 57-62].

Sterculicoccus tafoensis Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Sterculicoccus tafoensis Hodgson, 2008: 59. Type data: GHANA: Tafo, Triplochiton scleroxylon; collected E.O. Boafo, 5.xi.1945. Holotype. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Sterculiaceae: Triplochiton scleroxylon [Hodgso2008].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Hodgso2008].

GENERAL REMARKS: Dsecription and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (2008).

CITATIONS: Hodgso2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-62].



Stictolecanium Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Stictolecanium Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Type species: Lecanium ornatum Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Saisstiini.

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 10 (female) [Species of Stictolecanium.]; Granara de Willink 2006: 8 (female) [Species of Stictolecanium.]; Granara de Willink 1999: 26 (female) [Argentina].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy, description: 323]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 452]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 254]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy, description: 167]; Granar1999 [taxonomy: 166]; Granar2006 [taxonomy: 1-9]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy: 552-555]; KondoGu2010 [taxonomy: 9-10]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 189].

Stictolecanium aspidospermum Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Stictolecanium aspidospermum Granara de Willink, 2006: 2. Type data: ARGENTINA: Santiago del Estero, Termas de Rio Hondo, on Aspidosperma quebrancho-blanco; collected 13.x.1995, by M.I. Zamar. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female and first instar.



HOST: Apocynaceae: Aspidosperma quebrancho-blanco [Granar2006].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Santiago del Estero [Granar2006]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and nymph stages by Granara de Willink (2006).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 10 (female) [Species of Stictolecanium.]; Granara de Willink 2006: 8 (female) [Species of Stictolecanium].

CITATIONS: Granar2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-9]; KondoGu2010 [taxonomy: 10].

Stictolecanium convexum (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Protopulvinaria convexa Hempel, 1900a: 485. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Smilax sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Pulvinaria convexa; Fernald, 1903b: 131. Change of combination.

Stictolecanium convexum; Granara de Willink, 2006: 7. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [SilvadGoGa1968]. Rosaceae: Rosa [SilvadGoGa1968]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [Hempel1900a, Hempel1929], Smilax assumptionis [Lizery1939, Granar2006], Smilax campestris [Lizery1939].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Granar2006]; Brazil (Sao Paulo [Granar2006]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (2006).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 10 (female) [Species of Stictolecanium.]; Granara de Willink 2006: 8 (female) [Species of Stictolecanium].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 255]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 131]; Granar2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-8]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 485-486]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 71-72]; Hempel1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-63]; KondoGu2010 [taxonomy: 10]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 187-188]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 141]; Vernal1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 30-31].

Stictolecanium cranstoni Kondo & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Stictolecanium cranstoni Kondo & Gullan, 2010: 10-12. Type data: CHILE: Los lagos, Peulla, on Gevuina avellana; collected T. Kondo. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Proteaceae: Gevuina avellana [KondoGu2010].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile (Los Lagos [KondoGu2010]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Gullan (2010).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 10 (female) [Species of Stictolecanium and Coccidae species of Chile].

CITATIONS: KondoGu2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-12].

Stictolecanium entrerriantum Granara de Willink

NOMENCLATURE:

Stictolecanium entrerriantum Granara de Willink, 1999: 166. Type data: ARGENTINA: Entre Ríos, on Smilax sp. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Buenos Aires: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Division Entomologia, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco [Granar1999]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [Granar1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Entre Rios [Granar1999], Santiago del Estero [Granar1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Granara de Willink (1999).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 10 (female) [Species of Stictolecanium.]; Granara de Willink 2006: 8 (female) [Species of Stictolecanium.].

CITATIONS: Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-168]; Granar2006 [taxonomy: 8]; KondoGu2010 [taxonomy: 10].

Stictolecanium ornatum (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium ornatum Hempel, 1900a: 421. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Eugenia jaboticaba. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, and UCEC. Described: female.

Stictolecanium ornatum; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eugenia jaboticaba [Hempel1900a, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hodgso1994a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2010: 10 (female) [Species of Stictolecanium.]; Granara de Willink 2006: 8 (female) [Species of Stictolecanium.].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 323]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy, host, distribution: 452]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 167]; Granar2006 [taxonomy: 8]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 421-422]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-28]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 553-555]; KondoGu2010 [taxonomy: 10]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 148].



Stotzia Marchal

NOMENCLATURE:

Stotzia Marchal, 1906: 143. Type species: Stotzia striata Marchal, by monotypy.

Stozia; Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv,323,512,521. Misspelling of genus name.

Stozia; Tao, 1999: 66. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters given by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 90, 184 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 323]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 183-184]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 556-559]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 305]; Marcha1906 [taxonomy, description: 143-145]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 189]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 66]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 155].

Stotzia chrysophyllae (Silvestri)

NOMENCLATURE:

Philippia chrysophyllae Silvestri, 1915. Type data: ERITREA: Nefasit, on Olea chrysophylla. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female.

Philippia (Stotzia) chrysophyllae; Silvestri, 1939: 746.

Stozia chrysophyllae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 324. Misspelling of genus name.



HOST: Oleaceae: Olea chrysophylla [Silves1915].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Eritrea.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 324]; Silves1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 254]; Silves1939 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 746].

Stotzia ephedrae (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium asparagi Giard, 1894c: cxcix. Nomen nudum.

Lichtensia ephedrae Newstead, 1901a: 83. Type data: EGYPT: Wadi Gerrawy, Helonan, on Ephedra alte. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Stotzia striata Marchal, 1906: 144. Type data: ALGERIA: Macta Forest, near Mostaganem, on Ephedra altissima. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 45.

Filippia ephedrae; Lindinger, 1912: 140. Change of combination.

Filippia foucauldi Balachowsky, 1929a: 308. Type data: ALGERIA: Hoggar, near Asekrem, on Ephedra nebrodensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 45.

Filippia striata; Balachowsky, 1932b: xxxii. Change of combination.

Filippia ephedrera; Kaussari, 1957: 2. Misspelling of species name.

Stotzia ephedrae; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 44. Change of combination.

Stozia ephedrae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 324. Misspelling of genus name.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Metaphycus stephaniae [Guerri2006].

HOSTS: Ephedraceae: Ephedra [Balach1934d, Bodenh1935, Hodgso1994a], Ephedra alte [Newste1901a, Theoba1904, Hall1922, Bodenh1944b, EzzatHu1969, Hodgso1994a], Ephedra alte [Hall1927b], Ephedra altissima [Marcha1906, Balach1927], Ephedra major suggarica [Balach1934d], Ephedra nebrodensis [Balach1927, Balach1929a]. Fabaceae: Coronilla pentaphylla [Balach1928a], Genista [Hodgso1994a]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [Hall1926a, Hall1927b], Asparagus horridus [Balach1927], Asparagus stipularis [Bodenh1926, Rungs1948]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum [KfirRo1980]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix articulata [Hodgso1994a]. Umbelliferae: Bupleurum sessiliflorum [Balach1928a].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Cocker1894t, Balach1928a, Balach1929a, Balach1934d, Hodgso1994a] (Foret de la Macta, pres de Mostaganem; Western Sahara.); Azerbaijan; Egypt [Newste1901a, Theoba1904, Hall1922, Hall1926a, EzzatHu1969, Hodgso1994a]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Israel [Bodenh1935, KfirRo1980]; Italy [Pelliz2003]; Morocco [Rungs1948]; Sardinia [Pelliz2003]; Spain.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & Hussein (1969) and by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 372 (female) [Egypt]; Borchsenius 1957: 184 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Balach1927 [host, distribution: 186]; Balach1928a [host, distribution: 141]; Balach1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 308-312]; Balach1934d [host, distribution: 148-149]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 324]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 28, 43]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 218]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 89]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-187]; Cocker1894t [host, distribution: 178]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 400-401]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 144]; Guerri2006 [host, distribution, biological control: 863-865]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 20]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 40]; Hall1926a [host, distribution: 29]; Hall1927b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 138-140]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 556-559]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; KfirRo1980 [biological control, host, distribution: 119]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 78-79,140]; Marcha1906 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 78]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 44]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 12]; Moghad2013a [distribution, host: 14]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [host, structure: 147, 153]; Newste1901a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83]; Pelliz2003 [host, distribution: 102]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; Rungs1948 [host, distribution: 115]; Theoba1904 [host, distribution: 187].

Stotzia fuscata Yang nomen nudum

NOMENCLATURE:

Stotzia fuscata Yang, 1982: 155. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv. Notes: Name credited to Wang

Stotzia fuscata Wang in Yang, 1982: 155. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv.

Stozia fuscata; Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiv. Misspelling of genus name.

Stozia fuscata; Tao, 1999: 66. Misspelling of genus name.

Stotzia maxima Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Stotzia maxima Borchsenius, 1957: 184. Type data: ARMENIA: near Megri, on Ephedra procera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.

Stozia maxima; Ben-Dov, 1993: 324. Misspelling of genus name.



HOSTS: Ephedraceae: Ephedra [TerGri1962, Potaev1993], Ephedra procera [Borchs1957].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1962]; Turkmenistan [Bustsh1960, Potaev1993].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 184 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 324]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 184-185]; Bustsh1960 [host, distribution: 169-170]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy, structure: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 79]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 34,36]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 134].



Suareziella Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Suareziella Mamet, 1954: 47. Type species: Suareziella montana Mamet, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Mamet (1954) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini.

KEYS: Williams, Hodgson & Danzig 2002: 112 (female) [world].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 324]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 559-562]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description: 47-48]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 190]; WilliaHoDa2002 [taxonomy: 112].

Suareziella montana Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Suareziella montana Mamet, 1954: 48. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Montagne des Francais, on stems of undetermined plant, attended by ants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954, Hodgso1994a] (Mount des Francais.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Mamet (1954) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 324]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 559-562]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14,48-50].



Symonicoccus Koteja & Brookes

NOMENCLATURE:

Symonicoccus Koteja & Brookes, 1981: 378. Type species: Symonicoccus stipae Koteja & Brookes, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Koteja & Brookes (1981) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae.

KEYS: Koteja & Brookes 1981: 381-382 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 325]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 562-565]; KotejaBr1981 [taxonomy, description: 378-382]; Pelliz2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 101]; Pelliz2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 101]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7].

Symonicoccus aberrans Koteja & Brookes

NOMENCLATURE:

Symonicoccus aberrans Koteja & Brookes, 1981: 384. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, near Kununurra, on Triodia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Poaceae [KotejaBr1981], Triodia [KotejaBr1981].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [KotejaBr1981]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Koteja & Brookes (1981).

KEYS: Koteja & Brookes 1981: 384-385 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 325]; KotejaBr1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 384-385].

Symonicoccus australis (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Signoretia luzulae; Maskell, 1893b: 233. Misidentification.

Signoretia luzulae australis Maskell, 1894b: 80. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Gunnedah, on native grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Koteja & Brookes, 1981: 386. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Luzulaspis luzulae australis; Fernald, 1903b: 143. Change of combination.

Luzulaspis australis; Steinweden, 1929: 230. Change of status.

Lecanopsis australis; Lindinger, 1943b: 221. Change of combination.

Symonicoccus australis; Koteja & Brookes, 1981: 386. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Poaceae [Maskel1894b, KotejaBr1981], Aristida ramosa [KotejaBr1981], Eragrostis australica [KotejaBr1981], Panicum majusticum [KotejaBr1981], Saccharum officinarum [KotejaBr1981].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Fuller1899, KotejaBr1981], South Australia [KotejaBr1981], Victoria, Western Australia [KotejaBr1981]). Australasian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Gavril2013]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female given by Koteja & Brookes (1981).

KEYS: Koteja & Brookes 1981: 386-387 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 325]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 329]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 27]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 143]; Fuller1899 [host, distribution: 457]; Gavril2013 [distribution: 81]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 324]; KotejaBr1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 386-387]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy: 233]; Maskel1894b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80]; Maskel1895a [host, distribution: 18].

Symonicoccus chorizandrae Koteja & Brookes

NOMENCLATURE:

Symonicoccus chorizandrae Koteja & Brookes, 1981: 387. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Bassendean, on Chorizandra enodis. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Cyperaceae [KotejaBr1981], Chorizandra enodis [KotejaBr1981].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [KotejaBr1981]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Koteja & Brookes (1981).

KEYS: Koteja & Brookes 1981: 387-388 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 325]; KotejaBr1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 387-388].

Symonicoccus giganteus Koteja & Brookes

NOMENCLATURE:

Symonicoccus giganteus Koteja & Brookes, 1981: 389. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, 10 km south of Bridgetown, on sedge. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.



HOST: Cyperaceae [KotejaBr1981].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [KotejaBr1981]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Koteja & Brookes (1981).

KEYS: Koteja & Brookes 1981: 389-392 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 325]; KotejaBr1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-392].

Symonicoccus ovalis Koteja & Brookes

NOMENCLATURE:

Symonicoccus ovalis Koteja & Brookes, 1981: 382. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Moree, on Eragrostis setifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Poaceae [KotejaBr1981], Eragrostis setiflora [KotejaBr1981].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [KotejaBr1981], South Australia [KotejaBr1981]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Koteja & Brookes (1981).

KEYS: Koteja & Brookes 1981: 382-383 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 325]; KotejaBr1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 382-383].

Symonicoccus stipae Koteja & Brookes

NOMENCLATURE:

Symonicoccus stipae Koteja & Brookes, 1981: 383. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, 60 km South East of Kingoonya, on Stipa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.



HOSTS: Poaceae [KotejaBr1981], Stipa [KotejaBr1981, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [KotejaBr1981, Hodgso1994a] (near Kingoony.)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Koteja & Brookes (1981).

KEYS: Koteja & Brookes 1981: 383-384 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 326]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 562-565]; KotejaBr1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383-384].



Takahashia Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria (Takahashia) Cockerell, 1896h: 20. Type species: Pulvinaria (Takahashia) japonica Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

Pulvinaria (Takahashia) Cockerell, 1896i: 47. Type species: Pulvinaria (Takahashia) japonica Cockerell, by monotypy.

Takahashia; Kuwana, 1902: 61. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters bt Borchsenius (1957), De Lotto (1968), and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Filippiinae.

KEYS: Borchsenius 1957: 203 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 326]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 288]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, description: 20]; Cocker1896i [taxonomy, description: 47]; DeLott1968 [taxonomy, description: 97-98]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 128]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 569-571]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 159-160]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description: 61]; MacGre1981 [taxonomy: 301]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 192]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 240-241]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 291-292]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 66]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description: 69]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 160].

Takahashia japonica (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria (Takahashia) japonica Cockerell, 1896h: 20. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, on mulberry. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pulvinaria (Takahashia) japonica Cockerell, 1896i: 47. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, on mulberry. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Takahashia japonica; Kuwana, 1902: 61. Change of combination.

Takahashia wuchangensis Tseng, 1947: 21. Type data: CHINA: Wuchang County, Hubei Province, on Parthenocissus tricuspidata. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Tang, 1991: 292. Notes: Type material lost; Tang, F.T, 1989, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Cerapterocroides japonicus Ashmead [Tachik1984].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Lespedeza [DeLott1968]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia obovata [TakahaTa1956]. Moraceae: Morus [Cocker1896h, Cocker1896i, Cocker1896o, Kuwana1902]. Rosaceae: Prunus salicina [TakahaTa1956]. Salicaceae: Salix glandulosa [TakahaTa1956]. Ulmaceae: Celtis sinensis [TakahaTa1956], Zelkova serrata [Hodgso1994a]. Vitaceae: Parthenocissus tricuspidata [Tseng1947].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]). Palaearctic: China (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Japan [Cocker1896h, Cocker1896i, Kuwana1917, DeLott1968, Hodgso1994a]; South Korea.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1988), Tang (1991) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.46, a,b,c).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 326-327]; Borchs1957 [Taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 288]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 330]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 20]; Cocker1896o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 47-48]; DeLott1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-98]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 128]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 569-571]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 188]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159-160]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 189]; Kuwana1917 [host, distribution: 55-57]; MacGre1981 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 301-303]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Shinji1935b [host, distribution: 768]; Tachik1984 [biological control: 41-44]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 7]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 292-293]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 66-67]; Tseng1947 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 68-69]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion: 21-112]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161].



Takahashilecanium Kondo {in}: Kondo, Williams & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Takahashilecanium Kondo {in}: Kondo, Williams & Gullan, 2005: 116. Type species: Xenolecanium rotundum Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Kondo et al. (2005).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

KEYS: Kondo, Williams & Gullan 2005: 111 (female) [Genera of Paralecaniini].

CITATIONS: KondoWiGu2005 [taxonomy, description: 109-120].

Takahashilecanium rotundum (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Xenolecanium rotundum Takahashi, 1951b: 105. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Tiau (=Riouw) Islands, Rempang, host plant not indicated; collected January 1946, by R. Takahashii. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Kondo, Williams & Gullan, 2005: 119. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female.

Takahashilecanium rotundum; Kondo, Williams & Gullan, 2005: 116. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Brunei [KondoWiGu2005]; Indonesia [Ali1971].

