Family Cerococcidae
Asterococcus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Asterococcus Borchsenius, 1960d: 113-115. Type species: Asterococcus schimae Borchsenius, by original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: This genus was long considered to be an Asterolecaniidae. Lambdin (1983) states that this genus is represented in the Ethiopian (South African), Oriental and Palearctic regions.
STRUCTURE: The primary characteristics of this genus are common to Cerococcus and Solenophora but there are differences in the size and dorsal arrangement of 8-shaped pores, number of anal ring setae, and the structure of tests of the adult female (Lambdin, 1983).
KEYS: Wang 2001: 504 (female) [Key genera of Cerococcidae]; Wang 1980: 138 (adult) [Asterococcus species]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 14 (female) [Adult females of the three genera of Cerococcidae]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1976: 35 (female) [Genera of the family Cerococcidae].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 147]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, taxonomy: 113-115]; Cocker1909 [taxonomy: 55]; Granar1996 [taxonomy: 235]; Kawai1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 155]; Kawai1980 [description, taxonomy: 173]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; Lambdi1983 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 297-308]; Lambdi1987 [distribution, taxonomy: 100]; LambdiKo1977a [taxonomy: 1, 5]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 19]; Paik1978 [taxonomy: 277]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 214]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy: 73]; Wang1980 [taxonomy: 137-138]; Wang1994 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 240-241]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 505-506].
Asterococcus atratus WangNOMENCLATURE:
Asterococcus atratus Wang, 1980: 140-141. Type data: CHINA:. Unknown type status. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: unknown. Illust.
HOSTS: Lauraceae: Cinnamomum sp. [TangHa1995]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Wang2001], Gordonia sp. [Hua2000], Thea sinensis [TangHa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Wang1980], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Wang1980]).
KEYS: Wang 2001: 506 [Key to Chinese species of Asterococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 215 (female) [Species of Asterococcus]; Wang 1994: 241 (female); Wang 1980: 138 (female).
CITATIONS: Hua2000 [distribution, host: 139-140]; Lambdi1983 [taxonomy: 297]; TangHa1995 [description, host, taxonomy: 215, 216]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 37]; Wang1980 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 138, 140-141]; Wang1994 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 241, 246]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 506, 511-512].
Asterococcus muratae (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus muratae Kuwana, 1907: 180. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, on Viburnum odoratissimum, 16/04/1906 by S.I. Kuwana. Holotype female. Type depository: Tokyo: Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Tachikawa, Japan. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in USNM.
Solenophora muratae; Cockerell, 1909: 55. Change of combination.
Solenococcus muratae; Sanders, 1909a: 36. Change of combination.
Asterococcus pyri Borchsenius, 1960d: 118-120. Type data: GEORGIA: Abkhazie, on Pyrus sp., 23/10/1934, by A. Shorkin. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Lambdin, 1983: 298.
Asterococcus muratae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 128. Change of combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Microterys postmarginis [XuCh2000], Microterys zhaoi [XuCh2000], Watersonia elegans [Paik1978].
HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex oldhami [Lambdi1983]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum odoratissimum [Kuwana1907]. Celastraceae: Euonymus sp. [Kawai1977]. Cornaceae: Cornus sp. [Kawai1977]. Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus japonicus [Kawai1977]. Lauraceae: Machilius sp. [Lambdi1983]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia officinalis [XuCh2000]. Moraceae: Ficus sp. [Lambdi1983]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Tao1999], Malus pumila [Hua2000], Pyrus scorotina [Sakai1935], Rosa sp. [Wang1981TC]. Rutaceae: Citrus sp. [Tao1999]. Ternstroemiaceae: Ternstroemia mokof [Paik1978]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [Paik1978], Eurya japonica [Kawai1977], Thea sinensis [Tao1999]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Lambdi1983].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Hua2000], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Tao1999], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Tao1999], Yunnan [Hua2000], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [ChenWo1936]). Palaearctic: China (Shandong (=Shantung) [Hua2000], Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1981TC]); Georgia (Abkhaz ASSR [Danzig1972]); Japan (Honshu [Kuwana1907], Kyushu [Lambdi1983], Shikoku [Tachik1971]); USSR [Borchs1960d].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription and illustration by Lambdin (1983).
STRUCTURE: Test of the adult female is barnacle shaped, with several white bands which radiate from the cone. Subtransparent brownish red in color, the posterior end bears a tube like projection. Adult female is strongly chitinized and ends with two prominent lobes. Larva is elliptical and distinctly segmented (Kuwana, 1907).
SYSTEMATICS: Lambdin (1983) agrees with Borchsenius (1960d) that this species is most closely related to A. schimae.
KEYS: Wang 2001: 506 [as Asterococcus pyri; Key to Chinese species of Asterococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 215 (female) [Species of Asterococcus]; Wang 1994: 241 (female) [as Asterococcus pyri]; Lambdin 1983: 307 (female) [Species of Asterococcus]; Borchsenius 1960d: 115 (female) [as Asterococcus pyri; Asterococcus species of the USSR]; Borchsenius 1950b: 131 (female) [Cerococcus species of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Borchs1937a [distribution, host: 172, 245]; Borchs1950b [distribution, taxonomy: 131]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 118-120, 128]; Borchs1963a [distribution, host: 86]; Borchs1973 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 86]; ChenWo1936 [distribution, host: 96]; Cocker1909 [taxonomy: 55]; Danzig1972 [distribution, taxonomy: 198]; Green1919 [host: 270]; Hua2000 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 140]; HuHeWa1992 [distribution, illustration: 182]; Kawai1972 [distribution, taxonomy: 18]; Kawai1977 [distribution, host: 152, 160, 161, 163, 164]; Kawai1980 [description, taxonomy: 173]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 248]; Koteja1974b [distribution, taxonomy: 78]; Koteja1976 [structure: 272]; KotejaLi1976 [structure: 667]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, taxonomy: 35]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; Kuwana1907 [distribution, host: 180]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 5]; Lambdi1983 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 298-301]; LambdiKo1977a [taxonomy: 1]; Lindin1914 [taxonomy: 116]; Lindin1928 [distribution, host: 370]; Paik1978 [biological control, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 277-279]; Pierce1917 [economic importance: 130, 219]; Sakai1935 [distribution, host: 298]; Sander1909a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 36]; Sassce1913 [taxonomy: 109]; Tachik1955 [distribution: 52]; Tachik1971 [distribution, host: 34]; Takaha1956c [distribution, host: 4]; Tamaki1969 [chemistry: 90]; Tang1977 [description, distribution, host: 49]; TangHa1995 [description, host, taxonomy: 215]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 37]; Wang1981TC [distribution, host: 287]; Wang1994 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 241, 242-243]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 505, 506-507]; XuCh2000 [biological control, distribution, host: 101, 105]; Yang1982 [distribution, host: 139].
Asterococcus oblatus Xue & ZhangNOMENCLATURE:
Asterococcus oblatus Xue & Zhang, 1990: 36-40. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, Kunming, on Michelis fuscata, ?/07/1987 and ?/04/1988. Holotype female. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Betulaceae: Alnus cremastogyne [TangHa1995]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia fuscata [XueZh1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Tao1999], Yunnan [XueZh1990]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Original description and illustration by Xue & Zhang (1990).
SYSTEMATICS: Asterococcus oblatus is similar to A. schimae, but can be distinguished as follows: developed female tests are flat globose, top is concave; dorsal smaller 8-shaped pores are more numerous and spaced throughout cephalothorax and anterior abdominal segments; on the dorsal posterior abdominal segments the large 8-shaped pores are arranged in 2 transverse bands, the first band is 4-8 pores wide, with a wavy posterior margin, some small 8-shaped pores are scattered between them (Xue & Zhang, 1990).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 216 (female) [Species of Asterococcus].
CITATIONS: TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 218-219]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 37]; XueZh1990 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 36-40].
Asterococcus ovoides (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Pollinia ovoides Cockerell, 1901l: 225. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Durban, on unknown host, by Fuller. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin, 1983: 301. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female, male and first instar.
Cerococcus ovoides; Ferris, 1918b: 332. Change of combination. Notes: Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) and Lambdin (1983) credit Green (1909a) as having moved P. ovoides Cockerell into the genus Cerococcus, but Green merely made the suggestion and Ferris (1918b) actually made the new combination.
Cerococcus ovoïdes; Balachowsky, 1932d: 34. Misspelling of species name.
Asterococcus ovoides; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 1. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Spirostachys africana [MunroFo1936]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [MunroFo1936], Ficus sp. [Lambdi1983]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Cocker1901l].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin (1983).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is pale brown with four longitudinal stripes of white secretion converging to the top of the scale. When soaked in potash, female turns a deep orange brown color. Male is yellowish or pink (Cockerell, 1901l). Female test is sacklike and globose, yellowish brown with the first instar exuviae positioned on middorsal area. A pair of white waxy bands is visible on each side extending from exuviae to base of test. Male test is elliptical and also yellowish brown in color, minute median carina composed of 5-6 series of waxy tubercles and with 5-6 corresponding transverse ridges (Lambdin, 1983).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 215 (female) [Species of Asterococcus]; Lambdin 1983: 307 (female) [Species of Asterococcus]; Brain 1920: 119 (female) [as Cerococcus ovoides; South African species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Brain1920 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 119]; Cocker1901l [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 225]; Ferris1918b [description: 332]; Green1909a [distribution, taxonomy: 340]; Hall1935a [taxonomy: 219]; Lambdi1983 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 301-303]; LambdiKo1977a [taxonomy: 1]; MunroFo1936 [distribution, host: 34, 76]; TangHa1995 [description, host, taxonomy: 215, 219-220].
Asterococcus quercicola BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Asterococcus quercicola Borchsenius, 1960d: 124-128. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Mutszian, on Fagaceae, 03/03/1955, by Liao Den-si. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fagaceae [Ali1970a], Quercus [Tao1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Hua2000], Yunnan [Ali1970a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE: Adult female short and pear shaped. Covering of the female convex, almost hemispherical, yellowish brown with white radial bands. First stage larvae elongate oval and narrowed to the posterior end (Borchsenius, 1960d).
SYSTEMATICS: The female is differentiated from other members of the genus by the absence of multilocular glands on the abdominal segments and also by the small size of the paired glands (Borchsenius, 1960d).
KEYS: Wang 2001: 506 [Key to Chinese species of Asterococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 215 (female) [Species of Asterococcus]; Wang 1994: 241 (female); Lambdin 1983: 307 (female) [Species of Asterococcus]; Wang 1980: 138 (female); Borchsenius 1960d: 115 (female) [Asterococcus species of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host: 148]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 124-128]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 140]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 36]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; Lambdi1983 [taxonomy: 297, 303, 307]; ShiLi1991 [host: 162]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 215, 220-221]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 40]; Wang1980 [description: 141]; Wang1994 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 241, 245-246]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 506, 509-511]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 139].
Asterococcus ramakrishnai (Ramakrishna Ayyar)NOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus ramakrishnae Ramachandran & Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1934: 86. Nomen nudum.
Cerococcus ramakrishnae Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1936a: 148. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, on rootlets of Ficus sp., by Ramakrishna. Lectotype female (examined), by subsequent designation Miller & Gimpel, 1999: 216. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Notes: The lectotype is the center specimen of three on one slide. There are 3 paralectotypes.
Asterococcus ramakrishnai Lambdin, 1983: 304-306. Type data: INDIA: Madras, Coimbatore, Bombay, on aerial roots of Ficus sp., 28/09/1903, by G. Compere. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 1385. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Miller & Gimpel, 1999: 216. Homonym. Notes: In addition to the holotype, there are four slides of paratypes and two boxes of dry material in the USNM. Type material also in VPIC.
Asterococcus ramakrishnai; Miller & Gimpel, 1999: 216. Justified emendation.
HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus bengalensis [RamachRa1934], Ficus religiosa [Lambdi1983], Ficus sp. [Lambdi1983]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Maharashtra [Lambdi1983], Odisha [Lambdi1983], Tamil Nadu [Lambdi1983], Tamil Nadu [RamachRa1934]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin (1983).
STRUCTURE: Body of adult female is pyriform (Lambdin, 1983).
SYSTEMATICS: Ramakrishna (1936a) states "Cerococcus ramakrishnae sp. nov.(Green Ms.). This new species is related to C.ovicoides Cockl., from which it is distinguished mainly by its larger size. Specimens of this species were taken on rootlets of Ficus sp., at Coimbatore." Since this treatment includes a description (abbreviated as it may be), C. ramakrishnae must be considered an available name. It is clear that Ramakrishna did not realize that he was making the name available and describing it after himself. Lambdin apparently knew of the manuscript name of Green's but did not realize that the description by Ramakrishna (1936a) was valid and therefore described the species as new himself. When doing so, he corrected the spelling of the species epithet from "ramakrishnae" to "ramakrishnai" and moved the species from Cerococcus to Asterococcus. Lambdin also states that Asterococcus ramakrishnai is closely related to A. ovicoides.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 215 (female) [Species of Asterococcus]; Lambdin 1983: 307 (female) [Species of Asterococcus].
CITATIONS: Lambdi1983 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 304-306]; MillerGi1999 [taxonomy: 216]; RamachRa1934 [distribution, host: 86]; Ramakr1936 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 351]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 215, 221-222]; Varshn1967a [taxonomy: 78].
Asterococcus schimae BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Asterococcus schimae Borchsenius, 1960d: 120-124. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, Chekan district, 1920m above sea level, on Schima wallichii, 17/05/1955. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Araliaceae: Schefflera sp. [Wang1981TC]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora [Hua2000]. Rosaceae: Rosa sp. [Tao1999]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [Tao1999]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Hua2000], Schima wallichii [Ali1970a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Hua2000], Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Hua2000], Hunan [Tao1999], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Hua2000], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Hua2000], Yunnan [Ali1970a], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Hua2000]). Palaearctic: China (Xizang (=Tibet) [Tao1999]).
BIOLOGY: This species was observed in masses on host (Borchsenius, 1960d).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE: Adult female pear shaped. Cover of female strongly convex, often irregularly conical, dirty brown with narrow whitish bands. Cocoon of male nymph elongate oval, yellowish white, with a distinct longitudinal keel and many transverse grooves, surface with tiny projecting threads. First stage larva elongate oval and narrowed to the posterior end (Borchsenius, 1960d).
KEYS: Wang 2001: 506 [Key to Chinese species of Asterococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 216 (female) [Species of Asterococcus]; Wang 1994: 241 (female); Lambdin 1983: 307 (female) [Species of Asterococcus]; Wang 1980: 138 (female); Borchsenius 1960d: 115 (female) [Asterococcus species of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 148]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 120-124]; Borchs1963a [illustration: 42, 43]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 140]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 36]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; Lambdi1983 [taxonomy: 297, 307]; ShiLi1991 [host: 162]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 214-215, 222]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 40]; Wang1980 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 138-140]; Wang1981TC [distribution, host: 287]; Wang1994 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 241, 244-245]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 505, 506, 508-509]; Yang1982 [illustration, taxonomy: 139].
Asterococcus scleroglutaeus Xue & ShiNOMENCLATURE:
Asterococcus scleroglutaeus Xue & Shi, 1992: 183-186. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan, Chengdu. Holotype female. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum odoratissimum [XueSh1992]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [XueSh1992]. Rosaceae: Stranvaesia davidiana [XueSh1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hunan [XueSh1992], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [XueSh1992]).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 216 (female) [Species of Asterococcus].
CITATIONS: HuHeWa1992 [distribution, illustration: 183]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 216, 222-223]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 40]; XueSh1992 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 183-186].
Asterococcus yunnanensis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Asterococcus yunnanensis Borchsenius, 1960d: 115-117. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, Kunming, on Gardenia sp., 4/06/1957. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Alangiaceae: Alangium sp. [Hua2000]. Juglandaceae: Pterocarya stenoptera [PPGCAB1982]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora [Hua2000]. Rosaceae: Rosa sp. [Ali1970a]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia sp. [Ali1970a]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) [Hua2000], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [PPGCAB1982, Hua2000], Yunnan [Ali1970a]). Palaearctic: China (Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1988]).
