Family Beesoniidae
Tribe Beesoniini
Beesonia GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Beesonia Green, 1926: 55. Type species: Beesonia dipterocarpi Green, by monotypy and original designation. Notes: Type genus of the family Beesoniidae by Ferris (1950).
Trichococcus Kanda, 1941: 4. Type species: Xylococcus napiformis Kuwana, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Takagi, 1987a: 28.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Green (1926), Ferris (1950). Paik (1978), Kawai (1980), Takagi (1987a, 1992a, 1995, 2001), Gullan et al. (2004) and by Takagi & Hodgson (2005).
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [taxonomy, ecology: 93]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 164]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy, description: 5-6]; Ferris1957b [taxonomy: 67]; Green1926 [taxonomy, description: 55-59]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 163,178-180]; HuLi1986 [taxonomy: 75-80]; HuLiPr1995 [taxonomy: 85-91]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 181]; KozarDr1998b [catalogue: 34]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description: 280]; Takagi1987a [taxonomy, description: 27-41]; Takagi1992a [taxonomy, description: 10-32]; Takagi1995 [taxonomy, description: 1-19]; Takagi2001 [taxonomy, description: 51-113]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, life history, ecology, host plant distribution: 67-91]; TakagiHo2005 [taxonomy: 11-41]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 67]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 320].
Beesonia dipterocarpi GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Beesonia dipterocarpi Green, 1926: 55. Type data: BURMA: forests of Burma, on the smaller branches of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Notes:
HOST: Dipterocarpaceae: Dipterocarpus tuberculatus [Green1926, Varshn1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Burma (=Myanmar) [Green1926, Takagi1995, Varshn1992].
BIOLOGY: This species induces the formation of large galls on branches of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus in Burma (Green, 1926).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, and three nymphal stages by Green (1926).
STRUCTURE: Adult female globular or ovoid, length 6.5 - 10 mm; with a small tuberculate prominence at posterior end; anterior part of body membranous, posterior half densely chitinous (Green, 1926).
CITATIONS: Beards1984 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 93]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 164-165]; Green1926 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-59]; Green1928d [taxonomy, description, illustration: 205-207]; Takagi1995 [taxonomy: 3]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-91]; Varshn1985a [catalogue: 22]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 38].
Beesonia ferrugineus (Froggatt)NOMENCLATURE:
Sphaerococcus ferrugineus Froggatt, 1921b: 10. Type data: AUSTRALIA: northern New South Wales and southern Queensland, on Melaleuca. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.
Beesonia ferrugineus; Miller, Gullan & Williams, 1998: 291. Change of combination.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Melaleuca [Frogga1921b].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Frogga1921b], Queensland [Frogga1921b]).
STRUCTURE: Froggatt (1921b) described the galls formed by this species as "Forming reddish brown to dull green rounded fluffy excrescenses, composed of many fine filaments or bracts radiating from the basal gall, on the side or tip of the branches of several species of Melaleuca ...". The adult female was described by Froggatt (1921b) as "... dark reddish-brown, marked with dull yellow on the dorsal surface, and is embedded in the central woody cavity. General form oval, dorsal surface conical ...".
SYSTEMATICS: Miller et al. (1998) studied this species and indicated that its correct family placement was questionable. It forms very distinctive galls that resemble those formed by species of Beesoniidae. Mature females have shallowly invaginated quinquelocular pores (like in species of Beesoniidae and some Eriococcidae) and large bases to the clypeolabral shield (like Beesoniidae). While assigning this species to the Beesoniidae, Miller et al. (1998) indicated that young adult females and first-instar nymph are needed before the family placement can be confirmed. Miller et al. (1998) clearly assigned this species to the Beesoniidae but with no generic placement. For technical reasons the sepcies is placed in the type genus of Beesoniidae.
CITATIONS: Fernal1903b [catalogue: 86]; Frogga1921b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10]; HendriKo1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 177]; MillerGuWi1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 291].
Beesonia napiformis (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Xylococcus napiformis Kuwana, 1914: 1. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Nishigahara, on Quercus serrata (=Quercus acutissima). Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Illust. Notes:
Trichococcus napiformis; Kanda, 1941a: 7. Change of combination.