BIOLOGY: Collected in Brunei on trunk of a small tree under carton cover of Crematogaster sp. (Kondo et al., 2005).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1991) and by Kondo et al.(2005).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 46]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 345]; KondoWiGu2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116-120]; Takaha1951b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105-107]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145].



Tectopulvinaria Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Tectopulvinaria Hempel in Cockerell, 1899f: 331. Nomen nudum.

Tectopulvinaria Hempel, 1900b: 482. Type species: Tectopulvinaria albata Hempel, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini.

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 52]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 327]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 331]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 252]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 141]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy: 419]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description: 482]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description: 69]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 571-574]; HodgsoMa2001 [taxonomy: 231]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 193].

Tectopulvinaria albata Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Tectopulvinaria albata Hempel, 1900a: 483. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga and Jundiahy, on Vernonia polyanthus and Trichogonia salviaefoliae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [Hodgso1994a], Tagetes [Hodgso1994a], Trichogonia salviaefolia [Hempel1900a], Vernonia polyanthes [Hempel1900a, CorseuBa1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Hodgso1994a], Sao Paulo [Hodgso1994a] (Ypiranga.)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 327]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 252]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 240]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 141]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 483-485]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-71]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 571-574]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy: 160]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 149].

Tectopulvinaria farinosa (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Exaeretopus farinosus Green, 1922a: 1027. Type data: SRI LANKA: Namunakuli Hill, Badulla, on Psychotria bisulcata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Tectopulvinaria farinosa; Green, 1937: 313. Change of combination.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Psychotria bisulcata [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1922a, Green1937, Ali1971].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 52]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 327]; Green1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1027-1028]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 313]; Koteja1978 [taxonomy: 325].

Tectopulvinaria loranthi Froggatt

NOMENCLATURE:

Tectopulvinaria loranthi Froggatt, 1915: 419. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, near Ryde, on Loranthus sp. parasitic on Eucalyptus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 157. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Frogga1915, QinGu1992]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [QinGu1992].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [QinGu1992] (New South Wales [Frogga1915, QinGu1992]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 327-328]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 419]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-160].



Tillancoccus Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Tillancoccus Ben-Dov, 1989: 2. Type species: Tillancoccus tillandsiae Ben-Dov, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ben-Dov (1989) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1989 [taxonomy, description: 1-6]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 328]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 574-577]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 71].

Tillancoccus mexicanus Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Tillancoccus mexicanus Ben-Dov, 1989: 3. Type data: MEXICO: intercepted at Brownsville, Texas, USA, on Tillandsia juncea. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.



HOSTS: Bromeliaceae: "bromeliads" [Willia2010], Tillandsia concolor [BenDov1989], Tillandsia juncea [BenDov1989].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico. Neotropical: Guatemala [Willia2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Ben-Dov (1989).

CITATIONS: BenDov1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-4]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 328]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 149].

Tillancoccus tillandsiae Ben-Dov

NOMENCLATURE:

Tillancoccus tillandsiae Ben-Dov, 1989: 4. Type data: GUATEMALA: intercepted in Israel, on Tillandsia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female.



HOST: Bromeliaceae: Tillandsia [BenDov1989, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Hodgso1994a] (Veracruz [Hodgso1994a]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Hodgso1994a, Willia2010]; Honduras.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Ben-Dov (1989b) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 4-6]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 328]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 575-577]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152].



Torarchus Gullan & Stewart

NOMENCLATURE:

Torarchus Gullan & Stewart, 1996: 308. Type species: Torarchus endocanthium Gullan & Stewart, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Gullan & Stewart (1996).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae.

CITATIONS: GullanSt1996 [taxonomy, description: 308-313]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4].

Torarchus endocanthium Gullan & Stewart

NOMENCLATURE:

Torarchus endocanthium Gullan & Stewart, 1996: 310. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Mt. Crosby, off Crosby Rd & Bunya St., on Canthium odoratum. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia; type no. QMT1398. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Canthium odoratum [GullanSt1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [GullanSt1996]).

BIOLOGY: Lives in chambers of an ant, Podomyrma sp., inside the stems of Canthium odoratum (Gullan & Stewart, 1996).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Gullan & Stewart (1996).

CITATIONS: GullanSt1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history : 307-314].



Toumeyella Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Toumeyella) Cockerell, 1895l: 56. Type species: Lecanium (Toumeyella) mirabile Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.

Lecanium (Toumeyella); Cockerell, 1895r: 2.

Toumeyella; Cockerell & Parrott, 1901: 58. Change of status.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Hodgson (1994a) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: Body of adult female convex to globular, often irregular in outline, naked or with thin glassy test. Dorsum. Derm heavily sclerotized at maturity. Dorsal tubercles absent. Unilocular or bilocular microducts present; aggregations of pores rarely present. Preopercular pores present, large. Anal plates with varying number of apical, subapical and fringe setae. Hypopygial setae present. Anal ring usually with 10 (rarely 12-14) setae. Margin. Marginal setae slender or stout, pointed or blunt but never frayed. Stigmatic setae present, 3 per stigmatic area, or completely absent. Venter. Antenna and legs greatly reduced. Legs without tibio-tarsal sclerotization. Quinquelocular pores usually present in spiracular furrows and also in vulvar and abdominal region. Tubular ducts confined to perivulvar area.

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Myzolecaniini. In order to clarify the taxonomic status and to preserve the stability of the type species of Toumeyella, a neotype was designated by Kondo & Williams (2008) for the tuliptree scale: Coccus liriodendri Gmelin (now Toumeyella liriodendri). The adult female of this scale insect was redescribed and illustrated from newly collected specimens in its native range and on its type host, the tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliales: Magoliaceae).

KEYS: Kondo 2013: 40-41 (female) [Key to genera of the Toumeyella-group based on adult females]; Kondo 2011: 3-4 (female) [Key to genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on adult females]; Kondo & Williams 2009: 13-14 (female) [Genera of New World Myzolecaniinae]; Kosztarab 1996: 390-391 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Miller & Williams 1995: 1-68 (male) [Key to 9 species of North America.]; Sheffer & Williams 1990: 46-47 (First-instar nymph) [America]; Gill 1988: 111 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 117 (female) [USA, Florida]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 159 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Cockerell 1905b: 199 (female) [USA, Colorado].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 328]; Cocker1895l [taxonomy, description: 56]; Cocker1895r [taxonomy, description: 2]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy, description: 199]; CockerPa1901 [taxonomy, description: 58]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description: 249]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 179]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description: 111]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 17,115-117]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description: 2,36]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 577-580]; Kondo2010b [taxonomy: 4]; Kondo2013 [distribution, distribution, taxonomy: 39-51]; KondoGo2014 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 1-10]; KondoPe2011 [description, taxonomy: 230]; KondoWi2008 [taxonomy: 1-5]; KondoWi2009 [taxonomy: 11-15]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 324,390-391]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 71]; MillerWi1995GL [taxonomy: 5-68]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 196]; SheffeWi1990 [taxonomy, description: 45-47]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 227-228]; Willia1993ML [taxonomy: 566-572]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description: 158-159]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 29-32].

Toumeyella coffeae Kondo

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella coffeae Kondo, 2013: 39-51. Type data: COLOMBIA: Norte de Santander: municipio de Cucutilla, 5/2/2013, on roots of Coffea arabica, by M. Leal. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Bogotá: Museo Entomológico Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes. Same data as holotype 31 slides (28 adult females + 3 third-instar nymphs) (UNAB).



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea aribica L. [Kondo2013].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2013]; Venezuela [Kondo2013].

BIOLOGY: This species is sexual because second-instar males have been found in one infestation. These coccids live and feed on roots and on underground parts of stems. (Kondo, 2013)

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, color photographs and illustration in Kondo, 2013.

STRUCTURE: Body convex. Derm orange, brown to greyish green in color, with dark tesselations, but usually with mid-dorsum very lightly or not mottled; anal plates dark to reddish brown. Mature insects 1.5-4.2 mm in diameter, (Kondo, 2013)

SYSTEMATICS: First-instar nymphs of T. coffeae have fivesegmented antennae and resemble other species of Toumeyella. (Kondo, 2013)

KEYS: Kondo 2013: 40-41 (female) [Key to genera of the Toumeyella-group based on adult females].

CITATIONS: Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 39-51]; KondoGo2014 [taxonomy, behaviour, host: 1].

Toumeyella cubensis Heidel and Köhler

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella cubensis Heidel and Köhler, 1979: 132. Type data: CUBA: Ceballos, on Citrus sinensis. Holotype female. Described: female. Notes: Type material deposited in the collection of G. Kohler; G. Kohler, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov, 1998.



HOSTS: Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [HeidelKo1979], Citrus aurantium [HeidelKo1979], Citrus grandis [HeidelKo1979], Citrus hystrix [HeidelKo1979], Citrus limon [HeidelKo1979], Citrus paradisi [HeidelKo1979], Citrus reticulata [HeidelKo1979].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 329]; HeidelKo1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-144]; OteroCaMo1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 530-535]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 30].

Toumeyella erythrinae Kondo & Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella erythrinae Kondo & Williams, 2003a: 12. Type data: MEXICO: Mexico City, on Erythrina sp.; collected 23.vii.2000, by Victor Arriola P. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. AL15820. Described: female and first instar. Illust.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Erythrina [KondoWi2003a], Erythrina coralloides [KondoPe2011].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Mexico State [KondoWi2003a]).

BIOLOGY: This soft scale is a bisexual species, developing one annual generation (Kondo & Williams, 2003a).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Kondo & Williams (2003a).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Reported by Kondo & Williams (2003a) to cause severe damage to Erythrina trees and shrubs in Mexico.

KEYS: Kondo & González 2014: 2-3 (female) [Taxonomic key to the Toumeyella species of Mexico based on the adult female]; Kondo & Pellizzari 2011: 230 (female) [Taxonomic key to the Toumeyella species of Mexico based on the adult female].

CITATIONS: KondoGo2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 2]; KondoPe2011 [description, host, taxonomy: 229-230]; KondoWi2003a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-15]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 30].

Toumeyella ferum (Hempel)

NOMENCLATURE:

Mesolecanium ferum Hempel, 1920a: 350. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Campinas, on Croton floribundus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.

Toumeyella ferum; Granara de Willink, 2012: 7-8. Change of combination.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Croton floribundus [Hempel1920a].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description in Spanish and illustration in Granara de Willink, 2012.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 180]; Granar2012 [illustration, structure, taxonomy: 7-8]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 350-351,373-374]; KondoGo2014 [taxonomy: 1].

Toumeyella fontanai Kondo & Pellizzari

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella fontanai Kondo & Pellizzari, 2011: 229-233. Type data: MEXICO: Puebla, Cacaloapan, 11 km SW Tlacotepec city (18°36’23.1”N, 097°35’55.3”W), on Acacia, 7/8/2006, by P. Fontana. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Mexico: Coleccion Entomologica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: Escama blanda de Fontana [KondoPe2011]; Fontana's soft scale [KondoPe2011].



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia sp. [KondoPe2011]

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Puebla [KondoPe2011]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, photographs and illustration in Kondo and Pellizzari (2011).

STRUCTURE: Body round in shape, posterior end elevated, 2.8 mm at highest point. Derm grayish brown in color, with a pinkish cream narrow submarginal band; dorsum with a pinkish cream colored V-shaped elevation, with outer sides of elevation deeply depressed. Insect in life 5.2 mm long and 5.2 mm wide.

SYSTEMATICS: The species description was based on a single specimen. However, Kondo and Pellizzari (2011) felt that the combination of morphological features of the discovered insect justified the description of a new species, There is a risk that the specimen described may not be representative of the species.

KEYS: Kondo & González 2014: 2-3 (female) [Taxonomic key to the Toumeyella species of Mexico based on the adult female]; Kondo & Pellizzari 2011: 230 (female) [Taxonomic key to the Toumeyella species of Mexico based on the adult female].

CITATIONS: KondoGo2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 2-3]; KondoPe2011 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 229-233].

Toumeyella lignumvitae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella lignumvitae Williams, 1993: 566. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, on Guaiacum sanctum. Holotype. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

CITATIONS: MillerWi1995GL [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-16]; Willia1993ML [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 566-572]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 30].

Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmelin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus liriodendron Goeze, 1778: 343. Type data: ENGLAND: living on a tulip tree that has been imported from the U.S.A. Syntypes. Type depository: UNKNOWN. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Kondo, 2009: 69. Notes: Williams & Kondo (2009: 69) designated this name as a nomen oblitum.

Coccus liriodendri Gmelin, 1790: 2220. Type data: U.S.A.: Alabama, Auburn, 32°36'50''N, 85°28'50''W, 2.v.2006, coll. T. Kondo, ex Liriodendron tulipifera. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Kondo & Williams, 2008: 1-5. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Williams & Kondo (2009: 69) designated this species as nomen protectum. Gmelin's type material probably lost, see Sanders (1909a), Kondo & Williams (2008), Williams & Kondo (2009). The collection data in the original description by Gmelin (1790) reads "EUROPE: on Liriodendron trees imported from America.

Lecanium tulipiferae Cook, 1878: 192. Type data: U.S.A.: Michigan, Lansing, on tulip tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by King, 1902b: 59.

Lecanium liriodendri; Cockerell, 1899h: 271. Change of combination.

Eulecanium liriodendri; Fernald, 1903b: 190. Change of combination.

Toumeyella liriodendri; Sanders, 1909a: 447. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Toumeyella) liriodendri; Pettit & McDaniel, 1920: 10.

COMMON NAME: tuliptree scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988].



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Ascyrum edisonianum [HamonWi1984], Ascyrum hypericoides [HamonWi1984], Ascyrum tetrapetalum [HamonWi1984], Hypericum cistifolium [HamonWi1984]. Fabaceae: Cassia fasciculata [HamonWi1984]. Juglandaceae: Carya cordiformis [HamonWi1984]. Magnoliaceae: Liriodendron tulipifera [DietzMo1916a, MillerWi1995GL, KondoWi2008], Magnolia acuminata [WilliaKo1972], Magnolia fuscata [MillerWi1995GL], Magnolia grandiflora [MillerWi1995GL], Magnolia soulangeana [Gill1988], Magnolia stellata [WilliaKo1972, MillerWi1995GL], Magnolia virginiana [WilliaKo1972], Michelia [Gill1988]. Malvaceae: Sida spinosa [HamonWi1984]. Rubiaceae: Cephalanthus [Gill1988], Gardenia [Gill1988]. Salicaceae: Casearia aculeata [MestreHaEv2011], Populus [WilliaKo1972]. Sapindaceae: Allophylus cominia [MestreHaEv2011]. Theaceae: Gordonia [Gill1988]. Tiliaceae: Tilia [Gill1988].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [KondoWi2008], California, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia [King1903b], Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia). Neotropical: Cuba [MestreHaEv2011].

BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in eastern USA (Burns & Donley, 1970); Simpson & Lambdin (1983).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Kosztarab 1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1984), Kosztarab (1996) and by Kondo & Williams (2008).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988) and by Kondo & Williams (2008). Amino acids and sugars in honeydew identified by Burns & Donley (1970).

SYSTEMATICS: In order to clarify the taxonomic status and to preserve the stability of this species, a neotype was designated by Kondo & Williams (2008) for the tuliptree scale: Coccus liriodendri Gmelin (now Toumeyella liriodendri). The adult female of this scale insect was redescribed and illustrated from newly collected specimens in its native range and on its type host, the tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliales: Magoliaceae). Gmelin (1790: 2220) listed this species as Coccus liriodendri on Liriodendron tulipifera L. and quoted an article by Hill (1752) who had described the species from England as living on a tulip tree that had been imported from the U.S.A. earlier. The article quoted by Gmelin is in German and was actually a translation of an English article by Hill (1752) but, nevertheless, the action by Gmelin validated the name. Williams & Kondo (2009) found that Goeze (1778: 343) listed the species Coccus liriodendron and quoted the article by Hill (1753) thus also validating the name as Coccus liriodendron Goeze. We regard the specific name liriodendron to be a noun in apposition and sufficiently different from the genitive singular specific name liriodendri coined by Gmelin. There is no evidence that Gmelin knew that Goeze had used a similar name previously. Williams & Kondo (2009), therefore, assumed that Goeze and Gmelin proposed similar names independently for the same organism, so that these names are synonyms. The combination Coccus liriodendron Goeze has never been used or listed in subsequent scale insect literature since Goeze described the species in 1778. On the other hand the name Coccus liriodendri Gmelin and its later combination Toumeyella liriondendri (Gmelin) have been widely used in the U.S.A. in taxonomic and economic literature, and the species is well known as a destructive pest on Liriodendron and Magnolia (both Magnoliaceae). Williams & Kondo (2009), therefore, regarded that the older name Coccus liriodendron Goeze to be a nomen oblitum and the name Coccus liriodendri Gmelin to be a nomen protectum. To comply with the provisions of Article 23.9.1.1. of The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) Williams & Kondo (2009) regarded the older name Coccus liriodendron Goeze to be a nomen oblitum because the name has not been used since 1899, and regarded the younger name Coccus liriodendri Gmelin to be the valid name and to be a nomen protectum.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of Yellow-poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera in eastren USA (Burns & Donley, 1970).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 391 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Gill 1988: 111 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 117 (female) [USA, Florida]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 159 (female) [USA, Virginia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 329-330]; BurnsDa1966 [host, distribution, life history, chemistry, economic importance: 1071-1073]; BurnsDo1970 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 228-235]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 333]; Cocker1899j [host, distribution: 271]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 249-250]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 190, 198]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-114]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Gmelin1790 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2220]; Goeze1778 [taxonomy: 69-72]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 119-122]; Hodgso1995 [taxonomy, structure: 49]; JohnsoLy1988 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution]; King1903b [host, distribution: 193]; KondoWi2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1-5]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 390-394]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Lambdi1984 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 387-388]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 10]; Miller1999 [chemical control: 14]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354]; MillerWi1995GL [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-20]; PettitMc1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 10-11]; Ryan1946 [host, distribution: 124-125]; Sander1909 [host, distribution: 447]; SheffeWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-49]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 860]; SimpsoLa1983 [life history, host, distribution: 2-5]; Stimme1977a [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, control: 13-14]; WatsonLaLa1994 [host, distribution: 227]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 29]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-171]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 30].