BIOLOGY: The scale insect has 1 generation a year and overwintered in the egg stage from January to April. Larvae appeared from early April to late May, and adults from June to November. Oviposition took place from early December to January. The most susceptible stage for control measures was the young larva (Plant Protection Group, 1982).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1960d). First instar illustration and description provided in Chinese (PPGCAB1982).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is short and pear shaped. Covering of female is more or less conical, yellowish brown, with white narrow radial bands. First stage larva is elongate egg shaped, narrowed to the posterior end (Borchsenius, 1960d).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is near A. schimae and can be differentiated from it by the absence of paired glands among the disk glands that form the spiracular furrow, the presence of triple paired glands and also the broad sclerotized rim of the paired glands (Borchsenius, 1960d).
KEYS: Wang 2001: 506 [Key to Chinese species of Asterococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 216 (female) [Species of Asterococcus]; Wang 1994: 241 (female); Lambdin 1983: 307 (female) [Species of Asterococcus]; Borchsenius 1960d: 115 (female) [Asterococcus species of the USSR].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host: 148]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 115-117]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 140]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 36]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; Lambdi1983 [taxonomy: 297, 307]; PPGCAB1982 [distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 30-31]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 216, 224]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 40]; Wang1988 [taxonomy: 173]; Wang1994 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 241, 243]; Wang2001 [taxonomy: 506, 507-508]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 139].
Cerococcus ComstockNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus Comstock, 1882: 213. Type species: Cerococcus quercus Comstock, by monotypy.
Antecerococcus Green, 1901: 560. Type species: Antecerococcus punctiferus Green, by monotypy. Synonymy by Green, 1908: 41.
Phenacobryum Cockerell, 1902h: 114. Type species: Planchonia bryoides Maskell. Subsequently designated by Borchsenius, 1960d: 110. Synonymy by Green, 1908: 41.
Amelococcus Marchal, 1904: 557, 560. Type species: Amelococcus alluaudi Marchal, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 16.
Cercococcus Scott, 1907: 455. Type species: Cerococcus eremobius Scott, by monotypy. Synonymy by Green, 1908: 41.
Ccrococcus; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1919: 627. Misspelling of genus name.
Cerveoccus; Archangelskaya, 1930: 81. Misspelling of genus name.
Coricoccus Mahdihassan, 1933: 562. Type species: Coricoccus ornatus Green. Synonymy by Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 16. Notes: Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) state that Mahdihassan (1933) proposed Coricoccus ornatus as a substitute for Cerococcus ornatus Green.
Cerrococcus; Kiritchenko, 1936: 70. Misspelling of genus name.
Ceriococcus; Mahdihassan, 1946a: 197. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Stumpf & Lambdin (2002) used this genus as one of two outgroups in a phylogenetic analysis of spit scales (Asterolecaniidae).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is enclosed in a dense waxy test (Green, 1909a).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Ebeling (1959) cites this genus as being an avocado pest in Guatemala.
KEYS: Wang 2001: 504 (female) [Key genera of Cerococcidae]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 14 (female) [females of the three genera of Cerococcidae]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1976: 35 (female) [Genera of the family Cerococcidae]; Ferris 1955a: 14 (female) [Species of North American genera of Asterolecaniidae]; Ramakrishna Ayyar 1930: 52 (female) [South Indian Asterolecaniinae]; MacGillivray 1921: 187 (female) [Genera of Asterolecaniinae]; Cockerell 1899m: 276 (female) [Table for the determination of genera of Asterolecaniini]; Ashmead 1891: 95 (female) [Genera of Acanthococcini].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host: 148]; AnneckMy1981 [distribution: 13]; Archan1937 [taxonomy: 58]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 95]; Balach1929a [taxonomy: 306]; Balach1930b [description, distribution, taxonomy: 201]; Balach1932d [distribution, taxonomy: 33]; Balach1941a [taxonomy: 84]; Balach1942 [taxonomy: 44]; Balach1948b [taxonomy: 256]; BenDov1985 [distribution, illustration: 172]; Bodenh1935 [distribution: 243]; Bodenh1937 [distribution, taxonomy: 26, 27, 29]; Bodenh1953a [distribution, taxonomy: 139, 159]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy: 169]; Borchs1960d [description, taxonomy: 101, 104, 110]; Brain1918 [taxonomy: 110]; Brain1920 [description, taxonomy: 119]; BruesMeCa1954 [taxonomy: 165]; BrunerScOt1945 [distribution, host: 91]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy: 238]; ChackoDeRa1978 [biological control, distribution, host: 83-85]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 31]; Cocker1894v [distribution: 1050]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 324]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 276]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 6]; Cocker1902h [taxonomy: 114]; Comper1936 [host: 314]; Comsto1882 [distribution: 213]; Comsto1916 [description: 505]; Dekle1963a [distribution: 1]; DeSant1941 [biological control, distribution: 47]; DeSant1979 [biological control: 236, 316]; DicksoFl1955 [distribution: 615]; Dozier1933 [distribution, host: 87]; Ebelin1959 [distribution, host: 317]; Farooq1980 [biological control, distribution: 119, 121]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 57]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 6]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, taxonomy: 14, 31]; Frogga1915 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 1055]; Frogga1921a [distribution: 46]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 20]; GiardBu1895 [taxonomy: 383]; Goot1935 [taxonomy: 74]; Goux1990 [taxonomy: 158]; Granar1996 [distribution, taxonomy: 235-239]; Green1899d [distribution: 225]; Green1901 [description: 1055]; Green1908 [taxonomy: 41]; Green1909a [description, distribution, taxonomy: 305]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 345]; GullanMiCo2005 [ecology, host: 168]; HamonKo1979 [description, taxonomy: 8-17]; Hayat1972 [biological control, distribution, host: 151]; Hayat1979 [biological control, distribution, host: 321]; HayatAlAg1975 [biological control, description, distribution, host: 47, 67]; Haywar1941 [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 74]; HertinSi1972 [biological control, host, taxonomy: 137]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 300-301]; KosztaKo1978 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 131-132]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy: 309]; KosztaVe1966 [distribution, taxonomy: 369]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 248]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 50]; Koteja1984 [taxonomy: 413]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, taxonomy: 36, 39]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; Kunkel1967 [taxonomy: 48]; Lambdi1998 [distribution, taxonomy: 297]; LambdiKo1977a [biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 1-252]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy: 170]; Lepage1938 [taxonomy: 338]; Lindin1907e [taxonomy: 407]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 124]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 179]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 208]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 187, 188, 189]; Mahdih1933 [taxonomy: 562]; Mahdih1951 [taxonomy: 108-110]; Mamet1959a [distribution, host: 375]; Mani1976 [biological control: 62]; Marcha1904a [taxonomy: 557]; Maskel1890 [p. 1055]; Maxwel1923 [taxonomy: 287]; McKenz1958 [taxonomy: 172]; Miller1985b [distribution, taxonomy: 105]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 473]; MiskimBo1970 [distribution, host: 32]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy: 33, 35]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 7, 11-12, 31, 153]; Muthuk1955 [distribution: 275]; NastChKl1990 [distribution: 121]; Neves1954 [taxonomy: 232]; Patter1901 [taxonomy: 387-398]; PooleGe1997 [taxonomy: 287]; PrinslMy1981 [biological control: 153]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy: 52, 53]; Regupa1978 [chemical control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 42]; RosenDe1979 [biological control: 103]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 3]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 4]; Ruther1914 [distribution, host: 321]; Sander1909a [taxonomy: 36]; Sassce1913 [taxonomy: 102]; Scott1907 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 455]; ShafeeAlAg1975 [biological control, distribution, host: 84]; SilvadGoGa1968 [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 134]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 218]; StumpfLa2002 [phylogeny: 141]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 225]; Wang1994 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 246-248]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 512-514]; Wille1925 [taxonomy: 420]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 321]; Willia1991DJ [distribution: 461]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 175-177]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 137]; Yang1982 [distribution, taxonomy: 137, 139].
Cerococcus albospicatus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus albospicatus Green, 1909a: 308. Type data: SRI LANKA: Nuwera Eliya, on Symplocos obtusa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 46-50. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Phenacobryum albospicatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 235. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Symplocaceae: Symplocos obtusa [Green1909a]. Theaceae: Camellia sp. [LambdiKo1977a]
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [LambdiKo1977a]); Sri Lanka [Green1909a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Description and illustration of first instar by Hamon & Kosztarab (1979).
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female with dorsum almost completely concealed by large stout tapering pointed waxy processes of a creamy white tint. Male puparium is oblong, crimson colored with same wax covering. Young larva narrow and pointed at extremities (Green, 1909a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is near C. cycliger in general morphology (Hamon & Kosztarab 1979).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 235 (female) [as Phenacobryum albospicatum; Species of Phenacobryum]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 17 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 44 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Green 1909a: 305 [Cerococcus species of Sri Lanka].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 149]; Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Green1909a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 380]; Green1919 [host: 267]; Green1937 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 286]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 17-20]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 19, 23, 44, 46, 49]; Ramakr1921a [distribution, host: 341]; Sassce1911 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 63]; Sassce1913 [taxonomy: 99]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution host taxonomy: 235-236].
Cerococcus albospicatus javensis Boedign & Steinmann nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus albospicatus javensis Boedign & Steinmann, 1930: 52. Nomen nudum. Notes: This species is referenced in Boedign & Steinmann (1930) as having been described by Bernard. No year was cited for the Bernard paper and no evidence of a description has been found in any Bernard paper. This species is here considered a nomen nudum.
CITATIONS: BoedigSt1930 [taxonomy: 52].
Cerococcus alluaudi (Marchal)NOMENCLATURE:
Amelococcus alluaudi Marchal, 1904a: 557-561. Type data: MADAGASCAR: on Euphorbia intisy, by M. Alluaud. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 50-53. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Cerococcus alluaudi; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 50. Change of combination.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia intisy [Marcha1904a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Marcha1904a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is subcircular with slightly pronounced anal lobes (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: Cerococcus alluaudi can be distinguished by the following characters: large 8-shaped pores in 1 median cephalothoracic cluster with 3 transverse bands extending laterally; cribriform plates in segmental clusters with 2 or 3 plates per cluster; multilocular pores widely spaced in 6 abdominal rows; vulva 2-5 times larger than anal plates (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 39 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Green1918 [host: 232]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 50-53]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 178]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 189]; Mamet1943a [distribution, host: 149]; Mamet1950 [distribution, host: 17]; Marcha1904a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 557-561]; Wang2001 [taxonomy: 513].
Cerococcus andinus LeonardiNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus andinus Leonardi, 1911a: 11. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Tricycla patagonica, 15/02/1909, by L. Iches. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Notes: Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) state that adult female paratypes are in the USNM, however, since no evidence of a holotype can be found, they must be considered syntypes. There are 2 slides in the USNM, 1 in BMNH, 3 at VPIC and there are two dried specimens and two slides of material in IFSP. There has been some confusion about the collector of the type material. Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) give the collector as Leonardi, but it is clear from Leonardi's original description that the material was collected by L. Iches and sent to Leonardi by F. Lahille.
HOSTS: Nyctaginaceae: Tricycla cacheuta [Leonar1911], Tricycla patagonica [Leonar1911].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Leonar1911]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Description and illustration of first instar by Hamon & Kosztarab (1979).
STRUCTURE: Female test is light to dark brown. Median and submarginal carinae present. Anal orifice prominent. Male test elliptical, yellow, indistinct transverse ridges common on cephalothoracic and anterior abdominal areas. Adult female is pear shaped with membranous derm, 8-shaped and simple pores, tubular ducts and slender setae on dorsum (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: Cerococcus andinus is close to C. tuberculus (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979). It can be told from the latter by the cribriform plates arranged in 2 submedian pairs with anterior plates larger than posterior plates; pair of bullet-shaped setae present on each anal lobe; large tubular ducts near vulva, each with 4-7 conical spines (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
KEYS: Granara de Willink 1996: 236 (female) [Cerococcus species in Argentina]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 13 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 43 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Granar1996 [distribution, taxonomy: 235, 236]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 21-23]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 53-56]; Leonar1910 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 11]; Leonar1911 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 245]; Lizery1939 [distribution, taxonomy: 168, 178]; MillerWi1995aDR [taxonomy: 200, 242].
Cerococcus ankaratrae MametNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus ankaratrae Mamet, 1954: 43. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Manjakatompo, on Croton sp., 24/05/1950, by R. Paulian & R. Mamet. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum sp. [LambdiKo1977a], Croton sp. [Mamet1954]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1954].
BIOLOGY: This species was collected at 2000m in elevation (Mamet, 1954).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Female test is convex, oval and covered with a reddish orange fur like secretion which forms long glassy filaments to a dullish reddish orange color and are intertwined with each other. Adult female is circular (Mamet, 1954).
SYSTEMATICS: Cerococcus ankaratrae can be told from other species of the genus by the fleshy posterior pair of dorsal setae on anal lobes; posterior spiracular furrows not bifid and the 1 or 2 quinquelocular pores at base of each antenna (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 37 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 57-60]; Mamet1954 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 43-45].
Cerococcus artemisiae (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Lecaniodiaspis artemisiae Cockerell, 1897w: 514. Type data: UNITED STATES: New Mexico, Embudo, on Artemisia sp., 25/09/1897, by T.D.A. Cockerell. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 60-64. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female, male and first instar.
Solenophora coloradensis Cockerell, 1898p: 262. Type data: UNITED STATES: Colorado, Cañon City, on Atriplex canescens, by E. Bethel. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female, male and first instar. Synonymy by Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 2.
Solenococcus coloradensis; Cockerell, 1899a: 392. Change of combination.
Solenococcus artemisiae; Hunter, 1899a: 76. Change of combination.
Solenophora artemisiae; Cockerell, 1900a: 368. Change of combination.
Cerococcus coloradensis; Green, 1917: 80. Change of combination.
Cerococcus artemisiae; Ferris, 1955a: 31. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia sp. [Ferris1955a], Xanthocephalum sarothrae [FosterUeDe1981]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex canescens [Cocker1898p]. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos pringlei [LambdiKo1977a], Arctostaphylos pungens [HamonKo1979]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus greggii [LambdiKo1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1955a], Colorado [Cocker1898p], New Mexico [Cocker1897w]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Description and illustration of first instar by Hamon & Kosztarab (1979).
STRUCTURE: Female scale is suboval and is reddish ochreous with black specks. Male is subcylindrical and cream colored with black specks and this species is distinct due to "aborted antennae" (Cockerell, 1897w).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to C. deklei and C. parrotti (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 14 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 41 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Howell & Williams 1971: 20 (female) [as Cerococcus coloradensis; North American species of Cerococcus]; Kosztarab & Vest 1966: 376 [as Cerococcus coloradensis; Key to Cerococcus species]; Ferris 1955a: 31 (female) [as Cerococcus coloradensis; North American species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Bibby1931 [taxonomy: 587]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 104]; Cocker1897w [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 514]; Cocker1898 [distribution, host: 20]; Cocker1898p [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 262-263]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Cocker1905b [distribution, host: 191]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 58]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 32-35]; FosterUeDe1981 [host: 450]; Green1917 [host: 80]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 24-27]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy: 218]; HowellWi1971 [taxonomy: 20]; Hunter1899a [taxonomy: 76]; KosztaVe1966 [taxonomy: 374]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 60-64]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 287]; Sassce1913 [distribution, host: 103].
Cerococcus asparagi JoubertNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus asparagi Joubert, 1925: 123. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Stellenbosch, on Asparagus thunbergianus, ?/05/1924, by C.J. Joubert. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Liliaceae: Asparagus plumosus [Giliom1966], Asparagus thunbergianus [Jouber1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Jouber1925].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female test is hard, brittle and yellow in color. Adult female is flesh colored and more or less circular (Joubert, 1925). Adult female with 8-shaped pores with lateral aperture, each pore half laterally elongate; 7-locular pores dominant in dorsal spiracular pore cluster; multilocular pores in transverse rows 1-5 pores wide (4th row 4 or 5 pores wide); 8-16 quinquelocular pores at base of each antenna; one pair of irregularly shaped elongate cribriform plates (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to C. royenae Brain (Joubert, 1925).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 45 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Giliom1966 [distribution, host: 418]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Jouber1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 123]; Lambdi1983a [distribution: 77]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 64-67]; MunroFo1936 [distribution, host: 76].