Beesonia quercicola Ferris, 1950: 5. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan province, near Kunming, at Si-Shan, on Quercus acutissima. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Takagi, 1987a: 29. Notes:
Trichococcus (Beesonia) napiformis; Kawai, 1972: 20. Change of combination.
Beesonia napiformis; Kawai, 1980: 181. Change of combination.
Beesonia albohirta Hu & Li, 1986: 75. Type data: CHINA: Shandong Province, Taishan, on Quercus variabilis. Holotype first instar. Type depository: Shandong: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China. Described: female and first instar. Illust. Synonymy by Takagi, 1987a: 29. Notes: Holotype is first instar nymph.
Beesonia brevipes Takagi, 1987a: 30. Type data: NEPAL: Langtang Valley, Bagmati, on Quercus glauca. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hu et al., 1995: 86. Notes:
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Castanopsis delavayi [HuLiPr1995], Castanopsis tribuloides [Takagi1987a, Varshn1992], Lithocarpus [Takagi1987a], Lithocarpus elegans [Takagi1987a, Varshn1992], Quercus [Ferris1950, Tao1999], Quercus acutissima [Kuwana1914, Ferris1950, Kawai1980, Paik1978, Takagi1987a, HuLiPr1995], Quercus dentata [HuLiPr1995], Quercus glauca [Kawai1980, Takagi1987a, Varshn1992], Quercus lamellosa [Takagi1987a, Varshn1992], Quercus paucidentata [Takagi1987a], Quercus phillyraeoides [Takagi1987a], Quercus schottkyana [Ferris1950], Quercus variabilis [HuLi1986, HuLiPr1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Tao1999], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Tao1999], Yunnan [Ferris1950, Tao1999]); Nepal [Takagi1995, Takagi1987a, Varshn1992]. Palaearctic: China [Ferris1950] (Shandong (=Shantung) [HuLiPr1995, Takagi1987a]); Japan [Kuwana1914, Kanda1941d, Kawai1980, Takagi1987a]; South Korea [Paik1978].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950) (as B. quercicola). Description and illustration of the nymphal instars given by Ferris (1950) (as B. quercicola), by Takagi (1987a) (as B. brevipes) and by Hu et al. (1995). Description and illustration of the adult male, prepupa and pupa given by Hu et al. (1995).
STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 9.1, a,b).
SYSTEMATICS: The description and illustration of a female third-instar nymph, under the name Xylococcus napiformis Kuwana, 1914, by Danzig (1972a: 268, Fig. 4) and by Danzig (1980b: 93, Fig. 31), were misidentifications of Xylococcus quercicola Danzig, 1980a, which is a species in the family Margarodidae; see Danzig (1980a). Beesonia napiformis was correctly included by Kozár & Drozdják (1998b) in the Beesoniidae, while Foldi (1998 and 2001a) erroneously listed it in the Margarodidae.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 165-166]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5, 6]; Floren1917 [taxonomy: 148]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy: 206]; Foldi1997 [taxonomy, structure, phylogeny: 205, 207]; Foldi1998 [taxonomy: 441]; Foldi2001a [taxonomy: 219]; HuLi1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79, 80]; HuLiPr1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-90]; Kanda1941d [taxonomy: 68-72]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 20]; Kawai1980 [host, distribution: 181]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 83]; KotejaLi1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365-369]; KozarDr1998b [catalogue: 34]; Kuwana1914 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1]; Morris1928 [taxonomy: 44, 225]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 281]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 27]; Takagi1987a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30, 31]; Takagi1995 [taxonomy: 5]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-91]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 38].
Beesonia shoreae TakagiNOMENCLATURE:
Beesonia shoreae Takagi, 1995: 2. Type data: SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah (165m), on saplings of Shorea curtisii. Holotype first instar. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: larva. Illust. Notes: The holotype is first instar larva, Form IA (Takagi, 1995).
HOST: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea curtisii? [Takagi1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [Takagi1995].