Toumeyella martinezi Kondo & González

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella martinezi Kondo & González, 2014: 1-10. Type data: MEXICO: Hidalgo, Huichapan, Zequetepe, on Myrtillocactus geometrizans, 7/?/2011, by Diana Martinez. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Mexico: Coleccion Entomologica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAMES: Escama blanda del garambullo [KondoGo2014]; Garambullo cactus soft scale. [KondoGo2014].



ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Liometopum apiculatum Mayr [KondoGo2014].

FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Mexidalgus toumeyellus Myartseva [KondoGo2014].

HOST: Cactaceae: Myrtillocactus geometriza (Mart. ex Pfeiff) [KondoGo2014].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Hidalgo [KondoGo2014]).

BIOLOGY: The ant Liometopum apiculatum Mayr has been observed in a mutualistic relationship with T. martinezi on the cactus M. geometrizans. The ant feeds on the honeydew excreted by the soft scale and in exchange the ant appears to give protection to the soft scale from its natural enemies as has been reported for other ant species. Toumeyella martinezi is commonly found in the middle part of the plant where there is more fresh tissue over the inter-ridges of the plant cladodes.

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description, illustrations and photographs in Kondo & González, 2014)

STRUCTURE: Body convex, round in shape. Derm pale green in color, with a darker green marginal band; mid dorsum lighter in color, orange to orange-brown, with two darker green mid dorsal parallel lines; anal plates dark-brown. Adult females becoming dark to reddish-brown. (Kondo & González, 2014)

KEYS: Kondo & González 2014: 2-3 (female) [Taxonomic key to the Toumeyella species of Mexico based on the adult female].

Toumeyella mirabilis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Toumeyella) mirabile Cockerell, 1895l: 56. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Tucson, near the University, on Bauhinia macrantha. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Toumeyella mirabilis; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Asteraceae: Xanthocephalum [Hodgso1994a]. Fabaceae: Prosopis [Cocker1899n, Ferris1921, FerrisKe1923, Hodgso1994a], Prosopis juliflora glandulosa [Ferris1919a, Ferris1921], Prosopis velutina [MillerWi1995GL].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n, Ferris1921] (Aguascalientes, Baja California Norte [FerrisKe1923], Baja California Sur [Ferris1921]); United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1895l, Cocker1899n, Ferris1919a, Ferris1921, Hodgso1994a] (along the road from Continental and Medera Canyon.), Texas [Hodgso1994a] (Reagan Co.; Austin University Campus.)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

KEYS: Kondo & González 2014: 2-3 (female) [Taxonomic key to the Toumeyella species of Mexico based on the adult female]; Kondo & Pellizzari 2011: 230 (female) [Taxonomic key to the Toumeyella species of Mexico based on the adult female].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 330]; Cocker1895l [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 56]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 14]; Cocker1902k [host, distribution: 452]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 179]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-46]; Ferris1921 [host, distribution: 91]; FerrisKe1923 [host, distribution: 317]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 577-580]; KondoGo2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 2-3]; KondoPe2011 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 229-230]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354]; MillerWi1995GL [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-23]; SheffeWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-50]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 30].

Toumeyella nectandrae Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella nectandrae Hempel, 1929: 64. Type data: BRAZIL: Parana, Jaguariahyva, on Nectandra grandiflora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Lauraceae: Nectandra grandiflora [Hempel1929].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Parana).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 330-331]; Hempel1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64]; SheffeWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 30].

Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium parvicorne Cockerell, 1897k: 90. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, on Pinus taeda and P. australis. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Toumeyella parvicornis; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.

Lecanium (Toumeyella) numismaticum Pettit & McDaniel, 1920: 8. Type data: U.S.A.: Wisconsin, Trout Lake, on Scotch-pine. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Kosztarab, 1972: 171. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Williams & Kosztarab, 1972).

COMMON NAME: pine tortoise scale [HamonWi1984, Stimme1984].



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Brachyacantha ursina (Fabricius) [MalumpHaMa2012], Chilocorus bivulverus Mulsant [MalumpHaMa2012], Coccinella novemnotata Herbst [MalumpHaMa2012], Coccinella transversoguttata Faldermann [MalumpHaMa2012], Coccinella trifasciata L. [MalumpHaMa2012], Hyperaspis binotata (Say) [MalumpHaMa2012], Hyperaspis congressis [Bradle1973], Hyperaspis congressis Watson [MalumpHaMa2012], Hyperaspis signata (Olivier) [MalumpHaMa2012], Scymnus lacustris LeConte [MalumpHaMa2012]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aphytis sp. [MalumpHaMa2012], Coccophagus albicoxa Howard [MalumpHaMa2012], Coccophagus quaestor Girault [MyartsRu2000]. Encyrtidae: Microterys fuscicornis Howard [MalumpHaMa2012]. LEPIDOPTERA : Laetilia coccidivora (Comstock) [MalumpHaMa2012].

HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinue caribaea bahamensis [MalumpHaMa2012], Pinus australis [Cocker1897k], Pinus banksiana [Bradle1973], Pinus echinata [WilliaKo1972], Pinus elliotti [HamonWi1984], Pinus glabra [HamonWi1984], Pinus mugo [WilliaKo1972], Pinus palustris [WilliaKo1972], Pinus sylvestris [WilliaKo1972, MillerWi1995GL], Pinus taeda [Cocker1897v], Pinus taeda [MillerWi1995GL], Pinus virginiana [WilliaKo1972, MillerWi1995GL].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Manitoba [Bradle1973], Ontario); Mexico [MyartsRu2000]; United States of America (Alabama, California, Florida [Cocker1897k], Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma [ClarkeNeDe1992], Pennsylvania [Stimme1984], South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin). Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [MalumpHaMa2012]); Turks and Caicos Islands [MalumpHaMa2012].

BIOLOGY: Life history in Florida, USA (Quaintance, 1897), Canada (MacAloney, 1961; Rabkin & Lejeune, 1954). Develops one annual generation in Canada (Rabkin & Lejeune, 1954; MacAloney, 1961). Probably two generations per year in more southern regions of North America. A multi-voltine life-cycle is suspected in the Turks and Cacos Islands where several life stages have been observed occurring together. (Malumphy, et al., 2012)

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984). Toumeyella parvicornis has both a bark and leaf form.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Infestations of this scale appeared on PInus taeda in Georgia, USA, following five applications of pyrethroids (Clark et al., 1992). A pest of seedlings and saplings (Rabkin & Lejeune, 1954). Scale infestations have caused such high levels of mortality of Caribbean pine that some areas contain no live trees or seedlings; The combination of high infestation levels on seedlings (needles become smothered in overlapping adult females) and massively reduced cone production by mature trees, threatens on-going recruitment into the pine population, with the prospect that the tree could be lost altogether from many areas. (Malumphy, et al., 2012)

KEYS: Kondo & González 2014: 2-3 (female) [Taxonomic key to the Toumeyella species of Mexico based on the adult female]; Kondo & Pellizzari 2011: 230 (female) [Taxonomic key to the Toumeyella species of Mexico based on the adult female]; Kosztarab 1996: 390 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 117 (female) [USA, Florida]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 159 (female) [USA, Virginia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 331]; Bishop1998 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-119]; Bradle1973 [biological control, host, distribution: 1113-1118]; Brown1939 [host, distribution: 13]; Buckle1987 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 53-85]; ClarkeNeDe1992 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1246-1252]; Cocker1897k [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 90]; Cocker1899a [host, distribution: 394]; Cocker1902k [host, distribution: 452]; CooperCr2004 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 39-45]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 179]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122-124]; KondoGo2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 2]; KondoPe2011 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 229-230]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 395-396]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 77]; MacAlo1961 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 1-7]; MalumpHaMa2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, economic importance: 114-119]; Miller1999 [chemical control: 14]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354-355]; MillerWi1995GL [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-27]; MyartsRu2000 [distribution, biological control: 7-33]; PettitMc1920 [host, distribution: 8-9]; Quaint1897 [life history, host, distribution: 91]; RabkinLe1955 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 570-575]; SheffeWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-52]; SmirnoVa1975 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 236-244]; Stimme1984 [host, distribution, description, life history, economic importance, control: 23-24]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 228]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-177]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 30].

Toumeyella paulista Hempel

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella paulista Hempel, 1932: 330. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Capital, on Nectandra sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.



HOST: Lauraceae: Nectandra [Hempel1932].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1932]).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 331]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 330-331]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 31].

Toumeyella pini (King)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium pini King, 1901j: 334. Type data: CANADA: Ontario, London, on Pinus austriaca. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ottawa: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Ontario, Canada. Described: female.

Toumeyella pini; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.

Lecanium corrugatum Thro, 1903: 216. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, on Pinus sylvestris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 179.

Lecanium (Toumeyella) corrugatum; Pettit & McDaniel, 1920: 6.

Lecanium (Toumeyella) corrugatum neglectum Pettit & McDaniel, 1920: 7. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Ithaca, on Pitch-pine. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, Hodgson & Miller, 1997: 202.

Toumeyella corrugatum neglectum; Williams & Kosztarab, 1972: 182. Change of combination.

COMMON NAME: striped pine scale [HamonWi1984].



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus [PettitMc1920], Pinus austriaca [King1901j], Pinus echinata [WilliaKo1972], Pinus eliottii [MillerWi1995GL], Pinus mugo [WilliaKo1972], Pinus palustris [HamonWi1984], Pinus resinosa [WilliaKo1972], Pinus rigida [WilliaKo1972], Pinus serotina [HamonWi1984], Pinus sylvestris [Thro1903], Pinus taeda [HamonWi1984], Pinus taeda [MillerWi1995GL], Pinus virginiana [WilliaKo1972].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [King1901j]); United States of America (Alabama, Connecticut [Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Georgia [ClarkeNeDe1992], Maryland [Koszta1996], Michigan, New York [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Stimme1991a, Koszta1996], Tennessee, Texas, Virginia [Koszta1996], West Virginia [Koszta1996]).

BIOLOGY: Three generation per year on Pinis taeda in Georgia, USA (Clarke et al., 1989b).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustrations of adult female by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Kosztarab (1996).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Infestation of this soft scale appeared on Pinus taeda in Georgia, USA, following five application of pyrethroids (CLarke et al., 1992).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 391 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 117 (female) [USA, Florida]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 159 (female) [USA, Virginia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 329,331-332]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 202]; ClarkeDeBe1989 [host, distribution, life history: 365-366]; ClarkeDeWa1990 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1-14]; ClarkeNeDe1992 [economic importance, host, distribution: 1246-1252]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy, distribution: 452]; CooperCr2004 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 39-45]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 179]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124-126]; King1901j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 334-335]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 397-398]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 355]; MillerWi1995GL [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-30]; PettitMc1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-8]; SheffeWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53]; Stimme1991a [host, distribution, economic importance: 7-8]; Thro1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 216]; WatsonLaLa1994 [host, distribution: 227]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-182]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 31].

Toumeyella pinicola Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella pinicola Ferris, 1920b: 41. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Mateo County, Spring Valley Water Company at Aqua, on Pinus radiata. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAME: irregular pine scale [BrownEa1967, Gill1988].



HOST: Pinaceae: Pinus radiata [Ferris1920b, MillerWi1995GL].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1920b, BrownEa1967]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Gill (1988).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gill (1988).

KEYS: Gill 1988: 111 (female) [USA, California].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 332]; BrownEa1967 [economic importance, control, host, distribution: 16-17]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, description, economic importance, control]; Ferris1920b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-42]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 111-115]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356]; MillerWi1995GL [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-33]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 31].

Toumeyella quadrifasciata (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium quadrifasciatum Cockerell, 1895o: 3. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Soledad Canon, Organ Mts., on Robinia neomexicana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Toumeyella quadrifasciata; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Robinia neomexicana [Cocker1895x, MillerWi1995GL].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona, New Mexico).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 332]; Cocker1895o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 3]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; Cocker1897p [host, distribution: 591]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy, host, distribution: 452]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 179]; MillerWi1995GL [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-36]; SheffeWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-54]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 31].

Toumeyella sallei (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium sallei Signoret, 1873a: 410. Type data: MEXICO: on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.

Neolecanium sallei; Cockerell, 1902k: 451. Change of combination.

Toumeyella sallei; Kondo & Williams, 2003: 211. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Sponidius sp. [Willia2010]. Fabaceae: Erythrina corallodendron [Willia2010], Erythrina sp. [Willia2010]

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n]. Neotropical: Guatemala [Willia2010].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kondo & Williams (2003).

STRUCTURE: The adult female is brownish with some pale shading, a bit yellow. It is rugose on the sides.

KEYS: Kondo & González 2014: 2-3 (female) [Taxonomic key to the Toumeyella species of Mexico based on the adult female]; Kondo & Pellizzari 2011: 230 (female) [Taxonomic key to the Toumeyella species of Mexico based on the adult female].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 193]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 332]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 11]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 451]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 177]; KondoGo2014 [distribution, taxonomy: 2]; KondoPe2011 [description, distribution: 229-230]; KondoWi2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-215]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host. distribution: 410]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 149]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 31].

Toumeyella sp.

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella sp. Mestre Novoa et al., 2011: 10. Notes: Collected in Salto de Soroa, 3/2/2000, on Adelia ricinella by N. Mestre and deposited in CZAC.



HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Adelia ricinella [MestreHaEv2011]. Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [MestreHaEv2011]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia foetida [MestreBaRo2001]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [MestreHaEv2011].

CITATIONS: MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 11].

Toumeyella turgida (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium turgidum Cockerell, 1897v: 152. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Lake City, on Magnolia glauca. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Toumeyella turgida; Cockerell, 1902k: 452. Change of combination.



HOST: Magnoliaceae: Magnolia glauca [Cocker1897v].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 333]; Cocker1897v [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 152]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1902k [taxonomy: 452]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 179-180]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy: 117, 122]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 31].

Toumeyella virginiana Williams & Kosztarab

NOMENCLATURE:

Toumeyella virginiana Williams & Kosztarab, 1972: 182. Type data: U.S.A.: Georgia, Clark County, on Pinus taeda. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

COMMON NAMES: Virginia pine scale [HamonWi1984]; virginia pine scale [HamonWi1984].



HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus caribaea [MillerWi1995GL], Pinus clausa [HamonWi1984], Pinus elliotti [HamonWi1984], Pinus glabra [HamonWi1984], Pinus palustris [WilliaKo1972], Pinus taeda [WilliaKo1972], Pinus virginiana [WilliaKo1972].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Kosztarab (1972), hamon & Williams (1984) and by Kosztarab (1996). First instar nymph described and illustrated by Sheffer & Williams (1991). Male test described and illustrated by Miller & Williams (1990).

KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 391 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 117 (female) [USA, Florida]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 159 (female) [USA, Virginia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 333]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-128]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 397-400]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356]; MillerWi1995GL [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-40]; SheffeWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-55]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182-187]; WilliaKo2008 [taxonomy: 31].



Trijuba De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Trijuba De Lotto, 1975: 62. Type species: Saissetia oculata Brain, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by De Lotto (1975) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 333]; DeLott1975 [taxonomy, description: 62]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 580-583].

Trijuba oculata (Brain)

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia oculata Brain, 1920a: 13. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on grapevine. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.

Lecanium oculata; Hall, 1935: 76. Change of combination.

Lecanium dorsociliatum Green & Mamet, 1938: 126. Type data: MAURITIUS: Rose Hill, on Nephrolepis cordifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Mamet, 1954a: 260.

Coccus dorsociliatus; Mamet, 1949: 23. Change of combination.

Coccus oculatus; Mamet, 1954a: 260. Change of combination.