Cerococcus baccharidis (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Solenococcus baccharidis Hempel, 1900a: 392. Type data: BRAZIL: Ypiranga, on Baccharis sp., by A. Hempel, 1900. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 68. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Type material is also in ZMHB.
Solenophora baccharidis; Cockerell, 1902p: 250. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Cerococcus baccharidis; Green, 1917: 81. Change of combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Ablerus molestus [DeSant1979], Coccophagus caridei [DeSant1979]. Eupelmidae: Eupelmus coccidivorus [DeSant1979].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis dracunculifolia [Hempel1900a], Baccharis spicata [LambdiKo1977a]. Cactaceae: Escobaria sp. [LambdiKo1977a]
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Catamarca [LambdiKo1977a]); Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a]); Uruguay [LambdiKo1977a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Adult test oval with very convex dorsum, brown in color with fine lines of whitish wax. Adult female is smooth, shiny, blue above and yellowish beneath. Larvae are elliptical and yellow (Hempel, 1901).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is near C. badius (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Granara de Willink 1996: 236 (female) [Cerococcus species in Argentina]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 15 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 40 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Cocker1902p [distribution: 251]; CostaL1928 [distribution, host: 105]; CostaL1936 [distribution, host: 161]; DeSant1979 [biological control, distribution: 171, 320, 322]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 58]; Granar1996 [distribution, taxonomy: 235, 236]; Green1917 [host: 81]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 27-30]; Hempel1900a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 392-393]; Hempel1901 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 112-113]; Hempel1912 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 20]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 137]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 68-71]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host: 339]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host, taxonomy]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 135].
Cerococcus badius LeonardiNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus badius Leonardi, 1911a: 9-11. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta (Mendoza), on Baccharis rosmarinifolia, 17/03/1909, by Leonardi. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 71. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Unmounted paralectoypes in IFSP (Marotta, personal communication, October 26, 1999).
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis rosmarinifolia [LambdiKo1977a], Baccharis tola [LambdiKo1977a]. Geraniaceae: Wendtia calycina [LambdiKo1977a], Wendtia sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [LambdiKo1977a]. Verbenaceae: Duranta repens [LambdiKo1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Mendoza [Leonar1911a, LambdiKo1977a], Tucuman [LambdiKo1977a]); Brazil (Sao Paulo [LambdiKo1977a]); Chile [LambdiKo1977a] (Traque de Alcoues and Colchagua); Guatemala [LambdiKo1977a]; Uruguay [LambdiKo1977a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Female test is convex, rounded anteriorly and tapering slightly posteriorly. Light orange to reddish brown in color with white strands of wax in the spiracular furrows. Male test is elliptical, gray, granular and has no secondary wax (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to C. baccharidis (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Granara de Willink 1996: 236 (female) [Cerococcus species in Argentina]; Lambdin 1986a: 371 (female) [Cerococcus species]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 15 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 43 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Chiesa1942 [distribution: 205]; CostaL1936 [distribution, host: 160]; Granar1996 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 235, 236]; Green1917 [host: 81]; Green1919 [host: 271]; Green1930b [distribution, host: 214]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 30-33]; Haywar1943 [distribution, host: 39]; Lambdi1986a [taxonomy: 371]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 71-75]; Leonar1910 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 9-11]; Leonar1911 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 243-244]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 338]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host: 338]; Lizery1939 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 163, 164, 177]; Sassce1912 [distribution, host: 84]; Sassce1913 [taxonomy: 101]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 134].
Cerococcus brasiliensis Costa Lima nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus brasiliensis Costa Lima, 1949: 74. Nomen nudum. Notes: Costa Lima refers to the species C. brasiliensis Gomes. No other references to this species have been found and no papers by J. Gomes have been located.
CITATIONS: CostaL1949 [distribution: 74].
Cerococcus bryoides (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia bryoides Maskell, 1894b: 84. Type data: FIJI: on undetermined host, by R.L. Homes. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, Nelson: Cawthron Institute, New Zealand, and Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: Though Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) state they examined paratypes, no evidence of a holotype can be found so the original type material must be considered syntypic.
Asterolecanium bryoides; Cockerell, 1896: 328. Change of combination.
Phenacobryum bryoides; Cockerell, 1902h: 114. Change of combination.
Antecerococcus bryoides; Fernald, 1903b: 58. Change of combination.
Cerococcus bryoides; Green, 1908: 15. Change of combination.
Corococcus bryoides; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1919b: 92. Misspelling of genus name.
Cerococcus bryoïdes; Balachowsky, 1932d: 34. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Fitchia sp. [WilliaWa1990], Helichrysum diosmifolium [Frogga1915]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia sienna, Euphorbia sp. [LambdiKo1977a], Excoecaria agallocha [LambdiKo1977a], Excoecaria agallocha [WilliaWa1990], Phyllanthus sp. [WilliaWa1990]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Ramakr1930]. Piperaceae: Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1990]. Rubiaceae: Morinda citrifolia [LambdiKo1977a]. Rutaceae: Citrus nobilis [Chen1936], Citrus nobilis deliciosa [ChenWo1936], Citrus reticulata [LambdiKo1977a]. Santalaceae: Exocarpus cupressiformis [Frogga1915]. Solanaceae: Solanum melongena [LambdiKo1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1915]); Cook Islands [WilliaWa1990]; Fiji [Frogga1915, WilliaWa1990]. Oriental: China? (Zhejiang (=Chekiang)? [Chen1936] (Williams & Watson (1990) state that records from China are considered dubious in the absence of any material.)); India? (Tamil Nadu? [Ramakr1930] (Williams & Watson (1990) state that records from India are considered dubious in the absence of any material.)).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female formed of a dull yellowish secretion, but is so thickly covered with secretionary matter which forms grey tufted filaments that it gives it a greyish brown tint. Test is irregularly oval, convex, and has a large anal opening. Male test is pale yellow, semi-transparent sometimes having a greyish tint. Adult female is dull yellow, broadly oval with elongated anal segment (Froggatt, 1915).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to C. theydoni and C. parahybensis (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Wang 2001: 514 [Key to Chinese species of Cerococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 235 (female) [as Phenacobryum bryoides; Species of Phenacobryum]; Wang 1994: 248 (female); Lambdin 1987: 102 (female) [Cerococcus species of the Australian region]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 16 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 44 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 148, 149]; Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 110-111]; Chen1936 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 214]; ChenWo1936 [distribution, host: 96]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 328]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1902h [taxonomy: 114]; DeitzTo1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 26]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 58]; Frogga1915 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1056]; Frogga1921a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 60]; Green1908 [taxonomy: 42]; Green1918 [host: 232]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 33-36]; Hua2000 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 140]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 39]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; Lambdi1986a [taxonomy: 371]; Lambdi1987 [distribution, taxonomy: 100, 102]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 75-79]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 124]; Maskel1894b [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 84]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 19]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy: 18]; Ramakr1919a [distribution, host: 42]; Ramakr1919b [distribution, host: 92]; Ramakr1921a [distribution, host: 342]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 54]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 219]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution host taxonomy: 235, 236-237]; Wang1994 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 248, 252]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 513, 514, 518-519]; WilliaWa1990 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 176-177]; Yang1982 [distribution: 139].
Cerococcus camarai NevesNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus camarai Neves, 1954: 235. Type data: PORTUGAL: Serra da Arrabida, on Rosmarinus officinalis, 07/09/1943. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lisbon: Divisão de Pragas e Meios de Protecção, Direcção Geral de Protecção das Culturas, Portugal. Described: female and first instar.
HOST: Labiatae: Rosmarinus officinalis [Neves1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Portugal [Neves1954, FrancoRuMa2011].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Neves (1954).
SYSTEMATICS: Neves (1954) states that this species is close to C. intermedius, but is easily separated by its external appearance and shape and distribution of wax secreting pores.
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 105]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,4,22]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Koteja1984 [taxonomy: 413]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 36-37]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; LambdiKo1977a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 78]; Neves1954 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 232, 235-236].
Cerococcus catenarius FonsecaNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus catenarius Fonseca, 1957: 123. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Pirajui, on Coffea arabica, ?/06/1954, by J.P. da Fonseca. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 4205. Described: both sexes. Illust.
Cerococcus cantenarius; Fonseca, 1958: 23. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Cajanus cajan [Fonsec1957]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Fonsec1957]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Granar1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Misiones [Granar1996]); Brazil (Parana [Fonsec1957], Sao Paulo [Fonsec1957]).
BIOLOGY: LePelley (1968) states there is only one generation per year. The females produce an average of 900 eggs.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Female test is highly convex, rounded anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. It is light brown in color with white strands of wax in spiracular furrows. Female body is pear shaped (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Le Pelley (1968) states that this scale is thought to have spread from indigenous plants to coffee and since its description in 1957 it has become a serious pest. Chemical control can be obtained with one per cent oil emulsion with soap, but better results can be obtained with Diazinon, Malathion and Parathion.
KEYS: Granara de Willink 1996: 236 (female) [Cerococcus species in Argentina]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 41 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: AbrahaMa1958 [distribution, host: 268]; Fonsec1957 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 123-128]; Fonsec1958 [chemical control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 23]; Granar1996 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy: 235, 236]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Heinri1959 [distribution, host: 71, 73]; Heinri1959a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 122]; HeinriArAr1964 [chemical control, description, distribution, host: 35-40]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 80-82]; LePell1968 [chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy: 375-376]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 134].
Cerococcus cistarum BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus cistarum Balachowsky, 1927: 202-204. Type data: ALGERIA: Alger, Koula, on Helianthemum glutinosum, ?/12/1926, by A. Balachowsky. Holotype female. Type depository: Alger: Insectarium Jardin d'Essai, Algeria. Described: female. Notes: Paratypes in USNM and BMNH.
HOSTS: Cistaceae: Cistus albidus, Cistus heterophyllus [Balach1927], Cistus monspeliensis [LambdiKo1977a], Cistus salvifolius [LambdiKo1977a], Fumana glutinosa [Balach1930b], Fumana sp. [KozarDr1998c], Helianthemum glutinosum, Helianthemum kahiricum [Balach1927].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1927]; Crete [KozarNa1998]; Cyprus [HamonKo1979]; France [Balach1933e, Foldi2001]; Greece [KozarNa1998]; Poland [Koteja1984]; Tunisia [Balach1941a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Female test is highly convex, pyriform, red to brown in color and having white strands of wax in spiracular furrows. The test is smooth and without ridges. Male test is elliptical and brownish (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to C. eremobius Scott (Balachowsky, 1927).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 226 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 16 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 42 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1941a: 91 (female) [Palearctic species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1930b: 203 (female) [Cerococcus species of north Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1927 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 202-204]; Balach1929a [taxonomy: 306]; Balach1930b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 207-210]; Balach1932d [distribution, host, illustration: 35, 37]; Balach1932e [distribution, host, taxonomy: 237]; Balach1933e [distribution, host: 4]; Balach1941a [taxonomy: 91]; Bodenh1935 [distribution, host: 260]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 105]; Castel1952 [taxonomy: 32]; Foldi2000 [distribution, host: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 36-39]; Koteja1984 [distribution, taxonomy: 413]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 37]; KozarNa1998 [distribution, host: 55]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 83-87]; Lindin1936 [distribution, taxonomy: 153]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143]; Neves1954 [taxonomy: 232]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 226, 227-228]; Vayssi1927 [taxonomy: 107].
Cerococcus citri LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus citri Lambdin, 1986a: 369-371. Type data: CHINA: Jiangsu, Taichow (Taizhou), on Citrus sp., 17/12/1982, by C. Silva. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rutaceae: Citrus sp. [Lambdi1986a]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Lambdi1986a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin (1986a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female with membranous derm (Lambdin, 1986a).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 227 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Lambdin 1986a: 371 (female) [Cerococcus species].
CITATIONS: Hua2000 [distribution: 140]; Lambdi1986a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 369-371].
Cerococcus cliffortiae JoubertNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus cliffortiae Joubert, 1925: 123-124. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Stellenbosch, University Farm, on Cliffortia ruscifolia, ?/05/1924, by C.J. Joubert. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Type material also located at BMNH and VPIC (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
HOST: Rosaceae: Cliffortia ruscifolia [Jouber1925].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa.
BIOLOGY: Joubert (1925) states that "this species apparently produces a large amount of honeydew considering the fact that the host plant stems were covered with sooty fungus, although the insects were not numerous and no other coccid was present."
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Female test is oval with a tubular caudal prominence, but many observed have been compressed from side to side between pieces of partly detached bark. The test is tough, reddish brown and has three delicate white spiracular bands. Living female is dull purple and circular (Joubert, 1925).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 41 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Jouber1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 123-124]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 87-90]; MunroFo1936 [distribution, host: 76].
Cerococcus corokiae (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Solenophora corokiae Maskell, 1890: 141-142. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Reefton, on Corokia cotoneaster. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 90. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Deitz & Tocker (1980) state that material is also in BMNH, NZAC, UCDC and VPIC.
Solenococcus corokiae; Fernald, 1903b: 58. Change of combination.
Cerococcus corokiae; Green, 1917: 87. Change of combination.
HOST: Escalloniaceae: Corokia cotoneaster [Maskel1890].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [Maskel1890]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Adult female has a pear-shaped, smooth, waxy test which is prolonged at the abdominal extremity in a short tube. It is brownish yellow in color. Adult female is brown and legs are absent (Maskell, 1890). Second stage female is covered with a brownish yellow loose test which is convex, elliptical and has six or seven off white colored cottony processes. Adult female is red and elliptical. Male pupa is enclosed in a cylindrical yellow felted and somewhat flattened sac. Adult male is reddish brown (Maskell, 1891).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is quite different from all other Cerococcus species because it has 2 quinquelocular (sometimes 7-locular) pores associated with each anterior spiracle and only 1 associated with each posterior spiracle. The other species with 2 quinquelocular pores associated with each anterior spiracle always have 3 associated with each posterior spiracle (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Lambdin 1987: 102 (female) [Cerococcus species of the Australian region]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 15 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 38 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 324]; Cocker1897m [distribution, host: 751]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 26]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 58]; Green1917 [host: 87]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 115]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 39-42]; Lambdi1987 [distribution, taxonomy: 100, 102]; Lambdi1998 [distribution: 297, 300]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 3, 90-93]; Maskel1890 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 141-142]; Maskel1891 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 18]; Maskel1895a [distribution, host: 19]; MorrisMo1927 [description, taxonomy: 34-35]; Myers1922 [taxonomy: 197]; Wise1977 [distribution: 100].
Cerococcus corymbosus Fletcher nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus corymbosus Fletcher, 1917b: 252. Nomen nudum. Notes: Fletcher (1917b) refers to Cerococcus corymbosus, but gives no description and does not cite an author for this species.
Cerococcus cycliger GouxNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus cycliger Goux, 1932: 140-143. Type data: FRANCE: Rhone, Courzieu, on Thymus serpylium, July and August 1928, by L. Goux. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOSTS: Cistaceae: Helianthemum sp. [Balach1941a]. Lamiaceae: Origanum vulgare glabrescens [Balach1941a], Thymus marschallianus [KozarOs1987], Thymus praecox [LambdiKo1977a], Thymus pulegioides [KozarTzVi1979], Thymus serpyllum [Goux1932], Thymus vulgaris [Foldi2000, MatilePe2002].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Bulgaria [KozarTzVi1979]; Croatia [Kozar1983a]; Czech Republic [LambdiKo1977a]; Czechoslovakia [Balach1941a]; France [Goux1932, Foldi2001]; Germany [LambdiKo1977a]; Hungary [LambdiKo1977a, KozarKoFe2013]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Poland [Koteja1984]; Slovakia [LambdiKo1977a]; Slovenia [Kozar1983a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Female larva is olive green with dark diffused and irregular spots. Šulc (1953) describes subadults in great detail.