BIOLOGY: This species induces the formation of galls on twigs of the host plant (Takagi, 1995).
STRUCTURE: Takagi (1995) described this species "on the basis of larval forms purported to belong to 4 onthogenetic courses". Takagi (1995) suggested that "the larval polymorphism is associated with exploitation of more than a single feeding site provided by the gall's structure".
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 166]; Takagi1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-5]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-91].
Danumococcus Takagi & HodgsonNOMENCLATURE:
Danumococcus Takagi & Hodgson, 2005: 14. Type species: Danumococcus parashoreae Takagi & Hodgson, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and description by Takagi & Hodgson (2005).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 166]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-68, 81]; TakagiHo2005 [taxonomy, description: 11-41].
Danumococcus parashoreae Takagi & HodgsonNOMENCLATURE:
Danumococcus parashoreae Takagi & Hodgson, 2005: 14. Type data: MALAYSIA: Sabah, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Ulu Segama, Bahagian Tawau, on leaves of Parashorea tomentella, collected 24 October, 1988. Holotype first instar. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selandgor, Malaysia. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Dipterocarpaceae: Parashorea tomentella [TakagiHo2005].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [TakagiHo2005]).
BIOLOGY: This species induces a distinct type of galls on leaves of Parashorea tomentella [family Dipterocarpaceae] in Sabah, Malaysia (Takagi & Hodgson, 2005).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, first instar female nymph, first instar male nymph, and second instar male nymph by Takagi & Hodgson (2005).
STRUCTURE: Takagi & Hodgson (2005) provided SEM micrographs of several structures of this species.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 166-167]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-91]; TakagiHo2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-41].
Echinogalla TakagiNOMENCLATURE:
Echinogalla Takagi, 2001: 67. Type species: Echinogalla pustulata Takagi, by monotypy and original designation.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Takagi (2001).
SYSTEMATICS: Takagi (2001) originally placed this genus in Eriococcidae. It was not listed in the Eriococcidae catalogue by Miller & Gimpel (2000). Gullan et al. (2004) assigned the genus to Beesoniidae. Takagi (2001) compared Echinogalla with Gallacoccus because there was no other genus adequate for making a comparison with it. In reality, Echinogalla differs greatly from Gallacoccus, especially in the 1st instar. It is possible that some features and characters of the 1st instar reflect peculiar behavioral traits (Takagi, 2001).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 167]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy: 164,178-180]; Takagi2001 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 67-68]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67, 81].
Echinogalla pustulata TakagiNOMENCLATURE:
Echinogalla pustulata Takagi, 2001: 68-70. Type data: MALAYSIA: Malaya, Kuantan Pahang, at Beserah Forest Reserve, on Shorea falcifera and S. glauca, 1990. Holotype female. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selandgor, Malaysia. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
HOSTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea falcifera [Takagi2001], Shorea glauca [Takagi2001].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Takagi2001]).
BIOLOGY: Echinogalla pustulata induces galls in leaf axils which do not differ in external appearance between the plant species. They are globular and provided with many robust conical spines, which are recurvate and separated from each other except for their bases (Takagi, 2001).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description, illustration, photographs and SEM micrographs of first instar larva by Takagi (2001).
STRUCTURE: Adult female globular, much simplified in structure. Quinquelocular disc pores abundant, strewn broadly along body margin on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, not occurring anteriorly to anus. Small tubular ducts strewn among 5-locular disc pores on abdomen. Setae spinous, mostly occurring on dorsal surface within the band of 5-locular disc pores, especially numerous between anus and vulva. Adult male slender and gracile; head with genal area enlarged, occupying a greater part of head, about 0.6-0.7 times as broad as prothorax (Takagi, 2001).
SYSTEMATICS: The echinate gall induced by Echinogalla pustulata is very similar to that of Gallacoccus spinigalla, but these species are not particularly related to each other (Takagi, 2001).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 167]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 178-180]; Takagi2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 68-70,88,98-112]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-91].
Gallacoccus BeardsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Gallacoccus Beardsley, 1971b: 31. Type species: Gallacoccus anthonyae Beardsley, by monotypy and original designation.