Trijuba oculata; De Lotto, 1975: 62. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Mamet1943a, DeLott1957c], Annona reticulata [WilliaWi1988]. Fabaceae: Bauhinia purpurea [DeLott1957c], Mucuna bennetti [WilliaWi1988], Poinciana pulchrissima [Mamet1939, Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hodgso1994a], Ficus capensis [Hodgso1967]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis cordifolia [GreenMa1938, Mamet1939, Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Hall1935, Hodgso1994a]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Brain1920a, DeLott1957c].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1957c]; Mauritius [GreenMa1938, Mamet1939, Mamet1943a, Mamet1954a]; Reunion [Mamet1954a, GermaiMiPa2014]; Rodriques Island; South Africa [Brain1920a, Mamet1954a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935, Hodgso1967, Hodgso1994a] (Bulawayo; South Marandellas.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female given by De Lotto (1957c) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 333-334]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-14]; DeLott1957c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 305-307]; DeLott1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62]; GermaiMiPa2014 [distribution: 22]; GreenMa1938 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126]; Hall1935 [host, distribution: 76]; Hodgso1967 [host, distribution: 6]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 580-583]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 549]; Malump2005a [host, distribution: 211]; Mamet1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-239]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 151]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 23]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 260,264]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 19,34]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 59-60].



Udinia De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Udinia De Lotto, 1963a: 194. Type species: Udinia scitula De Lotto, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by De Lotto (1963d), Hanford (1974) and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: The shape of the adult females depends on their position on the host; they are usually broadly oval on the fruit and more elongate on the stems. Teneral adults are flattish, yellow with distinct dorsal red anal plates. Mature adults are reddish or brownish yellow and often have dark brown speckling, becoming darker brown with maturity; the dorsal derm is shiny, without obvious wax; no ovisac is formed as the eggs are protected beneath the body of the mature adult female. (Malumphy, 2012a)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Saissetiini.

KEYS: Hanford 1974: 9-11 (female) [world]; De Lotto 1965a: 231 (female) [Afrotropical]; De Lotto 1963a: 194-195 (female) [Afrotropical].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [taxonomy: 6]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 334]; DeLott1963a [taxonomy, description: 194-195]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description: 231]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description: 1-40]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 584-587]; Malump2012a [description, distribution, host, illustration,: 243]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 200]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 221-222].

Udinia bruncki Hanford

NOMENCLATURE:

Udinia bruncki Hanford, 1974: 11. Type data: IVORY COAST: Banco, on Chlorophora excelsa. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Moraceae: Chlorophora excelsa [Hanfor1974].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration by Hanford (1974).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 334]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-13].

Udinia catori (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium catori Green, 1915b: 43. Type data: NIGERIA: Kabba Province, from pod of Kola nut. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hanford, 1974: 15. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Lecanium (Saissetia) subhirsutum Newstead, 1917: 367. Type data: GHANA: Aburi, on Garcinia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hanford, 1974: 15. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hanford, 1974: 13.

Saissetia catori; De Lotto, 1959: 151. Change of combination.

Udinia catori; De Lotto, 1963: 195. Change of combination.

Udinia subhirsutum; De Lotto, 1963: 195. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Hanfor1974, AdenugAd1987, EtiennMa1993, BenDovCa2006, GermaiVaMa2010]. Apocynaceae: Landolphia [Newste1917, Hanfor1974], Landolphia beudelotti [EtiennMa1993], Tabernaemontana [Newste1917]. Bignoniaceae: Oroxylon [Newste1917]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia [Newste1917]. Fabaceae: Cassia nodosa [Hanfor1974]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [Hanfor1974]. Meliaceae: Khaya senegalensis [Hanfor1974]. Moraceae: Ficus [EtiennMa1993], Ficus exasperata [CouturMaRi1985]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Hanfor1974, EtiennMa1993]. Naucleaceae: Nauclea latifolia [CouturMaRi1985]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [AdenugAd1987]. Rutaceae: Citrus [AdenugAd1987], Citrus aurantium [Hanfor1974]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [Newste1917]. Sapotaceae: Chrysophyllum cainito [Hanfor1974]. Sterculiaceae: Cola acuminata [Green1915b], Cola nitida [Hanfor1974], Theobroma cacao [Hanfor1974], Triplochiton [Hanfor1974]. Verbenaceae: Tectona grandis [Hanfor1974].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [GermaiVaMa2010]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Malump2012a]; Ghana [Newste1917, Malump2012a]; Guinea [Malump2012a]; Guinea-Bissau [BenDovCa2006, Malump2012a]; Nigeria [Green1915b, AdenugAd1987]; Senegal [EtiennMa1993, Malump2012a]; Sierra Leone [Malump2012a]; Sudan [Malump2012a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hanford (1974).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This is the most frequently intercepted Udinia species in England and Wales. It has also been detected on many occasions during quarantine inspections in the USA (Malumphy, 2012a)

KEYS: Malumphy 2012a: 245 [Key to Adult Female Udinia Species Recorded on Mango].

CITATIONS: AdenugAd1987 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 240]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 334]; BenDovCa2006 [host, distribution: 325-326]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 277]; DeLott1963a [taxonomy: 195]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 256]; GermaiVaMa2010 [host, distribution: 126]; Green1915b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-17]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 47]; Malump2012a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 244]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 367-368].

Udinia farquharsoni (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Saissetia) farquharsoni Newstead, 1922: 530. Type data: NIGERIA: near Ibadan, on undetermined plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hanford, 1974: 18. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Saissetia subhirsuta; Strickland, 1947: 500. Misidentification.

Saissetia exoleta De Lotto, 1957a: 171. Type data: KENYA: Kisumu, on Gardenia jovis-tonantis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hanford, 1974: 18.

Udinia farquharsoni; De Lotto, 1963: 195. Change of combination.

Udinia exoleta; De Lotto, 1963a: 194. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [EtiennMa1993]. Annonaceae: Cleistopholis [EtiennMa1993]. Apocynaceae: Alstonia congoensis [Hanfor1974]. Asclepiadaceae: Calotropis procera [Hanfor1974]. Bignoniaceae: Millingtonia hortensis [Hanfor1974]. Bombacaceae: Adansonia digitata [Hanfor1974], Durio zibethinus [Hanfor1974]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton [MatileNo1984, EtiennMa1993]. Flacourtiaceae: Scottellia [CouturMaRi1985]. Meliaceae: Khaya anthotheca [Hanfor1974]. Moraceae: Ficus [EtiennMa1993]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia caryophyllata [Hanfor1974]. Rubiaceae: Canthium glabriflorum [Hanfor1974], Coffea canephora [Hanfor1974], Craterispermum [EtiennMa1993], Gardenia jovis-tonantis [DeLott1957a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [EtiennMa1993]. Sapotaceae: Imbricaria maxima [DeLott1965a]. Solanaceae: Solanum macranthum [Hanfor1974]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Hanfor1974], Triplochiton scleroxylon [Hanfor1974]. Verbenaceae: Tectona grandis [Hanfor1974].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [EtiennMa1993]; Cameroon [EtiennMa1993]; Central African Republic [EtiennMa1993]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Malump2012a]; Gabon [EtiennMa1993]; Gambia [Malump2012a]; Ghana [Malump2012a]; Kenya [DeLott1957a]; Nigeria [DeLott1965a]; Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Sierra Leone [Malump2012a]; Tanzania [Malump2012a]; Zaire [Malump2012a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1957a) (as Udinia exoleta) and by De Lotto (1965a). Hanford (1975: 18) noted that De Lotto's (1965) redescription was adequate only for the lectotype, and provided a detailed redescription of the adult female, together with data on iontraspecific variation of taxonomic characters.

KEYS: Malumphy 2012a: 245 [Key to Adult Female Udinia Species Recorded on Mango].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 334-335]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 278]; DeLott1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-173]; DeLott1963a [taxonomy: 195]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-233]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 257]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-21]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 47]; Malump2012a [distribution, host, economic importance: 244]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 64]; Newste1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 530-531]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 500].

Udinia glabra De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Udinia glabra De Lotto, 1963a: 195. Type data: UGANDA: Kyadondo, on Coffea robusta. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea robusta [DeLott1963a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1963a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1963a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 335]; DeLott1963a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-196]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 47]; LePell1968 [economic importance, host, distribution].

Udinia ikoyensis Hanford

NOMENCLATURE:

Udinia ikoyensis Hanford, 1974: 22. Type data: GABON: Ikoy, on twig of Acajou [=Khaya ivorensis]. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Meliaceae: Khaya ivorensis [Hanfor1974].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Gabon.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hanford (1974).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 335]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24].

Udinia lamborni (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium punctuliferum lamborni Newstead, 1914b: 523. Type data: NIGERIA: Lagos, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, preadult female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Udinia punctuliferum lamborni; De Lotto, 1963: 195. Change of combination.

Udinia lamborni; Ben-Dov et al., 1997: 202. Change of combination and rank.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [Newste1914a].

SYSTEMATICS: De Lotto (1963a) studied "... unique mounted specimens of Lecanium punculiferum lamborni ... " and suggested that it was " ... a preadult of a species very likely referable ..." to Udinia. Hanford (1974: 21), in the Udinia revision, was unable to study the above specimens, but studied " ... dry material, which appears to be the only remaining specimens of the original type material". While no decision was taken by Hanford (1974), she suggested " ... that further type specimens do exist. " Consequently, Ben-Dov et al. (1997) raised Lecanium punctuliferum lamborni to species level, until such material will be recovered.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 337]; BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 202]; DeLott1963a [taxonomy: 195]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description: 21,38]; Malump2012a [taxonomy: 243]; Newste1914a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 523].

Udinia lindae Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet

NOMENCLATURE:

Udinia lindae Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 267. Type data: IVORY COAST: Tai, on Gambeya taiensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.



HOST: Sapotaceae: Gambeya taiensis [MatileLe1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet (1985).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 335]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 278]; Malump2012a [taxonomy: 243]; MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267-268].

Udinia lobayana (Balachowsky & Ferrero)

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia lobayana Balachowsky & Ferrero, 1965c: 134. Type data: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: River Lobaya (at left bank), 20 km from the track from M'Baike, on Carapa procera. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.

Udinia lobayana; Hanford, 1974: 24. Change of combination.



HOST: Meliaceae: Carapa procera [BalachFe1965c].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Central African Republic [BalachFe1965c].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Balachowsky & Ferrero (1965c).

CITATIONS: BalachFe1965c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134-136]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 335-336]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25].

Udinia newsteadi Hanford

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium (Saissetia) barteriae Mann, 1922: 629. Nomen nudum; discovered by Hanford, 1974: 25.

Udinia newsteadi Hanford, 1974: 25. Type data: IVORY COAST: Locality not recorded, on Entandophragma sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Bombacaceae: Durio zibethinus [Hanfor1974]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros mannii [CouturMaRi1985]. Flacourtiaceae: Barteria dewevrei [Hanfor1974]. Meliaceae: Entandophragma [Hanfor1974]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hanfor1974].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Ghana; Tanzania; Zaire.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hanford (1974).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 336]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 278]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-27]; Mann1922 [host, distribution].

Udinia nigeriensis Hanford

NOMENCLATURE:

Udinia nigeriensis Hanford, 1974: 28. Type data: NIGERIA: near Awgu, on Barteria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Flacourtiaceae: Barteria [Hanfor1974].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hanford (1974).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 336]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-30].

Udinia pattersoni Hanford

NOMENCLATURE:

Udinia pattersoni Hanford, 1974: 30. Type data: GHANA: Ayimenash, on Lime [=Citrus aurantifolia]. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [EtiennMa1993, BenDovCa2006]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [Hanfor1974].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana; Guinea-Bissau [new]; Senegal [EtiennMa1993].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hanford (1974).

KEYS: Malumphy 2012a: 245 [Key to Adult Female Udinia Species Recorded on Mango].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 336]; BenDovCa2006 [host, distribution: 325-326]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 257]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-32].

Udinia paupercula De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Udinia paupercula De Lotto, 1963a: 195. Type data: KENYA: Kisumu, on Gardenia jovis-tonantis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Malump2012a]. Apocynaceae: Carissa [MatileNo1984]. Lythraceae: Sonneratia casseolaris [Hanfor1974]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia caryophyllata [Hanfor1974]. Naucleaceae: Uncaria africana [CouturMaRi1985]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Hanfor1974], Gardenia jovis-tonantis [DeLott1963a]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Hanfor1974].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [Malump2012a]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Malump2012a]; Ghana [Malump2012a]; Kenya [DeLott1963a]; Sudan [Malump2012a]; Tanzania [Malump2012a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1963a).

KEYS: Malumphy 2012a: 245 [Key to Adult Female Udinia Species Recorded on Mango].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 336]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 278]; DeLott1963a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-199]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 32]; Kondo2013 [distribution, host: 47]; Malump2012a [distribution, economic importance, host: 244-245]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 64].

Udinia pterolobina (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Saissetia pterolobina De Lotto, 1956a: 245. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Pterolobium lacerans. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Udinia pterolobina; De Lotto, 1963a: 194. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Pterolobium lacerans [DeLott1956a]. Lecythidaceae: Scytopetalum tieghemii [CouturMaRi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Kenya [DeLott1956a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1956a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 336-337]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 278]; DeLott1956a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 244-247]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-33].

Udinia scitula De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Udinia scitula De Lotto, 1963a: 199. Type data: TANZANIA: Arusha, on Rauvolfia caffra. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Apocynaceae: Rauvolfia caffra [DeLott1963a, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Tanzania [DeLott1963a, Hodgso1994a] (Arusha.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1963a) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 337]; DeLott1963a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 198-199]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 257]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 33]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 584-587].

Udinia setigera (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus setiger; Gowdey, 1917: 188. Change of combination.

Lecanium setigerum Newstead, 1917: 368. Type data: UGANDA: Nagunga, on Psidium guajava. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hanford, 1974: 33. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Saissetia setigera; De Lotto, 1957a: 179. Change of combination.

Udinia setigera; De Lotto, 1963a: 194. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Combretaceae: Terminalia superba [Hanfor1974]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Newste1917, DeLott1957a]. Sapotaceae: Gambeya taiensis [CouturMaRi1985].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Uganda [Newste1917, DeLott1957a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1957a) and by Hanford (1974).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 337]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 278]; DeLott1957a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-180]; Gowdey1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 188]; Hanfor1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-37]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 64]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-369]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 43].



Umbonichiton Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Umbonichiton Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 171. Type species: Ctenochiton hymenantherae Maskell, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and characters by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 22-23 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 22-23,171-173].

Umbonichiton adelus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Umbonichiton adelus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 173. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Auckland, Riverhead Forest, Barlow Road Researve, on Podocarpus totara, 14 August 1997, L.H. Clunie. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 97-125a. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus totara [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 172-173 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-174,179].

Umbonichiton bullatus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Umbonichiton bullatus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 179. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Taupo, Waithui Saddle, on Weinmannia racemosa, 8 August 1957, coll. J.M. Hoy. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.



HOSTS: Cunoniaceae: Weinmannia racemosa [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrtaceae: Kunzea ericoides [HodgsoHe2000], Leptospermum scoparium [HodgsoHe2000]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus totara [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

CITATIONS: HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 172-175,179-180].

Umbonichiton hymenantherae (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton hymenantherae Maskell, 1885a: 25. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: on Hymenanthera, August 1884, W.M. Maskell. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 181. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

Umbonichiton hymenantherae; Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 180. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrsinaceae: Myrsine divaricata [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrtaceae: Myrtus [HodgsoHe2000]. Violaceae: Hymenanthera [HodgsoHe2000], Hymenanthera crassifolia [Maskel1885], Melicytus ramiflorus [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000], South Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1957a) and by Hanford (1974).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 172-173 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 102]; Cocker1896b [p. 330]; DeitzTo1980 [host, distribution: 29]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy: 160]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 172-173, 176, 180-18]; Maskel1885a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25]; Maskel1887a [taxonomy: 71-72]; Maskel1895a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12]; Wise1977 [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 104].

Umbonichiton jubatus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Umbonichiton jubatus Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 181. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Taupo, Hauhungaroa Ra., on Pittosporum turneri, 7 November 1982, C.F. Butcher. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 94-110c. Described: female.



HOST: Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum turneri [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 172-173 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HodgsoHe2000 [Taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 172-173, 177, 181-18].

Umbonichiton pellaspis Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson

NOMENCLATURE:

Umbonichiton pellaspis Henderson & Hodgson in: Hodgson & Henderson, 2000: 182. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Auckland, Riverhead Forest, Barlow Road reserve, on Podocarpus totara, 31 July 1997, R.C. Henderson. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; type no. 97-114c. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus totara [HodgsoHe2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [HodgsoHe2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 172-173 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: HenderRh2001 [taxonomy, structure : 1-14]; HodgsoHe2000 [host, distribution: 172-173, 178, 182-18].



Umwinsia Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Umwinsia Hodgson, 1968a: 118. Type species: Umwinsia cavernosa Hodgson, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson (1968a, 1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Coccini.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 337]; Hodgso1968a [taxonomy, description: 118]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description: 3, 39]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 587-590].

Umwinsia cavernosa Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Umwinsia cavernosa Hodgson, 1968a: 118. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Borrowdale, on Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.



HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [Hodgso1968a, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1968a, Hodgso1994a] (Borrowdale.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1968a, 1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 338]; Hodgso1968a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-120]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy: 39]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 587-590].