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to Cerococcus intermedius (Goux, 1932) and C. albospicatus (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 227 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 17 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 39 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1941a: 91 (female) [Palearctic species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1932e [distribution: 237]; Balach1941a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 91, 93]; BarbagBiBo1995 [distribution: 44]; Borchs1960d [host, taxonomy: 105]; Foldi2000 [distribution, host: 80]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Goux1932 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 140-413]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 42-45]; KosztaKo1978 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 132-134]; KosztaKo1988F [distribution, taxonomy: 309]; Koteja1984 [distribution: 413-414]; KotejaKo1979 [taxonomy: 1-2]; Kozar1983a [distribution, host: 148]; Kozar1999a [distribution, host: 140]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 37]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 60]; KozarKoFe2013 [distribution, taxonomy: 52]; KozarKoSa2002 [catalogue, distribution: 38]; KozarOrKo1977 [distribution, host: 73]; KozarOs1987 [distribution, host: 93]; KozarTrPe1984 [distribution, host: 6]; KozarTzVi1979 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 131]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; Lagows2002 [distribution: 244]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 93-97]; Lindin1936 [taxonomy: 153]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 122]; MastenSi2008 [distribution: 105-118]; Mateso1975 [taxonomy: 786]; MatilePe2002 [distribution, host: 354]; NastChKl1990 [distribution, taxonomy: 121]; Neves1954 [taxonomy: 232]; Pelliz1989 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 571, 573]; Schmut1955a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 99]; Schmut1980 [distribution: 51]; Sulc1953 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1-18]; Zahrad1957a [taxonomy: 5]; Zahrad1977 [distribution, taxonomy: 118]; ZahradRo1995 [distribution, host: 203-204].
Cerococcus deklei Kosztarab & VestNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus sp. Dekle, 1962a: 74. Unavailable name.
Cerococcus deklei Kosztarab & Vest, 1966: 369-374. Type data: UNITED STATES: Florida, North Miami, on Hibiscus sp., 18/12/1963, by K. Hickman. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: grenade scale [Dekle1971]; hand grenade scale [Dekle1971]; hibiscus hand-grenade scale [Dekle1971].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia artemisiifolia elatior [KosztaVe1966], Ambrosia elatior [Dekle1971]. Celastraceae: Euonymus japonicus [KosztaVe1966]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha wilkesiana [KosztaVe1966], Codiaeum sp. [LambdiKo1977a], Croton sp. [KosztaVe1966]. Flacourtiaceae: Dovyalis hebecarpa [FDACSB1982], Flacourtia indica [LambdiKo1977a]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia glabra [LambdiKo1977a]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [KosztaVe1966], Hibiscus schizopetalus [LambdiKo1977a], Hibiscus sp. [KosztaVe1966], Hibiscus syriacus [LambdiKo1977a], Malvaviscus arboreus [KosztaVe1966]. Moraceae: Ficus mitrophora [LambdiKo1977a]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [LambdiKo1977a], Ixora coccinea [KosztaVe1966]. Rutaceae: Amyris parvifolia [LambdiKo1977a]. Salicaceae: Salix caroliniana [LambdiKo1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [KosztaVe1966], Texas [LambdiKo1977a]). Neotropical: Brazil (Parana [LambdiKo1977a]); Cuba [KosztaVe1966]; Haiti [LambdiKo1977a]; Panama Canal Zone [KosztaVe1966]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [KosztaVe1966]); U.S. Virgin Islands [KosztaVe1966].
BIOLOGY: Specimens collected from Croton sp. in the Panama Canal Zone differed slightly than other material by having more multilocular pores and larger cribriform plates (Kosztarab & Vest, 1966). Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) report that males and females are found on the same twig or branch, but that the females tend to aggregate in clusters while the males are more irregularly distributed.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Kosztarab & Vest (1966). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Female test is saclike, broadly oval, with short blunt tube upturned at posterior end. Adult female broadly pyriform, tapering toward caudal end (Kosztarab & Vest, 1966).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is near C. artemisiae (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Kosztarab & Vest (1966) state that this species has been reported as a pest in nurseries on Hibiscus sp. in the Miami area and Dekle (1971) states that it can be spread through commercial nurseries. Dekle (1971) also states the means of chemical control.
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 14 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 38 (female) [species of Cerococcus]; Howell & Williams 1971: 20 (female) [North American species of Cerococcus]; Kosztarab & Vest 1966: 376 [Key to Cerococcus species].
CITATIONS: AfifiKo1967 [taxonomy: 9]; Dekle1962a [distribution, economic importance, host: 74]; Dekle1971 [chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1]; Dziedz1977 [taxonomy: 59]; FDACSB1982 [distribution, host: 9]; Granar1996 [distribution: 235]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 45-48]; HowellWi1971 [taxonomy: 20]; KosztaVe1966 [economic importance, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 369-374]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 77]; Koteja1980 [taxonomy: 79]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 97-102]; Martor1976 [distribution, host: 135]; Miller1975JW [distribution, host: 4-5]; Nakaha1983 [distribution, host: 3]; NakahaMi1981 [distribution: 29]; Reiner1976 [chemical control, distribution, host: 713-714]; Wang2001 [taxonomy: 513]; Westco1973 [distribution, host: 416].
Cerococcus dumonti VayssièreNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus dumonti Vayssière, 1927: 107. Type data: TUNISIA: Nefta, on Helianthemum kahiricum, H. sessiliflorum and H. strobilaceum, by C. Dumont. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) state that they saw an "adult female paratype" from the USNM, but no evidence of a holotype can be found so the USNM specimen must be considered a syntype.
Cerococcus Dumonti; Balachowsky, 1932d: 35. Misspelling of species name.
Cercococcus dumonti; Borchsenius, 1960d: 105. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Cistaceae: Helianthemum kahiricum [Vayssi1927], Helianthemum lavandulaefolium [LambdiKo1977a], Helianthemum lepii [Balach1941a], Helianthemum sessiliflorum [Vayssi1927], Helianthemum strobilaceum [Vayssi1927].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tunisia [Vayssi1927].
GENERAL REMARKS: Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar. Detailed redescription and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Female test pyriform, light brown in color, with white wax in the spiracular margin, smooth, without secondary wax projections. Male test is elongate and light brown with fine short wax projections presenting a pubescent appearance (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to C. cistarum (Vayssière, 1927).
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 15 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 39 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1941a: 90 (female) [Palearctic species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1930b: 203 (female) [Cerococcus species of north Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1928a [distribution, host: 141]; Balach1929a [taxonomy: 306]; Balach1930b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 206-207]; Balach1932d [distribution, host, illustration: 35, 37]; Balach1941a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 90, 92]; Borchs1960d [host, taxonomy: 105]; Castel1952 [taxonomy: 32]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 49-51]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 37]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 19, 24, 39, 102-105]; Lindin1936 [distribution, taxonomy: 153]; Neves1954 [taxonomy: 232]; Vayssi1927 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 107-108].
Cerococcus echinatus Wang & QiuNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus echinatus Wang & Qiu, 1986: 302-305. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan, on Alangium platanifolium, 25/05/1974, by T.C. Wang. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Wang & Qiu (1986) state that the holotype is in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica.
Phenacobryum echinatus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 237. Change of combination.
HOST: Alangiaceae: Alangium platanifolium [WangQi1986].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Sichuan (=Szechwan) [WangQi1986]).
SYSTEMATICS: Wang & Qui (1986) state that this species is closely allied to Cerococcus stellatus.
KEYS: Wang 2001: 513 [Key to Chinese species of Cerococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 235 (female) [as Phenacobryum echinatum; Species of Phenacobryum]; Wang 1994: 248 (female).
CITATIONS: Hua2000 [distribution, host: 140]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution host taxonomy: 235, 237-238]; Wang1994 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 248-249]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 513, 514-515]; WangQi1986 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 302-303, 305].
Cerococcus eremobius (Scott)NOMENCLATURE:
Cercococcus eremobius Scott, 1907: 455. Type data: ALGERIA: Djebel-el-Melah, on Helianthemum kahiricum, 25/12/1906, by J.J. Lister. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust. Notes: Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) refer to having seen paratypes from the USNM, but no evidence of a holotype has been found, thus all types are considered syntypes.
Cerococcus eremobius; Green, 1908: 41. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Cistaceae: Helianthemum kahiricum [Scott1907], Helianthemum lipii [Balach1941a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Scott1907]; Tunisia [Balach1941a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Scott (1907). Subsequent description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is prolongated to form a perfectly distinct tail terminated by large anal lobes. Body excluding tail is rounded and convex. Numerous threads are secreted from the dorsal surface of the insect which form a dense covering that completely conceals the insect body and the ovisac to produce a wool-like mass on the infested plant (Scott, 1907) Female test is a wool like mass of fine waxy threads covering both body and ovisac (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to C. cistarum (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 15 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 40 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1941a: 90 (female) [Palearctic species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1930b: 203 (female) [Cerococcus species of north Africa].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 148]; Balach1927 [host, taxonomy: 183]; Balach1929a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 305-306]; Balach1930b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 210-212]; Balach1932d [distribution, host, illustration: 35, 37]; Balach1932e [distribution: 237]; Balach1934d [description, host: 148]; Balach1941a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 90, 92]; Balach1958a [distribution, host: 46]; Bielen1971 [taxonomy: 176]; Borchs1960d [host, taxonomy: 105]; Castel1952 [taxonomy: 32]; Goux1932 [taxonomy: 144]; Green1908 [taxonomy: 42]; Green1918 [host: 237]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 52-54]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 37]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 105-109]; Lindin1908f [taxonomy: 476]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 124]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 178]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 130]; Neves1954 [taxonomy: 232]; Newste1908b [taxonomy: 42]; Quilis1935 [taxonomy: 630]; Sander1909a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 36]; Scott1907 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 455]; Scott1930 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 7]; Trabut1910 [distribution, taxonomy: 72]; Trabut1911 [distribution, host: 52]; Vayssi1927 [taxonomy: 108]; Wang2001 [taxonomy: 513].
Cerococcus ficoides GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus ficoides Green, 1899d: 225. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Duars, on Theaceae, by G. Watt. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 109. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Cerococcus ficoïdes; Balachowsky, 1932d: 34. Misspelling of species name.
Phenacobryum ficoides; Tang & Hao, 1995: 238. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Ericaceae: Rhododendron sp. [Takaha1930]. Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus japonica [Ferris1921a]. Moraceae: Ficus retusa [Takaha1928]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia florida [Takaha1928], Gardenia jasminoides [LambdiKo1977a]. Sterculiaceae: Firmiana simplex [Hua2000]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Tao1978], Thea chinensis [Takaha1928].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Assam [Green1899d, DasGa1961]); Taiwan [Takaha1928].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Female test is subcircular, presenting a budlike appearance on twigs, concave dorsally and brown in color. Adult female is pear shaped (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to C. kalmiae and is the only species with acorn shaped spiracular setae that does not occur in North or South America (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Wang 2001: 514 [Key to Chinese species of Cerococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 235 (female) [as Phenacobryum ficoides; Species of Phenacobryum]; Wang 1994: 248 (female); Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 14 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 37 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 149]; Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; DasGa1961 [distribution, host: 256]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 57]; Ferris1921a [distribution, host: 212]; Green1899d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 225]; Green1903a [distribution, host: 102]; Green1908 [taxonomy: 41]; Green1919 [host: 268]; GreenMa1907 [taxonomy: 338]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 55-57]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 140]; Lambdi1986a [taxonomy: 371]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 109-112]; Ramakr1921a [distribution, host: 342]; Takaha1928 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 339]; Takaha1929 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 45]; Takaha1930 [host: 40]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution host taxonomy: 235, 238-239]; Tao1978 [distribution, host: 78, 79]; Varshn1984a [distribution: 139]; Wang1994 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 248, 250]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 513, 514, 518]; WattMa1903 [distribution, host: 316]; Yang1982 [distribution, host: 139].
Cerococcus fradei Castel-BrancoNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus fradei Castel-Branco, 1952: 27-32. Type data: MOZAMBIQUE: Tete, on unidentified host, 30/09/1948. Syntypes. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mozambique [Castel1952].
GENERAL REMARKS: Best description and illustration by Castel-Branco (1952).
STRUCTURE: This species has wide stigmatic furrows lined with small quinquelocular pores and large multilocular pores (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
CITATIONS: Almeid1974 [distribution: 52]; Castel1952 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 27-32]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; LambdiKo1977a [distribution, taxonomy: 113].
Cerococcus froggatti Morrison & MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus froggatti Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 17-18. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Mittagong, on Helichrysum diosmifolium, by W.W. Froggatt. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 40366. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Cerococcus Frogatti; Balachowsky, 1932d: 34. Misspelling of species name.
Cercococcus froggatti; Borchsenius, 1960d: 111. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Helichrysum diosmifolium [MorrisMo1927].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [MorrisMo1927]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Female test is reddish brown in color and has white waxy projections. Body is pear shaped (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: Very close to Cerococcus stellatus (Morrison & Morrison, 1927).
KEYS: Lambdin 1987: 102 (female) [Cerococcus species of the Australian region]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 17 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 46 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 111]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 58-60]; Lambdi1986a [taxonomy: 371]; Lambdi1987 [distribution, taxonomy: 100, 102]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 113-116]; MorrisMo1927 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 17-18].
Cerococcus gabonensis LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus gabonensis Lambdin, 1983a: 75-77. Type data: GABON: Ikoy-Banja, on Masanga sp., ?/07/1962, by Brunck. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 2832. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Urticaceae: Musanga sp. [Lambdi1983a]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Gabon [Lambdi1983a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin (1983a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to C. multipororum and C. theydoni. It can be distinguished by its slightly smaller clypeolabral shield, labium, suranal setae, spiracles, and 8-shaped pores, but larger cribriform plates (Lambdin, 1983a).
KEYS: Lambdin 1983a: 77 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Lambdi1983a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 75-77].
Cerococcus gallicolus MametNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus gallicolus Mamet, 1959a: 406-408. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Faux Cap, on Euphorbia stenoclada, ?/12/1951, by R. Paulian. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 374. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia stenoclada [Mamet1959a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a].
BIOLOGY: Cerococcus gallicolus occurs in galls on bruised stems of host (Mamet, 1959a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is oval, with caudal apex protruding. Slide-mounted specimen about 2.0 mm long. Derm membranous except inner faces of anal lobes, the dorsal anal plate and the small discs bearing the cribriform plates (Mamet, 1959a)
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [distribution, host: 86, 96]; GullanMiCo2005 [ecology, host: 168]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Lambdi1983a [distribution: 77]; Lambdi1998 [distribution, taxonomy: 300]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 116-119]; Mamet1959a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 406-408].
Cerococcus indicus (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus paradoxus indica Maskell, 1897: 318. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Saharanpur, on Helicteres isora. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) state that topotype material was examined.
Cerococcus hibisci Green, 1908a: 19. Type data: INDIA: Maharashtra, Bombay, on Hibiscus sp.; Bengal, Pusa, on Gossypium, by H.M. Lefroy. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 120.
Cerococcus indicus; Green, 1910: 5. Change of combination and rank.
Ceriococcus hibisci; Mahdihassan, 1946a: 197. Misspelling of genus name.
Phenacobryum indicus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 111. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: spiny brown coccid [Ghosh1940]; yellow cotton scale [Ramakr1930]; yellow scale [Ali1982].
ASSOCIATE: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Camponotus compressus [Ramakr1919].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Ghanius karachiensis [AhmadGh1972]. Mycetophagidae: Berginus sp. nr. maindroni [AhmadGh1972]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus sp. [Ali1982], Eriaphytis orientalis [AvasthSh1977a], Marietta exitiosa [Ali1982], Marietta javensis [AvasthSh1977a], Physcus reticulatus [AvasthSh1977a], Promuscidea unfaciativentris [AvasthSh1977a]. Encyrtidae: Aphycus sp. [AhmadGh1972], Cheiloneurus fusiscapus [AvasthSh1977a], Cheiloneurus latiscapus [AhmadGh1972], Encyrtus sp. [AhmadGh1972], Euaphycus cerococci [AvasthSh1977a], Homalotylus ferrierei [AvasthSh1977a], Lakshaphagus cerococci [XuHeZh1996], Microterys kerrichi, Pseudomicroterys angustifrons [AvasthSh1977], Pseudomicroterys cerococci [AvasthSh1977a]. Eulophidae: Syntomosphyrum cerococci [KhanSh1981], Tetrastichus longicorpus [KhanSh1981], Tetrastichus sp. [AhmadGh1972]. Pteromalidae: Anysis alcocki [Ali1982], Cephaleta austaliensis [SinhaDi1984], Muscidea sp. [AhmadGh1972], Scutellista sp. [AvasthSh1977a]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus kerrichi [AvasthSh1977a]. LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Eublemma scitula [Ramakr1919], Eublemma sp. [AhmadGh1972]. Oecophoridae: Stathmopoda sp. [Ali1982].