Gallococcus; Tang & Hao, 1995: 436. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Beardsley (1971b).
STRUCTURE: The adult females of this gall-inducing genus are globular. Adult males can be recognized by their short three to five segmented antennae (Beardsley, 1971b).
SYSTEMATICS: Generic characteristics that distinguish this genus from other beesonids are: the possession of small legs, trochanter and femur partially or completely fused; antennae small, 3-segmented; labium 1-segmented; anal ring without setae or pores; quinquelocular pores restricted to venter; without enlarged setae (Beardsley, 1971b).
KEYS: Beardsley 1971b: 39 (Female) [as Key to known species of Gallacoccus].
CITATIONS: Beards1971b [description, distribution: 31]; Beards1984 [distribution, taxonomy:: 80,86,93,103]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 167-168]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 164.178-180]; HaoWuJi1997 [taxonomy: 71,74]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, taxonomy: 382]; Takagi2001 [taxonomy: 59]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-68, 81]; TangHa1995 [taxonomy: 436,643].
Gallacoccus anthonyae BeardsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Gallacoccus anthonyae Beardsley, 1971b: 32,39. Type data: SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, on Shorea pauciflora; collected July 1969, by M. Anthony. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea curtisii [Beards1971b].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [Beards1971b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, gall and immatures by Beardsley (1971b). Detailed description and illustration of gall by Anthony (1974) and Meyer (1987).
STRUCTURE: Adult female globular, roughly circular. The galls from which the specimens were obtained resemble small fir cones and appear to be composed of a series of overlapping bract-like structures which are attached to a central axis (Beardsley, 1971b).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae absent; antennae small, 3-segmented; legs small and stout, femur and trochanter partially fused; anal ring without setae or pores; quinquelocular pores forming a broad band on submargin of venter; without tubular ducts (Beardsley, 1971b).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 441 (adult female, first insta) [Gallacoccus species]; Beardsley 1971b: 39 (female) [Key to known species of Gallacoccus].
CITATIONS: Anthon1972 [description, host, illustration: 2263-2266]; Anthon1973 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 193-196]; Anthon1974 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 99-144]; Anthon1977 [distribution, host: 181-192]; Anthon1980a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 7-44]; Beards1971b [description, distribution, host, illustration: 31-36,39]; Beards1984 [host, taxonomy: 93]; Beards1984 [host, taxonomy: 93]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 168]; Meyer1987 [physiology: 130-132]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 382]; Takagi2001 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 55-57]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-91]; TangHa1995 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 440-441].
Gallacoccus heckrothi TakagiNOMENCLATURE:
Gallacoccus heckrothi Takagi, 2001: 64-67. Type data: MALAYSIA: Malaya, Selangor, Gombak, near Field Study Centre, University of Malaya, along logging road, on probably Shorea sp.; collected March and April, 1993, by H.P. Heckroth. Holotype female. Type depositories: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selandgor, Malaysia, and Abbotsford: Department of Entomology, Museum of Victoria, Victoria, Australia. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea [Takagi2001].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Takagi2001]).
BIOLOGY: Galls produced by this species showed no processes on the external surface. One dry gall found was elongate globular, 3.8 cm long and 2.8 cm wide, glabrous on the external surface, with the distal end produced to form a short tube for exit. The gall was similar to galls produced by G. secundus, though the latter is not smooth on the external surface (Takagi, 2001).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description of 1st instar female, adult female, 1st and 2nd instar male and adult male by Takagi (2001).
STRUCTURE: Adult female globular, simplified in structure. Quinquelocular pores variable in size, strewn about body on both surfaces except on head, where they are limited to the dorsal surface; broadly scattered in prothoracic region on dorsal surface and also anteriorly to anus; densely strewn between anus and vulva and laterally to vulva, none anteriorly to vulva. Derm with spicules on some segments anterior to anus. Adult male with head very small, abdomen about as long as thorax, gradually narrowing posteriorly on distal half (Takagi, 2001).