Umwinsia nitidula (De Lotto)

NOMENCLATURE:

Akermes nitidulus De Lotto, 1958b: 165. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Annona chrysophylla. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Umwinsia nitidulus; Hodgson, 1968b: 119. Change of combination.

Umwinsia nitidula; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 409. Justified emendation.



HOST: Annonaceae: Annona chrysophylla [DeLott1958b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1958b].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 338]; DeLott1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-166]; Hodgso1968a [taxonomy: 119-120]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 409].



Vitrococcus Hodgson

NOMENCLATURE:

Onicococcus Newstead, 1910c: 186. Nomen nudum; discovered by Hodgson, 1994a: 408.

Vitrococcus Hodgson, 1994a: 594. Type species: Inglisia conchiformis Newstead, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Hodgson (1994a). Relationship to other families in the Cardiococcinae in Vea (2011)

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Cardiococcinae. Tribe: Cardiococcini.

CITATIONS: Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 408,594-597]; Newste1910c [taxonomy: 186]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13-14].

Vitrococcus conchiformis (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Inglisia conchiformis Newstead, 1910c: 185. Type data: GUINEA: Conakry, Jardin Botanique, on Averrhoa carambola. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 594. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Onicococcus conchiformis Newstead, 1910c: 186. Nomen nudum.

Cardiococcus cenchiformis; Green, 1922b: 1034. Misspelling of species name.

Vitrococcus conchiformis; Hodgson, 1994a: 594. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Harungana madagascariensis [MatileNo1984], Harungana madagascariensis [Newste1910c, Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Hodgso1967d], Acalypha [Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Hodgso1967d], Acacia [Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a], Albizia [MatileNo1984], Cajanus [Hodgso1994a], Cajanus indicus [Hodgso1967d], Cajanus indicus [Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a], Derris dalbergioides [Hodgso1967d], Derris dalbergioides [Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a], Gliricidia maculata [Newste1917b], Gliricidia maculata [Newste1917b], Tephrosia [Hodgso1994a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Newste1911a], Psidium guajava [Newste1911]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa [Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a], Averrhoa carambola [Newste1910c, Sassce1911, Vayssi1913]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma [Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a], Theobroma cacao [Strick1947, Hodgso1967d].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon; Congo [Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a]; Ghana [Sassce1911, Newste1917b, Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a]; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau (Konakry, Jardin Botanique.); Sierra Leone [Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a] (Njala); Sudan [Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a]; Tanzania [Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a] (Bukoba); Uganda [Newste1910c, Newste1911, Hodgso1967d, Hodgso1994a]; Zaire [Hodgso1994a] (Eala).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1967d, 1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 147]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 187-189]; Hodgso1967d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-4]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 408,594-597]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 63]; Newste1910c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-187]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 98]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; Sassce1911 [host, distribution: 68]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 499]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 430]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, structure, taxonomy: 5-7,12].



Vittacoccus Borchsenius

NOMENCLATURE:

Vittacoccus Borchsenius, 1952: 271. Type species: Lecanopsis longicornis Green, by monotypy and original designation.

Vitacoccus; Rehácek, 1954: 141. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Borchsenius (1957), Koteja (1970), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae.

KEYS: Pellizzari 2013: 111-112 (female) [Key to Palaearctic Genera of the Subfamily Eriopeltinae based on adult females]; Koteja 1978: 315 (female) [Palearctic]; Borchsenius 1957: 90 (female) [Palaearctic Region].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 339]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description: 271]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 137]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 251]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy, description: 713]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 597-600]; KosztaKo1978 [taxonomy, description: 128]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 257]; Koteja1970 [taxonomy, description: 223-227]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 203]; Pelliz2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 101,111]; Rehace1954 [taxonomy: 144]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 65]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7].

Vittacoccus interruptus Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Vittacoccus interruptus Danzig, 1975b: 138. Type data: RUSSIA: Irkutsk Region, Baykal, Malogo Morya, on Leymus chinensis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.



HOST: Poaceae: Leymus chinensis [Danzig1975b].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Irkutsk Oblast).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 340]; Danzig1975b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-138]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79].

Vittacoccus longicornis (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanopsis longicornis Green, 1916: 26. Type data: ENGLAND: Camberley, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Exaeretopus longicornis; Green, 1928: 7. Change of combination.

Vittacoccus longicornis; Borchsenius, 1952: 271. Change of combination.

Vittacoccus ordinatus Danzig, 1971a: 1416. Type data: RUSSIA: Kunashir Island, on Carex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1978: 17.

Vittacoccus longiventris; Koteja, 1974a: 249. Misspelling of species name. Notes: The species epithet longiventris is a mis-spelling of longicornis.

COMMON NAMES: long-horned scale [KosztaKo1988F].



HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Carex [Koteja1969a, KotejaZa1983, LagowsKo1996], Carex brizoides [Koteja1969a, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1983a, LagowsKo1996], Carex ovalis [Green1917a, Green1928, Green1934d, Hodgso1994a], Carex stenophylla [Kozar1985a]. Poaceae [Green1916], Brachypodium [KozarOs1987], Dactylis glomerata [Green1934d].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Czech Republic [Koteja1969a]; Hungary [KozarDr1991]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Poland [Koteja1969a, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1984e, LagowsKo1996]; Russia (Irkutsk Oblast, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin Oblast, Tatarstan (=Tatar) AR [Kozar1985a], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR); Turkey [KaydanKo2010]; United Kingdom (England [Green1916, Green1917a, Green1928, Koteja1969a, Hodgso1994a] (Camberley, Surrey; Yorkshire, Goathland.)).

BIOLOGY: In Poland, hibernation in egg stage, crawlers hatch in May, development through May-July, oviposition in August-September (Koteja, in Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Koteja (1969a), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Tang (1992), and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 340]; Borchs1952a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 271]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 137-138]; Danzig1971a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1416-1417]; Danzig1977b [host, distribution: 57]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 17]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 78]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248,251]; Green1916 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-28]; Green1917a [host, distribution: 207]; Green1921 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 195-197]; Green1928 [host, distribution: 7]; Green1934d [host, distribution: 108]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 597-600]; KaydanKo2010 [host, distribution: 219]; KosztaKo1978 [host, distribution: 128]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 257-259]; Koteja1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-13]; Koteja1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224-227]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy, structure: 249]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 81]; Koteja1980 [taxonomy, structure: 74]; Koteja1984e [host, distribution: 676]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 482]; Kozar1985a [host, distribution: 312]; KozarDr1991 [host, distribution: 363]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 53]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 32,35]; SimonKa2011 [distribution: 239]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66].



Waricoccus Brookes & Koteja

NOMENCLATURE:

Waricoccus Brookes & Koteja, 1982: 183. Type species: Waricoccus parvisetosus Brookes & Koteja, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Brookes & Koteja (1982) and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Eriopeltinae.

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 340]; BrookeKo1982 [taxonomy, description: 183-184]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 601-603]; Pelliz2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 101]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7].

Waricoccus parvisetosus Brookes & Koteja

NOMENCLATURE:

Waricoccus parvisetosus Brookes & Koteja, 1982: 184. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Milang, on Lepidosperma longitudinale. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.



HOST: Cyperaceae: Lepidosperma longitudinale [BrookeKo1982, Hodgso1994a].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [BrookeKo1982, Hodgso1994a] (Milang)).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Brookes & Koteja (1982) and by Hodgson (1994a).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 340]; BrookeKo1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 184-187]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 601-603].



Waxiella De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Waxiella De Lotto, 1971: 148. Type species: Ceroplastes subdenudatus Newstead, by original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by De Lotto (1971), Ben-Dov (1986), and by Hodgson (1994a).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Ceroplastinae. Although the genus Waxiella is separated from Ceroplastes on the state of only a single character, two types of spinose setae in each stigmatic cleft (quite sharply-pointed spinose setae actually in the cleft and more rounded conical spinose setae extending up onto the dorsum, both clearly different from marginal setae), it is considered that this is a significant difference. This is the only known soft scale genus in which some stigmatic setae are present on the venter. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 26 (female) [Key to species-groups of wax scale insects (Ceroplastinae) known from the Afrotropical Region based on adult female morphology.]; Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 197 (female, adult) [Key to species-groups of wax scales in Waxiella known from Africa and Middle East based on adult female morphology:].

CITATIONS: BenDov1986 [taxonomy, description: 165-166]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 340]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description: 148]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 604-606]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 1-265].

Waxiella africana africana (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes africanus Green, 1899b: 188. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Kleinpoort, on Acacia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1986: 169. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Ceroplastes mimosae; Brain, 1920a: 31. Misidentification.

Waxiella africana; Ben-Dov, 1986: 166. Change of combination.



FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Bothriophryne tenuicornis (Mercet) [Comper1939d].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Green1899b, Newste1911, Newste1917b, Cillie1967], Acacia karroo [BenDov1993], Albizia lebbek [Hall1922], Cajanus indicus [Cillie1967].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Green1899b, Newste1917b, Cillie1967].

BIOLOGY: Life history (as C. mimosae) in South Africa studied by Cilliers (1967).

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012. Based on an extensive study of Waxiella in the Afrotropical region, Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, determined that W. africana only exists in South Africa, and previous records of W. africana in other areas of the region were misidentifications. Therefore the following records have been deleted from ScaleNet: Sudan (Newstead, 1911), Nigeria (Newstead, 1913), Uganda (Newstead, 1917b), Egypt (Hall, 1922, Hall, 1927b) and Algeria (Balachowsky, 1929a).

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Insects crowded on the stems of the plant, so much so that the waxy covering of adjacent individuals becomes more or less confluent and the normal form of the test is difficult to determine. The tests appear as rounded masses of cream-coloured wax, each with a more or less nipple-like prominence at the apex bearing a small spot of white substance. The usual opaque white bands from the spiracular regions are present, but very inconspicuous, scarcely extending beyond the margin. In some specimens, a series of impressed arches on the sides of the test marks the position of the marginal plates. The waxy coating being thinner on the impressed parts, the arches appear darker, the colour of the body of the insect showing through the covering matter. An isolated test averages 7.75 mm, 6.50 mm broad, 5.75 mm high." (Green, 1899b). "Body of fully-grown female convex; dorsal derm sclerotised; with a well-developed cephalic projection extending about 800 ìm forward to margin. Anal process short. Young females (slide mounted) 1.6 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. Fully-grown female up to 5.5 mm long, 5.0 mm wide and 4.5 mm high." (Ben-Dov, 1986). Mounted material. Body elongate oval, probably quite convex, with distinct, shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum without distinct tubercles. Stigmatic setae of 2 types: ventral sharply-spinose setae amongst spiracular disc-pores and dorsal conical setae in an oval group on dorsum, with cleft surrounded by a wide area of sclerotisation on older specimens. Caudal process short and stout, 2.0 (2.7-3.0) mm long, 2.5 (2.5-2.7) mm wide. Length about 8 mm (young specimens 1.35-1.58) mm, width 6.5 mm (young specimens 0.98-1.23) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Waxiella (Ceroplastes) africana (Green) had been previously synonymised with Waxiella (Ceroplastes) mimosae (Signoret) (Lindinger, 1912) but, based on the material seen during his study, Ben-Dov (1986) concluded that they were clearly separate species. Good characters for separating these 2 species are: (i) the shape of the group of conical stigmatic setae, narrow with a broad area of sclerotisation on W. africana but almost round with (at most) a narrow area of sclerotisation on W. mimosae; (ii) the paucity of ventral microducts medially on W. africana, these being much more abundant on W. mimosae, where they are frequent on all abdominal segments; (iii) the absence of multilocular disc-pores laterad to each metacoxa on W. africana, but with (0)-10 pores present on W. mimosae, (iv) the many fewer spiracular disc-pores on W. africana (about 100-120 as compared with 150-250 on W. mimosae) and (v) the absence of multilocular disc-pores along the anterior border of each band of stigmatic disc-pores and mesad to each spiracle on W. africana (present in both areas on W. mimosae). In addition, W. africana is believed to be restricted to southern Africa whereas W. mimosae appears to be restricted to the eastern Sahara area. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) W. africana is very similar to W. senegalensis. Both have the same shaped stigmatic cleft but the group of stigmatic setae on the latter species is somewhat larger and has more conical and sharply-spinose stigmatic setae. W. senegalensis appears to be restricted to the northern areas of Africa around the Sahara whereas W. africana is apparently restricted to southern Africa (South Africa and Namibia) where it has only been collected on Acacia sp. (A. karroo and A. longifolia).

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 198-199 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Waxiella africana-group (excluding W. erithraeus (Leonardi) and W. mimosae neghellii (Bellio)).].

CITATIONS: Balach1929a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 313]; BenDov1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-169]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 340-341]; Brain1920a [taxonomy: 31]; Cillie1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-59]; Comper1938 [biological control: 317-337]; Comper1939d [host, distribution, biological control: 21]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148]; Green1899b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-190]; Green1900 [taxonomy: 158]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 16-17]; Hall1927b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 162-163]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 197-234,242,255,256]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 97]; Newste1913 [host, distribution: 74]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128].

Waxiella egbara egbara (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes africanus cristatus Green, 1899b: 190. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 151. Notes: Green (1899b) was issued in the September (1899) issue of The Ann & Magazine nat. Hist.. Pamela Gilbert (Librarian, BMNH), informed in a letter (30.xi.1981) to Yair Ben-Dov, that the September (1899) issue was received in BMNH Library on October, 1899.

Ceroplastes egbarum Cockerell, 1899g: 127. Type data: NIGERIA: near Abeokuta, on Mimosa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: Cockerell (1899g) was published in the May (1899) issue of The Entomologist. Pamela Gilbert (Librarian, BMNH), informed in a letter (30.xi.1981) to Yair Ben-Dov, that the May (1899) issue was received in BMNH Library on May, 1899.

Ceroplastes egbarum fulleri Cockerell & Cockerell in Cockerell, 1902g: 113. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Coast of Natal, on Acacia sp. and Mimosa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 203.

Ceroplastes cristatus; Fernald, 1903: 151. Change of status.

Ceroplastes ugandae Newstead, 1911: 94. Type data: UGANDA: on 'Amakebe'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 203.

Ceroplastes zonatus Newstead, 1917a: 32. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Locality and host plant no indicated. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 203.

Ceroplastes egbarum rhodesiensis Hall, 1931: 294. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Bulawayo and Hunters Road, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 203.

Gascardia egbara rhodesiensis; De Lotto, 1965: 181. Misspelling of genus name.

Ceroplastes martinoi Almeida, 1969: 141. Type data: ANGOLA: Bruco, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 203.

Waxiella egbarum; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Change of combination.

Waxiella egbarum fulleri; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Change of combination.

Waxiella egbarum rhodesiensis; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Change of combination.

Waxiella ugandae; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Change of combination.

Waxiella zonata; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Change of combination.

Waxiella martinoi; Almeida, 1973: 7. Change of combination.

Waxiella africanus cristatus; Ben-Dov, 1986: 166. Change of combination.

Waxiella egbarum fulleri; Ben-Dov, 1986: 166. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Cockerell" as author.

Waxiella egbara; Ben-Dov, 1993: 341, 512. Misspelling of species name.

Waxiella egbara fulleri; Ben-Dov, 1993: 342, 512. Misspelling of species name.

Waxiella egbara rhodesiensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 342, 512. Misspelling of species name.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [KondoHo2013]. Asteraceae: Bidens bipernata [Hodgso1969]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Cocker1902g, Brain1920a, Hall1931, Hodgso1969, Almeid1969], Acacia decurrens [Hall1931, Hodgso1969], Acacia polygonata [Hodgso1969], Acacia sieberana woodii [Hall1931, Hodgso1969], Albizia labbeck [Hodgso1969], Albizia lebbek [Newste1911a], Albizzia grandistipulata [HodgsoPe2012], Berlinia globiflora [Hall1931], Brachystegia spiciformis [Hodgso1969], Cajanus indicus [Newste1914], Dalbergia sexatilis [HodgsoPe2012], Mimosa [Vayssi1913], Pithecolobium saman [Newste1917a], Prosopis juliflora [HodgsoPe2012], Pterocarpus esculantus [HodgsoPe2012], Samanea saman [HodgsoPe2012]. Meliaceae: Melia azedrach [Hall1931].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1969, Almeid1973b]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [HodgsoPe2012]; Gabon [HodgsoPe2012]; Ghana [Newste1917a]; Kenya [HodgsoPe2012]; Malawi [Hodgso1969]; Namibia (=South West Africa) [HodgsoPe2012]; Nigeria [Vayssi1913]; South Africa [Green1899b, Cocker1902g, Newste1917a, Brain1920a]; Tanzania [Newste1911a]; Uganda [Newste1911, Sassce1912, Newste1913, Newste1914, Newste1917b]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia [HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1969). Based on the above records compiled by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, there have been many misidentifications of Waxiella species in the past and the list of countries and host plants given in ScaleNet has been revised. Their study suggests that W. egbara has been recorded from Angola, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, French West Africa [Burkino Faso?], Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe within the Afrotropical Region and from Saudi Arabia. The above records are all on Fabaceae: Acacia spp., Albizia lebbek, Brachystegia spiciformis, Cajanus indicus, Dalbergia armata, Mimosa sp., Samanea saman, Prosopis juliflora and wattle, but Hodgson (1969a) also included Bidens bipinnata (Asteraceae) and Hall (1931) mentioned Melia azedarach (Meliaceae).