HOSTS: Achariaceae: Acharia sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Boraginaceae: Cordia sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Cochlospermaceae: Cochlospermum vitifolium [LambdiKo1977a]. Fabaceae: Acacia arabica [Ramakr1919], Cajanus cajun [LambdiKo1977a], Tephrosia candida [Ramakr1930]. Malvaceae: Gossypium herbaceum [LambdiKo1977a], Gossypium sp. [LambdiKo1977a], Hibiscus cannabinus [LambdiKo1977a], Hibiscus esculentus [LambdiKo1977a], Hibiscus liliifolium [Green1937], Hibiscus mutabilis [LambdiKo1977a], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Ramakr1930], Hibiscus syriacus [AhmadGh1972], Hibiscus tiliiflorus [LambdiKo1977a], Thespesia populnea [GhaniMu1974]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [LambdiKo1977a]. Poaceae: Zea mays [LambdiKo1977a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Lambdi1977a]. Solanaceae: Solanum melongena [Fletch1919]. Sterculiaceae: Helicteres isora [Green1910]. Tiliaceae: Corchorus capsularis [LambdiKo1977a], Corcorus sp. [KozarDr1998c], Grewia biloba [XuHeLi1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [Hargre1948]; Tanzania [Ritchi1936]. Australasian: Fiji [TulsyaPr1985] (Williams & Watson (1990) suggest that the record of Cerococcus hibisci from Fiji is probably a misidentification of C. bryoides.). Oriental: Burma (=Myanmar) [Fletch1919]; India (Andhra Pradesh [Ramakr1930], Bihar [TulsyaPr1985], Karnataka [LambdiKo1977a], Kerala [Ramakr1930], Madhya Pradesh [LambdiKo1977a], Maharashtra [Fletch1919], Odisha [VarshnMo1987], Tamil Nadu [Ramakr1930], Tripura [GangulGh1964], Uttar Pradesh [Green1910], West Bengal [LambdiKo1977a]); Malaysia [Matile1984c]; Pakistan [AhmadGh1972]; Sri Lanka [DoAC1923]. Palaearctic: China (Shandong (=Shantung) [XuHeLi1996]); Saudi Arabia [Matile1984c].
BIOLOGY: The test of this species consists of a leathery product, insoluble in all fat solvents, quite unlike wax (Mahdihassan, 1946a). Tulsyan & Prasad (1993) state that this species "occurs from March to November."
GENERAL REMARKS: Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) provide a detailed description and illustration of this species. Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Female insect is covered by a compact test which varies considerably in color and texture. Some are thickly coated with pinkish tomentum from which many coarse glassy filaments project. Others have a more compact globular test of a dull brown color with a superimposed scurfy covering of yellow secretion. Adult female is broadly pyriform, abdominal segments narrowed and tapering to posterior extremity (Green, 1908a).
SYSTEMATICS: Le Pelley (1968) states that "the numerous references to Cerococcus hibisci Green in Africa are doubtless misidentifications of C. coffeae, a junior synonym of C. theydoni.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species is commonly known as the yellow scale of cotton, (however, it is not an important pest of cotton) though isolated plants are often badly covered (Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930). Ramakrishna (1919) states that this species is a serious pest of Acacia arabica and that young trees severely infested appear white because of the high number of scales.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 235 (female) [as Phenacobryum indicum; Species of Phenacobryum]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 17 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 44 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Ahmad1973 [biological control, distribution, host: 449]; AhmadGh1972 [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 76]; Ali1967 [description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 29-30]; Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 149]; Ali1981 [biological control, distribution, host: 97, 98, 99]; Ali1982 [biological control, description, distribution, host: 126-130]; Anders1926 [distribution, host: 140]; AvasthSh1977a [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 374-376]; Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; BaTe1939 [distribution, host: 2]; Borchs1960d [distribution, taxonomy: 111]; ChackoDeRa1978 [biological control, host: ill]; ChowdhUl1984 [distribution, host: 41]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 26]; DoAC1923 [distribution, host: 64]; DoAM1954 [distribution, host: 1056]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 77]; Fletch1914 [distribution: 508]; Fletch1917a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 117-119]; Fletch1919 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 287]; Fletch1921 [taxonomy: 14]; GangulGh1964 [distribution, host: 359]; GhaniMu1974 [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 41]; Ghesqu1946a [distribution, taxonomy: 374]; Ghosh1940 [chemical control, description, distribution, illustration: 112]; Green1908 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 41]; Green1908a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 19]; Green1910 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 5-6]; Green1918 [host: 235, 237]; Green1919 [host: 265]; Green1922 [distribution, host: 465]; Green1937 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 287]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 61-64]; Hargre1948 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 36]; Hedaye1941 [biological control, distribution, host: 16]; KhanSh1981 [biological control, distribution, host: 346]; Khoo1974 [host, illustration: 125]; KosztaVe1966 [taxonomy: 374]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 39-40]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; Lambdi1986a [taxonomy: 371]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 120-125]; LePell1932 [distribution: 226]; LePell1968 [taxonomy: 377]; LiMa1935 [distribution: 266]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 151]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 366]; Mahdih1933 [taxonomy: 562]; Mahdih1946a [behavior, description, distribution, taxonomy: 197]; Mahdih1951 [taxonomy: 108-110]; Mahdih1957 [ecology: 266-271]; Mahdih1979 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 226]; Mani1976 [biological control: 62]; Maskel1897 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 318]; Matile1984c [distribution, host: 220]; Maxwel1908 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 122, 135]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 473]; Misra1920 [taxonomy: 561]; Misra1924CS [distribution, host: 346]; MorrisMo1927 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 18-19]; Morsta1936 [distribution: 100]; Nangpa1948 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 50]; Newste1917b [distribution, host: 127]; Notley1937 [host, taxonomy: 114, 133]; ParidaMo1982 [chemistry, taxonomy: 19]; Ramakr1919 [description, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy: 627]; Ramakr1919a [biological control, distribution, host: 45]; Ramakr1921a [distribution, host: 341, 342]; Ramakr1924 [distribution, host: 344]; Ramakr1926 [taxonomy: 452]; Ramakr1930 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 53]; Ramakr1940 [taxonomy: 248-249]; Ritchi1926 [taxonomy: 35]; Roba1935 [taxonomy: 304]; Ruther1914a [distribution, host: 321]; Sander1909a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 36]; Sassce1911 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 63]; Sassce1913 [taxonomy: 106, 107]; ShafeeAlAg1975 [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 21, 76, 78]; Shroff1920 [distribution, host: 562]; SinhaDi1984 [biological control, description, distribution, host,: 112]; Sohi1964 [distribution, host: 144]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution host taxonomy: 235, 239-240]; Trench1926 [distribution, host: 157]; TulsyaPr1985 [distribution, taxonomy: 10-11]; TulsyaPr1993 [distribution, host: 10-11]; Varshn1984a [taxonomy: 138, 139]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 371]; VarshnMo1987 [distribution, host: 170]; Vayssi1930 [taxonomy: 404]; Vayssi1946 [taxonomy: 379]; Wang2001 [taxonomy: 513, 516]; Wardle1929 [distribution, host: 418]; WilliaWa1990 [distribution: 177]; XuHeLi1996 [biological control, distribution, host: 304-306]; ZeyaHa1993 [biological control, taxonomy].
Cerococcus indigoferae (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Phenacobryum indigoferae Borchsenius, 1960d: 111. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan, on Indigofera sp., 06/11/1957. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Cerococcus indigoferae; Ali, 1970a: 150. Change of combination.
Cerococcus indigaferae; Hua, 2000: 140. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Fabaceae: Indigofera sp. [Borchs1960d]
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Hua2000], Yunnan [Borchs1960d]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Borchsenius (1960e).
STRUCTURE: Female test is brownish with white waxy projections, 3.0 mm long and 2.8 mm wide. The dorsum possesses 2 sizes of 8-shaped pores arranged in a swirl pattern, an anal ring with 8 setae, and cribriform plates in 2 submedial groups (each group subdivided into 2 clusters) on one posterior abedominal segment with 2-8 plates per cluster (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
KEYS: Wang 2001: 513 [Key to Chinese species of Cerococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 235 (female) [as Phenacobryum indigoferae; Species of Phenacobryum]; Wang 1994: 248 (female).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 150]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 111-113]; Borchs1963a [illustration: 33]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 140]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 40]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host: 125]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution host taxonomy: 235, 240-241]; Wang1994 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 248, 249-250]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 513, 515-516]; Yang1982 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 138, 139].
Cerococcus indonesiensis Lambdin & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus indonesiensis Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 125-128. Type data: INDONESIA: on Piper nigrum, 14/04/1955, by H.V. Gouldman. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 55-1052. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [LambdiKo1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia [LambdiKo1977a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female with posterior spiracular furrows absent; antennae without slender and/or fleshy setae, but with a median spinelike sclerotization; no quinquelocular pores at base of each antenna (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
KEYS: Lambdin 1998: 300 [Modified key to the adult females of Cerococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 226 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 42 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Lambdi1998 [taxonomy: 300]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 19, 20, 42, 125, 127]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 226, 230].
Cerococcus intermedius BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus intermedius Balachowsky, 1930b: 212-216. Type data: TUNISIA: Bordjbou-Hedma, on Marrubium deserti, 05/12/1928, by C. Dumont. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 129. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
HOSTS: Labiatae: Marrubium deserti [Balach1941a], Salvia sp. [LambdiKo1977a], Thymus serpyllum [LambdiKo1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tunisia [Balach1930b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is completely enveloped in filaments (Balachowsky, 1930b). Also with two quinquelocular pores at base of each antena; test with thin silvery wax filaments presenting a cottonlike apperance (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 15 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 43 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1941a: 91 (female) [Palearctic species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1930b: 203 (female) [Cerococcus species of north Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1930b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 212-216]; Balach1932d [distribution, host, illustration: 35, 37]; Balach1932e [distribution: 237]; Balach1941a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 91, 93]; Balach1958a [distribution, host: 46]; Borchs1960d [host, taxonomy: 105]; Castel1952 [taxonomy: 32]; Goux1932 [taxonomy: 144]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 64-67]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 37]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; Lambdi1986a [taxonomy: 371]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 19, 24, 26, 43, 78,1]; Lindin1936 [distribution, taxonomy: 153]; Neves1954 [taxonomy: 232].
Cerococcus javanensis Lambdin & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus javanensis Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 132-136. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on Grewia columnaris, by Zimmerman. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacobryum javanensis; Tang & Hao, 1995: 241. Change of combination.
HOST: Tiliaceae: Grewia columnaris [LambdiKo1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Java [LambdiKo1977a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female with last group of pores in bifid spiracular furrow reduced in number (9-15); only outer ring of 8-shaped pores present; without transverse rows of multilocular pores on venter; lacelike pattern on dorsum composed of double or triple rows of 8-shaped pores (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 37 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 132-136]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 235, 241].
Cerococcus kalmiae FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus kalmiae Ferris, 1955a: 36. Type data: UNITED STATES: Pennsylvania, on Kalmia latifolia, by G. Rau. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 136. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex crenata [LambdiKo1977a]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros texana [LambdiKo1977a]. Ericaceae: Azalea sp. [LambdiKo1977a], Kalmia angustifolia [LambdiKo1977a], Kalmia latifolia [Ferris1955a]. Saxifragaceae: Ribes cynosbati [LambdiKo1977a]. Theaceae: Camellia sp. [LambdiKo1977a]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Hamon1980c], Georgia [LambdiKo1977a], Kansas [LambdiKo1977a], Maryland [LambdiKo1977a], Massachusetts [LambdiKo1977a], New Jersey [LambdiKo1977a], Ohio [LambdiKo1977a], Pennsylvania [Ferris1955a], Texas [LambdiKo1977a], Virginia [LambdiKo1977a]).
BIOLOGY: This species is often associated with Eriococcus azaleae. Tomlinson (1957) states that this is a single-brooded species that matures and lays eggs in fall, overwinters as eggs, and hatches in late May. Crawlers occur on leaves and mature by late summer.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Female test is convex, pyriform and reddish brown. Male test is elliptical, brownish yellow to red. Adult body is pear shaped (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to C. ficoides (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Tomlinson (1957) provides chemical control methods that are safe to cranberries. This species is most likely to damage bogs that are never flooded.
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 301 (female) [Cerococcus species of Northeastern North America]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 14 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 37 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Howell & Williams 1971: 20 (female) [North American species of Cerococcus]; Kosztarab & Vest 1966: 376 [Key to Cerococcus species]; Ferris 1955a: 31 (female) [North American species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 36-37]; Hamon1980c [distribution, host: 38]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 67-70]; Heinri1959 [distribution, host: 73]; HowellWi1971 [taxonomy: 20]; HowellWi1976 [host: 188]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 35, 301-303]; LambdiKo1977a [distribution, host: 20, 24, 136-139]; Mead1983 [distribution, host: 3]; Miller1985b [distribution, host: 105]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 287]; Tomlin1957 [chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history: 113-114]; USDAAP1981 [distribution, host: 642]; Westco1973 [distribution, host: 416].
Cerococcus koebelei (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Solenophora koebelei Cockerell, 1898j: 429. Type data: MEXICO: Tulare, on Crataegus sp. and Prunus demissa, 08/08/1897, by A. Koebele. Lectotype female (examined), by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 140. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: both sexes. Notes: Ferris (1955a) states that "Tulare does not appear in any available gazeteer of Mexico."
Solenococcus koebelei; Cockerell, 1899a: 392. Change of combination.
Cerococcus koebelei; Ferris, 1955a: 38. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer rubrum [LambdiKo1977a]. Berberidaceae: Mahonia aquafolium [HamonKo1979]. Ebenaceae: Brayodendron texanum [Ferris1955a]. Rosaceae: Crataegus sp. [Cocker1899j], Prunus demissa [Cocker1898j]. Sapotaceae: Bumelia sp. [Ferris1955a]. Ulmaceae: Celtis reticulata [Ferris1955a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1898j] (Distrito Federal [LambdiKo1977a], Mexico State [LambdiKo1977a]); United States of America (Alabama [LambdiKo1977a], Oklahoma [HamonKo1979], Texas [Ferris1955a]). Neotropical: Mexico (Campeche [LambdiKo1977a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) give detailed description and illustration of adult female. Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Old females are rounded and dull black. Adult female lies loose within a mass of empty yellowish white empty egg pellicles. Dried female is dark purple. Male scales are small and elongate, dark in color with a red or yellowish tint (Cockerell, 1898j). Female test is extremely convex, elliptical with anterior and posterior ends pointed (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is near Cerococcus corokiae according to Maskell (Cockerell, 1898j) and to C. tuberculus (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 14 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 41 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Howell & Williams 1971: 20 (female) [North American species of Cerococcus]; Kosztarab & Vest 1966: 376 [Key to Cerococcus species]; Ferris 1955a: 31 (female) [North American species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 104]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 324]; Cocker1898j [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 429]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Cocker1899n [distribution, taxonomy: 6]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 59]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 38-39]; Granar1996 [distribution: 235]; Green1917 [taxonomy: 87]; Green1918 [host: 155]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 70-73]; HowellWi1971 [taxonomy: 20]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 140-144]; MacGre1974 [host: 82]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; MillerMiSc1973 [taxonomy: 11]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 287].