SYSTEMATICS: Gallacoccus heckrothi agrees with G. secundus and G. spinigalla in many characters but differs as follows: in the adult female the disc pores are of two types, the disc pores occur on the head as well as on the posterior portion of the body and some dorsal setae are geminate; in the adult male the papillae are tubercular, the antennae, legs, and genital capsule as well as the trunk are beset with papillae, the fifth antennal segment is provided with two knobbed setae and the prescutum is relatively short. Some of these characters, when combined, may have generic value, justifying the erection of a new genus for this species, but it is tentatively referred to Gallacoccus (Takagi, 2001).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 168-169]; RossHaOk2012 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 199]; Takagi2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 64-67,90-111]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-91].
Gallacoccus longisetosus Takagi {in}: Takagi, Hosaka & OkudaNOMENCLATURE:
Gallacoccus longisetosus Takagi {in}: Takagi, Hosaka & Okuda, 2005: 126. Type data: MALAYSIA: Malaya, Negeri Sembilan, Pasoh forest nursery, on two-years-old saplings of Shorea parvifolia. Holotype. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selandgor, Malaysia. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea parvifolia [TakagiHoOk2005].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [TakagiHoOk2005]).
BIOLOGY: This species was collected from galls on Shorea parvifolia (Takagi et al. (2005).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of first instar female, first instar male, second-instar male, adult male, and adult female by Takagi et al. (2005).
CITATIONS: HosakaTaOk2009 [host, distribution: 93-102]; Takagi2007b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 81]; TakagiHoOk2005 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-151].
Gallacoccus secundus BeardsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Gallacoccus secundus Beardsley, 1971b: 36-39. Type data: SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, on Shorea pauciflora; collected July 1969, by M. Anthony. Holotype. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea curtisii [Beards1971b, Anthon1974].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Singapore [Beards1971b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female, first instar and gall by Beardsley (1971b). Detailed description and illustration of gall by Anthony (1974). Description and illustration of adult female, 1st instar females, 1st instar males, 2nd instar males and adult males by Takagi (2001).
STRUCTURE: Adult female globular, broadly oval to circular in outline. The galls of this species are somewhat drupe-like in appearance, consisting of a globular fleshy basal portion with a beak-like apical projection. The interior of the gall contains a single large cavity which the scales occupy. These galls apparently may arise on small twigs and leaf petioles of leaf midribs (Beardsley, 1971b).
SYSTEMATICS: Slide-mounted adult female similar to Gallacoccus anthonyae except with dorsal quinquelocular pores; protuberances present behind each hind coxa; trochanter and femur completely fused (Beardsley, 1971b).
KEYS: Tang & Hao 1995: 441 (Adult female, first insta) [Gallacoccus species]; Beardsley 1971b: 39 (adult female) [Key to known species of Gallacoccus].
CITATIONS: Anthon1974 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 99-144]; Anthon1977 [distribution, host: 181-192]; Anthon1980a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1-44]; Beards1971b [description, distribution, host, illustration: 31-39]; Beards1984 [host, taxonomy: 93]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 169]; MillerGi2000 [catalogue, description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 383]; Takagi2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 59-61,88,95,102-109]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-91]; TangHa1995 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 441-442].
Gallacoccus spinigalla TakagiNOMENCLATURE:
Gallacoccus spinigalla Takagi, 2001: 61-64. Type data: MALAYSIA: Malaya, Selangor, Gombak, along logging road near Field Study Centre, University of Malaya, probably on Shorea sp.; collected March and April, 1993 by H.P. Heckroth. Holotype female. Type depository: Kepong: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selandgor, Malaysia. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
HOST: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea [Takagi2001].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Malaya [Takagi2001]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of 1st instars male and females, adult male and females by Takagi (2001).
STRUCTURE: Adult female globular, simplified in structure. Quinquelocular disc pores variable in size, strewn broadly around anterior spiracles and also in a broad band along body margin on posterior half of body, completely surrounding vulva. Dorsal derm spiculate in some segments anterior to anus. Adult male with head small, much narrower than thorax, which is about 2.5 times as broad as the head; abdomen (excluding genital capsule) about as long as thorax, gradually narrowing posteriorly in distal half (Takagi, 2001).
SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of Gallacoccus spinigalla resembles very closely G. secundus, but the two are distinguishable in the 1st instar female. In G. spinigalla has no dermal pits present on the head and prothorax; the spiracular disc pores are quinquelocular, not 7-locular as in G. secundus; the 2nd antennal segment has no seta; the seta arising at the middle ventral surface of the hind tarsus is very long; the claws are apparently elongate. In the adult male, G. spinigalla differs from G. secundus in having a much smaller head and smaller eyes (Takagi, 2001).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 169-170]; Takagi2001 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 51-64,96,99,103,110]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-91].
Mangalorea TakagiNOMENCLATURE:
Mangalorea Takagi, 1992a: 14. Type species: Mangalorea hopea, by original designation.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 170]; GullanMiCo2005 [taxonomy, structure: 164,178-180]; RamanTa1992 [taxonomy: 1]; Takagi1992a [taxonomy, description: 14-32]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy: 67-68, 81].
Mangalorea hopeae TakagiNOMENCLATURE:
Mangalorea hopeae Takagi, 1992a: 10. Type data: INDIA: Southern India, Udupi Region, near Mangalore coast, on Hopea ponga. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust. Notes:
HOST: Dipterocarpaceae: Hopea ponga [RamanTa1992, Takagi1992a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [RamanTa1992, Takagi1992a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of first instar larva, intermediate instars, adult female and adult male by Takagi (1992a).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 170]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy: 266]; Takagi1992a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-32]; Takagi1995 [taxonomy, description: 6, 7]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-91].
Tribe Limacoccini
Limacoccus BondarNOMENCLATURE:
Limacoccus Bondar, 1929: 59, 60. Type species: Limacoccus serratus Bondar, by monotypy and original designation.
Canceraspis Hempel, 1934: 141. Type species: Canceraspis brasiliensis Hempel, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Lepage, 1938: 334.
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 170]; Bondar1929 [taxonomy, description: 59-60]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy, description: 269, 270]; Hempel1934 [taxonomy, description: 141]; Lepage1938 [catalogue]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 29, 110]; Takagi2007b [taxonomy: 67-68].
Limacoccus brasiliensis (Hempel)NOMENCLATURE:
Canceraspis brasiliensis Hempel, 1934: 141. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Luz Garden, on a species of Palmae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
Limacoccus brasiliensis; Lepage, 1938: 334. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Arecaceae [Hempel1934], Arecastrum romanzoffianum [Foldi1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1934, Foldi1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Foldi (1995). Description and illustration of the first instar female and first instar male given by Foldi (1995).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 170-171]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 279-281]; Hempel1934 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-144]; Lepage1938 [taxonomy: 334].
Limacoccus kosztarabi FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Limacoccus kosztarabi Foldi, 1988b: 154. Type data: VENEZUELA: Puerto Chama, on Attalea speciosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Arecaceae: Attalea speciosa [Foldi1988a, Foldi1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Foldi1988a, Foldi1995].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Foldi (1995). Description and illustration of the first instar female and second or cyst-like female instar given by Foldi (1995).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 171]; Foldi1988b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 281-283].
Limacoccus serratus BondarNOMENCLATURE:
Limacoccus serratus Bondar, 1929: 61-64. Type data: BRAZIL: Bahia, Viçosa, on Attalea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Arecaceae: Attalea [Bondar1929, Foldi1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia [Bondar1929, Foldi1995]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Foldi (1995). Description and illustration of the first instar female and first instar male given by Foldi (1995).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 171]; Bondar1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-62]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 271-279].
Limacoccus venezuelana FoldiNOMENCLATURE:
Limacoccus venezuelana Foldi, 1988c: 320. Type data: VENEZUELA: Puerto Chama, near of Maracaibo lake, on Attalea maracaibensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Arecaceae: Attalea maracaibensis [Foldi1988b, Foldi1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Foldi1988b, Foldi1995].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Foldi (1995). Description and illustration of the first instar female and first instar male given by Foldi (1995).
CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 171]; Foldi1988c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 320]; Foldi1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 283].