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Female test broadly ovate in outline, highly convex; marginal plates very faintly indicated, but apparently without nuclear spots; dorsal plate very large, with a central nuclear spot of white wax; cephalic margin slightly clypeate; lateral margins in very old examples with a pronounced foot-like extension from each stigmata, from which extends a thick white waxen appendage. In the young forms, the foot-like extension is wanting, but the white waxen appendages are always present and always porrected. Colour creamy white, suffused with very pale brown; dorsal plates surrounded by a patch of dull flesh-colour. In very old examples, the zone of colour extends to the margins and is a shining madder-brown to piceous colour. On the removal of the outer surface of the test with chloroform, it is seen to be divided into seven areas by pale coloured lines: a central polygonal area, corresponding to the area occupied by the dorsal plate, from the angles of which radiate to the margin single lines marking off the areas of the lateral and cephalic plates." "Female adult (denuded of the test). Ovate, cephalic margin clypeate; dorsum low and wrinkled; with 2 large bilateral extensions, both longitudinally striated; the space between these extensions of the body wall and the margin markedly constricted. Dorsum with a large keel-like process. Caudal process very short and conical. Stigmatic clefts deep." (Description of W. zonata, Newstead, 1917a). Hodgson (1969) illustrates the waxy test and the adult female with the wax removed (of W. zonatus). Mounted material. Body elongate oval, probably quite convex, with distinct, shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum without distinct tubercles. Stigmatic setae of 2 types, sharply-spinose setae along margin and conical setae in a roundly oval group on dorsum. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Ceroplastes(Waxiella) africana var. cristata was synonymised with W. egbara by Fernald (1903). In addition, Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, synonymized the following with W. egbara: Ceroplastes (Waxiella) egbarum var. fulleri Cockerell & Cockerell, Ceroplastes (Waxiella) egbarum var. rhodesiensis Hall, Ceroplastes (Waxiella) martinoi (Almeida), Ceroplastes (Waxiella) ugandae (Newstead) and Ceroplastes (Waxiella) zonatus Newstead.

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 198-199 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Waxiella africana-group (excluding W. erithraeus (Leonardi) and W. mimosae neghellii (Bellio)).]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [as Waxiella egbarum fulleri; Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: Almeid1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-143]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 7]; BenDov1986 [taxonomy: 166]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 341-345]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 28-30, 35-36]; Cocker1899g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 127]; Cocker1902g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 113-114]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 148]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 151]; Green1899b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190]; Green1900 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 158-159]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 294,302-303]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25, 37-40]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 199,203-212,216,243]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; KondoHo2013 [host: 519]; MendesFe1989 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 56-57]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-95]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 167]; Newste1913 [host, distribution: 74]; Newste1914 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 306]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-29, 32-33]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 129]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy, distribution: 541-549]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 88]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 430]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 225].

Waxiella erithraea (Leonardi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes erithraeus Leonardi, 1913a: 27. Type data: ERITREA: Asmara and Nefarit, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IEAP.

Waxiella erythraeus; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Change of combination.

Waxiella erythraeus; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Misspelling of species name.

Waxiella erithraea; Pellizzari & Williams, 2013: 409. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.



HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia sp. [Leonar1913a]

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Eritrea.

SYSTEMATICS: Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, speculated that this may be a synonym of W. senegalensis (Marchal).

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 342-343]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 148]; HodgsoPe2012 [taxonomy: 212]; Leonar1913a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-30]; PellizWi2013 [taxonomy: 409].

Waxiella gwaai (Hodgson)

NOMENCLATURE:

Gascardia gwaai Hodgson, 1969: 28. Type data: ZIMBABWE: At the Bulawayo - Victoria Falls Road near Wankie Game Reserve, on Baphia massaiensis subsp. obovata. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Waxiella gwaai; Ben-Dov, 1986: 166. Change of combination.



HOST: Fabaceae: Baphia massaiensis obovata [Hodgso1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1969).

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "The wax covering the adult female was very white and soft, and the outside was cracked and dried out, possibly due to the high temperatures in the area. At the points where the stigmatic bands reached the margin, the edges were expanded into a finger of wax standing out from the margin. The insect, once the waxy test was removed, was flattish, flesh coloured, almost round, with a distinctive mid-dorsal ridge, and with a cephalic and three lateral processes. The caudal process was rather small for the insect’s size, and was directed upwards at an angle of about 45 degrees. With the waxy test, the specimen was 12 mm long, 10 mm wide, and 7 mm high" (Hodgson, 1969). Mounted material. Body almost round, quite convex, with distinct, shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with small tubercles. Stigmatic setae of 2 types; conical setae in a roundly oval group surrounded by a fairly wide area of sclerotisation. Caudal process short and stout, about 0.7 mm long (but broken), 0.93 mm wide. Body length 5 mm, width 4.5 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: W. gwaai would appear to belong to the C. africana-group of Waxiella in having: (i) sharplyspinose dorsal setae; (ii) large groups of conical stigmatic setae, and (iii) each stigmatic cleft becoming sclerotised at maturity. It differs from all others in this species-group in the complete absence of ventral tubular ducts. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 198-199 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Waxiella africana-group (excluding W. erithraeus (Leonardi) and W. mimosae neghellii (Bellio)).].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 343]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-30]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 213-215,243]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy, distribution: 541-549].

Waxiella mimosae mimosae (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes mimosae Signoret, 1872a: 46. Type data: EGYPT: on Mimosa [=Acacia] nilotica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov, 1986: 171. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria.

Ceroplastes africanus; Hall, 1922: 16. Misidentification; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1986: 171.

Waxiella mimosae; Ben-Dov, 1970: 84. Misidentification.

Waxiella mimosae; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Change of combination.

Waxiella mimosae; Ben-Dov, 1971: 31. Misidentification.

Waxiella tamaricis Ben-Dov, 1986: 171. Type data: ISRAEL: Mivtahim, on Tamarix articulata. Holotype female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Israel. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 215.



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anicetus africanus (Girault) [Anneck1967, Prinsl1983, BenDovGu2009]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea [BadaryAb2011].

HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Almeid1973b]. Fabaceae: Acacia [BalachMa1970, Almeid1973b, BenDovGu2009], Acacia arabica [Balach1934d], Acacia asak [Matile1988], Acacia karroo [Brain1920a], Acacia nilotica [EzzatHu1969], Acacia radianna [BenDovGu2009], Acacia scorpioides [HodgsoPe2012], Acacia seyal [Balach1934d], Acacia tortilis [BenDovGu2009], Albizia [Almeid1973b], Brachystegia spiciformis [Almeid1973b], Cassia verticillata [Hall1923]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus acaciae [BenDovGu2009, BenDov2012]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Bodenh1927a], Tamarix articulata [BenDov1986], Tamarix gallica nilotica [Balach1934d]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendron falax [Hall1923].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1934d]; Egypt [Cocker1894t, Hall1923, EzzatHu1969, EzzatNa1987]; Israel [BenDov1986, BenDovGu2009]; Saudi Arabia [Matile1988].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012. Many specimens previously identified as W. mimosae were misidentifications. The only countries which were determined to have definite records of W. mimosae by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, were Egypt and Israel, and the only hosts were Acacia (Fabaceae) and Tamarix (Tamaricaceae). Therefore, all records from elsewhere in Ethiopian Africa should be treated with caution. Thus the record from Mauritania (Balachowsky & Matile-Ferrero, 1970), Angola (Almeid, 1973b), Algeria (Balachowsky, 1934d) and South Africa (Brain, 1920) were removed from ScaleNet.

STRUCTURE: "Covered in wax, dirty-white in colour" (Ben-Dov, 1986). "Young adult female, just after the last moult, is covered with a white wax test; oval in outline, 2.5 mm long, 2.0 mm wide, 0.5 mm high; the test is divided with distinct fissures into 9 plates: median, cephalic, anal and 3 lateral pairs; white mealy secretion (its colour distinctly different from that of the test) extends from the lateral end of each stigmatic furrow towards the dorsal surface of the test; the test at the site of anal opening with a circular area devoid of wax, thus the opening is exposed. In a female of more advanced stage of growth, the test becomes orange-pink; the stigmatic mealy secretions are distinct. In females with a test measuring 4.5 mm long, 4 mm wide, 3 mm high, the anal opening becomes completely covered with the test wax, and remains concealed until the end of oviposition. Fully grown, ovipositing females with a test up to 10 mm long, 8 mm wide and 7 mm high; test colour orange pink, slightly brighter along the margin and on top of the test, stigmatic mealy wax white, distinct, occasionally it is fused with the dorsal test. Body of young adult female 2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 1 mm high, without a cephalic projection; body of fully-grown ovipositing female with membranous derm; the cephalic projection well developed, sclerotised; the areas carrying the stigmatic setae sclerotised. Body of fully grown, ovipositing female convex; up to 6 mm long, 5 mm wide, 4 mm high; dorsum sclerotised; with a well-developed cephalic projection." (Description of W. tamaricis, (Ben-Dov, 1986). Mounted material. Body elongate oval, probably quite convex, with distinct, shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum without distinct tubercles. Stigmatic setae of 2 types, with sharply-spinose setae amongst spiracular discpores and conical setae in a roundly oval group on dorsum. Caudal process short and stout, 0.25-1.12 mm long, 0.25-1.49 mm wide. Body length 2.1-4.5 (2.5-6) mm, width 1.5-3.8 (2-4) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: Good characters for separating W. mimosae from W. africana are: (i) the shape of the group of conical stigmatic setae, narrow with a broad area of sclerotisation on W. africana but almost round with (at most) a narrow area of sclerotisation on W. mimosae; (ii) the paucity of ventral microducts medially on W. africana, these being much more abundant on W. mimosae, where they are frequent on all abdominal segments; (iii) the absence of multilocular disc-pores laterad to each metacoxa on W. africana, but with (0)-10 pores present on W. mimosae, (iv) the many fewer spiracular disc-pores on W. africana (about 100-120 as compared with 150-250 on W. mimosae) and (v) the absence of multilocular disc-pores along the anterior border of each band of stigmatic disc-pores and mesad to each spiracle on W. africana (present in both areas on W. mimosae). In addition, W. africana is believed to be restricted to southern Africa whereas W. mimosae appears to be restricted to the eastern Sahara area. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Most of the specimens observed by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, from Egypt had a few ventral tubular ducts submarginally on the head posterior to each scape or submarginally on the thorax. These have only been noted rarely on W. africana and W. egbarum. Ben-Dov (1986) also suggested that W.mimosae and W. africana differed in: (i) the absence of cruciform pores medially on the abdomen in W. africana (present on W. mimosae); (ii) slightly longer antennae on W. mimosae than on W. africana, and (iii) the colour of their wax test. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Mohammad & Moharum 2013: 146-157 (female) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]; Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 198-199 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Waxiella africana-group (excluding W. erithraeus (Leonardi) and W. mimosae neghellii (Bellio)). ]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 371 (female) [Egypt].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 7]; Anneck1967 [host, distribution, biological control: 99-169]; BadaryAb2011 [biological control, distribution, host: 55-56]; Balach1934d [host, distribution: 149-150]; BalachMa1970 [host, distribution: 1085]; BenDov1970 [taxonomy: 84]; BenDov1971 [taxonomy: 31]; BenDov1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-173]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 343-344]; BenDov2012 [catalogue, distribution, host: 28, 42]; BenDovGu2009 [host, distribution, biological control: 89-90]; Bodenh1927a [taxonomy: 177]; Bodenh1935 [taxonomy: 249]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 471-472]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-32]; Cocker1894t [host, distribution: 178]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 330]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 148]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 383-386]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 154]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 37-38]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, host, structure, taxonomy: 215-217,243]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51]; Matile1988 [host, distribution: 25]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; MohammMo2013 [host, taxonomy: 146,151]; Prinsl1983 [host, distribution, biological control: 16]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy, distribution: 541-549]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 46].

Waxiella mimosae neghellii (Bellio)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes mimosae neghellii Bellio, 1939: 225. Type data: ETHIOPIA: Neghelli, on Euphorbia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IEAP.

Waxiella mimosae neghellii; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Change of combination.



HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia sp. [HodgsoPe2012]

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ethiopia.

CITATIONS: Bellio1939 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-228]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 343]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 148]; HodgsoPe2012 [taxonomy: 217].

Waxiella senegalensis (Marchal)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes africanus senegalensis Marchal, 1909c: 68. Type data: SENEGAL: Locality not given, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France.

Waxiella africanus senegalensis; Ben-Dov, 1986: 166. Change of combination.

Waxiella senegalensis; Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 218-222. Change of status.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia arabica [Vayssi1913], Acacia tortilis [Vayssi1913].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Eritrea [HodgsoPe2012]; Ghana [HodgsoPe2012]; Kenya [HodgsoPe2012]; Liberia [HodgsoPe2012]; Niger [HodgsoPe2012]; Nigeria [HodgsoPe2012]; Senegal [Vayssi1913]; Sudan [HodgsoPe2012]. Palaearctic: Algeria [HodgsoPe2012]; Egypt [HodgsoPe2012].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. Test creamy-yellow, rather variable in shape, very rounded and dome-shaped but with 2 depressions at the base corresponding to the spiracular furrows (stigmatic wax bands). Generally with a small nipplelike dome on dorsum. Devoid of wax, derm brown, with a well-developed cephalic arch. It differs from Ceroplastes (Waxiella) africanus Green in the Cape of Good Hope in having a less prominent caudal process, and stigmatic clefts with longer, sharper and more numerous stigmatic setae. (Rather free translation of Marchal, 1909b in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012).

SYSTEMATICS: Because the shape of the conical group of stigmatic setae and associated sclerotisation appears to be distinctive, Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, raised the subspecies Ceroplastes africanus senegalensis to specific rank in the genus Waxiella. Adult female W. senegalensis shows close similarities to those of W. africana but differ in having: (i) each group of stigmatic setae larger and generally with margins of cleft more heavily sclerotised, and with more abundant conical and sharply-spinose stigmatic setae, and (ii) perhaps in having very few (or sometimes no) ventral tubular ducts on the abdomen. In addition, W. senegalensis appears to be restricted to areas around the Sahara whereas W. africana is restricted to southern Africa.

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 198-199 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Waxiella africana-group (excluding W. erithraeus (Leonardi) and W. mimosae neghellii (Bellio)).].

CITATIONS: BenDov1986 [catalogue: 166]; BenDov1993 [taxonomy: 341]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 218-222,243]; Marcha1909c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68]; Marcha1909d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-170]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 429].

Waxiella subdenudata (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes subdenudatus Newstead, 1917a: 30. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on Acacia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson, 1994a: 604. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Gascardia subdenudata; De Lotto, 1967b: 784. Change of combination.

Waxiella subdenudatus; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Newste1917a, Hodgso1994a], Albizia [DeLott1967b].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1967b]; Uganda [Newste1917a, Hodgso1994a] (Entebbe.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1967b, 1971), and by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: Mounted material. Body almost round; stigmatic clefts shallow and quite broad; derm membranous apart from caudal process; caudal process well developed but small and conical; lateral tubercles indistinct. Length 2.2-2.25 mm, width 2.0-2.1 mm.

SYSTEMATICS: W. subdenudata is extremely similar to W. subsphaerica. The main difference between these 2 species, is that all the marginal setae between the eyespots on the anterior margin of the head of W. subdenudata are short and blunt and there are no flagellate marginal setae in this area (although the submarginal setae elsewhere are flagellate), whereas the marginal setae between the eyespots on W. subsphaerica are all quite long, most are spinose but sharply pointed but a few are sometimes flagellate. Also, W. subdenudata does tend to have fewer stigmatic setae of both types but there is some overlap with the data for W. subsphaerica; in addition, the dorsal setae tend to be longer with convergent sides on W. subsphaerica, whereas they are shorter with more parallel sides on W. subdenudata. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 226 (female) [Key to adult females of the Waxiella subdenudata-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy: 343-344]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy: 784-785, 801]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, catalogue: 148-149]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy: 604-606]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 226-228,243]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description: 30]; QinGu1995 [catalogue: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 541-549].

Waxiella subsphaerica (Newstead)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes subsphaericus Newstead, 1911a: 166. Type data: EAST AFRICA [TANZANIA]: Ngambo, on Albizia lebbeck. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.

Ceroplastes berliniae Hall, 1931: 291. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, Banket and Salisbury, El Dorado, Rusape, on Brachystegia flagristipulata and on Berlinia globiflora and on Brachystegia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 228.

Ceroplastes berliniae enkeldoorni Hall, 1931: 292. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Enkeldoorn, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 228.

Gascardia berliniae; De Lotto, 1965: 181. Change of combination.

Gascardia berliniae enkeldoorni; De Lotto, 1965: 181. Change of combination.

Ceroplastes aff. berliniae var. enkel; Almeida, 1969: 15. Misidentification.