Cerococcus laniger GouxNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus laniger Goux, 1932: 143-144. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, on Helianthemum sp., November & December, 1931, by L. Goux. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
HOST: Cistaceae: Helianthemum sp. [Goux1932]
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1932, Foldi2001]; Poland [Koteja1984].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Female test is globose with numerous white waxy strands presenting a wool-like appearance, anal area slightly protruding from the waxy mass. Male test has bristling wax filaments (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to Cerococcus eremobius (Goux, 1932).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 226 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 42 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1941a: 91 (female) [Palearctic species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1932e [distribution: 237]; Balach1941a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 91, 93]; Borchs1960d [host, taxonomy: 105]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 305]; Goux1932 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 143-144]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Koteja1984 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 413]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 37-38]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 144-148]; Lindin1936 [distribution, taxonomy: 153]; Neves1954 [taxonomy: 232]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 226, 230-231].
Cerococcus lizeri Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Solenococcus haywardi Hayward, 1941: 74. Nomen nudum; discovered by Granara de Willink, 1996: 237. Notes: Hayward (1941) states that this species has been recorded from Concordia, Argentina on Schmidelia edulis. He cites the author of this species as "Lzr. n. sp. (in litt.)" No further information on this name can be found.
Cerococcus lizeri Granara de Willink, 1996: 236-239. Type data: ARGENTINA: Entre Rios, Concordia, on Schmidelia edulis=Allophylus edulis,. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Buenos Aires: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Division Entomologia, Argentina. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in USNM and BMNH.
HOST: Sapindaceae: Schmidelia edulis [Granar1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Entre Rios [Granar1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Granara de Willink (1996).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body pear-shaped, globose, 3.0 mm long and 2.4 mm wide (Granara de Willink., 1996).
SYSTEMATICS: Among the species of the Neotropical region Cerococcus lizeri resembles Cerococcus badius in having 8-shaped pores arranged in spirals. Cerococcus lizeri differs in having cribriforms plates in 3 or 4 groups (as opposed to 5-7 groups in C. badius and in having lateral multilocular pores that C. badius lacks totally) (Granara de Willink, 1996).
KEYS: Granara de Willink 1996: 236 (female) [Cerococcus species in Argentina].
CITATIONS: Granar1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 235]; Haywar1941 [distribution, host: 74].
Cerococcus longipilosus (Archangelskaya)NOMENCLATURE:
Cerveoccus longipilosus Archangelskaya, 1930: 81. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Kopet-Dag, Firyuza Gorge, on Lactuca viminea, 31/08/1928, by A. Archangelskaya. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998b: 306. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 189-38. Described: female. Illust. Notes: This is also a misspelling of the genus name.
Cercococcus longipilosus; Archangelskaya, 1931: 78-79. Described: female. Illust. Change of combination.
Cerrococcus longipilosus; Kiritchenko, 1936: 70. Misspelling of genus name.
Ceracoccus longipilosus; Kaussari, 1957: 2. Misspelling of genus name.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia sp. [LambdiKo1977a], Chondrilla juncea [Borchs1960d], Lactuca orientalis [LambdiKo1977a, Moghad2013a], Lactuca tatarica [LambdiKo1977a], Lactuca viminea [Archan1931].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Greece [Kozar1985]; Iran [Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [LambdiKo1977a]; Turkmenistan [Archan1931, Lashin1956].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Archangelskaya (1931) and Borchsenius (1960d).
STRUCTURE: Adult female test is long and narrow with a felted surface, not granulated. Light yellow or pale brown. Male tests are light yellow and felted. The peculiar tests of young females resemble woolly seeds (Archangelskaya, 1931).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to Cerococcus perowskiae (Archangelskaya, 1931).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 226 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Archan1930 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 81]; Archan1931 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 78]; Archan1937 [taxonomy: 135]; Bazaro1963a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 67]; Bazaro1968a [taxonomy: 78]; Bazaro1971c [host, taxonomy: 91]; Borchs1937a [host: 185]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host: 131]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 108-110]; Danzig1998b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 306]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Kaussa1957 [distribution: 2]; Kiritc1936 [distribution: 70]; Kozar1985 [distribution, host: 202, 204]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; KozarFoZa1996 [distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 6, 19, 148]; Lashin1956 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 115]; MilonaKoKo2008a [distribution: 143]; Moghad2013a [ecology, illustration: 6]; MoghadTa2010 [description: 31]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 226, 231].
Cerococcus madagascariensis MametNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus madagascariensis Mamet, 1959a: 408-410. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Bas Mangoky, Station Agricole, on undetermined host, ?/04/1955, by A. Robinson. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 582. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and distribution by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female is coral red, hard, compact, subcircular, with margin bulging opposite the stigmatic furrows of the concealed female. Slide-mounted adult female is oval to round, 1.5 mm long. Derm membranous excepting the inner faces of the anal lobes, the dorsal anal plate, the discs bearing the cribriform plates and the small discs with granulated center associated with the spiracles (Mamet, 1959a).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 38 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 148-152]; Mamet1959a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 408-410].
Cerococcus michaeli LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus michaeli Lambdin, 1998: 297-300. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Coromandel, on Dysoxylum spectabile. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Meliaceae: Dysoxylum spectabile [Lambdi1998].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (North Island [Lambdi1998]).
SYSTEMATICS: This is one of two Cerococcus species indigenous to New Zealand. It is distinguished from other species in the genus by the presence of an anal shield with a dorsal opening, spine-like apical setae on anal lobes, the occurrence of asteroform tubular ducts, and the absence of multilocular pores in transverse abdominal rows on the ventrum (Lambdin, 1998).
KEYS: Lambdin 1998: 300 [Modified key to the adult females of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Lambdi1998 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 297-300].
Cerococcus mirandae LambdinNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus mirandae Lambdin, 1987: 100-102. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Coolgardie, by G. Compere. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Lambdi1987]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Lambdin (1987).
SYSTEMATICS: Cerococcus mirandae is similar to C. froggatti, but is easily separated from the latter by the absence of leg stubs and the presence of 6-locular pores in transverse abdominal rows (Lambdin, 1987).
KEYS: Lambdin 1987: 102 (female) [Cerococcus species of the Australian region].
CITATIONS: Lambdi1987 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 100-102].
Cerococcus multipororum Lambdin & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus multipororum Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 152-155. Type data: MOZAMBIQUE: by Castel-Branco. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Undetermined.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mozambique [LambdiKo1977a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body pyriform. Derm membranous with 8-shaped and simple disc pores, tubular ducts, and slender setae on dorsum (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 45 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Lambdi1983a [distribution: 77]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 152-155].
Cerococcus oranensis BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus oranensis Balachowsky, 1941a: 84-87. Type data: ALGERIA: Oran, Marnia, on Cistus crispus, 14/02/1737, by M. Delassus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 155. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Cistaceae: Cistus crispus [Balach1941a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1941a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a.
STRUCTURE: Female test is hemispherical, smooth, waxy and dull reddish brown. Female body is pear shaped (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to Cerococcus intermedius (Balachowsky, 1941a).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 42 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1941a: 91 (female) [Palearctic species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1941a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 84-86]; Borchs1960d [host, taxonomy: 105]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 155-158]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 208].
Cerococcus ornatus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Solenococcus ornatus Cockerell, 1899a: 392. Nomen nudum.
Cerococcus ornatus Green, 1909a: 306. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on Coffea arabica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 159. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: both sexes. Illust.
Coricoccus ornatus; Mahdihassan, 1933: 562. Change of combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Eriaphytis sp. [ChackoDeRa1978]. Encyrtidae: Cheiloneurus sp. [ChackoDeRa1978], Parechthrodryinus sp. [ChackoDeRa1978]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus sp. [ChackoDeRa1978]. Pteromalidae: Anysis alcocki [ChackoDeRa1978], Anysis sp. [ChackoDeRa1978], Cephaleta purpureiventris [Fulmek1943], Scutellista cyanea [ChackoDeRa1978].
HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Carissa carandas [LambdiKo1977a], Carissa sp. [Green1909a]. Flacourtiaceae: Aberia caffra [Brain1920], Doryalis caffra [MunroFo1936]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [LambdiKo1977a]. Rubiaceae: Canthium parviflorum [LambdiKo1977a], Coffea arabica [Green1909a], Coffea robusta [DoAC1923], Ixora coccinea [LambdiKo1977a], Psychotria elliptica [Takaha1933], Psychotria sp. [Tao1978]. Rutaceae: Calodendron capense [Brain1920].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920]. Oriental: India [Green1937] (Karnataka [Mahdih1946a], Tamil Nadu [RaoKu1952]); Indonesia [Hua2000]; Pakistan [LambdiKo1977a]; Singapore [LambdiKo1977a]; Sri Lanka [Green1909a]; Taiwan [LambdiKo1977a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) give detailed description and illustration of adult female. Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female is oval, dorsum strongly convex. There are several pairs of short, white, curved filaments on the median line. Test is purplish brown when early and red to reddish brown when older. Male puparium oblong, narrow and rounded at extremities, red to crimson. Adult female is grey and broadly oval. Adult male is uniformly dark brown with hyaline wings (Green, 1909a).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Narasimham (1987) states that a recent outbreak of C. ornatus on coffee in India seemed to be the result of indiscriminate use of pesticides.
KEYS: Wang 2001: 513 [Key to Chinese species of Cerococcus]; Tang & Hao 1995: 227 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Wang 1994: 248 (female); Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 16 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 40 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Brain 1920: 119 (female) [South African species of Cerococcus]; Green 1909a: 305 (female) [Ceylon species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 150]; Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 104]; Brain1920 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 119, 120-121]; BrainKe1917 [distribution, host: 182]; Buchne1965 [chemistry: 238]; ChackoDeRa1978 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 83-85]; ChackoRaDe1978 [chemical control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 74-79]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; CostaL1942 [taxonomy: 245]; DeSilv1961 [biological control: 118]; DoAC1923 [distribution, host: 17, 25]; Fulmek1943 [biological control: 19]; Green1909a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 305-307]; Green1917 [host: 83]; Green1918 [host: 229]; Green1918 [host: 229]; Green1937 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 286]; Hall1935a [taxonomy: 219]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 73-76]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 140]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; Lambdi1986a [taxonomy: 371]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 158-162]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 182]; Lindin1943a [taxonomy: 146]; Mahdih1933 [taxonomy: 562]; Mahdih1946a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 197-198]; Mahdih1951 [taxonomy: 108-110]; Mahdih1979 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 227]; Moreir1922a [taxonomy: 28]; Moreir1927a [distribution, host: 225]; MunroFo1936 [distribution, host: 76]; NagarkJa1981 [description, distribution, host: 123]; NagarkJa1981 [biological control, distribution: 123]; Narasi1987 [chemical control, distribution, host: 10]; Pierce1917 [economic importance, host: 63]; Pompeu1925 [taxonomy: 411]; Ramakr1921a [distribution, host: 341]; Ramakr1925a [biological control, distribution: 248]; RaoKu1952 [distribution: 3]; Sassce1911 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 63]; Sassce1913 [taxonomy: 110]; Takaha1931b [distribution, host: 385]; Takaha1932a [host: 105]; Takaha1933 [distribution, host: 32, 59]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 227, 232]; Vayssi1946 [taxonomy: 380]; Wang1994 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 248, 250, 251]; Wang2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 513, 516-517]; Yang1982 [distribution, host: 139].
Cerococcus paradoxus paradoxus (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus paradoxus Maskell, 1889: 104. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, on Pittosporum undulatum, 1895, by W.M. Maskell. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 162-166. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Cerococcus paradoxus; Green, 1910: 5. Change of combination.
Cerococcus auranticus Froggatt, 1915: 1055. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Gunnedah, Bando Station, on Bursaria spinosa, 13/09/1902, by W.W. Froggatt. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Orange: Agricultural Scientific Collections Trust, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia; type no. 426. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 19-20.
COMMON NAME: honey scale [Frogga1900].
FOE: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Rhizobius ventralis [Frogga1900, Frogga1902a].
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Pittosporaceae: Bursaria spinosa [Frogga1915], Pittosporum bicolor [Maskel1896b], Pittosporum phillyraeoides [LambdiKo1977a], Pittosporum undulatum [Maskel1889].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1915], South Australia [Maskel1889], Victoria [LambdiKo1977a]).
BIOLOGY: Froggatt (1900) states that the honeydew excreted by this species completely covers the females making their tests and the whole infested area of the plant very sticky.
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female is made of a thick coat of reddish orange wax with a funnel shaped apical tube, spots on its surface and four spine like tufts of pale yellow. Body form is oval. Male tests scattered amongst the female tests, which are pale, bright yellow mottled with some red. Adult female is dark reddish brown and broadly oval (Froggatt, 1915).
SYSTEMATICS: Adult female resembles Eriococcus hoheriae (Maskell, 1899). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) state that this species is close to Cerococcus punctiferus.
KEYS: Lambdin 1987: 102 (female) [Cerococcus species in the Australian region]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 17 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 46 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; DeitzTo1980 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 26]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 77]; Frogga1900 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 6]; Frogga1902a [biological control: 906]; Frogga1915 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1055-1056]; Frogga1921a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 58]; Green1910 [taxonomy: 5]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 76-79]; Lambdi1987 [distribution, taxonomy: 100, 102]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 2, 162-166]; Maskel1889 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 104]; Maskel1896b [distribution, host: 399]; Maskel1897 [description, distribution, host: 318]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 473]; MorrisMo1927 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 19-20].
Cerococcus parahybensis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus parahybensis Hempel, 1927: 389. Type data: BRAZIL: Paraiba, on Coffea sp., by E. Ranngel. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Cerococcus parahubensis; Balachowsky, 1932d: 34. Misspelling of species name.
Cerococcus parahydensis; Lindinger, 1958: 366. Misspelling of species name.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphycus mauritanicus [SilvadGoGa1968], Trichomasthus (=Coccidoxenus) sp. [SilvadGoGa1968].
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Machaerium angustifolium [LambdiKo1977a]. Malvaceae: Urena lobata [LambdiKo1977a]. Rubiaceae: Basanacantha spinosa [CostaL1928], Coffea arabica [LambdiKo1977a], Coffea sp. [Hempel1927]
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [LePell1968] (Bahia [LambdiKo1977a], Paraiba [Hempel1927], Pernambuco [LambdiKo1977a], Rio Grande do Sul [LambdiKo1977a], Sao Paulo [LambdiKo1977a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Adult female test is oval, flattened, and covered with fine, rigid, waxy threads. Body is sub-globose, with two large abdominal lobes (Hempel, 1927).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to C. theydoni (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species has been reported as a pest of coffee in Brazil. Chemical control is difficult because the scales need to be scraped or brushed off the plants (Le Pelley, 1968).
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 17 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 45 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Alvara1939 [distribution: 104]; Azeved1923aA [distribution, host: 154]; Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Borgme1927 [distribution, taxonomy: 286]; Caldas1925 [distribution, host: 571-576]; CostaL1922 [host: 111]; CostaL1928 [distribution, host: 105]; CostaL1930a [taxonomy: 86]; CostaL1936 [description, distribution, host: 160-161]; CostaL1936 [distribution, host: 160]; CostaL1942 [taxonomy: 245]; CostaLRa1922 [distribution, host: 111]; FonsecAu1932 [distribution, host: 12]; Granar1996 [distribution: 235]; Hamble1947 [distribution: 953]; Hamble1947 [taxonomy: 953]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 79-82]; Heinri1959a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 122]; Hempel1927 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 390]; Iherin1932 [distribution, host: 415]; Iherin1940 [host, taxonomy: 841]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 167-170]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 338]; LepageGi1942 [taxonomy: 444]; LePell1968 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 376-377]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 366]; Mendes1923 [distribution, host: 180]; Monte1930 [host, taxonomy: 20]; Moreir1921b [taxonomy: 125]; Moreir1921c [description, distribution, host: 339-344]; Moreir1922 [taxonomy: 218]; Moreir1922a [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 28]; Moreir1927 [distribution, host: 144]; Moreir1927a [distribution, host: 225]; Moreir1928 [taxonomy: 24]; Moreir1929 [distribution: 88]; Moreir1929a [taxonomy: 140]; Pickel1927 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 23]; Pickel1927a [distribution, host, illustration: 588]; Pickel1928 [taxonomy: 55]; Pompeu1925 [distribution, host: 411]; Roba1935 [taxonomy: 304]; Ronna1928 [taxonomy: 73]; SilvadGoGa1968 [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 135]; Torres1922 [distribution: 89]; Wardle1929 [distribution, host: 390].