Gascardia enkeldoorni; Hodgson, 1969: 25. Change of status.

Waxiella berliniae; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Change of combination.

Waxiella enkeldoorni; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Change of combination.

Waxiella subsphaericus; De Lotto, 1971: 148. Change of combination.



HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona [Hodgso1969]. Euphorbiaceae: Bridelia sp. [HodgsoPe2012]. Fabaceae: Acacia albida [Hodgso1969], Acacia dealbata [Mamet1954], Albizia [Hodgso1969], Albizia adianthifolia [Hodgso1969], Albizia lebbek [Newste1911a], Baikiaea plurijuga [Hodgso1969], Berlinia [Almeid1969, Almeid1973b], Berlinia globiflora [Hall1931, Hodgso1969], Brachystegia [Hall1931, Hodgso1969], Brachystegia boehmi [Hodgso1969], Brachystegia flagristipulata [Hall1931, Hodgso1969], Brachystegia longifolia [Hodgso1969], Brachystegia spiciformis [Hodgso1969], Brachystegia tamarinoides [Hodgso1969], Brachystegia utilis [Hodgso1969], Guibourtia coleosperma [Hodgso1969], Pericopsis angolensis [Hodgso1969]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara macualayae [Hodgso1969].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1969, Almeid1973b]; Cameroon [HodgsoPe2012]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [HodgsoPe2012]; Gabon [HodgsoPe2012]; Madagascar [Mamet1954]; Mozambique [Hodgso1969]; Tanzania [Newste1911a]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).Good description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson (1969).

STRUCTURE: "Test of adult female white, very highly convex and approximately oval in outline, the short axis being the longitudinal axis of the insect. A very deep mediodorsal longitudinal depression is usually present giving a bilobed appearance. In the centre of this depression is a small, flattened, transversely striated whitish boss which often carries indications of longitudinal striations in addition. In very young individuals, this boss very nearly covers the entire insect. Opercular plates black, or very dark, and sunken; in some examples, this and the mediodorsal depression are continuous. The wax is soft in fresh specimens and unusually deep in relation to the size of the insect. Fusion frequently takes place where individuals are contiguous. A localised tinge of pink is seen in some specimens. Denuded of its wax test, the adult female is oval in outline, being longer than broad. The central portion is raised into a conical dome which has a tendency to be directed posteriorly. The margin is flattened and rounded, and it appears as though the central dome is set on a cushion. The cephalic lobe is comparatively well developed. Stigmatic clefts deep and conspicuous (from the under surface of the insect). A cephalic and three bilateral tubercles are present; these are small and conical, but in some specimens they are very much better developed than others. Caudal process short, conical, with its axis at approximately 45° with that of the main body. Length of test of adult female 5-6.5 mm; breadth 8-9.5 mm, length of adult female 4 mm; breadth 2.5 mm" (Hall, 1931). Mounted material. Body almost round; stigmatic clefts distinct and quite broad; derm membranous apart from caudal process; caudal process well developed and conical; dorsum with small, distinct lateral tubercles. Length 2.6-3.3 mm, width 2.4-3.1 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)

SYSTEMATICS: The available material of W. subsphaerica differs from W. subdenudata in having the marginal setae along the anterior margin of the head all long and sharply spinose, whereas on W. subdenudata they are short and bluntly pointed. In addition, the dorsal setae on W. subsphaerica are mostly clearly longer than the width of the basal socket (particularly away from the margin), and mostly narrowing to a moderately sharp apex, whereas on W. subdenudata they are all short and blunt, subequal in length to the width of their basal sockets and with more or less parallel sides. In addition, W. subdenudata appears to have fewer spinose and conical stigmatic setae.

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 226 (female) [Key to adult females of the Waxiella subdenudata-group].

CITATIONS: Almeid1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-18]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 6]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 341,342,344]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 148]; Giliom1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-121]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 291-293]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-22, 25-28]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 228-232,243]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 12]; Newste1911a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy, distribution: 541-549].

Waxiella vuilleti (Marchal)

NOMENCLATURE:

Ceroplastes vuilleti Marchal, 1909b: 68. Type data: SENEGAL: Badinko, on Ormosia laxiflora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France.



HOST: Fabaceae: Ormosia laxiflora [Vayssi1913].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Senegal [Vayssi1913].

GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012. Based on the information in Hodgson & Peronti,2012, the record by Newstead (1917) in Nigeria has been removed from ScaleNet.

STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "The waxy test of this magnificent species averages 22 mm long by 17 mm wide; height 8-9 mm, but 15-17 mm when the depth of the wax extending down on each side of the branch is included. The wax test is extremely thick (6-7 mm), soft and easily depressed; colour white washed with rusty shades. When damaged, a colorless liquid is released with a characteristic odour. The wax test showed no indications of the structure of the underlying insect, which was quite small compared with the thickness of the test, averaging 6 mm long, 4-5 mm wide and 2 mm high. The insect was basically brown and hexagonally shaped. On either side, there are 2 lateral angles corresponding to the ends of spiracular furrows. From each of these angles emerges a straight line of clear white waxy filaments, quite different from the greyish-white wax of the test. Mid-dorsally, there is a longitudinal peak, ending abruptly anteriorly and slanting down posteriorly. Posteriorly is the anal process, truncated apically and strongly protruding, slightly tilted forward". (Much shortened, rather free translation of Marchal, 1909b in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012).

SYSTEMATICS: The adult females of Waxiella vuilleti are extremely similar to those of W. egbara and W. mimosae but differ mainly in the much larger number of tubular ducts in the cephalic region (about 200 as compared with less than 100 on the other 2 species) and the very large size of each group of stigmatic setae (as large as or even larger than the sclerotised area of the caudal process - smaller on the other 2 species). On W. vuilleti, each group of conical stigmatic setae is roundly oval to egg-shaped (widest towards base of each group) with a very broad base; each group with about 12-15 conical setae across the basal width, about 60-70 conical setae around dorsal margin and some 30+ conical setae across the greatest width. In addition, the sharply-spinose stigmatic setae form a fairly narrow group across each stigmatic cleft, with 40+ setae in each group. All of these parameters are significantly greater than on most W. egbara. Hodgson & Peronti, 2012

KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 198-199 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Waxiella africana-group (excluding W. erithraeus (Leonardi) and W. mimosae neghellii (Bellio)).].

CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 344-345]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 148]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 222-225,243]; Marcha1909c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68]; Marcha1909d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-168]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-31]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 429].



Xenolecanium Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Xenolecanium Takahashi, 1942b: 26. Type species: Xenolecanium mangiferae Takahashi, by monotypy and original designation.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Takahashi (1942b), Hodgson (1994a) and by Kondo et al. (2005).

SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Myzolecaniinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.

KEYS: Kondo, Williams & Gullan 2005: 111 (female) [Genera of Paralecaniini]; Kondo, Williams & Gullan 2005: 111 (female) [Species of Xenolecanium].

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 46]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 345]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 607-610]; Kondo2011 [taxonomy: 4]; KondoWiGu2005 [taxonomy, description: 109-120]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 205]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description: 26-27]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 144].

Xenolecanium mangiferae Takahashi

NOMENCLATURE:

Xenolecanium mangiferae Takahashi, 1942b: 27. Type data: THAILAND: Bangkok, on Mangifera indica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.



HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [Hodgso1994a, KondoWiGu2005], Mangifera indica [Ali1971].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Ali1971, Hodgso1994a, KondoWiGu2005] (Bangkok.).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Kondo et al. (2005).

CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 46]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 345]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 607-610]; KondoWiGu2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-114]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-28]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145].

Xenolecanium takahashii Kondo {in}: Kondo, Williams & Gullan

NOMENCLATURE:

Xenolecanium takahashii Kondo {in}: Kondo, Williams & Gullan, 2005: 114. Type data: INDONESIA: Rempang, Riau Islands, near Singapore; collected R. Takahashi, January 1946. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.



HOST: Myrtaceae: Eugenia [KondoWiGu2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [KondoWiGu2005]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female and first-instar nymph by Kondo et al. (2005).

CITATIONS: KondoWiGu2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-116].



Incertae Sedis Species

Coccus phalaridis Fernald

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus phalaridis Fernald, 1903b: 326. Incertae sedis by Williams, 2007b: 449.

Genera Removed from Family

Chelonicoccus

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Chelonicoccus A. Costa, 1866: 10. Notes: Cockerell in Fernald (1903b: 158) noted "doubtful genus, only known from external characters; perhaps a synonym of Ceroplastes". Silvestri in Leonardi (1920: 500) reported that examination of the type specimens showed it to be a part of a lepidopterous chrysallid, probably of a lycaenid.

Eriochiton

No valid record found for this genus

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriochiton Maskell, 1887a: 46. Notes: Current status: Eriochiton Maskell in the Eriococcidae (see Hodgson, 1994: 172).

KEYS: Tao et al. 1983: 62 (female) [Taiwan].

Species Removed from Family

Acari insectorum

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus insectorum Gmelin, P.F., 1766: 41. Notes: Gmelin (1766) presented a brief description of this species thus validating the name. Gmelin listed this species as first described by Linnaeus (1746). Current status: Linnaeus and Gmelin both thought the species could be a mite (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 27).

Acarina muscae-domesticae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus muscae-domesticae Barbieri, 1939: 1025. Notes: Current status: Lindinger (1943: 218) indicated that this species is a mite on Musca domestica.

Adelges laricis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus laricis Bouché, 1834: 22. Notes: Eastop & Hille Ris Lambers (1976) regarded this as the aphid Tetraneura ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Aphidoidea. Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 28) stated "Baerensprung (1849: 174), Fernald (1903: 330), and Victor F. Eastop (Natural History) Museum, London, personal communication) regarded this as the aphid, Adelges laricis".

Aleurochiton aceris

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus aceris Modeer, 1778: 21. Notes: This species is now known as a whitefly (see Martin et al. 2000; Martin & Mound, 2007).

Coccus aceris Goeze, 1778: 345. Described: W. Notes: Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 6) regarded Goeze's species as a primary homonym and synonym of Coccus aceris Modeer.

Aleyrodes asari

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus asari Schrank, 1801: 145.

Aleyrodes proletella

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus prenanthis Schrank, 1801: 147. Notes: prenanthis Schrank 1801: 147, Coccus Signoret (1869: 867) assigned this species to Aleurodes [sic] because Schrank described the male with four wings. Current status: this name is a junior synonym of the whitefly Aleyrodes proletella (Linnaeus) (see: Martin et al., 2000; Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009).

Allokermes galliformis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus galliformis Riley, 1881: 482.

Allokermes gillettei

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus gillettei Cockerell, 1895f: 100.

Allokermes nivalis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus nivalis Cockerell, 1898q: 330. Notes: Cockerell (1929: 150) assigned this species to Coccus. Current status: Allokermes nivalis (King & Cockerell) (Family Kermesidae).

Amonostherium rorismarinis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus rorismarinis Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 217.

Aonidia lauri

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus (Aspidiotus) lauri Nördlinger, 1855: 517. Notes: Nördlinger (1855: 517) listed this combination. Current status: Aonidia lauri (Bouché) (Family Diaspididae).

Coccus lauri Wünn, 1913: 259. Notes: Wünn (1913: 259) first used this combination. Current status: Aonidia lauri (Bouché) (Family Diaspididae).

Aphidoidea adelgid

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus pinicorticis Fitch, 1855c: 107. Notes: pinicorticis Fitch 1855b: 107–109, Coccus Current status: Signoret (1877: 671) and Victor F. Eastop (Natural History Museum, London, personal communication) suggested that it could be a species of Adelgidae (Aphidoidea) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 37).

Aphidoidea species

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus strobi Baerensprung, 1849: 174. Notes: Fernald (1903b: 330) regarded this species as an aphid.

Aspidiotus nerii

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus (Aspidiotus) nerii Nõrdlinger, 1855: 517.

Coccus hederae Signoret, 1869: 856. Notes: Signoret listed C. hederae under Aspidiotus hederae Vallot, 1829, but neither name was published by Vallot; see Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1999) Current status: Aspidiotus nerii Bouche (Family Diaspididae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 25).

Coccus limonii Murray, 1871: 342. Notes: Current status: Williams & Ben-Dov (2007: 27) treated this name as a junior synonym of Aspidiotus hederae Vallot = A. nerii Bouché (Family Diaspididae).

Coccus (Aspidiotus) palmarum Taschenberg, 1880. Notes: palmarum Taschenberg, 1880, Coccus (Aspidiotus) Lindinger (1932: 201) regarded the species as identical to Aspidiotus hederae [=Aspidiotus nerii Bouché] (Family Diaspididae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 35).

Coccus (Aspidiotus) nerii Frank, 1896: 177.

Aspidiotus pandani

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus pandani Boisduval, 1868a: 301. Notes: pandani Boisduval (1868a: 301), Coccus Fernald (1903: 270) listed this name in error for Chermes pandai under Aspidiotus pandani (Boisduval), while Borchsenius (1966: 370) regarded Aspidiotus pandani (Boisduval) incertae sedis (Family Diaspididae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 35).

Asterodiaspis variolosa

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus variolosus Ratzeburg, 1870: 187.

Coccus quercicola Eckstein, 1897: 556. Notes: quercicola Eckstein, 1897: 556, Coccus Current status: Fernald (1903: 54) listed this name as a junior synonym of Asterolecanium variolosum (Ratzeburg) now Asterodiaspis variolosa (Ratzeburg) (Family Asterolecaniidae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 39).

Asterolecanium eburneum

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus eburneum Heyden, 1860: 90. Notes: See Williama & Ben-Dov (2009: 20).

Aulacaspis rosae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus rosae Virey, 1821: 207. Described: female. Notes: Transferred by Williams, Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (2009) to the Diaspididae as a nomen oblitum and synonym of Aulacaspis rosae (Bouché, 1833.

Coccus rosae Ratzeburg, 1852: 196, 254. Notes: rosae (Bouché) Coccus Ratzeburg (1852: 196, 254) listed this combination. Current status: Aulacaspis rosae (Bouché) (Family Diaspididae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 41).

Coccus (Aspidiotus) rosae Ratzeburg, 1852: 196, 254.

Carulaspis visci

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus visci Schrank, 1781: 296.

Cerataphis lataniae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus lataniae Boisduval, 1867: 355. Notes: Current status: Cerataphis lataniae (Boisduval, 1867), in the Aphidoidea; see Eastop & Hille Ris Lambers (1976).

Chanaurococcus trifolii

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus trifolii Forbes, 1885a: 72.

Chionaspis furfura

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus harrisii Walsh, 1866: 31. Notes: Ferris (1937a: 18) treated this name as a junior synonym of Chionaspis furfura (Fitch) (Family Diaspididae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 25).

Chionaspis salicis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus salicis Linnaeus, 1758: 456.

Coccus (Aspidiotus) salicis Ratzeburg, 1844: 195. Notes: salicis (Linnaeus), Coccus (Aspidiotus). Ratzeburg (1844: 195) made this change of combination. Current status: Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus) (Family Diaspididae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 42).

Coccus (Aspidiotus) mytilus Glaser, 1877: 49. Notes: Glaser (1886) introduced this combination. Current status: Lindinger (1932: 179) treated this name as a junior synonym of Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus), while Borchsenius (1966: 369) treated it as incertae sedis (Family Diaspididae).

Coccus salicis aurilliae Masi, 1931: 423. Removed from family by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 42. Notes: salicis auriliae Masi 1931: 423, Coccus Masi introduced this name without a description when listing parasites. Current status: the name is a nomen nudum possibly placed with Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 42).

Coccus diacopeis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus diacopeis Anderson, 1788: 4. Notes: Transferred by Williams (2002) to the family Pseudococcidae, but not assigned to any of the valid genera.

Coccus erion

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus erion Anderson, 1787g: 2. Notes: Transferred by Williams (2002) to the family Pseudococcidae, but not assigned to any of the valid genera.

Coccus koleos

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus koleos Anderson, 1787g: 1. Notes: Transferred by Williams (2002) to the family Pseudococcidae, but not assigned to any of the valid genera.

Coccus koleoo Atkinson, 1886: 298. Notes: koleoo Atkinson, 1886: 298, Coccus: Current status: A lapsus for koleos Anderson (1787b: 1).See Williams (2002) and Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 28).

Coccus trichodes

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus trichodes Anderson, 1787e: 4. Notes: Transferred by Williams (2002) to the family Pseudococcidae, but not assigned to any of the valid genera.

Conchaspis capensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus capensis Linnaeus, 1758: 740. Described: female and first instar. Notes: Current status: (Conchaspis capensis) (Linnaeus, 1763) in the Conchaspididae.

Cryptococcus fagisuga

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus fagi Baerensprung, 1849: 174. Notes: Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 21) discussed the status of this name.

Coccus fagi Walker, 1852: 1086. Notes: See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 21).

Dactylopius bassi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus bassi Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 25. Notes: Current status: Dactylopius bassi (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867) in Dactylopiidae.

Dactylopius ceylonicus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus indicus Green, 1908a: 28.