Cerococcus parrotti (Hunter)NOMENCLATURE:
Lecaniodiaspis parrotti Hunter, 1899a: 76. Type data: UNITED STATES: Kansas, Lawrence, on Aesculus glabra, 09/02/1899. Holotype female, by original designation. Described: female. Illust. Notes: According to Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) "The original type material from Lawrence Kansas, on Aesculus glabra, consisted of an in situ female test with the female's body totally destroyed by a hymenopteran parasite."
Solenococcus parrotti; Fernald, 1903b: 59. Change of combination.
Cerococcus parrotti; Lawson, 1917: 170. Change of combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Marietta buskii [LambdiKo1977a]. Encyrtidae: Anicetus sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Pteromalidae: Muscidea sp. [LambdiKo1977a], Scutellista cyanea [LambdiKo1977a].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer negundo [LambdiKo1977a], Acer rubrum [LambdiKo1977a], Acer saccharum [LambdiKo1977a]. Berberidaceae: Mahonia aquifolium [LambdiKo1977a]. Betulaceae: Ostrya virginiana [LambdiKo1977a]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus caroliniana [LambdiWa1980]. Cornaceae: Cornus florida [LambdiWa1980]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros texana [LambdiKo1977a]. Hamamelidaceae: Liquidambar styraciflua [LambdiKo1977a]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus glabra [Hunter1899a], Aesculus hippocastanum [LambdiKo1977a]. Juglandaceae: Carya illinoensis [LambdiKo1977a]. Lauraceae: Sassafras albidum [LambdiKo1977a]. Rosaceae: Crataegus sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Sapotaceae: Bumelia lanuginosa [LambdiKo1977a], Bumelia sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Tiliaceae: Tilia europaea [LambdiKo1977a]. Ulmaceae: Celtis occidentalis [LambdiWa1980], Celtis reticulata [LambdiKo1977a], Celtis sp. [LambdiKo1977a], Ulmus americana [LambdiKo1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arkansas [LambdiKo1977a], Georgia [LambdiKo1977a], Kansas [Hunter1899a], Louisiana [LambdiKo1977a], Maryland [LambdiKo1977a], Missouri [Hollin1923], New Jersey [LambdiKo1977a], New York [LambdiKo1977a], Ohio [LambdiKo1977a], Oklahoma [LambdiKo1977a], Tennessee [LambdiWa1980], Texas [LambdiKo1977a], Virginia [LambdiKo1977a]).
BIOLOGY: A pupa of a parasitic hymenoptera was found within the original specimen (Hunter, 1899a). This scale has one generation per year and overwinters as eggs in the test in Virginia. Fist instars appear in early to mid May and adults are present in late July (Miller, 1985b).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is turtle shaped. Ribs on dorsum are apparent, marginal outline forms an oval. Dorsum and side of scale are wine colored, covered in places by grayish white, derm of body is wrinkled, waxy secretion is apparent under ventrum (Hunter, 1899a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to Cerococcus koebelei (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 301 (female) [Cerococcus species of Northeastern North America]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 14 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 37 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Howell & Williams 1971: 20 (female) [North American species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Dean1909 [distribution, host: 265]; Dziedz1977 [taxonomy: 59]; FeltMo1928 [distribution, host: 194]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 59]; Ferris1955a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 40]; Green1917 [host: 77]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 82-85]; Hollin1923 [distribution, host: 45, 61]; Hollin1923 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 45, 61]; HowellKo1972 [taxonomy: 220]; HowellWi1971 [taxonomy: 20]; HowellWi1976 [illustration, taxonomy: 186]; Hunter1899a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 76]; Hunter1902 [host, taxonomy: 117, 138]; Koszta1996 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 303-305]; KosztaKo1978 [distribution, life history, taxonomy: 131]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 105]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 77]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 667]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 171-176]; LambdiWa1980 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 79]; Lawson1917 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 170]; Miller1985b [biological control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 105]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 287]; WatsonLaLa1994 [distribution: 227].
Cerococcus passerinae BrainNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus passerinae Brain, 1920: 121. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Montague, on Passerina ericoides, By C.P.v.d. Merwe. Lectotype female (examined), by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 176. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Thymelaeaceae: Passerina ericoides [Brain1920].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female is elongate, convex, thin, brittle and straw yellow. Puparium of the male is usual, elongate and paler in color than that of the female. Adult female is broadly pear shaped, with the prominent anal portion produced. The integument is thin and hyaline (Brain, 1920).
SYSTEMATICS: Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) state that this species is close to C. corokiae.
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 15 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 39 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Brain 1920: 119 [South African species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Brain1920 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 121]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 85-88]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 176-179]; MunroFo1936 [distribution, host: 76].
Cerococcus perowskiae ArchangelskayaNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus perowskiae Archangelskaya, 1931: 75. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Ferghana Range, Shakhimardan, on Perovskia scrophulariaefolia, 25/07/1927, by A. Archangelskaya. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1998b: 306. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; type no. 233-58. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
Cerococcus perovskiae Archangelskaya, 1937: 179. Unjustified emendation. Notes: Archangelskaya (1931) described this species as Cerococcus perowskiae. Later, in 1937, she altered the spelling of the species epithet to C. perovskiae after the correct spelling of the host plant genus Perovskia. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Article 32, the original spelling is the valid one.
Cercococcus perowskiae; Borchsenius, 1960d: 107-108. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Artemisia fragrans [LambdiKo1977a], Artemisia sp. [LambdiKo1977a], Centaurea virgata [LambdiKo1977a], Lactuca sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Labiatae: Perovskia scrophulariaefolia [Archan1931].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkey [LambdiKo1977a]; Uzbekistan (Fergana Oblast [LambdiKo1977a]).
BIOLOGY: Males noted to emerge in late July in the former Soviet Union. Female is viviparous (Archangelskaya, 1931).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is dark reddish brown, enclosed in the pear shaped test which is convex dorsally and flattened ventrally. Young female test is covered with many glassy light gray or white filaments resembling a hairy gall. Male tests are small, elongate cylindrical and light yellow (Archangelskaya, 1931).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A small unidentified Hymenoptera has been bred from females (Archangelskaya, 1931).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 227 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 39 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: AlimdzBr1956 [distribution, taxonomy: 150]; Archan1931 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 75-77]; Archan1937 [taxonomy: 135]; Babaev1980 [distribution, host: 57]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 139]; Borchs1937a [host: 185]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host: 131]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 106-108]; Borchs1963a [illustration: 42, 43]; Danzig1998b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 306]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; KaydanUlEr2007 [catalogue, distribution, host: 90-106]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 106]; Koteja1974b [distribution: 78]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 19, 24, 27, 39, 179]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 227, 233]; Terezn1975 [distribution, illustration: 26].
Cerococcus philippiae Lambdin & KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus philippiae Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 182-185. Type data: MADAGASCAR: on Philippia sp., ?/04/1951, by R. Paulian. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 436. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Ericaceae: Philippia sp. [LambdiKo1977a]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [LambdiKo1977a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Female body pear-shaped. Derm membranous with 8-shaped and simple disc pores, tubular ducts and a few slender setae on dorsum (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: Cerococcus philippiae can be recognized by the dorsal cephalothoracic area having 3 submedian pairs of large 8-shaped pore clusters (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 38 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 182-185].
Cerococcus pileae MametNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus pileae Mamet, 1950a: 35. Type data: MAURITIUS: Le Pouce Mountain, on Pilea rupipendia, 02/11/1948, by R. Mamet. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Urticaceae: Pilea rupipendia [LambdiKo1977a], Pilea urticifolia [Mamet1950a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [Mamet1950a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female is elongate, brittle, without conspicuous wax and yellowish in color. Adult female is elongate with posterior end protruding (Mamet, 1950a).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 40 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 185-189]; Mamet1950a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 35-38]; Mamet1954a [distribution, taxonomy: 260]; WilliaWi1988 [distribution, host: 55].
Cerococcus pocilliferus NevesNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus pocilliferus Neves, 1954: 236. Type data: PORTUGAL: Lapa de Santa Margardia, on Cistus ladaniferus. Syntypes. Type depository: Lisbon: Divisão de Pragas e Meios de Protecção, Direcção Geral de Protecção das Culturas, Portugal. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: The type material consists of four slides which are not in very good condition (José Carlos Franco, personal communication, November 9, 1999).
Cerococcus pacilliferus; Borchsenius, 1960d: 105. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Cistaceae: Cistus ladaniferus [Neves1954].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Poland [Koteja1984]; Portugal [Neves1954, FrancoRuMa2011].
GENERAL REMARKS: Most detailed description and illustration by Neves (1954).
STRUCTURE: Larva is globose, almost flat. Adult female fully enclosed by sac of irregular contour and orange in color. Traces of gum or resin and some white filaments also attached (Neves, 1954).
CITATIONS: Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 105]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 4,22]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Koteja1984 [distribution: 413]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; LambdiKo1977a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 189]; Neves1954 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 236-23].
Cerococcus polyporus (Matesova)NOMENCLATURE:
Cercococcus polyporus Matesova, 1975: 784. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: North Aral Territory, on Artemisia terrae-albae, by Matesova. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Paratypes in AAKA.
Cerococcus polyporus; Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 189. Change of combination.
Cerococcus poliporus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 76. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Asteraceae: Artemisia terrae-albae [Mateso1975].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1975].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Matesova (1975).
STRUCTURE: Adult female with cribriform plates in 2 clusters on each half of body, with 5-8 plates per cluster (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: Matesova (1975) states that this species is closely related to Cerococcus cistarum.
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 227 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Lambdin 1983a: 77 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 44 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 38]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; Lambdi1983a [taxonomy: 77]; LambdiKo1977a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 189]; Mateso1975 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 784]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 227, 233-234].
Cerococcus punctiferus (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Antecerococcus punctiferus Green, 1901: 560. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Bathurst, on Pittosporum eugenioides, by W.W. Froggatt. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 190. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Cerococcus punctiferus; Green, 1908: 41. Change of combination.
Antecerococcus punctifer; Lindinger, 1910: 124. Misspelling of species name.
Cerococcus punctifer; Lindinger, 1910: 124. Misspelling of species name.
Cerococcus puntiferus; Balachowsky, 1932d: 34. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum egenioides [Green1901], Pittosporum revolutum [LambdiKo1977a], Pittosporum sp. [LambdiKo1977a], Pittosporum undulatum [LambdiKo1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Green1901], Queensland [LambdiKo1977a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Adult female is enclosed in a stout covering of reddish wax with four tufts of pale glassy white filaments. Male tests are slipper-shaped and with a yellow tint mottled with pale red. The adult female is irregularly oval (Froggatt, 1915).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to Cerococcus paradoxus (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Lambdin 1987: 102 (female) [Cerococcus species in the Australian region]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 16 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 45 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 148]; Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 105]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 58]; Frogga1915 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1057]; Frogga1921a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 60-61]; Green1901 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 560-562]; Green1908 [taxonomy: 41]; Green1918 [host: 41]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 88-91]; Koteja1974b [distribution, taxonomy: 15, 77]; Koteja1976 [taxonomy: 272]; KotejaLi1976 [taxonomy: 667]; Lambdi1987 [distribution, taxonomy: 100, 102]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 190-193]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 124]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy: 22]; NSWDAE1963 [distribution, host: 26]; Swan1937 [distribution, host: 725]; Wang2001 [taxonomy: 513].
Cerococcus quercus ComstockNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus quercus Comstock, 1882: 213. Type data: UNITED STATES: Arizona, on Quercus oblongifolia, 24/03/1881. Lectotype female (examined), by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 194. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: oak cerococcus [Essig1915a]; oak wax scale [Essig1929].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus agrifolia [Essig1915a], Quercus dumosa [Ferris1955a], Quercus engelmannii [Ferris1955a], Quercus oblongifolia [Ferris1955a], Quercus undulata wrightii [Ferris1955a], Quercus wizlizeni [LambdiKo1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1955a], California [Ferris1955a], District of Columbia [LambdiKo1977a]).
BIOLOGY: Species overwinters in egg stage and was observed hatching in mid March (Riley, 1894). Several females are found in clusters on the host allowing the tests to fuse together, leaving the twig completely covered. There is a tendency for them to leave a slender strip of the host exposed to the sun (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar. Miller & Kosztarab (1979) state that this species was gathered and chewed like gum by native americans in the United States.
STRUCTURE: Female scales are enclosed in a smooth or rough mass of rich yellow wax. The masses are somewhat globular in shape and many are flattened (Essig, 1915a). Patterson (1901) states that in the laboratory, the larvae emerge in February and continued to do so through May. They were inactive once food was available to them.
SYSTEMATICS: This species is morphologically different from all other Cerococcus species as it is the only North American species without acorn-shaped spiracular setae (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 14 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 41 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Howell & Williams & Kosztarab 1971: 20 (female) [North American species of Cerococcus]; Kosztarab & Vest 1966: 376 [Key to Cerococcus species]; Ferris 1955a: 31 (female) [North American species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 148]; Balach1930b [distribution, taxonomy: 202]; Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 104]; Brown1959SW [distribution, host: 279]; BrownEa1965 [distribution, host, illustration: 13]; BrownMc1962 [taxonomy: 148]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 31]; Cocker1894v [distribution, taxonomy: 1050]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 324]; Comsto1882 [taxonomy: 213]; Comsto1916 [description, illustration: 505]; Essig1915a [description, distribution, host, illustration: 113]; Essig1929 [description, distribution: 301]; Essig1931 [taxonomy: 578]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 57]; Ferris1918b [taxonomy: 332]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 40-41]; Foldi2003 [illustration: 6]; Foldi2003a [illustration: 6]; FoldiLa1995 [chemistry, structure: 35-49]; Gill1982b [taxonomy]; Gill1993 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 122-123]; Green1919 [host: 261]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 91-94]; Hartma1916 [distribution, host: 93]; Howard1897 [taxonomy: 39]; Howard1897a [distribution, host: 39-40]; HowellWi1971 [taxonomy: 20]; Jaeger1938 [ecology, host: 50]; Koszta1987 [ecology: 218, 219]; KosztaVe1966 [taxonomy: 369]; Lambdi1987 [taxonomy: 100]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 194-198]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 181]; MacGil1921 [distribution, host: 189]; Mahdih1931a [description: 223]; MillerKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Morge1973 [taxonomy: 78]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 31]; Patter1901 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 389]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 287]; Riley1894 [description, distribution: 71]; SneadWi1994 [distribution, host: 213]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 218]; Wang2001 [taxonomy: 512, 513]; Westco1973 [distribution, host: 411-412]; Yang1982 [description, distribution: 139].
Cerococcus roseus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus roseus Green, 1909a: 310. Type data: SRI LANKA: Trincomali, on undetermined host, by Major Yerbury. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 198. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacobryum roseus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 242. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Sri Lanka [Green1909a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female with dorsum completely concealed beneath dense conical or rounded tufts of rosy pink. Adult female broadly oval (Green, 1909a).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 235 (female) [as Phenacobryum roseus; Species of Phenacobryum]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 17 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 44 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Green 1909a: 310 [Cerococcus species of Sri Lanka].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 150]; Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Green1909a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 310]; Green1937 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 286]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 94-97]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 198-202]; Ramakr1921a [distribution, host: 341]; Sassce1911 [distribution, taxonomy: 64]; Sassce1913 [taxonomy: 110]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution host taxonomy: 235, 242].
Cerococcus royenae BrainNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus royenae Brain, 1920: 121. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Fauresmith, on Royena pallens, ?/03/1915, by J.C. Faure. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, Blacksburg: Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA, and SANC, BMNH. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a) state they have examined paratypes, but since no mention of a holotype is made in Brain's original description, the type material must be considered syntypic.
HOST: Ebenaceae: Royena pallens [Brain1920].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Test of adult female is almost as broad as high, very roundly convex, with a short caudal prominence around the aperture. Test is thick and brittle and a dull orange-brown in color. Mounted female is almost circular with the caudal extremity slightly produced (Brain, 1920).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 42 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Brain 1920: 119 [South African species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 150]; Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Brain1920 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 121-122]; Giliom1966 [distribution: 419]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; Jouber1925 [taxonomy: 123]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 202-205]; MunroFo1936 [distribution, host: 76].