Dactylopius coccus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus sativus Lancry, 1791: 486. Notes: sativus Lancry, 1791: 486, Coccus Current status: De Lotto (1974: 179) treated this name as a junior synonym of Dactylopius coccus Costa (Family Dactylopiidae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 42).

Coccus mexicanus Lamarck, 1801: 299.

Coccus cacti domestica Meunier, 1884: 19. Notes: See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 12).

Dactylopius confusus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus tomentosus confusus Cockerell, 1898v: 675.

Coccus tomentosus newsteadi Cockerell, 1898v: 675.

Coccus newsteadii MacGillivray, 1921: 104. Notes: MacGillivray (1921: 104) applied this name as a misspelling of the species epithet. Current status: a junior synonym of Dactylopius confusus (Cockerell) (Family Dactylopiidae).

Coccus (Dactylopius) greeni Cockerell, 1929: 329.

Dactylopius opuntiae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus opuntiae Müller, 1863: 305. Notes: Müller (1863: 305) discussed a species under this name at a meeting. Current status: probably Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Family Dactylopiidae).

Coccus opuntiae newsteadi Cockerell, 1899a: 391. Notes: Cockerell (1899a: 391) introduced this change of status and combination. Current status: Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Family Dactylopiidae).

Dactylopius tomentosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus sylvestris Thiéry de Ménonville, 1787.

Coccus silvestris Lancry, 1791: 486. Notes: silvestris Lancry, 1791: 486, Coccus Current status: De Lotto (1974: 188) treated this name as a nomen oblitum of Dactylopius tomentosus (Lamarck) (Family Dactylopiidae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 43).

Coccus tomentosus Lamarck, 1801: 299.

Coccus cacti silvestris Meunier, 1884: 19.

Diaspis echinocacti

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus luteus Lancry, 1791: 484.

Coccus (Aspidiotus) echinocacti Nördlinger, 1855: 517. Notes: See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 20).

Coccus (Aspidiotus) echinocacti Frank, 1896: 175. Notes: See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 20).

Dynaspidiotus abietis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus pineti Schrank, 1801: 146.

Eriochiton hispidus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Eriochiton hispidus Maskell, 1887a: 47. Notes: Current status: Eriochiton hispidus Maskell in Eriococcidae (see Hodgson, 1994:177).

Eriochiton spinosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Ctenochiton spinosus Maskell, 1879: 212. Notes: Current status: Eriochiton spinosus (Maskell) in Eriococcidae (see Hodgson 1994: 189).

Lecanium armatus Brittin, 1915: 152. Notes: Current status: synonym of Eriochiton spinosus (Maskell, 1879) in the Eriococcidae (see Hodgson, 1994: 189).

Eriococcus spurius

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus ulmi Linnaeus, 1767: 740.

Coccus spurius Modeer, 1778: 43.

Coccus lanigera Gmelin, 1789: 2221. Notes: Current status: synonym of Eriococcus spurius Modeer, 1778, in the Eriococcidae.

Coccus gramuntii Planchon, 1864: 24.

Eriococcus thymi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus thymi Schrank, 1801: 146.

Eriococcus uvaeursi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus uvaeursi Linnaeus, 1761: 266.

Coccus vuaeursi Goeze, 1778: 340. Notes: vuaeursi Goeze, 1778: 340, Coccus This name is a Latin variant of uvaeursi. Current status: Eriococcus uvaeursi (Linnaeus) (Family Eriococcidae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 48).

Eriosoma lanigerum

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus mali Bingleyl, 1803. Notes: Current status: Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann, 1802), in the Aphidoidea; see Eastop & Hille Ris Lambers (1976).

Gossyparia spurius

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus ulmilanatus Goeze, 1778: 345. Notes: ulmilanatus Goeze 1778: 345, Coccus The name was published as vlmilanatus. Current status: Kirkaldy (1910: 122) listed this as Gossyparia spurius (Modeer, 1778) and added that he did not know which had priority (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 47).

Gueriniella seratulae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus seratula Signoret, 1869: 872. Notes: serratula Fabricius, ?Coccus Current status: Signoret (1869: 872) listed this name as a misspelling for Coccus serratulae (Family Monophlebidae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 43).

Gueriniella serratulae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus serratulae fabricius, 1775: 744.

Coccus hirticornis Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 203.

Coccus picridis Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 201.

Coccus fabae Guérin-Méneville, 1852: 324.

Icerya seychellarum seychellarum

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus sacchari Guérin-Méneville, 1867: 451.

Insect cryptus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus cryptus Kawall, 1867: 122. Removed from family by Signoret, 1870: 108. Notes: Signoret (1870: 108) suggested that it was an Hymenopteron, and this was accepted by Fernald (1903b: 33). Current status: Insect cryptus, not a scale insect (Coccoidea), more likely the eggs of an insect or a mite.

Coccus cryptus Fernald, 1903b: 330. Notes: Fernald (1903b: 330) listed this name and suggested that it was "a Hymenopteron", while misspelling the author's name as Kawall (1867).

Kermes ceriferus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus ehrhorni Cockerell, 1929: 150. Notes: See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 20).

Kermes gibbosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus gibbosus Signoret, 1875: 552.

Kermes himalayensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus himalayensis Green, 1909: 10.

Kermes ilicis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus ilicis Linnaeus, 1758: 455.

Coccus quercus ilicis Gmelin, P.F., 1766: 45.

Coccus (Lecanium) ilicis Frank, 1896: 175.

Kermes miyasakii

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus miyasakii Cockerell, 1929: 150.

Kermes nakagawae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus nakagawae Kuwana, 1902: 49.

Kermes nawae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus nawae Kuwana, 1902: 49.

Kermes quercus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus reniformis Latreille, 1804: 309.

Coccus dryoceris Amyot, 1848: 552. Notes: The name is an inadmissible change of rank from the generic name Dryoceris Amyot 1848 (Family Kermesidae) (See Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 20).

Kermes roboris

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus quercus roboris Modeer, 1778: 24. Notes: quercus roboris Modeer, 1778: 24, Coccus This trinomen must give way to Chermes roboris Fourcroy. Current status: Kermes roboris (Fourcroy) (Family Kermesidae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009:40).

Coccus variegatus Gmelin, 1790: 2221. Notes: variegatus Gmelin, 1790: 2221, Coccus Current status: Bodenheimer (1931: 243) treated this name as a junior synonym of Kermes roboris (Fourcroy) (Family Kermesidae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 47).

Coccus quercus fuscus Fernald, 1903b: 188. Notes: quercus fuscus Modeer, Coccus Current status: Fernald (1903: 188) listed this as Coccus quercus fuscus Modeer but this was in error for Coccus quercus roboris Modeer (Modeer, 1788: 24) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 40).

Coccus pallidus Cockerell, 1929: 150. Notes: pallidus (Signoret, 1875: 553), Coccus Cockerell (1929: 150) introduced this combination. Current status: Kermes roboris (Fourcroy) (Family Kermesidae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 35).

Kermes roboris variegattus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus quercus variegattus Goeze, 1778: 345. Notes: quercus variegattus Goeze, 1778: 345, Coccus This name is a trinomen and, although it precedes Coccus variegatus Gmelin, 1790: 2221, Gmelin’s name is the valid one. Both names are junior synonyms of Chermes roboris Fourcroy. Current status: Kermes roboris (Fourcroy) (see Miller et al. 2005) (Family Kermesidae).

Kermes siamensis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus siamensis Cockerell, 1929: 150.

Kermes vastus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus vastus Cockerell, 1929: 150.

Kermes vermilio

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus vermilio Cockerell, 1929: 150.

Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus ficus Fabricius, 1787: 319. Notes: Current status: synonym of Kerria lacca (Kerr) in the Kerriidae.

Leach aquaticus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus aquaticus Gmelin, P.F., 1766: 40. Notes: This species is, apparently, a leach (See Williams & Beno-Dov, 2009: 9).

Lepidoptera luzena

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus luzena Barnes, 1905: 216.

Lepidosaphes gloveri

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus gloverii Essig, 1931: 872.

Lepidosaphes gloverii

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus gloveri Essig, 1931: 872.

Lepidosaphes newsteadi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus mytiliformis Heyden, 1894: 183. Notes: Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 33) noted that the name Coccus mytiliformis Heyden should be placed with Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Šulc) (Family Diaspididae).

Lepidosaphes ulmi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus ulmi Linnaeus, 1758: 455.

Coccus linearis Modeer, 1778: 22. Notes: Current status: Fernald (1903: 314) treated this name as a junior synonym of Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) (Family Diaspididae).

Coccus vlmi Goeze, 1778: 335. Notes: vlmi Goeze, 1778: 335, Coccus This name is a Latin variant of ulmi (Family Diaspididae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 48).

Leucaspis pini

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus pini Hartig, 1839: 602.

Coccus pini Ratzeburg, 1852: 195,196,253.

Nanokermes pubescens

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus pubescens Cockerell, 1929: 150. Notes: pubescens (Bogue, 1898: 172), Coccus Cockerell (1929: 150) made this combination. Current status: Nanokermes pubescens (Bogue) (Family Kermesidae).

Newsteadia floccosa

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus uva Modeer, 1778: 32.

Newsteadia floccosus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus floccosus De Geer, 1778: 604.

Nidularia pulvinata

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus pulvinatus Planchon, 1864: 25.

Coccus pulvinata Signoret, 1869: 868.

Not Hemipteron ceratiformis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus ceratiformis Butler, 1876. Notes: Fernald (1903b: 330) and Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 15) regarded this species as "not a hemipteron".

Orthezia urticae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus gleochomae Burmeister, 1835: 77.

Coccus glecomae Giard, 1898: 10.

Coccus glecomae Fernald, 1903b: 34.

Ortheziidae species

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus termitinus Menge, 1856: 17. Notes: termitinus Menge 1856: 17, Coccus This species is represented by an adult male inclusion in Baltic amber of Tertiary–Eocene. The Latin species name means “looking like a termite”. Current status: Koteja (2000: 208) lists this as a species incertae sedis, and maybe a derived member of the family Ortheziidae (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 45).

Palaeococcus fuscipennis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus fuscipennis Burmeister, 1835: 80.

Phenacoccus aceris

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus farinosus alni De Geer, 1776: 442. Notes: See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 21).

Pineus strobus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus strobus Hartig, 1837. Notes: Current status: Pineus strobus (Hartig, 1837), in the Aphidoidea; see Eastop & Hille Ris Lambers (1976).

Coccus strobi Baerensprung, 1849: 174. Notes: Current status: Pineus strobus (Hartig, 1837), in the Aphidoidea; see Eastop & Hille Ris Lambers (1976).

Pinnaspis buxi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus (Diaspis) vandalicus Reimer, 1890: 278. Notes: vandalicus Reimer, 1890: 278, Coccus (Diaspis) Current status: Cockerell (1893: 38) treated this name as a junior synonym of Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché) (Family Diaspididae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 47).

Planococcus citri

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus tuliparum Bouché, 1844: 301.

Planococcus ficus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus vitis Nedzelskii, 1869. Notes: vitis Nedzilskii, Coccus of authors Current status: Cox & Ben-Dov (1986: 483) treated this name as a synonym of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Family Pseudococcidae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 48).

Planococcus vovae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus gossipifera Rondani, 1874: 43.

Pollinia pollini

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus pollini Costa, A., 1857: 77.

Porphyrophora hamelii

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus radicis Meyer, 1854: 336-358.

Coccus hameli Jakubski, 1965: 43. Notes: Jakubski (1965: 43) listed this name and quoted a publication by Miklosch when referring to Porphyrophora hamelii (Brandt). We have been unable to see the publication by Miklosch but it is possibly Miklosch, F. de, Die slavischen MonatsnamenWien, In Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Der Wissenchaften Wien. Current status: Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt (Family Margarodidae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 25)..

Porphyrophora polonica

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus pilosellae Linnaeus, 1758: 456.

Coccus polonicus Linnaeus, 1758: 456.

Coccus tinctorius La Chenaye-Desbois, 1759: 240. Notes: tinctorius La Chenaye-Desbois, 1759, 2: 240, Coccus Current status: La Chenaye-Desbois applied this name to the “Graine de Pologne” or the “Cochenille du Nord”. The name tinctorius was used by some pre-Linnaeus 1758 authors as Coccus tinctorius radicum, more importantly by Breyn [Breynius], and this trinomen was listed in synonymy by Linnaeus (1758) under Coccus polonicus Linnaeus; for works by Breyn see Williams (2007). Lindinger (1954: 615) listed La Chenaye-Desbois’ binomen among names applied to Coccionella polonica (now Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus) (Family Margarodidae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 45-46).

Coccus potentillae Gmelin, S.G., 1770: 42.

Coccus potentillae Mayer, 1779: 184. Notes: Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 38) noted "potentillae Mayer 1779: 184, Coccus. Current status: This name was published after Gmelin’s (1770). Fernald (1903: 327) listed the species as unrecognisable. Kaltenbach (1860: 254) gave the name as a junior synonym of Coccus fragaraiae Gmelin, 1790. Lindinger (1914: 245) suggested it might be Margarodes polonicus (Family Margarodidae) or Asterolecanium fimbriatus (Family Asterolecaniidae). We have been unable to see the work by Mayer."

Coccus hypericornis Gmaelin, J.F., 1790: 2219. Notes: See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 26).

Coccus radicum Beckmann, 1790: 3.

Coccus hyperici Pallas, 1801: 21. Notes: See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 26).

Coccus scleranthi Virey, 1821b: 523. Notes: Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 42-43), provided this information: scleranthi Virey, 1821a: 523, Coccus. Virey listed this name as the same as Coccus polonicus Linnaeus and credited the name to Fabricius. We have no evidence that Fabricius listed this name. Lindinger (1954:615) added the name authored by La Chenaye- Desbois (1759: 675) to a list of names applied to Coccionella polonica (L.). Current status: We have seen this work but La Chenaye-Desbois was referring to works by Linnaeus pre-1758, later applied by Linnaeus (1758) to Coccus polonicus Linnaeus, now Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus) (Family Margarodidae).

Coccus polonum Brandes, 1824. Notes: Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 38) commented on this species "polonum Brandes 1824, Coccus, Current status: Lindinger (1954: 615) included this binomen in a list of names applied to Coccionella polonica. We have not seen the publication by Brandes (1824)".

Coccus polonica Frank, 1896: 175.

Pseudochermes fraxini

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus fraxini Kaltenbach, 1860.

Pseudococcidae microogenes

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus microogenes Anderson, 1787g: 1. Notes: Transferred by Williams (2002) to the family Pseudococcidae, but not assigned to any of the valid genera.

Coccus microgenes Fernald, 1903b: 326.

Pseudococcidae oogenes

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus oogenes Anderson, 1787g: 2. Notes: Transferred by Williams (2002) to the family Pseudococcidae, but not assigned to any of the valid genera.

Pseudococcidae species

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus phalaridis Linnaeus, 1758: 456. Removed from family by Williams, 2007b: 449.

Coccus narcodes Anderson, 1788a: 2. Notes: Transferred by Williams (2002) to the family Pseudococcidae, but not assigned to any of the valid genera.

Pseudococcus longispinus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus laurinus Boisduval, 1867: 353.

Coccus (Dactylopius) longifilis Boas, 1906: 65.

Pseudococcus sorghiellus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus sorghiellus Forbes, 1885: 71.

Pseudococcus species

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus purpuratus Dalman, 1826: 363. Notes: Fernald (1903b: 327) listed this available name among the unrecognizable species, with an indication "A Pseudococcus". Depository of type material unknown (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 39).

Pseudococcus zamiae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus zamiae Lucas, 1855: cvii.

Puto avitus

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus avitus Menge, 1856: 17. Notes: Current status: Puto avitus (Menge, 1856) in Pseudococcidae (Koteja, 2000c).

Spilococcus mamillariae

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus mamillariae Bouché, 1844: 302.

Coccus mamilariae Boisduval, 1867: 353.

Tachardiella resinata

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Lecanium resinatum Kieffer & Herbst, 1909: 122. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.

Tetraneura ulmi

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus zeae-maydis Dufour, 1824: 203. Notes: Current status: Tetraneura ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758), in the Aphidoidea; see Eastop & Hille Ris Lambers (1976).

Trabutina mannipara

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus manniparus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829: 1.

Coccus manniferus Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 128.

Trioza remota

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus folii-quercus Sulzer, 1776: 112. Notes: Burckhardt, Ben-Dov & Williams (2009) concluded that Coccus folii-quercus Sulzer, 1776 was a member of the Psylloidea, identical to Trioza remota Foerster, 1848. In order to preserve stability, Trioza remota Foerster, 1848, was regarded nomen protectum, and Coccus folii-quercus Sulzer, 1776, nomen oblitum, and syn. nov.

Vryburgia amaryllidis

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus liliacearum Bouché, 1844: 300.

Coccus liliaceorum Signoret, 1869: 860. Notes: Signoret (1869: 860) listed this as a misspelling of the species epithet. Current status: a junior synonym of Vryburgia amaryllidis (Bouché) (Family Pseudococcidae).

Walkeriana florigera

No valid record found for this species

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus floriger Walker, 1858: 305.

Coccus laniger Kirby, 1891: 175. Notes: See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 28).