Cerococcus ruber BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus ruber Balachowsky, 1930b: 203-206. Type data: TUNISIA: Bordj-bou-Hedma, on Rhantherium suaveolens, by M.C. Dumont. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes: There are 19 Slides containing 48 adult females and 1 slide with first instar larvae (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, October 27th, 1999). instar larvae).
HOST: Asteraceae: Rantherium suaveolens [Balach1941a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tunisia [Balach1941a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Adult female test is hemispherical or oval and red in color (Balachowsky, 1930d). Female is pear shaped with membranous derm (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to Cerococcus cistarum (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 16 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 40 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1941a: 90 (female) [Palearctic species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1930b: 203 (adult) [Cerococcus species of north Africa].
CITATIONS: Balach1930b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 202-206]; Balach1932d [distribution, host, illustration: 35, 37]; Balach1941a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 90, 91]; Borchs1960d [host, taxonomy: 105]; Castel1952 [taxonomy: 32]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 97-100]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 38-39]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 205-208]; Lindin1936 [distribution, taxonomy: 153]; Neves1954 [taxonomy: 232].
Cerococcus russellae Kosztarab & VestNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus russellae Kosztarab & Vest, 1966: 374-375. Type data: MEXICO: Morelos, Cuernavaca, on Gossypium herbaceum, 03/09/1923, by E.G. Smyth. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Malvaceae: Gossypium herbaceum [KosztaVe1966]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [LambdiKo1977a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Morelos [KosztaVe1966]). Neotropical: Guatemala [LambdiKo1977a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female is broadly pyriform, almost circular (Kosztarab & Vest, 1966).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is similar to Cerococcus artemisiae (Kosztarab & Vest, 1966).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 38 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Howell & Williams & Kosztarab 1971: 20 (female) [North American species of Cerococcus]; Kosztarab & Vest 1966: 376 [Key to Cerococcus species].
CITATIONS: Granar1996 [distribution: 235]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; HowellWi1971 [taxonomy: 20]; KosztaVe1966 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 374-375]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 208-212]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; Yang1982 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 139-140].
Cerococcus stellatus (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Planchonia bryoides stellatus Maskell, 1897: 315-316. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Cumberland District, on Exocarpus cupressiformis, by C. Fuller. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.
Asterolecanium bryoides stellatum; Cockerell, 1899a: 393. Change of combination.
Antecerococcus bryoides stellatus; Fernald, 1903b: 58. Change of combination.
Cerococcus stellatus; Morrison & Morrison, 1927: 21. Change of status.
COMMON NAME: star scale [Maskel1897].
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus linopyhllis [LambdiKo1977a]. Rutaceae: Eremocitrus glauca [LambdiKo1977a]. Santalaceae: Exocarpus cupressiformis [Maskel1897].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1897], Northern Territory [LambdiKo1977a], Queensland [LambdiKo1977a], Victoria [LambdiKo1977a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Adult female body is nearly circular, excluding the protruding caudal apex of the abdomen (Morrison & Morrison, 1927). Test of female stellate (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: Cerococcus stellatus is unique in having multilocular pores absent on venter (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
KEYS: Lambdin 1987: 102 (female) [Cerococcus species of the Australian region]; Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 17 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 44 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1932d [distribution: 34]; Borchs1960d [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 111, 113]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 393]; Cocker1902h [taxonomy: 114]; DeitzTo1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 27]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 58]; Flande1934 [distribution, host: 148]; Frogga1915 [distribution, host: 1056]; Frogga1921a [distribution, host: 60]; Green1918 [host: 232]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 100-103]; Lambdi1986a [taxonomy: 371]; Lambdi1987 [distribution, taxonomy: 100, 102]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 19, 24, 44, 212-215]; Maskel1897 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 315]; MorrisMo1927 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 17, 21]; Willia1991DJ [illustration: 462].
Cerococcus steppicus BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus steppicus Balachowsky, 1941a: 87-90. Type data: ALGERIA: Ben-Toumi, on Atractylis caespitosa, ?/05/1939, by A. Pasquier. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 216. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Cercococcus steppicus; Borchsenius, 1960d. Change of combination.
HOST: Asteraceae: Atractylis caespitosa [Balach1941a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1941a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a).
STRUCTURE: Adult female body pyriform. Leg stubs present; spinelike setae at apex of anal cleft 96-100 µ long and associated setae 9-12 µ (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to Cerococcus ruber (Balachowsky, 1941a).
KEYS: Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 42 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Balachowsky 1941a: 90 (female) [Palearctic species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Balach1941a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 87-90]; Borchs1960d [host, taxonomy: 105]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 2]; KozarDr1998c [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 39]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 76]; LambdiKo1977a [Description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 216-219]; Lindin1943b [taxonomy: 208].
Cerococcus theydoni HallNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus theydoni Hall, 1935a: 218. Type data: ZIMBABWE: on "Theydon," 19/11/1928, by W.J. Hall. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: BMNH collection number is 1936-632 (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
Cerococcus coffeae Vayssière, 1946a: 376-380. Type data: ZAIRE: Rutshuruon, Coffea arabica, ?/03/1937, by J. Ghesquière. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 219. Notes: Vayssière (1946) states that there is type material in the Musee du Congo belge.
HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda acutifolia [LambdiKo1977a]. Combretaceae: Combretum molle [LambdiKo1977a]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha sp. [LambdiKo1977a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Vayssi1946].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [LePell1968]; Congo [LambdiKo1977a]; Kenya [LePell1968]; Malawi [Lee1971]; Tanzania [LePell1968]; Uganda [LePell1968]; Zaire [Vayssi1946]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Female test is fairly convex, subcircular, tan and with wax projections in the form of evenly spaced tufts. Female body is pear shaped with membranous derm (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a).
SYSTEMATICS: Le Pelley (1968) states that "the numerous references to Cerococcus hibisci Green in Africa are doubtless misidentifications of C. coffeae(=C. theydoni)."
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species has been a pest of coffee in much of eastern Africa (Le Pelley, 1968).
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 17 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 45 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Castel1952 [taxonomy: 32]; DeLott1967a [distribution, host: 111]; FerraoCa1972 [distribution]; Ghesqu1946a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 375-376]; Hall1935a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 218]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 103-106]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 137]; Lambdi1983a [distribution: 77]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 219-223]; Lee1971 [distribution, host: 39]; LePell1959 [taxonomy: 35]; LePell1968 [distribution, host: 377]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 366]; Vayssi1946 [taxonomy: 380].
Cerococcus tuberculus (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Solenococcus tuberculus Hempel, 1900a: 390-392. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo: on Baccharis sp. Lectotype female (examined), by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 223. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Illust.
Cerococcus tuberculus; Green, 1917: 81. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis dracunculifolia [Hempel1901], Baccharis sp. [Hempel1900a]
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Fernal1903b]).
BIOLOGY: Scales are sometimes found in large numbers and are securely fastened to the bark of host (Hempel, 1901).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Adult female test is light brown, oval and smooth. Test is thin, elastic and tough, the caudal end is slightly recurved. Adult female denuded of wax is dark brown and shiny. Larvae are very active, elliptical and yellow (Hempel, 1901).
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 14 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 38 (female) [Species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Cocker1902p [distribution: 251]; CostaL1928 [distribution, host: 105]; CostaL1936 [distribution, host: 161]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 59]; Granar1996 [distribution: 235]; Green1917 [host: 81]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 1]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 106-109]; Hempel1900a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 390-392]; Hempel1901 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 112-113]; Hempel1912 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 21]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 223-227]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host: 339]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 135]; Yang1982 [distribution, host: 139].
Cerococcus zapotlanus (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Solenophora zapotlana Cockerell, 1903a: 164. Type data: MEXICO: Jalisco, Zapotlan, on sage, 07/07/1902?, by Townsend. Lectotype female (examined), by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977a: 227. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: both sexes.
Solenococcus zapotlana; Fernald, 1903b: 59. Change of combination.
Cerococcus zapotlana; Green, 1919: 264. Change of combination.
Cerococcus zapotlanus; Ferris, 1955a: 42. Change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [Cocker1903a, Miller1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977a). Hamon & Kosztarab (1979) provide a detailed description and illustration of the first instar.
STRUCTURE: Female is broadly oval, pale reddish brown in color and covered with a greyish white incrustation. Male scales are cylindrical, pale brown and rough with an oblique terminal cap (Cockerell, 1903a).
SYSTEMATICS: This species is close to Cerococcus ornatus (Hamon & Kosztarab, 1979).
KEYS: Hamon & Kosztarab 1979: 16 (first instar) [Cerococcus first instars]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 43 (female) [Species of Cerococcus]; Howell & Williams & Kosztarab 1971: 20 (female) [North American species of Cerococcus]; Kosztarab & Vest 1966: 376 [Key to Cerococcus species]; Ferris 1955a: 31 (female) [North American species of Cerococcus].
CITATIONS: Cocker1903a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 164-165]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host: 59]; Ferris1955a [taxonomy: 42]; Ferris1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 42-43]; Granar1996 [distribution: 235]; HamonKo1979 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 109-112]; HowellWi1971 [taxonomy: 20]; LambdiKo1977a [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 227-230]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69].
Solenophora MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Solenophora Maskell, 1890: 139. Type species: Solenophora fagi Maskell. Subsequently designated by Cockerell, 1899a: 392. Notes: The type of this genus was designated based on Article 67h of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature "type species of nominal genus-group taxa denoted by new replacement names." In this case, Cockerell (1899a) incorrectly proposed a new replacement name Solenococcus for Solenophora Maskell (1890). According to this article, the type species designated by Cockerell for Solenococcus is also the valid type species designation for Solenophora.
Solenococcus Cockerell, 1899a: 392. Type species: Solenophora fagi Maskell. Subsequently designated by Cockerell, 1899a: 392. Notes: Cockerell (1899b) proposed this name as a substitute for Solenophora Maskell 1890 on the grounds of preoccupation by Solenophorus Creplin, 1839 (Vermes, Cestoda). He later realized that this was incorrect (see Cockerell 1900a and Cockerell 1902p) and treated Solenophora as a valid name. This leaves Solenococcus as an invalid replacement name placed as a junior synonym of Solenophora (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1976).
SYSTEMATICS: Green (1899d) and others considered Solenophora and Solenococcus to be junior synonyms of Cerococcus. Lambdin & Kosztarab (1976) found Maskell's Solenophora to be valid and considered Solenococcus to be a junior synonym.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Ebeling (1959) cites Solenococcus species as pests of avocados in Central America.
KEYS: Wang 2001: 504 (female) [Key genera of Cerococcidae]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977a: 14 (female) [females of the three genera of Cerococcidae]; Lambdin & Kosztarab 1976: 35 (female) [Genera of the family Cerococcidae].
CITATIONS: Ballou1926 [distribution, host: 46-47]; Bibby1931 [distribution, host: 189]; Borchs1960d [taxonomy: 79, 89, 92, 104, 114]; BrunerScOt1945 [distribution, host: 105]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 324]; Cocker1898p [distribution, taxonomy: 262-263]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Cocker1899m [taxonomy: 276]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 6]; Cocker1900a [distribution: 368]; Ebelin1959 [host: 318]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy: 58]; Granar1996 [taxonomy: 235]; Green1899d [distribution: 225]; Green1922 [taxonomy: 359, 360]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy: 379]; Hollin1923 [description: 61, 65]; LambdiKo1976 [description, taxonomy: 33-41]; LambdiKo1977a [taxonomy: 3, 4, 5, 6, 14]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 196]; Maskel1890 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 139]; McKenz1935 [distribution, host: 39]; Morris1919 [taxonomy: 67]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 21-23]; MorrisMo1922 [taxonomy: 21-23]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy: 33-34]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 185]; Russel1941 [taxonomy: 4]; Sassce1918 [distribution, host: 127]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy: 135]; Wang2001 [taxonomy: 504].
Solenophora fagi MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Solenophora fagi Maskell, 1890: 139. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: on Fagus sp., by W.M. Maskell. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1976: 35. Type depository: Nelson: Cawthron Institute, New Zealand. Described: female.
Solenococcus fagi; Cockerell, 1899a: 392. Described: other. Change of combination.
Cerococcus fagi; Wise, 1977: 100. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: horned beech scale [Miller1925].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Fagus sp. [Maskel1895a], Nothofagus cliffortioides [Miller1925], Nothofagus fusca [Miller1925], Nothofagus menziesii [LambdiKo1976], Nothofagus solandri [LambdiKo1976], Nothofagus truncata [LambdiKo1976].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand (South Island [Maskel1895a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed redescription, illustration and photographs by Lambdin & Kosztarab (1976).
STRUCTURE: Female test is globose. The exuviae in the middorsal region is flat and shiny, brown, with long white bands of wax in spiracular furrows. Male test is elliptical, yellowish. It has no distinct median carina present and the anal flap is slightly depressed. Adult female is elliptical with membranous derm (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1976).
CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy: 148]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 324]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 392]; Deitz1979b [taxonomy: 22]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 26]; Fernal1903b [distribution, host: 59]; Green1918 [host: 232]; HamonKo1979 [taxonomy: 115]; LambdiKo1976 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 34-41]; LambdiKo1977a [taxonomy: 4, 15]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 196]; Maskel1890 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 139]; Maskel1895a [distribution, host: 19]; Miller1925 [description, distribution, host, illustration: 34, 65]; MorrisMo1922 [description, taxonomy: 21]; MorrisMo1927 [taxonomy: 1, 35]; Myers1922 [taxonomy: 197]; Pierce1917 [economic importance, taxonomy: 39]; Wise1977 [distribution: 100].
Incertae Sedis Species
Cerococcus paradoxus simplex (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Eriococcus paradoxus simplex Maskell, 1898: 244. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Albury, on Eucalyptus sp., by W.W. Froggatt. Unknown type status. Described: female. Incertae sedis by Green, 1910: 5.
Cerococcus paradoxus simplex; Green, 1910: 5. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp. [Maskel1898]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum undulatum [Fernal1903b].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Maskel1892]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Eriococcus paradoxus simplex Maskell (1898) is the junior primary homonym of Eriococcus simplex simplex, but has not been renamed due to its incertae sedis status as Cerococcus paradoxus simplex.
STRUCTURE: Adult female deep red (Maskell, 1898).
SYSTEMATICS: Cerococcus paradoxus simplex differs from C. paradoxus paradoxus by having moderate numbers of simple circular orifices, most of which are small, a few near the abdominal extremity being larger, instead of large numbers of figure 8 spinnerets (Maskell, 1898). Green (1910) referred Eriococcus paradoxus to Cerococcus, but stated in regards to Eriococcus paradoxus simplex "I am unable to speak with certainty, as I have not seen the insect. Maskell's description states that it differs from the type in the absence of paired glands. A study of the early stages of the insect would be necessary to decide whether it, also, can be included in the genus Cerococcus or even whether it is an Asterolecaniid." Despite Green's uncertainty about the placement of this species, it is currently left in Cerococcus, at least tentatively, due to its reduced legs and antennae.
CITATIONS: Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; DeitzTo1980 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 21]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 77]; Frogga1921a [taxonomy: 71]; Green1910 [taxonomy: 5]; Maskel1898 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 244]; MillerGi2000 [taxonomy: 473].
Species Removed from Family
Asterolecanium pyriformeNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus pyriformis Froggatt, 1915: 1057. Described: female. Notes: This species was transferred to Asterolecanium in the Asterolecaniidae by Russell (1941).
Mycetococcus corticisNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus corticis Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 170. Notes: Ferris (1955a) moved this species to Mycetococcus in the Asterolecaniidae.
Mycetococcus ehrhorniNo valid record found for this speciesNOMENCLATURE:
Cerococcus ehrhorni Cockerell, 1895o: 255.
SYSTEMATICS: Cerococcus ehrhorni Cockerell was designated as the type genus of Mycetococcus Ferris in 1918, thus making it a member of the Asterolecaniidae.